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Prologue: The Story of

Psychology
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Psychologys Roots
Prescientific Psychology
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In India, Buddha wondered how sensations and
perceptions combined to form ideas.
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Prescientific Psychology
Confucius (551-479 B.C.)
In China, Confucius stressed the power of ideas
and the importance of an educated mind.
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Prescientific Psychology
Hebrew Scriptures
Hebrew scriptures linked mind and emotion to the
body.
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Prescientific Psychology
Socrates (469-399 B.C.) and Plato (428-348 B.C.)
Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind
was separate from the body, the mind continued to
exist after death, and ideas were innate.
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Prescientific Psychology
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable
from the body and that knowledge (ideas) grow
from experience.
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Prescientific Psychology
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body
separation, but wondered how the immaterial
mind and physical body communicated.
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Prescientific Psychology
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Bacon is one of the founders of modern science,
particularly the experimental method.
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Prescientific Psychology
John Locke (1632-1704)
Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or
blank sheet, at birth, and experiences wrote on it.
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Prescientific Psychology
Mind and body are
connected
Mind and body are
distinct
The Hebrews Socrates
Aristotle Plato
Augustine Descartes
What is the relation of mind to the body?
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Prescientific Psychology
Some ideas are inborn
The mind is a blank
slate
Socrates Aristotle
Plato Locke
How are ideas formed?
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Psychological Science is Born
Structuralism
Wundt and Titchener studied the elements (atoms)
of the mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig,
Germany, in 1879.
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Psychological Science is Born
Functionalism
Influenced by Darwin, William James established
the school of functionalism, which opposed
structuralism.
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Psychological Science is Born
The Unconscious Mind
Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the
importance of the unconscious mind and its effects
on human behavior.
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Psychological Science Develops
Behaviorism
Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the
study of overt behavior as the subject matter of
scientific psychology.
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Psychological Science Develops
Humanistic Psychology
Maslow and Rogers emphasized current
environmental influences on our growth potential
and our need for love and acceptance.
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Psychology Today
We define psychology today as the scientific
study of behavior (what we do) and mental
processes (inner thoughts and feelings).
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Psychological Associations &
Societies
The American Psychological Association is the
largest organization of psychology with 160,000
members world-wide, followed by the British
Psychological Society with 34,000 members.
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Psychologys Big Debate
Nature versus Nurture
Darwin stated that nature selects those that best
enable the organism to survive and reproduce in a
particular environment.
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Psychologys Three Main Levels of
Analysis
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Psychologys Current Perspectives
Perspective Focus Sample Questions
Neuroscience How the body and brain
enables emotions?
How are messages
transmitted in the body? How
is blood chemistry linked with
moods and motives?
Evolutionary How the natural selection
of traits the promotes the
perpetuation of ones
genes?
How does evolution influence
behavior tendencies?
Behavior genetics How much our genes and
our environments
influence our individual
differences?
To what extent are
psychological traits such as
intelligence, personality,
sexual orientation, and
vulnerability to depression
attributable to our genes? To
our environment?
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Psychologys Current Perspectives
Perspective Focus Sample Questions
Psychodynamic How behavior springs
from unconscious drives
and conflicts?
How can someones
personality traits and
disorders be explained in
terms of sexual and
aggressive drives or as
disguised effects of unfulfilled
wishes and childhood
traumas?
Behavioral How we learn observable
responses?
How do we learn to fear
particular objects or
situations? What is the most
effective way to alter our
behavior, say to lose weight or
quit smoking?
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Psychologys Current Perspectives
Perspective Focus Sample Questions
Cognitive How we encode, process,
store and retrieve
information?
How do we use information
in remembering? Reasoning?
Problem solving?
Social-cultural How behavior and
thinking vary across
situations and cultures?
How are we as Africans,
Asians, Australians or North
Americans alike as members
of human family? As products
of different environmental
contexts, how do we differ?
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Psychologys Subfields: Research
Psychologist What she does
Biological
Explore the links between brain and mind.
Developmental
Study changing abilities from womb to
tomb.
Cognitive
Study how we perceive, think, and solve
problems.
Personality
Investigate our persistent traits.
Social
Explore how we view and affect one
another.
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Psychologys Subfields: Research
Biological
9.9%
Developmental
24.6%
Cognitive
8.0%
Personality
4.8%
Social 21.6%
Psychometrics
5.5%
Experimental
14.1%
Other 11.5%
Data: APA 1997
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Psychologys Subfields: Applied
Psychologist What she does
Clinical
Studies, assesses, and treats people with
psychological disorders
Counseling
Helps people cope with academic,
vocational, and marital challenges.
Educational
Studies and helps individuals in school
and educational settings
Industrial/
Organizational
Studies and advises on behavior in the
workplace.
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Psychologys Subfields: Applied
Data: APA 1997
Clinical
67%
Counseling
15%
Educational
9%
Other
3%
Industrial
6%
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A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses,
and treats troubled people with psychotherapy.

Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical
professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like drugs
and psychotherapy to treat psychologically
diseased patients.
Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry
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Read: Make sure you read outlines, sections and
chapters in entirety.
Review: Margin definitions. Study learning outcomes.
Reflect: On what you learn. Test yourself with quizzes.
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Your Study of Psychology
Survey, Question, Read, Review and Reflect (SQ3R)
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Listen actively in class.
Overlearn.
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