DISTANCE RELAYS

In distance relays the operation is depend on the

ratio of voltage v and current I So, these are also
called as Impedance relays and ratio relays .

The relay operates when the ratio v / I i.e.
impedance is less than the a predetermined value .

. Impedance relay which is based on the impedance
(Z)

Reactance relay which is based on the reactance
(X)

Admittance relay which is based on the
admittance(Y)



IMPEDANCE RELAYS
Impedance relay works corresponding to
the ratio of V/I of the circuit to be protected

These are two elements in these relay

Current element produces operating torque
which can said to be positive torque

Voltage element produces restraining torque
which can be said to negative torque
TORQUE EQUATION
The positive torque produced by the current element is
proportional to I while the negative torque produced by
the voltage element is proportional to V
Let control spring effect produces a constant torque of
K



OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
For a particular fault position , the ratio V/I i.e.,
impedance is constant .
It changes if the fault position changes

But for all practical purposes, the dotted line, which
represents a constant value of Z may be considered
as an operating characteristics

Z=1/slop of characteristics

For any value of Z less than the constant value
represented by the line, the relay will operate
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF R-X
DIAGRGAM


DIRECTIONAL IMPEDANCE
RELAY
MODIFIED CHARECTERISTICS
By supplying additional voltage to the
voltage coils of an impedance relay can be
modified.
By additional voltage supplied is
proportional to the current and is called
current bias .The modified torque equation
is.

REACTANCE RELAY