IDENTIFY YOUR

STRENGTHS
MAKE YOUR STRENGTH
STRONG
EAT WELL AND SLEEP
WELL
REACH WELL BEFORE
TIME
USE READING TIME
WISELY
NEW ANSWER NEW
PAGE
BOARD EXAMS
4/6 figure grid
reference
scale
Direction
and distance
Areas Height
Contour
Interpretation
TOPO SHEETS
Eastings Northings
Vertical Lines Horizontal Lines
North to South East to West
Numbered 00 to 99
Placed 2 cm (1 km) apart
Value increases towards east Value increases towards north
EASTINGS
N
O
R
T
H
I
N
G
S
REMEMBER
L
6 figure reference of G is


x = a / 2
y = b / 2
Truncate the decimals
If a = 13 mm; b = 11 mm
6 figure grid reference is
256775

25
77
78
26
G
20 mm
a
b
2 5
x
7 7
y
3.5
BECOMES
3
Use toposheet 45 D/7, Easting 76 to 87, Northing 73 to 85
Find the six figure grid reference of
a.Post Office in the NorthEast
b.Temple north of Godh
c. 169
d.Tomb near Vaghrol
e.317
Answers
a. 844806
b.781833
c. 780778
d.846764
e. 793755

Scale is a RATIO
Distance between two places on map (a)
Distance between the same two places on ground (b)

Can be expressed as
1.Statement (2 cm = 1 km OR 2 cm to 1 km)
2.Representative Fraction (1:50000)
3.Linear Scale

Scale
Statement to R.F.
If a = 2 cm; b = 1 km

Scale = 2cm / 1 km OR

2 cm / 1 X 1000 X 100 cm OR

1 cm / 50000 cm OR

1 : 50000

FINDING DIRECT DISTANCE
1. Measure the distance between the centre of
the two places in cm
2. Convert distance in km (or metres)
(Use the scale, i.e.; 2cm = 1 km)
3. Round off to nearest 0.25 km (250 metres)

FINDING INDIRECT DISTANCE
1. Place a string along the path between the
centre of the two places
2. Measure the length of the string in cm
3. Convert distance in km (or metres)
(Use the scale, i.e.; 2cm = 1 km)
4. Round off to nearest 0.25 km (250 metres)

Direction
o
G
F
B
C
A
E
D
From O to ____
OR
Of __ from O
o
G
F
B
C
A
E
D
0
45
90
135
180
225
270
315
Normal direction and Forward Bearing
Finding Areas
REMEMBER
Every grid is
1 km X 1 km
=1 sq km
Visual method
90 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
89
88
87
86
85
84
Correct solution
1. Area enclosed by full grid squares (f)
Area enclosed = f X 1
1. Area enclosed by half grid squares (h)
Area enclosed = h X
1. Area enclosed by more than half grid squares (m)
Area enclosed = m X 2/3
1. Area enclosed by less than half grid squares (l)
Area enclosed = l X 1/3

TOTAL AREA
Total area
f X 1
+
h X
+
m X 2/3
+
l X 1/3
90 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
89 l m h h l l
88 h f f f f l
87 m f f f m
86 m f f f h
85 l m m m
84
Correct solution - Visual method
TOTAL AREA
Finding the total area

f X 1 = 10 X 1 = 10 sq. km +

h X = 4 X = 2 sq. km +

m X 2/3 = 7 X 2/3 = 4.67 sq. km +

l X 1/3 = 5 X 1/3 = 1.67 sq. km =

Total Area = 18.34 sq. km
To be answered using toposheet 45 D/10,
Grid reference 10 to 18, Northing 16 to 28

Find the area of uncultivated land
between eastings 14 and 18 and
northings 24 and 28.
Answers
11 Sq. Km
1. Triangulated Height
2. Spot Height
3. Relative Height
Height
Triangulated Height
Determined using principles of trigonometry
Accurate
Expressed on maps using a
For example, 224
Prominent Surveyed Tree
Triangulated height written on tree bark
Tree is shown in black colour-

For example
Bench Mark
Triangulated height written on nearby rock or
wall
Shown using BM
For example, BM 403
Spot Height
Height estimated using the value of adjacent
contours
Shown with a dot
For example, .544


.544
Relative Height
Height (depth) of a feature relative to
surroundings
Shown using r
For example, 20r
Example of relative heights
Symbol Meaning
Relative height of river bank is 7 metres
Relative height of Sand Dune is 11 metres
Relative height of Tank Embankment is 14
metres
22r
Relative Depth of PL Well is 22 metres
14r
11r
7r
CONTOURS
INDEX CONTOURS
FORM LINES
Drawn where it is not possible to draw contours and there is a
prominent relief feature which is lesser in height than the contour
interval
Spacing between contours
Widely spaced contours
Gentle slope
Closely packed contours
Steep slope
Overlapping contours
Vertical slope
Uniform Gentle Slope
Uniform Steep Slope
Concave Slope
Convex Slope
VISUALISATION
CONICAL HILL
320
300
280
260
ASYMMETRICAL HILL
320
300
280
260
CIRCULAR PLATEAU
320
300
280
260
RIDGE
320
300
280
260
SADDLE
320
300
280
260
320
V SHAPED VALLEY
320
340
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
WATERFALL
320
340
300
280
260
240
220
200
An Escarpment
Type of Drainage Patterns
1. Radial
2. Trellised
3. Dendritic
4. Disappearing
5. Combinations of one or more of the above
Radial Drainage pattern
Hill in the centre
Streams flow outward in different directions


Trellised Drainage Pattern
Streams parallel to each other
Dentritic Drainage Pattern
Random arrangement of streams
Disappearing stream
Stream may disappear in its course due to
Evaporation
Flowing through sandy area
EVIDENCE OF SEASONAL RAIN



SETTLEMENT PATTERN
Nucleated and Linear
Nucleated and Radial
Dispersed Settlement Pattern
Modes of Transport
Metre Gauge Railway
Metalled Road
Unmetalled Road
Modes of Transport
Cart Track
Pack Track
Foot Path
What is irrigation?
Artificial means of availing water
River is not a mode of irrigation
Required if area receives seasonal rainfall
Modes of irrigation
(Dry) tank with
embankment
Dam
Canal
IN D/10 1822
D/7 8079 (UNDER CONSTRUCTION)
Modes of irrigation
Perennial lined well
Perennial Unlined well
Tubewell
Perennial lined well with
brackish water
Brackish
INTERPRETATION OF
TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS
INTERPRETATIONS DRAWN
1. Occupation
2. Climate and Vegetation
3. General Slope
4. Relief

Occupations in 45 D/7 and 45 D/10
1. Agriculture
2. Cattle Rearing
3. Construction
4. Public Services
5. Trade
6. Tourism
7. Education
8. Lumbering
AGRICULTURE
True for all parts of 45 D/7 and 45 D/10 except
Abu
Evidences
Yellow Colour (indicating cultivated land)
CATTLE REARING
True for all parts of 45 D/7 and 45 D/10 except
Abu
Supplementary with Agriculture
Provides monthly income
Evidences
Yellow Colour (indicating cultivated land)
Tanks with embankments
Cart Tracks
CONSTRUCTION
Evidences
Lime Kiln
Brick Kiln
Stone Quarry
Metalled Road under construction
Canal under construction
PUBLIC SERVICES
True of larger villages and the town of Abu
Evidences
Post Office
Police Station
Dak Bungalow
Inspection Bungalow
Dispensary, etc.
TRADE
True for larger settlements
Evidences
Nucleated and radial settlement pattern
TOURISM
True for the town of Abu
Evidences
Hill Station
Nakki Talao
Delwara Temple
Sun Set Point
Anadra Point
Palanpur Palace
Jai Vilas Palace
EDUCATION
True for the town of Abu
Evidences
St. Marys High School
Sophia High School
LUMBERING
True for small dispersed settlements
Evidences
Settlement near of within forest
CLIMATE AND VEGETATION
CLIMATE IN 45 D/7 AND 45 D/10
Tropical Monsoon type of climate

SEASON MONTHS CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMER March to May Hot and Dry (45 C)
RAINY
SEASON
June to September Scanty Rainfall (50 cm)
WINTER December to February Cool and Dry (0 C)
Evidences of Seasonal Rainfall
1. Dry (seasonal) streams
2. Dry Tanks
3. Broken Ground
4. Open scrub
5. Wells

POSSIBLE VEGETATION
Tropical Deciduous Trees
Neem
Banyan
Peepal
Desert Vegetation
Acacia (Babool)
Cactus
Date Palms

MEANING OF GENERAL SLOPE
Direction towards which the terrain is inclined
Can be determined by finding the direction in
which the river system flows
FINDING DIRECTION OF RIVER FLOW
1. Arrow in the river bed
Direction in which water will flow

2. Angle at which tributaries meet
Tributaries follow the main river
Tributaries meet at an acute angle

1. Direction in which river widens
GENERAL SLOPE
D/7
South West West
Sipu- South West
West
Hills in South East
West West West
D/10
South South South West West
West
-Sipu-NE to West
- Sukli- South to
North West
North West South
Hills in North East
TYPES OF RELIEF
High relief
Hilly terrain
Range of heights
Low Relief
Flat plain
Lower heights in a small range

NATURE OF HILLS / MOUNTAINS
Location
Area occupied
Average height
Highest and lowest point
Alignment / Trend of hill ranges


NATURE OF RIVERS
Direction of flow
Presence of sediment
Width
Presence of water
Flowing through broken ground
Tributary or main river
CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS
Water bodies
Perennial Stream
Dry river with sediment
Dry river with sediment
and perennial channel
Water bodies
Spring
Dry / seasonal stream
Perennial Lake
Dry / Seasonal Tank
Modes of irrigation
(Dry) tank with
embankment,
Natural/Man-made
Dam
Canal
Modes of irrigation
Perennial lined well
Perennial Unlined well
Tubewell
Perennial lined well with
brackish water


Brackish
Places of Worship
Temple
Tomb / Chhatri
Miscellaneous Man Made Features
Telephone Line Self explanatory
Causeway Small bridge built to
maintain level of road
Fire Line Clearing made to prevent
forest fires from spreading
Piao Place where drinking
water is available
Piao
METALLED
ROAD
NON PERINEAL
RIVER/STREAM
Miscellaneous Man Made Features
Lime Kiln Place where lime is
manufactured
EVIDENCE OF
CONSTRUCTION
Brick Kiln Place where bricks are
made
EVIDENCE OF
CONSTRUCTION
Stone Quarry Stone mine

.Stone quarry
BROKEN
GROUNDS
ALONG WITH
SEASONAL
RIVER/STREAM
Miscellaneous Relief Features
Rock Outcrop Rock protruding out on
the land surface
Rock Outcrop
Sheet Rock Outcrop of sedimentary
rock
Sheet Rock
Stoney Waste /
Gravel Waste
Weathered rock
Miscellaneous Relief Features
Road Cutting Made to pass the road