The four types of document classes are:

(1) Article
(2) Book
(3) Report
(4) Letter

The structure commands:
Book:
\part{}, \chapter{}, \section{}, \subsection{},
\subsubsection{}, \paragraph{}, \subparagraph{}

Article:
\part{}, \section{}, \subsection{},
\subsubsection{}, \paragraph{}, \subparagraph{}

Report:
\part{}, \chapter{}, \section{}, \subsection{},
\subsubsection{}, \paragraph{}, \subparagraph{}

Letter:
\address{}, \signature{},
\opening{}, \closing{}


All of them are similar, except letter. Nevertheless, the main differences are summarized as below:-
(i) An article does not provide chapter.
(ii) A book is always 2-sided whereas in a report or article, you need to specify the twoside
option.
(iii) In a book and report, the titlepage and abstract will take the whole page each, which is not
the case for article