Cruz, Mark Jerico G.

IV-Campos


I learned many things or lesson about Physics. Sir Sonny P. De Leon is good in teaching it. First, I leaned
about waves and the parts of it. A wave can be described as a disturbance that travels through a medium from
one location to another location. Like crest, wavelength, amplitude, transverse and tough. We have an activity to
how a build a shelter, it is by group. We need teamwork and discipline to build it. I learned about law of reflection
and law of refraction. Light is known to behave in a very predictable manner. If a ray of light could be observed
approaching and reflecting off of a flat mirror, then the behavior of the light as it reflects would follow a
predictable law known as the light of reflection. Next is plane mirror, A plane mirror is a mirror with a planar
reflective surface. We study too about images. An image is a visual reproduction of an object formed by a mirror
or a lens. Incident rays coming from an object strike a mirror or a lens may form an image after being reflected or
refracted. There are two classifications of images. The real and virtual, the real images are formed by curved
mirrors while virtual images are images which are formed in locations where light does not actually reach. I
learned about light. Light is a form of energy visible to the human eye that is radiated by moving charged.

























Kathleen Joyce DC. Aguilar
IV-Campos


Physics in First grading period was so interesting and at the same time difficult. Many components
are under in the course of Physics. Because in the meaning itself, says: It is a brand of science that involves the
study of the study of the physical world; energy, matter, and how they are related. The goal of the course is to help
you understand the physical world. For me, Physics is difficult but when you are listening always you will understand
the course. It is the study of energy which is the ability to do work.

The branches of Physics are Astronomy, Classical, Low Temperature, Plasma, Quantum, Atomics,
Relativistic, Macromolecular, Accelerator, Nuclear, and High Energy Particle Physics. It is also the study of matter
which is anything that occupies space and has mass. We study Physics because it is an adventure. Sometimes while
Sir Sonny is discussing we are sleepy because of the time. But we are trying to listen to understand the lesson. We
learned many things in Physics. Physics is an experimental science. Physics uses mathematics as a powerful
language.

We also learned about waves. That wave is rhythmic disturbance that transfers energy through matter or
space. Im sharing what I learned in the last two months. Frequency is the number of waves that pass a given point
each second. Period is the amount of time needed to produce a wave. Wave speed depends on elasticity, density
and temperature of the medium. The discussion about waves, for me, is fine. I enjoyed listening to our teacher even
though sometimes I feel bored. We also discussed about frequency and period.

I dont merely understand what Reflection, Refraction, and Diffraction was. But I understand the Law of
Reflection and Normal line. There are also formulas that our teacher had given us. I am little confused, but it is okay.
It is not very hard for me to understand, like the first set of formulas on the previous topic. Its all about getting
frequencies and wavelengths. Then we discussed about the Boundary, Free end and Change in medium.

Then we discussed about the Light and Optics. Light is form of energy radiated by moving charger. And the
optics is the behaviour of light & other electromagnetic waves. The propagation of light is best described by a wave
model but understanding emission & absorption requires a particle approach.

I am thankful and frustrated to study the course of Physics. Though I didnt give my full attention to the subject and I
didnt fully understand some of the topics we have discussed, I thank God that I survived the first grading. I hope that
next quarter, I will be able to give my 100% attention during discussion. Our teacher is such a good teacher because
He will not stop to teach until we are learned.













Janielle Ferre
IV Campos
In the whole lessons of Physics 2, there are plenty things that Ive learned. First lesson is the Fundamentals of
Physics. It contains the matter, plasma and energy and Branches of Physics and it included why we should study
physics. For me, we have to study physics just to pass my grades. But after sir discussed why we should study it, I
realized I cannot truly understand the lessons in Physics because my heart is not in the subject but my mind. I think I
should study it for myself but it is something more than that. Things to remember:
Matter- material that has mass and takes up space.
Energy- the ability to make things change, such as temperature, height, or speed.
Plasma is the most abundant form of matter in the Universe, because most stars are in a plasma state.
Particle accelerator is a device that uses electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles to high speeds and to
contain them in well-defined beams.
Physics is a branch of science that involves the study of the physical world: energy, matter, and how they are
related. The goal of this course is to help you understand the physical world.
After that, he discussed about the great scientists who invented the things we have to know in this world and the
reason behind everything. I was really surprised on how they apply science in their daily lives. Just an apple that fell,
then there is gravity; an accidental film experiment then there is radiation. So many things but just that, they can
determine the things that a simple man cannot understand. Things to remember:
PHYSICISTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS
1. GALILEO GALILEI - performed fundamental observations, experiments, and mathematical analyses in
astronomy and physics; discovered mountains and craters on the moon, the phases of Venus, and the four largest
satellites of Jupiter: Io, Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede.
2. SIR ISAAC NEWTON - developed theories of gravitation and mechanics, and invented differential calculus.
3. MICHAEL FARADAY - discovered electromagnetic induction and devised first electrical transformer
4. ALESSANDRO VOLTA- pioneer in study of electricity; invented the first electric battery
5. HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED- - discovered that a current in a wire can produce magnetic effects
6. JOSEPH HENRY- performed extensive fundamental studies of electromagnetic phenomena; devised first
practical electric motor
7. JAMES WATT- invented the modern condensing steam engine and a centrifugal governor
8. WILLIAM GILBERT - hypothesized that the Earth is a giant magnet
9. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN - the first American physicist; characterized two kinds of electric charge, which he
named ``positive'' and ``negative''
10. WILLIAM WEBER- developed sensitive magnetometers; worked in electrodynamics and the electrical
structure of matter
11. LORD KELVIN - proposed absolute temperature scale, of essence to development of thermodynamics
12. JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE - discovered mechanical equivalent of heat
The next lesson is the waves and its nature. At first I really cant understand this topic. Of course, we watched some
video that makes me confuse about our topic. But when sir discussed about waves, I really understand the concept.
What makes student confused is the problem solving. Teachers always say that problem solving is the proof of the
concept they are discussing but literally, it is harder than the concept itself. Are 5 proof not enough to prove the
topic? I dont really understand. One of my concerns is the examples. After the lesson, teachers usually give easy
examples that students can understand. Then the long quiz came, you will ask to yourself, did sir discussed this?
Why? Because the problems are complicated and out of reach.
The behavior of haves is somehow easy because the problem solving is the same with the wave and its nature that is
discussed in the previous lessons. When it comes to the wave speed, it is so much in application. What happens
when it became like this and like that.
My one of my favorite lesson of all is the Reflection, Refraction, and etc. Because this is when light is involved. The
reflection is when a wave reaches a boundary of the medium, it will return back along its original path or motion. The
Law of reflection has solving involved. It stated that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. The
refraction is when a wave passes from on medium to another; it changes speed and direction at the boundary. There
are many places where you can find these. Another one is diffraction. Diffraction is when an object causes a wave to
change direction and bend around it. One part of the topic is the interference. There are different types of
interference which is the constructive and destructive interference.
The second to the last topic is the light. The light is in the category of Optics. It is a branch of physics which deals
with the behavior of light and other electromagnetic waves. The branch of optics that literally holds light is the
geometric physics- represents waves in terms of ray; and Physical optics- deals with the behavior of waves. Things
to remember:
Wave is a repeating disturbance or movement that transfers energy through matter or space.
Medium- matter the waves travel through is called a the medium can be a solid, a liquid, or gas
Transverse wave- waves move at right angles to the direction that the wave travels.
Compressional wave- waves move the same direction that the wave travels.
Seismic waves - a combination of transverse and compressional waves which carry energy along and through
Earth.
Crest the highest points of a wave
Trough the lowest points of a wave
Compression place in compressional wave where the particles are pushed together
Rarefaction place in compressional wave where the particles are spread apart
Wavelength the distance between one point on a wave and the nearest point just like it
Frequency the number of waves that pass a given point each second
Amplitude the energy carried by a wave or how high the wave is; related to the amount of energy
STANDING WAVES
produce when two waves with the same frequency interfere with one another while traveling in opposite
directions along the same medium.
It is called because it appears to stand frozen in space.
Antinodes Areas of MAXIMUM AMPLITUDE
Nodes Areas of ZERO AMPLITUDE.
Calculating Wave Speed - You can calculate the speed of a wave represented by v by multiplying its frequency
times its wavelength.
The Law of Reflection
*Page info from NSAT Conference 2004
Dont forgetlongest waves (radio) ..to shortest waves (cosmic)
The beam striking the mirror is called the incident
beam.
The beam that bounces off the mirror is
called the reflected beam.
The line drawn perpendicular to the surface
of the mirror is called the normal.
The angle formed by the incident beam and
the normal is the angle of incidence.
The angle formed by the reflected beam and
the normal is the angle of refection.
The Law of Reflection -law of reflection- The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of refection.; All reflected
waves obey this law.
Refraction- Bending of a wave caused by a change in its speed as it moves from one medium to another.
Diffraction - an object causes a wave to change direction and bend around it.
Resonance - object is made to vibrate by absorbing energy at its natural frequency
The index of refraction (n) of a material is a dimensionless constant obtained by dividing the speed of light (c) in a
vacuum by the speed of light (v) in that material.
You can describe light in many ways, in simple description; the primary source of light is the sun. Even the moon, the
primary source is the light. It lights up our world. The part where I am really amused is the speed of light. Imagine, the
speed of light is 300,000 kilometers per second. You can go around the world 8 times in one second. I mean, if a
person uses light to travel, going to many places is not a problem. I wonder why inventors didnt use light for the cars.
If I were a discoverer, I would make a shoe that can beat the speed of light. One of the most interesting parts of light
is the electromagnetic spectrum. This spectrum is arranged to highest to lowest and lowest to highest. Imagine, if the
frequency is high the wavelength is low. How could that happen? The most interesting trivia I learned is the specular
and diffuse reflection. I think the more straight the surface the more you can read it easily, but I was wrong. In this
topic the Laws of reflection is also a part of it. And inside it is the index of refraction. The index of refraction is the
most easy and beautiful part of the grading. It was so easy and is not complicated. There is only minimal formula
that is used and sir discussed this very well. I really love how to solve this part of equation. As a result, the highest
long quiz is in here. I have small errors but only minimal. I could have line of 7 if I answered the arranging part. I
mistook the energy to wavelength so I failed. The most regretful part is the naming of element which is which
because there is no 1.34 in the list but only 1.33. I did not know that you could answer the least number. So, I failed.
Things to remember:
Optics- branch of physics which deals with the behavior of light and other electromagnetic waves.
a. Geometric Optics branch of optics representing waves in terms of rays.
b. Physical optics- branch of optics dealing specifically with wave behavior.
Light is a form of energy visible to the human eye that is radiated by moving charged.
Image location is the location in space where all the reflected light appears to diverge from.
Real images are formed by curved mirrors.
In the case of plane mirrors, the image is said to be a virtual image.
Kaleidoscopic effect, with multiple images formed.
Law of Plane Mirrors states that "the image is always the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of
the mirror."
A spherical mirror is a mirror which has the shape of a piece cut out of a spherical surface.
A convex mirror, fish eye mirror or diverging mirror, is a curved mirror in which the reflective surface bulges toward
the light source.
Concave mirror, or converging mirror, has a reflecting surface that bulges inward (away from the incident light).


\






Chelsea Moreno
IV Campos
The coverage of this reflection is all about what we study in physics of the whole grading period. Our topics
in physics are the giants, waves, behaviour of waves, waves of light, standing waves, reflection and refraction of light
and plane mirror.
Physics is a branch of science that involves the study of physical world which are energy, matter and how
they are related. The subject matter of physics, distinguished from that of chemistry and biology, includes mechanics,
heat, light and other radiation, sound, electricity, magnetism and the structure of atoms. Physics helps us
to understand how the world around us works, from can openers, light bulbs and cell phones to muscles, lungs
and brains; from paints to cameras, cars and cathedrals; from earthquakes, tsunamis and hurricanes to quarks, DNA
and black holes. Physics help us to organize the universe. There are some giants or famous physicist such as
Galileo Galilei, who discovered mountains and caters on the moon and the first telescope, Isaac Newton, who
developed theories of gravitation and mechanics, Alessandro Volta, who invented the first battery and so on. They
names became famous because what did they discovered and developed.
I know some of the giants in physics that Sir Sonny gave us. Then after the lesson about the giants, our next
lesson was the waves and its behaviour. A type of wave is called mechanical waves which can only travel through a
medium. As far as I know, medium is a matter that carry waves and it could be solid, liquid and gas. For me, this
topic is the easiest. It only describes waves and how can waves travel.
Waves of light were the next topic in physics after the behaviour. This time, this topic is more on
solving problems about what is the frequency and wavelength of the light based on the formula c = f, where c
represents the speed of light, represents wavelength and f represents the frequency. The speed of the light is
constant which is exactly 2.99792458

or 3.00

. This is also so easy because I love solving problems. Its

just that sometimes Sir Sonny is confusing us with his problem or making it harder so that we would think hard. But
thats okay, we should be clever to analyze problems cause when we got seatwork, its harder than the example Sir
Sonny gave us.
The next topic is about standing waves. Standing waves produce when two waves with the same frequency
interfere with one another while traveling in opposite directions along the same medium. The parts of standing waves
are nodes and anti-nodes. Harmonic and modes are under this topic. Harmonic and modes involves solving the
harmonic frequency of a standing waves. At first, i thought that this topic is the hardest among the topics but no, this
is easy too. Easier than solving in waves of light.
The next topic is about the reflection and refraction of light. Reflection is the going back and forth of
a wave to the medium after reaching the boundary or interface while refraction is the bending of waves caused by a
change in direction when it enters a medium and its speed also change. Under this topic is the Law of Reflection
which states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. This topic is what I really hate in physics.
Even if I am listening to Sir Sonny teaching this topic, I dont get it, I cant understand. And for me, this topic is the
hardest.
Our last topic is all about plane mirror. Plane mirror is a mirror with a planar system. In a plane
mirror, image form is according to SALT; S (size), A (altitude), L (location) and T (type). This topic is also easy but
hard to understand. When Sir Sonny is discussing this topic, at first I cant understand but then I can fully understand
by the time we draw a mirror with its object and image. This topic also covers the convex and concave mirror.
Convex mirror which is also called converging mirror while concave mirror is also called diverging mirror.
All in all, physic is hard to understand at first, but in the end you can fully understand it. And in order to get
high grades to Sir Sonny, try to fully understand the lesson, participate in the class and the most important thing is
that do not disturb his or create noise because he will be out of focus.
IVY PARUMOG
IV-CAMPOS
In the three months of studying physics, I cant deny that I have learned a lot in this subject. Many
interesting things have caught my attention. I learned more about physics and its sub-branches. I also learned about
the giants in physics and their contributions that made me admire them.
We tackled the waves that made me understand the concept behind how the radio works. Waves are
disturbance that travels energy through matter or space. The substance or material that carry waves from one
location to another is called the medium. There are three kinds of waves; the transverse waves in which the particles
are moving on right angle, the longitudinal wave in which the particles are moving back and forth, and the surface
wave which is the contribution of the two waves. Waves has four parts; the crest which is the height or the peak of
the wave, the trough which is the bottom or the lowest point of a wave, the wavelength also called lambda which is
the distance of successive crest or trough, and the amplitude which is the distance between two compression. The
frequency is the number of waves that pass in a given point while period refers to the time needed to produce one
wave. As the frequency increases, the wavelength decreases.
Waves speed depends on the elasticity, density, and temperature. Temperature and elasticity are directly
related to speed. A wave must reflect, refract and diffract. The direction of the wave can be illustrated by a ray.
Reflection is the bouncing back of the wave after reaching its boundary. The incident wave refers to the wave coming
from the source while the reflected wave refers to the wave that bounced back. I discovered the reason why we are
able to see our reflection in the mirror. The light strikes our face and bounces off and strikes the mirror and is
reflected into our eyes. The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. The
normal line is the imaginary line used to compare angle of incidence and angle of reflection.
It is drawn perpendicular to the striking surface. Refraction is the bending of waves. Refraction happens if
theres a change in medium. In all mirrors, we see things because of reflection. But in all lenses, we see things
because of refraction.
Interference happens when two or more waves overlap and combine to form a new wave. It has two parts,
the constructive interference and destructive interference. Boundary behavior is the behavior of wave changes as it
reached the boundary. There are two types of boundary; the fixed end and the free end.
Standing waves are produced when two waves with the same frequency interfere with one another while
traveling in opposite directions along the same medium. There are three parts of standing waves; the nodes,
antinodes and harmony.
We have also tackled about optics which deals with the behavior of light and other magnetic waves. There
are two kinds of optics; the geometric optics and the physical optics.
Light is the only form of energy visible to human eye. Light has the fastest speed among all the energy. Its
speed is 2.99792458 m/s. incandescent, luminiscent, and synchroton are the sources of light.
The first law of refraction states that the incident ray, reflected ray and the normal line lie on the same plane.
While the second law of refraction also known as the snells law was proposed by Wilbrord Snell. The total internal
reflection occurs when angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle.
One of the most interesting topic for me is the left-right reversal which happens due to switch of reference
frame. In this topic, we tackled the two types of image that can be formed in the mirror. The virtual and real image.
I also learned that in order for us to see our full body, the mirror must be at least half of the objects height.
There are two types of spherical mirrors; the convex mirror also called as converging mirror and the concave mirror
also called as diverging mirrors.
It is just few of the lessons that we will learn in advanced physics 2.

























Rolish Dianne Tadique Reflection in Physics II
IV-CAMPOS

Im glad that we have encountered this course. I learned so much about Physics that was once one of my
most hated subject. Before anything else, like any other subject. Before starting to discuss more about it, we may first
define them. We can define them based on their importance, use or type.
Physics? What is Physics? Based on our discussions with grading period, Physics is one of the most
fundamental of all Sciences. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. And last, Physics is an
adventure due to the fact that it is challenging, sometimes frustrating, a bit painful and richly rewarding and satisfying
once you understood the lesson and get a chance to apply it in real life.
There are a lot of branches of Physics that are classified into nine groups. These groups are, Astronomy
Physics, which deals with the star, galaxies and cosmos. We also have the Classical Physics which talks about the
light, heat, motion, electricity and magnetism. The Love Temperature Physics which deals with the superconductivity.
The Plasma Physics that studies about the discharge tubes and fusions. We also have, Quantum Physics, Atomic
and Solid State Physics, Macromolecular Physics, Accelerator Physics, Nuclear Physics and High Energy Particle
Physics.
Im amazed on how people discovered different things that gave a huge contribution in the field of Physics.
Galileo Galilei, performed fundamental observation on mountain and craters on the moon, the phases of
Venus and the four largest satellites of Jupiter.
Sir Isaac Newton, gave the theories of gravitation and mechanism. He also invented differential calculus.
Michael Faraday studied about the electromagnetic induction and invented the first electrical device.
Alessandro Volta, studied electricity and the first one who used the electrical battery.
Hans Christian Oersted, studied the current in a wire can produce magnetic effects.
Joseph Henry studied the lector magnetic formula and the first practical electric motor.
James Watt studied the modern condensing steam engine and the centrifugal governor.
William Gilbert studied the hypothesized Earth is a giant magnet.
Benjamin Franklin said that there are two charges namely, positive and negative charge.
William Webber studied about the sensitive magnetometers or the intensity of magnets.
Lord Kelvin studied thermodynamic and anything about temperature.
James Prescot Joule discovered the equivalent of heat.
There are a lot of people that I admire due to the fact that they contributed helpful studies in understanding and
appreciating the beauty of our word through the field of Physics.

In this field, we also discussed and/or talked about Electromagnetic Waves. Electromagnetic Waves, like
other kind of waves, are caused by vibrations. These waves are produced by the vibrations of electric charges in
atoms. The energy in electromagnetic waves is made up of electric and magnetic fields that vibrate at right angles to
each other
The Wavelength. usually stated in units of nanometers (one-thousandth of a micrometer) for the visible light
portion of the spectrum. The wavelength is defined as the distance between two successive peaks (or valleys) of the
waveform. The corresponding frequency of the radiated wave, which is the number of sinusoidal cycles (oscillations
or complete wavelengths) that pass a given point per second, is proportional to the reciprocal of the wavelength. The
longer wavelengths correspond to lower frequency radiation and shorter wavelengths correspond to higher frequency
radiation. Frequency is usually expressed in quantities of hertz (Hz) or cycles per second (cps). Amplitude is the
height of the wave.
The Frequency. One way of measuring the energy of an Electromagnetic wave is by measuring its
frequency. Frequency refers to the number of waves a vibration creates during a period of time like counting how
frequently cars pass through an intersection in a given time. In general, the higher the frequency, or number of
waves, the greater the energy of the radiation. Wavelength and frequency are inversely related, meaning that the
greater the length of the wave, the lower its frequency will be. Likewise, if the frequency is high, the wave must be
shorter. Another way to think of it is: the shorter the wave, the higher the energy.
The Radio Waves. They have the longest wavelengths in the Electromagnetic Spectrum. These waves can
be longer than a football field or as short as a football, having a wavelength of 1 mile (1.5 km) or more. Since these
are the longest waves, they have lowest energy and are associated with the lowest temperature.
Microwaves have shorter wavelengths than radio waves that they are easily absorbed by water, which heat
the food we eat. Ranges from one-tenth of a mm to 1 cm. They are also used in telecommunication. Microwaves are
good for transmitting information from one place to another because microwave energy can penetrate haze, light rain
and snow, clouds, and smoke. Shorter microwaves are used in remote sensing. These microwaves are used for
radar like the Doppler radar used in weather forecasts. Microwaves, are used for radar, are just a few inches long.
This microwave tower can transmit information like telephone calls and computer data from one city to another.
Infrared Waves have both long wavelengths and short wavelengths, which span from 700 nm-1 mm (from
the width of a pinpoint to the size of small plant seeds). Infrared waves with long wavelengths are different from
infrared waves with short wavelengths. Infrared long wavelengths can be detected as heat. Your radiator or heater
gives off these long infrared waves. We call these thermal infrared or far infrared waves. The sun gives off infrared
waves with shorter wavelengths. Infrared light lies between the visible and microwave portions of the Electromagnetic
Spectrum. They are the deep red rays you get from a heat lamp. Shorter, near infrared waves are not hot at all-in fact
you cannot even feel them. These are the ones used by your TV's remote control.\
Visible Light Waves are the only Electromagnetic waves we can see. We see these waves as the colors of
the rainbow. Each color has a different wavelength. Red has the longest wavelength and violet has the shortest
wavelength. These waves combine to make white light. Their wavelengths are in the range from 400-700 nanometers
(from size of a molecule to a protozoan).
These are just some of the topics that made a huge impact on me the most. Im looking forward to know
more about Physics and to understand. Hows and Whys.




Kia Yango
IV Campos

During the first grading in Physics, we learned first what Physics is. Physics is a branch of science that involves study
of the physical world. Physics is composed of different branches. Astronomy/Astrophysics deals with the study of
stars, galaxies, cosmos and other heavenly bodies. Classical physics in light, heat, motion and electricity. Low
temperature physics involves superconductivity. Plasma physics in discharge tubes and fusion. Quantum physics are
lasers, LEDs, Fiber optics, and Quantum. Theres also the Atomic & Solid state physics, Relativistic, Macromolecular
biology, accelerator physics, nuclear physics, and high energy particle physics.
Why should we study Physics, by the way? 1. Physics is one of the fundamental of all sciences. Physics is also
foundation of all engineering and technology. Study of Physics is an adventure! Nature of Physics: experimental
science and uses mathematics as a powerful language. We also study waves. Wave is a rhythmic disturbance that
transfer energy through matter in space. A wave has its parts. The crest. It is the highest part or peak of the wave.
Amplitude is the distance from the crest to the trough. The trough is the lowest part of the wave while the wavelength
is the distance between two successive waves.
In waves, we also studied frequency. It is the number of waves that pass a given point each second. Period is the
amount of time needed to produce a wave. Period and frequency are directly proportional. The wave speed depends
on elasticity, density, and temperature. While the elasticity increases, the speed increases. When density increases,
speed decreases.
Reflection happens when the wave reaches a boundary of the medium, it will return to its original path of motion.
Incident wave is the wave coming from the source while reflected wave bounced back. Echo means when sound
waves hit an object, they reflect and come back to you. You hear the sound multiple times. Reverberation is the
series of echo. The Law of Reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. The Normal
Line is an imaginary line used to measure angle of incidence.
Refraction happens when a wave passes from one medium to another. It changes its speed and direction .
Diffraction is the bending of light without change in medium. Interference is two or more waves overlap and
combine to form a new wave. Destructive interference is amplitude added together to produce smaller amplitude.
Boundary behaviour is when it reaches the end of its medium.
Optics is study of behaviour of light and other waves. Geometric optics are representing waves in terms of rays.
Light travels at speed of 186 000 mi/s or 300 000km/s. Light travels in a straight line.
Laws of Refraction
1. The incident ray, reflected ray, and the normal line all lie on the same plane.