GOOD MORNING

Dr Koushik Ray
Zygote
2 cell stage
Cleavage division
Series of mitotic divisions
morula
Blastocyst containing
inner cell mass & outer cell mass
Zona pellucida disappears & implantation starts
The embryoblast
becomes flattened
forming a circular
bilaminar plate, the
embryonic disc,
consisting of two
layers:
Epiblast consisting
high columnar cells,
and is related to the
amniotic cavity


Hypoblast
consisting small
cuboidal cells,
and lies
adjacent to the
blastocyst
cavity

Cavity appears with in
the epiblast.
Amniogenic cells line
the roof & periphery.
These flattened cells
separate from epiblast
cells.
Some believe, they
originate from
cytotrophoblast layer
Floor consists of
columnar epiblast
cells.
This cavity will
gradually increase in
size to cover whole
of embryo except
connecting stock.

Columnar cells , arranged in pseudostratified
layer.
Covered by basal lamina
Possess microvilli , often a single cilium , clefted
nucleus & large nucleoli , supranuclear organelle
Cell division occurs at the apical region
At the periphery , they are continuous with
amnion cells.
Clearly demarcated from cytotrophoblast

Cells migrate from
hypoblast layer to line
the blastocyst cavity.
This layer is called
exocoelomic (heusers )
membrane.
Some believe the
heusers membrane
is formed by cells
derived from
cytotrophoblast.
The cavity is called
exocoelomic cavity
or primary yolk sac.

Lower layer of cells of bilaminar disc.
Cells have apical microvili facing the blastocyst
cavity
Cells lining epiblast called visceral hypoblast
Cells lining trophoblast is called parietal
hypoblast
Visceral layer contains cuboidal cells & parietal
layer contains squamous cells.
New population of
cells appear
between
cytotrophoblast
externally & amnion
& primary yolk sac
internally
Source of these
mesenchymal cells
remain doubted till
date

Different opinions
about their origin
are -1. yolk sac
wall/parietal region
of hypoblast cells.
2.Delamination
from the
cytotrophoblast
3.from epiblast
cells.



The mesoderm
gradually increases in
size
Forms a reticulum of
cells magna
reticulare
Later , it enters the
beneath the
cytotrophoblastic
layer into the
developing villus
stems



Angioblastic cells formed from this layer will give
rise to capillaries with in the villi & earliest blood
cells.
Connects the amnion & chorion to form the
connecting stalk future umbilical chord.
Number of cavities
develop in the
extraembryonic
mesoderm
They become
confluent to give
rise to new cavity
known as
exocoelomic cavity
Delaminates primary
yolk sac & amnion
from trophoblast
except the
connecting stalk.
This cavity divides
extra embryonic
mesoderm into two
parts


SOMATOPLEURIC
lining the
cytotrophoblast &
amnion
SPLANCHNOPLEURIC
lining the yolk sac
Both are continuos at
connecting stalk
At this stage , the
extra embryonic cavity
is also called chorionic
cavity
Large portion of
primary yolk sac
pinched off due to
traction of
mesodermal strands
New wave of cells
from hypoblast layer
formed inside
heusers membrane
Pinched off portion
of exocoelomic
cavity persists as
exocoelomic cysts.
The cavity is now
called the definitive
yolk sac
Formed around 13
th

day of intra uterine
life

Amnion: Two layers:
Amnioblasts
Extraembryonic
splanchnic mesoderm
Wall of the yolk sac:
Two layers:
Endoderm
Extraembryonic
splanchnic mesoderm

Chorion: Three
layers:
Extraembryonic
somatic mesoderm
Cytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast

The epiblast &
hypoblast layers are
attached to a thin
basement
membrane
At one place ,
hypoblast cells are
elongated & tightly
adhered to epiblast
layer PRECHORDAL
PLATE

This shows the
differentiation of the
germ disc &
establishes cranio
caudal axis.
Indicates the future
site of mouth
Improtant organizer
of head region.


In the 2
nd
week ,
both trophoblast &
embryoblast consist
of two cell layers.
There are 2 cavities
amniotic & yolk sac
cavity
Extra embryonic
mesoderm splits into
two layers
somatic &
splanchnic
THANK YOU
GASTRULATION is the process of morphogenesis
by which three germ layers & axial orientation of
the embryo is established.
Starts in the third week.
Consists of formation of PRIMITIVE STREAK ,
NOTOCHORD & THE THREE GERM LAYERS.
The embryo is called GASTRULA at this stage.
BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS(BMP)play
an important role.
All three germ layers are derived from the
EPIBLAST layer.
At the beginning of
third week ,
thickenend linear
band of epiblast
formed primitive
streak.
Appears caudally in
median plane on the
dorsal aspect of the
embryonic disk.
Elongates cranially
by addition of cells
to its caudal end.
Cranial end
proliferates to form
PRIMITIVE NODE.
Small depression on
the primitive node is
called PRIMITIVE PIT.
Narrow groove
appears on primitive
streak that is
continuous with
primitive pit is
known as PRIMITIVE
GROOVE .


By this stage of
development, it is
possible to identify
the embryos:
craniocaudal axis
cranial and caudal
ends
dorsal and ventral
surfaces
right and left sides.
Cells of the epiblast
migrate towards the
primitive streak.
Then , become flask
shaped , detach from
epiblast & slip
beneath it.
This inward
movement is called
INVAGINATION
This cell migration
controlled by
FGF8(fibroblast
growth factor 8)
Secreted by streak
cells.
It downregulates E-
CADHERIN which
binds the cells of
epiblast

These invaginated
cells form the
intraembeyonic
mesoderm.
These mesenchymal
cells are amoeboid &
actively phagocytic.
They are supportive
tissue of embryo.


As more cells come
into this layer - they
move laterally &
cranially.
Gradually , they
migrate beyond the
margin of the disc &
establishes contact
with
EXTRAEMBRYONIC
MESODERM.
Some mesenchymal
cells migrates
beyond precordal
plate & meets
cranially in the
cardiogenic area.
Here , at the end of
third week , heart
primodium starts to
dvelop.

Now , mesodermal
tissue lies between
epiblast & hypoblast
all over except the
bucco-pharyngeal
membrane & cloacal
membrane.
Primitive streak
actively forms
mesoderm till early 4
th

week.


In 4
th
week ,
primitive streak
gradually diminishes
in size & becomes
insignificant
structure.
Disappears at the
end of 4
th
week.


SACRO-COCCYGEAL
TERATOMA if
remnants of
primitive streak
persists.
Contains tissues of
all 3 layers in
incomplete stages of
differentiation.

Most common tumour
in new born
80% of patients are
female
Diagnosed on routine
antenatal ultra
sonography
Mostly benign
Surgically excised
promptly
Prognosis good
Invaginated cells
from the epiblast
replaces the
hypoblast cell layer
to form EMBRYONIC
ENDODERM which
now forms the roof
of yolk sac.
Remaining cells in
the epiblast form the
EMBRYONIC
ECTODERM.
Thus all three germ
layers are formed
from the epiblast.

Some mesenchymal
cells migrate
cranially from the
primitive node & pit.
Forms a cellular cord
NOTOCHORDAL
PROCESS
Reaches precordal
plate & Cannot
extend further

The primitive pit
extends into
notochordal process
forming NOTOCORDAL
CANAL.
So ,now the
notochordal process is
a cellular tube that
extends cranially from
primitive pit to
prechordal plate.
Floor of the
notochordal canal
fuses with embryonic
endoderm.
The fused layer
undergo degeneration
resuting in small
openings in the floor
of notochordal tube &
communicates
amniotic cavity with
yolk sac.
The openings rapidly
become confluent &
floor of the
notochordal canal
gives away.
The remains of
notochordal process
form a flattened ,
grooved
NOTOCHORDAL PLATE
with 2 ends
continuous with
endoderm.
The cells of
notochordal plate
proliferates & infold
The two ends of
notochordal plate
joins with each other
to form the
DEFINITIVE
NOTOCHORD


Proximal part of
notochordal canal
persists as
NEURENTERIC CANAL
Temporarily it
connects amniotic
cavity and yolk sac
When development of
notochord is complete
, the canal obliterates.
The notochord
detaches from
endoderm.
Regulates differentiation of surrounding
structures including the overlying ectoderm
(neural plate) and mesoderm (somites).
Gives some rigidity
Serves as the basis of bones of head &
vertebral column
It persists as
NUCLEUS PULPOSUS
in the intervertebral
discs.