During a chemical reaction reactant atoms are

rearranged and new substances called the

products are formed.
Enthalpy (H) is the heat content
possessed by a chemical system.
Enthalpy cant be measured directly, but
change in enthalpy (H) can be measured.
H is found by establishing the energy before
and after a reaction has taken place.
Enthalpy: H = H
products
H
reactants

Change in enthalpy
1
Chemical compounds have an internal energy
obtained when they were originally formed.
To get them to react further may require more energy
for the new reaction to take place.
Bond energy is the amount of energy required to
break the bonds in one mole of a particular covalent
bond of a substance in the gaseous state.
Bond energy - breaking and making bonds
2
Before the reaction, the reactants have energy, but are
stable & do not react.
Bonds in the reactants need to be broken & energy
called activation energy, is required for this.
As new bonds form during the reaction, energy is
released.
Sometimes the energy released is greater than the
activation energy & we call the reaction an exothermic
reaction.
If less it is called
an endothermic reaction.
system system
Surroundings surroundings
Heat
Heat
H > 0 H < 0
3
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Bond
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
The Cl
2
molecule is stable
& requires energy to break
the bond.
This is a endothermic
process. Energy supplied is
called the bond energy.
Making new bonds is an
exothermic process as
energy is liberated.
Bond energy liberated
measures strength of
bond.
Bond length & energy
4
Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction:
Sunlight + 6CO
2
(g) + H
2
O C
6
H
12
O
6
(aq) + 6O
2
(g)
This requires 15 MJ of energy to make 1 kg of glucose.
Cellular respiration is an exothermic reaction:
C
6
H
12
O
6
(aq) + 6O
2
6CO
2
(g) + 6H
2
O(l) + energy
1 mole of glucose liberates 2 830 kJ of energy.
Airbags - an exothermic
reaction.
Workings of airbags
5
Hot and cold packs: Treatment of
inflammations & sprains requires
either an exothermic or an
endothermic reaction.
Combustion (burning) of fuels is exothermic:
Ethanol: CH
3
CH
2
OH + 3O
2
2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O + heat
Butane is the fuel in Bic lighters.
2C
4
H
10
+ 13O
2
8CO
2
+ 10H
2
O + energy


Don't play with butane!
6
Before the reaction, the reactants have energy, but are
stable & do not react.
Bonds in the reactants need to be broken & energy
called activation energy, is required for this.
As new bonds form during the reaction, energy is
released.
Sometimes the energy released is greater than the
activation energy & we call the reaction an exothermic
reaction.
If less it is called an endothermic reaction.
7
A + B C + D
A + B
C + D
Reactants
Products
E
n
e
r
g
y

Course of reaction
Exothermic reaction net energy liberated
1
2
3
1 = activation energy
2 = energy liberated
3 = H = heat of reaction
Activated complex
8
A + B C + D
A + B
C + D
Reactants
Products
E
n
e
r
g
y

Course of reaction - time
Endothermic reaction net energy absorbed
1
2
3
1 = activation energy
2 = energy liberated
3 = H = heat of reaction
Activation energy in reactions
9