Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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1.
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3.1
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ISO-GUM
(Guide for the Uncertainty of Measurement).
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1:
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I -
. 1
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3.2
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2.3 mm.
2.285 mm.
4
2 .
2 .
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2 5
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2,56 5 .
2.0 3.0.
2 .
2:
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2.45. 2.4
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2.40 2.50,
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3.2.1
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52 mm, ,
51 53 mm, (521),
1 . ) 52.0,
51.9 52.1 mm, (52.0
0.1).
3.2.2
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( ) .
2.3 (2 ), 2.30 (3 ) ,0.2 (1 ), 0.02 (1 ) 0.020 (2 ).
.
. 15 (2 ),15000 (2 ), 15050 (4 )
10 . 2,1*10-3 (2 ),
0.0021 (2 ).
5.6*10-3 0.0056.
(
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X t) ,
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. :
2.37
1.2
3.57
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:
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I -
3.21
0.02
0.0642
3.21*0.02=0.06 0.0642
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:
5, . 5
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5, :
(. 6.45 6.4)
(. 6.75 6.8) .
3.3
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(. 1).
(. 2).
(. 3).
1: 3
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3 : .
I -
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)
( ).
2:
7.9 g/cm3
, 7.25 g/cm3
8.22 g/cm3.
,
.
0.4 g/cm3
0.8 g/cm3 ,
.
3:
10.24 m/s2.
9.81 m/s2
.
3.4 ( )
(, , ),
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, :
1
(1)
Xi
i=1
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X=
I -
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4:
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,
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N
() =
i=1
( -1)
(2)
, i
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:
()
() ,
~68% .
,
()
68%.
,
.
,
, (
) :
()
% =
*100
(3)
I -
.
.
16.8 cm,
0.1 cm,
% = 0.1*100/168=0.6%.
215.7 cm.
0.1 cm. 0.05%
.
,
.
.
10
. , X =8.260 mm,
.
( ) :
() = 0.004216 mm .
1:
(3 )
.
,
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. 20
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I -
.
10 (
),
.
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.
10
( 1), :
() = (8.260 0.004) mm
()=0.004 mm ,
.
68%
8.256 mm 8.264 mm.
3.5
3.5.1
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( 5).
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I -
5: -
3.5.2
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f
(x,y,w) x, y, w
x, y w.
.
,
fX =
f
x
x
fy =
f
y
y
fW =
f
w
w
:
2
f f f
f = x + y +
w
x y w
(4)
.
R(V,I),
V .
R=V/I.
V
I.
, (
) :
Rv =
R
V
V =
V
I
(5)
10
I -
H (
) :
R I =
R
V
I = - 2 I
I
I
(6)
:
2
R
R
V V
R =
V +
I =
+ - 2 I
V
I
I I
(7)
RR.
,
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.
.
.
.
, .
.
.
() = (8.260 0.004) mm
8.256 mm 8.264 mm 68%.
(:
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*
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,
.
.
11
I -
4.
1. 13600, 0.120, 0.0045;
2. ;
3. d
, ( ).
.
( )= (15.619 0. 43) mm
( )= (16.623 0.004) mm
( )= (16.632 0.99) mm
( )= (14.615 0.043) mm
10
12
I -
1.
:
3,26
3,260
0,26
2,650
0,0089
0,1
8,001
16
32001
4,20*10
4,20*10-3
3200
2.
:
7,6310
3,0026 *103
5,215
4,934
3,5026 *102
15606
16,0982
4,953
1,4276
0,003264
3. d 10
,
( ).
( )=
( )= 0, 44 mm
( )= 0, 031 mm
( )= 0,0055 mm
( )= 1 mm
( )= 11,9 mm
13
I -
4.
:
/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
xi (cm)
14,25
14,26
14,22
14,28
14,24
14,25
14,22
14,26
14,23
14,24
x (cm)
(xi)2 (cm2)
:
) x .
) H ( x ) ( ).
) %
) :
x ( x )=
x %=
14