how to use a vernier callipers and screw gauge ............

Vernier Callipers
First close the jaws of the vernier callipers and note down the zero error if an
y
2nd put the object to be measured inside the jaws of a vernier scale, then note
down the main scale reading, which is the reading in the main scale correspondin
g to the zeroth mark in the vernier scale and note it down.
3rd. then take a magnifying glass and find the mark on vernier scale exactly coi
nciding with any of the main scale. Note the number of the mark coinciding, this
is known as vernier scale reading.
4th. Multiply the vernier scale reading with least count of the callipers and ad
d with the main scale reading to get the accurate reading. If zero error is ther
e adjust it accordingly and you get the final form of the reading.
The principle of Vernier Callipers
There is a theorem in advanced mathematics that guarantees the coinciding of one
Vernier scale division with one of the main scale division. But discussion of t
hat theorem is well beyond the scope of 12th standard.
However, evaluating the least count of vernier callipers exists.
N-1 number of main scale divisions coincides exactly with N Vernier scale divisi
ons thus 1 vernier scale division = (N-1)/N main scale division.
Now the least gap between division of main scale and vernier scale becomes 1-(N-
1)/N = 1/N = LC
Now from the above theorem it holds that at last one division of vernier scale m
ust coincide with the main scale generally vernier scale has 10 divisions thus L
C becomes 1/N = 1/10 mm

Screw Gauge
Rotate the screw so as to make the gap between the screw head and the bent h
ead zero. Now
Now take the main scale reading and the circular scale reading. If main scale re
ading is zero circular scale reading is n (say) then multiply n with least count
. nLC = zero error. Determine whether it is positive or negative zero error.
Keep the object to be measured between the jaws of the screw micrometer, now
take the main scale reading. Take the circular scale reading as the reading sho
wn by the circular scale coincident with the line of the main scale.
Multiply the circular scale reading by LC and add it with main scale reading
.
Add or subtract the zero error from the above result and get the final resul
t.