1

Experiment 1
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF A CANTILEVER BEAM OF UNIFORMLY
VARYING I-SECTION

Aim:-
To model and analyze a uniform varying I-section beam for stress and deflection
for cantilever condition with different loading conditions.

Tools Required:-
1) Pc with Pentium IV processor.
2) Ansys software.

Procedure:-
The modules available in ANSYS are,
i. Preferences
ii. Pre-Processor
iii. Solution
iv. General Post -Processor

1. In pre-processor module, the element type for analysis is chosen by,
Pre-Processor > Element Type > Add > Beam 2D elastic.
2. The area, moment of inertia I
zz
are given by,
Pre-Processor > Real Constants > Add
3. Define the I-section by,
Section > Beam > Common Sections > Define the I- Section.
4. A line is created between two nodes which represents the beam by,
Modeling > Create > Nodes > In Active Cs
Modeling > Create > Elements > Auto Numbered > Thru Nodes >
Define the Two Nodes.
5. The Isection is created through nodes by,
Section > Tapered Section > By Picked Nodes > Define I-Section.
2
6. In cantilever beam one end is fixed. It is defined by,
Solution > Loads > Structural > Displacement > All D.O.F > Pick location at the
Node1.
7. The load is applied at another end of the beam so the load is applied on the node2
by,
Solution > Loads > Structural > Force > On Nodes > Pick-
the Node2.
8. Now the system is ready to solve the problem. It can be done by,
Solution > Solve > Current LS.
9. The deflection is found at end which is maximum by,
General Post-Processor > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal-
Solution > DOF Solution > Y- Component Displacement.
10. The bending moment diagram is also obtained by defining a element table by,

General Post-Processor > Element Table > Define Table.
General Post-Processor > Plot Results > Contour Plot >Line
Element Table.
11. The maximum bending stress diagram is also obtained by defining a element
table.

Problem Specification:-



3
Calculation:-
Where
P-Load Applied = 100 N
L-Length of the Beam = 500 mm
B-Breadth of the Beam
H-Height of the Beam
E-Young Modulus

BENDING MOMENT M=P*L
=100*500
=50000 N-mm


MOMENT OF INERTIA
I = (bh
3
-b
1
h
1
3
) /12
= ((75*75
3
)-(67.5*60
3
)) /12
=1421718.75 mm
4

MAXIMUM DEFLECTION OF CANTILEVER BEAM
=PL
3
/3EI
= (100*500
3
) /(3*2*10
5
*1421718.75)
=0.01465 mm
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS OF CANTILEVER BEAM
b= My /I
=50000*37.5 / 1421718.75
=1.3188 N / mm
2






4
Cantilever Beam with Varying I-Section
Deflection


Bending Moment Diagram


5
Maximum Bending Stress




Results Comparison:-

Cantilever beam of varying I-section with Point Load
Result
Deflection
(mm)
Bending moment
(N-mm)
Maximum Stress
(N/mm
2
)
Analytical 0.01469 50000 1.3188
FEA 0.014671 50000 1.32



Result:-
Thus a uniformly varying I-section beam with cantilever condition is analyzed for
stress, deflection values by using ANSYS.

6
Experiment 2
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

Aim:-
To model and analyze a rectangular beam for stress, strain and deflection for
simply supported condition with different loading conditions.

Tools Required:-
1) PC with Pentium IV
2) ANSYS 10.0 software

Procedure:-
The modules available in ANSYS are
i. Preferences
ii. Pre- Processor
iii. Solution
iv. General Post Processor module
1. In Pre Processor module, element type for analysis in chosen by
Pre- Processor > Element type > Add > Beam.
2. The Area, Moment of Inertia Izz are given by
Pre Processor > Real constants > Add.
3. A line is created between two key points which represent the beam by
Modeling > create > Key point > In creative C.S
Modeling >create > Lines >between key points.
4. The line is divided into finite no. of elements by
Meshing > mesh tool > lines > set and meshing > mesh tool > mesh.
5. The boundary condition is defined at the both end after beam by arresting
displacements in Y- direction by
Solution > loads > structural > displacement > on nodes >arrest UY.


Case (i):- With Load Acting at the Centre of the Beam.

a) Center load is applied on the nodes at the centre by solution> loads >
Structural force > on nodes.
b) Now the system is ready to solve and is done by solution > solve > current L.S.
c) The deflection is found at centre which is maximum by general post processor >
Plot result > counter plot > nodal solution.> DOF solution > displacement vector
sum.
d) The bending moment diagram is also obtained by defining the element table by
General post processor > plot result > counter plot > line element table.





7
Case (ii):- With Offset Load

a) For offset loading. The work plane is shifted at the required position on the line
and the load is applied .
b) Results are taken for this condition.


Case (iii):- With Uniformly Distributed Load.

a) The beam is now subjected to UDL by solve > loads > apply > structural >beam.
b) The system is now solved and the results are obtained.


Problem Definition:-

Case (i):- center load


Cross sectional dimensions of the beam
b=d=10mm
Bending Moment:
M
max
= W

L / 4 = (1000 100) / 4
M
max
= 25000 N-mm.

M.O.I, ( I ) = bd
3
/ 12
= (10 10
3
) / 12
= 833.33 mm
4

Y = 10/2 = 5mm.

Max. Bending Stress:

max
= ( M
max
Y) / I


max
= (25000 5 ) / 833.33 = 150 N/mm
2
.

Deflection,
Y
max
= WL
3
/ 48EI
= (1000 100
3
) / (48 2 10
5
833.33)

Y
max
= 0.125 mm.
8
Case (ii):- Offset Load



M
max
= W a b / L
= (1000 25 75) / 100
M
max
= 18750 N-mm.


max
= (M
max
Y ) / I
= (18750 5) / 833.33

max
= 112.5 N/mm
2
Y
max
= (W a ) [ b
2
+ 2ab] /(9 3 E I L)
= 100 25 [ 75
2
+ (2 25 75)] /(9 3 2 105833.33 100)
Y
max
= 0.087mm.

Case (iii):- Uniformly Distributed Load:


M
max
= Wl
2
/ 8
= (100 100
2
) / 8
M
max
= 125000 N-mm.


max
= M
max
x Y / I
= (125000 5) / 833.33

max
= 750 N/mm
2
.

Y
max
= 5 WL
4
/ 384 EI
= (5 100 100
4
) / (384 2 10
5
833.33)

Y
max
= 0.78125 mm.
9
Case (i):-
Simply Supported Beam with Point Load at Midpoint
1. Deflection


2. Bending Moment Diagram

10

3. Maximum Bending Stress





Results Comparison

Simply Supported Beam with Point Load at Midpoint
Result
Deflection
(mm)
Bending moment
(N-mm)
Maximum Stress
(N/mm
2
)
Analytical 0.125 25000 150
FEA 0.125 25000 150








11
Case (ii):-
Simply Supported Beam with Point Load Acting Offset
1. Deflection


2. Bending Moment Diagram

12

3. Maximum Bending Stress





Results Comparison

Simply Supported Beam with Point Load Acting Offset
Result
Deflection
(mm)
Bending moment
(N-mm)
Maximum Stress
(N/mm
2
)
Analytical 0.087 18750 112.5
FEA 0.087 18750 112.5








13
Case (iii):-
Simply Supported Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load
1. Deflection


2. Bending Moment Diagram

14

3. Maximum Bending Stress





Results Comparison

Simply Supported Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load
Result
Deflection
(mm)
Bending moment
(N-mm)
Maximum Stress
(N/mm
2
)
Analytical 0.78125 125000 750
FEA 0.78125 125000 750



RESULTS:
Thus a rectangular beam for simply supported condition with different
loading condition is analyzed for stress, strain and deflection.
15
Experiment3
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF A FIXED BEAM

Aim:-
To model and analyze a rectangular beam for stress, strain and deflection for fixed
condition with load acting at center.

Tools Required:-
1) PC with Pentium IV
2) ANSYS 10.0 software

Procedure:-
The modules available in ANSYS are
i. Preferences
ii. Pre- Processor
iii. Solution
iv. General Post Processor module
1. In Pre Processor module, element type for analysis in chosen by
Pre- Processor > Element type > Add > Beam.
1. The Area, Moment of Inertia Izz are given by
Pre Processor > Real constants > Add.
2. A line is created between two key points which represent the beam by
Modeling > create > Key point > In creative C.S
Modeling >create > Lines >between key points.
3. The line is divided into finite no. of elements by
Meshing > mesh tool > lines > set and meshing > mesh tool > mesh.
4. The boundary condition is defined at the both end after beam by arresting
displacements in All-DOF by
Solution > loads > structural > displacement > on nodes >arrest All DOF
5. Center load is applied on the nodes at the centre by
Solution> loads >structural force > on nodes.
6. Now the system is ready to solve and is done by
Solution > solve > current L.S.
7. The deflection is found at centre which is maximum by
General post processor >Plot result > counter plot > nodal solution.> DOF
solution > displacement vector sum.
8. The bending moment diagram is also obtained by defining the element table by
General post processor > plot result > counter plot > line element table.








16

Problem Specification:-

Where as b=d=10mm.

Calculations:-
Bending Moment:
M
max
= W

L / 8 = (1000 100) / 8
M
max
= 12500 N-mm.


M.O.I, (I) = bd
3
/ 12
= (10 10
3
) / 12
= 833.33 mm
4


Y = 10/2 = 5mm.

Max. Bending Stress:

max
= ( M
max
Y) / I


max
= (12500 5 ) / 833.33 = 75 N/mm
2
.

Deflection:-
Y
max
= WL
3
/ 192EI

= (1000 100
3
) / (192 2 10
5
833.33)


Y
max
= 0.031 mm.










17

FIXED BEAM WITH CENTRE LOAD
1. Maximum Deflection


2. Bending Moment Diagram



18

3. Maximum Bending Stress




Results Comparison:-

Fixed Beam With Centre Load

Max. Deflection
( mm)
Bending Moment
( N- mm )
Max. Stress
( N/mm
2
)
Analytical
Result
0.031 12500 75
FEA Result 0.03125 12500 75

Results:-
Thus a rectangular beam for fixed condition with centre load condition is
analyzed for stress, strain and deflection by using ANSYS.

19
Experiment 4
STRESS ANALYSIS OF A PLATE WITH HOLE

Aim:-
To analyze a finite width plate with a circular transverse hole by FEA method and
compare the results with those of mathematical analysis by Howland.
Tools:-
1) PC with Pentium IV processor
2) ANSYS 10.0 Software
Procedure:-
1. A new ANSYS analysis file is opened at the required directory with job name.
2. For modeling the plate PLANE 82 element (i.e) a plate element with thickness
is chosen and axi-symmetric option is enabled.
3. In real constants step, the thickness of the plate is given.
4. The material is specified in material models (i.e) Youngs modulus and
Poissons ratio.
5. The quarter portion of plate is modeled as an area using
Modeling > Create > Area > by lines.
6. FEA model is created by meshing the area by free mesh option with a
reasonable element size.
7. The material conditions are applied by
Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement on lines.
8. The pressure is applied by using
Loads > Apply > Pressure on lines.
9. The FEA model with all boundary and loading conditions is then solved by
Solution > Solve > Current LS.
10. The Y-directional stress results are listed and maximum stress results are
tabulated.



20
11. The analysis is repeated by varying the hole diameters 10mm, 15mm, 20mm
and 25mm.
12. The graphs with FEA results ant that of Howlands mathematical results are
compared.
13. The stress concentrated value Kt is calculated by formula given and the graph
is drawn against Kt and a/w ratio.

Problem Specifications:-

Calculations:-
Stress concentration factor Kt =
max
/
nom.
Where,

max
- Maximum stress from FEA method.

nom
- Nominal stress.

nom
= PA/ (w-a) t
Where,
w- Width of plate
a- Diameter of hole
P- Applied load
A- Area of the plate
21

Case 1:-
When a= 10mm

nom
= 100*100*10\ (100-10)*10

= 111.11 N\mm
2

From ANSYS, FEA results,

max
= 304.99 N\mm
2
Stress concentration factor Kt = 304.99/111.11
= 2.7449
a/w ratio = 10/100
= 0.1
Stress Analysis of a Plate with a Hole

FEA Model








22


Stress Results (Zoomed):





FEA Results:-

Node Maximum Stress ( Mpa )
Diameters 5 Dia. 10 Dia. 15 Dia. 20 Dia.
Max Sress(Mpa) 303.178 346.609 403.384 499.612


Tabulation:-

Diameter (mm) a/w Nominal Stress(Mpa) Max Stress(Mpa) Kt
5 0.05 55.55 303.178 5.45
10 0.1 111.11 346.609 3.11
15 0.15 166.66 403.384 2.42
20 0.2 222.22 499.612 2.24


23


















Result:-
Thus the plate with hole, the stress results are obtained and the FEA results and
mathematical results are compared.
Finite Width with a Transverse Hole
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
a/w
K
t
24
Experiment 5
STRESS ANALYSIS OF AN AXI-SYMMETRIC COMPONENT

Aim:-
To analyze a cylindrical pressure vessel (axi-symmetric) for hoop stress and
longitudinal stress results.

Tools:-
1) PC with Pentium IV
2) ANSYS 10.0 software

Procedure:-
1. The element type is chosen to be PLANE A2 and the axi-symmetric option is
enabled to avoid modeling the whole vessel.
2. The material properties are specified such as youngs modulus, Poissons
ratio.
3. The areas are created and meshed by mapped mesh option.
4. The constraints are specified at the required locations.
5. The pressure load is applied at the inner side of the area.
6. The model is now solved by solution >solve> current LS
7. The results of Hoop stress, longitudinal stress are plotted and are tabulated,
compared with theoretical results.

Problem Specification:-




25

Where:-
P =10MPa
E =210
5
N/mm
2

d = 200mm
t = 3mm

Calculation:

1. Hoop stress
2
= ) t 2 ( Pd



= (10200) (23)
= 333.33 N/mm
2


2. Longitudinal stress
1
= ) t 4 ( Pd
= (10200) (43)
= 166.66 N/mm
2





Analysis of an Axi-Symmetric Cylindrical Pressure Vessel



Hoop Stress Result


26

Longitudinal Stress Result





Hoop Stress Result




27




Longitudinal Stress Result





Analysis of a Cylindrical Pressure Vessel

Hoop Stress(N/mm
2
) Longitudinal stress(N/mm
2
)
FEA Results 342.23 168.52
Theoretical Results 333.33 166.66




Results:-
Thus the axi-symmetric pressure vessel is analyzed for hoop and longitudinal
stress and the results are obtained and are compared with theoretical calculation.






28
Experiment 6
HEAT TRANSFER IN A FIN

Aim:-
To analyze heat transfer from the extended surfaces for temperature and heat flux
through fin of given dimensions.

Tools:-
1) PC with Pentium IV
2) ANSYS 10.0 Software

Procedure:-
1. A new ANSYS file is opened and the element type is chosen as solid brick
node.
2. The analysis type is chosen to be thermal the material is specified with values
of thermal conductivity.
3. The fin with required dimension is modeled.
4. After meshing the base temperature Tb is specified at one surface and of the
fine.
5. The ambient temperature T2 and film coefficient is specified at the remaining
surface area of the fin.
6. The system is now solved for temperature distribution, total heat flux.
7. The results were compared with theoretical results and tabulated.



Problem Specification:-





29

Calculation:-
At the end of the fin: Temperature
Perimeter P = 2(b+t) = 2(20.2*10^-2) m.
Area A = (b*t) = (20*0.2*10^-4) m
2

m= (hp/ka)
1/2
= ((10*2*20.2*10^-2)/ (204*20*0.2*10^-4))
1/2

=7.036
Temperature at end T = (T-25)/ (350-25) =cosh [m(l-l)] / cosh (ml)
= cosh (0)/cosh (7.036*0.5)
T-25 = 0.0593*325
Therefore T = 44.3
o
C.

Convective heat transfer of a fin
1. Temperature Result























30
2. Thermal Gradient Result






















3. Total Thermal Flux Result




















31






Result for convective heat transfer of a fin at varying distance

Sl. No.
Distance from base
(mm)
Node No.
FEA Result for
Temperature(C)
Theoretical Result for
Temperature(C)
1 0 1 350 350
2 100 17 186.01 186.246
3 200 14 105.46 105.665
4 300 11 66.575 66.694
5 400 8 49.119 49.228
6 500 5 44.054 44.3



Results:-
Thus the temperature and flux results of heat temperature transfer through a fin is
obtained and compared with theoretical results.
32
Experiment 7
MODAL ANALYSIS OF A CANTILEVER BEAM


Aim:-
To perform modal analysis of a cantilever beam using ANSYS

Tools:-
1) PC with Pentium IV Processor
2) ANSYS Software

Procedure:-

Modulus of Elasticity (E) = 206800(10
6
) N/m
2

Density = 7830 kg/m
3


1. The modules available in ANSYS are
i. Preferences
ii. Pre-Processor
iii. Solution
iv. General post processor module

2. In the pre-processor module the element type for the analysis of the cantilever beam is
chosen
Pre-processor > element type > add > beam3 > 2DELASTIC 3

3. The area, moment of inertia Izz, height is given.
Main menu > Pre-processor > real constants > add

4. Create two keypoints and a line to connect the points.
Modeling > create > key points > increative c.s
Modeling > create > lines > between keypoints.

33

5. Mesh the line using mesh tool.
Main menu > Pre-processor > Meshing > mesh tool > line > mesh.

6. The boundary condition is defined for the beam.
Solutions > load > structural > displacement > on Keypoints > all DOF.

7. Solution: Assigning loads and solving, Define analysis type
Solution > analysis type > new analysis > modal ANTYPE, 2

8. Set options for analysis type:
Solution > Analysis type > Analysis options.
Enter 5 for no. of modes to extract and no. of modes to expand in subspace and
Expand mode shapes.

9. Reduced method is chosen.

10. Apply constrains
Solution > Define loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement < On
Keypoints.

11. Solve the system
Solution > Solve > Current LS

12. Postprocessing: Viewing the results
General postproc > Result Summary.

13. To view mode shapes
General postproc > Read results > First set
General postproc > Plot results > Deformed shape
Repeat the process for the next set to view the next mode shapes.

14. To Animate mode shapes
Utility menu > Plot ctrls > Animate > Mode shapes












34
Modal Analysis of a Cantilever Beam

First Mode Shape


Second Mode Shape

35

Third Mode Shape



Fourth Mode Shape

36
FEA Result:-

Mode Set Frequency
1 1 8.30
2 2 52.009
3 3 145.6
4 4 285.25
5 5 471.39



Result:-
Thus the cantilever beam is modeled and analyzed in ANSYS for Modal
analysis. Various mode shapes and respective frequencies are obtained.
37
Experiment 8
MODEL ANALYSYS OF A CANTILEVER -2D PLATE
Aim:-
To perform modal analysis of a cantilever plate using ANSYS

Tools:-
1) PC with Pentium IV
2) ANSYS software

Problem specification:-



Modulus of Elasticity = 206800(10
6
) N/m
2

Poisson Ratio = 0.27
Density = 7830 kg/m
3



Procedure:-
1. The modulus available in ANSYS are
i. Preferences
ii. Pre-processor
iii. Solution
iv. General Post processor
2. In pre-processor module, the element type for analysis is chosen by
Preprocessor> Element type >Add>Beam 2D.
3. The area, moment of inertia are given by
Pre-processor>real constant>Add.
4. A line is created between two key points which represent the beam by
Modeling> Create>Key point > Inactive C.S and create > lines >b/n Key points.
5. The line is divided into a finite number of elements by
Meshing > mesh tool> lines >set and mesh > free mesh.
6. The constraint is given by
Solution>Define loads> apply> Structural > Displacement > On Lines.
7. Then specify the analysis type as static by using
Solution > Analysis type > New analysis > Model
8. Activate the pre-stress effects by
Solution > Analysis type > Analysis option.

38

9. The constraint is given by
Solution>Define loads> apply> Structural > Displacement > on key point and fix the
key point 1.
10. Then, Solution> Solve > Current L.S.
11. In post-processing, General post processing > Result Summary.
12. To view the mode shape, General post processing > Read result > First Set.
13. To view the result, General post processing > Plot results > Deformed and
Undeformed shape.


Modal Analysis of Cantilever 2D-Plate

First Mode Shape













39
Second Mode Shape



FEA Results:-

Mode Set Frequency
1 1 356.01
2 2 1289.3
3 3 1363.5
4 4 2859.1
5 5 3669.1





Result:-
Thus the cantilever plate is modeled and analyzed in ANSYS for Modal
analysis. Various mode shapes and respective frequencies are obtained.
.
40

Experiment 9
MODAL ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

Aim:-
To perform modal analysis of a simply supported beam using ANSYS

Tools:-
1) PC with Pentium IV Processor
2) ANSYS Software

Procedure:-
1. The modules available in ANSYS are
i. Preferences
ii. Pre-Processor
iii. Solution
iv. General post processor module

2. In the pre-processor module the element type for the analysis of the cantilever beam is
chosen
Pre-processor > element type > add > beam3 > 2DELASTIC 3

3. The area, moments of inertia Izz, height are given.
Main menu > Pre-processor > real constants > add

4. Create two keypoints and a line to connect the points.
Modeling > create > key points > inactive c.s
Modeling > create > lines > between keypoints.

5. Mesh the line using mesh tool.
Main menu > Pre-processor > Meshing > mesh tool > line > mesh.

6. The boundary condition is defined for the beam.
Solutions > load > structural > displacement > on keypoints > UY

7. Solution: Assigning loads and solving
Define analysis type
Solution > analysis type > new analysis > modal ANTYPE, 2

8. Set options for analysis type:
Solution > Analysis type > Analysis options.
Enter 5 for no. of modes to extract and no. of modes to expand in subspace and
Expand mode shapes.

9. Reduced method is chosen.

41
10. Apply constrains
Solution > Define loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement < On keypoints.

11. Solve the system
Solution > Solve > Current LS

12. Postprocessing: Viewing the results
General postprocessing > Result Summary.

13. To view mode shapes
General postprocessing > Read results > First set
General postprocessing > Plot results > Deformed shape
Repeat the process for the next set to view the next mode shapes.

14. To Animate mode shapes
Utility menu > Plot ctrls > Animate > Mode shapes


Problem Specification:-




Modulus of Elasticity (E) = 206800(10
6
)N/m
2

Density = 7830 kg/m
3








42
Modal Analysis of a Simply Supported Beam

First mode shape

Second mode shape


43
Third mode shape

Fourth mode shape

Result:-
Thus the simple supported beam is modeled and analyzed in ANSYS for
Modal analysis. Various mode shapes and respective frequencies are obtained.
44
Experiment 10
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF A L BRACKET
Aim:-
To model and analyze a rectangular beam for stress, strain and deflection for L-
bracket with point load

Tools Required:-
1) PC with Pentium IV
2) ANSYS software

Procedure:-
The modules available in ANSYS are
i. Preferences
ii. Pre- Processor
iii. Solution
iv. General Post Processor module
1. In Pre Processor module, element type for analysis in chosen by
Pre- Processor > Element type > Add > Solid > Brick 8 node 82
2. The Material properties are given by
Pre Processor > Material modal > Linear
3. A line is created between two key points which represent the beam by
Modeling > create > Volume > Block > By Dimension
Modeling >Operate > Boolean > Add > Areas.
4. The area is divided into finite no. of elements by
Meshing > mesh tool > lines > set and meshing > mesh tool > mesh.
5. The boundary condition is defined at the both end after beam by arresting
displacements in Y- direction by
Solution > loads > structural > displacement > on areas >arrest All DOF.
6. Load is applied on the nodes at the top edge by solution> loads >
Structural force > on nodes.
7. Now the system is ready to solve and is done by solution > solve > current L.S.
8. The deflection is found at centre which is maximum by general post processor >
Plot result > counter plot > nodal solution.> DOF solution > displacement vector
sum
9. The stress is also obtained by
General post processor > plot result > counter plot > Nodal solution

Calculation:-
Where:-
b = 75mm; d = 20mm and t = 75mm.

Max. Stress:

max
=( 6*P*t)/ (b*d
2
)

max
= (6*2000*75)/(75*20^2)
= 30 N/mm
2
.

45
Problem Definition:-


Stress Analysis of a L- Bracket
1. FEA Constrained


46
2. Maximum Stress







Results Comparison:-

Stress Analysis of a L- Bracket
Result
Maximum Stress
(N/mm
2
)
Analytical 30
FEA 32.667





Results:-
Thus an L-bracket with load act at top edge condition is analyzed for
stress, strain and deflection.
47
Experiment 11
THERMAL ANALYSIS OF A BEAM


Aim:-
To model and analyze a rectangular beam for thermal stress and strain by using
ANSYS software.

Tools Required:-
1) PC with Pentium IV
2) ANSYS software

Procedure:-
1. The modules available in ANSYS are
i. Preferences
ii. Pre- Processor
iii. Solution
iv. General Post Processor module
2. In Pre Processor module, element type for analysis in chosen by
Pre- Processor > Element type > Add > link (Thermal mass) > link33.
3. The Area, Moment of Inertia Izz are given by
Pre Processor > Real constants > Add.
4. A line is created between two key points which represent the beam by
Modeling > create > Key point > In active C.S
Modeling >create > Lines >between key points.
5. The line is divided into finite no. of elements by
Meshing > mesh tool > lines > set and meshing > mesh tool > mesh.
6. The material properties are given by
Thermal > conductivity > isotropic.
7. Select preprocessor > physics > environment > write then choose thermal.
8. Select element type > switch element type > choose thermal to structural.
9. Give the material properties are given by
structural > linear > isotropic and then thermal expansion coef > isotropic
> ALPX.
10. Solution > analysis > new analysis > static.
11. Select solution > physics > environment > read then choose thermal.
12. Temperature is given by
solution > apply > thermal > temperature>set temperature at keypoint1.
13. Solution > solve > current L.S.
14. Select solution > physics > environment > read then choose structural
15. The boundary condition is defined at the both end after beam by arresting
displacements in All-DOF by
Solution > loads > structural > displacement > on keypoints >arrest All
DOF at keypoint1and arrest UX direction for keypoint2.
16. Solution > loads > structural >temperature > thermal analysis.
17. Solution > loads > define loads > settings > reference temperatures
48
18. Solution > solve > current L.S.
19. the thermal stress result is given by
general post-processor > element table > define table > add > LS1

Problem Specification:-




Where
= Thermal coefficient = 0.000012/
o
k
E = Young modulus = 2x10
11
N/m
2
L = length of the beam = 1 m
A = Area of the c/s = 4x10
-4
m
2

Kxx = Thermal conductivity = 60.5 W/mK
T = Temperature = 348 K
Ta = Reference temperature = 273 K
ALPX = Thermal expansion coefficient = 12x10
-6
/ K

Calculation:-
Thermal stress
= -ET
= - 0.000012(200x10
9
) (348-273)
= -0.18x10
9
Pa
= -180 Mpa

Result Comparison:-

Thermal Analysis
Result Thermal stress (MPa)
FEA -180
Analytical -180


49


Thermal stress








Result:-
Thus the model is thermal analyzed for the given temperature by using ANSYS
software. Thermal stresses for the given conditions are obtained.
50
Experiment 12
HARMONIC ANALYSYS OF A CANTILEVER BEAM

Aim:-
This tutorial was created using ANSYS. The purpose of this tutorial is to explain
the Harmonic Analysis of a cantilever beam..





Tools:-
1) PC with Pentium IV
2) ANSYS software

Procedure:-

1. The modulus available in ANSYS are
i. Preferences
ii. Pre-processor
iii. Solution
iv. General Post processor
2. In pre-processor module, the element type for analysis is chosen by preprocessor>
Element type >Add>Beam 2DELASTIC3 ( beam3).
3. The area, moment of inertia are given by Pre-processor>Real constant>
Add/Edit/Delete.
4. A line is created between two key points which represent the beam by Modeling>
Create>Key point > Inactive C.S and create > lines > straight line > b/n Key
points.
5. The line is divided into a finite number of elements by Meshing > mesh tool>
mesh.
6. Then specify the analysis type as static by using Solution > Analysis type > New
analysis > Harmonic ANTYPE,3.
7. Activate the pre-stress effects by Solution > Analysis type > Analysis option.
51
8. The constraint is given by Solution>Define loads> apply> Structural >
Displacement > on nodes.
9. The constraint is given by Solution>Define loads> apply> Structural > Force
/Moment > on nodes.
10. Set the frequency range by using Solution > Load step option> Time / Frequency
> Frequency and sub steps.
11. Then, Solution> Solve > Current L.S.
12. Choose the Time Hist-postprocessor > define variable > add (green +sign in the
upper left corner) and get displacement values of Y- component.
13. Select the node point 2 and then choose the List option.
14. Then displays the plot diagram UY Vs frequency.
15. Select plot control > style > graphs > modify axis a dialogue box is displayed and
choose logarithmic mode.
16. Then select plot > replot.

This is response of Harmonic Analysis of the cantilever beam for the
cyclic load applied at this node from 0 100 Hz.


Time Frequency AMPLITUDE PHASE
1.0000 5.60612 180.000
2.0000 12.6028 180.000
3.0000 2.18990 180.000
4.0000 0.864773 0.00000
5.0000 4.48152 180.000
6.0000 1.23420 180.000
7.0000 0.492995 180.000
8.0000 0.120610 0.00000
9.0000 7.42384 0.00000
10.000 0.999670 180.000
11.000 0.487998 180.000
12.000 0.264899 180.000
13.000 0.859443E-01 180.000
14.000 0.195725 0.00000
15.000 18.0932 0.00000
16.000 0.562964 180.000
17.000 0.301262 180.000
18.000 0.191138 180.000
19.000 0.114949 180.000
20.000 0.408898E-01 180.000
21.000 0.716641E-01 0.00000
22.000 0.559259 0.00000
23.000 0.590390 180.000
24.000 0.248688 180.000
25.000 0.160013 180.000
52
26.000 0.111419 180.000
27.000 0.750600E-01 180.000
28.000 0.406758E-01 180.000
29.000 0.185636E-02 0.00000
30.000 0.823647E-01 0.00000
31.000 0.587971 0.00000
32.000 0.352896 180.000
33.000 0.165215 180.000
34.000 0.110859 180.000
35.000 0.811883E-01 180.000
36.000 0.598923E-01 180.000
37.000 0.414967E-01 180.000
38.000 0.226046E-01 180.000
39.000 0.133143E-02 0.00000
40.000 0.429971E-01 0.00000
41.000 0.187482 0.00000
42.000 0.502578 180.000
43.000 0.148045 180.000
44.000 0.933211E-01 180.000
45.000 0.684822E-01 180.000
46.000 0.527021E-01 180.000
47.000 0.405900E-01 180.000
48.000 0.298874E-01 180.000
49.000 0.190946E-01 180.000
50.000 0.643917E-02 180.000
51.000 0.117374E-01 0.00000
52.000 0.480790E-01 0.00000
53.000 0.217821 0.00000
54.000 0.258865 180.000
55.000 0.101841 180.000
56.000 0.673190E-01 180.000
57.000 0.507355E-01 180.000
58.000 0.401021E-01 180.000
59.000 0.320456E-01 180.000
60.000 0.251562E-01 180.000
61.000 0.186102E-01 180.000
62.000 0.116804E-01 180.000
63.000 0.334828E-02 180.000
64.000 0.852847E-02 0.00000
65.000 0.306322E-01 0.00000
66.000 0.104253 0.00000
67.000 0.422084 180.000
68.000 0.948660E-01 180.000
69.000 0.583307E-01 180.000
70.000 0.431823E-01 180.000
53
71.000 0.342583E-01 180.000
72.000 0.279384E-01 180.000
73.000 0.228810E-01 180.000
74.000 0.184291E-01 180.000
75.000 0.141595E-01 180.000
76.000 0.969035E-02 180.000
77.000 0.452101E-02 180.000
78.000 0.226126E-02 0.00000
79.000 0.128972E-01 0.00000
80.000 0.354872E-01 0.00000
81.000 0.143716 0.00000
82.000 0.168375 180.000
83.000 0.648751E-01 180.000
84.000 0.428801E-01 180.000
85.000 0.326962E-01 180.000
86.000 0.264466E-01 180.000
87.000 0.219557E-01 180.000
88.000 0.183629E-01 180.000
89.000 0.152384E-01 180.000
90.000 0.123155E-01 180.000
91.000 0.937993E-02 180.000
92.000 0.619860E-02 180.000
93.000 0.243081E-02 180.000
94.000 0.256384E-02 0.00000
95.000 0.103218E-01 0.00000
96.000 0.259931E-01 0.00000
97.000 0.854140E-01 0.00000
98.000 0.207898 180.000
99.000 0.592344E-01 180.000
100.00 0.373391E-01 180.000















54
Harmonic Analysis of a Cantilever Beam

1. FEA model


2. Plot Diagram for UY Vs Frequency for Various values

55









Result:-
Thus the cantilever beam is applied cycling load of frequency 0 100 Hz.
Maximum displacement of the beam is obtained by using ANSYS.