Running head: ATTENTION SPAN AFFECTED BY BACKGROUND NOISE 1

Attention Span Ae!ted "# Ba!$g%ound Noi&e 'hi(e Stud#ing

B%ett Bonetti) E(i*a"eth +a%e&) Tea,# -oeung) Tian# Poon) .e&&i!a S!ott) E/i(# Se,e%an!e
Tou%o Uni,e%&it# Ne,ada 0G%oup: OT D#na&t#1
ATTENTION SPAN AFFECTED BY BACKGROUND NOISE 2
Outline of Proposal: Attention Span Affected by Background Noise While Studying
Research Question
Doe& "a!$g%ound noi&e ae!t a g%aduate &tudent3& attention &pan 4hen &tud#ing5
Research Hypothesis
It i& h#pothe&i*ed that "a!$g%ound noi&e aid& the attention &pan o g%aduate &tudent& 4hi(e
&tud#ing6
Outline of ntroduction
What is the proble! or issue that your study addresses" -o&t &tudent& ha,e pa%ti!u(a% &tud#
ha"it& in p(a!e 4hen en%o((ed in a g%aduate (e,e( p%og%a/6 +o4e,e%) 4hat i &u!h ha"it& a%e
inee!ti,e 4hi(e &tud#ing5 'hat i &u!h ha"it& a%e a!tua((# negati,e(# i/pa!ting a &tudent3&
attention &pan5 -an# g%aduate &tudent& a%e in the ha"it o adding o% &u"t%a!ting "a!$g%ound
noi&e 0/u&i!) te(e,i&ion) &i(en!e) et!61 4hi(e &tud#ing6 In thi& &tud#) %e&ea%!he%& a%e going to
e7p(o%e 4hethe% o% not the addition o "a!$g%ound noi&e aid& o% di&%upt& a g%aduate &tudent3&
attention &pan 4hi(e &tud#ing6 Fo% the pu%po&e o thi& pa%ti!u(a% &tud#) attention &pan 4i(( "e
deined a& the a/ount o ti/e a &tudent &pend& engaged in the edu!ationa( /ate%ia(6 Stud#ing
4i(( "e deined a& ti/e &pent %e,ie4ing and (oo$ing o,e% ino%/ation %e(e,ant to a !(a&&8e7a/6
The te%/ 9&tud#ing3 4i(( e7!(ude "%ea$& that the &tudent engage& in 0"ath%oo/ "%ea$&) p(a#ing
ga/e&) ti/e &pent on a!e"oo$) et!61
Why is it i!portant" :oo$ing into 4hethe% o% not "a!$g%ound noi&e aid& o% di&%upt& a &tudent3&
&tud#ing) 4i(( g%eat(# !ont%i"ute to the $no4(edge o ee!ti,e &tud# ha"it& that !an "e u&ed (ate%
in the &tudent3& edu!ationa( !a%ee%6 Th%ough a ;ue&tionnai%e) &tudent& 4i(( de,e(op a &e(<
a4a%ene&& a& to the 0,o(unta%# and in,o(unta%#1 "a!$g%ound noi&e the# !u%%ent(# e7pe%ien!e
4hi(e &tud#ing6 Ate% !on!(u&ion& a%e d%a4n a& to 4hi!h en,i%on/ent !ont%i"ute& to a (onge%
ATTENTION SPAN AFFECTED BY BACKGROUND NOISE =
attention &pan 4hi(e &tud#ing) &tudent& !an adapt thei% &tud#ing ha"it& #ie(ding the %e&u(t& o thi&
&tud#6 B# adapting thei% !u%%ent &tud# en,i%on/ent to a /o%e ee!ti,e en,i%on/ent) thi& /a#
potentia((# in!%ea&e the du%ation o a &tudent3& attention &pan6 In!%ea&ing the du%ation o a
&tudent3& attention &pan 4hi(e engaged in &tud#ing /a# (ead to "ette% g%ade&) and (e&& &t%e&& o%
the &tudent o,e%a((6 The%eo%e) "# %e&ea%!hing 4hi!h &tud#ing en,i%on/ent i& /o&t "enei!ia( o%
a g%aduate &tudent3& attention &pan and 4hat a!to%& /a# de!%ea&e attention &pan) %e&ea%!he%& !an
de,e(op a /o%e &pe!ii! h#pothe&i& and !ondu!t e,en u%the% te&ting to di&!o,e% ho4 an ee!ti,e
&tud#ing en,i%on/ent /a# (ead to de!%ea&ed &t%e&&6 Cont%i"uting to the ee!ti,ene&& o g%aduate
&tudent&3 &tud# ha"it& /a# a(&o ha,e a po&iti,e ee!t on the o,e%a(( hea(th and &t%e&& o the
&tudent6 A& de/and& o% &tudent& 0pa%ti!u(a%(# g%aduate &tudent&1 !ontinue to %i&e) de!%ea&ing
(e,e(& o &t%e&& a &tudent e7pe%ien!e& 4i(( in!%ea&e thei% ;ua(it# o (ie and de!%ea&e te&ting
an7iet# du%ing the da#& (eading up to the e7a/ o% du%ing the e7a/ it&e(6 Fu%the%/o%e)
%e&ea%!hing "a!$g%ound noi&e and it& ee!t on attention &pan 4ith g%aduate &tudent& /a# "e
app(i!a"(e to unde%g%aduate &tudent& and high &!hoo( &tudent& 4ith u%the% %e&ea%!h !ondu!ted6
What is kno#n about the topic" The%e ha,e "een &tudie& that p%o,e /u&i! p%o/pt& the "%ain to
pa# attention 0Ba$e%) 2>>?1 and &end& po&iti,e &igna(& th%oughout the "od# 0She((e#) 2>1116 In
a!t) a!!o%ding to the Stano%d S!hoo( o -edi!ine) /u&i! engage& the po%tion& o the "%ain that
a%e in,o(,ed 4ith /a$ing p%edi!tion& and pa#ing attention6 +o4e,e%) %e&ea%!he%& a(&o ound that
the pea$ o "%ain a!ti,it# o!!u%%ed du%ing the pe%iod o &i(en!e "et4een /u&i!a( /o,e/ent&
0Ba$e%) 2>>?16 Fu%the%/o%e) a!!o%ding to the 'a&hington Po&t) /u&i! that an indi,idua( ind&
p(ea&ing &end& po&iti,e &igna(& th%oughout the "od#6 Thi& &igna( %e(ea&e& high (e,e(& o dopa/ine6
Thu& p%o,ing 4h# indi,idua(& 4ant to (i&ten to thei% a,o%ite &ong& o,e% and o,e% again 0She((e#)
ATTENTION SPAN AFFECTED BY BACKGROUND NOISE @
2>1116 :i&tening to p(ea&ing /u&i! !an a(&o (ead to de!%ea&ed (e,e(& o &t%e&&) i/p%o,e& an7iet#
and dep%e&&ion 0She((e#) 2>1116
+o4e,e%) o!u&ing on the ee!t o /u&i! 4hi(e &tud#ing) and not Au&t /u&i!3&
ee!t on the "od#8"%ain) de/on&t%ate& inte%e&ting inding&6 A!!o%ding to Stano%d Uni,e%&it#3&
P%oe&&o% C(io%d Na&&) the ,o!a(& ound 4ithin /u&i! a%e p%o!e&&ed on the &a/e &ide o the
"%ain that i& u&ed 4hi(e &tud#ing 0St%au&&) 2>>B16 The%eo%e) (i&tening to /u&i! that !ontain&
,o!a(& 4hi(e &tud#ing negati,e(# i/pa!t& the &tudent3& !ogniti,e a"i(itie&6 Anothe% &tud#
!ondu!ted "# a p%oe&&o% in the P&#!ho(og# Depa%t/ent o -u&i! and Spee!h at 'oo&te% Co((ege
u%the% &uppo%ted thi& theo%#6 In a!t) %e&ea%!h !on!(uded that &tudent& (i&tening to /u&i! 4ith
,o!a(& 4hi(e &tud#ing had t%ou"(e 4hen atte/pting to !o//it ino%/ation to /e/o%#
0+ut!hin&on) 2>1216 Thi& pa%ti!u(a% &tud# a(&o !on!(uded that the di,i&ion o attention i& 4hat (ed
to the poo% pe%o%/an!e on &ho%t te%/ /e/o%# ta&$&6 Re&ea%!he%& &ugge&ted that &tudent& (i&ten
to /u&i! 4ithout ,o!a(& 4hi(e &tud#ing to i/p%o,e pe%o%/an!e 0+ut!hin&on) 2>1216
Not a(( &tudie&) ho4e,e%) p%o,ed that /u&i! 4ith ,o!a(& had a negati,e i/pa!t6 An
e7pe%i/ent !ondu!ted "# the Uni,e%&it# o Ne"%a&$a at O/aha &tudied 4hethe% o% not !(a&&i!a(
/u&i! and popu(a% /u&i! ha,e an ee!t on a &tudent3& /ath pe%o%/an!e 0Ke((# C -anthei16 The
&tud# !on!(uded that neithe% popu(a% /u&i! no% !(a&&i!a( /u&i! had an# &tati&ti!a((# &ignii!ant
i/pa!t on the &tudent&3 pe%o%/an!e6 The%eo%e) %e&ea%!he%& !on!(uded that /u&i! /a# not ha,e
an ee!t 0neithe% po&iti,e no% negati,e1 on a &tudent3& pe%o%/an!e6 In anothe% &tud#) !ondu!ted
"# Rong<+4a +uanga and Yi<Nuo Shih o China) (oo$ed at the i/pa!t o "a!$g%ound /u&i! and
it& ee!t on the attention o 4o%$e%& 0+uanga C Shih) 2>>B16 Thi& &tud# !on!(uded that the (e,e(
o attention 4a& i/pa!ted "# a 4o%$e%3& ondne&& to the /u&i! p(a#ing 0in&tead o 4hethe% o% not
the /u&i! !ontained ,o!a(&16 I the 4o%$e% 4a& e7t%e/e(# ond o the "a!$g%ound /u&i!) thei%
ATTENTION SPAN AFFECTED BY BACKGROUND NOISE D
(e,e( o attention de!%ea&ed6 I the indi,idua( 4a& i/pa%tia( to the &ong&) hi&8he% (e,e( o attention
4a& not &ignii!ant(# i/pa!ted6
In !on!(u&ion) the%e a%e &o/e !on(i!ting %epo%t&6 So/e &tudie& &ugge&t that the
a"&en!e o% p%e&en!e o ,o!a(& i/pa!t& the (e,e( o attention o the indi,idua() 4hi(e othe% &tudie&
&ugge&t that it i& the indi,idua(3& ondne&& to the /u&i! i& 4hat !au&e& thei% (e,e( o attention to
de!%ea&e o% in!%ea&e6 Re&ea%!he%& $no4 that /u&i! &end& po&iti,e &igna(& th%oughout the "od#
and p%o/pt& the "%ain to pa# attention6 +o4e,e%) it i& un!(ea% a& to 4hethe% o% not "a!$g%ound
noi&e i/pa!t& a &tudent3& attention &pan 4hi(e &tud#ing6 Th%ough pu%&uing %e&ea%!h to dete%/ine
4hethe% o% not "a!$g%ound noi&e ae!t& a &tudent3& attention &pan) the %e&u(t& 4i(( p%o,ide !(a%it#
to thi& a/"iguou& /atte%6
What has #orked" Ea!h g%aduate &tudent i& die%ent and ha& die%ent p%ee%en!e& o
en,i%on/ent& that the# p(a!e the/&e(,e& in 4hi(e &tud#ing6 The%eo%e) 4hi!h &tud#ing
en,i%on/ent enhan!e& g%eate% attention &pan /a# die% depending on the &tudent6 Ea!h
indi,idua( &tudent !hoo&e& to p(a!e the/&e(,e& in an en,i%on/ent 4ith o% 4ithout "a!$g%ound
noi&e depending on ho4 4e(( the# !an /u(ti<ta&$6 G%aduate &tudent& /a# thin$ that the# a%e
!u%%ent(# &tud#ing in the /o&t ee!ti,e en,i%on/ent o% the/) ho4e,e%) 4ith /o%e %e&ea%!h
!ondu!ted on the &u"Ae!t) &tudent& /a# 4ant to adAu&t thei% &tud#ing en,i%on/ent to &tud# /o%e
ei!ient(#6 Stud#ing /o%e ei!ient(# /ean& ha,ing a (onge% attention &pan 4hi(e &tud#ing6
Re&ea%!he%& a(&o unde%&tand that the en,i%on/ent in 4hi!h one &tudie& /a# not "e ,o(unta%#) "ut
thi& %e&ea%!h 4i(( #ie(d a g%eate% unde%&tanding o 4hi!h en,i%on/ent i& idea( o% g%aduate
&tudent& 4hi(e &tud#ing6 A (onge% attention &pan 4hi(e &tud#ing 4i(( hopeu((# (ead to (e&& &t%e&&)
"ette% g%ade&) and a "ette% ;ua(it# o (ie o% the &tudent 4hi!h !an "e ,a(idated "# utu%e
ATTENTION SPAN AFFECTED BY BACKGROUND NOISE E
%e&ea%!h6 Thi& %e&ea%!h 4i(( p%o,ide the oundation o% &u!h %e&ea%!h in the utu%e that /a# "e
gene%a(i*a"(e to (a%ge &tudent popu(ation6
Ho# #ill your study add to the kno#ledge base once it is done" Student& !an !hoo&e to adapt
thei% &tud#ing en,i%on/ent to !%eate the (onge&t attention &pan "a&ed on the inding&6 E,en i
&tudent& do not 4i&h to adapt thei% &tud# en,i%on/ent) the# /a# !hoo&e to in!%ea&e o% de!%ea&e
the ,o(u/e a/ount o "a!$g%ound noi&e e7pe%ien!ed 4hi(e &tud#ing6 Fo% e7a/p(e) i a &tudent
(i&ten& to /u&i! 4hi(e &tud#ing) "a&ed on inding&) the &tudent /a# !hoo&e to in!%ea&e o%
de!%ea&e the ,o(u/e o /u&i! p(a#ing 4hen &tud#ing in the utu%e 0o% e(i/inate an# "a!$g%ound
noi&e !o/p(ete(#16 The%e a%e /an# 4a#& that thi& %e&ea%!h 4i(( aid the g%aduate &tudent
popu(ation6 +o4e,e%) the i/pa!t 4i(( "e &een /o%e on an indi,idua( (e,e( o ea!h g%aduate
&tudent depending on 4hat the# !hange a"out thei% &tud# en,i%on/ent6
What ne# infor!ation #ill your study add to our understanding of the topic or addressing
the topic$proble!" Thi& pa%ti!u(a% &tud# 4i(( add ino%/ation to the ;ue&tion) 4hi!h &tud#ing
en,i%on/ent 0the addition o "a!$g%ound noi&e o% the e(i/ination o "a!$g%ound noi&e1 i& /o&t
ee!ti,e on a &tudent3& attention &pan6 The%eo%e) /o%e &pe!ii!) the %e&ea%!he%& a%e a&$ing the
;ue&tion: doe& "a!$g%ound noi&e ae!t a &tudent3& attention &pan 4hen &tud#ing5 The %e&u(t&
%o/ thi& &tud# 4i(( de/on&t%ate i the addition o "a!$g%ound noi&e aid& o% di&%upt& the &tudent3&
attention &pan 4hi(e &tud#ing6 The %e&ea%!he%& 4i(( ai/ to gene%a(i*e thi& ne4 ound data to
&tudent& o a(( age&6 Fu%the%/o%e) th%ough !ondu!ting thi& %e&ea%!h) the %e&ea%!he%& 4i(( p%o,ide
the oundation o% u%the% and /o%e &pe!ii! &tudie&6 Fo% e7a/p(e) $no4ing that "a!$g%ound
noi&e aid& o% di&%upt& the &tudent&3 attention &pan) %e&ea%!he%& !an the%eo%e e7p(o%e i !e%tain
pa%ti!u(a% noi&e /a# ha,e /o%e o (e&& o an ae!t than othe%&6 -o%eo,e%) %e&ea%!he%& !an
dete%/ine 4hethe% o% ha,ing a (onge% attention &pan i/pa!t& a &tudent3& g%ade& and o,e%a(( &t%e&&
ATTENTION SPAN AFFECTED BY BACKGROUND NOISE ?
(e,e(&6 Thi& &tud# /a# &e%,e a& the oundationa( too( o% utu%e ;ue&tion& and %e&ea%!h a"out
&tud# en,i%on/ent& that a%e /o&t u&eu( to the &tudent3& need&
Outline of %esign
What type of &uantitati'e study( descripti'e or e)peri!ental" Thi& &tud# i& a de&!%ipti,e
;uantitati,e &tud#) e7e/p(iied th%ough the u&e o a ;ue&tionnai%e) and the (a!$ o an e7pe%i/ent6
Re&ea%!he%& a%e a&$ing g%aduate &tudent& to &e(<%epo%t data) ana(#*e the data !o((e!ted) and d%a4
%e&u(t& %o/ the !o((e!ted data6 Thi& 4i(( he(p e&ta"(i&h othe% ;ue&tion& and u%the% %e&ea%!h that
!an "e !ondu!ted6 Fu%the% %e&ea%!h /a# not "e (i/ited to a de&!%ipti,e de&ign) ho4e,e%6
Which part of the class #ill be your participants and #hat sa!pling !ethod #ill you use"
In o%de% to !ondu!t thi& &tud# and p%o,ide ,a(id %e&u(t& that a%e potentia((# gene%a(i*a"(e) the
%e&ea%!he%& 4i(( "e a&$ing e,e%# g%aduate &tudent o the Tou%o Uni,e%&it# Ne,ada3& O!!upationa(
The%ap# C(a&& o 2>1D to pa%ti!ipate6 Tho&e that tu%n do4n the %e;ue&t) and do not !on&ent to
i((ing out the ;ue&tionnai%e 4i(( "e e7!(uded %o/ the &tud#6 Thi& pa%ti!u(a% &tud# i& u&ing the
&a/p(ing /ethod $no4n a& !on,enien!e &a/p(ing6 The pa%ti!ipant& in the &tud# a%e !ho&en
!on,enient(#) not %ando/(#6
What are the procedures for conducting data in your study" Re&ea%!he%& 4i(( p%o,ide a
;ue&tionnai%e o% &tudent& to i(( out i,e /inute& p%io% to the !on!(u&ion o 0Re&ea%!h1 !(a&& one
da# 0the date 4i(( "e dete%/ined upon the app%o,a( o D%6 Co&ta16 Gi,ing the &tudent& ti/e to i((
out the ;ue&tionnai%e in pe%&on 4i(( #ie(d in highe% !o/p(etion %e&u(t& a& oppo&ed to e/ai(ing the
;ue&tionnai%e to a(( pa%ti!ipant&6 Fu%the%/o%e) the %e&ea%!he%& 4i(( &ta# ate% !(a&& o% iteen
/inute&) a&$ing that ate% the pa%ti!ipant& !o/p(ete the ;ue&tionnai%e) the# tu%n in the
;ue&tionnai%e& i//ediate(#6 Thi& 4i(( en&u%e that /o&t pa%ti!ipant& do not (o&e o% /i&p(a!e thei%
ATTENTION SPAN AFFECTED BY BACKGROUND NOISE F
!o/p(eted ;ue&tionnai%e&6 P(ea&e &ee atta!hed o% the ;ue&tionnai%e that the %e&ea%!he%& 4i(( gi,e
to the pa%ti!ipant&6
Are you using any other instru!ents" The &e(<%epo%ting ;ue&tionnai%e& 4i(( "e the on(#
in&t%u/ent& u&ed o% thi& %e&ea%!h &tud#6
What !ethods for data analysis are you planning on using? The %e&ea%!he%& 4i(( u&e the
SPSS p%og%a/ o% data ana(#&i& o the data !o((e!ted "# a(( pa%ti!ipant& ,ia the &e(<%epo%ting
;ue&tionnai%e&6 -i!%o&ot E7!e( 4i(( a(&o "e u&ed to o%gani*e the data !o((e!ted6
Outline of Results
*or #hat period of ti!e did you recruit the participants" The pa%ti!ipant& in thi& &tud# 4e%e
a&$ed to i(( out a ;ue&tionnai%e) &e(<%epo%ting pe%&ona( ino%/ation a"out thei% &tud# ha"it&)
&tud# en,i%on/ent&) "a!$g%ound noi&e 4hi(e &tud#ing) thei% !u%%ent g%ade point a,e%age 0GPA1)
et!6 A(( pa%ti!ipant& !o/p(eted the t4e(,e ;ue&tion ;ue&tionnai%e 4ithin app%o7i/ate(# iteen
/inute& o %e!ei,ing the/6 The %e&ea%!he%& !o((e!ted the ;ue&tionnai%e& %o/ ea!h indi,idua(
pa%ti!ipant on!e !o/p(eted6 Be!au&e the pa%ti!ipant& 4e%e &i/p(# a&$ed to &e(<%epo%t data "a&ed
on %e!a((ed ino%/ation) the pa%ti!ipant& on(# too$ iteen /inute& to i(( out the ;ue&tionnai%e6
The%e 4a& no out&ide 4o%$ o% ti/e %e;ui%ed o the pa%ti!ipant&6
Who did you actually get in your study" Re&ea%!he%& a&$ed the enti%e O!!upationa( The%ap#
Coho%t o 2>1D at Tou%o Uni,e%&it# o Ne,ada to pa%ti!ipate in thi& &tud#) e7!(uding the
%e&ea%!he%& in,o(,ed 4ith the &tud#6 The %e&ea%!he%& de!ided not to in!(ude the/&e(,e& in the
data !o((e!tion due to the potentia( &$e4ing o data6 The %e&ea%!h h#pothe&i& !(ea%(# &tate& that
"a!$g%ound noi&e aid& the attention &pan o &tudent&6 I the %e&ea%!he%& 4e%e to pa%ti!ipate in the
&tud# a(%ead# $no4ing the h#pothe&i&) the# /ight unintentiona((# an&4e% the ;ue&tion& 4ith a
"ia&ed pe%&pe!ti,e6 The%e a%e =? /e/"e%& o the O!!upationa( The%ap# Coho%t o 2>1D) and &i7
ATTENTION SPAN AFFECTED BY BACKGROUND NOISE B
o the =? /e/"e%& 4e%e %e&ea%!he%& o thi& &tud#6 The%eo%e) the%e 4e%e =1 /e/"e%& o the
!oho%t that 4e%e a&$ed to pa%ti!ipate6
Ho# !any people #ere recruited( ho# !any refused( and ho# !any co!pleted the study"
O the =1 /e/"e%& o the O!!upationa( The%ap# Coho%t o 2>1D that 4e%e %e!%uited to pa%ti!ipate
in the &tud#) => &tudent& pa%ti!ipated6 Con&ent 4a& indi%e!t(# a&$ed o the pa%ti!ipant& in the
&tud# "# a&$ing the/ to i(( out the &e(<%epo%ting ;ue&tionnai%e6 The one &tudent that did not
!o/p(ete the ;ue&tionnai%e) indi%e!t(# %eu&ed pa%ti!ipation6 A(( => &tudent& that i((ed out the
;ue&tionnai%e) tu%ned in thei% !o/p(eted ;ue&tionnai%e&) and the%eo%e !o/p(eted the &tud#6
+o4e,e%) the%e 4a& one &tudent 4ho&e ;ue&tionnai%e 4a& not i((ed out !o%%e!t(#) and the%eo%e
had to "e di&!a%ded6 In !on!(u&ion) the%e 4e%e 2B pa%ti!ipant& 4ho&e data 4a& !o((e!ted and
ana(#*ed6
Ho# !any #ere rando!ly assigned to the control group or the treat!ent group" Thi&
pa%ti!u(a% &tud# o((o4ed a de&!%ipti,e ;uantitati,e de&ign6 The%eo%e) the %ando/ a&&ign/ent o
pa%ti!ipant& 0to !ont%o( and t%eat/ent g%oup&1 4a& not e7e!uted6 Rando/ a&&ign/ent o
pa%ti!ipant& into g%oup& i& a !o/ponent o %e&ea%!h that o((o4& an e7pe%i/enta( de&ign6
+ou can describe the de!ographics of your actual sa!ple here( and !any authors refer
readers to a table, O the 2B pa%ti!ipant&) &e,en o the/ a%e /a(e and 22 o the/ a%e e/a(e6 1E
o the pa%ti!ipant& a%e 2> to 2D #ea%& o age6 Eight o the pa%ti!ipant& a%e 2E to 2B #ea%& o(d) and
i,e pa%ti!ipant& a%e => #ea%& o% o(de%6 P(ea&e %ee% to Ta"(e 1 o% a !ha%t de/on&t%ating the age&
o pa%ti!ipant& in the &tud#6 The ;ue&tionnai%e did not in!(ude an# othe% ;ue&tion& a"out the
de/og%aphi!& o the &a/p(ed popu(ation6 A& p%e,iou&(# &tated) a(( pa%ti!ipant& a%e a pa%t o the
O!!upationa( The%ap# Coho%t o 2>1D at Tou%o Uni,e%&it# Ne,ada6 A(( g%aduate &tudent& a%e
(i,ing in the +ende%&on8:a& Gega& a%ea in o%de% to attend &!hoo(6
ATTENTION SPAN AFFECTED BY BACKGROUND NOISE 1>
-ention all results and the data analysis used to obtain your results, The %e&ea%!he%& put the
data into t4o g%oup&: tho&e that &tudied 4ithout "a!$g%ound /u&i! and tho&e that &tudied 4ith
"a!$g%ound /u&i!6 The /ean) /edian) and /ode& 4e%e ta$en o ea!h g%oup6 P(ea&e %ee% to
Ta"(e 2 o% the "%ea$do4n o /ean& "et4een g%oup&6 P(ea&e %ee% to Ta"(e = o% the "%ea$do4n
o /edian& "et4een g%oup&6 P(ea&e %ee% to Ta"(e @ o% the "%ea$do4n o /ode& "et4een g%oup&6
Then a t<te&t 4a& !ondu!ted to &ee i the die%en!e& "et4een g%oup& 4e%e &tati&ti!a((# &ignii!ant6
'ith a p ,a(ue o 611B) thi& ,a(ue to(d the %e&ea%!he%& that the die%en!e "et4een g%oup& 4a& not
&tati&ti!a((# &ignii!ant6 The%eo%e) "a!$g%ound noi&e doe& not ha,e an ee!t on a &tudent3&
attention &pan6 P(ea&e %ee% to Ta"(e D o% a "%ea$do4n o the t te&t and p ,a(ue %e&u(t&6
Outline of %iscussion
Begin this section #ith a clear state!ent of support or nonsupport for your original
research hypotheses or research &uestion, nterpret and e'aluate your results to sho# ho#
your findings can contribute to the broader kno#ledge about your topic, The o%igina(
%e&ea%!h h#pothe&i& 04hi!h &tated "a!$g%ound noi&e aid& the attention &pan o g%aduate &tudent&
4hi(e &tud#ing1 4a& not &uppo%ted6 Ate% !o((e!ting the data ,ia the ;ue&tionnai%e&) the
%e&ea%!he%& &epa%ated the data into t4o g%oup&6 G%oup 1 4a& !o/p%i&ed o &tudent& that had &e(<
%epo%ted e7pe%ien!ing "a!$g%ound noi&e 0,o(unta%# o% in,o(unta%#1 4hi(e &tud#ing6 G%oup 2 4a&
!o/p%i&ed o &tudent& that did not e7pe%ien!e "a!$g%ound noi&e 4hi(e &tud#ing6 The %e&ea%!he%&
then %an &tati&ti!a( ana(#&i& o the data to &ee i the %e&ea%!h h#pothe&i& 4a& &uppo%ted6 The /ean)
/edian) and /ode o ea!h g%oup 4e%e !a(!u(ated and !o/pa%ed to one anothe% th%ough
-i!%o&ot E7!e(6 See ta"(e 1 o% the /ean) /edian) and /ode& o ea!h g%oup6 The %e&ea%!he%&
then !ondu!ted a t<te&t th%ough -i!%o&ot E7!e(6 The t<te&t !a(!u(ated 4hethe% o% not ha,ing the
p%e&en!e o "a!$g%ound noi&e 4a& &tati&ti!a((# &ignii!ant 4hen (oo$ing at the i/pa!t on
ATTENTION SPAN AFFECTED BY BACKGROUND NOISE 11
attention &pan 4hi(e &tud#ing6 I the %e&u(t& &ho4 a &tati&ti!a( &ignii!an!e) it 4ou(d &ugge&t that
one g%oup3& attention &pan 4a& a (ot (onge% than the othe% g%oup3&6 The %e&ea%!he%& h#pothe&i*ed
that the g%oup that e7pe%ien!e& "a!$g%ound noi&e 0,o(unta%i(# o% in,o(unta%i(#1 4hi(e &tud#ing
4ou(d ha,e a g%eate% attention &pan6 +o4e,e%) the %e&u(t& !on!(uded that the%e 4a& no &ignii!ant
die%en!e "et4een g%oup& 4hen (oo$ing at attention &pan 0"%ea$& ta$en pe% hou%16 The p ,a(ue i&
6>D in thi& pa%ti!u(a% &tud#) and the (e,e( o &tati&ti!a( &ignii!an!e 4hen (oo$ing at the nu/"e% o
"%ea$& ta$en pe% hou% 4a& 611B6 Be!au&e thi& igu%e 4a& a"o,e the 6>D p ,a(ue) the nu((
h#pothe&i& 0that no &ignii!ant die%en!e1 4a& a!!epted6 P(ea&e %ee% to the ta"(e "e(o4 to &ee a
ta"(e de/on&t%ating the t<te&t %e&u(t&6
Be!au&e the%e 4a& no &tati&ti!a( &ignii!an!e &ho4n "et4een G%oup 1 and G%oup
2) it i& !on!(uded that the p%e&en!e o% a"&en!e o "a!$g%ound noi&e doe& not ha,e an ee!t on a
&tudent3& attention &pan 4hi(e &tud#ing6 Thi& !on!(u&ion and %e&u(t& a%e u%the% &uppo%ted "#
othe% &tudie& a& 4e((6 A!!o%ding to the &tud# "# the Uni,e%&it# o Ne"%a$a at O/aha) &tudent&
4e%e not ae!ted 4hen pe%o%/ing /athe/ati!a( te&t& 4ith !(a&&i!a( /u&i! and popu(a% /u&i! in
the "a!$g%ound6 The &tud# !on!(uded that /u&i! 0neithe% !(a&&i!a( no% popu(a%1 i/pa!ted the
&tudent&3 pe%o%/an!e6 Re&ea%!h a(&o &ho4ed that 4hen (i&tening to /u&i!) the "%ain3& a!ti,it#
pea$& du%ing the &i(ent "%ea$& "et4een /u&i!a( /o,e/ent&6
Uno%tunate(#) due to the &/a(( &a/p(e &i*e) in!on&i&tent &e(<%epo%ting) and the
!on,enient natu%e o the &a/p(ed pa%ti!ipant&) the %e&u(t& o thi& &tud# a%e not ,e%# gene%a(i*a"(e6
Futu%e %e&ea%!h need& to "e !ondu!ted6 A(though the %e&u(t& 4e%e &uppo%ted "# anothe% &tud#)
anothe% &tud# 4ithout a& /an# (i/itation& need& to "e !ondu!ted6
Outline of .i!itations
ATTENTION SPAN AFFECTED BY BACKGROUND NOISE 12
%iscuss potential li!itations affecting internal 'alidity or e)ternal 'alidity( e,g,( any sources
of bias such as sa!pling( i!precise !easures( or other #eaknesses in the study( etc, A
potentia( (i/itation i& ound in the &a/p(e it&e(6 The &a/p(e in!(ude& 2B &tudent&H ho4e,e%)
aug/enting the &a/p(e &i*e 4ou(d ha,e #ie(ded /o%e a!!u%ate %e&u(t&6 Fu%the%/o%e) 4ith a (a%ge%
&a/p(e &i*e) the %e&u(t& 4ou(d "e /o%e gene%a(i*a"(e to g%aduate &tudent& a!%o&& the United
State& 0in!%ea&ing the &tud#3& e7te%na( ,a(idit#16 -o%eo,e%) the &a/p(e 4a& gathe%ed th%ough
!on,enien!e &a/p(ing6 Thi& i& a (i/itation "e!au&e the 2B pa%ti!ipant& o the O!!upationa(
The%ap# Coho%t o 2>1D at Tou%o Uni,e%&it# Ne,ada a%e not 0p%e&u/a"(#1 %ep%e&entati,e o a((
g%aduate &!hoo( !oho%t& in the United State&6 The &a/p(e i& a(&o not 0p%e&u/a"(#1 %ep%e&entati,e
o othe% o!!upationa( the%ap# !oho%t& 4ithin Tou%o Uni,e%&it# Ne,ada6 It 4ou(d ha,e "een a
/o%e %ep%e&entati,e &a/p(e o the g%aduate &tudent popu(ation i the pa%ti!ipant& 4e%e %ando/(#
&e(e!ted6 The &i*e o the &a/p(e and the t#pe o &a/p(e di&!u&&ed i& a (i/itation in thi& &tud#6
Be!au&e the pa%ti!ipant& 4e%e pa%ta$ing in /u(tip(e &tudie& at the &a/e ti/e) thi&
/a# ha,e a(te%ed the %e&u(t&) and the%eo%e i& a (i/itation84ea$ne&& o the &tud#6 Pa%ti!ipating in
/u(tip(e &tudie& at on!e i& $no4n a& !o<inte%,ention6 Re&u(t& o thi& pa%ti!u(a% &tud# /a# ha,e
"een &$e4ed due to the !o<inte%,ention6 Thi& i& "e!au&e the pa%ti!ipant& /a# ha,e "een ti%ed o
i((ing out &u%,e#&) the%eo%e %u&hing th%ough thi& pa%ti!u(a% ;ue&tionnai%e6 The %e&u(t& 4e%e &e(<
%epo%ted) and the%eo%e /a# a(&o ha,e "een %epo%ted ina!!u%ate(# due to the othe% &tudie& "eing
pe%o%/ed at the &a/e ti/e 0&tudent& /a# ha,e "een a&$ed to !hange thei% &tud#
ha"it&8en,i%on/ent& in anothe% &tud#16 Thi& (i/itation /a# ha,e ae!ted the %e&u(t& o the &tud#)
4hi!h &ugge&t& utu%e %e&ea%!h &hou(d "e !ondu!ted on "a!$g%ound noi&e and it& ee!t on
attention &pan6
ATTENTION SPAN AFFECTED BY BACKGROUND NOISE 1=
Be!au&e the pa%ti!ipant& and the %e&ea%!he%& a%e !(a&&/ate& 4ithin the &a/e
!oho%t) the pa%ti!ipant& /a# ha,e %epo%ted a(&e data 0%ee%%ed to a& &e(<%epo%ting "ia&1 in o%de%
to appea% a& a "ette% &tudent to the %e&ea%!he%&6 E,en though the ;ue&tionnai%e& 4e%e i((ed out
anon#/ou&(#) &e(<%epo%ting "ia& /a# ha,e o!!u%%ed6 Thi& i& "e!au&e the pa%ti!ipant& handed the
;ue&tionnai%e& 04hen ini&hed1 to the %e&ea%!he%& indi,idua((#) and pa%ti!ipant& $ne4 thi& 4a&
%e;ui%ed "eo%e i((ing out the ;ue&tionnai%e6 Re&ea%!he%& noti!ed &o/e data that !ou(d ha,e "een
a(&e(# %epo%ted due to thi& "ia&6 Fo% e7a/p(e) the nu/"e% o &tudent& that %epo%ted ha,ing a @6>
4a& a&toni&hing6 Thi& i& Au&t one e7a/p(e o the potentia( o% 0intentiona((# o% unintentiona((#1
%epo%ting a(&e data6 I utu%e %e&ea%!h i& !ondu!ted) thi& (i/itation need& to "e a!!ounted o% and
a,oided6
The (a&t (i/itation noti!ed "# the %e&ea%!he%& i& the ;ue&tionnai%e it&e(6 So/e
;ue&tion& 4e%e 4o%ded poo%(# and !au&ed !onu&ion o% the pa%ti!ipant&6 So/e pa%ti!ipant& a&$ed
the %e&ea%!he%& to !(a%i# the /eaning o !e%tain ;ue&tion&6 The %e&ea%!he%& t%ied to an&4e% a&
"%oad(# a& po&&i"(eH ho4e,e%) thei% a&&i&tan!e /a# ha,e &$e4ed the data %epo%ted6 I &o/e
pa%ti!ipant& did not a&$ the %e&ea%!he%& to !(a%i# ;ue&tion& that the# did not unde%&tand) the&e
pa%ti!ipant& /a# ha,e unintentiona((# &e(<%epo%ted 4%ong data6 I utu%e %e&ea%!h i& !ondu!ted)
the 4o%ding o ;ue&tion& &hou(d "e %eana(#*ed6
/)plain #hat re!ains unsol'ed at the end of your study, Here you can discuss
reco!!endations for future research, Uno%tunate(#) 4hen (oo$ing o,e% the !o/p(eted
;ue&tionnai%e&) &o/e pa%ti!ipant& %epo%ted thei% GPA& in nu/e%i! o%/) and othe%& %epo%ted thei%
GPA& in (ette% g%ade o%/6 Re&ea%!he%& did not $no4 4hi!h (ette% g%ade& %epo%ted !o%%e&ponded
to 4hi!h !(a&&e&) and "e!au&e !(a&&e& a%e 4eighted die%ent(# due to the nu/"e% o !%edit&) the
%e&ea%!he%& !ou(d not a!!u%ate(# !on,e%t the (ette% g%ade& into a GPA6 The%eo%e) the %e&ea%!he%&
ATTENTION SPAN AFFECTED BY BACKGROUND NOISE 1@
4e%e una"(e to dete%/ine 4hethe% o% not "a!$g%ound noi&e had an# ee!t on attention &pan
th%ough ana(#*ing pa%ti!ipant&3 GPA&6 Thi& po%tion o the &tud# %e/ain& un&o(,ed6 Thi&
di&!%epan!# "et4een &o/e o the pa%ti!ipant& 4ithin the &tud# &ugge&t& that the inte%na( ,a(idit#
o thi& &tud# 4a& th%eatened6 I u%the% %e&ea%!h 4a& !ondu!ted) %e&ea%!he%& &hou(d %e;ue&t the
pa%ti!ipant& to &e(<%epo%t thei% GPA in nu/e%i! o%/6 Thi& 4a# the %e&ea%!he%& !an ana(#*e
4hethe% o% not pa%ti!ipant&3 attention &pan 4hi(e &tud#ing in !e%tain en,i%on/ent& i& !o%%e(ated to
ha,ing a highe% GPA6
%iscuss li!itations in the ability to generali0e the findings, The &/a(( &a/p(e &i*e th%eaten&
the a"i(it# to gene%a(i*e an# inding& %o/ thi& &tud#6 The &a/p(e &i*e i& not %ep%e&entati,e o the
gene%a( g%aduate &tudent popu(ation 0ae!ting the e7te%na( ,a(idit#1) and the%eo%e !annot "e
gene%a(i*ed to othe% g%oup& o &tudent&6 The a!t that the &a/p(e 4a& gathe%ed !on,enient(#
in&tead o %ando/(# a(&o p%e,ent& the &tud# %o/ "eing gene%a(i*a"(e6 Thi& i& "e!au&e the &a/p(e
i& not %ep%e&entati,e o the United State& g%aduate &tudent popu(ation) and the %e&u(t& /ight "e
att%i"uted to &o!ioe!ono/i! &tatu&) de/og%aphi!&) o% othe% att%i"ution& 0and the%eo%e !annot "e
app(ied to the gene%a( pu"(i!16 The inte%na( ,a(idit# 4a& a(&o th%eatened) "e!au&e &o/e
pa%ti!ipant& %epo%ted thei% GPA& in nu/e%i! o%/) and othe%& %epo%ted thei% GPA in (ette% o%/6
The ina"i(it# o the %e&ea%!he%& to !o%%e!t(# !a(!u(ate a(( pa%ti!ipant&3 GPA& di&%upt& thi& a&pe!t o
the %e&u(t& %o/ "eing gene%a(i*ed6 It a(&o %e&t%i!ted the %e&ea%!he%& %o/ !o/pa%ing the GPA o
pa%ti!ipant& 4ithin the &tud#6
ATTENTION SPAN AFFECTED BY BACKGROUND NOISE 1D
Ree%en!e&
Ba$e%) -6 02>>?) Augu&t >116 -u&i! /o,e& "%ain to pa# attention) &tano%d &tud# ind&6
Ret%ie,ed Septe/"e% >F) 2>1=) %o/ http:88/ed6&tano%d6edu8ne4&I %e(ea&e&82>>?
8Au(#8/u&i!6ht/(
+uanga) Rong<+4a ) and Yi<Nuo Shih6 JEe!t& o "a!$g%ound /u&i! on !on!ent%ation o
4o%$e%&6J IOS Press'o%$ =F 02>>B1: n6 pag6 Word Press6 'e"6 11 Sept6 2>1=
+ut!hin&on) .6 02>12) O!to"e% 2D16 :i&tening to /u&i! 4hi(e &tud#ing: +e(pu( o% hu%tu(56
Ret%ie,ed %o/ http:88/u&i!and&pee!h6,oi!e&64oo&te%6edu8(i&tening<to</u&i!<4hi(e<
&tud#ing<he(pu(<o%<hu%tu(8
Ke((#) S6 N6 C -anthei) -6 Ee!t& o popu(a% and !(a&&i!a( "a!$g%ound /u&i! on the /ath te&t
&!o%e& o unde%g%aduate &tudent&6 Unpu"(i&hed /anu&!%ipt) Uni,e%&it# o Ne"%a&$a at
O/aha6 Ret%ie,ed %o/ http:88/u&i!6a%t&6u&6edu8%p/e8ee!t&6ht/6
She((e#) K6 02>11) Fe"%ua%# 2F16 :i&tening to /u&i! !an p%o/pt the "%ain to &end po&iti,e &igna(&
th%oughout the "od#6 Ret%ie,ed %o/ 44464a&hingtonpo&t6!o/84p<d#n8!ontent8
a%ti!(e82>118>282F8AR2>11>22F>E2=1Ip6ht/(
St%au&&) G6 02>>B) O!to"e% 2>16 Che!$ing it out: doe& /u&i! inte%e%e 4ith &tud#ing56 Ret%ie,ed
%o/ http:88,oi!e&64a&hingtonpo&t6!o/8an&4e%<&heet8!he!$ing<it<out8!he!$ing<it<out<
doe&</u&i!<int6ht/(
ATTENTION SPAN AFFECTED BY BACKGROUND NOISE 1E
Questionnaire for Occupational 1herapy Students 2lass of 3456
1ea!: O1 %ynasty
%irections: Thi& ;ue&tionnai%e i& to "e i((ed out anon#/ou&(#6 P(ea&e tu%n in the !o/p(eted
;ue&tionnai%e i//ediate(# ate% !o/p(etion6 Than$ #ouK
16 +o4 o(d a%e #ou5 P(ea&e !i%!(e the !atego%# that app(ie& to #ou:
a6 2> to 2D
"6 2E to 2B
!6 => o% o(de%
26 P(ea&e !i%!(e the gende% that app(ie& to #ou:
a6 -a(e
"6 Fe/a(e
=6 +o4 /an# hou%& do #ou &tud# o% pe% &e&&ion5
a6 > to 1
"6 2 to =
!6 @ to D
d6 E to ?
e6 F to B
6 1> o% /o%e
@6 +o4 /an# "%ea$& do #ou ta$e 4ithin an hou% 4hen &tud#ing5
a6 > to 1
"6 2 to =
!6 @ to D
d6 E to ?
e6 F to B
6 1> o% /o%e
D6 Do #ou e7pe%ien!e "a!$g%ound noi&e 0,o(unta%# o% in,o(unta%#1 4hen &tud#ing o% an
e7a/5
a6 Ye&
"6 No
E6 Do #ou e7pe%ien!e "a!$g%ound noi&e 0,o(unta%# o% in,o(unta%#1 4hen &tud#ing o% a
;ui*5
a6 Ye&
"6 No
?6 Do #ou e7pe%ien!e "a!$g%ound noi&e 0,o(unta%# o% in,o(unta%#1 4hen &tud#ing on a
%egu(a% "a&i&5
a6 Ye&
"6 No
ATTENTION SPAN AFFECTED BY BACKGROUND NOISE 1?
F6 'hat i& the ,o(u/e (e,e( o "a!$g%ound noi&e #ou e7pe%ien!e 4hen &tud#ing5
a6 +igh
"6 -ediu/
!6 :o4
d6 None
B6 'hat a%e the t#pe& o "a!$g%ound noi&e #ou e7pe%ien!e5
a6 -u&i!
"6 Te(e,i&ion
!6 +ou&eho(d Noi&e& 0!hi(d%en p(a#ing) et!61
d6 Coee Shop Noi&e&
e6 Natu%e
6 None 0Si(en!e1
g6 Othe%: IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
1>6 I #ou (i&ten to /u&i! 4hi(e &tud#ing) p(ea&e identi# the gen%e o /u&i! #ou (i&ten to) and
!i%!(e 4hethe% o% not the /u&i! ha&8(a!$& (#%i!&:
a6 Gen%e IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
"6 :#%i!&5 Ye& No
116 +o4 /an# t#pe& o "a!$g%ound noi&e& do #ou e7pe%ien!e at on!e 4hi(e &tud#ing5
a6 1
"6 2
!6 =
d6 @
e6 Othe%
126 P(ea&e (i&t #ou% !u%%ent G6P6A6
ATTENTION SPAN AFFECTED BY BACKGROUND NOISE 1F
Ta"(e 1 Note&: Thi& ta"(e de/on&t%ate& ho4 /an# pa%ti!ipant& e(( into ea!h age !atego%#6
TABLE 1: Ages of
Participants
Years of Age
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
ATTENTION SPAN AFFECTED BY BACKGROUND NOISE 1B
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Uneual
!ariances
Brea"s #it$in t$e %our

Variabl
e 1
Variabl
e 2
&ean ' 1()
!ariance *(+
*(,-)'
./
0bser1ations 11 12
%3pot$esi4e5 &ean 6i7erence *
5f '-
t Stat
1(+122
)1
P8T9:t; one-tail
*(*).)
)+
t <ritical one-tail
1(,1-2
,'
P8T9:t; two-tail
*(11.1
1'
t <ritical two-tail
'(*+2+
)2
Ta"(e 2 Note&: Ta"(e 2 (i&t& the %e&u(t& ound %o/ the T4o Sa/p(e t<Te&t A&&u/ing Une;ua(
Ga%ian!e& p%eo%/ed in E7!e(6 A& #ou !an &ee) the P0TLMt1 t4o<tai( ,a(ue i& 611B1126
Table '
ATTENTION SPAN AFFECTED BY BACKGROUND NOISE 2>
Ta"(e = Note&: Thi& i& a !ha%t di&p(a#ing the die%en!e& o /ean& "et4een G%oup 1 and G%oup 26
G%oup 1 i& !o/p%i&ed o the &tudent& that e7pe%ien!ed "a!$g%ound noi&e 4hi(e &tud#ing6 G%oup 2
i& !o/p%i&ed o &tudent& that did not e7pe%ien!e "a!$g%ound noi&e 4hi(e &tud#ing6 The nu/"e%&
a(ong the # a7i& a%e ta$en %o/ ou% data ana(#&i& o the ;ue&tionnai%e6 The%eo%e N1O %ep%e&ent&
the i%&t an&4e% option) not ne!e&&a%i(# 1 hou%6 P(ea&e %ee% to an&4e% option& on ;ue&tionnai%e
o% /o%e in<depth e7p(anation6
Blue: =roup 1
&aroon:
=roup '
Table -: <$art of
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<ategories of Stu53ing
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Table /: <$art of
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ATTENTION SPAN AFFECTED BY BACKGROUND NOISE 21
Ta"(e @ Note&: Thi& i& a !ha%t di&p(a#ing the die%en!e& o /edian& "et4een G%oup 1 and G%oup
26 G%oup 1 i& !o/p%i&ed o the &tudent& that e7pe%ien!ed "a!$g%ound noi&e 4hi(e &tud#ing6
G%oup 2 i& !o/p%i&ed o &tudent& that did not e7pe%ien!e "a!$g%ound noi&e 4hi(e &tud#ing6 The
nu/"e%& a(ong the # a7i& a%e ta$en %o/ ou% data ana(#&i& o the ;ue&tionnai%e6 The%eo%e N1O
%ep%e&ent& the i%&t an&4e% option) not ne!e&&a%i(# 1 hou%6
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<ategor3 of Stu53ing
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ATTENTION SPAN AFFECTED BY BACKGROUND NOISE 22
Ta"(e D Note&: Thi& i& a !ha%t di&p(a#ing the die%en!e& o /ode& "et4een G%oup 1 and G%oup 26
G%oup 1 i& !o/p%i&ed o the &tudent& that e7pe%ien!ed "a!$g%ound noi&e 4hi(e &tud#ing6 G%oup 2
i& !o/p%i&ed o &tudent& that did not e7pe%ien!e "a!$g%ound noi&e 4hi(e &tud#ing6 The nu/"e%&
a(ong the # a7i& a%e ta$en %o/ ou% data ana(#&i& o the ;ue&tionnai%e6 The%eo%e N1O %ep%e&ent&
the i%&t an&4e% option) not ne!e&&a%i(# 1 hou%6
Table ): <$art of
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<ategories of Stu53ing
En1ironment
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