FUNCTIONS

Concepts in Functions
Straight Line Graphs
Parabolas
Hyperbolas
Exponentials
Sine Graphs
Cos Graphs
Tan Graphs
1
CONCEPTS IN FUNCTIONS
x -2 -2 0 1 2 3
y -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x in this relation is called the independent variable,
since the values of x were chosen randomly.

However, it is clear that the values of y depended
entirely on the values of x as well as the rule used,
namely, y = 2x. In this relation, y is called the
dependent variable.
Formulae and Tables
E.g. Given the formula y = 2x, the table can be
constructed:
2
In order to draw graphs, we need to plot co-
ordinates or ordered pairs onto the Cartesian
Plane
Co-ordinate or Ordered Pair:
(independent variable; dependent variable)
(x; y)
Ordered Pairs on the Cartesian Plane (Co-ordinates)
Graphs
3
The Cartesian Plane
Plotting
points on a
Cartesian
Plane
Decode the
message by
writing down
the letter found
at each of the
following
coordinates:
(1,5), (3,1), (3,4),
(5,2), (5,4), (1,1),
(4,5) and (1,2).
4
Domain and Range
Domain refers to the x-values that exist
Range refers to the y-values that exist

Examples
a) Given: set of ordered pairs {(-2; 16); (0; 4); (3; 7)}
Domain = {-2; 0; 3}
Range = {16; 4; 7}
b) Given: equation
Domain = {-2; -1; 0; 1; 2; 3}
Range = {-4;-2;0;2;4;6}.
} 3 ; 2 ; 1 ; 0 ; 1 ; 2 { _ _ 2 x where x y
5
b) Given: graph











Domain:

Range:
] 1 ; 2 [ x
] 2 ; 1 [ y
Finding the Domain and Range of Graphs 6
f(x) Notation
f(x) is the equivalent of y
Example: Given determine the value of:
a) f(2) therefore, substitute x = 2



b) f(x)=0
3 3 ) (
2
x x f
8 ) 2 (
3 ) 2 ( 3 ) 2 (
3 3 ) (
2
2

f
f
x x f
1
1
3 3
3 3 0
3 3 ) (
2
2
2
2

x
x
x
x
x x f
7
EXERCISE
1. Determine the domain and range:
a) Given the set: {(-3;-4); (2;1); (-6;-9)}
b) Given the equation: y=4x-6
c) Given the graph:
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2. If determine the value of:

a) f(1)
b) f(- 1)
c) f (2x)
d) f(x)=0
e) f(x)=1
1 2 ) (
2
x x x f
9
STRAIGHT LINE GRAPHS
The graph of a linear function is a
straight line.
Standard form of a straight line graph:
y = m x + c

where m = gradient
and c = y-intercept
10
Effects of m and c in y = mx + c:
m represents the gradient of the straight line
If m > 0, the gradient is positive
If m < 0, the gradient is negative



c represents the y-intercept of the straight line graph
and also indicates the vertical translation of the
graph
If c > 0, the graph has a positive y-intercept
and shifts up by c units
If c < 0, the graph has a negative y-intercept
and shifts down by c units
11
Sketching Straight Line Graphs Using The
Table Method
Example 1
Sketch the graph of y = 2x+4 by using the table
method.
x -1 0 1 2
y 2 4 6 8
The x-values were randomly chosen.
The y-values were found by substituting the x -
values into the equation y = 2x +4.
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Note!
x-intercept is at
(-2; 0)
y-intercept is at
(0; 4)
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Example
Sketch the graph of y = -3x - 3 by using the dual-
intercept method.

x-intercept: y = 0 y-intercept: x = 0

0 = -3x 3 y = -3(0) 3
3x = -3 y = 0 3
x = -1 y = -3
(-1; 0) (0;-3)
Sketching Straight Lines using the Dual-Intercept Method
Sketching Straight Line Graphs Using The
Dual-Intercept Method
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The Graph of y = -3x 3:
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Sketching Straight Line Graphs Using The Gradient-
Intercept Method
Example
Sketch the graph of by using the gradient-
intercept method.




x x g
2
1
) (
The negative sign
indicates that the line
slopes to the left. The y-
intercept is 0.
The numerator tells us
to rise up 1 unit from
the y - intercept.
The denominator tells
us to run 2 units to the
left
Determining the Gradient using the Gradient-Intercept Method
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Horizontal and Vertical Lines
a) Sketch the graph of y = 2
In this relation, the x-values can vary but the
y - values must always remain 2.



Lines which cut the y - axis
and are parallel to the x axis
have equation y = number



x -1 0 1 2
y 2 2 2 2
Horizontal Straight Lines
Determining the Gradient
of Horizontal Straight Lines
17
b) Sketch the graph of x = 2
In this relation, the y-values can vary but the
x - values must always remain 2.



Lines which cut the x - axis
and are parallel to the y axis
have equation x = number




x 2 2 2 2
y -2 -1 0 1
Vertical Straight Lines
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1. Draw neat sketch graphs of the following
linear functions on separate axes.

(a) f (x) = 3x- 6 (f) y - 3x = 6
(b) g (x) = - 2x + 2 (g) y = 3x + 2
(c) h (x) = - 4x (h) 2x + 3y + 6 = 0
(d) 5x + 2y = 10 (i) 3x + 3y = 0
(e) y x = 0 (j) 3x = 2y
Straight Line Graphs Calculator
EXERCISE
19
2. With each of the equations below, do the
following:
i. Write the equation in standard form
ii. Determine the gradient
iii. Determine the y-intercept
(a) 2y - 4x = 0 (c) 6x - 3y = 1
(b) 2y + 4x = 2 (d) x - 2y = 4

3. Given the following equation: f (x) = - 2x + 1
(a) Sketch the graph
(b) Draw the graph of g(x) if it is f(x) the
has been translated 2 units upwards.

20

Example 1: Determine the equation of the line:

The y-intercept is 3, so c = 3.
y = m x + 3

Substitute the point (8 ; - 1)
- l = m(8) + 3
- 1 = 8m + 3
- 8m = 4
m = -
Therefore the equation is :
y = - x +3
Determining the Equation of a Straight Line Graph
Finding the Equations of Straight Line Graphs
Calculating the Gradients of
Different Staircases
Challenge!Finding the gradient when c = 0
21
EXERCISE
1. Determine the equations of the following lines:
(a) (b)




(c ) (d)
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2. Determine the equation of the line:

a) passing through the point (-1; - 2) and
cutting the y-axis at 1.

b) Determine the equation of the line with a
gradient of - 2 and passing through the
point (2; 3).

c) Determine the equation of the line which
cuts the x-axis at 5 and the y - axis at - 5.

d) Determine the equation of the line which
cuts the x-axis at 3 and the y - axis at 9.
23
Parallel Lines
Parallel lines have the same gradient (m)

1. Are these lines parallel? y = 2x + 4 and y 2x 6 = 0
y = 2x + 4 => m = 2
y 2x 6 = 0
y = 2x + 6 => m = 2 Yes! They are parallel.

2. Are these lines parallel? 2y = 2x + 4 and 2x + y 6 = 0
2y = 2x + 4
y = x + 2 => m = 1
- 2x + y 6 = 0
y = 2x + 6 => m = 2 No! They are not parallel.
Parallel lines
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Perpendicular Lines
Perpendicular Lines
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Point of Intersection:
The point at which both straight line graphs have
the same value for x and for y

Can determine the point of intersection
a) graphically
b) algebraically (solve equations simultaneously)

Example:
Solve 3x-y=4 and 2x-y=5

a) Graphically
Point of intersection
Intersecting Straight Line Graphs
26
Example: Solve 3x-y=4 and 2x-y-5
b) Algebraically
3x y = 4 (1)
-y = 4 3x
y = 3x 4 (3)
2x-y=5 (2)
Substitute (3) into (2)
2x (3x-4) = 5
2x 3x + 4 = 5
-x = 1
x = -1
Substitute x = -1 into (3)
y=3(-1)-4
y =-7
Point of intersection: (-1;-7)
Points of Intersection
Calculator
27
EXERCISE
1. Draw neat sketch graphs of the following
lines on the same set of axes:
x + y = 3 and x - y = -1.

2. Solve x + y = 3 and x - y = - 1 using
the method of simultaneous
equations.

3. Determine the coordinates of the point of
intersection of the following pairs of
lines: x + 2y = 5 and x- y = - 1

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PARABOLAS

Investigation 1

Complete the following table and then draw the
graphs of each function on the set of axes provided
below.

x -2 -1 0 1 2
x
2x
3x
Quadratic Equations have the formula:
y = ax + q
29
x
2x
3x



Investigating the effects of a of a Parabola
30
Investigation 2

Complete the following table and then draw the graphs of
each function on the set of axes provided below.

x -2 -1 0 1 2
x - 2
x
x + 2
31
Investigating the effects of q of a Parabola
x
x+2
x-2



32
Example
Given:

(a) Write down the coordinates of the y - intercept.
y intercept: (0; -4).

(b) Determine the coordinates of the x - intercepts.

0 = (x + 2)(x - 2)
x + 2 = 0 or x 2 =0
x= - 2 or x = 2
x-intercepts : (- 2; 0) and (2; 0)

(c) Sketch the graph.
4 ) (
2
x x f
4 ) (
2
x x f
33
4 ) (
2
x x f
34
Given:


(d) Determine the turning point of the graph.
Turning point is (0; - 4)

(e) Determine the minimum value of the graph.
Minimum value = -4.

(f) Determine the domain of the graph.


(g) Determine the range of the graph.

4 ) (
2
x x f
R x
R y y ; 4
35
Reflecting Straight Lines & Parabolas
Reflecting Straight Lines & Parabolas 36
THE HYPERBOLA
Standard form of a hyperbola graph:
q
x
a
y
x
y
2

x -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
y
- 1/3 - -1 undefined 1 1/3
Investigation 1: e.g.
Complete the table using substitution:
37
x
y
2

38
3
2

x
y
x -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
y
2,67 2,5 2 undefined 4 3,5 3,33
Investigation 2:
e.g.
Complete the table using substitution:
39
x
y
2

x
y
2

x
y
2

3
2

x
y
x
y
2

Hyperbolas
40
x
y
3

EXERCISE
Sketch the following, using the table method:

1)

2)
2
1

x
y
41
Standard form of a hyperbola graph:
q
x
a
y
- a > 0: Quadrants 1 & 3 a < 0: Quadrants 2 & 4
NOTE! Asymptote on y-axis (x = 0)
- q > 0: Graph shifted up
- q < 0: Graph shifted down

42
EXPONENTIALS
Standard form of an exponential graph:
y = a
x
+ q

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y
0,037 0,111 0,333 1 3 9 27
Investigation 1: e.g. y = 3
x

Complete the table using substitution:
43
y = 3
x

44
Write down the co-ordinates of the x intercept.

X intercept :
This graph does not cut the x axis.

y = 3
x
y = 3
0
= 1
ie y 0

y = 0 is the equation of the asymptote

45
y = 3
x

y = 0
46
Sketch the graph of:
1) y = 2
-x

2 ) y =
x

What do you notice? Its the same graph!
Because of our Exponent Laws! Why?
47
Sketch the graph of y = 3
x
- 1
What do you think it will look like ?

How will it differ from y = 3
x
?

What is the equation of its asymptote ?
48
y = 3
x
- 1
y = -1
Investigating the Exponential Graph
49
Standard form of an exponential graph:
y = a
x
+ q

- a is a whole number: e.g. y = 2
x

(increasing function)
NOTE! Asymptote on x-axis (y = 0)
- q > 0: Graph shifted up
- q < 0: Graph shifted down

- a is a fraction: e.g. y =
x
or y = 2
-x



(increasing function)
50
Example 3 PLEASE ANIMATE
Find the value of a and q
in the equation of the
exponential graph:
y = a.2
x+1
+q

q = -3
Subst. (-1;0)
0 = a.2
-1+1
- 3
0 = a.1 3
3 = a


51
Example 2 PLEASE ANIMATE
Find the value of b and q in the equation of the
exponential graph: y = -3.b
x+1
+q

q = 1
Subst. (-2;0)
0 = -3.b
-2+1
+ 1
0 = -3.b
-1
+ 1




3
3
3
1

b
b
b
52
SINE GRAPHS
The trig function Sine can be sketched

Example 1:
a) Complete the table of y = sinx for x [0; 360]

0 30 45 60 90 120 135 150 180

y =sin x
210 225 240 270 300 315 330 360
y =sin x
53
Link between sinx as a ratio and as a graph
54
b) Determine the following based on the graph:
i. The maximum value is. 1
ii. The minimum value is -1

Amplitude
= (maximum - minimum value) divided by 2
= (1-(-1)) 2
= 2 2
=1
c) Determine:
i. The domain of the graph is
ii. The range of the graph is
R x
] 1 ; 1 [ y

55
Example 2:
a) Draw the graph of y = sin x for x [-360; 360]








b) After how many degrees does the graph
(pattern) start repeating itself? 360
This is called the period of the graph.

56
Exercise
Graph Amplitude Maximum Minimum Period
y = sin x
y = 2 sin x
y =3 sin x
y =- sin x
y =- 2 sin x
The effects of a in y = asinx
Amplitude shifts of y = asinx
57
Graph Amplitude Maximum Minimum Period
y = sin x
y = sin x + 1
y = sin x - 2
Exercise
Vertical shifts of y = sinx + q 58
COS GRAPHS
The trig function Cosine can be sketched

Example 1:
a) Complete the table of y = cosx for x [0; 360]

0 30 45 60 90 120 135 150 180

y =cos x
210 225 240 270 300 315 330 360
y =cos x
59
Link between cosx as a ratio and as a graph
60
b) Determine the following based on the graph:
i. The maximum value is. 1
ii. The minimum value is -1

Amplitude
= (maximum - minimum value) divided by 2
= (1-(-1)) 2
= 2 2
=1
c) Determine:
i. The domain of the graph is
ii. The range of the graph is
R x
] 1 ; 1 [ y

61
Example
a) Draw the graph of y = cosx for x [-360; 360]








b) After how many degrees does the graph
(pattern) start repeating itself? 360
This is called the period of the graph.

62
Exercise
Graph Amplitude Maximum Minimum Period
y = cos x
y= 2 cos x
y = 3 cos x
y = - cos x
y = - 2 scos x
63
Graph Amplitude Maximum Minimum Period
y = cos x
y =cos x +2
y =cos x - 1
Exercise
64
TAN GRAPHS
The trig function Tangent can be sketched

Example 1:
a) Complete the table of y = tan x for x [0; 360]

0 45 90 135 180
y =tan x
225 270 315 360
y =tan x
x is undefined at
90 and 270

Therefore, the tan
graph has
ASYMPTOTES at
x = 90 and
x = 270
65
66
b) Determine the following based on the graph:
i. The maximum value is. There is none!
ii. The minimum value is There is none!

Amplitude - There is none!
However: y = atanx a is the amplitude

c) Determine:
i. The domain of the graph is

ii. The range of the graph is

270 _ _ 90 ; x and x R x
R y
67
Example
a) Draw the graph of y = tan x for x [-360; 360]








b) After how many degrees does the graph
(pattern) start repeating itself? 180
This is called the period of the graph.

68
Exercise
Graph Amplitude Maximum Minimum Period
y = tan x
y= 2 tan x
y = 3 tan x
y = - tan x
y = - 2 tan x
69
Graph Amplitude Maximum Minimum Period
y = tan x
y =tan x +2
y =tan x - 1
Exercise
70