DNA Repair

Basic mechanism Of Repairing DNA

1.Damage portion is recognized and removed
by DNA repair enzymes ( nucleases)


2. Results in formation of gap in the DNA strand



3. DNA polymerase fill this gap


4. ligase seals the nick and completes the repair












1. Direct Reversal of Base Damage
Eg: Photoreactivation

2. Excision Repair
Eg:
a) Base Excision Repair (BER)
b) Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER)

Types of DNA Repair
1. Direct Reversal of Base Damage

a. Photoreactivation or light Repair
Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers can be
monomerized again by DNA Photolyase.

phr gene - codes for the enzyme photolyase
absorb blue light and transfer energy to
cyclobutane ring and cleave it.


This repair mechanism is specific for pyrimidine
dimers.

It is an example of direct reversal of a lesion
Photoactivation Repair
Photoreactivation
Enzyme Cleaves
bond between Ts
UV
Visible light
DNA bases may be modified by deamination or
alkylation.

DNA glycosylase can recognize an altered base and
removes the altered base.

Then, this AP site is removed by AP endonuclease.

The gap is filled by DNA polymerase I and DNA
ligase.
1. Base Excision Repair (BER)
Excision Repair
Base Excision Repair
DNA glycosylase
Apyrimidinic endonuclease
DNA Pol I fills and DNA ligase
Seals the nick.
NER differs from BER in several ways.

It uses different enzymes.

Even though there may be only a single base to correct, many
other adjacent nucleotides are also removed along with this single
base.

Proteins UvrA, UvrB, and UvrC are involved in removing the
damaged nucleotides (e.g., the dimer induced by UV light).

The gap is then filled by DNApolymerase I and DNA ligase.

In yeast, the proteins similar to Uvr's are named RADxx ("RAD"
stands for"radition" such s RAD3 RAD10. etc
2. Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER)
Nucleotide Excision Repair

a large multienzyme compound
scans the DNA strand for
anomalities

upon detection, the nuclease
cuts the strand on both sides of
the damage

DNA helicase removes the
oligonucleotide

the gap is repaired by DNA
polymerase I and DNA ligase
enzymes