Bai Giang TTDD Cdma 3g

LI M U
LI M U
Ra i vo nhng nm 40 ca th k XX, thng tin di ng c coi nh l
mt thnh tu tin tin trong lnh vc thng tin vin thng vi c im cc thit b
u cui c th truy cp dch v ngay khi ang di ng trong phm vi vng ph sng.
Thnh cng ca con ngi trong lnh vc thng tin di ng khng ch dng li trong
vic m rng vng ph sng phc v thu bao khp ni trn ton th gii, cc nh
cung dch v, cc t chc nghin cu pht trin cng ngh di ng ang n lc hng
ti mt h thng thng tin di ng hon ho, cc dch v a dng, cht lng dch v
cao. 3G - H thng thng tin di ng th h 3 l ci ch trc mt m th gii ang
hng ti.
T thp nin 1990, Lin minh Vin thng Quc t bt tay vo vic pht trin
mt nn tng chung cho cc h thng vin thng di ng. Kt qu l mt sn phm
c gi l Thng tin di ng ton cu 2000 (IMT-2000). IMT-2000 khng ch l mt
b dch v, n p ng c m lin lc t bt c ni u v vo bt c lc no.
c nh vy, IMT-2000 to iu kin tch hp cc mng mt t v/hoc v tinh.
Hn th na, IMT-2000 cng cp n Internet khng dy, hi t cc mng c nh
v di ng, qun l di ng (chuyn vng), cc tnh nng a phng tin di ng, hot
ng xuyn mng v lin mng..
Cc h thng thng tin di ng th h 2 c xy dng theo tiu chun GSM,
IS-95, PDC, IS-38 pht trin rt nhanh vo nhng nm 1990. Trong hn mt t thu
bao in thoi di ng trn th gii, khong 863,6 triu thu bao s dng cng ngh
GSM, 120 triu dng CDMA v 290 triu cn li dng FDMA hoc TDMA. Khi
chng ta tin ti 3G, cc h thng GSM v CDMA s tip tc pht trin trong khi
TDMA v FDMA s chm dn vo qun lng. Con ng GSM s ti l CDMA bng
thng rng (WCDMA) trong khi CDMA s l cdma2000.
Ti Vit Nam, th trng di ng trong nhng nm gn y cng ang pht
trin vi tc tng i nhanh. Cng vi hai nh cung cp dch v di ng ln nht
l Vinaphone v Mobifone, Cng Ty Vin thng Qun i (Vietel), S-fone v mi nht
l Cng ty c phn Vin thng H Ni v Vin Thng in Lc tham gia vo th
1
LI M U
trng di ng chc hn s to ra mt s cnh tranh ln gia cc nh cung cp dch

v, em li mt s la chn phong ph cho ngi s dng. V vy, cc nh cung cp
dch v di ng Vit Nam khng ch s dng cc bin php cnh tranh v gi c m
cn phi n lc tng cng s lng dch v v nng cao cht lng dch v chim
lnh th phn trong nc . iu c ngha rng hng ti 3G khng phi l mt
tng lai xa Vit Nam. Trong s cc nh cung cp dch v di ng Vit Nam,
ngoi hai nh cung cp dch v di ng ln nht l Vinaphone v Mobifone, cn c
Vietel ang p dng cng ngh GSM v cung cp dch v di ng cho phn ln thu
bao di ng Vit Nam. V vy khi tin ln 3G, chc chn hng p dng cng ngh
truy nhp v tuyn WCDMA xy dng h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 phi
c xem xt nghin cu.
Bai giang ny khng nghin cu c th l trnh pht trin t mng thng tin di
ng th h 2 GSM tin ln UMTS nh th no, m nghin cu nhng kha cnh k
thut ca cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn WCDMA (ch FDD) trong h thng
UMTS. Bai giang gm c 4 chng:
Chng 1. Xu hng pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng ton cu:
Chng ny trnh by xu hng pht trin ln 3G cu, cc t chc chun ho v
qu trnh chun ha cc h thng thng tin di ng ton cu.
Chng 2. Nghin cu tng quan cng ngh truy nhp WCDMA trong h
thng UMTS: Chng ny nghin cu t nhng vn l thuyt lin quan n
cng ngh WCDMA n nhng c trng ca cng ngh WCDMA, ca h thng
UMTS.
Chng 3. iu khin cng sut v iu khin chuyn giao trong qun l ti
nguyn v tuyn WCDMA: Chng ny cp cc thut ton qun l ti nguyn
v tuyn trong h thng WCDMA, trong trnh by c th v iu khin cng
sut v iu khin chuyn giao, 2 thut ton quan trng v c trng nht trong h
thng WCDMA.
Chng 4. Quy hoch mng v tuyn: Chng ny trnh by v mt bi ton
quan trng khi thit k v xy dng h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 s dng
cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn WCDMA vi nhng c trng ring.
LI M U
H ni, ngy 15 thng 8 nm 2007.
Chng 1- Xu hng pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng ton cu
Chng 1. XU HNG PHT TRIN H THNG

THNG TIN NG TON CU
1.1 Xu hng pht trin h thng thng tin di ng trn th gii.

H thng thng tin di ng th h th nht s dng cng ngh a truy nhp theo
tn s (FDMA) l h thng t bo tng t dung lng thp v ch c dch v thoi,
tn ti l cc h thng NMT (Bc u), TACS (Anh), AMPS (M). n nhng nm
1980 tr nn qu ti khi nhu cu v s ngi s dng ngy cng tng ln. Lc ny,
cc nh pht trin cng ngh di ng trn th gii nhn nh cn phi xy dng mt h
thng t bo th h 2 m hon ton s dng cng ngh s. phi l cc h thng x
l tn hiu s cung cp c dung lng ln, cht lng thoi c ci thin, c th
p ng cc dch truyn s liu tc thp. Cc h thng 2G l GSM (Global System
for Mobile Communication - Chu u), h thng D-AMPS (M) s dng cng ngh
a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA, v IS-95 M v Hn Quc s dng
cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA bng hp. Mc d h thng thng
tin di ng 2G c coi l nhng tin b ng k nhng vn gp phi cc hn ch sau:
Tc thp (GSM l 10kbps) v ti nguyn hn hp. V th cn thit phi chuyn i
ln mng thng tin di ng th h tip theo ci thin dch v truyn s liu, nng
cao tc bit v ti nguyn c chia s
Mng thng tin di ng 2G rt thnh cng trong vic cung cp dch v ti
ngi s dng trn ton th gii, nhng s lng ngi s dng tng nhanh hn nhiu
so vi d kin ban u. C th a ra cc thng k v s tng trng ca th trng di
ng phn on theo cng ngh nh hnh 1-1.
Cn c cc s liu thng k trn ta thy GSM l mt chun v tuyn di ng 2G
s lng thu bao ln nht trn ton th gii. Nhng tc d liu b hn ch v s
lng ngi dng tng ln c bit l ngi s dng a phng tin c nguy c khng
p ng nhu cu ca th trng.
Hnh 1- Thng k s tng trng th trng di ng phn loi theo cng ngh
Mt khc, khi cc h thng thng tin di ng ngy cng pht trin, khng ch s
lng ngi s dng in thoi di ng tng ln, m rng th trng, m ngi s
dng cn i hi cc dch v tin tin hn khng ch l cc dch v cuc gi thoi v
dch v s liu tc thp hin c trong mng 2G. Nhu cu ca th trng c th phn
loi thnh cc lnh vc sau:
Dch v d liu my tnh(Computer Data):
S liu my tnh (Computer Data)
E-mail
Truyn hnh nh thi gian thc (Real time image transfer)
a phng tin (Multimedia)
Tnh ton di ng (Computing)
Dch v vin thng (Telecommunication)
Di ng (Mobility)
Hi ngh truyn hnh (Video conferencing)
in thoi hnh (Video Telephony)
Cc dch v s liu bng rng (Wide band data services)
Dich v ni dung m thanh hnh nh (Audio - video content)
Hnh nh theo yu cu (Video on demand)
Cc dch v tng tc hnh nh (Interactive video services)
Bo in t (Electronic newspaper)
Mua bn t xa (Teleshopping)
Cc dch v internet gi tr gia tng (Value added internet
services
5
Dch v pht thanh v truyn hnh (TV& Radio contributions)

Nhng l do trn thc y cc t chc nghin cu pht trin h thng thng tin
di ng trn th gii tin hnh nghin cu v p dng trong thc t chun mi cho
h thng thng tin di ng: Thng tin di ng 2,5G v 3G
1.2 Cc t chc chun ho 2.5 G v 3G trn th gii

1.2.1 Gii thiu chung v cc t chc chun ho.
Trong mi lnh vc, mun p dng bt c cng ngh no trn phm vi ton th
gii u phi xy dng mt b tiu chun cho cng ngh bt buc cc nh cung
cp dch v, nh sn xut thit b hay cc nh khai thc phi tun th nghim ngt b
tiu chun ca cng ngh . Vic xy dng b tiu chun cho mt cng ngh thng
do t chc hay c quan c thm quyn nghin cu a ra d tho xut v nghin
cu nh gi. Lnh vc thng tin di ng cng khng nm ngoi nguyn tc chung
ny.
Mt vn cn quan tm trong lnh vc di ng l trn th gii hin nay ang
tn ti nhiu cng ngh di ng khc nhau ang cng tn ti pht trin v cnh tranh
nhau chim lnh th phn. Nhu cu thng nht cc cng ngh ny thnh mt h
thng thng tin di ng xut hin t lu, nhng gp phi nhiu kh khntr ngi.
Trn thc t cc cng ngh di ng khc nhau vn song song tn ti v pht trin.
iu ny ng ngha vi vic trn th gii c nhiu t chc v c quan chun ho
khc nhau.
Hin nay trn th gii, tham gia vo vic chun ho cho h thng thng tin di
ng 2,5G v 3G c cc t chc sau:
ITU-T (T-Telecommunications) C th l nhm SSG (Special Study Group)
ITU-R (R- Radio): C th l nhm Working Group 8F WG8F.
3GPP: 3rd Global Partnership Project
3GPP2: 3rd Global Partnership Project 2
IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
Cc t chc pht trin tiu chun khu vc (SDO-Standard Development
Oganization)
Ngoi ra cn c cc t chc khc trong c s tham gia ca cc nh khai thc
thch ng v lm hi ho sn phm trn c s cc tiu chun chung. Cc nh khai
thc tham gia nhm xy dng v pht trin h thng thng tin di ng mt cch hp
l, ph hp vi thc t khai thc. Cc t chc l:
6
OHG Operators Harmonisation Group

3G.IP: c th l Working Group 8G- WG8G
MWIF- Mobile Wireless Internet Forum
Cc t chc trn tuy hot ng theo hng khc nhau, da trn nn tng cc cng
ngh khc nhau nhng c cu trc v nguyn tc hot ng tng t nhau. Tt c cc
t chc ny u hng ti mc tiu chung l xy dng mng thng tin di ng 3G.
ng thi cc t chc ny u c mi quan h hp tc gii quyt cc vn kt ni
lin mng v chuyn vng ton cu. Hai t chc OHG v MWIF a ra cc chun
pht trin kh nng roaming v ghp ni gia cc mng li 2G: GSM-MAP v
ANS41. Mng li ANSI-41 c s dng bi cc h thng giao din v tuyn AMPS,
IS-136 v IS-95. Mng li GSM-MAP c s dng bi cc h thng giao din v
tuyn GSM. C 2 mng li ny u s pht trin ln 3G v lun c lin kt hot
ng vi nhau. S xut hin ca 3 t chc OHG , 3G.IP v MWIP cho thy n lc
xy dng mt mng li chung IP mc d iu ch tr thnh hin thc khi h thng
3,5G v 4G c xy dng.
Cng vic chun ho v xy dng tiu chun cho ANSI-41 c thc hin bi
U ban TR.45.2 ca TIA v qu trnh pht trin mng ny ln 3G ang c thc
hin trong cc nhm xy dng tiu chun k thut ca 3GPP2. Mng li da trn
ANSI-41 s c s dng bi cc mng truy nhp v tuyn da trn cdma2000. Cng
vic xy dng tiu chun GSM ang c tin hnh bi cc u ban SMG ca ETSI v
c lm cho ph hp vi yu cu ca M trong T1P1.5. Mi quan h ny vn gi
nguyn i vi c vic chun ho 3G. Pht trin GSM ln 3G c thc hin bi
3GPP v c lm hi ho vi cc yu cu ca M trong T1P1. Mng li da trn
GSM-MAP s c s dng bi mng truy nhp v tuyn da trn UTRA.
Nh vy 2 t chc chu trch nhim chnh trong vic xy dng tiu chun cho
h thng thng tin di ng 3G l 3GPP v 3GPP2. Hai t chc ny c nhim v hnh
thnh v pht trin cc k thut cc lnh vc ring nhm tho mn cc tiu chun k
thut ca h thng thng tin di ng 3G thng nht. Phn tip theo s cp ti 2 t
chc ny.
1.2.2 3GPP
Nm 1998, cc c quan pht trin tiu chun SDO khu vc ng thnh lp
mt t chc chu trch nhim tiu chun ho UMTS, c t tn l 3GPP ( 3rd
Generation Partnership Project). Cc thnh vin sng lp nn 3GPP bao gm :
ETSI- European Telecommunication Standard Institute- ca Chu u
7
ARIB- Association of Radio Industry Board- ca Nht Bn

TTA- Telecommunication Technology Association- ca Hn Quc
T1 ca Bc M
TTC- Telecommunication Technology Committee- ca Nht Bn
CWTS- China Wireless Telecommunication Standard group - ca Trung Quc.
Ngoi ra cn c cc i tc v t vn th trng l:
3G.IP ca M
GSA ca Anh
GSM Association ca Ireland
IPv6 Forum ca Anh
UMTS Forum ca M
3G American ca M
3GPP cn c mt s quan st vin l cc t chc pht trin tiu chun khu vc c
tim nng tr thnh thnh vin chnh thc trong tng lai. Cc quan st vin
hin ti l:
TIA Telecommunications Industries Association -ca M
TSACC-Telecommunications Standards AdvisoryCouncil of Canada- ca Canada
ACIF- Australian Communication Industry Forum - ca c
Cc thnh vin ca 3GPP thng nht rng, cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn l
hon ton mi v da trn WCDMA, cc thnh phn ca mng s c pht trin trn
nn tng ca cc mng thng tin di ng th h 2 c vi nguyn tc tn dng cao
nht c th. V mng li da trn m hnh GSM chng t c hiu qu trong s
dng thc t, cc u cui 3G cng s mang mt card tho lp c mang thng tin
lin quan n thu bao v cc chc nng c th ca nh cung cp dch v theo cch
ging nh GSM s dng SIM.
3GPP c chia thnh cc nhm tiu chun k thut (TSG Technical
Specification Group) chu trch nhim v tng lnh vc nht nh nh sau:
TSG-SA: v dch v v kin trc
TSG-CN: v tiu chun ho mng li
TSG-T: v thit b u cui
TSG-GERAN: v mng truy nhp cho GSM v 2,5G
TSG-RAN: v mng truy nhp cho 3G
8
Cc nhm k thut trn c qun l bi mt nhm phi hp hot ng d n

PCG (Project Co-ordination Group). Cu trc chc nng c trnh by trong hnh 12
Hnh 1- Cu trc chc nng ca PCG v TSG trong 3GPP

Bng 1- Cc tham s c bn ca UTRA FDD v TDD, ARIB WCDMA FDD v TDD
ETSI
FDD
Phng php
a truy nhp
Tc chip
Mcps
Khong cch
sng mang
di khung
S ln iu
khin cng
sut trong mt
khe thi gian
Khong thi
gian mt khe
thi gian
iu ch s
liu (DL/UL)
iu ch tri
ph (DL/UL*)
H s tri ph
Dng xung
UTRA
WCDMA
TDD
ARIB WCDMA [ Nhat ban ]

FDD
TDD
TD-CDMA
WCDMA
TD-CDMA
3,84
3,84
5MHz
5MHz
10ms
10ms
3,84
(1,024/7,68/15,
36)
5(1,25/10/20)M
Hz
10ms
3,84
(1,024/7,68/15,
36)
5 (1,25/10/20)
MHz
10ms
15
15
15
15
Khng tn
ti
625s
Khng tn ti
625s
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK/BPSK
QPSK/BPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK/QPSK
QPSK/QPSK
4-512
hm cos
nng
1,2,4,8,16
hm cos
nng r=
2-512
hm cos nng
r= 0,22
2-512
hm cos
nng
9
r= 0,22
0,22
r= 0,22
*DL/UL - ng xung/ng ln
Cc tiu chun dnh cho 3G m 3GPP xy dng c pht trin da trn giao
din v tuyn GSM-MAP v UTRA WCDMA. Khi nim UTRA bao gm c cc ch
hot ng FDD v TDD h tr mt cch hiu qu cc nhu cu dch v UMTS
khc nhau v cc dch v i xng v khng i xng. Trong qu trnh nh gi
UTRA trong ETSI SMG2, vic kho st c tp trung vo ch FDD. Khi nim
TD-CDMA c chp thun dng cho ch TDD cha ng hi ho cc tham s
gia FDD v TDD. Cc tham s ca UTRA c trnh by trong bng 1-1.
xut WCDMA ca ARIB bao gm c 2 ch hot ng, FDD v TDD.
Ch FDD ca xut ny kh ging vi ch FDD ca ETSI UTRA. Tuy nhin,
ch TDD c thit k gn ging vi ch FDD, nhng chp nhn mt s c
trng ring bit nh cng ngh iu khin cng sut vng m v phn tp pht. Sau
quyt nh vo thng 1 nm 1998 ca ETSI SMG, h thng truy nhp c i tn l
TD-CDMA thay cho tn WCDMA trc y, bi v mt s nt c trng ca TDMA
c kt hp vo tn dng nhng u im v cng ngh ca TD-CDMA.
1.2.3 3GPP2
3GPP2 c thnh lp vo cui nm 1998, vi 5 thnh vin chnh thc l t
chc pht trin sau tiu chun sau:
ARIB- Association of Radio Industry Board- ca Nht Bn
CWTS- China Wireless Telecommunication Standard - ca Trung Quc
TIA- Telecommunication Industry Association Ca Bc M
TTA- Telecommunication Technology Association- Ca Hn Quc
TTC- Telecommunication Technology Council- ca Nht Bn
Ngoi ra t chc ny cn c mt s cc i tc t vn th trng nh:
CDG- The CDMA Development Group
MWIF- Mobile Wireless Internet Forum
IPv6 Forum
C th nhn thy rng thnh phn tham gia 2 c quan chun ho 3GPP v
3GPP2 v c bn l ging nhau, ch khc im 3GPP c s tham gia ca ETSI. V
vy d dng suy ra v c bn, cu trc t chc, nguyn l hot ng ca 2 c quan ny
gn ging nhau. S khc nhau ch yu ca 2 c quan ny nm con ng pht
trin ln h thng 3G.
10
V cu trc chc nng, trc ht 3GPP2 c mt ban ch o d n- PSC

(Project Steering Commitee). PSC s qun l ton b cng tc tiu chun ho theo cc
nhm k thut TSG. 3GPP2 hin nay c 4 nhm TSG, bao gm:
TSG-A: nghin cu v cc h thng giao din mng truy nhp
TSG-C: v CDMA2000
TSG-S: v cc kha cnh dch v v h thng
TSG-X: v hot ng lin kt cc h thng.
Ta c th thy cng vic chnh ca cng vic chnh ca 3GPP2 chnh l xy dng
tiu chun ho CDMA2000. CDMA2000 cung cp mt con ng pht trin ln 3G
bng cch s dng cc tiu chun TIA/EIA-95B hin c, bao gm:
TIA/EIA-95B: cc tiu chun trm di ng v giao din v tuyn.
IS-707: tiu chun cho cc dch v s liu(dng gi, khng ng b v fax)
IS-127: tiu chun cho b m ho thoi tc 8,5Kbps EVRC
IS-733: tiu chun cho b m ho thoi tc 13kbps
IS-637: tiu chun cho dch v nhn tin ngn (SMS)
IS-638: qun l cc tham s v vic kch hot qua khng gian (h tr vic cu hnh
v kch hot dch v ca cc trm di ng qua giao din v tuyn).
IS-97 v IS-98: cc tiu chun dnh cho cc hot ng mc ti thiu
Cu trc knh TIA/EIA-95 c bn.
Cc tiu chun m rng cho cc cu trc knh TIA/EIA-95B c bn b tr, lp
ghp knh v bo hiu h tr cc knh pht qung b (Knh hoa tiu , knh tm
gi, knh ng b)
IS-634A: khng chu s thay i quan trng no khi dng cho CDMA2000; cu
trc phn lp ca CDMA2000 dn dn tch hp vi cu trc thnh phn ca IS634A.
TIA/EIA-41D: khng cn thay i nhiu khi s dng cho CDMA2000; cu trc
phn tng ca CDMA2000 to ra kh nng d tch hp vi cc dch v gi tr gia
tng.
Cc tiu chun ca 3GPP2 c pht trin theo cc pha sau y:
Pha 0: ton b cc tiu chun c cc SDO hon thin
Pha 1: ch yu l cc ch tiu k thut cho Release 1 k tha ton b phn 2G
IS-95A v IS-95B. Hon thin vo nm 2000.
11
Pha 2: bt u t gia nm 2001 nhm h tr kh nng IP Multimedia, phin bn

u tin hon thin trong nm 2002, cc phin bn sau trong nm 2003.
Pha 3: thm cc chc nng theo hng mng li IP. Hin nay giai on ny c
khi ng.
Ngoi ra, hin nay CDMA2000 1xEV ca 3GPP2 c ITU chnh thc chp
thun 3G.
1.2.4 Mi quan h gia 3GPP v 3GPP2 v ITU
3GPP v 3GPP2 hp tc ln u nhm gii quyt vn kt ni lin mng, chuyn
vng ton cu, tp trung vo 3 kha cnh chnh:
Truy nhp v tuyn
Thit b u cui
Mng li
Hot ng hp tc ny ch yu thng qua OGH v cc nhm ad hoc c s
tham gia ca c 2 bn 3GPP v 3GPP2. Hin nay, IETF l mt trong cc nhn t mi
cng vi 3GPP v gii quyt hng mng li chung ton IP. Mi y, sau khi
nghin cu HSDPA (3GPP) v 1xEV-DO (3GPP2), c hai t chc ny ang tip tc
n lc theo hng mng li IP chung qua cc cuc hp nm 2002.
ITU chu trch nhim phi hp s hot ng ca cc t chc tiu chun ho, c
th l 2 n v chu trch nhim trc tip:
ITU-T SSG- Special Study Group
ITU-R WP8F- Working Party 8F.
Trong , ITU-T SSG c 3 nhm lm vic vi 7 vn , gii quyt 90% cng tc
chun ho v mng (Network Aspects), tp trung vo cc mng:
Giao din NNI
Qun l di ng
Yu cu giao thc
Pht trin giao thc
Ngc li, ITU-R WP8F c trch nhim gii quyt 90% cng tc chun ho v giao
din v tuyn tp trung vo cc nhim v :
Cc ch tiu ton din ca mt h thng IMT-2000
Tip tc chun ho ton cu bng cch kt hp vi cc c quan tiu chun SDO v
cc Project (3GPP v 3GPP2)
12
Xc nh mc tiu sau IMT-2000:3,5G v 4G

Tp trung vo phn mng mt t (tng tc d liu, mng theo hng IP)
Phi hp vi ITU-R WP8P v v tinh, vi ITU-T v ITU-D v cc vn lin
quan.
Vai tr ca tng thnh phn trong mi quan h gia cc t chc ny c th rt
gn nh sau:
3GPP v 3GPP2: m bo pht trin cng ngh v cc ch tiu giao din v tuyn
cho ton cu;
Cc t chc tiu chun khu vc SDO: lm thch ng cc tiu chun chung cho
tng khu vc. Kt qu l s xut hin ca cc tiu chun IMT-2000 trn c s ch
tiu k thut ca 3GPP v 3GPP2.
ITU-T v ITU-R: m bo kh nng tng thch v roaming ton cu vi cc ch
tiu. C th r vic phn cng v trch nhim qua ITU-R.M 1457 v ITU-T Q.REF.
Hin nay, c 3GPP, 3GPP2, ITU v IETF tip tc phi hp cht ch gii quyt
mng li chung IP theo cc cng ngh 3,5G v 4G.
1.3 Tnh hnh chun ho 2,5G v 3G
1.3.1 M u
Hin nay, cc b tiu chun cng ngh 2,5G v c bn c hon thin, c th
nh sau:
3GPP hon thin ch tiu k thut GPRS, t cc t chc chun ho khu vc
c b tiu chun k thut GPRS. Mt s cc nc thuc nhm cng ngh ny
nh Chu u, Hng Kng, Nht Bn bin son hoc chp nhn nguyn vn
chun cho ph hp vi iu kin cng ngh ca mnh.
3GPP2 hon thin cc ch tiu k thut CDMA2000 1xEV-DO. Cc t chc
chun ha khu vc ca cc nc c cng ngh IS-95A hoc IS-95B hu ht c
tiu chun p dng nguyn vn cng ngh 2,5G.
Vi cng ngh 3G, tnh hnh chun ho phc tp hn vi 3 mng chnh sau:
Cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn
Mng li
Giao din vi cc h thng khc.
1.3.2 Chun ho cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn
Trn th gii hin ang tn ti nhiu cng ngh thng tin di ng 2G khc nhau
vi s vn u t tng i ln. Vic xy dng mt h thng thng tin di ng tin
13
tin hn lun i hi phi ch ti vn li nhun kinh t, c ngha l cc h thng

thng tin di ng mi phi tng thch ngc vi cc h thng 2G hin c, tn
dng s u t v c s h tng ca cc h thng c. Nh vy, mc tiu pht trin n
mt tiu chun duy nht cho IMT-2000 l khng th t c. Trn thc t, ITU
chp nhn s tn ti song song ca 5 h cng ngh khc nhau:
IMT-MC (IMT-Multi Carrier): CDMA2000
IMT-DS (IMT- Direct Sequence): WCDMA FDD
IMT-TC: WCDMA-TDD
IMT-SC: TDMA mt sng mang, cn gi l UWC-136 v EDGE
IMT-FT: DECT
Cc h cng ngh ny c nn tng cng ngh khc nhau v c cc c quan t
chc tiu chun ho khc nhau thc hin cc vic xy dng chun c trnh by
trong hnh 1-3
Hnh 1- Cc h cng ngh c ITU-R chp nhn
Trong nm 2002, ITU-R chp thun 7 loi cng ngh c th, m thc cht
thuc 5 h cng ngh trn:
CDMA a sng mang (cdma2000)
CDMA1x-EV
CDMA TDD (UTRA)
CDMA TDD (TD-SCDMA)
W-CDMA (UTRA - FDD)
UWC-136 (FDD)
FDMA/TDMA: DECT.
Cc cng ngh trn bao gm:
- Hai tiu chun TDMA: SC-TDMA (UWC-136) v MC-TDMA (DECT)
14
- Ba tiu chun CDMA : MC-CDMA (cdma2000 ), DS-CDMA (WCDMA) v

CDMA-TDD (bao gm TD-SCDMA v UTRA-TDD).
Ta xt cc tiu chun TDD vi cc c im sau:
- TDD c th s dng cc ngun ti nguyn tn s khc nhau v khng cn cp tn s.
- TDD ph hp vi truyn dn bt i xng v tc gia ng ln v ng
xung, c bit vi cc dch v d liu dng IP
- TDD hot ng cng tn s cho ng ln v ng xung, ph hp cho vic s
dng cc k thut mi nh anten thng minh
- Chi ph thit b h thng TDD thp hn, c th thp hn t 20 n 50% so vi cc h
thng FDD.
Tuy nhin, hn ch chnh ca h thng TDD l tc di chuyn v din tch ph
sng. Cc h thng TDD ch thch hp vi vic trin khai cho cc dch v a phng
tin trong cc khu vc mt cao v c yu cu cao v dung lng thoi, d liu v
cc dch v a phng tin trong cc khu vc tp trung thu bao ln. TD-SCDMA l
cng ngh do Trung Quc xut, cn UTRA-TDD c xem l phn b sung cho
UTRA-FDD ti nhng vng c dung lng rt cao. Hn na cc cng ngh ny cha
c sn phm thng mi. Trn thc t ch c 2 tiu chun quan trng nht c sn
phm thng mi v c kh nng c trin khai rng ri trn ton th gii l
WCDMA (FDD) v cdma2000. WCDMA c pht trin trn c s tng thch vi
giao thc ca mng li GSM (GSM MAP), mt h thng chim ti 65% th trng th
gii. Cn cdma2000 nhm tng thch vi mng li IS-41, hin chim 15% th
trng. Qu trnh pht trin ln 3G cng s tp trung vo 2 hng chnh ny, c th
c tm tt trong hnh 1-4.
15
Hnh 1- Qu trnh pht trin ln 3G ca 2 nhnh cng ngh chnh
1.3.3 Phn tch hai nhnh cng ngh chnh tin ln 3G

1.3.3.1 Hng pht trin ln 3G s dng cng ngh WCDMA
WCDMA l mt tiu chun thng tin di ng 3G ca IMT-2000 c pht trin
ch yu Chu u vi mc ch cho php cc mng cung cp kh nng chuyn vng
ton cu v h tr nhiu dch v thoi, dch v a phng tin. Cc mng
WCDMA c xy dng da trn c s mng GSM, tn dng c s h tng sn c
ca cc nh khai thc mng GSM. Qu trnh pht trin t GSM ln CDMA qua cc
giai on trung gian, c th c tm tt trong s sau y:
Hnh 1- Qu trnh pht trin ln 3G theo nhnh s dng cng ngh WCDMA
1.3.3.1.1 GPRS
GPRS l mt h thng v tuyn thuc giai on trung gian, nhng vn l h
thng 3G nu xt v mng li. GPRS cung cp cc kt ni s liu chuyn mch gi
vi tc truyn ln ti 171,2Kbps (tc s liu nh) v h tr giao thc Internet
TCP/IP v X25, nh vy tng cng ng k cc dch v s liu ca GSM.
16
Cng vic tch hp GPRS vo mng GSM ang tn ti l mt qu trnh n

gin. Mt phn cc khe trn giao din v tuyn dnh cho GPRS, cho php ghp knh
s liu gi c lp lch trnh trc i vi mt s trm di ng. Phn h trm gc ch
cn nng cp mt phn nh lin quan n khi iu khin gi (PCU- Packet Control
Unit) cung cp kh nng nh tuyn gi gia cc u cui di ng cc nt cng
(gateway). Mt nng cp nh v phn mm cng cn thit h tr cc h thng m
ho knh khc nhau.
Mng li GSM c to thnh t cc kt ni chuyn mch knh c m rng
bng cch thm vo cc nt chuyn mch s liu v gateway mi, c gi l GGSN
(Gateway GPRS Support Node) v SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node). GPRS l
mt gii php c chun ho hon ton vi cc giao din m rng v c th
chuyn thng ln 3G v cu trc mng li.
1.3.3.1.2 EDGE
EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution) l mt k thut truyn dn
3G c chp nhn v c th trin khai trong ph tn hin c ca cc nh khai thc
TDMA v GSM. EDGE ti s dng bng tn sng mang v cu trc khe thi gian ca
GSM, v c thit k nhm tng tc s liu ca ngi s dng trong mng GPRS
hoc HSCSD bng cch s dng cc h thng cao cp v cng ngh tin tin khc. V
vy, c s h tng v thit b u cui hon ton ph hp vi EDGE hon ton tng
thch vi GSM v GRPS.
1.3.3.1.3 WCDMA hay UMTS/FDD
WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) l mt cng ngh truy
nhp v tuyn c pht trin mnh Chu u. H thng ny hot ng ch
FDD v da trn k thut tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS- Direct Sequence Spectrum)
s dng tc chip 3,84Mcps bn trong bng tn 5MHz. Bng tn rng hn v tc
tri ph cao lm tng li x l v mt gii php thu a ng tt hn, l c
im quyt nh chun b cho IMT-2000.
WCDMA h tr trn vn c dch v chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi
tc cao v m bo s hot ng ng thi cc dch v hn hp vi ch gi
hot ng mc hiu qu cao nht. Hn na WCDMA c th h tr cc tc s liu
khc nhau, da trn th tc iu chnh tc .
Chun WCDMA hin thi s dng phng php iu ch QPSK, mt phng
php iu ch tt hn 8-PSK, cung cp tc s liu nh l 2Mbps vi cht lng
truyn tt trong vng ph rng.
17
WCDMA l cng ngh truyn dn v tuyn mi vi mng truy nhp v tuyn

mi, c gi l UTRAN, bao gm cc phn t mng mi nh RNC (Radio Network
Controller) v NodeB (tn gi trm gc mi trong UMTS)
Tuy nhin mng li GPRS/EDGE c th c s dng li v cc thit b u cui
hot ng nhiu ch c kh nng h tr GSM/GPRS/EDGE v c WCDMA.
1.3.3.2 Hng pht trin ln 3G s dng cng ngh cdma2000.
H thng cdma2000 gm mt s nhnh hoc giai on pht trin khc nhau h
tr cc dch v ph c tng cng. Ni chung cdma2000 l mt cch tip cn a
sng mang cho cc sng c rng n ln 1,25MHz hot ng ch FDD. Nhng
cng vic chun ho tp trung vo gii php mt sng mang n 1,25MHz (1x) vi
tc chip gn ging IS-95. cdma2000 c pht trin t cc mng IS-95 ca h
thng thng tin di ng 2G, c th m t qu trnh pht trin trong hnh v sau:
Hnh 1- Qu trnh pht trin ln 3G theo nhnh cdma2000.
1.3.3.2.1 IS-95B.
IS-95B, hay cdmaOne c coi l cng ngh thng tin di ng 2,5G thuc
nhnh pht trin cdma2000, l mt tiu chun kh linh hot cho php cung cp dch
v s liu tc ln n 115Kbps
1.3.3.2.2 cdma2000 1xRTT
Giai on u ca cdma2000 c gi l 1xRTT hay ch l 1xEV-DO, c
thit k nhm ci thin dung lng thoi cua IS-95B v h tr kh nng truyn s
liu tc nh ln ti 307,2Kbps. Tuy nhin, cc thit b u cui thng mi ca
1x mi ch cho php tc s liu nh ln ti 153,6kbps. Nhng ci thin so vi IS95 t c nh a vo mt s cng ngh tin tin nh iu ch QPSK v m ho
Turbo cho cc dch v s liu cng vi kh nng iu khin cng sut nhanh ng
xung v phn tp pht.
1.3.3.2.3 cdma2000 1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO, c hnh thnh t cng ngh HDR (High Data Rate) ca
Qualcomm, c chp nhn vi tn ny nh l mt tiu chun thng tin di ng 3G
vo thng 8 nm 2001 v bo hiu cho s pht trin ca gii php n sng mang i
vi truyn s liu gi ring bit.
18
Nguyn l c bn ca h thng ny l chia cc dch v thoi v dch v s liu

tc cao vo cc sng mang khc nhau. 1xEV-DO c th c xem nh mt mng
s liu xp chng, yu cu mt sng mang ring. tin hnh cc cuc gi va c
thoi, va c s liu trn cu trc xp chng ny cn c cc thit b hot ng 2
ch 1x v 1xEV-DO.
1. 3.3.2.4 cdma2000 1xEV-DV
Trong cng ngh 1xEV-DO c s d tha v ti nguyn do s phn bit c
nh ti nguyn dnh cho thoi v ti nguyn dnh cho s liu. Do , CDG, nhm
pht trin CDMA, khi u pha th ba ca cdma2000 a cc dch v thoi v s liu
quay v ch dng mt sng mang 1,25MHz v tip tc duy tr s tng thch ngc
vi 1xRTT. Tc s liu cc i ca ngi s dng ln ti 3,1Mbps tng ng vi
kch thc gi d liu 3940 bit trong khong thi gian 1,25ms.
Mc d k thut truyn dn c bn c nh hnh, vn c nhiu xut cng
ngh cho cc thnh phn cha c quyt nh k c tiu chun cho ng xung ca
1xEV-DV.
1.3.3.2.5 cdma2000 3x(MC- CDMA )
cdma2000 3x, hay 3xRTT, cp n s la chn a sng mang ban u trong
cu hnh v tuyn cdma2000 v c gi l MC-CDMA (Multi carrier) thuc IMTMC trong IMT-2000. Cng ngh ny lin quan n vic s dng 3 sng mang 1x
tng tc s liu v c thit k cho di tn 5MHz (gm 3 knh 1,25Mhz). S la
chn a sng mang ny ch p dng c trong truyn dn ng xung. ng ln
tri ph trc tip, ging nh WCDMA vi tc chip hi thp hn mt cht
3,6864Mcps (3 ln 1,2288Mcps).
1.3.4 Tng kt
Nh vy, trn th gii hin ang tn ti cc cng ngh khc xy dng h
thng thng tin di ng 3G. Cc nc khi la chn cc cng ngh 3G c th cn c
theo ITU-R M.1457 xc nh cc ch tiu ch yu ca h cng ngh truy nhp v
tuyn v xy dng tiu chun trn c s tp hp bin son hoc p dng nguyn vn
theo cc tiu chun ca SDO sao cho ph hp vi iu kin ca mnh.
19
Chng 2- Tng quan cng ngh WCDMA trong h thng UMTS
Chng 2. TNG QUAN CNG NGH WCDMA

TRONG H THNG UMTS.
2.1 Nguyn l CDMA
2.1.1 Nguyn l tri ph CDMA
Cc h thng s c thit k tn dng dung lng mt cch ti a. Theo
nguyn l dung lng knh truyn ca Shannon c m t trong (2.1), r rng dung
lng knh truyn c th c tng ln bng cch tng bng tn knh truyn.
C = B. log2(1+S/N)
(2.1)
Trong B l bng thng (Hz), C l dung lng knh (bit/s), S l cng sut tn
hiu v N l cng sut tp m.
V vy, i vi mt t s S/N c th (SNR), dung lng tng ln nu bng
thng s dng truyn tng. CDMA l cng ngh thc hin tri tn hiu gc thnh
tn hiu bng rng trc khi truyn i. CDMA thng c gi l K thut a truy
nhp tri ph (SSMA).T s rng bng tn truyn thc vi rng bng tn ca
thng tin cn truyn c gi l li x l (GP ) hoc l h s tri ph.
GP = Bt / Bi hoc GP = B/R
(2.2)
Trong Bt :l rng bng tn truyn thc t

Bi : rng bng tn ca tn hiu mang tin
B : l rng bng tn RF
R : l tc thng tin
Mi quan h gia t s S/N v t s Eb/I0, trong Eb l nng lng trn mt
bit, v I0 l mt ph nng lng tp m, th hin trong cng thc sau :
S Eb R Eb
1
N
I0 B
I0 Gp
(2.3)
V th, vi mt yu cu Eb/I0 xc nh, li x l cng cao, th t s S/N yu

cu cng thp. Trong h thng CDMA u tin, IS-95, bng thng truyn dn l
1.25MHz. Trong h thng WCDMA, bng thng truyn khong 5MHz.
Trong CDMA, mi ngi s dng c gn mt chui m duy nht (m tri
ph) tri tn hiu thng tin thnh mt tn hiu bng rng trc khi truyn i. Bn
thu bit c chui m ca ngi s dng v gii m khi phc tn hiu gc.
20
2.1.2 K thut tri ph v gii tri ph

Tri ph v gii tri ph l hot ng c bn nht trong cc h thng DSCDMA. D liu ngi s dng ng l chui bit c iu ch BPSK c tc l
R. Hot ng tri ph chnh l nhn mi bit d liu ngi s dng vi mt chui n bit
m, c gi l cc chip. y, ta ly n=8 th h s tri ph l 8, ngha l thc hin
iu ch tri ph BPSK. Kt qu tc d liu l 8xR v c dng xut hin ngu
nhin (gi nhiu) nh l m tri ph. Vic tng tc d liu ln 8 ln p ng vic
m rng (vi h s l 8) ph ca tn hiu d liu ngi s dng c tri ra. Tn hiu
bng rng ny s c truyn qua cc knh v tuyn n u cui thu.
Hnh 2- Qu trnh tri ph v gii tri ph
Trong qu trnh gii tri ph, cc chui chip/d liu ngi s dng tri ph c
nhn tng bit vi cng cc chip m 8 c s dng trong qu trnh tri ph. Nh
trn hnh v tn hiu ngi s dng ban u c khi phc hon ton.
2.1.3. K thut a truy nhp CDMA
Mt mng thng tin di ng l mt h thng nhiu ngi s dng, trong mt
s lng ln ngi s dng chia s ngun ti nguyn vt l chung truyn v nhn
thng tin. Dung lng a truy nhp l mt trong cc yu t c bn ca h thng. K
thut tri ph tn hiu cn truyn em li kh nng thc hin a truy nhp cho cc h
thng CDMA. Trong lch s thng tin di ng tn ti cc cng ngh a truy nhp
khc nhau : TDMA, FDMA v CDMA. S khc nhau gia chng c ch ra trong
hnh 2-2.
21
Hnh 2- Cc cng ngh a truy nhp
Trong h thng a truy nhp theo tn s FDMA, cc tn hiu cho cc ngi s

dng khc nhau c truyn trong cc knh khc nhau vi cc tn s iu ch khc
nhau. Trong h thng a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA, cc tn hiu ca
ngi s dng khc nhau c truyn i trong cc khe thi gian khc nhau. Vi cc
cng ngh khc nhau, s ngi s dng ln nht c th chia s ng thi cc knh vt
l l c nh. Tuy nhin trong h thng CDMA, cc tn hiu cho ngi s dng khc
nhau c truyn i trong cng mt bng tn ti cng mt thi im. Mi tn hiu
ngi s dng ng vai tr nh l nhiu i vi tn hiu ca ngi s dng khc, do
dung lng ca h thng CDMA gn nh l mc nhiu, v khng c con s ln
nht c nh, nn dung lng ca h thng CDMA c gi l dung lng mm.
Hnh 2-3 ch ra mt v d lm th no 3 ngi s dng c th truy nhp ng
thi trong mt h thng CDMA.
Hnh 2- Nguyn l ca a truy nhp tri ph
Ti bn thu, ngi s dng 2 s gii tri ph tn hiu thng tin ca n tr li tn

hiu bng hp, ch khng phi tn hiu ca bt c ngi no khc. Bi v s tng
quan cho gia m ca ngi s dng mong mun v cc m ca ngi s dng khc
l rt nh : vic tch sng kt hp s ch cp nng lng cho tn hiu mong mun v
mt phn nh cho tn hiu ca ngi s dng khc v bng tn thng tin.
22
li x l v c im bng rng ca qu trnh x l em li nhiu li ch

cho cc h thng CDMA, nh hiu sut ph cao v dung lng mm. Tuy nhin, tt c
nhng li ch yu cu vic s dng k thut iu khin cng sut nghim ngt v
chuyn giao mm, trnh cho tn hiu ca ngi s dng ny che thng tin ca
ngi s dng khc.
2.2. Mt s c trng ca lp vt l trong h thng WCDMA.
2.2.1. Cc m tri ph .
Trong h thng tri ph chui trc tip DSSS, cc bit d liu c m ho vi
mt chui bit gi ngu nhin (PN). Mng v tuyn UMTS mng s dng mt tc
chip c nh l 3.84Mcps em li mt bng thng sng mang xp x 5MHz. D liu
c gi qua giao din v tuyn WCDMA c m ho 2 ln trc khi c iu ch
v truyn i. Qu trnh ny c m t trong hnh v sau:
Hnh 2- Qu trnh tri ph v trn
Nh vy trong qu trnh trn c hai loi m c s dng l m trn v m nh

knh.
M nh knh: l cc m h s tri ph bin i trc giao OVSF gi tnh trc
giao gia cc knh c cc tc v h s tri ph khc nhau. Cc m la chn c
xc nh bi h s tri ph. Cn phi ch rng: Mt m c th c s dng trong
cell khi v ch khi khng c m no khc trn ng dn t mt m c th n gc
ca cy m hoc l trn mt cy con pha di m c s dng trong cng mt
cell. C th ni tt c cc m c chn la s dng hon ton theo quy lut trc giao.
M trn. M trn c s dng trn ng xung l tp hp chui m Gold.
Cc iu kin ban u da vo s m trn n. Chc nng ca n dng phn bit cc
trm gc khc nhau. Thng qua m phng, n c xc nh l t s gia t tng quan
v tng quan cho khi thay i s chip b ct bt do thay i t s S/N. Kt qu c
ch ra trong bng 2-1.
23
Bng 2- Quan h gia S/N v s chip b ct bt
C hai loi m trn trn ng ln , chng dng duy tr s phn bit gia cc
my di ng khc nhau. C hai loi u l m phc. M th nht l m ho Kasami rt
rng. Loi th hai l m trn di ng ln thng c s dng trong cell khng
pht hin thy nhiu ngi s dngtrong mt trm gc. l chui m Gold c chiu
di l 241-1.
2.2.2. Phng thc song cng.
Hai phng thc song cng c s dng trong kin trc WCDMA: Song cng
phn chia theo thi gian (TDD) v song cng phn chia theo tn s (FDD). Phng
php FDD cn hai bng tn cho ng ln v ng xung. Phng thc TDD ch
cn mt bng tn. Thng thng ph tn s c bn cho cc nh khai thc theo cc
di c th bng 2x10MHz, hoc 2x15MHz cho mi b iu khin. Mc d c mt s
c im khc nhau nhng c hai phng thc u c tng hiu sut gn ging nhau.
Ch TDD khng cho php gia my di ng v trm gc c tr truyn ln, bi v
s gy ra ng gia cc khe thi gian thu v pht. V vy m ch IDD ph hp
vi cc mi trng c tr truyn thp, cho nn ch TDD vn hnh cc pico cell.
Mt u im ca TDD l tc d liu ng ln v ng xung c th rt khc
nhau, v vy m ph hp cho cc ng dng c c tnh bt i xng gia ng ln v
ng xung , chng hn nh Web browsing. Trong qu trnh hoch nh mng, cc
u im v nhc im ca hai phng php ny c th b tr. n ny ch tp
trung nghin cu ch FDD.
Hnh di y ch ra s phn b ph tn s ca h thng UMTS Chu u.
24
Hnh 2- Phn b ph tn cho UMTS chu u.
2.2.3. Dung lng mng.

Kt qu ca vic s dng cng ngh a truy nhp tri ph CDMA l dung
lng ca cc h thng UMTS khng b gii hn cng, c ngha l mt ngi s dng
c th b sung m khng gy ra nghn bi s lng phn cng hn ch. H thng
GSM c s lng cc lin kt v cc knh c nh ch cho php mt lu lng ln
nht c tnh ton v hoch nh trc nh s dng cc m hnh thng k. Trong
h thng UMTS bt c ngi s dng mi no s gy ra mt lng nhiu b sung cho
nhng ngi s dng ang c mt trong h thng, nh hng n ti ca h thng.
Nu c s m th mc tng nhiu do tng ti l c cu gii hn dung lng chnh
trong mng. Vic cc cell b co hp li do ti cao v vic tng dung lng ca cc cell
m cc cell ln cn n c mc nhiu thp l cc hiu ng th hin c im dung
lng xc nh nhiu trong cc mng CDMA. Chnh v th m trong cc mng CDMA
c c im dung lng mm. c bit, khi quan tm n chuyn giao mm th cc
c cu ny lm cho vic hoch nh mng tr nn phc tp.
2.2. 4. Phn tp a ng- B thu RAKE.
Truyn sng v tuyn trong knh di ng mt t c c trng bi cc s phn
x, s suy hao khc nhau ca nng lng tn hiu. Cc hin tng ny gy ra do cc
vt cn t nhin nh to nh, cc qu idn n hiu ng truyn sng a ng.
25
Hnh 2- Truyn sng a ng
Hiu ng a ng thng gy ra nhiu kh khn cho cc h thng truyn dn

v tuyn. Mt trong nhng u im ca cc h thng DSSS l tn hiu thu qua cc
nhnh a ng vi tr truyn khc nhau v cng tn hiu khc nhau li c th ci
thin hiu sut ca h thng. kt hp cc thnh phn t cc nhnh a ng mt
cch nht qun, cn thit phi tch ng cc thnh phn . Trong cc h thng
WCDMA, b thu RAKE c s dng thc hin chc nng ny. Mt b thu
RAKE bao gm nhiu b thu c gi l finger. B thu RAKE s dng cc b cn
bng v cc b xoay pha chia nng lng ca cc thnh phn tn hiu khc nhau c
pha v bin thay i theo knh trong s chm sao. Sau khi iu chnh tr thi
gian v cng tn hiu, cc thnh phn khc nhau c kt hp thnh mt tn
hiu vi cht lng cao hn. Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh kt hp theo t s ln
nht (MRC), v ch c cc tn hiu vi tr tng i cao hn rng thi gian ca
mt chip mi c kt hp. Qu trnh kt hp theo t s ln nht s dng tc chip
l 3.84Mcps tng ng vi 0.26s hoc l chnh lch v di ng dn l 78m.
Phng php ny gim ng k hiu ng phadinh bi v khi cc knh c c im
khc nhau c kt hp th nh hng ca phadinh nhanh c tnh bnh qun. li
thu c t vic kt hp nht qun cc thnh phn a ng tng t vi li ca
chuyn giao mm c c bng cch kt hp hai hay nhiu tn hiu trong qu trnh
chuyn giao.
2.2.5. Cc knh giao din v tuyn UTRA FDD.
Giao din v tuyn UTRA FDD c cc knh logic, chng c nh x vo cc
knh chuyn vn, cc knh chuyn vn li nh x vo knh vt l. Hnh v sau ch ra
s cc knh v s nh x ca chng vo cc knh khc.
26
Hnh 2- S nh x gia cc knh khc nhau.
Ph lc B s ch ra chi tit cc knh UTRA khc nhau.

2.2.6. Trng thi cell.
Nhn di gc UTRA, UE c th ch ri hoc ch kt ni. Trong
ch ri, my di ng c bt v bt c knh iu khin ca mt cell no ,
nhng phn UTRAN ca mng khng c thng tin no v UE. UE ch c th c
nh a ch bi mt thng ip (chng hn nh thng bo tm gi) c pht qung
b n tt c ngi s dng trong mt cell. Trng thi ch ri cng c gi l
trng thi ngh trong cell. UE c th chuyn sang ch kt ni bng cch yu
cu thit lp mt kt ni RRC. Hnh v sau y ch ra cc trng thi v s chuyn tip
cc trng thi cho mt UE bao gm c cc ch GSM/GPRS.
27
Hnh 2- Cc ch ca UE v cc trng thi iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn
Nhn chung vic n nh cc knh khc nhau cho mt ngi s dng v vic
iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn c thc hin bi giao thc Qun l ti nguyn v
tuyn. Trong ch kt ni ca UTRA, c 4 trng thi RRC m UE c th chuyn
i gia chng: Cell DCH, Cell FACH, Cell PCH v URA PCH.
Trong trng thi Cell DCH, UE c cp pht mt knh vt l ring trn ng ln v
ng xung.
Trong 3 trng thi khc UE khng c cp pht knh ring. Trong trng thi
Cell FACH, UE gim st mt knh ng xung v c cp pht mt knh FACH
trn ng ln. Trong trng thi ny, UE thc hin vic chn la li cell. Bng cch
gi thng ip cp nht cell, RNC bit c v tr ca UE mc cell.
Trong trng thi Cell PCH v URA PCH, UE chn la knh tm gi (PCH) v
s dng vic tip nhn khng lin tc (DRX) gim st knh PCH chn la
thng qua mt knh lin kt PICH. Trn ng ln khng c hot ng no lin quan
n trng thi ny. S khc nhau gia 2 trng thi ny nh sau: Trong trng thi Cell
PCH v tr ca UE c nhn bit mc cell tu theo vic thc hin cp nht cell cui
cng. Trong trng thi URA PCH, v tr ca UE c nhn bit mc vng ng k
UTRAN (URA) tu theo vic thc hin cp nht URA cui cng trong trng thi Cell
FACH.
2.2.7. Cu trc Cell.
Trong sut qu trnh thit k ca h thng UMTS cn phi ch nhiu hn n
s phn tp ca mi trng ngi s dng. Cc mi trng nng thn ngoi tri,
28
th ngoi tri, hay th trong nh c h tr bn cnh cc m hnh di ng khc

nhau gm ngi s dng tnh, ngi i b n ngi s dng trong mi trng xe c
ang chuyn ng vi vn tc rt cao. yu cu mt vng ph sng rng khp v
kh nng roaming ton cu, UMTS pht trin cu trc lp cc min phn cp vi
kh nng ph sng khc nhau. Lp cao nht bao gm cc v tinh bao ph ton b tri
t; Lp thp hn hnh thnh nn mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t UTRAN. Mi lp
c xy dng t cc cell, cc lp cng thp cc vng a l bao ph bi cc cell cng
nh. V vy cc cell nh c xy dng h tr mt ngi s dng cao hn. Cc
cell macro ngh cho vng ph mt t rng kt hp vi cc micro cell tng dung
lng cho cc vng mt dn s cao. Cc cell pico c dng cho cc vng c
coi nh l cc im nng yu cu dung lng cao trong cc vng hp (v d nh sn
bay). Nhng iu ny tun theo 2 nguyn l thit k bit trong vic trin khai cc
mng t bo: cc cell nh hn c th c s dng tng dung lng trn mt vng
a l, cc cell ln hn c th m rng vng ph sng.
Do cc nhu cu v cc c tnh ca mt mi trng vn phng trong nh khc
vi yu cu ca ngi s dng ang i vi tc cao ti vng nng thn, din n
UMTS pht trin 6 mi trng hot ng. i vi mi m hnh mt ngi s
dng c th trn mt km2 v cc loi cell c d on cho cc m hnh c tnh di
ng thp, trung bnh, cao.
Hnh 2- Cu
trc cell UMTS.

29
2.3. Kin trc mng

2.3.1 Kin trc h thng UMTS
H thng thng tin di ng th h 3 UMTS tn dng kin trc c trong hu
ht cc h thng thng tin di ng th h 2, v thm ch c th h th nht. iu ny
c ch ra trong cc c t k thut 3GPP
H thng UMTS bao gm mt s cc phn t mng logic, mi phn t c mt
c mt chc nng xc nh. Theo tiu chun, cc phn t mng c nh ngha ti
mc logic, nhng c th li lin quan n vic thc thi mc vt l. c bit l khi c
mt s cc giao din m (i vi mt giao din c coi l m, th yu cu giao
din phi c nh ngha mt cch chi tit v cc thit b ti cc im u cui m
c th cung cp bi 2 nh sn xut khc nhau). Cc phn t mng c th c nhm
li nu c cc chc nng ging nhau, hay da vo cc mng con cha chng.
Theo chc nng th cc phn t mng c nhm thnh cc nhm:
+ Mng truy nhp v tuyn RAN (Mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t UMTS l
UTRAN). Mng ny thit lp tt c cc chc nng lin quan n v tuyn.
+ Mng li (CN): Thc hin chc nng chuyn mch v nh tuyn cuc gi v kt
ni d liu n cc mng ngoi.
+ Thit b ngi s dng (UE) giao tip vi ngi s dng v giao din v tuyn.
Kin trc h thng mc cao c ch ra trong hnh 2-10
Hnh 2- Kin trc h thng UMTS mc cao
Theo cc c t ch ra trong quan im chun ha, c UE v UTRAN u bao

gm cc giao thc hon ton mi, vic thit k chng da trn nhu cu ca cng ngh
v tuyn WCDMA mi. Ngc li, vic nh ngha mng li (CN) c k tha t
GSM. iu ny em li cho h thng c cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn mi mt nn
tng mang tnh ton cu l cng ngh mng li c sn, nh vy s thc y s
qung b ca n, mang li u th cnh tranh chng hn nh kh nng roaming ton
cu.
H thng UMTS c th chia thnh cc mng con c th hot ng c lp hoc
hot ng lin kt cc mng con khc v n phn bit vi nhau bi s nhn dng duy
30
nht. Mng con nh vy gi l mng di ng mt t UMTS (PLMN), cc thnh phn

ca PLMN c ch ra trong hnh 2-11.
Hnh 2- Cc thnh phn ca mng trong PLMN
Thit b ngi s dng (UE) bao gm 2 phn:

Thit b di ng (ME) l u cui v tuyn s dng giao tip v tuyn qua giao
din Uu.
Modul nhn dng thu bao UMTS (USIM) l mt th thng minh m nhn vic
xc nhn thu bao, thc hin thut ton nhn thc, v lu gi kho m mt, kho
nhn thc v mt s cc thng tin v thu bao cn thit ti u cui.
UTRAN cng bao gm 2 phn t:
Nt B: chuyn i d liu truyn gia giao din Iub v Uu. N cng tham gia vo
qun l ti nguyn v tuyn.
B iu khin mng v tuyn (RNC) s hu v iu khin ngun ti nguyn v
tuyn trong vng ca n (gm cc Nt B ni vi n). RNC l im truy cp dch
v cho tt c cc dch v m UTRAN cung cp cho mng li.
Cc phn t chnh ca mng li GSM:
HLR (B ng k thng tr) l mt c s d liu trong h thng thng tr ca
ngi s dng, lu tr cc bn gc cc thng tin hin trng dch v ngi s dng,
hin trng v dch v bao gm: thng tin v dch v c php s dng, cc vng
roaming b cm, thng tin cc dch v b sung nh: trng thi cc cuc gi i, s
cc cuc gi i N c to ra khi ngi s dng mi ng k thu bao vi h
thng, v c lu khi thu bao cn thi hn. Vi mc ch nh tuyn cc giao
dch ti UE (cc cuc gi v cc dch v nhn tin ngn), HLR cn lu tr cc
thng tin v tr ca UE trong phm vi MSC/VLR hoc SGSN.
MSC/VLR (Trung tm chuyn mch dch v di ng/B ng k tm tr) l mt b
chuyn mch(MSC) v c s d liu(VLR) phc v cho UE v tr tm thi ca
31
n cho cc dch v chuyn mch knh. Chc nng MSC c s dng chuyn
mch cc giao dch s dng chuyn mch knh, chc nng VLR l lu tr bn sao
v hin trng dch v ngi s dng l khch v thng tin chnh xc v v tr ca
thu bao khch trong ton h thng. Phn ca h thng c truy nhp thng qua
MSC/VLR thng l chuyn mch knh.
GMSC (MSC cng): l mt b chuyn mch ti v tr m mng di ng mt t
cng cng UMTS kt ni vi mng ngoi. Tt cc kt ni chuyn mch knh n
v i u phi qua GMSC.
SGSN (Nt h tr GPRS phc v) c chc nng tng t nh MSC/VLR nhng
thng c s dng cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi.
GGSN (Node cng h tr GPRS) c chc nng gn ging GMSC nhng phc v
cc dch v chuyn mch gi.
Mng ngoi c th chia thnh 2 nhm:
Cc mng chuyn mch knh: Cc mng ny cung cp cc kt ni chuyn mch
knh, ging nh dch v in thoi ang tn ti V d nh ISDN v PSTN.
Cc mng chuyn mch gi: Cc mng ny cung cp cc kt ni cho cc dch v
d liu gi, chng hn nh mng Internet.
Cc giao din m c bn ca UMTS:
Giao din Cu: y l giao din gia th thng minh USIM v ME. Giao din ny
tun theo tiu chun cho cc th thng minh.
Giao din Uu: y l giao din v tuyn WCDMA. Uu l giao din nh UE
truy cp c vi phn c nh ca h thng, v v th c th l phn giao din m
quan trng nht trong UMTS.
Giao din Iu: Giao din ny kt ni UTRAN ti mng li. Tng t nh cc giao
din tng thch trong GSM, l giao din A (i vi chuyn mch knh), v Gb (i
vi chuyn mch gi), giao din Iu em li cho cc b iu khin UMTS kh nng
xy dng c UTRAN v CN t cc nh sn xut khc nhau.
Giao din Iur: Giao din m Iur h tr chuyn giao mm gia cc RNC t cc nh
sn xut khc nhau, v v th b sung cho giao din m Iu.
Giao din Iub: Iub kt ni mt Nt B v mt RNC. UMTS l mt h thng in
thoi di ng mang tnh thng mi u tin m giao din gia b iu khin v
trm gc c chun ho nh l mt giao din m hon thin. Ging nh cc giao
din m khc, Iub thc y hn na tnh cnh tranh gia cc nh sn xut trong lnh
vc ny.
32
2.3.2. Kin trc mng truy nhp v tuyn UTRAN.

Kin trc UTRAN c m t nh hnh 2-12.
Hnh 2- Kin trc UTRAN.
UTRAN bao gm mt hay nhiu phn h mng v tuyn (RNS). Mt RNS l

mt mng con trong UTRAN v bao gm mt B iu khin mng v tuyn (RNC) v
mt hay nhiu Nt B. Cc RNC c th c kt ni vi nhau thng qua mt giao din
Iur. Cc RNC v Nt B c kt ni vi nhau qua giao din Iub.
Cc yu cu chnh thit k kin trc, giao thc v chc nng UTRAN:
Tnh h tr ca UTRAN v cc chc nng lin quan: Yu cu tc ng ti thit k
ca UTRAN l cc yu cu h tr chuyn giao mm (mt thit b u cui kt ni
ti mng thng qua 2 hay nhiu cell ang hot ng) v cc thut ton qun l
ngun ti nguyn v tuyn c bit ca WCDMA.
Lm tng s tng ng trong vic iu khin d liu chuyn mch gi v chuyn
mch knh, vi mt ngn xp giao thc giao din v tuyn duy nht v vi vic s
dng cng mt giao din cho cc kt ni t UTRA n min chuyn mch gi v
chuyn mch knh ca mng li.
Lm tng tnh tng ng vi GSM.
S dng phng thc vn chuyn ATM nh l c cu chuyn vn chnh trong
UTRA.
S dng kiu chuyn vn trn c s IP nh l c cu chuyn vn thay th trong
UTRAN k t Release 5 tr i.
a. B iu khin mng v tuyn
33
B iu khin mng v tuyn (RNC) l phn t mng chu trch nhim iu

khin ngun ti nguyn v tuyn ca UTRAN. N giao tip vi mng li (thng l
vi mt MSC v mt SGSN) v cng l phn t cui cng ca giao thc iu khin
ngun ti nguyn v tuyn m xc nh cc thng ip v th tc gia my di ng v
UTRAN. V mt logic, n tng ng vi BSC trong GSM.
*Vai tr logic ca RNC.
RNC iu khin mt Nt B (nh l vch gii hn cho giao din Iub ti Nt B)
c coi nh l b RNC ang iu khin (CRNC) ca Nt. B iu khin CRNC chu
trch nhim iu khin ti v iu khin nghn cho cell ca n, v iu khin thu nhn
v phn b m cho lin kt v tuyn c thit lp trong cc cell.
Trong trng hp mt kt ni UTRAN, my di ng s dng ngun ti nguyn
t nhiu phn h mng v tuyn RNS, th cc RNS bao gm 2 chc nng logic ring
bit (v phng din kt ni my di ng - UTRAN ny).
RNC phc v (SRNC): RNC cho mi my di ng l mt RNC m xc nh bin
gii c lin kt Iu cho s vn chuyn d liu ngi s dng v bo hiu RANAP
tng thch qua mng li (kt ni ny c gi l kt ni RANAP). SRNC cng xc
nh bin gii ca Bo hiu iu khin ngun ti nguyn v tuyn, n l giao thc
bo hiu gia UE v UTRAN. N thc hin x l lp 2 cho cc d liu chuyn
qua giao din v tuyn. Hot ng Qun l ngun ti nguyn v tuyn c bn, nh
l nh x cc thng s mang thng tin truy nhp v tuyn thnh cc thng s knh
chuyn vn giao din v tuyn, quyt nh chuyn giao , v iu khin cng sut
vng bn ngoi. Cc hot ng ny c thc thi trong SNRC. SRNC cng c th l
CRNC ca mt s Nt B s dng bi my di ng cho kt ni vi UTRAN. Mt UE
kt ni vi UTRAN th ch c duy nht mt SRNC.
B RNC tri ( DRNC): DRNC c th l bt c RNC no ngoi SRNC, n iu
khin cc cell s dng bi my di ng. Nu cn thit, DRNC c th thc hin kt
hp hay chia nh phn tp macro. DRNC khng thc hin x l d liu ngi s
dng lp 2, nhng nh tuyn mt cch trong sut d liu gia giao din Iub v
Iur, ngoi tr khi UE ang s dng mt knh chuyn vn dng chung. Mt UE c
th khng c, c mt hoc c nhiu DRNC.
Ch rng mt RNC mc vt l bao gm ton b cc chc nng CRNC,
SRNC v DRNC.
b. Nt B (Trm gc)
Chc nng chnh ca Nt B l thc hin x l lp 1 giao din v tuyn
(ghp xen v m ho knh, thch ng tc , tri ph .v.v.). N cng thc hin mt s
34
hot ng Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn nh l iu khin cng sut vng bn trong.

V mt logic n tng thch vi Trm gc GSM.
2.4 Cc dch v v ng dng UMTS.
2.4.1. Gii thiu.
c im mi ni bt ca UMTS l tc bit ngi s dng cao hn: c th
t c tc ca kt ni chuyn mch knh 384kbps, kt ni chuyn mch gi ln
ti 2Mbps. Tc bit d liu cao hn cung cp cc dch v mi nh in thoi hnh,
v ti d liu nhanh hn.
So vi GSM v cc mng di ng ang tn ti, UMTS cung cp cc c tnh
mi v quan trng, l n cho php tho thun cc c tnh ca mt b mang v
tuyn. Cc thuc tnh nh ngha c trng ca chuyn vn bao gm: thng lng, tr
truyn, v t s li d liu. L mt h thng hon ho, UMTS phi h tr rt nhiu
cc dch v c cc yu cu cht lng dch v (QoS) khc nhau. Hin ti, ta cng
khng d on c ht cc c im v cch s dng ca rt nhiu cc dch v v
cng kh c th ti u cc dch v UMTS thnh ch mt tp hp cc ng dng. Cho
nn cc b mang UMTS phi c c im chung, h tr cc ng dng ang tn ti
ng thi thun tin cho vic cho vic pht trin cc ng dng mi. Ngy nay khi m
hu ht cc dch v vin thng u l cc ng dng Internet hoc N-ISDN, th r rng
cc ng dng v cc dch v ny ch yu l gi cc th tc iu khin cc b mang.
Phn ny khng nghin cu su v cc b mang, m s cp n cc lp dch v ca
UMTS.
2.4.2. Cc lp QoS UMTS.
Cc ng dng v dch v UMTS c chia thnh cc nhm khc nhau. Ging
nh cc giao thc chuyn mch gi mi, UMTS c gng p ng cc yu cu QoS t
cc ng dng hoc ngi s dng. Trong UMTS, c 4 lp lu lng c xc nh:
- Lp hi thoi (conversational).
- Lp lung (streaming).
- Lp tng tc (interactive).
- Cc lp nn (background).
Cc yu t phn bit gia cc lp l s nhy cm vi tr ca lu lng cc lp.
Lp hi thoi dnh cho lu lng nhy cm vi tr nht, trong khi lu lng lp nn
t nhy cm vi tr nht.
2.4.2.1 Lp hi thoi.
35
ng dng c bit n nhiu nht ca lp ny l dch v thoi trn b mang

chuyn mch knh. Kt hp vi Internet v multimedia c cc ng dng mi nh:
thoi qua giao thc Internet ( Voice Over IP), v in thoi hnh (Video Telephony).
Cc dch v ny c thc hin l cc cuc hi thoi thi gian thc c c im sau:
tr gia cc u cui thp (c xc nh bng cc th nghim ph hp vi kh nng
cm nhn m thanh v hnh nh ca con ngi, nh hn 400ms), lu lng l i
xng hoc gn nh i xng.
Dch v thoi a tc thch nghi (AMR).
UMTS s dng b m ho v gii m thoi theo cng ngh a tc thch nghi
AMR. B m ho thoi AMR c cc c im sau:
-
L mt b m ho/gii m thoi tch hp n vi 8 tc ngun: 12.2 (GSM-E
FR), 10.2, 7.95, 7.40(IS-641), 5.90, 5.15 v 4.75 kbps.
B m ho AMR hot ng vi khung thoi 20ms tng ng vi 160 mu vi

tn s ly mu l 8000 mu/s. S m ho cho ch m ho a tc c gi
l B m ho d on tuyn tnh c kch thch bi m i s (ACELP).
Tc bit AMR c th iu khin bi mng truy nhp v tuyn tu thuc vo
ti trn giao din v tuyn v cht lng ca kt ni thoi. Khi ti mng mc cao ,
c bit l trong gi bn, c th s dng tc bit AMR thp hn yu cu dung
lng cao hn trong khi cht lng thoi gim i rt t. Cng tng t , khi MS
chy ra ngoi vng ph sng ca cell v ang s dng s dng cng sut pht ln
nht ca n, th s dng tc bit AMR thp hn m rng vng ph ca cell.
Vi b m ho thoi AMR c th t c s iu ho gia dung lng vng ph
ca mng v cht lng ca thoi tu theo cc yu cu ca nh iu hnh.
in thoi hnh.
Dch v ny c yu cu tr tng t nh dch v thoi. Nhng do c im ca
nn video, yu cu BER nghim ngt hn thoi. UMTS ch ra cc c tnh trong
ITU-T Rec. H.324M s dng cho in thoi hnh trong cc kt ni chuyn mch knh
v giao thc khi to phin (SIP) h tr cc ng dng a phng tin IP bao gm
dch v in thoi hnh.
2.4.2.2 Lp lung.
Lung a phng tin l mt k thut chuyn d liu nh d liu c c
x l nh l mt lung lin tc v u n. Nh c cng ngh streaming, ngi s
36
dng c th truy cp nhanh ti nhanh chng cc file a phng tin cc trnh duyt
c th bt u hin th d liu trc khi ton b file c truyn ht.
Cc ng dng streaming thng rt khng i xng, cho nn phi chu nhiu
tr hn l cc dch v hi thoi i xng. iu ny c ngha l chng phi chu nhiu
jitter hn trong truyn dn.
Cc ng dng c chia thnh 2 phm vi mc ch khc nhau: Qung b web,
lung hnh nh theo yu cu. Cc nh cung cp dch v qung web thng hng
mc tiu n ng o khch hng m c kt ni vi mt my ch phng tin
truyn c ti u ha hiu sut thng qua Internet. Cc dch v lung video theo yu
cu thng s dng cho cc cng ty ln mong mun lu tr cc video clip hoc cc
biging vo mt my ch c kt ni vi mt mng intranet ni b bng thng cao
hn.
2.4.2.3 Lp tng tc.
Khi ngi s dng u cui online yu cu d liu t cc thit b t xa (my
ch), th lp tng tc c s dng. Lu lng tng tc l mt m hnh giao tip
d liu khc m c c trng bi mu p ng yu cu ca ngi s dng u
cui, thi gian tr round-trip, v tnh trong sut khi vn chuyn (vi tc li bit
thp). Mt ng dng quan trng ca lp ny l Computer game s dng cng ngh
J2ME.
2.4.2.4 Lp nn.
Lu lng d liu ca cc ng dng nh l Email, dch v nhn tin ngn SMS,
dch v nhn tin a phng tin MMS (MMS l mt s m rng hon ho ca SMS)
ti v c s d liu, nhn cc bn ghi o c c th s dng lp nn v cc ng dng
ny khng i hi cc hnh ng tc th. Lu lng nn c cc c im sau: im
ch khng mong ch d liu trong mt thi gian nht nh, cho nn t nhiu khng
nhy cm vi thi gian phn pht d liu; ni dung cc gi khng nht thit phi
chuyn mt cch hon ton trong sut; d liu bn thu khng c li.
Ngoi ra, trong WCDMA cn c cc dch v v ng dng da vo v tr: Dch
v nh v da vo vng ph sng ca cell; s khc nhau v thi gian quan st; cc
dch v c h tr ca h thng nh v ton cu (GPS).
2.4.3. Kh nng h tr dch v ca cc lp u cui.
Trong WCDMA, cc thit b u cui phi thng bo trn kt ni thit lp
cho mng mt tp hp cc thng s cho bit tnh tng thch ca phn truy nhp v
tuyn vi cc thit b u cui c bit. Kh nng c th l tc d liu ngi s
37
dng ln nht m cu hnh v tuyn h tr mt cch c lp trn c ng ln v

ng xung. 3GPP ch ra kh nng truy nhp v tuyn ca thit b u cui, mt
s tham kho sau y c 3GPP chun ho cho Release99 nh sau:
Lp 32 kbps : Lp ny cung cp cc dch v thoi c bn, bao gm thoi AMR, v
d liu tc hn ch ln ti 32 kbps.
Lp 64 kbps: Lp ny cung cp dch v thoi v s liu bao gm c d liu v thoi
AMR ng thi.
Lp 128 kbps: Lp ny c kh nng trn giao din v tuyn cung cp cc dch v
chng hn nh in thoi hnh v cc dch v d liu khc nhau.
Lp 384 kbps: Lp ny l lp tng cng cho lp 128 kbps v c chc nng a m
vi mc ch h tr cc phng thc d liu gi tin tin.
Lp 768 kbps: c nh ngha l mt bc trung gian gia lp 384 kbps v lp 2
Mbps.
Lp 2 Mbps: Lp ny l tng cao nht ca lp cht lng d liu cao, ch c nh
ngha cho ng xung.
Cc lp c xc nh theo quy lut cc lp cao hn c tt c cc kh nng ca
lp thp hn. Trong WCDMA Release 5 a ra kh nng Truy cp d liu gi ng
xung tc cao HSDPA, kh nng tc ca thit b u cui c th ln ti
10Mbps.
2.4. Tng kt v cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn WCDMA trong h thng UMTS
WCDMA l cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo m bng rng s dng cho
phn giao din v tuyn cho h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 UMTS. Cc thng s
ni bt c trng cho WCDMA nh sau:
WCDMA l h thng a truy nhp phn chia theo m tri ph dy trc tip bng
rng DS-CDMA, ngha l cc bit thng tin c tri ra trong mt bng tn rng bng
cch nhn d liu ngi dng vi cc bit gi ngu nhin (gi l chip), cc bit ny xut
pht t cc m tri ph CDMA. h tr tc bit cao (ln ti 2Mbps), cn s dng
cc kt ni a m v h s tri ph khc nhau.
WCDMA c tc chip l 3.84 Mcps dn n bng thng ca sng mang xp x
5MHz, nn c gi l h thng bng rng. Cn cc h thng DS-CDMA vi bng
tn khong 1 MHz nh IS-95, thng c gi l h thng CDMA bng hp. Bng
thng rng ca sng mang WCDMA h tr cc tc d liu cao ca ngi dng v
em li nhng li ch hiu sut xc nh, nh l tng kh nng phn tp a ng. Cc
nh vn hnh mng c th s dng nhiu sng mang 5MHz tng dung lng, c th
38
bng cch s dng cc lp t bo phn cp. Khong cch gia cc sng mang thc t
c th c chn l li 200KHz trong khong 4.4 5Mhz tu thuc vo nhiu gia
c
c sng mang.
WCDMA h tr tt cc tc d liu ngi dng khc nhau hay ni cch khc l
h tr tt c tnh bng thng theo yu cu (BoD). Mi ngi s dng c cp cc
khung c rng 10ms, trong khi tc ngi s dng c gi khng i. Tuy
nhin dung lng ngi s dng c th thay i gia cc khung. Vic cp pht nhanh
dung lng v tuyn thng thng s c iu khin bi mng t c thng
lng ti u cho cc dch v d liu gi.
WCDMA h tr m hnh hot ng c bn: Ch song cng phn chia theo tn
s FDD v song cng phn chia theo thi gian TDD (Time Division Duplex). Trong
ch FDD, cc tn s sng mang 5MHz khc nhau s c s dng cho ng ln
v ng xung, trong khi ch TDD, ch c 1 sng mang 5MHz c s dng
bng cch chia s min thi gian cho cc ng ln v ng xung.
WCDMA h tr hot ng ca cc trm gc d b, khc vi h thng ng b IS95, nn khng cn chun thi gian ton cu ,nh l GPS, Vic trin khai cc trm gc
micro v trm gc indoor s d dng hn khi nhn tn hiu m khng cn GPS.
WCDMA p dng k thut tch sng kt hp trn c ng ln v ng xung
da vo vic s dng knh hoa tiu. Mc d c s dng trn ng xung IS-95,
nhng vic s dng tch sng kt hp trn ng ln trong h thng WCDMA l mi,
c kh nng tng tng th dung lng v vng ph sng ca ng ln.
Giao din v tuyn WCDMA c xy dng mt cch kho lo theo cch ca cc
b thu CDMA tin tin, nh l kh nng tch sng nhiu ngi dng v cc anten
thch ng thng minh, c th c trin khai bi cc nh iu khin mng nh l mt
h thng c chn la tng dung lng v vng ph sng. Trong hu ht cc h
thng th h 2, khng c cc iu khon cho cc khi nim b thu ny, c ngha l
chng khng c kh nng ng dng hoc khng th p dng mt cch bt buc vi
vic tng hiu sut mt cch hn ch.
WCDMA c thit k giao tip vi GSM. V th, s chuyn giao gia GSM
v WCDMA c h tr ci tin vng ph sng ca GSM bng cch s dng
WCDMA.
Bng 2- Tm tt cc thng s chnh ca WCDMA
Phng thc a truy nhp
Phng thc song cng
Vic ng b trm gc
DS-CDMA
FDD/TDD
Hot ng khng ng b
39
Tc chip
Chiu di khung
Ghp cc dch v
3,84Mcps
10ms
Nhiu dch v vi yu cu cht lng khc nhau
c ghp xen trn mt kt ni
Khi nim a tc
H tr tc tri ph khc nhau v a m
Tch sng
Tch sng kt hp s dng i din knh pilot
hoc knh pilot chung
Tch sng nhiu ngi s dng, c h tr bi cc chun, tu chn trong qu
cc Anten thng minh
trnh thc thi
S khc nhau gia WCDMA v cdma2000 (hay cn gi l cdmaOne bng

rng) c th ch ra trong mt s cc c im c trnh by trong bng 2-3.
Bng 2- Cc im khc nhau c bn ca W-CDMA v cdma2000
Thng s
cdma2000
ETSI W-CDMA
Phng thc truy nhp
UL: DS-CDMA
DL:Multicarrier/DS-CDMA
Bi s ca 1.2288
800Hz (Tc cao hn ang
c nghin cu)
Cc knh Fund/Supp c
ghp theo m
Knh pilot chung duy tr + knh
pilot ph
Knh m n vi cc m Walsh
bin i
UL&RL: DS-CDMA
S kt hp ca m di v m
ngn tng t nh CDMA 2G
Cc m ngn da vo cc
chui m trc giao lp. M
di trn c s cc m Gold.
Knh pilot c ghp theo
thi gian
Khng ng b
Tc chip (Mcps)
Tc iu khin cng
sut
Cu trc knh ng
xung
Cu trc knh ng ln
h tr cc dch v d
liu tc cao HSD.
Tri ph ng ln
Knh Pilot ng ln
Knh pilot c ghp theo m
S ng b trm gc
ng b (cn c GPS)
* Ch :
Bi s ca 1.024
1600Hz
Cc knh c ghp theo
thi gian.
Knh pilot c ghp theo
thi gian
Cc knh a m
UL: Uplink- ng ln, DL: Downlink- ng xung
40
Chng 3- iu khin cng sut v chuyn giao trong qun l ti nguyn v tuyn
Chng 3. IU KHIN CNG SUT V CHUYN

GIAO TRONG QUN L TI NGUYN V TUYN.
3.1 Gii thiu chung qun l ti nguyn v tuyn trong h thngWCDMA.
3.1.1 Mc ch chung ca qun l ti nguyn v tuyn
Vic qun l ti nguyn v tuyn (RRM) trong mng di ng 3G c nhim v ci
thin vic s dng ngun ti nguyn v tuyn. Cc mc ch ca cng vic qun l ti
nguyn v tuyn RRM c th tm tt nh sau :
m bo QoS cho cc dch v khc nhau.
Duy tr vng ph sng c hoch nh.
Ti u dung lng h thng.
Trong cc mng 3G, vic phn b ti nguyn v nh c qu ti ca mng
khng cn kh thi na do cc nhu cu khng d on trc v cc yu cu khc nhau
ca cc dch v khc nhau. V th, qun l ti nguyn bao gm 2 phn : t cu hnh
v t li cu hnh ti nguyn v tuyn.
Vic t cu hnh ti nguyn v tuyn c nhim v phn pht ngun ti
nguyn mt cch hp l cho cc yu cu mi ang a n h thng cho mng

khng b qu ti v duy tr tnh n nh. Tuy nhin, nghn c th xut hin trong
mng 3G v s di chuyn ca ngi s dng.
Vic t li cu hnh c nhim v cp pht li ngun ti nguyn trong phm
vi ca mng khi hin tng nghn bt u xut hin. Chc nng ny c nhim v
a h thng b qu ti tr v lu lng ti mc tiu mt cch nhanh chng v c
th iu khin c.
3.1.2.
Cc chc nng ca qun l ti nguyn v tuyn RRM.
Qun l ngun ti nguyn v tuyn c th chia thnh cc chc nng : iu khin

cng sut, chuyn giao, iu khin thu nhn, iu khin ti v lp lch cho gi tin.
Hnh 3-1 ch ra cc v tr in hnh ca cc chc nng RRM trong phm vi ca
mt mng WCDMA.
41
Hnh 3- Cc v tr in hnh ca cc chc nng RRM trong mng WCDMA
a. iu khin cng sut.

iu khin cng sut l mt cng vic quan trng trong tt c cc h thng di
ng v vn tui th ca pin v cc l do an ton, nhng trong cc h thng
CDMA, iu khin cng sut l cn thit bi v c im gii hn nhiu ca CDMA.
Trong cc h thng GSM, ch p dng iu khin cng sut chm (tn s xp x
2Hz). Trong IS-95, iu khin cng sut nhanh vi tn s 800Khz c h tr
ng ln, nhng trn ng xung, mt vng iu khin cng sut tng i chm
(xp x 50Hz) iu khin cng sut truyn. Trong WCDMA, iu khin cng sut
nhanh vi tn s 1,5KHz c s dng trn c ng ln v ng xung. iu khin
cng sut nhanh khp kn l mt vn quan trng ca h thng WCDMA.
b. iu khin chuyn giao.
Chuyn giao l mt phn quan trng ca h thng thng ti di ng t bo. S di
chuyn gy ra s bin i cht lng lin kt v cc mc nhiu trong cc h thng t
bo, yu cu khi mt ngi s dng c th thay i trm gc phc v n. S thay i
ny c gi l chuyn giao.
c. iu khin thu np.
Nu ti giao din v tuyn c cho php tng ln mt cch lin tc, vng ph
sng ca cell b gim i di gi tr hoch nh (gi l cell breathing), v QoS
ca cc kt ni ang tn ti khng th m bo. Nguyn nhn ca hiu ng cell
breathing l v c im gii hn nhiu ca cc h thng CDMA. V th, trc khi
thu nhn mt kt ni mi, iu khin thu np cn kim tra xem vic nhn kt ni mi
s khng nh hng n vng ph sng hoc QoS ca cc kt ni ang hot ng.
iu khin thu np chp nhn hay t chi yu cu thit lp mt b mang truy nhp v
42
tuyn trong mng truy nhp v tuyn. Chc nng iu khin thu np c t trong b
iu khin mng v tuyn RNC, ni m lu gi thng tin v ti ca mt s cell.
Thut ton iu khin thu np tnh ton vic ti tng ln m do s thit lp thm
vt mang s gy ra trong mng truy nhp v tuyn. Vic tnh ton ti c p dng
cho c ng ln v ng xung. B mang yu cu c th c chp nhn ch khi
iu khin thu np trong c 2 chiu chp nhn, nu khng th n b t chi bi v
nhiu qu mc c th tng thm trong mng.
Nhn chung cc chin lc iu khin thu np c th chia thnh hai loi: chin
lc iu khin thu np da vo cng sut bng rng v chin lc iu khin thu np
da vo thng lng.
Ngi s dng mi khng c chp nhn nu mc nhiu tng th mi to ra
cao hn gi tr mc ngng Ithreshold:
+ T chi
Itotal-old + I > Ithreshold
(3.1)
+ Chp nhn : Itotal-old + I < Ithreshold

Gi tr ngng ging vi tng nhiu ng ln ln nht v c th c thit
lp bi vic quy hoch mng v tuyn.
Hnh 3- ng cong ti
Trong chin lc iu khin thu np da vo thng lng, ngi s dng mi

khng c thu nhn truy nhp vo mng v tuyn nu ton b ti mi gy ra cao hn
gi tr ngng:
+T chi
: total-old + I > threshold
+Chp nhn : total-old + I < threshold
(3.2)
43
Ch rng vic iu khin thu np c p dng mt cch tch bit trn c

ng ln v ng xung, v mi hng c th s dng cc chin lc iu khin
thu np khc nhau.
d. iu khin ti (iu khin nghn).
Mt cng c quan trng ca chc nng qun l ngun ti nguyn v tuyn l
m bo cho h thng khng b qu ti v duy tr tnh n nh. Nu h thng c quy
hoch mt cch hp l, v cng vic iu khin thu np hot ng tt, cc tnh hung
qu ti s b loi tr. Tuy nhin, trong mng di ng, s qu ti mt ni no l
khng th trnh khi v cc ti nguyn v tuyn c n nh trc trong mng. Khi
qu ti c x l bi iu khin ti, hay cn gi l iu khin nghn, hot ng iu
khin ny s tr li cho h thng ti mc tiu, c vch ra trong qu trnh quy hoch
mng mt cch nhanh chng v c kh nng iu khin c. Cc hot ng iu
khin ti lm gim hay cn bng ti c lit k nh sau:
T chi cc lnh cng sut ti trn ng xung nhn t MS.
Gim ch tiu Eb/I0 ng ln s dng bi iu khin cng sut nhanh ng ln.
Thay i kch c ca min chuyn giao mm phc v nhiu ngi s dng hn.
Chuyn giao ti sng mang WCDMA khc (mng UMTS khc hay mng GSM).
Gim thng lng ca lu lng d liu gi (cc d liu phi thi gian thc).
Ngt cc cuc gi trn mt ng iu khin.
Hai hot ng u tin l cc hot ng nhanh c thc hin bn trong BS. Cc
hot ng ny c th din ra trong mt khe thi gian, ngha l vi mt tn s 1,5KHz,
cung cp mt quyn u tin cho cc dch v khc nhau. Hot ng th 3 thay i kch
c ca min chuyn giao mm c mt li ch c bit i vi mng gii hn ng
xung.
Cc phng php iu khin ti khc th chm hn. Chuyn giao bn trong bng
tn v chuyn giao bn trong h thng c th khc phc c hin tng qu ti bng
cch cn bng ti. Hot ng cui cng l ngt cc ngi s dng dch v thi gian
thc (nh l thoi hay d liu chuyn mch knh) gim ti. Hot ng ny ch
c s dng ch khi ti ca ton b mng vn rt ln thm ch sau khi cc hot ng
iu khin ti khc va c tc dng gim qu ti. Giao din v tuyn WCDMA v
yu cu tng ca lu lng phi thi gian thc trong mng 3G em li nhiu s la
chn cc hot ng kh thi iu khin tnh hung qu ti, v v th nhu cu ct
nhng ngi s dng dch v thi gian thc gim qu ti rt him xy ra.
44
3.2 iu khin cng sut

3.2.1 Gii thiu chung
Mc tiu ca vic s dng iu khin cng sut l khc nhau trn ng ln v
ng xung. Cc mc tiu ca iu khin cng sut c th tm tt nh sau :
Khc phc hiu ng gn-xa trn ng ln.
Ti u dung lng h thng bng vic iu khin nhiu.
Lm tng ti a tui th pin ca u cui di ng.
Hnh 3-3 ch ra hiu ng gn-xa trn ng ln. Tn hiu t cc MS khc nhau
c truyn i trong cng bng tn mt cch ng thi trong cc h thng WCDMA.
Khng c iu khin cng sut, tn hiu n t MS gn vi BS nht c th chn cc
tn hiu t cc MS khc cch xa BS hn. Trong tnh hung xu nht, mt MS c cng
sut qu ln c th chn ton b mt cell. Gii php l phi p dng iu khin cng
sut m bo rng cc tn hiu n t cc u cui khc nhau c cng cng sut
hay c cng t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SIR) khi chng n BS.
Hnh 3- Hiu ng gn-xa (iu khin cng sut trn ng ln)
Trn ng xung, khng c hiu ng gn-xa do m hnh mt-ti-nhiu. iu

khin cng sut c nhim v b nhiu bn trong cell gy ra bi cc trm di ng, c
bit l nhiu gn bin gii ca ca cc cell ny (c ch ra trong hnh 3-4). Hn th
na, iu khin cng sut trn ng xung c nhim v lm gim thiu ton b
nhiu bng cch gi QoS ti mc gi tr mc tiu.
45
Hnh 3- B nhiu bn trong cell (iu khin cng sut ng xung)
Trong hnh 3-4, MS2 phi chu nhiu nhiu bn trong cell hn MS1. V th
p ng mc tiu cht lng ging nhau, cn nhiu nng lng cp pht cho cho cc
knh ng xung gia BS v MS2.
C 3 kiu iu khin cng sut trong cc h thng WCDMA : iu khin cng
sut vng m, iu khin cng sut vng kn, v iu khin cng sut vng bn ngoi.
a) iu khin cng sut vng m (Open-loop power control)
iu khin cng sut vng m c s dng trong UMTS FDD cho vic thit
lp nng lng ban u cho MS. Trm di ng s tnh ton suy hao ng truyn gia
cc trm gc v trm di ng bng cch o cng tn hiu nhn s dng mch iu
khin tng ch t ng (AGC). Tu theo s tnh ton suy hao ng truyn ny,
trm di ng c th quyt nh cng sut pht ng ln ca n. iu khin cng sut
vng m c nh hng trong h thng TDD bi v ng ln v ng xung l
tng h, nhng khng nh hng nhiu trong cc h thng FDD bi v cc knh
ng ln v ng xung hot ng trn cc bng tn khc nhau v hin tng
Phadinh Rayleigh trn ng ln v ng xung c lp nhau. Vy iu khin cng
sut vng m ch c th b mt cch i khi suy hao do khong cch. l l do ti
sao iu khin cng sut vng m ch c s dng nh l vic thit lp nng lng
ban u trong h thng FDD.
b) iu khin cng sut vng kn.
iu khin cng sut vng khp kn, c gi l iu khin cng sut nhanh
trong cc h thng WCDMA, c nhim v iu khin cng sut pht ca MS (ng
ln), hay l cng sut ca trm gc (ng xung) chng li phadinh ca cc knh
v tuyn v t c ch tiu t s tn hiu trn nhiu SIR c thit lp bi vng bn
ngoi. Chng hn nh trn ng ln, trm gc so snh SIR nhn c t MS vi SIR
mc tiu trong mi khe thi gian (0,666ms). Nu SIR nhn c ln hn mc tiu, BS
s truyn mt lnh TPC 0 n MS thng qua knh iu khin ring ng xung.
Nu SIR nhn c thp hn mc tiu, BS s truyn mt lnh TPC 1 n MS. Bi
46
v tn s ca iu khin cng sut vng kn rt nhanh nn c th b c phadinh

nhanh v c phadinh chm.
c) iu khin cng sut vng bn ngoi
iu khin cng sut vng bn ngoi cn thit gi cht lng truyn thng ti
cc mc yu cu bng cch thit lp mc tiu cho iu khin cng sut vng kn
nhanh. Mc ch ca n l cung cp cht lng yu cu. Tn s ca iu khin cng
sut vng bn ngoi thng l 10-100Hz.
iu khin cng sut vng bn ngoi so snh cht lng nhn c vi cht
lng yu cu. Thng thng, cht lng c nh ngha l t li bit mc tiu xc
nh (BER) hay T s li khung (FER). Mi quan h gia SIR mc tiu v mc tiu
cht lng tu thuc vo tc di ng v hin trng a ng. Nu cht lng nhn
tt hn, c ngha l mc tiu SIR cao m bo QoS yu cu. gim thiu
khong trng, mc tiu SIR s phi gim. Tuy nhin, nu cht lng nhn xu hn
cht lng yu cu, mc tiu SIR phi tng ln m bo QoS yu cu.
3.2.2 iu khin cng sut nhanh
3.2.2.1 li ca iu khin cng sut nhanh
iu khin cng sut nhanh trong WCDMA em li nhiu li ch cho h thng.
Chng hn i vi dch v m phng c tc 8kbps vi BLER=1% v ghp xen
10ms. S m phng c to ra trong trng hp c hoc khng c iu khin cng
sut nhanh vi bc cng sut l 1dB. iu khin cng sut chm c ngha l cng
sut trung bnh c gi ti mc mong mun v iu khin cng sut chm hon ton
c th b cho nh hng ca suy hao ng truyn v suy hao do cc vt chn, trong
khi iu khin cng sut nhanh c th b c cho phadinh nhanh. Phn tp thu
hai nhnh c s dng trong Nt B. ITU Vehicular A l mt knh 5 nhnh trong
WCDMA, v ITU Pedestrian A l mt knh 2 nhnh trong nhnh th hai rt yu.
T s Eb/N0 , v cng sut truyn trung bnh yu cu trong trng hp khng c v c
iu khin cng sut nhanh c trnh by trong bng 3.1 v bng 3.2
Bng 3- Gi tr Eb/N0 yu cu trong trng hp c v khng c iu khin cng sut nhanh
ITU PedestrianA 3km/h

ITU Vehicular A 3km/h
ITU VehicularA 50km/h
iu khin
cng sut chm
11.3dB
8.5dB
7.3dB
iu khin cng sut

nhanh tn s 1.5KHz
5.5dB
6.7dB
6.8dB
li ca iu khin
cng sut nhanh
5.8dB
1.8dB
0.5dB
Bng 3- Cng sut pht tng i yu cu trong trng hp c v khng c iu khin cng
sut nhanh
47
ITU PedestrianA 3km/h

ITU Vehicular A 3km/h
ITU VehicularA 50km/h
iu khin
cng sut chm
11.3dB
8.5dB
7.6dB
iu khin cng sut

nhanh tn s 1.5KHz
7.7dB
7.5dB
6.8dB
li ca iu khin
cng sut nhanh
3.6dB
1.0dB
0.8dB
Trong 2 bng trn ta thy r li m iu khin cng sut nhanh em li nh sau:

li ca cc UE tc thp ln hn cc UE tc cao.
li theo t s Eb/I0 yu cu ln hn li cng sut truyn dn.
Trong 2 bng, li m ti tc 50km/h c ngha l iu khin cng sut chm
l tng s em li hiu sut tt hn so vi iu khin cng sut nhanh thc t.
li m do vic tnh ton SIR khng chnh xc, cc li bo hiu iu khin cng sut,
v tr trong vng iu khin cng sut.
li t iu khin cng sut nhanh trong bng 3-6 c th c s dng tnh
ton d tr phadinh nhanh yu cu trong qu ng truyn. d tr phadinh
nhanh cn thit cho cng sut pht ca UE duy tr iu khin cng sut nhanh vng
kn thch hp. Kch thc cell ln nht c th t c khi UE ang pht vi lng
cng sut khng i ngha l khng c li ca iu khin cng sut nhanh. Gi tr
thng thng cho d tr phadinh nhanh cho cc tc di ng thp t 2 n 5dB.
3.2.2.2 Phn tp v iu khin cng sut.
Hnh 3- Cng sut pht v thu trong 2 nhnh (cng sut khong h trung bnh 0dB,- 10dB)
Knh phadinh Rayleigh ti 3km/h
Tm quan trng ca phn tp s c phn tch cng vi iu khin cng sut

nhanh. Vi cc UE tc thp, iu khin cng sut nhanh c th b c phadinh
ca knh v gi cho mc cng sut thu khng i. Cc nguyn nhn chnh ca cc li
trong cng sut thu l do vic tnh ton SIR khng chnh xc, cc li bo hiu v tr
48
trong vng iu khin cng sut. Vic b phadinh gy ra suy gim cng sut truyn
dn. Cng sut thu v cng sut pht l hm ca thi gian, hnh 3-5, 3-6 ti tc ca
UE l 3km/h. Trong hnh 3-5 l trng hp c t phn tp, hnh 3-6 m phng trng
hp phn tp nhiu. S bin i cng sut pht trong trng hp hnh 3-5 cao hn
trong trng hp 3-6 do s khc nhau v s lng phn tp. Cc trng hp phn tp
nh: phn tp a ng, phn tp anten thu, phn tp anten pht hay phn tp v m.
Vi s phn tp t hn th s bin ng ln hn trong cng sut pht, nhng cng
sut pht trung bnh cng cao hn. Mc tng cng sut l c nh ngha l t s
gia cng sut truyn dn trung bnh trn knh phadinh v trn knh khng c
phadinh khi mc cng sut thu ging nhau trn c 2 knh c phadinh v khng c
phadinh. Mc tng cng sut c m t trong hnh 3-7
Hnh 3- Cng sut pht v thu trn 3 nhnh (cng sut khong h nh nhau)
Knh phadinh Rayleigh ti tc 3km.
Hnh 3- Cng sut tng trong knh phadinh vi iu khin cng sut nhanh
49
Kt qu mc lin kt cho s tng cng sut ng ln th hin trong bng 3.3.

S m phng c thc hin ti cc mc UE khc nhau trn knh ITU pedestrian 2
ng vi cng sut thnh phn a ng t 0 n -12.5dB. Trong s m phng ny
cng sut pht v cng sut thu c tp hp trong tng khe. Vi iu khin cng sut
l tng, mc tng cng sut l 2,3dB. iu chng t iu khin cng sut nhanh
hot ng c hiu qu trong vic b nng lng cho phadinh. Vi cc UE tc cao
(>100km/h), mc tng cng sut rt nh do iu khin cng sut nhanh khng th b
c phadinh.
Mc tng cng sut rt quan trng i vi hiu sut ca cc h thng
WCDMA. Trn ng xung, dung lng giao din v tuyn c xc nh trc tip
bi cng sut pht yu cu, do cng sut xc nh nhiu truyn. V th, lm tng
ti a dung lng ng xung, cng sut pht cn cho mt lin kt phi c gim
nh. Trn ng xung, mc cng sut thu trong UE khng nh hng n dung
lng. Trn ng ln, cng sut pht xc nh tng nhiu n cc cell ln cn, v
cng sut thu xc nh tng nhiu n cc UE khc trong cng mt cell. Chng hn
nh ch c mt cell WCDMA trong mt vng, dung lng ng ln ca cell ny s
c tng ti a bng cch gim ti thiu cng sut thu yu cu, v mc tng cng
sut s khng nh hng n dung lng ng ln.
Bng 3- Cc mc tng cng sut c minh ho ca knh ITU
Pedestrian A a ng vi phn tp anten.
Tc UE
3km/h
10km/h
20km/h
50km/h
140km/h
Mc tng cng sut trung bnh

2,1dB
2,0dB
1,6dB
0,8dB
0,2dB
3.2.2.3 iu khin cng sut trong chuyn giao mm.

iu khin cng sut trong chuyn giao mm c hai vn chnh khc nhau
trong cc trng hp lin kt n: vn tri cng sut trong Nt B trn ng xung
, v pht hin tin cy cc lnh iu khin cng sut ng ln trong UE.
a. S tri cng sut ng xung.
S tri cng sut l trng hp xy ra khi thc hin chuyn giao mm m UE gi
mt lnh n iu khin cng sut pht ng xung n tt c cc Nt B trong tp
hp tch cc. Cc Nt B s pht hin cc lnh ny mt cch c lp, bi v cc lnh
ny s khng c kt hp trong cc b iu khin mng RNC do s gy ra nhiu tr
v bo hiu trong mng. Chnh v cc li bo hiu trn giao din v tuyn, cc Nt B
s pht hin cc lnh iu khin cng sut theo cc cch khc nhau. C th mt Nt B
s lm gim cng sut pht ca n ti UE, mt Nt B khc c th li tng mc cng
50
sut pht ti UE. S khc nhau dn n tnh hung cng sut ng xung bt u
tri theo hng khc nhau. Hin tng gi l tri cng sut.
Hin tng tri cng sut l khng mong mun, bi v n lm gim hiu sut
chuyn giao ng xung. Vn ny c th c iu khin bi RNC. Phng php
n gin nht l thit lp gii hn tng i nghim ngt cho khong bin ng cng
sut ng xung. Gii hn ny cho cng sut pht c th ca cc UE. R rng
khong bin ng iu khin cng sut cho php cng nh th tri cng sut ln
nht cng nh. Mt khc khong bin i iu khin cng sut thng ci thin hiu
sut iu khin cng sut.
Hnh 3- Tri cng sut ng xung trong chuyn giao mm
51
Hnh 3- Kim tra tin cy ca iu khin cng sut ng ln ti UE trong chuyn giao
mm
Mt cch khc gim s tri cng sut. RNC c th nhn thng tin t cc Nt
B v cc mc cng sut pht ca kt ni chuyn giao mm. Cc mc ny c tnh
trung bnh trn mt s cc lnh iu khin cng sut, v d nh trong 500ms, hay trn
750 lnh iu khin cng sut. Da vo cc thng s o c ny, RNC c th gi cc
gi tr tham kho v cng sut pht ng xung ti cc Nt B. Cc Nt B ang thc
hin chuyn giao mm s dng cc gi tr tham kho ny cho vic iu khin cng
sut ng xung cho cc kt ni gim hin tng tri cng sut. Nh vy cn mt
s hiu chnh nh mang tnh nh k hng ti cng sut tham kho. Kch c hiu
chnh ny t l thun vi chnh lch gia cng sut pht thc t v cng sut pht
tham kho. Phng php ny s gim bt hin tng tri cng sut. S tri cng sut
ch xy ra nu c iu khin cng sut nhanh trn ng xung. Trong IS-95 ch c
iu khin cng sut chm trn ng xung nn khng cn phng php iu khin
s tri cng sut ng xung.
b. tin cy ca cc lnh iu khin cng sut ng ln.
Tt c cc Nt B trong tp hp tch cc gi mt lnh iu khin cng sut
c lp n cc UE iu khin cng sut pht ng ln. Ch cn mt trong cc
Nt B trong tp hp tch cc nhn ng tn hiu ng ln l . V th UE c th
gim cng sut pht nu mt trong cc Nt B gi cc lnh cng sut xung. C th p
dng s kt hp theo t s ln nht cc bit d liu trong chuyn giao mm ti UE do
d liu ging nhau c gi t tt c cc Nt B thc hin chuyn giao mm, nhng s
52
kt hp ny khng p dng cho cc bit iu khin cng sut v n cha thng tin khc
nhau i vi mi Nt B trong tp hp tch cc. V th tin cy ca cc bit iu
khin cng sut khng tt bng cc bit d liu, v ti UE, mt ngng c s dng
kim tra tin cy ca cc lnh iu khin cng sut. Cc lnh khng ng tin cy
phi c hu b v chng b hng do nhiu.
c. Ci thin cht lng bo hiu iu khin cng sut .
Cht lng bo hiu iu khin cng sut c th c ci thin bng cch thit
lp mt cng sut cao hn cho cc knh iu khin vt l ring (DPCCH) so vi mc
cng sut ca knh d liu vt l ring (DPDCH) trn ng xung nu nh UE ang
trong trng thi chuyn giao mm. chnh lch cng sut gia hai knh ny c th
khc cho cc cho cc loi knh DPCCH khc nhau nh: cc bit iu khin cng sut,
cc bit pilot v TFCI.
gim cng sut pht UE thng thng c th t c ti 0,5dB vi s
chnh lch cng sut ny. gim ny c th t c do cht lng ca bo hiu
iu khin cng sut c ci thin.
3.2.3 iu khin cng sut vng ngoi.
iu khin cng sut vng ngoi cn gi cht lng thng tin cc mc
yu cu bng vic thit lp mc tiu cho vic iu khin cng sut nhanh. Mc ch
ca iu khin cng sut vng ngoi l cung cp cht lng t yu cu. Cht lng
qu cao s tn rt nhiu dung lng. iu khin cng sut vng ngoi cn thit trn c
ng ln v ng xung. Vng ngoi ng ln c t trong RNC cn vng bn
ngoi ng xung t trong UE. Trong IS-95, iu khin cng sut vng ngoi ch s
dng trn ng ln v khng c iu khin cng sut nhanh trn ng xung.
Cht lng ng ln nhn c sau khi kt hp phn tp v m trong RNC v
SIR mc tiu c gi n cc Nt B. Tn s ca iu khin cng sut nhanh l
1,5KHz v tn s iu khin cng sut vng ngoi thng t 10-100Hz.
3.2.3.1. li ca iu khin cng sut vng ngoi.
SIR mc tiu cn phi c iu chnh khi tc ca UE hoc mi trng
truyn sng a ng thay i. SIR mc tiu chnh l E b/N0. Kt qu m phng vi
cc dch v thoi a tc thch nghi AMR v BLER=1% c ch ra trong bng 3-4
s dng iu khin cng sut vng ngoi.
Bng 3- Kt qu m phng dch v AMR , BLER= 1%, s dng iu khin cng sut
vng ngoi
Hin trng a ng
Tc UE
Mc tiu Eb/N0 trung bnh

53
Khng phadinh
ITU Pedestrian A
ITU Pedestrian A
ITU Pedestrian A
ITU Pedestrian A
Cng sut bng nhau trn
3 ng
3 ng
3 ng
3 ng
3 km/h
20 km/h
50 km/h
120 km/h
3 km/h
20 km/h
50 km/h
120 km/h
5.3dB
5.9dB
6.8dB
6.8dB
7.1dB
6.0dB
6.4dB
6.4dB
6.9dB
C 3 loi a ng c s dng: knh khng c phadinh tng ng vi phn

t LOS kho, knh phadinh ITU pedestrian A, v knh phadinh 3 ng vi cng sut
trung bnh bnh ng ca cc phn t a ng. Gi s khng c phn tp anten y.
Mc tiu Eb/N0 trung bnh thp nht cn trong cc knh khng phadinh v mc
tiu cao nht i vi knh ITU Pedestrian A vi cc UE tc cao. Kt qu ny cho
thy rng mc cng sut thay i cng sut thu cng cao, th mc tiu E b/N0 cn thit
t c cng cht lng cng cao hn. Nu ta chn mc tiu E b/N0 c nh l
5.3dB theo knh tnh, v tc li khung ca kt ni s qu cao trong cc knh
phadinh v cht lng thoi s gim i. Nu chn mc tiu E b/N0 c nh 7.1dB, th
cht lng tt nhng cng sut cao khng cn thit s c s c s dng trong
hu ht cc trng hp. Chng ta c th kt lun r rng cn iu chnh mc tiu ca
iu khin cng sut vng kn nhanh theo iu khin cng sut vng ngoi.
3.2.3.2 Tnh ton cht lng thu.
Mt s phng php o cht lng thu s c gii thiu trong phn ny.
Mt phng php n gin v ng tin cy l s dng kt qu ca vic pht hin likim tra d tha tun hon CRC pht hin c li hay khng. u im ca
CRC : l mt b pht hin li khung rt tin cy v n gin. Phng php da vo
CRC rt ph hp vi cc dch v cho php xut hin li, t nht l mt li trong vi
giy, nh l cc dch v d liu gi phi thi gian thc trong tc li block c th
ln ti 10-20% trc khi truyn li v cc dch v thoi vi BLER=1% cung cp cht
lng t yu cu. Vi cc b m/gii m thoi a tc thch nghi (AMR) khong
chn l 20ms v BLER=1% ,tng ng vi mt li trong 2 giy.
Cht lng thu c th c tnh ton da vo thng tin v tin cy ca khung
mm. Nhng thng tin c th l:
Tc li bit (BER) c tnh ton trc b m ho knh, c gi l BER th v
BER knh vt l.
Thng tin mm t b gii m Viterbi vi cc m xon.
Thng tin mm t b gii m Turbo, v d nh BER hay BLER sau s lp li gii
m trung gian.
Eb/N0 thu c.
54
Cc thng tin mm cn thit i vi cc dch v cht lng cao. BER th c

s dng nh l thng tin mm qua giao din Iub. S tnh ton cht lng c minh
ho trong hnh 3-10
Hnh 3- Tnh ton cht lng trong vng ngoi ti RNC
3.2.3.3 Thut ton iu khin cng sut vng ngoi.

Mt trong cc thut ton iu khin cng sut vng ngoi l da vo kt qu kim
tra d liu CRC v c th c c trng bi cc m gi. Thut ton ny nh sau:
IF CRC check OK
Step_down = BLER_target * Step_size;
Eb/N0_target(n+1) = Eb/N0_target(n) Step_down;
ELSE
Step_up =Step_size BLER_target * Step_size;
Eb/N0_target(n+1) = Eb/N0_target(n) + Step_up;
END
Trong : Eb/N0_target(n): Eb/N0 mc tiu trong khung n,
BLER_target l BLER mc tiu cho cuc gi,
Step_size l mt thng s kch c bc, thng bng 0.3-0.5dB.
Nu BLER ca kt ni l mt hm gim u ca Eb/N0 mc tiu, th thut ton ny

s cho kt qu l BLER bng vi BLER mc tiu nu cuc gi di. Thng s kch
c bc xc nh tc hi t ca thut ton n mc tiu mong mun v cng xc
nh tng ph gy ra bi thut ton. Theo nguyn tc, kch c bc cng cao s hi t
cng nhanh v tng ph cng cao. Hnh 3-11 a ra mt v d m t hot ng ca
thut ton vi BLER mc tiu l 1% v kch c bc l 0.5dB.
55
Hnh 3- Eb/N0 mc tiu trong knh ITU Pedestrian A, b m ho/gii m thoi AMR, BLER
mc tiu 1%, bc 0,5dB, tc 3km/h.
3.2.3.4 Cc dch v cht lng cao

Dch v cht lng cao vi BLER rt thp (<10 -3) c yu cu h tr bi cc
mng th h 3. Li trong cc dch v ny thng khng ng k. Nu BLER yu cu
= 10-3 v rng chn l 40ms, mt li xut hin trong 40s(=40/10 -3 ms). Nu cht
lng thu c tnh ton da trn cc li pht hin c bi cc bit CRC, s iu
chnh Eb/N0 mc tiu rt chm v s hi t ca Eb/N0 mc tiu n gi tr ti u rt lu.
V th, i vi cc dch v cht lng cao, thng tin tin cy khung mm em li
nhiu u im. Thng tin mm c th nhn c t mi khung d l chng khng c
li.
3.2.3.5 .Gii hn bin ng iu khin cng sut .
Ti sn ca vng hi t, UE c th t ti cng sut pht ln nht ca n.
Trong trng hp BLER thu c c th cao hn mong mun, nu chng ta p dng
trc tip thut ton vng ngoi nu, th SIR mc tiu ng ln s tng. Vic tng
SIR mc tiu khng ci thin cht lng ng ln nu nh Nt B ch gi cc lnh
tng cng sut ( power-up) ti UE. Trong trng hp hp Eb/N0 mc tiu c th cao
qu mc cn thit. Khi UE tr v gn vi Nt B hn, cht lng ca kt ni ng ln
cao qu mc cn thit trc khi vng ngoi h thp Eb/N0 mc tiu tr v gi tr ti u.
Trong v d ny, cc dch v thoi a tc thch nghi (AMR) c chn 20ms c
minh ho s dng thut ton iu khin cng sut vng ngoi nu. Trong s
dng BLER mc tiu l 1% v kch c bc l 0.5dB.Vi bin ng cng sut ln
nht, mt li phi xut hin trong 2 giy cung cp BLER l 1% vi khong ghp
chn l 20ms. Cng sut pht ln nht ca UE l 125mW, tc l 21dBm.
Vn tng t c th xut hin nu UE t ti cng sut pht nh nht. Trong
trng hp , Eb/N0 mc tiu s tr thnh thp qu mc cn thit. Cc vn ging
56
nhau c th xut hin trn ng xung nu cng sut ca kt ni ng xung ang

s dng l gi tr nh nht hay ln nht.
Cc vn vng ngoi t s bin ng iu khin cng sut c th trnh c
bng cch thit lp mt gii hn nghim ngt cho Eb/N0 mc tiu hoc bi cc thut
ton iu khin cng sut vng ngoi thng minh. Nhng thut ton s tng Eb/N0
mc tiu nu vic tng BLER khng ci thin cht lng.
3.2.3.6 a dch v.
Mt trong cc yu cu c bn ca UMTS l c th ghp mt s cc dch v trn
mt kt ni vt l n. Khi tt c cc dch v c cng mt hot ng iu khin cng
sut chung, th s c duy nht mc tiu chung cho iu khin cng sut nhanh. Thng
s ny phi c chn theo dch v c yu cu mc tiu cao nht. Nh vy nu vic
kt hp c cc tc khc nhau p dng trn lp 1 cung cp cc cht lng khc
nhau, th khng c s khc nhau ln gia cc mc tiu yu cu. M hnh a dch v
c ch ra trong hnh 3-12
Hnh 3- iu khin cng sut vng ngoi ng ln cho nhiu dch v trn mt kt ni vt
l
3.2.3.7. iu khin cng sut vng ngoi ng xung.

iu khin cng sut vng ngoi ng xung hot ng ti UE. Mng c th
iu khin mt cch hiu qu ngay c khi n khng iu khin thut ton vng ngoi
ng xung.
Trc ht, mng thit lp mc tiu cht lng cho mi kt ni ng xung, mc
tiu c th c hiu chnh trong khi kt ni.
57
Th hai, Nt B khng cn phi tng cng sut ng xung ca kt ni ngay

c khi UE gi knh tng cng sut (power-up). Mng c th iu khin cht lng ca
cc kt ni ng xung khc nhau rt nhanh bng cch khng tun theo cc lnh
iu khin cng sut t UE.
Phng php ny c th c s dng c th c s dng chng hn nh trong
trng hp qu ti ng xung gim cng sut ng xung ca cc kt ni c
mc u tin thp, nh l cc dch v kiu nn. Vic gim cng sut ng xung c
th din ra ti tn s ca ng ln cng sut nhanh l 1.5KHz.
3.3 Chuyn giao

3.3.1 Khi qut v chuyn giao trong cc h thng thng tin di ng.
Cc mng di ng cho php ngi s dng c th truy nhp cc dch v trong
khi di chuyn nn c thut ng t do cho cc thit b u cui. Tuy nhin tnh t
do ny gy ra mt s khng xc nh i vi cc h thng di ng. S di ng ca
cc ngi s dng u cui gy ra mt s bin i ng c trong cht lng lin kt
v mc nhiu, ngi s dng i khi cn yu cu thay i trm gc phc v. Qu
trnh ny c gi l chuyn giao .
Chuyn giao l mt phn cn thit cho vic x l s di ng ca ngi s dng
u cui. N m bo tnh lin tc ca cc dch v v tuyn khi ngi s dng di
ng di chuyn t qua ranh gii cc t bo.
Trong cc h thng t bo th h th nht nh AMPS, vic chuyn giao tng
i n gin. Sang h thng thng tin di ng th h 2 nh GSM v PACS th c
nhiu cch c bit hn bao gm cc thut ton chuyn giao c kt hp cht ch
trong cc h thng ny v tr chuyn giao tip tc c gim i. Khi a ra cng ngh
CDMA, mt tng khc c ngh ci thin qu trnh chuyn giao c gi l
chuyn giao mm.
3.3.1.1 Cc kiu chuyn giao trong cc h thng WCDMA 3G.
C 4 kiu chuyn giao trong cc mng di ng WCDMA. l:
Chuyn giao bn trong h thng (Intra-system HO): Chuyn giao bn trong h
thng xut hin trong phm vi mt h thng. N c th chia nh thnh chuyn giao
bn trong tn s (Intra-frequency HO) v chuyn giao gia cc tn s (Interfrequency HO). Chuyn giao trong tn s xut hin gia cc cell thuc cng mt
sng mang WCDMA, cn chuyn giao gia cc tn s xut hin gia cc cell hot
ng trn cc sng mang WCDMA khc nhau.
58
Chuyn giao gia cc h thng (Inter-system HO): Kiu chuyn giao ny xut
hin gia cc cell thuc v 2 cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau (RAT) hay
Cc ch truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau (RAM). Trng hp ph bin nht cho
kiu u tin dng chuyn giao gia cc h thng WCDMA v GSM/EDGE.
Chuyn giao gia 2 h thng CDMA cng thuc kiu ny. Mt v d ca chuyn
giao Inter-RAM l gia cc ch UTRA FDD v UTRA TDD.
Chuyn giao cng (HHO- Hard Handover): HHO l mt loi th tc chuyn giao
trong tt c cc lin kt v tuyn c ca mt my di ng c gii phng trc
khi cc lin kt v tuyn mi c thit lp. i vi cc dch v thi gian thc, th
iu c ngha l c mt s gin on ngn xy ra, cn i vi cc dch v phi
thi gian thc th HHO khng nh hng g. Chuyn giao cng din ra nh l
chuyn giao trong cng tn s v chuyn giao ngoi tn s.
Chuyn giao mm (SHO) v chuyn giao mm hn(Softer HO): Trong sut qu
trnh chuyn giao mm, mt my di ng ng thi giao tip vi c 2 hoc nhiu
cell ( i vi c 2 loi chuyn giao mm) thuc v cc trm gc khc nhau ca cng
mt b iu khin mng v tuyn (intra-RNC) hoc cc b iu khin mng v
tuyn khc nhau (inter-RNC). Trn ng xung (DL), my di ng nhn cc tn
hiu kt hp vi t s ln nht. Trn ng ln (UL), knh m di ng c tch
sng bi c 2 BS (i vi c 2 kiu SHO), v c nh tuyn dn b iu khin v
tuyn cho s kt hp la chn. Hai vng iu khin cng sut tch cc u tham gia
vo chuyn giao mm: mi vng cho mt BS. Trong trng hp chuyn giao mm
hn, mt my di ng c iu khin bi t nht 2 sector trong cng mt BS, RNC
khng quan tm v ch c mt vng iu khin cng sut hot ng. Chuyn giao
mm v chuyn giao mm hn ch c th xy ra trong mt tn s sng mang, do
chng l cc qu trnh chuyn giao trong cng tn s.
Hnh 3-13 ch ra cc kiu chuyn giao khc nhau.
59
Hnh 3- Cc kiu chuyn giao khc nhau
3.3.1.2 Cc mc ch ca chuyn giao.

Chuyn giao c th c khi to t 3 cch khc khc nhau: my di ng khi
xng, mng khi xng v my di ng h tr.
My di ng khi xng: My di ng tin hnh o cht lng, chn ra cc BS
v b chuyn mch tt nht, vi s h tr ca mng. Kiu chuyn giao ny nhn
chung to ra mt cht lng lin kt ngho nn c o bi my di ng.
Mng khi xng: BS tin hnh o c v bo co vi b iu khin mng RNC,
RNC s a ra quyt nh liu c thc hin chuyn giao hay khng. Chuyn giao do
mng khi xng c thc hin cho cc mc ch khc ngoi vic iu khin lin
kt v tuyn, chng hn nh iu khin phn b lu lng gia cc cell. Mt v d
ca trng hp ny l chuyn giao vi l do lu lng (TRHO) c iu khin bi
BS. TRHO l mt thut ton thay i ngng chuyn giao cho mt hay nhiu s ri i
sang cell lin k t mt cell c th tu thuc vo ti ca cell . Nu ti ca cell ny
vt qu mc cho trc, v ti cell ln cn di mt mc cho trc khc, th cell
ngun s thu hp li vng ph sng ca n, chuyn lu lng n cell ln cn. V th,
tc nghn (block) tng th b gim i, tn dng tt hn ngun ti nguyn cc cell.
H tr my di ng: Trong phng php ny c mng v my di ng u tin
hnh o c. My di ng bo co kt qu o c t cc BS gn n v mng s quyt
nh c thc hin chuyn giao hay khng.
Cc mc ch ca chuyn giao c th tm tt nh sau:
60
m bo tnh lin tc ca cc dch v v tuyn khi ngi s dng di ng di

chuyn qua ranh gii ca cc t bo.
Gi cho QoS m bo mc yu cu.
Lm gim nh mc nhiu trong ton b h thng bng cch gi cho my di ng
c kt ni vi BS tt nht.
Roaming gia cc mng khc nhau
Cn bng ti.
S khi xng cho mt qu trnh chuyn giao c th bt ngun t cht lng
dch v ca lin kt (UL hoc DL), s thay i ca dch v, s thay i tc , cc l
do lu lng hoc s can thit vn hnh v bo dng.
3.3.1.3 Cc th tc v php o c chuyn giao.
Th tc chuyn giao c th chia thnh 3 pha : o c, quyt nh, v thc thi
chuyn giao (minh ho trong hnh 3-14).
Hnh 3- Cc th tc chuyn giao
Trong pha o c chuyn giao, cc thng tin cn thit a ra quyt nh

chuyn giao c o c. Cc thng s cn o thc hin bi my thng l t s E c/I02
(Ec: l nng lng knh hoa tiu trn mt chip, v I 0 : l mt ph cng sut nhiu
tng th) ca knh hoa tiu chung (CPICH) ca cell ang phc v my di ng v
ca cc cell ln cn. i vi cc kiu chuyn giao xc nh, cn o cc thng s khc.
Trong mng khng ng b UTRA FDD (WCDMA ), cc thng s nh thi lin
quan gia cc cell cn c o iu chnh vic nh thi truyn dn trong chuyn
giao mm thc hin vic kt hp thng nht trong b thu Rake. Mt khc, s
61
truyn dn gia cc BS khc nhau s kh kt hp, c bit l hot ng iu khin

cng sut trong chuyn giao mm s phi chu nh hng ca tr b sung.
Trong pha quyt nh chuyn giao, kt qu o c so snh vi cc ngng
xc nh v sau s quyt nh c bt u chuyn giao hay khng. Cc thut ton
khc nhau c iu kin khi to chuyn giao khc nhau.
Trong pha thc thi, qu trnh chuyn giao c hon thnh v cc thng s lin
quan c thay i tu theo cc kiu chuyn giao khc nhau. Chng hn nh, trong
pha thc thi ca chuyn giao mm, my di ng s thc hin hoc ri b trng thi
chuyn giao mm, mt BS mi s c b sung hoc gii phng, tp hp cc BS ang
hot ng s c cp nht v cng sut ca mi knh lin quan n chuyn giao
mm c iu chnh.
3.3.2 Chuyn giao trong cng tn s.
3.3.2.1 Chuyn giao mm
Chuyn giao mm ch c trong cng ngh CDMA. So vi chuyn giao cng thng
thng, chuyn giao mm c mt s u im. Tuy nhin, n cng c mt s cc hn
ch v s phc tp v vic tiu th ti nguyn tng ln. Vic quy hoch chuyn giao
mm ban u l mt trong cc phn c bn ca ca vic hoch nh v ti u mng v
tuyn. Trong phn ny s trnh by nguyn l ca chuyn giao mm.
a. Nguyn l chuyn giao mm.
Chuyn giao mm khc vi qu trnh chuyn giao cng truyn thng. i vi
chuyn giao cng, mt quyt nh xc nh l c thc hin chuyn giao hay khng v
my di ng ch giao tip vi mt BS ti mt thi im. i vi chuyn giao mm,
mt quyt nh c iu kin c to ra l c thc hin chuyn giao hay khng. Tu
thuc vo s thay i cng tn hiu knh hoa tiu t hai hay nhiu trm gc c
lin quan, mt quyt nh cng cui cng s c to ra giao tip vi duy nht 1
BS. iu ny thng din ra sau khi tn hiu n t mt BS chc chn s mnh hn
cc tn hiu n t BS khc. Trong thi k chuyn tip ca chuyn giao mm, MS
giao tip ng thi vi cc BS trong tp hp tch cc (Tp hp tch cc l danh sch
cc cell hin ang c kt ni vi MS).
Hnh 3-15 ch ra s khc nhau c bn ca chuyn giao cng v chuyn giao mm.
62
Hnh 3- S so snh gia chuyn giao cng v chuyn giao mm.
Gi s rng c mt u cui di ng trong mt chic t ang chuyn ng t

cell ny sang cell khc, BS1 l trm gc phc v u tin ca MS. Trong khi di
chuyn, MS s lin tc o cng ca tn hiu hoa tiu nhn c t cc BS gn n.
Vi chuyn giao cng c ch ra trong hnh 3-15(a), vic khi xng chuyn giao
c thc hin nh sau:
If (pilot_E0/I0)2 (pilot_Ec/I0)1> D and BS1 is serving BS
Handover to BS2;
Else
Do not handover;
End.
Trong : (pilot_Ec/I0)1 v (pilot_Ec/I0)2 l Ec/I0 ca knh hoa tiu nhn t BS1 v

BS2, D l h s d tr tr.
L do a ra d tr tr trong thut ton chuyn giao cng l trnh hiu
ng ping-pong, hiu ng ny xy ra khi mt my di ng di chuyn qua li bin gii
mt cell, chuyn giao cng s xut hin. Ngoi s di ng ca MS, nh hng
phadinh ca cc knh v tuyn c th nh hng nghim trng bi hiu ng pingpong. Bngvic a ra d tr tr, hiu ng ping-pong c th c gim nh bi
v my di ng s khng thc hin chuyn giao ngay tc th n cc BS tt hn.
d tr cng ln, hiu ng ping-pong cng t nh hng. Tuy nhin khi d tr ln
th tr cng nhiu. Hn th na, my di ng cn gy ra nhiu b sung ti cc cell
ln cn do lin kt c cht lng km khi b tr. V th, vi chuyn giao cng, gi tr
ca d tr tr kh l quan trng. Khi chuyn giao xut hin, lin kt lu lng u
63
tin vi BS1 s b ngt trc khi thit lp lin kt mi vi BS 2 , cho nn chuyn giao
cng l qu trnh ct trc khi thc hin.
Trng hp chuyn giao mm c ch ra trong hnh 3-15(b), trc khi (pilot_
Ec/I0)2 vt qu (pilot_ Ec/I0)1 , min l iu kin khi xng chuyn giao mm c
p ng, MS vn chuyn sang trng thi chuyn giao mm v mt lin kt mi c
thit lp. Trc khi BS1 b ct (iu kin ngt chuyn giao c p ng), th MS s
giao tip ng thi vi c BS1 v BS2. V th, khc vi chuyn giao cng, chuyn giao
mm l qu trnh thc hin trc khi ct. Mt s cc thut ton c ngh h
tr chuyn giao mm v cc iu kin ca n c s dng trong cc thut ton khc
nhau.
Qu trnh chuyn giao mm khc nhau trn cc hng truyn dn khc nhau.
Hnh 3-16 minh ho iu ny. Trn ng ln, MS pht tn hiu vo khng trung nh
anten a hng ca n. Hai BS trong tp hp tch cc c th ng thi nhn tn hiu
nh h s s dng li tn s cc h thng CDMA. Sau , cc tn hiu c chuyn
n b iu khin mng v tuyn RNC cho s kt hp c chn la. Khung tt hn
c chn v nhng khung khc th b loi b. V th trn ng ln khng cn c
knh m rng h tr chuyn giao mm.
Trn ng xung, cc tn hiu tng t cng c pht ra nh cc BS v MS
c th kt hp cc tn hiu t cc BS khc nhau khi n pht hin thy cc tn hiu
l cc thnh phn a ng b sung. Thng th s dng chin lc kt hp c t s
ln nht, vic ny s tng thm li ch c gi l phn tp v m.Tuy nhin, h tr
chuyn giao mm trn ng xung, cn thit t nht mt knh ng xung m rng
(i vi c 2 loi chuyn giao mm). Knh ng xung m rng tc ng ti ngi
s dng khc nh l nhiu b sung trn giao din v tuyn. V th h tr chuyn
giao mm trn ng xung cn nhiu ti nguyn hn. Kt qu l, trn ng xung,
hiu sut ca chuyn giao mm ph thuc s iu chnh gia h s tng ch phn tp
v m v s tiu tn ti nguyn tng thm.
64
Hnh 3- Nguyn l ca chuyn giao mm
b. Cc thut ton ca chuyn giao mm

Hiu sut ca chuyn giao mm thng lin quan n thut ton. Hnh 3-17 a
ra thut ton chuyn giao mm ca IS-95A (cn gi l thut ton cdmaOne n gin).
Hnh 3- Thut ton chuyn giao mm IS-95A

(1) Ec/I0 pilot vt qu T_ADD, MS gi thng ip o cng pilot (PSMM) v
truyn tn hiu pilot n tp hp ng c.
(2) BS gi mt thng ip iu khin chuyn giao (HDM).
(3) MS chuyn tn hiu pilot n tp hp tch cc v gi thng ip hon thnh
chuyn giao (HCM- Handover Completion Message).
(4) Ec/I0 pilot xung di mc T_DROP, MS bt u b nh thi ngt chuyn giao.
(5) B nh thi ngt chuyn giao kt thc hot ng. MS gi mt PSMM.
(6) BS gi mt HDM.
(7) MS gi mt tn hiu pilot t tp hp tch cc n tp hp ln cn v gi HCM.
Tp hp tch cc l mt danh sch cc cell hin ang c kt ni vi MS; tp hp

ng c l danh sch cc cell hin khng c s dng trong kt ni chuyn giao mm,
nhng gi tr Ec/I0 pilot ca chng b sung vo tp hp tch cc; Tp hp ln
65
cn (tp hp gim st) l danh sch cc cell m MS lin tc kim o, nhng gi tr E c/I0 pilot ca chng khng b sung vo tp hp tch cc.
Trong IS-95A, ngng chuyn giao l mt gi tr c nh ca E c/I0 pilot nhn
c. N c th d dng thc hin, nhng kh khn trong vic x l s thay i ti
ng. Da vo thut ton ca IS-95A, mt vi thut ton cdmaOne c hiu chnh c
xut cho IS-95B v cdma2000 vi s bin i ng ch khng phi ngng c
nh.
Trong h thng WCDMA, s dng thut ton phc tp hn nhiu, c minh
ho trong hnh 3-18.
Hnh 3- Thut ton chuyn giao mm trong WCDMA

Trong :
Reporting_range l ngng cho chuyn giao mm.
Hysteresis_event1A l tr b sung
Hysteresis_event1B l tr loi b
Hysteresis_event1C l tr thay th
Reporting_range Hysteresis_event1A c gi l Window_add
Reporting_range + Hysteresis_event1B c gi l Window_drop
T : l khong thi gian khi xng.

pilot_Ec/I0 :cht lng c lc v c o Ec/I0 ca CPICH;
Best_pilot_Ec/I0 l cell c o v c cng mnh nht trong tp hp tch cc;
Best_candidate_pilot_Ec/I0 l cell c o c cng mnh nht trong tp hp
gim st.
66
Worst_candidate_pilot_Ec/I0 l cell c o c cng yu nht trong tp hp tch

cc.
Tp hp tch cc Active Set : L tp hp cc cell c kt ni chuyn giao mm vi
UE.
Tp hp ln cn/ tp hp gim st (Neighbour set/Monitored set): L danh sch cc
cell m UE lin tip o, nhng pilot_Ec/I0 khng mnh b sung vo tp hp
tch cc.
Thut ton chuyn giao mm c th c m t tm tt nh sau:

Nu pilot_Ec/I0 > Best_pilot_Ec/I0 - (Reporting_range + Hysteresis_event1A) xt
trong mt khong thi gian T v tp hp tch cc cha y, th cell c b sung
vo tp hp tch cc. Hot ng ny c gi l S kin 1A hay B sung lin kt
v tuyn.
Nu pilot_Ec/I0 < Best_pilot_Ec/I0 - (Reporting_range - Hysteresis_event1B) xt trong
khong thi gian T, th cell b loi b khi tp hp tch cc. Hot ng ny c
gi l S kin 1B hay S loi b lin kt v tuyn.
Nu tp hp tch cc y v Best_candidate_pilot_Ec/I0 >
Worst_Old_pilot_Ec/I0 + Hysteresis_event1C xt trong mt khong thi gian T, th cell
yu nht trong tp hp tch cc c thay th bi mt cell ng c kho nht trong

tp hp ng c. Hot ng ny gi l S kin 1C hoc l S kt hp b sung v
loi b lin kt v tuyn. Trong hnh 3-18, gi s kch c ln nht l 2.
Trong thut ton chuyn giao mm ca WCDMA, s dng ngng tng i
ch khng phi ngng tuyt i. So vi IS-95A, li ch ln nht ca thut ton trong
WCDMA ny s tham s ho d dng m khng cn iu chnh cc thng s cho cc
vng nhiu thp v cao do cc ngng tng i.
c. Cc c im ca chuyn giao mm.
So vi phng thc chuyn giao cng truyn thng, chuyn giao mm c nhng
u im r rng, nh loi tr hiu ng ping-pong v to ra s lin tc trong truyn
dn (khng c ngt qung trong chuyn giao mm). Khng c hiu ng ping-pong
c ngha l ti trong bo hiu mng thp hn v trong chuyn giao mm, th khng c
suy hao d liu do truyn dn b ngt nh trong chuyn giao cng.
Ngoi iu khin di ng, cn c mt l do khc thc hin chuyn giao mm
trong WCDMA; cng vi iu khin cng sut, chuyn giao mm cng c s dng
nh l mt c cu gim nhiu. Hnh 3-19 ch ra 2 m hnh. Trong hnh (a), ch s dng
iu khin cng sut, trong hnh (b) s dng c iu khin cng sut v chuyn giao
mm.
67
Hnh 3- S suy gim nhiu do c chuyn giao mm trong UL
Gi s rng MS di chuyn t BS 1 n BS2. Ti v tr hin ti tn hiu pilot nhn

c t BS2 mnh hn t BS1. iu ny c ngha l BS2 tt hn BS1.
Trong hnh (a) vng iu khin cng sut tng nng lng pht n MS m
bo QoS trn ng ln khi MS di chuyn ra xa khi BS phc v ca n, BS 1. Trong
hnh (b), MS ang trong trng thi chuyn giao mm: c BS 1 v BS2 u ng thi
lng nghe MS. Sau tn hiu nhn c chuyn n RNC kt hp. Trn ng
ln, s kt hp chn la c s dng trong chuyn giao mm. Khung khe hn c
chn la v khung yu hn b loi b. Bi v BS 2 tt hn BS1, p ng QoS mc
tiu, cng sut pht c yu cu t MS thp hn cng sut cn thit trong m hnh
(a). V th, nhiu c to ra bi MS ny trn ng ln tht hn khi c chuyn giao
mm v chuyn giao mm lun gi cho MS c kt ni vi BS tt nht. Trn ng
xung, tnh hung phc tp hn. Mc d vic kt hp theo h s ln nht em li
li phn tp macro, vn yu cu cc knh ng xung m rng h tr chuyn giao
mm.
3.3.2.2 o c chuyn giao.
Trong WCDMA, UE lin tc qut cc cell khc c cng tn s khi s dng knh
ring trong trng thi cell_DCH. UE thng s dng b lc tm ra knh ng b s
cp (P-SCH) ca cc cell ln cn. Tt c cc cell pht cng m ng b m UE ang
tm kim. UE nhn dng cc cell bng knh ng b th cp (S-SCH) v knh pilot
(CPICH). Sau th tc ng b, UE c th tin hnh o pilot_Ec/I0 v nhn dng cell.
68
Bi v cc Nt B WCDMA c th khng ng b, UE cng gii m s khung h

thng (SFN) t cc cell ln cn. SFN cho bit vic nh thi Nt B vi phn gii
khung l 10ms. SFN c pht trn knh qung b, BCH, tin hnh trn knh vt l
iu khin chung s cp, P-CCPCH.
Th tc o c chuyn giao trong cng tn s c trnh by trong hnh 3.23.
Ch :
+ S cc nh xung m UE c th thu c bng b lc kt hp ca n cng nhiu,
vic nhn dng cell WCDMA din ra cng lu. Thi gian nhn dng cell ph thuc
cc yu t sau:
S cc nhnh a ng..
S cc cell trong phm vi UE thu bt c sng.
S cc cell tm thy.
Kch c ca danh sch cc cell ln cn.
+ UE cn phi c kh nng bo co vic o c:
Trong vng 200ms i vi mt cell c nhn dng.
Trong vng 800ms i vi mt cell mi trong danh sch cell ln cn.
Trong vng 30ms vi mt cell mi ngoi danh sch cc cell ln cn.
Hnh 3- Th tc o c chuyn giao trong cng tn s.
Pha (1) Nhn dng cell

Thi gian nhn dng cell trong pha (1) hnh 3-20 ch yu ph thuc vo s cc
cell v cc thnh phn a ng m UE c th thu c. UE cn kim tra mi nh
69
xung trong b lc kt hp ca n. S nh cng t, vic nhn dng cell cng nhanh.

Chiu di ca danh sch cell ln cn ch c nh hng t n hiu sut o c chuyn
giao.
Yu cu hiu sut o c chuyn giao 3GPP i vi UE nh sau: vi CPICH Ec/I0
>-20dB, v SCH Ec/I0 > -20dB UE c kh nng bo co o c trong vng 200ms t
mt cell c nhn dng v trong vng 800ms t mt cell mi nm trong tp hp
gim st. Hnh 3-21 a ra m hnh UE kt ni vi vi cell 1 v n cn nhn dng cell
2 ang gn t ti gi tr Window-add . Kt qu Ec/I0 thu c nh sau:
a)
b)
c)
Nu cp 10% cho knh CPICH v cho SCH th Ec/Ior= -10dB.

Gi s Window_add =3dB trong UE cn nhn dng cc cell khi n thp hn
cell kho nht 3dB. Trng hp ny c Ior/Ioc1=-3dB.
Gi s nhiu t cc cell khc cao hn cng sut tn hiu t my ch tt nht l
3dB, th Ioc2/Ioc1
Ec
Ec
Ec
Ec
=
=
- 8.5dB = - 18.5 dB
0.3
0.6 =
I0
I or I oc1 I oc 2
I or
I or (1 10 10 )
(3.1)
Trong m hnh ny Ec/I0 = -18.5dB tt hn -20dB a ra trong cc yu cu v hiu

sut.
Hnh 3- M hnh o c chuyn giao trong cng tn s.
Pha (2): Gii m s hiu khung (SFN).

Trong pha (2) ca hnh 3-20, UE gii m s hiu khung h thng t BCH n
c pht trn knh P-CCPCH. Nu ta cp pht 5% ca Nt B cho P-CCPCH, kt qu
Ec/I0 = -21.5dB. Yu cu hiu sut cho gii m BCH vi BLER=1% l -2.2dB.
Trc khi Ec/I0 pilot c c dng trong thut ton cp nht tp hp tch cc
ti UE, mt s cng vic lc c p dng kt qu ng tin cy hn. Vic lc
70
kt qu o c lc trong c lp 1 v lp 3. Lc ti lp 3 c th c iu khin bi
mng. Vic lc kt qu o chuyn giao WCDMA c trnh by trong hnh 3-22.
Bo co o c chuyn giao t UE n RNC phi c xy dng mt cch
nh k, ging nh trong GSM hoc khi xng s kin. Vic bo co khi xng cc
s kin cung cp cc ch tiu ging nh bo co nh k nhng c ti bo hiu thp
hn.
Hnh 3- S lc v bo co o c chuyn giao mm.
3.3.2.3 Li ch lin kt chuyn giao mm.

Mc ch u tin ca chuyn giao mm l em li mt s chuyn giao khng
b ngt qung v lm cho h thng hot ng tt. iu ch c th t c nh 3
li ch ca c cu chuyn giao mm nh sau:
li phn tp v m: li ch phn tp nh phadinh chm v s st t ngt
ca cng tn hiu do cc nguyn nhn chng hn nh s di chuyn ca UE vng
quanh mt gc.
li phn tp vi m: li phn tp nh phadinh nhanh.
Vic chia s ti ng xung: Mt UE khi chuyn giao mm thu cng sut t
nhiu Nt B, iu cho thy cng sut pht ln nht n UE trong khi chuyn giao
mm X-way c nhn vi h s X, ngha l vng ph c m rng.
Ba li ch ny ca chuyn giao mm c th ci thin vng ph v dung lng
mng WCDMA. Tip theo s cp n kt qu ca cc li ch chuyn giao mm
phn tp vi m thu c t bng cc cng c m phng mc lin kt. Nhng li ch
c trnh by lin quan n trng hp chuyn giao cng l tng, trong UE c
th c kt ni ti Nt B vi t s Ec/I0 pilot cao nht.
Mt v d m phng kt qu truyn thoi tc 8kbps trong knh ITU
Pedestrian A, chuyn ng vn tc 3km/h, gi s UE ang chuyn giao mm vi 2
Nt B. Suy hao ng truyn tng i ca UE n Nt B#1 so vi Nt B#2 l: 0, -3,
-6,-10dB. li cao nht thu c suy hao ng truyn ti 2 Nt B ging nhau, tc
l chnh lch tng i l 0dB. Hnh 3-23 ch ra li chuyn giao mm ca cng
sut pht ng ln vi phn tp 2 nhnh anten thu Nt B. Hnh 3-24 ch ra li
71
tng ng ca cng sut pht ng xung m khng c phn tp anten pht hay thu.
V li lin quan n trng hp lin kt n trong UE ch c kt ni vi Nt
B tt nht. Do knh ITU Pedestrian A t phn tp a ng, v v th li chuyn
giao mm phn tp vi m tng i cao. Nu phn tp a ng cng nhiu th li
c xu hng gim i.
Trong hnh 3-23, gim ln nht ca cng sut pht UE do chuyn giao mm thu
c l 1.8dB nu suy hao ng truyn c 2 Nt B ging nhau. Nu s khc nhau
v suy hao ng truyn n 2 Nt B rt ln, th v mt l thuyt khng bao gi nn
tng cng sut pht UE khi khng c nng lng b sung nhng li c nhiu Nt B c
d tm tn hiu. Thc t, nu chnh lch suy hao ng truyn rt ln th chuyn
giao mm c th lm tng cng sut pht UE. Vic tng ny gy ra do cc li bo hiu
ca cc lnh iu khin cng sut ng ln c pht trn lin kt ng xung.
Nhng thng th Nt B s khng nm trong tp hp tch cc ca UE nu suy hao
ng truyn n Nt B no ln hn 3-6dB so vi suy hao ng truyn ti Nt B
kho nht trong tp hp tch cc ca UE.
Trn ng xung, li chuyn giao mm ln nht l 2.3dB (hnh 3-24), ln
hn nhiu so vi trn ng ln (hnh 3-23). Nguyn nhn l do khng c phn tp
anten trn ng xung v v th m ng xung khng cn nhiu li chuyn
giao mm phn tp vi m.
Hnh 3- li chuyn giao mm ca cng sut pht ng ln(gi tr dng = li, gi

tr m = suy hao)
Trn ng xung, chuyn giao mm gy ra tng cng sut pht ng xung

yu cu nu nh chnh lch suy hao ng truyn ln hn nhiu 4-5dB (i vi v
d ny). Trong trng hp , UE khng nhn c li no ca tn hiu pht t
Nt B vi suy hao ln nht. V th cng sut pht t Nt B n UE s ch bin
thnh nhiu trong mng.
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Hnh 3- li chuyn giao mm trong cng sut pht ng xung (Gi tr dng = li,
m =suy hao)
Kt qu m phng cng cung cp cc gi tr Window_add v Window_drop.

Cc gi tr in hnh ca cc thng s ny nh trong bng 3-5.
Bng 3- Cc gi tr ca ca s.
Window_add
Window_drop
1 - 3dB
2 - 5dB
3.3.2.4 Tng ph ca chuyn giao mm

Tng ph ca chuyn giao mm c s dng nh gi cht lng ca hot
ng chuyn giao mm trong mt mng. Tng ph chuyn giao mm c xc nh
nh sau:
= nPn 1
n 1
(3.2)
Trong , N l kch c tp hp tch cc v Pn l xc sut trung bnh ca UE ang

thc hin chuyn giao mm n_ng (n_way). Chuyn giao mm one_way l trng
hp, UE kt ni ti mt Nt B, two_way c ngha l UE c kt ni ti 2 Nt B
c ch ra trong hnh 3-25. i vi mt kt ni gia UE v Nt B yu cu ti nguyn
bng c bn logic, vic d tr dung lng pht trn giao din Iub, mt ngun ti
nguyn RNC, nn tng ph ca chuyn giao mm cng c th nh l vic o ti
nguyn truyn dn/phn cng cn b sung thc thi chuyn giao mm. Vic hoch
nh mng v tuyn c nhim v thit lp cc thng s chuyn giao thch hp v quy
hoch cc site tng ph ca chuyn giao mm trong khong 20-40% i vi li
cell chun su cnh vi 3 sector site. Nu tng ph chuyn giao mm vt qu gii
hn cho php th s dn n gim dung lng ng xung. Trn ng xung, mi
kt ni chuyn giao mm u lm tng nhiu cho mng. Khi mc tng nhiu vt qu
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mc li phn tp, chuyn giao mm khng em li bt c li ch no cho hiu sut

ca h thng.
Tng ph chuyn giao mm c th c iu chnh bng vic chn hp l cc
thng s Window_add, Window_drop, v kch c tp hp tch cc. Tuy nhin cng
c mt s cc yu t nh hng n tng ph chuyn giao mm m khng th kim
sot c bng vic thit lp cc thng s chuyn giao mm, nh:
Cu hnh mng: Cc site c t lin quan n nhau nh th no, s sector
trn mt site
Cc m hnh bc x ca anten Nt B.
Cc c im suy hao ng truyn v phadinh che khut.
S cc Nt B trung bnh m UE c th ng b c.
Hnh 3- Tng ph chuyn giao mm
Mt v d v tng ph chuyn giao mm c a ra trong hnh 3-26 cho mng

cc cell chun 6 cnh vi 3 sector site. Kt qu nhn c bng vic m phng ng
mc mng. y l kt qu ca mt cell c bn knh 666m v 2000m, v mi sector
s dng anten 650 chun. Suy hao ng truyn c xc nh theo m hnh
Okumura-Hata, gi s thnh phn phadinh che khut phn b tng on vi lch
chun l 8dB. Cng sut pht ca knh CPICH c nh bng 10% v 20% cng sut
pht Nt B ln nht tng ng cho cc cell nh v cell ln. Cng sut ca knh SCH
l -3.0dB so vi P-CPICH. Kch c ca tp hp tch cc l 3.
C th nhn thy rng tng ph chuyn giao mm tng gn nh tuyn tnh khi
Window_add v Window_drop tng ln. Vi vic thit lp cng cc thng s cho
chuyn giao mm, th tng ph trong m hnh cell nh thng ln hn cc cell ln.
Bi v cc UE trong mng cc cell ln c th ng b vi mt s cc Nt B, cn cc
74
UE trong mng cc cell nh li c th ng b vi nhiu cc Nt B hn. Gi s mc

ch thit k l c tng ph chuyn giao mm l 20-40% th c kt qu nh hnh 3-26.
Kt qu ny cho thy thit lp cc thng s thch hp l Window_add = 1-3dB trong
cc cell nh v cc gi tr ln hn khng ng k trong cc cell ln. Tuy nhin c th
thy cu hnh hp l cho mng ch c th l cc cell vi 3 sector site. i vi vic
thit lp cc thng s chuyn giao mm ging nhau, tng ph chuyn giao mm tng
khi chuyn t 3 sector site thnh 6 sector site. Tng ph chuyn giao mm c th tng
gn 30% khi so snh trng hp cu hnh 3 sector site so vi cu hnh 6 sector site.
iu ny dn ti s chn la cc gi tr Window_add/Window_drop thp hn khi tng
s sector.
Hnh 3- Tng ph chuyn giao mm v thng s Window_add cho li cell 6 cnh 3 sector
site, vi hai bn knh khc nhau.
3.3.2.5 li dung lng mng ca chuyn giao mm.

li dung lng mng c th ca chuyn giao mm ch yu ph thuc v tng
ph chuyn giao mm (tc l t l tng i ca cc UE thc hin chuyn giao mm),
li lin kt chuyn giao mm, v thut ton iu khin cng sut c p dng. C
2 thut ton iu khin cng sut ng xung cho cc UE trong chuyn giao mm:
(1) iu khin cng sut thng (iu khin cng sut nhanh)
(2) S truyn dn phn tp chn la site (SSDT).
SSDT da vo thng tin phn hi t UE, nn ch c mt trong cc Nt B trong
tp hp tch cc truyn d liu, cn cc Nt B khc ch pht cc thng tin iu
khin lp vt l. V th SSDT tng ng vi phn tp pht chn la, cn iu khin
cng sut nhanh cc UE trong chuyn giao mm c th tng ng vi phn tp pht
75
tng ch. li c th ca SSDT t c nh vic gim nhiu trn ng xung, v

b cho suy hao ca li phn tp trn ng xung cho d liu ngi s dng. V
mt l thuyt, r rng rng li ca SSDT ln hn vi tc d liu cao m ti
tng ph ca cc thng tin iu khin khng ng k.
li v dung lng ca chuyn giao mm kt hp SSDT c ln bng vi
li trong trng hp kt hp chuyn giao mm v iu khin cng sut thng
thng. Thng khng t c li ln t SSDT, v trong mt vi trng hp
li chuyn thnh suy hao. Nguyn nhn c gii thch nh sau: Mt UE ang chuyn
giao mm, gi thng tin phn hi mt cch nh k n cc Nt B trong tp hp tch
cc, cc lnh ny yu cu cc Nt B cn pht d liu. Hot ng ny gy ra s bin
ng cng sut ln ti cc Nt B khc nhau bi v vic truyn dn ti cc UE c tt,
bt tng i nhanh khi c iu khin bi cc UE trong chuyn giao mm. S
truyn dn ca Nt B bin i ti UE trong chuyn giao mm khng nm trong s
iu khin mng, hon ton do UE iu khin. V th, mc d m hnh SSDT lm
gim tng cng sut pht trung bnh ca Nt B, nhng s thay i tng cng sut pht
cng tng ln. Vic tng ln ny dn ti khong h iu khin cng sut yu cu ln
hn, c ngha l s gim li ca SSDT. Cc kha cnh khc cn ch v mt ch
tiu k thut l nh hng ca vn tc UE, tc UE cng cao phn hi ca UE cng
kh ng b vi trng thi knh thc t. Ti mt s vn tc, cc vn v ting vng
xut hin cho nn UE thng phi yu cu Nt B sai pht thng qua bo hiu phn
hi ti mng. S nh hng ny c th rt ln khi tc phadinh bng tc phn
hi.
3.3.3 Chuyn giao gia cc h thng WCDMA v GSM.
Cc chun WCDMA v GSM h tr chuyn giao c hai ng gia WCDMA v
GSM. S chuyn giao ny c th s dng cho mc ch ph sng v cn bng ti. Ti
pha ban u khi trin khai WCDMA, chuyn giao ti h thng GSM c th s dng
gim ti trong cc t bo GSM. M hnh ny c ch ra trong hnh 3-27. Khi lu
lng trong mng WCDMA tng, th rt cn chuyn giao cho mc ch ti trn c
ng ln v ng xung. Chuyn giao gia cc h thng c khi xng ti
RNC/BSC v t gc h thng thu, th chuyn giao gia cc h thng tng t nh
chuyn giao gia cc RNC hay chuyn giao gia cc BSC. Thut ton v vic khi
xng ny khng c chun ho.
76
Hnh 3- Chuyn giao gia cc h thng GSM v WCDMA.
Th tc chuyn giao nh 3-28. Vic o c chuyn giao gia cc h thng

khng hot ng thng xuyn nhng s c khi ng khi c nhu cu thc hin
chuyn giao gia cc h thng. Vic khi xng chuyn giao l mt thut ton do
RNC thc hin v c th da vo cht lng (BLER) hay cng sut pht yu cu. Khi
khi xng o c, u tin UE s o cng sut tn hiu ca cc tn s GSM trong
danh sch ln cn. Khi kt qu o c c gi ti RNC, n ra lnh cho UE gii
m nhn dng trm gc (BSIC) ca cell ng c GSM tt nht. Khi RNC nhn c
BSIC, mt lnh chuyn giao c gi ti UE. Vic o c c th hon thnh trong 2s.
Hnh 3- Th tc chuyn giao gia cc h thng.
Ch nn.
WCDMA s dng vic thu pht lin tc v khng th tin hnh o c vi b
nhn n nu nh khng c nhng khong gin on to ra bi cc tn hiu WCDMA.
V th, ch nn cn thit cho vic o c trong chuyn giao gia cc tn s v
chuyn giao gia cc h thng. Trong sut khong gin on ca ch nn, iu
khin cng sut nhanh khng th s dng v mt phn li ghp chn b mt. V
vy, trong sut khung nn cn Ec/N0 cao hn dn ti dung lng b gim.
77
Ch nn cng nh hng n vng ph sng ng ln ca cc dch v thi

gian thc, trong tc bit khng th gim trong sut ch nn. V th m th tc
chuyn giao gia cc h thng phi c bt u sm ti bin gii cc cell trnh
s suy gim cht lng ti ch nn.
Chuyn giao t GSM sang WCDMA c bt u ti BSC ca GSM. Khng
cn s dng ch nn tin hnh o c WCDMA t GSM v GSM s dng ch
thu pht khng lin tc.
Thi gian ngt dch v trong chuyn giao gia cc h thng ln nht l 40ms.
Thi gian ngt l khong thi gian gia block chuyn vn thu cui cng trn tn s c
v thi gian UE bt u pht trn knh ng ln mi. Tng khong h dch v ln
hn thi gian ngt v UE cn nhn c knh ring hot ng trong mng GSM.
Khong h dch v thng di 80ms tng t nh chuyn giao trong GSM. Khong
h khng lm gim cht lng dch v.
3.3.4 Chuyn giao gia cc tn s trong WCDMA.
Hu ht cc b vn hnh UMTS u c 2 hoc 3 tn s FDD c hiu lc. Vic vn
hnh c th bt u s dng mt tn s v tn s th hai, th ba. Sau cn tng
dung lng, mt vi tn s c th s dng c ch ra trong hnh 3-29. Mt vi tn s
c s dng trong cng mt site s tng dung lng ca site hoc cc lp micro
v macro c s dng cc tn s khc nhau. Chuyn giao gia cc tn s sng mang
WCDMA cn s dng phng php ny.
Trong chuyn giao ny, ch nn cng c s dng trong vic o c chuyn
giao ging nh trong chuyn giao gia cc h thng. Th tc chuyn giao gia cc tn
s c ch ra trong hnh 3-30. UE cng s dng th tc ng b WCDMA ging nh
chuyn giao trong tn s nhn dng cell c tn s mc tiu. Thi gian nhn dng
cell ch yu ph thuc vo s cc cell v s cc thnh phn a ng m UE c th
thu c ging nh trong chuyn giao cng tn s. Yu cu thi gian nhn dng cell
l 5s vi Ec/I0 ca CPICH > -20dB.
Hnh 3- Nhu cu chuyn giao gia cc tn s sng mang WCDMA

78
Hnh 3- Th tc chuyn giao gia cc tn s.
3.3.5 Tng kt chuyn giao.

Cc kiu chuyn giao c tng kt trong bng 3-6. Chuyn giao in hnh
nht ca WCDMA l chuyn giao cng tn s c iu khin bi cc thng s trong
hnh 3-31. Bo co chuyn giao cng tn s thng khi xng cho s kin, v RNC
ra lnh thc hin chuyn giao da vo cc bo co o c. Trong trng hp chuyn
giao trong cng tn s UE c kt ni vi Nt B tt nht trnh hiu ng gn xa,
v RNC lun phi hot ng la chn cc cell mc tiu.
Bng 3- Tng kt chuyn giao
Kiu chuyn giao
Chuyn giao trong

tn s WCDMA
Chuyn giao gia
cc h thng
WCDMA -GSM
Chuyn giao gia

cc tn s
WCDMA
o c chuyn giao
Bo co o c
chuyn giao t UE
n RNC
o trong ton b thi Bo co khi xng s
gian s dng b lc kt kin
hp
Vic o ch bt u khi Bo co nh k trong
cn thit, s dng ch sut ch nn
nn
Mc ch
chuyn giao
- S di ng
thng thng
Ph sng
Ti
Dch v
Vic o ch bt u khi Bo co nh k trong - Ph sng
cn, s dng ch nn
sut ch nn
- Ti
79
Vic o c chuyn giao gia cc h thng v gia cc tn s thng ch bt u

khi cn thc hin chuyn giao. Chuyn giao gia cc tn s cn cn bng ti gia
cc sng mang WCDMA v cc lp cell, v m rng vng ph sng nu tn s
khc khng bao ph ht. Chuyn giao ti h thng GSM m rng vng ph sng
WCDMA, cn bng ti gia cc h thng v nh hng cc dch v n cc h
thng ph hp nht.
Hnh 3- Mt v d v m hnh chuyn giao
Mt v d ca m hnh chuyn giao c trnh by trong hnh 3-31. u tin UE

kt ni ti cell 1 vi tn s f1. Khi n di chuyn th chuyn giao cng tn s f1 n
cell c thc hin. Tuy nhin ti cell 2, ti qu cao, RNC ra lnh cho chuyn giao
gia cc tn s vi mc ch ti n cell 5 vi tn s f2. UE chuyn sang tn s f2 v
tip tc chuyn giao n cell 6. Khi n ra khi vng ph vi tn s f2, th chuyn giao
gia cc tn s c thc hin n cell 4 vi tn s f1.
3.4 Tng kt.

Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn l bi ton quan trng khi thit k bt k h thng
thng tin di ng, c bit l trong h thng t bo s dng cng ngh a truy nhp
phn chia theo m CDMA. Chng ny trnh by cc chc nng c bn ca qun
l ti nguyn v tuyn trong h thng WCDMA v nhng im khc bit trong thut
ton qun l ti nguyn v tuyn so vi cc h thng khc. Trong , iu khin cng
sut v iu khin chuyn giao c nhng im khc bit quan trng so vi cc h
thng thng tin di ng trc .
i vi iu khin cng sut, r rng cc thut ton iu khin cng sut cng
phc tp hn tinh vi hn khc phc hiu ng gn-xa. Trong 3 loi iu khin cng
sut, iu khin cng sut vng m cn thit trong sut qu trnh thit lp kt ni, iu
khin cng sut vng kn (iu khin cng sut nhanh) gip khc phc hiu ng
phadinh nhanh trn knh giao din v tuyn. Trong WCDMA, iu khin cng sut
nhanh c thc hin trn c ng ln v ng xung ti tn s 1.5KHz trong khi
h thng IS-95 ch thc hin iu khin cng sut nhanh trn ng ln ti tn s
800Hz, cn GSM ch tn ti iu khin cng sut chm. Phng thc th 3 ca iu
80
khin cng sut l iu khin cng sut vng ngoi gip thit lp cc gi tr mc tiu
ca iu khin cng sut nhanh. Cc vn c th cng nh li ch ca iu khin
cng sut cng c phn tch trong chng ny.
Mt c trng khc bit nht ca WCDMA so vi cc h thng khc l thut ton
iu khin chuyn giao. Chuyn giao din ra khi ngi s dng my di ng di
chuyn t cell ny n cell khc trong mng thng tin di ng t bo. Nhng chuyn
giao cng c th c s dng cn bng ti trong mng thng tin, v chuyn giao
mm c th tng cng dung lng v vng ph ca mng. Chuyn giao cng vn tn
ti trong h thng WCDMA, l chuyn giao m kt ni c b ct trc khi kt ni mi
c thit lp. Chuyn giao cng c s dng thay i tn s ca h thng khi
trong h thng s dng a sng mang; hoc l trong trng hp khng h tr phn tp
macro; hoc trng hp chuyn i gia hai ch FDD v TDD.
Chuyn giao gia cc h thng cn thit cho s tng thch gia UMTS v cc
kin trc h thng khc (chng hn nh GSM). c trng ca loi ny l cn o c
trc khi thc hin s dng ch khe thi gian do thc t vic o c din ra ti cc
tn s khc nhau. T gc k thut, kiu chuyn giao ny thuc chuyn giao cng.
Chng ny cng tho lun kh chi tit v chuyn giao mm v mm hn xut
hin khi my di ng trong vng ph sng chng ln ca 2 cell. Trng hp chuyn
giao mm hn cc cell thuc cng mt trm gc, hai tn hiu ng thi c kt hp
Nt B s dng b x l RAKE. Trong sut qu trnh chuyn giao mm, hai tn hiu
thu t cc trm gc khc nhau c nh tuyn n RNC c so snh ht khung
ny n khung khc. li chuyn giao mm l li c cung cp bi s kt hp
nhiu tn hiu (c gi l li phn tp macro). Khi d tr chuyn giao mm
thch hp c s dng li chuyn giao mm s tng cng ng k hiu nng ca
h thng .
81
Chng 4 - Quy hoch mng v tuyn WCDMA
Chng 4. QUY HOCH MNG V TUYN WCDMA
4.1
Gii thiu chung
Vic quy hoch mng cho cdmaOne ch tp trung cho cc dch v n l. Vic
cn bng dung lng v vng ph khng c th hin r. Qu trnh quy hoch mng
v tuyn WCDMA a dch v l mt qu trnh hon thin kt hp dung lng vi cht
lng v vng ph. Trong qu trnh nh ngha quy hoch mng v tuyn WCDMA
gii thch cc yu cu lu lng, QoS v cc yu cu ca cc vng ph vi mt
site. Hn na, nh hng ca iu khin cng sut nhanh (xt trong trng hp MS di
chuyn chm) ti cc vic nh c v quy hoch mng c phn tch.
Qu trnh quy hoch mng v tuyn WCDMA bao gm: nh c mng, hoch
nh dung lng v vng ph chi tit, v ti u mng. Qu trnh c ch ra trong
hnh v 4-1. Qu trnh quy hoch mng cng c cc pha v c cc u vo v u ra
tng ng. S khi xng cho qu trnh quy hoch mng c th l cc s kin sau:
Cc ch tiu k thut di mc mc tiu c thit lp.
S thay i trong chin lc kinh doanh.
Pht trin cc dch v mi.
S thay i v quyn u tin cc dch v.
S thay i trong quyn u tin ca khch hng.
S thay i chin lc kinh doanh lin quan n s thay i phn nh vic thit
lp thng s u vo. Trong trng hp vn ch tiu lin quan n s thay i cc
thng s RRM, s thay i phn cng
Trong pha quy hoch ban u (nh c mng) cung cp mt s nh gi ban u
nhanh nht v kch c ca mng v dung lng ca cc thnh phn. Pha ny bao gm
quy hoch cho c mng truy nhp v mng li. Trong pha quy hoch chi tit, mt
site nh c c x l trn bn s gii hn v mt vt l cc thng s ca
mng. Vic phn tch WCDMA l mt qu trnh lp li, cc yu cu v dung lng
c quan tm nh l cc MS ring r trong s m phng WCDMA. Trong pha hoch
nh chi tit, thc hin s phn tch kt hp kim tra nu yu cu thit lp thc t
c p ng. Trong pha quy hoch, vic ti u c ngha l c th c thc hin
bng cch iu khin nhiu di dng anten ph hp, cu hnh site, s chn la v tr,
hay t nghing anten. Hn na, cc ch tiu ca mng, c th tin n gn hn cc
82
mc tiu yu cu bng cch s dng b khuch i MHA (mast head amplifier) hay
cc s phn tp.
Hnh 4- Qu trnh quy hoch mng WCDMA
Trong trng hp, chin lc kinh doanh thay i, vic nh c va quy hoch chi
tit c th cung cp cc thng tin c gi tr lin quan n vic m rng mng. Thng
tin lu lng o c th c a vo cc cng c hoch nh. Cc thng tin ny c th
c s dng nhiu hn na trong qu trnh kim tra cc kh nng vng ph v dung
lng ca mng c quy hoch.
4.2 nh c mng.
nh c mng v tuyn WCDMA l mt qu trnh quy hoch ban u nh
m cu hnh ca mng v tng cc thit b mng c tnh ton, da vo cc yu cu
ca nh vn hnh mng. Cc yu cu ca nh vn hnh mng lin quan n cc c
im sau:
Vng ph:
- Vng ph sng.
- Thng tin v loi vng ph sng.
- iu kin truyn sng.
Dung lng:
83
- Ph sn c.
- D on s tng trng s thu bao.
- Thng tin mt lu lng.
Cht lng dch v (QoS):
- Xc sut v tr cc vng (kh nng ph sng).
- Xc sut nghn.
- Thng lng ngi s dng u cui.
Mc tiu ca pha nh c mng l tnh ton mt site v cu hnh site yu cu
cho cc vng ph quan tm. Cc hot ng quy hoch mng truy nhp mng v tuyn
RAN bao gm: Tnh ton qu lin kt v tuyn (RLB), phn tch vng ph, nh gi
dung lng v cui cng l tnh ton cho tng s cc thit b phn cng trm gc, cc
site v b iu khin mng v tuyn (RNC), cc thit b ti cc giao din khc nhau v
phn t mng li (nh l cc vng chuyn mch knh v cc vng chuyn mch gi ).
Cc hot ng c th ca nh c mng WCDMA bao gm:
4.2.1 Phn tch vng ph.
Qu trnh phn tch vng ph v tuyn thc hin kho st cc a im cn ph
sng v kiu vng ph cn cung cp cho cc a im ny. Cc loi vng ph thng
thng nh: cc vng thng mi, cc vng dn s c mt dn s cao, v cc
ng cao tc chnh. Do vy cn phi c cc thng tin v cc vng cn ph sng. Cc
thng tin c th da trn bn nh: mt dn c, vng l thnh ph, ngoi ,
nng thn, vng no l khu thng mi, khu cng nghip
Mc ch ca qu trnh kho st ny bao gm:
m bo cung cp mt dung lng ph hp cho cc vng ny
Bit c c im truyn sng ca vng xc nh mi trng truyn sng
v mi mi trng s c tc ng trc tip n m hnh truyn sng.
Ph thuc vo kiu mi trng m c th c cc mc ph sng khc nhau. V
d: i vi cc vng ngoi v thnh th th cung cp cc vng ph trong nh. Tuy
nhin, i vi cc vng c ng cao tc th ch cn n vng ph trong xe. Cn cc
vng ph khc th ch cn cung cp cc vng ph ngoi tri. i vi cc h thng
GSM kho st cc nhn t ny c th bt tay vo thit k. Nhng i vi cc h
thng WCDMA th cn phi xem xt thm kiu dch v s cung cp hoc c sn trong
vng.
84
Cc thng tin v vng ph s c dng chun b quy hoch vng ph ban

u. Trc khi quy hoch vng ph cn phi quan tm u tin n qu ng truyn
v tuyn. Qu ng truyn v tuyn c trng cho tng loi dch v, tc l mi loi
dch v yu cu mt qu ng truyn nht nh m bo p ng cc yu cu t ra.
4.2.1.1 Tnh ton qu ng truyn v tuyn.
Cng ging nh cc h thng thng tin di ng t bo khc, qu ng truyn
trong h thng WCDMA dng tnh ton suy hao ng truyn cho php ln nht
tnh ton vng ph (tnh bn knh cell ) ca mt trm gc v trm di ng. Cc
thnh phn tnh suy hao cho php ln nht ca tn hiu t trm pht n trm thu
gi l qu ng truyn (ch : i vi ng ln my pht l MS, my thu l BS; i
vi ng xung: my pht l BS, my thu l MS). Qu ng truyn tng qut cho
c ng ln v ng xung bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
(a1). Cng sut my pht trung bnh trn mt knh lu lng (dBm) : l gi tr trung
bnh ca cng sut pht tng trn mt chu trnh truyn dn vi cng sut pht cc i
lc bt u pht.
(a2). Cng sut my pht cc i trn mt knh lu lng (dBm): cng sut tng cng
ti u ra ca my pht cho mt knh lu lng n.
(a3).Cng sut my pht tng cng cc i (dBm): tng cng sut pht cc i ca tt
c cc knh.
(b). Tn hao do ghp, gic cm v do cp(my pht) (dB): suy hao tng cng ca tt
c cc thnh phn ca h thng truyn dn gia u ra ca my pht v u vo anten.
(c). Tng ch anten pht (dBi): tng ch cc i ca anten pht trong mt phng ngang
(xc nh theo dB so vi mt vt pht x ng hng).
(d1). EIRP ca my pht trn mt knh lu lng (dBm): tng cng sut u ra my
pht cho mt knh(dBm), cc suy hao do h thng truyn dn (-dB), v tng ch anten
my pht (dBi) theo hng bc x cc i.
(d2). EIRP ca my pht: tng ca cng sut my pht ca tt c cc knh (dBm), cc
suy hao do h thng truyn dn (-dB), v tng ch anten pht (dBi).
(e). Tng ch anten thu (dBi): tng ch ti a ca anten thu trong mt phng ngang; n
c xc nh theo dB so vi mt vt pht x ng hng.
85
(f). Tn hao do b chia, u ni v do cp (My thu) (dB): bao gm cc tn hao ca

tt c cc thnh phn trong h thng truyn dn gia u ra ca anten thu v u vo
ca my thu .
(g). H s tp m my thu (dB): h s tp m ca h thng thu ti u vo my thu.
(h) (H). Mt to m nhit, N0(dBm/Hz): cng sut tp m trn mt Hz ti u vo
my thu. Lu rng (h) l n v logarit cn (H) l theo n v tuyn tnh.
(i) (I). Mt nhiu my thu I0 (dBm/Hz): cng sut nhiu trn mt Hz ti u vo
my thu. N tng ng vi t s cng sut nhiu trong di trn rng bng tn. Lu
(i) l theo n v logarit v (I) theo n v tuyn tnh. Mt nhiu my thu I 0 i
vi ng xung l cng sut nhiu trn mt Hz ti my thu MS bin gii vng ph
sng, trong mt cell pha trong.
(j): Mt tp m nhiu hiu dng tng cng (dBm/Hz): tng logarit ca mt tp
m my thu v h s tp m my thu cng s hc vi mt nhiu my thu.
(k). Tc thng tin (10log10(Rb)) (dBHz): tc bit ca knh theo (dBHz); vic la
chn Rb phi ph hp vi cc gi thit Eb.
(l). T s Eb/(N0+I0) yu cu (dB): t s gia nng lng thu c ca mt bt thng
tin trn mt cng sut nhiu v tp m hiu dng cn thit tho mn c cc
mc tiu v cht lng.
(m). nhy my thu (j+k+l) (dBm): mc tn hiu cn t c ti u vo my thu
c c t s Eb/(N0+I0) yu cu.
(n). li/ Suy hao chuyn giao (dB): li/suy hao ( ) do vic chuyn giao
duy tr tin cy c th ti bin gii cell.
(o). Tng ch ( li) phn tp (dB): tng ch hiu dng t c nh s dng cc k
thut phn tp. Nu tng ch phn tp c gp trong E b/(N0+I0), th n s khng
c a thm y.
(o). Cc tng ch khc (dB): cc tng ch ph, v d nh a truy nhp phn tp theo
khng gian c th to thm tng ch anten.
(p). d tr phadinh chun Log (dB): c xc inh ti bin gii cell i vi cc
cell ring l ng vi d tr yu cu cung cp xc sut ph sng xc nh trn
cc cell ring l.
86
(q). Suy hao ng truyn ti a (dB):suy hao ti a cho php my thu c th

thu c tn hiu t my pht ti bin gii cell. Suy hao ti a=d1m+(e-f)+o+o+n-p
(r). Bn knh ti a, Rmax (km): c tnh ton cho mi hon cnh trin khai, n c
xc nh bng bn knh ng vi suy hao ti a.
Trong WCDMA, c mt s cc thng s c bit trong qu ng truyn m khng
c s dng trong h thng truy nhp v tuyn ca GSM, l:
d tr nhiu
d tr nhiu l mt hm s ca tng cng ti trong cell. Ti ca cell v h
s ti tc ng nn vng ph, nn cn phi c d tr nhiu. Nu cho php ti trong
h thng cng ln, d tr nhiu cn thit cho ng ln cng ln v vng ph cng
nh. Gi tr ti tng cng c nh hng trc tip n vng ph cell v v th m nh
hng gin tip n cht lng ca cc dch v. i vi cc trng hp gii hn vng
ph cn mt d tr nhiu nh hn, cn i vi trng hp gii hn dung lng th
s dng d tr nhiu ln hn. Trong trng hp gii hn vng ph, kch c cell b
gii hn bi gi tr suy hao ln ng truyn ln nht cho php trong qu ng
truyn v khng s dng ht dung lng giao din v tuyn ln nht ca site trm
gc. Thng thng gi tr d tr nhiu trong trng hp gii hn vng ph l 1.03.0dB, tng ng vi ti 20-50%.
d tr phadinh nhanh (khong h iu khin cng sut).
Mt s khong h cn cho cng sut pht ca trm di ng duy tr vic iu
khin cng sut hp l. Thng s ny c p dng mt cch c bit cho MS i b di
chuyn chm m ti iu khin cng sut nhanh c th b phadinh nhanh mt cch
hiu qu.
Mt nh hng khc ca iu khin cng sut nhanh l tng cng sut pht cn
thit trung bnh (mc tng cng sut pht). Trong trng hp MS di chuyn chm,
iu khin cng sut c th theo kp knh phadinh v mc tng cng sut trung bnh.
iu ny rt cn thit trong cc cell ca MS cung cp cht lng tt nht cho
cc kt ni v khng gy ra bt c mt tc hi no khi cng sut pht tng c b bi
knh phadinh. Tuy nhin i vi cell ln cn th li tng thm nhiu bi v phadinh
nhanh trong cc knh l khng tng quan. Cc gi tr thng thng ca d tr
phadinh nhanh l 2.0 - 5.0dB i vi cc MS di chuyn chm.
li chuyn giao mm
87
Chuyn giao mm hay cng cung cp mt li chng li phadinh chm bng

cch gim d tr phadinh chun log yu cu. Do trn thc t phadinh chm mt
phn khng tng quan gia cc cell, v bng cch thc hin chuyn giao, my di
ng c th chn la mt lin kt thng tin tt hn. Hn na, chuyn giao mm em
li mt li phn tp b sung chng li phadinh nhanh bng cch gim E b/N0 tu
theo lin kt v tuyn n do tc dng ca vic kt hp phn tp macro. Tng li
l mt hm s ca tc my di ng v ph thuc vo thut ton kt hp phn tp
c s dng trong b thu v hin trng tr knh.
Sau y s a ra cc v d v qu lin kt cho cc dch v UMTS in hnh:
dch v thoi 12.2kbps s dng b m ho, gii m thoi a tc thch nghi AMR,
dch v d liu thi gian thc 144 kbps v dch v d liu phi thi gian thc 384kbps
trong mi trng t bo macro th vi mc tng nhiu ng ln l 3dB. d tr
nhiu 3dB c s dng cho mc tng cng sut ng ln. Cc gi nh trong qu
ng truyn ca cc b thu v pht c ch ra trong bng 4-1v 4-2.
Bng 4- Gi nh qu ng truyn ca my di ng
Cng sut pht ln nht
Tng ch anten
Suy hao c th
u cui thoi
21dBm
0dBi
3dB
u cui d liu
24 dBm
2dBi
0dB
Bng 4- Gi nh v qu ng truyn ca trm gc

nhiu
Tng ch ca Anten
Eb/N0 yu cu
Suy hao cp
5dB
18 dBi (trm gc 3 sector)
Thoi : 5.0dB
D liu thi gian thc 144 kbps: 1.5 dB
D liu phi thi gian thc 384kbps: 1.0 dB
2.0 dB
Qu ng truyn trong bng 4-3 c tnh ton cho tc thoi 12.2 kbps i
vi ngi s dng trong xe bao gm suy hao trong xe l 8.0dB. Trng hp ny
khng s dng d tr phadinh bi v ti tc 120kbps iu khin cng sut
nhanh khng th b phadinh. Gi s E b/N0 yu cu l 5.0dB. Eb/N0 yu cu tu thuc
vo tc bit, dch v v hin trng a ng, tc di ng, cc thut ton b thu v
cu trc anten trm gc. i vi my di ng tc thp, E b/N0 yu cu thp nhng
li i hi d tr phadinh nhanh.
88
Bng 4- Qu ng truyn tham kho cho dch v thoi 12.2 kbps a tc (120km/h,
ngi s dng trong xe t, knh Verhicular A vi chuyn giao mm)
Dch v thoi 12.2kbps (120 km/h, trong xe hi)
Trm pht (my di ng)

Cng sut pht ln nht ca MS [W]
Cng sut pht ln nht ca MS [dBm]
tng ch ca anten MS [dBi]
Suy hao c th [dB]
Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng (EIRP)
[dBm]
0.125
21.0
0.0
3.0
18.0
a
b
c
d =a+b-c
Trm thu (Trm gc)

Mt tp m nhit [dBm/Hz]
-174.0
Dng nhiu b thu trm gc [dB]
5.0
Mt tp m b thu [dBm/Hz]
-169.0
Cng sut tp m b thu [dBm]
-103.2
d tr nhiu [dB]
3.0
Tp m hiu dng tng cng + nhiu [dBm]
-100.2
li x l [dB]
25.0
Eb/N0 yu cu [dB]
5.0
nhy thu [dBm]
-120.2
tng ch anten trm gc [dBi]
18.0
Suy hao cp bn trong trm gc [dB]
2.0
d tr phadinh nhanh [dB]
0.0
Suy hao ng truyn ln nht [dB]
154.2
Cc thnh phn khc
d tr phadinh normal log [dB]
7.3
li chuyn giao mm [dB], nhiu cell
3.0
Suy hao do trong xe [dB]
8.0
Suy hao truyn sng c php i vi phm vi
141.9
ca cell [dB]
e
f
g=e+f
h=g+10*log(3840000)
i
j =h+i
k=10*log (3840/12.2)
l
m =l-k+j
n
o
p
q=d-m+n-o-p
r
s
t
u = q - r + s-t
Bng 4-4 ch ra qu ng truyn cho cc dch v thi gian thc 144kbps khi
xc sut v tr bn trong nh l 80% c cung cp bi cc trm gc ngoi tri.
Bng 4-4 ch ra rng qu ng truyn ca dch v d liu thi gian thc 144
kbps ch khc vi dch v thoi 12.2 kbps v li x l, cng sut pht my di ng
cao hn, v Eb/N0 yu cu thp hn. Hn na, khong h l 4.0dB c d tr cho
iu khin cng sut nhanh c th b cho phadinh ti tc 3km/h. Gi s suy hao
thm nhp to nh bnh qun l 15dB.
Bng 4- Qu ng truyn ca cc dch v thi gian thc tc 144kbps (vn tc di ng
2km/h, ngi s dng trong nh c phc v bi BS ngoi tri, knh Vehicular A, vi
chuyn giao mm)
89
Dch v d liu 144kbps
Trm pht (my di ng)

Suy hao c th [dB]
[dBm]
0.25
24.0
2.0
0.0
26.0
a
B
C
d =a+b-c
Trm thu (Trm gc)

-174.0
5.0
-169.0
-103.2
d tr nhiu [dB]
3.0
-100.2
li x l [dB]
14.3
Eb/N0 yu cu [dB]
1.5
nhy thu [dBm]
-113.0
18.0
2.0
4.0
151.0
Cc thnh phn khc
4.2
2.0
Suy hao do trong xe , trong nha [dB]
15.0
Suy hao truyn sng c php i vi phm vi 133.8
ca cell [dB]
E
F
g=e+f
h=g+10*log(3840000)
I
j =h+i
k=10*log (3840/144)
L
m =l-k+j
N
O
P
q=d-m+n-op
R
S
T
u= q - r + s-t
Gi tr q a ra suy hao ng truyn ln nht gia anten my di ng v trm

gc. d tr b sung r v t cn m bo cho vng ph indoor vi s c mt ca
vt che khut. S che khut gy ra bi cc to nh, qu i v c m hnh ho
bi phadinh chun log. Gi tr u dng tnh ton kch c cell.
Bng 4- Qu ng truyn tham kho ca dch v d liu phi thi gian thc 384 kbps
(3km/h, ngi s dng ngoi tri, knh Vehicular A, khng chuyn giao mm)
Dch v d liu phi thi gian thc 384 kbps
Trm pht (my di ng)

Suy hao c th [dB]
[dBm]
0.25
24.0
2.0
0.0
26.0
a
b
c
d =a+b-c
Trm thu (Trm gc)

90
-174.0
5.0
-169.0
-103.2
d tr nhiu [dB]
3.0
-100.2
li x l [dB]
10.0
Eb/N0 yu cu [dB]
1.0
nhy thu [dBm]
-109.2
18.0
2.0
4.0
147.2
Cc thnh phn khc
7.3
0.0
0.0
Suy hao truyn sng c php i vi phm vi 139.9
ca cell [dB]
e
f
g=e+f
h=g+10*log(3840000)
i
j =h+i
k=10*log (3840/384)
l
m =l-k+j
n
o
p
q=d-m+n-o-p
r
s
t
u = q - r + s-t
Bng 4-5 trnh by qu lin kt cho dch v d liu phi thi gian thc 384kbps
trong mi trng outdoor. li x l thp hn trng hp d liu thi gian thc
144kbps bi v tc bit cao hn, Eb/N0 yu cu cng thp hn. Trng hp ny gi
s khng c chuyn giao mm.
4.2.1.2 Hiu sut ph sng.
Hiu sut ph sng ca WCDMA c nh ngha l din tch vng ph trung
bnh trn mt i trm i vi mi trng truyn sng tham kho quy nh trc v
mt lu lng cn h tr. Hiu sut ny c tnh bng km2/i trm.
T qu ng truyn, bn knh cell R c th c tnh cho m hnh truyn
sng bit, chng hn nh m hnh Okumura-Hata, Walfish-Ikegami. M hnh
truyn sng m t s truyn sng tnh trung bnh trong mi trng , n chuyn i
suy hao truyn sng c php tnh bng dB trn hng u thnh bn knh cell ln nht
tnh ra km. Khi bn knh ph sng ca cell c xc nh th c th tnh c din
tch ph sng ca cell (ph thuc vo cu hnh phn on ca anten trm gc) theo
cng thc :
S = K . R2
Vi K l h s ng vi s on trong cell c cho trong bng sau:
Bng 4- Gi tr K theo cu hnh site.
Cu hnh site
V hng 2 on
3 on
6 on
91
2.6
1.3
1.95
2.6
V d : tnh theo m hnh Walfish Ikegami (COST 231) cho cell macro vng
th vi cao anten trm gc l 40m, cao anten MS l 2m v tn s sng mang
1950 MHz, v cc thng s mc nh khc, ta tnh c suy hao truyn sng nh sau:
L[dB] =138.17 + 38log10(R). Trong R l bn knh ph sng ca cell
Cch tnh ton theo cc m hnh truyn sng c trnh by trong ph lc C.
i vi vng ngoi , gi s h s sa li b sung l 8dB c suy hao ng truyn l
L= 130.17+38log10(R).
Qu trnh tnh ton bn knh cell c th tm tt trong hnh v sau:
Hnh 4- Tnh ton bn knh cell
4.2.2
Phn tch dung lng.

Da vo qu ng truyn v s dng m hnh truyn sng ph hp s tnh
c vng ph v tuyn ban u (cng vic ny thng c thc hin bng phn
mm quy hoch).
Tuy nhin y ch l mt phn quy hoch ban u. Bc tip theo l cn lm
cho quy hoch c hiu qu m bo h tr ti (hay dung lng) d kin. D tr
nhiu c s dng loi b nhiu do cc ngi s dng khc s to ra. Ti cng ln
th nhiu cng ln v d tr nhiu cng phi cng ln loi b nhiu . Bng 47 ch ra mi quan h gia d tr nhiu c yu cu bi ti ng ln.
Bng 4- Mi quan h gia d tr nhiu c yu cu ng vi ti ng ln.
Ti cell ng ln (%) 0
10
20
50
75
90
95
99
D tr nhiu (dB)
0
0.46 1
3
6
10
13
20
T bng 4-7 c th thy tng tp m tin n v cng khi ti ca tin n
100%. Ti ca cell cng ln th tp m cng tng v vng ph ca cell cng nh.
Khng th t c ti cell bng 100% nhng hon ton c th t c ti cell
bng 60%-70%. Phi chuyn i t ti cell tnh theo phn trm sang mt tham s o
92
s s dng ca thu bao nh: tng s thu bao i vi mt vng dch v cho trc,
tng thng lng. iu ny cho php bit c vng ph ca cell c th h tr ti n
c hiu qu hay khng. V d: gi s quy hoch cell da vo qu ng truyn ccho
mt dch v c th (chng hn nh dch v d liu 128kbps) v mt d tr nhiu c
th (chng hn 4dB cho ti ng ln bng 60%). Mt cell cho trc c mt vng ph
c th. Sau kho st vng ph v nh gi xem ti d kin trong vng ph s nh
hn ti c a ra trong quy hoch ln u hay khng. Nu khng h tr c ti
trong mt s khu vc th cn phi sa i bn quy hoch (c th bng cch b sung
trm gc) v qu trnh quy hoch l mt qu trnh lp nhiu ln c gi tr cn
tnh.
4.2.2.1
Tnh ton h s ti
Pha 2 ca nh c l tnh ton tng s lu lng trn mt site trm gc. Khi h
s s dng li tn s ca h thng WCDMA l 1, h thng thng c c tnh gii
hn nhiu v phi tnh ton tng lng nhiu v dung lng cc cell c cp pht
a. H s ti ng ln.
C 2 cch o: Tnh ton ti da vo cng sut thu bng rng, v tnh ton da
vo ti giao din v tuyn.
a1. Tnh ton h s ti da vo cng sut thu bng rng.
Cc mc cng sut thu bng rng c o Nt B, h s ti c tnh ton nh
sau:
- Gi tng cng sut nhiu bng rng thu c Nt B l Itotal , bao gm: cng sut
nhiu ca ngi s dng trong cng cell (Iown); cng sut nhiu ca ngi s dng t
cc cell khc (Ioth); tp m my thu v tp m nn (PN).
Itotal = Iown + Ioth + PN.
- Mc tng tp m (NR) ng ln c nh ngha l t s gia cng sut thu c
chia cho cng sut tp m PN .
NR(UL) =
Vi UL 1
I total
1
PN
1 UL
PN
NR 1
I total
NR
Trong : Itotal c o Nt B ; PN c cho trc.

a2. Tnh ton h s ti da vo thng lng.
Hiu sut ph theo l thuyt ca cell WCDMA c th c tnh ton t phng
trnh ti. Trc ht ta xc nh Eb/N0, nng lng trn mt bit ngi s dng chia cho
mt ph tp m:
(4.1)
93

W
j
(Eb/N0)j = v R I P
j
j
total
j
Trong , W l tc chip, Pj l cng sut tn hiu thu t ngi s dng, vj l

h s hot ng ca ngi s dng j, Rj l tc bit ca ngi s dng j, v I total l
tng cng sut thu bng rng bao gm cng sut tp m nhit trong trm gc. Suy ra
Pj c tnh nh sau
1
I total
W
Pj = 1
(E b /N 0 ) j R j v j
(4.2)
t Pj = Lj I total th h s ti Lj ca mt kt ni nh sau:
1
W
Lj = 1
(E b /N 0 ) j R j v j
(4.3)
Nhiu thu tng cng khng tnh tp m nhit PN, c th c tnh bng tng ca
cng sut thu t N ngi s dng trong cng mt cell
N
j 1
j 1
Itotal PN = Pj L j I total
(4.4)
Mc tng tp m c nh ngha l t s gia tng cng sut thu bng rng v

cng sut tp m:
NR =
I total
PN
S dng phng trnh (4.4) ta c

1
I total
1
N
NR =
= 1 L = 1
PN
j
UL
(4.5)
j 1
Trong h s ti UL c nh ngha nh sau:

N
UL L j
(4.6)
j 1
Khi UL tin gn ti 1, mc tng tp m tng ng gn ti gi tr khng xc

nh v h thng t c dung lng ti im cc ca n.
Thm vo , trong h s ti, nhiu t cc cell khc phi c quan tm, t s
nhiu t cc cell khc v ca chnh cell l i c tnh nh sau:
i = nhiu t cc cell khc/ nhiu ca chnh cell
H s ti c th vit nh sau:
N
1
W
j 1
1
(E b /N 0 ) j R j v j
UL (1 i ) L j (1 i)
j 1
(4.7)
Phng trnh ti m t tng mc tng tp m vt qu tp m nhit do nhiu.

Mc tng tp m = -10log10(1- UL ). d tr nhiu trn hng i trong qu ng
truyn phi bng vi mc tng tp m ln nht hoch nh.T s E b/N0 ph thuc
94
vo iu khin cng sut vng kn v chuyn giao mm. nh hng ca chuyn giao
mm c tnh bi li kt hp phn tp v m theo kt qu Eb/N0 ca lin kt n.
Cc thng s cho vic tnh ton h s ti ng ln c ch ra trong bng 4-8.
Bng 4- Cc thng s s dng trong tnh ton h s ti ng ln.
N
Vj
Eb/N0
W
Rj
i
nh ngha
Gi tr khuyn ngh
S ngi s dng trn mt cell
H s hot ng ca ngi s dng j ti 0.67 cho thoi, gi s 50% hot ng
lp vt l
thoi v tng ph DPCCH trong sut
DTX.
1.0 i vi d liu
Nng lng tn hiu ca mt bit chia cho Ph thuc vo dch v, tc bit, knh
mt ph tp m c yu cu p phadinh a ng, phn tp anten
ng QoS (v d nh t s li bit). Tp m thu, tc di ng
bao gm c tp m nhit v nhiu.
Tc chip WCDMA
3.84 Mcps
Tc bit ca ngi s dng j
Ph thuc vo dch v
T s nhiu t cc cell khc v chnh cell Cell macro vi cc anten a hng:
c xem xt bi b thu trm gc
55%, Macro cell vi 3 sector: 65%
b. H s ti ng xung.
b1. Tnh ton ti da vo cng sut.
Ti ca cell c th c xc nh bi tng cng sut pht ng xung, Ptotal.
H s ti ng xung DL c xc nh bng t s ca tng cng sut pht hin ti
chia cho cng sut pht ln nht ca Nt B Pmax:
DL =
Ptotal
Pmax
(4.8)
Ch rng phng php tnh ton ti ny, Ptotal khng a ra thng tin chnh xc
v dung lng giao din v tuyn ng xung cc i m h thng c c. Mt cell
nh vi cng mt Ptotal th c ti giao din v tuyn cao hn cell ln hn.
b2. Tnh ton ti da vo thng lng.
H s ti ng xung, DL c xc nh da vo nguyn l tng t nh
i vi ng ln :
N
DL v j
j 1
( Eb / N 0 )
(1 j ) i j
W/R j
(4.9)
Trong : -10log10(1-UL ) bng mc tng tp m vt qua tp m nhit do

nhiu a truy nhp. Cc thng s s dng cho vic tnh ton h s ti ng xung
c ch ra trong bng 4.9
95
Trn ng xung, t s nhiu cc cell khc v cell phc v, i, ph thuc vo

v tr ngi s dng v th m khc nhau i vi mi ngi s dng j. H s ti c th
xp x bng gi tr trung bnh ca cell nh sau:
N
( Eb / N 0 ) j
j 1
W/R j
DL v j
(1 ) i
(4.10)
Trong m hnh nhiu ng xung, nh hng ca chuyn giao mm c th

c m hnh ho theo 2 cch:
1. Tng s kt ni bi trong chuyn giao mm UE lin kt ng thi vi c 2 Nt B,
v gim Eb/N0 cn thit trn mt lin kt vi li chuyn giao mm.
2. Gi cho s kt ni c nh, ngha l bng s ngi s dng, v s dng kt hp
yu cu Eb/N0.
Gi s li chuyn giao mm trn 1 lin kt l 3dB, t s Eb/N0 kt hp ging
nhau trong c hai trng hp c v khng c chuyn giao mm. Ta khng cn quan
tm nh hng ca chuyn giao mm trong qu trnh nh c giao din v tuyn.
Bng 4- Cc thng s s dng trong vic tnh ton h s ti lin kt n.

N
vj
Eb/N0
W
Rj
j
nh ngha
Gi tr khuyn ngh
S ngi s dng trn mt cell
H s hot ng ca ngi s dng j ti 0.58 cho thoi, gi s 50% hot ng
lp vt l
thoi v tng ph DPCCH trong sut
DTX
1.0 i vi d liu
Nng lng tn hiu ca mt bit chia Ph thuc vo dch v, tc bit, knh
cho mt ph tp m c yu cu phadinh a ng, phn tp anten thu,
p ng QoS cho trc(v d nh t s tc di ng
li bit). Tp m bao gm c tp m
nhit v nhiu.
Tc chip WCDMA
3.84 Mcps
Tc bit ca ngi s dng j
Ph thuc vo dch v
Tnh trc giao ca knh ngi s dng j Ph thuc vo qu trnh truyn sng a
ng.
1: Knh mt ng hon ton trc giao.
ij
0: Khng trc giao

T s cng sut cc cell khc vi cng Mi ngi s dng c mt ij khc ph
sut cell phc v, c thu bi ngi s thuc vo v tr ca n trong cell v vt
dng j
che khut log-normal.
H s trc giao trung bnh trong cell
Knh ITU Vehicular A: ~50%
Knh ITU Pedestrian A: ~90%
96
T s cng sut t cc cell khc v cell Cell macro vi cc anten a hng: 55%,
phc v c thu bi ngi s dng. Macro cell vi 3 sector: 65%
Nhiu cell phc v y l bng rng
Ch : cell phc v l cell ph v tt nht. Nu mt ngi s dng ang thc hin chuyn
giao mm, tt c cc trm gc khc trong tp hp tch cc c tnh l cell khc.
i vi vic nh c ng xung, rt quan trng tnh ton tng cng sut

pht trm gc yu cu. Vic tnh ton ny da vo cng sut pht trung bnh i vi
ngi s dng, ch khng phi cng sut pht cho bin gii cell c ch ra trong qu
lin kt. L do l cng ngh bng rng em li li chnh trong vic nh c b
khuch i cng sut: Trong khi mt s ngi s dng ti bin gii cell yu cu cng
sut cao, cn nhng ngi s dng khc gn trm gc cn trm gc pht cng sut t
hn ti cng mt thi im.
Cng sut pht yu cu nh nht cho mi ngi s dng c xc nh bi suy
hao trung bnh gia b pht trm gc v b thu di ng, L , v nhy thu my di
ng, vi s xut hin ca nhiu a truy nhp (trong cell v gia cc cell). nh hng
ca mc tng tp m do nhiu c cng thm vo cng sut nh nht ny v tng
ca chng l cng sut pht yu cu i vi mt ngi s dng ti v tr c cng sut
bng cng sut trung bnh trong cell. V mt ton hc cng sut pht trm gc tng
cng c th m t bng phng trnh sau:
N
BS_TxP=
N rf W L v j
j 1
( Eb / N 0 )
W/R j
(4.11)
1 - DL
Trong Nrf l mt ph tp m ca b thu my di ng u cui. Gi tr ca

Nrf c tnh ton nh sau :
Nrf = k T NF
= -174.0 dBm + N F (gi s rng T=290K)
(4.12)
Trong k l hng s Boltzman =1.381 10 23 J/K, T l nhit tuyt i
Kelvin, v NF l dng nhiu b thu trm gc thng c gi tr t 5-9dB.
* Phn tch cc yu t nh hng n dung lng v vng ph.
Trn c ng ln v ng xung, ti giao din v tuyn nh hng n vng
ph sng, nhng khng hon ton ging nhau. S khc nhau gia ng cong ti
ng ln v ng xung c m t nh sau. Suy hao ng truyn ln nht (vng
ph) l mt hm s ca ti c ch ra trong hnh v 4-3 i vi c ng ln v
ng xung. Gi s mt site 3sector, v thng lng ca mt site trn mt sng
97
mang. ng ln c tnh ton cho d liu 144kbps, qu ng truyn v mt s gi

nh c ch ra trong bng 4-10.
Trn ng xung, vng ph ph thuc nhiu vo ti hn l trn ng ln, th
hin trn hnh 4-10. L do l trn ng xung, cng sut pht ln nht l 10W nhng
khng quan tm n s ngi s dng v c chia s gia cc ngi s dng, trong
khi trn ng ln mi ngi s dng li c mt li c mt b khuch i cng sut
ca chnh n. V th, thm ch vi ti thp trn ng xung, vng ph vn nh l mt
hm s gim ca s ngi s dng.
R rng rng vi mt s gi s nh trn, vng ph b gii hn bi ng ln i
vi ti di 700kbps, trong khi dung lng b gii hn bi ng xung. Dung lng
c trnh by trn ph thuc vo mi trng v c th hin thng qua v d. Ta
cn ch rng, trong cc mng th h ba lu lng gia ng ln v ng xung,
v ti c th khc nhau trn ng ln v ng xung.
Bng 4- Qu ng truyn v mt s gi nh c m phng.
Cng sut pht my di ng

nhy my thu trm gc
Cng sut pht trm gc
d tr nhiu
d tr phadinh nhanh
Tng ch anten trm gc
Suy hao c th
Tng ch anten di ng
Eb/N0
T s nhiu gia cell khc v cell phc v (i)
Suy hao cp
Dung lng ln nht ng xung
Dung lng ln nht ng ln
Suy hao ng truyn ln nht
21dBm
-116 dBm
10W/40dBm
2.0 dB
2.0 dB
18.0 dBi
0.0 dB
2.0dBi
5.5 dB
0.6
4 dB
820 kbps/cell
1730 kbps/cell
153.0 dB
Trong hnh 4-3 , gi s cng sut trm gc l 10W, nu ta s dng cng sut l
20W, th vng ph v dung lng ng xung cng thay i. S khc nhau v vng
ph v dung lng trong 2 trng hp c ch ra trong hnh 4-4
98
Hnh 4- Mt v d v mi quan h gia vng ph v dung lng trn ng ln v ng

xung
Nu ta tng cng sut ng xung 3dB, c th tng suy hao ng truyn ln

nht cao hn 3.0dB m khng quan tm n ti. S ci thin dung lng s nh hn
ci thin vng ph do ng cong ti. Nu ta gi suy hao truyn sng ng xung c
nh ti 153dB, l suy hao truyn sng ng ln ln nht vi d tr nhiu l
2dB, th dung lng ng xung c th tng ln ch 10% (0.4dB) t 680 kbps ln
750 kbps. Vic tng cng sut pht ng xung tang dung lng ng xung l
khng hiu qu, bi v cng sut c sn khng nh hng n dung lng cc i.
Hnh 4- nh hng ca cng sut pht trm gc ti dung lng v vng ph trn ng
xung
Gi s rng ta c cng sut pht ng xung l 20W, vic chia cng sut
ng xung gia 2 tn s s tng dung lng ng xung t 750kbps ln ti
2x680Kbps =1360kbps, tc l tng 80%. Vic chia cng sut ng xung gia 2 tn
s sng mang l mt phng php c hiu qu tng dung lng ng xung m
99
khng cn u t thm cc b khuch i cng sut. Phng php chia cng sut yu
cu vic cp pht tn s ca cc trm iu khin cho php s dng 2 tn s sng mang
trong trm gc.
4.2.2.2 Hiu sut ph.
Hiu sut ph ca WCDMA c th c nh ngha bi s cc cuc gi ng thi
vi mt s tc bit xc nh, hoc nhiu tc bt thch hp hn trong cc h thng
thng tin th h 3, bi thng lng lp vt l tng cng c h tr trong mi cell
trn mt tn s sng mang 5MHz. Hiu sut ph c tnh bng kbps/cell/sng mang.
Hiu sut ph l hm s ca mi trng v tuyn, s di ng ca ngi s dng v v
tr, cc dch v v cht lng ca dch v, v iu kin truyn sng. S bin thin c
th kh ln (50-100%). V th hu ht s m phng h thng u n lc xut mt
s ch th v hiu sut ph trung bnh ca WCDMA ch phn nh kt qu cho mt s
iu kin ca cell xc nh trc v tu theo ngi s dng.
nh c cho lu lng c nh, dung lng c th c tnh ton mt cch
chnh xc theo phng trnh h s ti trnh by. Quy lut chuyn i chung gia
vic s dng mt knh thoi v mt knh d liu c th da trn cc h s ti ring r
cho mi dch v.
4.2.2.3 Dung lng mm.

a. Dung lng Erlang.
Trong phn nh c, s knh trn mt cell c tnh ton. Da vo , ta c
th tnh mt lu lng ln nht c th c h tr bi mt xc sut nghn cho
trc. Mt lu lng c th c tnh trong bng Erlang, v c xc nh nh
sau:
(4.12)
Nu dung lng b nghn cng, tc l b gii hn bi tng s phn cng, dung
lng Erlang c th thu c t m hnh Erlang B.Nu dung lng ln nht b gii
hn bi tng s nhiu trn giao din v tuyn, th n c nh ngha l dung lng
mm, bi v khi khng c gi tr c nh ring no cho dung lng ln nht. i vi
mt h thng b gii hn dung lng mm, dung lng Erlang khng th c tnh
ton t bng Erlang B, bi v n s em li kt qu khng ng. Tng s knh c s
ch ln hn s knh trung bnh trn mt cell, bi v cc cell ln cn chu mt phn
nhiu,v v th m mt lu lng ln hn c th s dng vi cng xc sut nghn.
Dung lng mm c th c gii thch nh sau. Nhiu gy ra t cc cell ln cn cng
100
t, th s knh trong cell trung tm cng nhiu, c ch ra trong hnh 4-5. Vi mt s

t cc knh trn mt cell, tc l i vi ngi s dng d liu tc bit cao, ti trung
bnh phi kh thp m bo xc sut nghn thp. Khi ti trung bnh thp, thng
tn ti mt dung lng ph trong cc cell ln cn. Dung lng ny c th c cho
mn t cc cell lin k, v th m vic chia s nhiu s em li dung lng mm.
Dung lng mm quan trng i vi ngi s dng d liu thi gian thc tc bit
cao, v d nh i vi cc kt ni hnh nh. Dung lng mm cng c trong GSM nu
dung lng giao din v tuyn c gii hn bi tng s nhiu thay v s khe thi
gian; gi s rng h s s dng li tn s ca GSM thp vi ti rt nh.
Hnh 4- Chia s nhiu gia cc cell trong WCDMA.
Trong tnh ton dung lng mm di y gi s rng c s thu bao ging nhau
trong tt c cc cell nhng cc kt ni bt u v kt thc mt cch c lp. Thm vo
, khong thi gian cc cuc gi n tun theo phn b Poisson.
Phng php ny c th s dng trong trong nh c khi tnh ton dung lng
Erlang. S c dung lng mm b sung thm nu trong WCDMA nu s ngi s
dng trong cc cell ln cn nh hn.
S khc nhau gia nghn cng v nghn mm c ch ra trong mt s v d
trn lin kt ng ln di y. Dung lng mm WCDMA c nh ngha trong
phn ny nh l phn tng ca dung lng Erlang khi nghn mm so vi mc tng
dung lng Erlang khi nghn cng trong trng hp cng s knh ln nht tnh trung
bnh trn mt cell.
Dung lng mm ng ln c th da vo tng nhiu ti trm gc. Lng

nhiu tng cng ny bao gm nhiu ca cell phc v v nhiu t cc cell khc. V th,
s knh tng cng c th thu c bng cch nhn s knh trn mt cell trong trng
hp ti bng nhau vi 1+i, h s ny em li mt dung lng cell c lp, khi
101
Cng thc Erlang B c bn c p dng vi s knh ln hn (vn nhiu). Dung

lng Erlang c c sau c chia u gia cc cell. Th tc tnh ton dung
lng mm c tng kt nh sau:
1. Tnh ton s knh trn mt cell, N, trong trng hp ti bng nhau, da vo h s ti
ng ln
2. Nhn s knh vi 1+i thu c vn knh tng cng trong trng hp nghn mm.
3. Tnh ton lu lng ngh ln nht t cng thc Erlang.
4. Chia dung lng Erlang cho 1+i.
b. Cc v d v dung lng mm ng ln.

Mt s v d a ra trong bng 4-11
Dung lng thu c, trn c hai knh da vo phng trnh ti v Erlang trn
mt cell, c ch ra trong bng 4-11. Hiu sut trunking c ch ra trong bng 4-11
c nh ngha nh l dung lng nghn cng chia cho s knh. Hiu sut trunking
cng thp, ti trung bnh cng thp, dung lng c th mn t cc cell ln cn cng
nhiu, v dung lng mm c c cng ln.
Bng 4- V d trong tnh ton dung lng mm
Thng s
Tc bit
Hot ng thoi
Eb/N0
I
Mc tng tp m
Xc sut nghn
Gi tr
Thoi: 12.2 kbps
D liu thi gian thc: 16-144kbps
Thoi 67%
D liu 100%
Thoi: 4dB
D liu 16-32 kbps: 3dB
D liu 64Kbps: 2dB
D liu 144kbps: 1.5dB
0.55
3dB (=50% h s ti)
2%
Bng 4- Tnh ton dung lng mm trn ng ln.

Tc bit
(kbps)
12.2
16
32
64
Cc knh
trn mt cell
60.5
39.0
19.7
12.5
Dung lng
nghn cng
50.8 Erl
30.1 Erl
12.9 Erl
7.0 Erl
Hiu sut
trunking
84%
77%
65%
56%
Dung lng
nghn mm
53.5Erl
32.3Erl
14.4Erl
8.2Erl
Dung lng
mm
5%
7%
12%
17%
102
144
6.4
2.5 Erl
39%
3.2Erl
28%
Ch rng cng c nhiu dung lng mm cho cc tc bit cao hn so vi tc

bit thp. Mi quan h ny c ch ra trong hnh 4-6
Hnh 4- Dung lng mm l mt hm s ca tc bit cho cc kt ni thi gian thc.
Ch rng tng s dung lng mm cng ph thuc vo mi trng truyn sng

v vo qu trnh quy hoch mng nh hng ti gi tr i. Dung lng mm c th thu
c ch khi thut ton qun l ngun ti nguyn v tuyn c th s dng mt dung
lng cao hn trong mt cell nu cc cell ln cn c ti thp hn. iu ny c th t
c nu thut ton qun l ngun ti nguyn v tuyn da vo nhiu m khng phi
tc bit hay s cc kt ni.
Dung lng mm tng t cng tn ti trn ng xung WCDMA ng thi
trong c GSM nu p dng thut ton qun l ti nguyn v tuyn da vo nhiu.
4.3 Quy hoch vng ph v dung lng chi tit.
4.3.1 D on vng ph v dung lng lp.
Phn ny s trnh by vic hoch nh chi tit vng ph v dung lng. Trong
pha hoch nh chi tit, cn d liu truyn thc t t cc vng hoch nh, cng vi
mt ngi s dng c tnh ton v lu lng ngi s dng. Cc thng tin v
cc site trm gc ang tn ti cng cn tn dng cc s u t cho cc site c.
u ra ca hoch nh chi tit vng ph v dung lng l v tr trm gc, cu hnh v
cc thng s.
103
Hnh 4- Qu trnh tnh ton vng ph v dung lng lp
Bi v trong WCDMA tt c ngi s dng ang chia s cc ngun ti nguyn

nhiu trong giao din v tuyn nn khng th phn tch mt cch c lp. Mi ngi
s dng u nh hng n cc ngi khc v lm cho cng sut pht ca chng thay
i. S thay i bn thn chng li gy ra s thay i v c nh vy. V th, ton b
qu trnh d on phi c thc hin mt cch lp i lp li cho n khi cng sut
pht n nh. Tc my di ng, hin trng knh a ng v cc tc bit, cc
kiu dch v cng ng vai tr quan trng hn so vi cc h thng di ng 2G. Hn
th na, iu khin cng sut nhanh trn c ng ln v ng xung, chuyn giao
mm v mm hn, cc knh ng xung trc giao cng nh hng n cc ch tiu
k thut ca h thng. S khc nhau gia d on vng ph trong h thng WCDMA
v TDMA/FDMA l s tnh ton nhiu trong WCDMA l ch yu trong pha d on.
Trong qu trnh hoch nh vng ph GSM hin hnh, nhy thu trm gc thng
c coi l hng s v ngng ph sng ging nhau cho mi trm gc. Trong trng
hp nhy thu ca trm gc ph thuc vo s ngi s dng v tc bit s dng
trong tt c cc cell, v th n l cc chi tit ring ca dch v v ca cell. Cng ch
rng trong cc mng 3G, ng xung c th c ti cao hn trn ng ln. Vic tnh
ton vng ph v dung lng lp c thc hin theo s sau hnh 4-7.
4.3.2 Cng c hoch nh.
104
Trong cc h thng 2G, vic hoch nh chi tit tp trung ch yu vo hoch nh

vng ph. Trong cc h thng 3G, vic hoch nh nhiu chi tit v phn tch dung
lng cn thit hn ti u vng ph. Cc cng c cn thit h tr cc nh quy hoch
ti u cu hnh trm gc, vic chn la anten, cc hng t ca anten, v tr cc
site, p ng cht lng ca cc dch v v cc yu cu dung lng, dch v vi
chi ph nh nht. t c kt qu ti u, cng c phi c y cc kin thc ca
thut ton qun l ti nguyn v tuyn thc hin vn hnh v to ra cc quyt nh,
ging nh trong mng thc t. Xc sut vng ph sng ng ln v ng xung
c xc nh cho mt dch v c bit bng kim tra tnh sn sng ca dch v trong
mi v tr hoch nh.
Pha hoch nh chi tit khng khc nhiu so vi hoch nh mng 2G. Cc site v
sector c t vo cng c. S khc nhau chnh l tm quan trng ca lp lu lng.
Cc phng php phn tch chi tit c xut s dng cc trm gc ri rc trong
phn tch ca WCDMA. Mt trm gc trong cc cell khc nhau nn da vo cc
thng tin lu lng thc t. Cc im quan trng nn c xc nh nh l mt u
vo phn tch chnh xc.
Cng c hoch nh y l mt b m phng tnh da vo iu kin trung bnh
v cc thng tin nhanh t mng c th c ly ra.cn b m phng ng bao gm
cc m hnh di ng v m hnh lu lng chng c th c pht trin v th
nghim cc thut ton qun l ngun ti nguyn v tuyn trong mi trng thc t, v
kt qu ca s m phng ny l u vo cho cng c hoch nh mng. V d nh
hiu sut thc t ca thut ton chuyn giao vi cc li o c v tr c th c kim
tra trong cng c ng v kt qu c a v cng c hoch nh mng. Vic kim
tra cc thut ton RRM yu cu m hnh chnh xc ca hiu sut lin kt WCDMA, v
v th mt s gii quyt v mt thi gian tng ng vi tn s iu khin cng sut l
1.5kHz c s dng trong b m phng ng.
4.3.2.1 S lp li trn ng ln v ng xung.
Mc tiu ca s lp li ng ln l phn b cc cng sut pht ca trm di ng
c m phng gi tr cc mc nhiu v nhy thu trm gc hi t. Mc nhy
thu trm gc c sa ng bi mc nhiu ng ln c tnh ton (mc tng tp
m) v v th l chi tit ring ca cell. nh hng ca ti ng ln i vi nhy
thu c tnh bi -10log10(1-UL ). Trong s lp li ng ln cc cng sut pht ca
MS c tnh ton da vo mc nhy thu ca my ch tt nht, dch v, tc v
suy hao lin kt. Cc cng sut pht c so snh vi cng sut pht ln nht cho
php ca cc MS, v cc MS vt qu gii hn ny s b y ra ngoi. Nhiu c th
105
c tnh ton li v cc gi tr ti mi v cc nhy cho mi trm gc c n

nh. Nu h s ti ng ln cao hn gii hn thit lp, cc MS di chuyn ngu nhin
t cc cell ti nhiu nht n cc sng mang khc (nu ph cho php) hoc b y ra.
Mc ch ca vic lp ng xung l phn phi mt cch chnh xc cc cng
sut pht trm gc n mi trm di ng cho ti khi tn hiu thu ti trm di ng p
ng t s Eb/N0 mc tiu.
4.3.2.2 M hnh ho cc ch tiu mc lin kt.
Trong qu trnh nh c v hoch nh chi tit cn phi lm n gin ho s tiu
tn lin quan n cc knh truyn sng a ng, b pht v b thu. Mt m hnh
truyn thng l s dng t s Eb/N0 thu trung bnh m bo cht lng ca cc dch
v yu cu, bao gm nh hng ca hin trng tr cng sut. Trong cc h thng s
dng iu khin cng sut nhanh, t s Eb/N0 thu trung bnh khng c trng
cho nh hng ca cc knh v tuyn i vi cc ch tiu ca mng. S phn b cng
sut pht phi c quan tm khi m hnh ho cc ch tiu mc lin kt trong khi tnh
ton mc mng. Mt phng php hp l cho ng ln WCDMA th hin rng do
yu cu Eb/N0 trung bnh thu c, mt mc tng cng sut pht trung bnh cn thit
tnh ton nhiu. Hn na, khong h iu khin cng sut phi cn thit trong tnh
ton qu ng truyn cho php iu khin cng sut theo c phadinh nhanh ti
bin gii cell.
Cc a lin kt c quan tm trong b m phng khi tnh ton li chuyn
giao mm trong cng sut thu v pht trung bnh v khong h iu khin cng sut.
Trong sut qu trnh m phng cc cng sut pht c tnh chnh xc bi h s hot
ng thoi, li chuyn giao mm v mc tng cng sut trung bnh cho mi trm di
ng.
4.4 Minh ho.

Ta nghin cu quy hoch mt vng th Phn Lan, din tch 12x12 (km 2).
Yu cu xc sut vng ph ca trm iu khin cho cc dch v 8kbps, 64kbps,
384kbps c thit lp, tng ng l 95%, 80%, 50% hay tt hn. Pha hoch nh
bt u bng vic tnh ton qu ng truyn v chn la v tr cc site. Trong pha k
tip cc vng thng tr cho mi cell c ti u. Trong v d ny, cc vng chnh ch
lin quan n cc iu kin truyn sng. nghing, v phng hng ca anten, v
v tr cc site c th thay i t c cc vng chnh r rng cho cc cell. Ti u
vng thng tr ch yu l ti u nhiu, iu khin xc sut chuyn giao mm v vng
chuyn giao mm. Cc ch tiu v nhiu v chuyn giao mm/mm hn c coi l
ci thin dung lng mng. Mt s gi nh dng trong b m phng ch ra trong
bng 4-13.
106
Bng 4- Cc thng s s dng trong b m phng

Gii hn ti ng ln
Cng sut pht ln nht ca trm gc
Cng sut pht ln nht ca trm di ng
Phm vi thay i ca iu khin cng sut MS
tng quan phadinh chm(normal-log) gia cc BS
lch chun cho phadinh chm
Hin trng knh a ng
Cc tc trm di ng
Cc dng tp m trm di ng/ trm gc
Ca s b sung chuyn giao mm
Cng sut knh hoa tiu
Cng sut kt hp cho cc knh chung khc
H s trc giao ng xung
H s hot ng ca thoi/d liu
Cc anten trm gc
Cc anten trm di ng thoi /d liu
75%
20W (43dBm)
300 mW (=25 dBm)
70dB
50%
6dB
ITU Vehicular A
3km/h v 50km/h
7dB/5dB
-6dB
30dBm
30dBm
0.5
50%/100%
650/ 17dBi
a hng / 1.5dBi
Ta phn tch qu trnh trin khai nh c mng v tuyn cho vng dn c nh

sau. Trong n ny ch tin hnh tnh ton cho dch v thoi 8kbps, cc dch v khc
tnh ton tng t ch cn thay i thng s.
Bc1: Cn c vo vc gi inh thng s trn cng vi cc yu cu 3GPP, ta lp
qu ng truyn cho dch v thoi 8kbps, trong xe hi, tc 50km/h, ng vi xc
sut ph sng ca trm gc l ln nht 95% nh trong bng 4-14.
Lu : vi h s ti ng ln 75%, ta tnh c d tr nhiu = mc tng tp m
ng ln NR(UL) = -10log10(1- UL ) =10 log10 (1 0.75) = 6dB.
Bng 4- Qu ng truyn dch v thoi 8kbps
Dch v thoi 8 kbps (50 km/h, trong xe hi)
Trm pht (my di ng)
0.3
25.0
A
0.0
B
Suy hao c th [dB]
3.0
C
Cng sut bc x ng hng(EIRP) [dBm]
22.0
d =a+b-c
Trm thu (Trm gc)
-174.0
E
5.0
F
-169.0
g=e+f
-103.2
h=g+10*log(3840000)
d tr nhiu [dB]
6.0
I
-97.2
j =h+i
li x l [dB]
26.8
k=10*log (3840/8)
Eb/N0 yu cu [dB]
5.0
L
nhy thu [dBm]
-119.0
m =l-k+j
107

18.0
2.0
0.0
157.0
Cc thnh phn khc
6.0
6.0
8.0
Suy hao truyn sng c php i vi 149.0
phm vi ca cell [dB]
N
O
P
q=d-m+n-o-p
r
s
t
u= q - r + s-t
Bc 2: Tnh theo m hnh Walfish Ikegami(COST 231) cho cell macro vng
th vi cc gi nh nh sau:
- Tn s sng mang fc = 1950MHz
- cao anten trm gc hb = 40m,
- cao anten MS hm =2m
- cao trung bnh ca to nh hr= 42m
- rng ng ph W= 20m
- Khong cch trung bnh gia cc to nh b = 45m.
- Gc to vi ng ph, = 900
- Trm gc kiu 3-sector (K=1.95),
*Tnh ton c th:
hm = hr hm = 42 2 = 40m
hb = hb hr = 40 42 = 2m
L0 = 4 0.114( 55) = 4 0.114(90 55) = 0
Lbsh = 18log1011 + hb = 18log1011 + (2) = 20.75dB
V hb < hr , ta c :
ka = 54 0.8 hb = 54 0.8 x 40 = 22
kd = 18
kf = 4 +1.5 (fc/925 1) = 4 +1.5 (1950/925 1) = - 5.66
Suy hao trong khng gian t do:
Lf = 32.4 + 20log10R + 20log101950 = 98.2 + 20log10R
Suy hao tn x v khc x:
Lrts = -16.9 10 log10W + log10 fc+ 20log10 hm + L0
= -16.9 10 log1020 + log101950 + 20log1040 + 0
= 35 dB
Suy hao a mn chn(multiscreen):
Lms = Lbsh + ka + kd log10R + kf log10 fc 9log10b
= -20.75 + 22 + 18 log10R + 18 log10 1950 9log1045
108
= 4.97 + 18 log10R
Suy hao ng truyn cho php:
L50 = Lf + Lrts + Lms
L50 = 98.2 + 20 log10R + 35 + 4.97 +18 log10R
L50 138 + 38 log10R
Theo tnh ton trong qu ng truyn (hng u) ta c L =149.0 dB. Suy ra bn
knh ph sng ca trm gc l R 1.93 Km, din tch ph sng ca trm gc = Kx R 2
=1.95 x 1.932 =7.4 Km2. S lng cell site = S/7.4 =12x12/7.4 19 site macro 3
sector.
Vic hoch nh bao gm 19 site macro 3sector, v vng ph trung bnh ca site
l 7.4km2. Trong cc vng th gii hn ng ln c thit lp l 75% tng ng
vi mc tng tp m l 6dB. Trong trng hp ti vt qu, s MS cn thit phi b
y ra mt cch ngu nhin (hoc l b di chuyn n mt sng mang khc) t cc cell
qu ti. Hnh 4-8 m t ton cnh ca mng, v bng 4-15 ch ra s phn b ngi s
dng trong qu trnh m phng.
109
Hnh 4- Ton cnh mng. Kch thc vng l 12 x12 km2 v c ph sng bi 19 site, mi
site 3sector.
Bc 3: nh c dung lng. Ta c th tnh ton dung lng ban u ca mt cell

da vo phng trnh h s ti (h s ti ng ln ) theo cng thc (4.7). Coi tt c N
ngi s dng c cc thng s nh nha ta c
N
UL (1 i ) L j (1 i ) N
j 1
1
W
1
(E b /N 0 ) R
Vi cc thng s: UL = 0.75; Eb/N0 = 5dB (= 3.16); W= 3.84 Mcps; R= 8kbps; =

0.5; i = 0.65. Ta tnh c s ngi ng thi s dng dch v thoi 8 kbps ln nht
trn mt cell l N =138 ngi, trn ton vng l 19 x 138 = 2622 ngi.
Qu trnh m phng bng cch th nghim mt s ngi s dng vi 3 dch v
8kbps, 64kbps, 384kbps, c tin hnh v cc kt qu o c nh sau:
Bng 4- S phn b ngi s dng
Cc dch v quy ra tc (kbps) S ngi s dng trn mt dch v
110
8 kbps
64 kbps
384 kbps
1735
250
15
Ba trng hp tc di ng c m phng l : 3km/h, 50m/h, v trng hp

khng di chuyn. Trong trng hp khng di chuyn, mt na ngi s dng l ngi
i b (3km/h) v na cn li c tc l 50km/h.
Bng 4- Thng lng cell, ti v tng ph chuyn giao mm.
Ti c bn: tc di ng l 3km/h, s ngi s dng c
phc v:1805
Thng
Thng lng
Tng ph
Cell ID
lng UL
DL (kbps)
Ti UL
SHO
cell 1
728
720
0.5
0.34
cell 2
208.7
216
0.26
0.5
cell 3
231.2
192
0.24
0.35
cell 4
721.6
760
0.43
0.17
cell 5
1508.8
1132.52
0.75
0.22
cell 6
762.67
800
0.53
0.3
Trung bnh 519.2
508.85
0.37
0.39
Ti c bn: tc di ng l 50 km/h, s ngi s dng c

phc v:1777
Thng
Thng lng
Tng ph
Cell ID
lng UL
DL (kbps)
Ti UL
SHO
cell 1
672
710.67
0.58
0.29
cell 2
208.7
216
0.33
0.5
cell 3
226.67
192
0.29
0.35
cell 4
721.6
760
0.5
0.12
cell 5
1101.6
629.14
0.74
0.29
cell 6
772.68
800
0.6
0.27
Trung bnh 531.04
506.62
0.45
0.39
Ti c bn: tc di ng l 50km/h, v 3km/h s ngi s

dng c phc v:1802
Thng lng Thng lng
Tng ph
Cell ID
UL
DL (kbps)
Ti UL
SHO
cell 1
728
720
0.51
0.34
cell 2
208.7
216
0.29
0.5
cell 3
240
200
0.25
0.33
cell 4
730.55
760
0.44
0.2
cell 5
1162.52
780.92
0.67
0.33
111
cell 6
Trung bnh
772.68
525.04
800
513.63
0.55
0.4
0.32
0.39
Bng 4- nh h ng tc trm di ng n thng lng v xc sut ph sng

Tc di ng th nghim
Ti c bn: Tc di
ng 3km/h
8 kbps
64 kbps
384 kbps
Ti c bn: Tc di
ng 50 km/h
8 kbps
64 kbps
384 kbps
Ti c bn: Tc di
ng 3 and 50 km/h
8 kbps
64 kbps
384 kbps
3 km/h
50 km/h
96.60%
97.70%
84.60%
88.90%
66.90%
71.40%
Tc di ng th nghim
3 km/h
50 km/h
95.50%
82.40%
63.00%
97.10%
87.20%
67.20%
Tc di ng th nghim
3 km/h
50 km/h
96.00%
83.90%
65.70%
97.50%
88.30%
70.20%
Trong tt c 3 trng hp m phng, thng lng cell tnh bng kbps v xc sut
ph sng cho mi dch v u c quan tm. Hn th na, xc sut chuyn giao
mm v h s ti u c o c. Bng 4-16 v 4-17 ch ra kt qu m phng cho
thng lng cell v xc sut ph sng. Ti ng ln ln nht c thit lp l 75%
theo bng 4-13. Ch rng trong bng 4-16 c mt s cell ti thp hn 75% v tng
ng vi dung lng cng thp hn gi tr ln nht cho php c th t c. L do l
lu lng yu cu khng ln trong vng ti cc cell. Ti trong cell 5 l 75%.
Cell5 c t trong gc di bn phi ca hnh 4-8 v khng c cc cell khc gn
cell 5. V th, cell c th tp hp nhiu hn lu lng hn cc cell khc. Cell 2 v
3 nm gia vng v khng lu lng ti cho cell.
4.5 Ti u mng.
Ti u mng l mt qu trnh ci thin ton b cht lng mng khi th
nghim bi cc thu bao di ng v m bo rng cc ngun ti nguyn mng c s
dng mt cch hiu qu. Qu trnh ti u bao gm:
1. o c hiu nng (cc ch tiu k thut).
2. Phn tch cc kt qu o c.
112
3. iu chnh mng.
Qu trnh ti u c ch ra trong hnh 4-9.
Hnh 4- Qu trnh ti u mng.
Giai on u ca qu trnh ti u mng l nh ngha cc ch th hiu nng

chnh bao gm cc cc kt qu o h thng qun l mng v s liu o ngoi hin
trng hay bt k thng tin khc c th s dng xc nh cht lng dch v.
Vic o c c th c thc hin bng cch th nghim UE v t cc phn t
ca mng. Cc cng c o c ch ra trong hnh 4-10. UE cung cp cc s liu thch
hp nh cng sut pht ng ln; tc v xc sut chuyn giao mm; E b/N0 ca
CPICH; BLER ng xung Cc phn t mng v tuyn c th cung cp cc thng
s o c mc cell v mc kt ni: BLER ng ln, cng sut pht ng xung.
Thng s o c mc kt ni t UE v t mng rt quan trng vn hnh mng v
cung cp QoS cn thit cho dch v. Thng s o c mc cell quan trng hn trong
pha ti u dung lng, gm: tng cng sut thu v tng cng sut pht
Mc ch ca vic phn tch cc kt qu o c tc l phn tch cht lng mng
l cung cp cho nh khai thc mt ci nhn tng quan v cht lng v hiu nng
mng. Phn tch cht lng v bo co bao gm vic lp k hoch v cc trng hp
o ti hin trng v o bng h thng qun l mng. Sau khi c t cc ch tiu
cht lng dch v v phn tch s liu th c th lp ra bo co iu tra. i vi h
thng thng tin di ng th h 2, th cht lng bao gm: thng k cc cuc gi b rt,
phn tch nguyn nhn b rt, thng k chuyn giao v kt qu o cc ln gi thnh
113
cng. Cc h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 c cc dch v rt a dng nn cn phi

a ra cc nh ngha mi v cht lng dch v.
Hnh 4- o c hiu nng ca mng
h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 th cn phi ti u ho mng mt cch t

ng. V h thng ny c nhiu dch v hn cc h thng th h 2, nn vic ti u ho
bng nhn cng s mt nhiu thi gian hn. Ti u ho t ng phi cung cp cu tr
li nhanh cho cc iu khin thay i lu lng trong mng.
Vi s tr gip ca h thng qun l mng cng sut c th phn tch hiu nng
qu kh, hin ti v d bo tng lai ca mng. Ngoi ra, c th phn tch hiu nng
ca cc thut ton qun l ti nguyn v tuyn RRM v cc thng s ca chng bng
cch s dng b ch th hiu nng chnh (KPI). KPI l tng cng sut pht trm gc,
tng ph chuyn giao mm; tc ngt cuc gi; tr d liu gi... Sau tin hnh so
snh KPI vi cc gi tr mc tiu s ch ra cc vn tn ti ca mng c th tin
hnh iu chnh mng.
Vic iu chnh mng bao gm: cp nht cc thng s RRM (v d cc thng s
chuyn giao; cc cng sut knh chung; s liu gi); thay i hng anten trm gc,
c th iu chnh hng anten trm gc bng b iu khin t xa trong mt s trng
hp (nh khi vng chng ln vi cell ln cn qu ln, nhiu cell cao v dung lng h
thng thp).
114
4.6 Tng kt.

Chng ny trnh by cc kha cnh cn thit tin hnh quy hoch mng v
tuyn WCDMA, trong qu trnh nh c mng c trnh by tng i chi tit
bng vic phn tch tnh ton qu ng truyn v tuyn, a ra c s trm gc,
phm vi ph sng ca BS hay bn knh ca cell. Vic phn tch dung lng bao gm
vic tnh ton h s ti ng ln v ng xung s cho bit s m bo h tr ti d
kin, hoc vi ti d kin cho trc c th tnh c s knh lu lng (s ngi s
dng trn mt cell) ng vi cc dch v khc nhau. Trong chng ny nh hng ca
ti trn giao din v tuyn n vng ph sng trn c ng ln v ng xung;
dung lng mm, mt c trng ca h thng m nh gi ti trn giao din v tuyn
da vo cng c phn tch v tnh ton. Trong bai giang ny, qu trnh nh co thc
cht ch tin hnh nh c mng trn giao din Uu, v c minh ha bng mt v d
quy hoch mng v tuyn cho mt vng dn c Phn Lan.
Trong chng ny, cc qu trnh quy hoch vng ph v dung lng chi tit; qu
trnh ti u mng v tuyn WCDMA cng c phn tch. y l 2 qu trnh i hi
nhng d liu thc t khi mng i vo hot ng hoc trong qu trnh th nghim,
nhng l mt phn rt quan trng lm cho mng hot ng c hiu qu: cung cp
cht lng dch v cao, p ng nhu cu ca ngi s dng, ng thi tn ti song
song vi cc h thng thng tin di ng th h trc. Nhn chung qu trnh quy hoch
mng v tuyn WCDMA tng i phc tp i hi cc cng c hoch nh tng i
phc tp.
115
KT LUN
KT LUN
Hin nay thut ng 3G khng cn xa l trn vi nhng t chc c nhn lin quan
n lnh vc vin thng v thm ch c nhng ngi s dng dch v vin thng di
ng trn ton th gii. L mt trong hai phng n k thut c coi l c kh nng
trin khai rng ri khi pht trin h thng thng tin di ng ln 3G (WCDMA, v
cdma2000), WCDMA c coi l cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn c th p ng nhng
ch tiu ca h thng thng tin di ng th h 3: l h thng truyn thng a phng
tin; giao tip gia ngi-vi-ngi c th tng cng bng cc hnh nh m thanh c
cht lng cao, kh nng truy cp thng tin v dch v cc mng cng cng, mng
c nhn h tr tc d liu cao v x l linh hot.
Nghin cu cc kha cnh k thut ca cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn WCDMA
trong h thng thng tin di ng UMTS l mt cng vic rt quan trng trc khi trin
khai h thng vo thc t.:
- Bai giang trnh by c khi qut cc xu hng pht trin ca h thng
thng tin di ng trn th gii, cc t chc chun ho 3G, cc con ng tin ln
3G.
- Trnh by cc c trng k thut ca cng ngh CDMA bng rng trong h
thng thng tin di ng ton cu UMTS.
- Phn tch cc thut ton qun l ti nguyn v tuyn, c bit l hai thut ton
quan trng nht, c trng nht ca WCDMA so vi cc h thng thng tin di
ng trc . y l mt bc quan trng cho cng vic quy hoch mng truy
nhp v tuyn WCDMA.
- Trnh by cc bc, cc kha cnh quan trng khi tin hnh qu trnh quy hoch
mng v tuyn WCDMA.
Tuy nhin y l mt ti tng i rng, ang c trin khai mt s nc
trn th gii, Vit Nam cn rt mi m v ang c nghin cu trin khai sao cho
ph hp vi iu kin thc t.
Hng pht trin ca ti:
- Tip tc nghin cu su hn cc kha cnh k thut ca cng ngh WCDMA
v h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 UMTS.
116
KT LUN
- Nghin cu quy hoch mng chi tit, quy hoch mng li. Tin hnh hoch
nh xy dng h thng UMTS c th cng vn hnh vi cc h thng
thng tin di ng khc.
- Nghin cu cc gii php cng ngh quy hoch mi nh anten thng minh,
cc thut ton pht hin nhiu ngi s dng ti trm gc tng cng dung
lng mng, v vng ph sng ca mng
- Nghin cu cc gii php trin khai h thng 3G s dng cng ngh
WCDMA ti Vit Nam.
H ni 15 thng 08 nm 2007
117
PH LC
PH LC A. CC T VIT TT
1xEV- DO 1x Evolution Data Optimized
3G
Third Generation
3GPP
Third Generation Global
Partnership Project
3GPP2
Third Generation Global
Partnership Project 2
A.
ACELP
Algebraic Code Excited Linear
Prediction Coder
AGC
Automatic Gain Control
AMR
Adaptive Multi-Rate codec
AMPS
ARIB
B.
BER
BLER
BoD
BPSK
BSIC
BTS
C.
CDG
CDMA
CN
CRC
CRNC
D.
DL
DRNC
DSSS
E.
EDGE
EIRP
Advanced Mobile Phone System

Association of Radio Industry
Board
Pha 1- Ti u d liu
Th h 3
D n hi nhp ton cu th h 3
B m ho on tuyn tnh c kch

thch bi m i s.
B iu khin tng ch t ng
B m ho v gii m a tc thch
nghi
H thng in thoi di ng tin tin
(M)
Hip hi cng nghip v tuyn ca Nht
Bn
Bit Error Rate

Block Error Rate
Bandwidth on Demand
Binary Phase Shift Keying
Base station identity code
Base Tranceiver Station
Tc li bit.
Tc li Block
Bng thng theo yu cu
Kho dch pha nh phn.
M nhn dng trm gc
Trm gc
The CDMA Development Group

Code Division Multiple Access
Core Network
Cylic Redundancy Check
Controlling RNC
Nhm pht trin CDMA

Truy nhp phn chia theo m
Mng li
M vng kim tra d tha
B RNC ang ph trch iu khin
Downlink
Drift RNC
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
ng xung
B RNC iu khin tri
H thng tri ph chui trc tip
Enhanced Data Rates for Evolution
Cc tc d liu tng cng cho s tin

ho
Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power Cng sut bc x ng hng tng
ng
118
PH LC
ETSI
F.
FDD
FDMA
FER
G.
GGSN
GPRS
GPS
GSM
H.
HCM
HLR
HSDPA
HO
I.
IMT-2000
IMT- MC
IMT- DS
IMT- TC
IMT-SC
IP
ITU
Iub
Iur
K.
KPI
L.
LOS
M.
ME
MMS
MRC
European Telecommunication
Standard Institute
Vin chun ho vin thng Chu u
Frequency Division Duplex
Phng thc song cng phn chia theo

tn s
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s
Frequency Division Multiple

Access
Frame Error Rate
T s li khung
Gateway GPRS Support Node

General Packet Radio Service
Global Positioning System
Global System for Mobile
Telecommunication
Nt h tr cng GPRS
Dch v v tuyn gi chung.
H thng nh v ton cu.
H thng vin thng di ng ton cu
Handover Completion Message
Thng ip hon thnh chuyn giao

ng ton cu
B ng k thng tr
Truy nhp gi ng xung tc cao
Home Location Registor

High Speed Downlink Packet
Access
Handover
International Mobile
Telecommunication 2000
IMT- Multicarrier
IMT- Direct Sequence
IMT- Time Code
IMT Single Carrier
Internet Protocol
International Telecommunication
Union
Chuyn giao
Thng tin di ng ton cu 2000
IMT a sng mang.
IMT tri ph chui trc tip
IMT m thi gian
IMT n sng mang.
Giao thc Internet
Lin hp vin thng quc t.
Giao din gia RNC v nt B
Giao din gia 2 RNC.
Key performace Indicator
B ch th hiu nng chnh.
Line of sight
Tm nhn thng
Mobile Equipment
Multimedia Messaging Service
Maximum Ratio Cobining
Thit b di ng
Dch v nhn tin a phng tin
Kt hp theo t s ln nht
119
PH LC
MSC
N.
O.
OVSF
P.
PCU
PN
PSMM
Q.
QPSK
R.
RAM
RAT
RNC
RNS
RRC
RRM
S.
SFN
SGSN
SHO
SIP
SIR
SMS
SNR
SSDT
SSMA
T.
TDD
TDMA
TPC
TRHO
U.
UE
UL
Mobile Service Switching Centre
Trung tm chuyn mch dch v di

ng.
Orthogonal Variable Spreading

Factor
H s tri ph bin i trc giao.
Packet Control Unit

Pseudo Noise
Pilot Strength Measurement
Message
n v iu khin gi
Gi tp m
Thng ip o c cng knh hoa
tiu
Quardrature Phase Phase Shift

Keying
Kho dch pha cu phng.
Radio Access Mode

Radio Access Technology
Radio Network Controller
Radio Network subsystem
Radio Resoure Control protocol
Ch truy nhp v tuyn.

Cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn.
B iu khin mng v tuyn.
Phn h mng v tuyn
Giao thc iu khin ti nguyn v
tuyn
Thut ton qun l ti nguyn v tuyn.
Radio Resouse Management

System Frame Number
Serving GPRS Support Node.
Soft Handover
Session Initiation Protocol
Signal to Interference Ratio
Short Messaging Service
Signal to Noise Ratio
Site Selection Diversity
Transmission
Spread Spectrum Multiple Access
S hiu khung h thng.

Nt h tr GPRS phc v
Chuyn giao mm.
Giao thc khi to phin
T s tn hiu trn nhiu
Dch v nhn tin ngn.
T s tn hiu trn tp m
Pht phn tp la chn site
Time Division Duplex

Time Division Multiple Access
Transmission Power Control
Traffic Reason Handover
Phng thc song cng phn chia theo

thi gian
a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian
iu khin cng sut pht
Chuyn giao vi l do lu lng
User Equipment
Uplink
Thit b ngi s dng

ng xung
a truy nhp tri ph.
120
PH LC
UMTS
USIM
UTRAN
V.
VLR
VoIP
W.
WCDMA
Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System
UMTS Subscriber Identify Module
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
Network
H thng vin thng di ng ton cu.
Visitor Location Registor

Voice Over Internet Protocol
B ng k tm tr
Truyn thoi qua giao thc Internet.
Wideband Code Division Multiple

Access
a truy nhp phn chia theo m bng

rng
Modul nhn dng thu bao UMTS

Mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t
UMTS
PH LC B. CC KNH UTRA
Lp UTRA c ba loi knh, chng c nh x ti nhau : cc knh logic nh x vo cc
knh vn chuyn ; cc knh vn chuyn nh x vo cc knh vt l.
Cc knh logic :
121
PH LC
BCCH
Broadcast Control Channel Knh iu khin qung b
PCCH
Paging Control Channel
DCCH
Dedicated Control Channel Knh iu khin ring
CCCH
Common Control Channel Knh iu khin chung
DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Channel Knh lu lng ring
CTCH
Common Traffic Channel
Knh iu khin tm gi
Knh lu lng chung
Cc knh vn chuyn:
C 2 kiu knh vn chuyn knh chung v knh ring.
DCH: Dedicated Transport Channel Knh vn chuyn ring.
DCH mang thng tin ring ca ngi s dng; d liu ngi s dng v cc thng tinh
iu khin cho cc lp trn ca lp vt l. Ch c DCH h tr iu khin cng sut v
chuyn giao mm.
BCH: Broadcast Channel- Knh qung b.
BCH c pht qung b t Node B, mang cc thng tin cho ton b cell v v th m c
mc cng sut pht kh cao.
FACH: Forward Access Channel - Knh truy nhp ng xung.
FACH mang d liu iu khin trn ng xung, nhng n cng c yu cu vic gi
d liu gi. Mt h thng c th c nhiu knh FACH
PCH: Paging Channel- Knh tm gi
Knh ng xung ny bao gm cc thng tin tm gi gi t mng thng bo cho cc
thit b u cui bit mng mun khi to giao tip thng tin.
RACH: Random Access Channel Knh truy nhp ngu nhin.
RACH c thit k mang cc thng tin iu khin nhng cng c th gi mt lng
s liu nh qua n.
CPCH: Uplink Common Packet Channel Knh gi chung ng ln.
Knh ny tng t nh knh RACH, n s dng gi d liu trn ng ln nhng
vic truyn dn c th din ra lu hn trong cu trc RACH. Cng vi knh RACH n
hnh thnh nn thnh phn i ngc ca knh FACH.
DSCH: Downlink Shared Channel Knh chia s ng xung.
DSCH mang s liu ngi s dng hoc l thng tin iu khin. c im chnh ca
knh ny l c tc bit bin i trn c s khung ny n khung khc. DSCH lin kt
122
PH LC
vi mt hay nhiu knh ring ng xung.
Knh vt l.
PCCPCH
Primary Common Control Physical Channel Knh vt l iu khin

chung s cp
SCCPCH
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel Knh vt l iu khin

chung th cp.
PRACH
Physical Random Access Channel Knh truy nhp ngu nhin vt l
DPDCH
Dedicated Physical Data Channel Knh d liu vt l ring
DPCCH
Dedicated Physical Control Channel Knh iu khin vt l ring
PDSCH
Physical Downlink Shared Channel Knh vt l chia s ng xung
PCPCH
Physical Common Packet Channel Knh vt l gi chung.
SCH
Synchronisation Channel Knh ng b
CPICH
Common Pilot Channel Knh hoa tiu chung
AICH
Acquisition Indication Channel Knh ch th ginh quyn
PICH
Paging Indication Channel Knh ch th tm gi
CSICH
CPCH Status Indication Channel Knh ch th trng thi CPCH
CD/CAICH
Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel Knh b

ch th n nh knh/ pht hin va chm
PH LC C. CC M HNH TRUYN SNG.

1.
M hnh thc nghim Hata-Okumura.

Suy hao ng truyn trung bnh L50 c tnh nh sau:
*Vng th:
L50 = 69.55 + 26.16logfc 13.82loghb a(hm) + (44.9 6.55loghb)logr
Trong fc = tn s (MHz)
L50 = suy hao ng truyn trung bnh (dB).
hb = cao Anten trm gc (dB)
hm = h s hiu chnh cho cao anten (dB)
r = khong cch tnh t trm gc.
(1)
123
PH LC
M hnh Hata p dng cho cc thng s trong phm vi nh sau:
150 fc 1500MHz.
30 hb 200 m
1 hm 10m.
1 r 20 m.
Trong a(hm) c tnh nh sau:
+ i vi thnh ph c trung bnh hoc nh :
a(hm) = (1.1logfc 0.7) hm (1.56logfc 0.8) (dB)
+ i vi thnh ph ln:
a(hm) = 8.29(log1.54hm)2 1.1 dB, vi fc 200 MHz.
Hoc
a(hm) = 3.2(log11.75hm)2 4.79 dB, vi fc 200 MHz.
*Vng ngoi
L50 = L50( th) 2 [ log(fc/28)2 -5.4] dB
*Vng m rng (nng thn):
L50 = L50( th) 4.78(logfc)2 + 18.33logfc 40.94 Db
2. M hnh thc nghim Walfisch-Ikegami (hoc COST 231).
M hnh ny s dng tnh ton suy hao ng truyn trong mi trng th cho
h thng t bo. M hnh ny c tnh ton trong mi trng th trong phm vi tn s :
800 fc 2000MHz.
M hnh truyn sng Walfish-Ikegami (COST 231)

M hnh gm 3 thnh phn: suy hao trong khng gian t do; suy hao nhiu x v tn x
t nh mi nh n ng ph ; suy hao a tng chn.
L50 = Lf + Lrts + Lms
Hoc L50 = Lf khi Lrts + Lms 0
Trong :
Lf = suy hao trong khng gian t do
Lrts = suy hao nhiu x v tn x t mi nh n ng ph.
Lms = suy hao a tng chn.
Suy hao trong khng gian t do c xc nh nh sau:
Lf = 32.4 + 20logr +20logfc dB.
Suy hao do tn x v nhiu x t mi nh n ng ph c tnh nh sau:
Lrts = -16.9 - 10logW +10logfc + 20log hm + L0 dB.
124
PH LC
Trong :
W = b rng ng ph (m)
hm = hr hm (m)
L0 = - 9.646 dB ,
00 350
L0 = 2.5 + 0.075( - 35) dB ,
350 550
L0 = 4 + 0.114 ( - 55) dB ,
550 900
Trong : = gc tng i hp gia my do ng v ng ph.
Suy hao a tng chn c tnh nh sau:
Lms = Lbsh + ka +kd logr + kflogfc - 9logb dB.
Trong :
b = khong cch gia 2 to nh dc theo ng truyn v tuyn (m)
Lbsh = - 18log11 + hb,
hb hr
Lbsh = 0,
hb <hr
ka = 54, hb > hr ,
ka = 54 - 0.8hb
r 500m, hb hr
ka = 54 1.6 hbr, r < 500m , hb hr
kd = 18 , hb < hr
kd = 18 -
15hb
, hb hr
hm
fc
1 , i vi vng thnh ph c trung bnh v vng ngoi vi

925
kf = 4 + 0.7
mt cy ci mc trung bnh
kf = 4 + 1.5
fc
1
925
, i vi vng th.
Ch :
- Lbsh v ka lm tng suy hao ng truyn khi cao anten trm gc gim
M hnh Walfish-Ikegami p dng cho phm vi cc thng s sau:
+ 800 fc 2000MHz.
+ 4 hb 50 (m)
+ 1 hm 3 (m)
+ 0.02 r 5(km).
Cc thng s mc nh c th s dng cho m hnh:
b = 20 50 (m).
W = b/2.
= 900
cao mi nh = 3m i vi mi dc, 0m i vi mi bng.
hr = 3 x s tng + cao mi nh.
3. Cc m hnh IMT-2000.
125
PH LC
IMT-2000 a ra cc m hnh truyn sng tnh ton cc cng ngh truyn dn v
tuyn m rng cho phm vi rng cc c tnh mi trng bao gm: Cc thnh ph ln nh,
ngoi , vng nhit i, nng thn, vng hoang mc. IMT-2000 hot ng cc mi trng
thch hp nh: bn trong vn phng, outdoor-to-indoor v mi trng ngi i b, mi
trng xe c.
Cc thng s chnh ca m hnh truyn sng l:
Tr tri rng, cu trc v bin i thng k ca n.

Quy lut suy hao ng truyn hnh hc v suy ng truyn vt mc.
Fading che bng.
c tnh fading a ng, (Ph Doppler, Rician v Rayleigh).
Tn s hot ng.
3.1 Mi hnh bn trong vn phng.
- c trng bi cc cell nh, cng sut pht thp. Trm gc v ngi i b bn trong to
nh. Tr tri rng t 35 460 ns
- Suy hao trong mi trng ny c tnh nh sau:
L50 = 37 + 30logr + 18.3 F F 2 / F 1 0.46
Trong r = khong cch gia my pht v my thu (m)
F = S cc tng to nh trn ng truyn.
3.2 Mi trng ngi i b v Outdoor-to-Indoor.
- c trng ca mi trng ny l cc cell nh, cng sut pht thp; cc trm gc vi
cao anten thp va c t ngoi tri, ngi s dng i b trn ng ph v bn trong
cc to nh v ni c tr. Tr tri rng RMS t 100 1800 ns
- Suy hao ng truyn ca m hnh ny c tnh nh sau:
L50 = 40logr + 30logfc + 49 dB.
Trong : fc = tn s sng mang (MHz)
r = khong cch ti trm gc.
3.3 Mi trng xe c.
- Mi trng gm cc cell ln hn, v cng sut pht ln hn.Tr tri rng t 0.4 12 ms.
Suy hao ng truyn c th tnh nh sau:
L50 = 40 (1 4 x 10-2 hb )logr (18log hb) + 21logfc + 80 dB.
Trong :
r = khong cch gia trm gc v trm di ng (km)
fc= tn s sng mang (MHz).
hb = cao anten trm gc so vi nh mi nh (m).
126
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. WCDMA for UMTS- Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile

Communications Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
2. IS 95 CDMA and cdma2000 VIJAY K.GARG.
3. 3G cdma2000 Wireless System Engineering Samuel C. Yang
4. Thng tin di ng th h 3. Tp 1, Tp 2 - Nguyn Phm Anh Dng
5. Bi ging Viba s - Ti liu cho cc lp cao hc TS. Phm Cng Hng
6. Studies on Wideband CDMA System Zhang Ping, Li Zexian, Yang Xinjie,
Chen Yuhua, Chen Zgiqiang, WANG Yuzhen and Hu Xuehong Bejjing
University of Posts and Telecommunications
7. Soft Handover Issues in Radio Resource Management for 3G WCDMA
Networks PH.D Thesis of Yue Chen Queen Mary, University of London
8.WCDMA for UMTS lectures Nokia Research Centre, Finland.
9. GSM, cdmaOne and 3G Systems - Raymond Steele, Chin-Chun
Lee and Peter Gould - Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
10. www.3GPP.org
11. www.vnpt.com.vn.
12. www.3gnewsroom.com
127
MC LC
LI M U...............................................................................................................1
CHNG 1. XU HNG PHT TRIN H THNG THNG TIN NG TON
CU.............................................................................................................................4
1.1 Xu hng pht trin h thng thng tin di ng trn th gii......................................4
1.2 Cc t chc chun ho 2.5 G v 3G trn th gii............................................................6
1.2.1 Gii thiu chung v cc t chc chun ho...............................................................6
1.2.2 3GPP............................................................................................................................7
1.2.3 3GPP2........................................................................................................................10
1.2.4 Mi quan h gia 3GPP v 3GPP2 v ITU..............................................................11
1.3 Tnh hnh chun ho 2,5G v 3G...................................................................................13
1.3.1 M u........................................................................................................................13
1.3.2 Chun ho cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn................................................................13
1.3.3 Phn tch hai nhnh cng ngh chnh tin ln 3G..................................................15
1.3.3.1 Hng pht trin ln 3G s dng cng ngh WCDMA.......................................15
1.3.3.2 Hng pht trin ln 3G s dng cng ngh cdma2000.....................................17
1.3.4 Tng kt......................................................................................................................19
CHNG 2. TNG QUAN CNG NGH WCDMA TRONG H THNG UMTS...20
2.1 Nguyn l CDMA.............................................................................................................20
2.1.1 Nguyn l tri ph CDMA.......................................................................................20
2.1.2 K thut tri ph v gii tri ph............................................................................21
2.1.3. K thut a truy nhp CDMA................................................................................21
2.2. Mt s c trng ca lp vt l trong h thng WCDMA..........................................23
2.2.1. Cc m tri ph ........................................................................................................23
2.2.2. Phng thc song cng........................................................................................24
2.2. 4. Phn tp a ng- B thu RAKE..........................................................................25
2.2.5. Cc knh giao din v tuyn UTRA FDD................................................................26
2.2.6. Trng thi cell............................................................................................................26
2.2.7. Cu trc Cell..............................................................................................................28
2.3. Kin trc mng................................................................................................................29
2.3.1 Kin trc h thng UMTS..........................................................................................29
2.3.2. Kin trc mng truy nhp v tuyn UTRAN...........................................................32
a. B iu khin mng v tuyn.....................................................................................32
b. Nt B (Trm gc).........................................................................................................33
2.4. Tng kt v cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn WCDMA trong h thng UMTS...........37
CHNG 3. IU KHIN CNG SUT V CHUYN GIAO TRONG QUN L
TI NGUYN V TUYN.........................................................................................40
3.1 Gii thiu chung qun l ti nguyn v tuyn trong h thngWCDMA....................40
3.1.1 Mc ch chung ca qun l ti nguyn v tuyn........................................................40
3.1.2. Cc chc nng ca qun l ti nguyn v tuyn RRM.........................................40
a. iu khin cng sut....................................................................................................41
b. iu khin chuyn giao................................................................................................41

c. iu khin thu np........................................................................................................41
d. iu khin ti (iu khin nghn)................................................................................43
3.2 iu khin cng sut.......................................................................................................44
3.2.1 Gii thiu chung........................................................................................................44
3.2.2 iu khin cng sut nhanh......................................................................................46
3.2.2.1 li ca iu khin cng sut nhanh................................................................46
3.2.2.2 Phn tp v iu khin cng sut........................................................................47
3.2.2.3 iu khin cng sut trong chuyn giao mm.....................................................49
3.2.3 iu khin cng sut vng ngoi..................................................................................52
3.2.3.2 Tnh ton cht lng thu......................................................................................53
3.2.3.3 Thut ton iu khin cng sut vng ngoi........................................................54
3.2.3.4 Cc dch v cht lng cao................................................................................54
3.2.3.5 .Gii hn bin ng iu khin cng sut ...........................................................55
3.2.3.6 a dch v........................................................................................................55
3.3 Chuyn giao......................................................................................................................56
3.3.1 Khi qut v chuyn giao trong cc h thng thng tin di ng............................56
3.3.1.1 Cc kiu chuyn giao trong cc h thng WCDMA 3G.......................................57
3.3.1.2 Cc mc ch ca chuyn giao.............................................................................58
3.3.1.3 Cc th tc v php o c chuyn giao..............................................................59
3.3.2 Chuyn giao trong cng tn s..................................................................................60
3.3.2.1 Chuyn giao mm.................................................................................................60
a. Nguyn l chuyn giao mm......................................................................................60
b. Cc thut ton ca chuyn giao mm......................................................................63
c. Cc c im ca chuyn giao mm.........................................................................65
3.3.2.2 o c chuyn giao..............................................................................................66
3.3.2.3 Li ch lin kt chuyn giao mm.........................................................................69
3.3.2.4 Tng ph ca chuyn giao mm............................................................................71
3.3.2.5 li dung lng mng ca chuyn giao mm..................................................73
3.3.3 Chuyn giao gia cc h thng WCDMA v GSM...................................................74
3.3.4 Chuyn giao gia cc tn s trong WCDMA............................................................76
3.3.5 Tng kt chuyn giao.................................................................................................77
3.4 Tng kt.............................................................................................................................78
CHNG 4. QUY HOCH MNG V TUYN WCDMA........................................80
4.1 Gii thiu chung...............................................................................................................80
4.2 nh c mng...................................................................................................................81
4.2.1 Phn tch vng ph...................................................................................................82
4.2.1.1 Tnh ton qu ng truyn v tuyn................................................................83
4.2.2 Phn tch dung lng..............................................................................................91
4.2.2.1 Tnh ton h s ti..............................................................................................91
a. H s ti ng ln....................................................................................................91
b. H s ti ng xung...............................................................................................94
4.2.2.2 Hiu sut ph......................................................................................................98
ii
4.2.2.3 Dung lng mm................................................................................................99

a. Dung lng Erlang......................................................................................................99
b. Cc v d v dung lng mm ng ln...................................................................100
4.3 Quy hoch vng ph v dung lng chi tit...............................................................102
4.3.1 D on vng ph v dung lng lp....................................................................102
4.3.2 Cng c hoch nh.................................................................................................103
4.3.2.1 S lp li trn ng ln v ng xung........................................................104
4.3.2.2 M hnh ho cc ch tiu mc lin kt..............................................................104
4.4 Minh ho........................................................................................................................105
4.5 Ti u mng....................................................................................................................111
4.6 Tng kt...........................................................................................................................113
KT LUN...............................................................................................................114
PH LC A. CC T VIT TT...........................................................................116
PH LC B. CC KNH UTRA............................................................................120
PH LC C. CC M HNH TRUYN SNG......................................................122
TI LIU THAM KHO..........................................................................................126
iii
DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1- 1 Thng k s tng trng th trng di ng phn loi theo cng ngh.....................5
Hnh 1- 2 Cu trc chc nng ca PCG v TSG trong 3GPP....................................................9
Hnh 1- 3 Cc h cng ngh c ITU-R chp nhn...............................................................14
Hnh 1- 4 Qu trnh pht trin ln 3G ca 2 nhnh cng ngh chnh.......................................15
Hnh 1- 5 Qu trnh pht trin ln 3G theo nhnh s dng cng ngh WCDMA....................16
Hnh 1- 6 Qu trnh pht trin ln 3G theo nhnh cdma2000..................................................17
Hnh 2- 1 Qu trnh tri ph v gii tri ph............................................................................21
Hnh 2- 2 Cc cng ngh a truy nhp.....................................................................................22
Hnh 2- 3 Nguyn l ca a truy nhp tri ph........................................................................22
Hnh 2- 4 Qu trnh tri ph v trn.........................................................................................23
Hnh 2- 5 Phn b ph tn cho UMTS chu u......................................................................24
Hnh 2- 6 Truyn sng a ng..............................................................................................25
Hnh 2- 7 S nh x gia cc knh khc nhau....................................................................26
Hnh 2- 8 Cc ch ca UE v cc trng thi iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn.....................27
Hnh 2- 9 Cu trc cell UMTS.................................................................................................28
Hnh 2- 10 Kin trc h thng UMTS mc cao....................................................................29
Hnh 2- 11 Cc thnh phn ca mng trong PLMN.................................................................30
Hnh 2- 12 Kin trc UTRAN..................................................................................................32
Hnh 3- 1 Cc v tr in hnh ca cc chc nng RRM trong mng WCDMA......................41
Hnh 3- 2 ng cong ti.........................................................................................................42
Hnh 3- 3 Hiu ng gn-xa (iu khin cng sut trn ng ln)..........................................44
Hnh 3- 4 B nhiu bn trong cell (iu khin cng sut ng xung)..............................44
Hnh 3- 5 Cng sut pht v thu trong 2 nhnh.......................................................................47
Hnh 3- 6 Cng sut pht v thu trn 3 nhnh (cng sut khong h nh nhau).....................48
Hnh 3- 7 Cng sut tng trong knh phadinh vi iu khin cng sut nhanh......................48
Hnh 3- 8 Tri cng sut ng xung trong chuyn giao mm.............................................50
Hnh 3- 9 Kim tra tin cy ca iu khin cng sut ng ln ti UE trong chuyn giao
mm..................................................................................................................................50
Hnh 3- 10 Tnh ton cht lng trong vng ngoi ti RNC....................................................53
Hnh 3- 11 Eb/N0 mc tiu trong knh ITU Pedestrian A, b m ho/gii m thoi AMR.....54
Hnh 3- 12 iu khin cng sut vng ngoi ng ln cho nhiu dch v trn mt kt ni
vt l.................................................................................................................................56
Hnh 3- 13 Cc kiu chuyn giao khc nhau............................................................................58
Hnh 3- 14 Cc th tc chuyn giao.........................................................................................59
Hnh 3- 15 S so snh gia chuyn giao cng v chuyn giao mm.......................................61
Hnh 3- 16 Nguyn l ca chuyn giao mm...........................................................................63
Hnh 3- 17 Thut ton chuyn giao mm IS-95A....................................................................63
Hnh 3- 18 Thut ton chuyn giao mm trong WCDMA......................................................64
Hnh 3- 19 S suy gim nhiu do c chuyn giao mm trong UL...........................................66
iv
Hnh 3- 20 Th tc o c chuyn giao trong cng tn s.......................................................67

Hnh 3- 21 M hnh o c chuyn giao trong cng tn s.....................................................68
Hnh 3- 22 S lc v bo co o c chuyn giao mm.....................................................69
Hnh 3- 23 li chuyn giao mm ca cng sut pht ng ln........................................70
Hnh 3- 24 li chuyn giao mm trong cng sut pht ng xung................................71
Hnh 3- 25 Tng ph chuyn giao mm....................................................................................72
Hnh 3- 26 Tng ph chuyn giao mm v thng s Window_add..........................................73
Hnh 3- 27 Chuyn giao gia cc h thng GSM v WCDMA...............................................75
Hnh 3- 28 Th tc chuyn giao gia cc h thng..................................................................75
Hnh 3- 29 Nhu cu chuyn giao gia cc tn s sng mang WCDMA..................................76
Hnh 3- 30 Th tc chuyn giao gia cc tn s......................................................................77
Hnh 3- 31 Mt v d v m hnh chuyn giao........................................................................78
Hnh 4- 1 Qu trnh quy hoch mng WCDMA......................................................................81
Hnh 4- 2 Tnh ton bn knh cell............................................................................................90
Hnh 4- 3 Mt v d v mi quan h gia vng ph v dung lng trn ng ln v ng
xung................................................................................................................................97
Hnh 4- 4 nh hng ca cng sut pht trm gc ti dung lng v vng ph trn ng
xung................................................................................................................................98
Hnh 4- 5 Chia s nhiu gia cc cell trong WCDMA............................................................99
Hnh 4- 6 Dung lng mm l mt hm s ca tc bit cho cc kt ni thi gian thc.....101
Hnh 4- 7 Qu trnh tnh ton vng ph v dung lng lp...................................................102
Hnh 4- 8 Ton cnh mng. ...................................................................................................108
Hnh 4- 9 Qu trnh ti u mng............................................................................................111
Hnh 4- 10 o c hiu nng ca mng.................................................................................112
DANH MC CC BNG S LIU

v
Bng 1- 1 Cc tham s c bn ca UTRA FDD v TDD, ARIB WCDMA FDD v TDD........9

Bng 2- 1 Quan h gia S/N v s chip b ct bt..............................................................24
Bng 2- 2 Tm tt cc thng s chnh ca WCDMA.............................................................38
Bng 2- 3 Cc im khc nhau c bn ca W-CDMA v cdma2000.....................................39
Bng 3- 1 Gi tr Eb/N0 yu cu trong trng hp c v khng c iu khin cng sut nhanh
..................................................................................................................................................46
Bng 3- 2 Cng sut pht tng i yu cu trong trng hp c v khng c iu khin
cng sut nhanh........................................................................................................................46
Bng 3-3 Cc mc tng cng sut ca knh ITU Pedestrian A a ng vi phn tp anten. 49
Bng 3- 4 Kt qu m phng dch v AMR s dng iu khin cng sut vng ngoi..........52
Bng 3- 5 Cc gi tr ca ca s..............................................................................................71
Bng 3- 6 Tng kt chuyn giao.............................................................................................77
Bng 4- 1 Gi nh qu ng truyn ca my di ng86
Bng 4- 2 Gi nh v qu ng truyn ca trm gc..........................................................86
Bng 4- 3 Qu ng truyn tham kho cho dch v thoi 12.2 kbps a tc ....................87
Bng 4- 4 Qu ng truyn ca cc dch v thi gian thc tc 144kbps.........................88
Bng 4- 5 Qu ng truyn tham kho ca dch v d liu phi thi gian thc 384 kbps .. .89
Bng 4- 6 Gi tr K theo cu hnh site.....................................................................................90
Bng 4- 7 Mi quan h gia d tr nhiu c yu cu ng vi ti ng ln.....................91
Bng 4- 8 Cc thng s s dng trong tnh ton h s ti ng ln.....................................93
Bng 4- 9 Cc thng s s dng trong vic tnh ton h s ti lin kt n..........................95
Bng 4- 10 Qu ng truyn v mt s gi nh c m phng.........................................97
Bng 4- 11 V d trong tnh ton dung lng mm..............................................................101
Bng 4- 12 Tnh ton dung lng mm trn ng ln........................................................101
Bng 4- 13 Cc thng s s dng trong b m phng...........................................................105
Bng 4- 14 Qu ng truyn dch v thoi 8kbps..............................................................106
Bng 4- 15 S phn b ngi s dng..................................................................................109
Bng 4- 16 Thng lng cell, ti v tng ph chuyn giao mm..........................................109
Bng 4- 17 nh h ng tc trm di ng n thng lng v xc sut ph sng...........110
vi

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LI M U

trng di ng chc hn s to ra mt s cnh tranh ln gia cc nh cung cp dch

H ni, ngy 15 thng 8 nm 2007.

Chng 1- Xu hng pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng ton cu

Chng 1. XU HNG PHT TRIN H THNG

1.1 Xu hng pht trin h thng thng tin di ng trn th gii.

Chng 1- Xu hng pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng ton cu

Chng 1- Xu hng pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng ton cu

Dch v pht thanh v truyn hnh (TV& Radio contributions)

1.2 Cc t chc chun ho 2.5 G v 3G trn th gii

Chng 1- Xu hng pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng ton cu

OHG Operators Harmonisation Group

Chng 1- Xu hng pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng ton cu

ARIB- Association of Radio Industry Board- ca Nht Bn

Chng 1- Xu hng pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng ton cu

Cc nhm k thut trn c qun l bi mt nhm phi hp hot ng d n

Hnh 1- Cu trc chc nng ca PCG v TSG trong 3GPP

ARIB WCDMA [ Nhat ban ]

Chng 1- Xu hng pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng ton cu

Chng 1- Xu hng pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng ton cu

V cu trc chc nng, trc ht 3GPP2 c mt ban ch o d n- PSC

Chng 1- Xu hng pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng ton cu

Pha 2: bt u t gia nm 2001 nhm h tr kh nng IP Multimedia, phin bn

Chng 1- Xu hng pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng ton cu

Xc nh mc tiu sau IMT-2000:3,5G v 4G

Chng 1- Xu hng pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng ton cu

tin hn lun i hi phi ch ti vn li nhun kinh t, c ngha l cc h thng

Hnh 1- Cc h cng ngh c ITU-R chp nhn

Chng 1- Xu hng pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng ton cu

- Ba tiu chun CDMA : MC-CDMA (cdma2000 ), DS-CDMA (WCDMA) v

Chng 1- Xu hng pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng ton cu

Hnh 1- Qu trnh pht trin ln 3G ca 2 nhnh cng ngh chnh

1.3.3 Phn tch hai nhnh cng ngh chnh tin ln 3G

Chng 1- Xu hng pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng ton cu

Cng vic tch hp GPRS vo mng GSM ang tn ti l mt qu trnh n

Chng 1- Xu hng pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng ton cu

WCDMA l cng ngh truyn dn v tuyn mi vi mng truy nhp v tuyn

Hnh 1- Qu trnh pht trin ln 3G theo nhnh cdma2000.

Chng 1- Xu hng pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng ton cu

Nguyn l c bn ca h thng ny l chia cc dch v thoi v dch v s liu

Chng 2- Tng quan cng ngh WCDMA trong h thng UMTS

Chng 2. TNG QUAN CNG NGH WCDMA

Trong Bt :l rng bng tn truyn thc t

V th, vi mt yu cu Eb/I0 xc nh, li x l cng cao, th t s S/N yu

Chng 2- Tng quan cng ngh WCDMA trong h thng UMTS

2.1.2 K thut tri ph v gii tri ph

Hnh 2- Qu trnh tri ph v gii tri ph

Chng 2- Tng quan cng ngh WCDMA trong h thng UMTS

Hnh 2- Cc cng ngh a truy nhp

Trong h thng a truy nhp theo tn s FDMA, cc tn hiu cho cc ngi s

Hnh 2- Nguyn l ca a truy nhp tri ph

Ti bn thu, ngi s dng 2 s gii tri ph tn hiu thng tin ca n tr li tn

Chng 2- Tng quan cng ngh WCDMA trong h thng UMTS

li x l v c im bng rng ca qu trnh x l em li nhiu li ch

Hnh 2- Qu trnh tri ph v trn

Nh vy trong qu trnh trn c hai loi m c s dng l m trn v m nh

Chng 2- Tng quan cng ngh WCDMA trong h thng UMTS

Bng 2- Quan h gia S/N v s chip b ct bt

Chng 2- Tng quan cng ngh WCDMA trong h thng UMTS

Hnh 2- Phn b ph tn cho UMTS chu u.

2.2.3. Dung lng mng.

Chng 2- Tng quan cng ngh WCDMA trong h thng UMTS

Hnh 2- Truyn sng a ng