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European Journal of Cultural
http://ecs.sagepub.com/content/12/1/79
The online version of this article can be found at:

DOI: 10.1177/1367549408098706
2009 12: 79 European Journal of Cultural Studies
Nick Stevenson
Talking to Bowie fans : Masculinity, ambivalence and cultural citizenship

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- Jan 21, 2009 Version of Record >>

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Ccp,rin: 2uu >XtL Iuiica:icns

Ics Xn~i~s. Icnccn. :~w D~ini.
>inapcr~ anc \asnin:cn DC
\ci ..(.) 8. 1o++
DCI. 1u.11,1o++u8u8uo
www.sa~puiica:icns.ccm
x r + i c r r
Talkng to Bowe fans
Moc.tii:, om/iotccc od
c.t:.ot ci:i.chi
Nck Stevenson
Iici:, f ^::ihom
xrs+rxc+ Drawin upcn r~c~n: in:~ri~ws cl iil~icn 8cwi~ lans. :nis
ar:ici~ ccn:riu:~s :c c~a:~s in r~sp~c: cl c~i~ri:, anc auci~nc~ s:uci~s.
In ccn:ras: wi:n c:n~r apprcacn~s :c lan ic~n:i:i~s. i: ~mpnasiz~s :n~ ~.:~n:
:c wnicn :n~ lan ~.p~ri~nc~ is a ~nc~r~c wa, cl nanciin a num~r cl
~.is:~n:iai qu~s:icns in r~sp~c: cl inciicuaiiza:icn prcc~ss~s. >:ar:~.:s ac:
as a uic~ cr cui:urai r~scurc~ :c n~ip man, m~n anc wcm~n c~ai wi:n a
num~r cl :nr~a:s :c :n~ir ic~n:i:,. i~ars cl a:cmiza:icn. cisin:~ra:icn anc
m~anini~ssn~ss w~r~ an ~~rpr~s~n: l~a:ur~ cl :n~ in:~ri~ws. R~ia:icns :c
s:ar:~.:s r~sis: ~as, lcrms cl ca:~criza:icn u: n~ip :c inscri~ amiai~n:
ic~n:i:i~s. Maini, lccusin upcn mai~ lans (anc :n~ ccns:ruc:icn cl
mascuiin~ ic~n:i:,). i: was ciscc~r~c :na: c~r:ain n~~mcnic l~a:ur~s
cl mascuiini:, can ~ ccnn~c:~c :c :n~ ccnsump:icn cl sccaii~c ai:~rna:i~
:~.:s. wnii~ ~.picrin a num~r cl c:n~r mcr~ amiai~n: l~a:ur~s cl:~n
incr~c , auci~nc~ r~s~arcn.
rrsvorus om/iotccc cctc/i:, idiid.oti.o:i moc.tii:,
mc :o:c+:
Cultural and meda s:uci~s na~ a icn nis:cr, cl in~s:ia:in scm~
cl :n~ mcr~ amiai~n: l~a:ur~s cl :n~ r~ia:icnsnip ~:w~~n auci~nc~s
anc s:ar:~.:s. Inc~~c mcr~ r~c~n:i, :n~, na~ ~~n s:ruiin :c ~scap~
a simpi~ cppcsi:icn ~:w~~n n~~mcnic anc sccaii~c ai:~rna:i~ :~.:s.
>imiiari,. mcr~ cl:~n :nan nc:. :n~ s:uc, cl mcc~rn mascuiini:, ~ncs up
r~allirmin a inar, ~:w~~n n~~mcnic anc ~m~r~n: cr sucrcina:~
mascuiini:i~s. In :urn. :nis :~ncs :c r~prccuc~ a s~: cl cppcsi:icns ~:w~~n
:raci:icnai mascuiini:, anc i:s ai:~rna:i~s. >aii, Rcinscn (2uu2. 1++)
aru~s :n~ :raci:icnai,ai:~rna:i~ c,ac can ~asii, ~nc up cispiacin
mcr~ amiai~n: ic~n:ilica:icns anc r~inscriin mai~ ccminanc~.
Inc~~c as ir~c Il~ii ccmm~n:s. :n~ ccmmcn assump:icn is :na: il ,cu
ar~ wcrkin cn mascuiini:, :na: ,cur~ ~i:n~r cnna wncp ~m cr jcin
~m (1. iii). 1n~s~ assump:icns ar~ iink~c :c :n~ ic~a :na: ccminan:
r t r o r r x s o t r x r o r

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lcrms cl mascuiini:, ar~ ~ss~n:iaii, ~ii (ici~n:. cri~n , ccnqu~s:.
ins:rum~n:ai) wi:n ai:~rna:i~ mascuiini:i~s ~in :n~ cppcsi:~ cl :n~s~
ca:~cri~s (p~ac~lui. r~ciprccai anc carin). >ucn ~ii~ls ar~ p~rnaps s:iii
pr~ai~n: in scm~ i~l:ii~rai circi~s. u: r~quir~ mcr~ ccnc~r:~c lcrms
cl c~ccns:ruc:icn.
Inc~~c cn~ cl :n~ r~ascns I was a::rac:~c :c wri:in a cck cn :n~ suj~c:
cl Daic 8cwi~ was :c ~.picr~ a s~: cl ic~n:ilica:icns anc p~rlcrmanc~s
:na: s~~m~c :c cll~r an ai:~rna:i~ :c :n~ ccminan: mascuiini:, cl :n~
:im~ (>:~~nscn. 2uuo). Daic 8cwi~ cr~w upcn an ~ci~c:ic ran~ cl in
liu~nc~s in :n~ 1us lrcm a, ii~ra:icn. :n~ 8~a: Ic~:s anc rcck su
cui:ur~s :c p~r~r: :n~ pr~aiiin mai~ n~:~rcs~.uai ccminanc~ cl :n~
ccun:~rcui:ur~. \~: c~r :n~ ccurs~ cl ccmpi~:in :nis wcrk. anc c~r:aini,
mcr~ r~c~n:i,. I na~ rcwn incr~asini, sc~p:icai cl :n~ ic~a :na: :n~r~
ar~ simpi, ai:~rna:i~ mascuiini:i~s. 1nis is ~ic~n: wi:nin 8cwi~s cwn
p~rlcrmanc~s (a ma::~r cu:sic~ :n~ puri~w cl :nis ar:ici~) as :n~, ar~
wi:nin :n~ ccmp~:in suj~c:ii:i~s cl nis auci~nc~s. 1nis is nc: :c aru~
:na: :n~r~ was nc: ~ic~nc~ cl mcm~n:s cl pi~asurai~ :ransr~ssicn
r~pcr:~c in :n~ pr~s~n: s:uc, , man, cl :n~ lans in :n~ir ~na~m~n:
wi:n iccnic liur~s sucn as 8cwi~. inccu:~ci,. man, mai~ anc l~mai~
lans aiik~ w~r~ s~arcnin lcr scm~:nin cill~r~n: in 8cwi~s ima~s anc
music ~,cnc a ncrma:i~i, c~lin~c s:rain: mascuiini:,.
Mcr~ sp~cilicaii,. :nis ar:ici~ wcuic iik~ :c r~~.picr~ :n~ r~ia:icnsnip
~:w~~n scm~ cl :n~ mai~ lans in:~ri~w~c anc m,s~il. 1nis is nc: ~caus~
:n~s~ in:~ri~ws w~r~ n~c~ssarii, mcr~ in:~r~s:in :nan :ncs~ ccncuc:~c
wi:n :n~ wcm~n. u: icn al:~r :n~ ~~n: I na~ ~~n awar~ cl a mcr~
:rcuiin s~: cl l~~iins :na: w~r~ ~ic~n: a: :n~ :im~. wnicn I s:rui~c
:c mak~ s~ns~ cl wi:nin :n~ in:~ri~w ccn:~.:. 1n~s~ wiii ~ccm~ mcr~
appar~n: ia:~r. u: I was nc: surpris~c :c ciscc~r :n~ iimi:a:icns cl :n~
ic~a :na: 8cwi~ lans simpi, r~pr~s~n: an ai:~rna:i~ mascuiini:,. 1nis
is in k~~pin wi:n an ~arii~r prcj~c: wnicn scun: :c cu:iin~ a ccmpi~.
s~: cl r~acins anc cispcsi:icns ~ic~n: wi:nin ,cun mai~ r~ac~rs cl
m~ns iil~s:,i~ maazin~s (Jackscn ~: ai.. 2uu1). Hcw~~r. in ccn:ras: :c
:n~ s:uc, cl m~ns maazin~s. wnicn ar~ asicaii, lairi, ccns~ra:i~ in
:~rms cl :n~ir ~nc~r pcii:ics. Daic 8cwi~s ima~ (par:icuiari, in :n~
1us. a: :n~ n~in: cl nis lam~) anc w~iipuiisn~c is~.uaii:,. na~ ~~n
s~~n , man, as cll~rin an ai:~rna:i~ :c :n~ n~~mcnic mascuiini:, cl
:nis p~ricc (Hun:. 18).
1nis ar:ici~ wcuic iik~ :c ~mpnasiz~ a mcr~ ccmpi~. pic:ur~ cl mas
cuiin~ ic~n:ilica:icn anc ic~n:i:, :nan ar~ ~ic~n: in simpi~r lcrms
cl unc~rs:ancin. Inc~~c. scm~ cl :n~ cui:urai s:uci~s wri:in cn lan
cui:ur~ is ccmpiici: wi:n a inar, ~:w~~n s:rain: anc ai:~rna:i~.
ian cui:ur~ is ccnsic~r~c in:~r~s:in ~caus~ i: appar~n:i, c~s ~,cnc
narrcw c~lini:icns cl ccminan: lcrms cl ra:icnaii:,. \~ ar~ crawn :c
:n~ p~rlcrmanc~ cl lanccm pr~cis~i, ~caus~ cl i:s ~mc:icnaii:, anc
in:~ns~ wa~s cl l~~iin anc all~c:. 1n~s~ cu:urs:s cl ~mc:icn app~ar
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:c uns~::i~ a ccminan: mascuiin~ cui:ur~ as~c upcn ra:icnaii:,. s~il
ccn:rci anc :n~ aiii:, :c k~~p ~mc:icns in cn~ck (J~ns~n. 12). 1nis is
nc: :c sa, :na: aii lan ac:ii:, is cl :nis kinc. Inc~~c. mucn cl :n~ lan
ii:~ra:ur~ s~~ks :c ~mpnasiz~ :n~ r~ia:i~i, anai na:ur~ cl ~in a lan.
wnicn min: inci~ ccii~c:in spcr:in prcramm~s. s~arcnin lcr c
scur~ ccmpac: ciscs (CDs) cr cna::in :c c:n~r lans cn w~si:~s. :cn~ cl
:n~s~ ac:ii:i~s ar~ iik~i, :c inci~ in:~ns~ ~mc:icnai s:a:~s. ai:ncun
cl ccurs~ :nis cannc: ~ rui~c cu:. Il :n~ ccminan: i~w cl lans :~ncs :c
su~s: :n~ ccmina:icn cl cs~ssi~ ~naicur anc irra:icnaii:,. :n~
cui:urai anc m~cia s:uci~s ii:~ra:ur~ us~s a cill~r~n: :ack. Hcw~~r.
:n~ ic~a :na: lans r~pr~s~n: an ai:~rna:i~ cui:urai spac~ p~rsis:s in man,
cl :n~s~ c~a:~s (iisk~. 12).
I~rnaps :n~ ic~n:i:, cl ~in a lan is ~s: cap:ur~c :nrcun wna:
J.8. 1ncmpscn (1) nas caii~c in:imac, a: a cis:anc~. 1n~ auci~nc~s
r~ia:icn :c c~i~ri:, is cill~r~n: lrcm r~ia:icns wi:n p~cpi~ wnc ar~ cc
pr~s~n:. X ncnr~ciprccai r~ia:icnsnip cl in:imac, c~p~ncs upcn :n~
scru:in, cl :n~ c~i~ri:, , :n~ auci~nc~. nc: :n~ c:n~r wa, rcunc. \i~w~c
pcsi:i~i,. sucn r~ia:icnsnips ma, n~ip lans cr auci~nc~s :c ccns:ruc: :n~ir
cwn icrapni~s. anc ,~: in c:n~r ins:anc~s sucn r~ia:icns aisc ~.nii: c:n~r
l~a:ur~s. In an incr~asini, inciicuaiiz~c scci~:, :n~ cui:ur~ cl c~i~ri:,
can cll~r p~cpi~ r~li~.i~ r~scurc~s as :n~, a::~mp: :c sus:ain a ccn~r~n:
ic~n:i:,. Hcw~~r. wna: lans ar~ ac:uaii, s~arcnin lcr in a r~ia:icnsnip
wi:n a cis:an: c~i~ri:, cr s:ar is a ma::~r lcr car~lui ~.picra:icn.
1n~s~ qu~s:icns ar~ aisc r~ia:~c :c scm~ cl :n~ c~a:~s acu: cui:urai
ci:iz~nsnip. Ic~as cl cui:urai ci:iz~nsnip. in r~sp~c: cl auci~nc~ s:uci~s.
na~ scun: :c ~mpnasiz~ :n~ ~.:~n: :c wnicn pcpuiar cui:ur~ can ~ a
sinilican: piac~ lcr :n~ ccns:ruc:icn cl ciic ic~n:i:i~s anc ncrizcns. In
:nis r~sp~c:. :n~ wcrk cl Jck~ H~rm~s (2uuu) nas ~mpnasiz~c :n~ ~.:~n:
:c wnicn an ~na~m~n: wi:n pcpuiar :~.:s can n~ip lcs:~r a ci~rsi:,
cl in:~rpr~:a:i~ ccmmuni:i~s. iciicwin :nis wcrk in r~ia:icn :c :n~
cui:urai pcii:ics cl mascuiini:,. m, ciaicic r~ia:icns wi:n 8cwi~ lans
cll~rs an c~rwn~imini, amiai~n: unc~rs:ancin cl :n~ wa,s in wnicn
nis s:arima~ is crawn upcn. n~ipin :c par:iaii, r~lasnicn mascuiin~
s~ilunc~rs:ancins. Xs w~ snaii s~~. :nis r~s~arcn r~~ais an unc~rs:anc
in cl mascuiini:, :na: is c:n s:ruiin wi:n mcr~ :raci:icnai s~il
unc~rs:ancins wi:ncu: ~~r ~in ai~ :c mcr~ luii, c~~icp ai:~rna:i~
s~nsiiii:i~s anc ic~n:ilica:icns.
Intervewng Bowe fans
t~n~raii, sp~akin. i: was ccmpara:i~i, ~as, :c ~: p~cpi~ :c :aik
acu: :n~ir lanccm. anc impcr:an: wi:nin :nis was pr~s~n:in m,s~il
as a Daic 8cwi~ lan. 1nis n~ip~c :c uiic up a rappcr: wi:n :n~ p~cpi~
in:~ri~w~c. \n~r~as mcs: cl :n~ cui:urai s:uci~s ii:~ra:ur~ ~mpnasiz~s
:n~ cui:urai prccuc:ii:, cl lans (:n~ir ac:i~ ~na~m~n: in lan cui:ur~).
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:n~ ~mc:icnai ccnn~c:icn :na: man, cl :n~ lans nac :c 8cwi~ anc :n~
r~~r~n:iai ianua~ :na: :n~, ~mpic,~c :c c~scri~ nis ~ic~n: s:ar quaii:,
was mcr~ s:rikin. 1nis was sinili~c cl:~n :nrcun r~iiicus m~:apncrs.
Cccasicnaii, :n~s~ w~r~ us~c ircnicaii,. u: mcr~ cl:~n scun: :c s:r~ss
:n~ir in:~ns~ iikin cl Daic 8cwi~. C~rwn~imini, I was i~l: wi:n a s~ns~
cl :n~ pcw~r cl :n~ m~cia :c prcic~ :n~ s,mciic r~scurc~s :nrcun wnicn
crcinar, p~cpi~ ii~ :n~ir ii~s. :c:ai,. scm~ cl :n~ cui:urai s:uci~s
ii:~ra:ur~ is sii~n: cn :n~s~ pcin:s. sncuic :n~, ~nc , su~s:in :na:
p~cpi~ ar~ :n~ passi~ cup~s cl m~cia:~c cui:ur~. Xnc:n~r prci~m wi:n
scm~ cl :n~ ~.is:in ii:~ra:ur~ is :na: i: :~ncs :c su~s: :na: lans ar~
mcs: cl:~n icw in scciai anc cui:urai s:a:us (iisk~. 12). 1nis assump:icn
was nc: crn~ cu: , :n~ pr~s~n: r~s~arcn. man, ccn~n:icnaii, succ~ss
lui p~cpi~ s:rcni, ic~n:ili~c wi:n Daic 8cwi~. X iar~ prcpcr:icn cl
:n~ p~cpi~ in:~ri~w~c nac micci~ciass ~mpic,m~n: anc w~r~ uni~rsi:,
~cuca:~c. 1n~ r~ascns wn, :n~ curr~n: ii:~ra:ur~ mak~s :nis ~rrcr is :cc
ccmpi~. :c c in:c n~r~. u: w~ n~~c :c cisp~ns~ wi:n :n~ arum~n: :na:
cni, :n~ scciaii, anc cui:uraii, marinaiiz~c can ~ lans. 8~in a lan
is an ~~r,ca, anc crcinar, ~.p~ri~nc~ in a mass c~i~ri:, cui:ur~. Il
uni~rsi:, prcl~sscrs. :n~ un~mpic,~c anc ci~ricai wcrk~rs can ~ lans.
:n~n sc can w~ aii.
X luii iis: cl :n~ p~cpi~ in:~ri~w~c app~ars ~icw (1ai~ 1).
:c:ai, mcs: cl :n~ p~cpi~ in:~ri~w~c w~r~ wni:~. mai~ anc micci~
ciass. Hcw~~r. :wc cl :n~ r~spcnc~n:s w~r~ lrcm wcrkinciass ackrcuncs
Demographic ol respondenls
Localion Cender, occupalion
Derby lemale clerical worker
Male inlormalion lechnology (lT) worker
Male, unemployed
London lemale graphic arlisl
Male journalisl
Manchesler Male clerical worker
Male lelevision scriplwriler
Nollingham lemale lashion and beauly consullanl
Male arlisl
Male warehouse supervisor
Shellield lemale leclurer
Male musician
Male prolessor
Male, unemployed
Male and lemale couple, lT workers
Sloke Male lT worker
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anc cu: cl wcrk a: :n~ :im~. iur:n~r. acu: cn~quar:~r cl :n~ sampi~
w~r~ wcm~n. anc aii w~r~ wni:~. 1n~ ccn~rsa:icns ias:~c ~:w~~n an
ncur anc an ncur anc a nail anc w~r~ aii :ap~ r~ccrc~c. Mcs: cl :n~
p~cpi~ in:~ri~w~c c~scri~c :n~ms~i~s as iil~icn 8cwi~ lans anc w~r~
~:w~~n apprc.ima:~i, u anc u ,~ars cic. Xain. :nis is nc: surprisin.
as mcs: p~cpi~ ciscc~r~c 8cwi~ a: :n~ n~in: cl nis lam~ curin :n~
1us anc ~ari, 18us. 1nis m~an: :na: lcr mcs: p~cpi~. lciicwin 8cwi~
anc :akin an in:~r~s: in nis car~~r was scm~:nin wnicn nac cccupi~c
:n~m lcr r~ia:i~i, icn p~riccs cl :n~ir ii~s.
1nis cicusi, marks a cill~r~nc~ lrcm :n~ usuai wa, in wnicn c~i~
ri:, cui:ur~ is unc~rs:ccc. icr man,. :c crrcw a pnras~ lrcm :n~ ii:~rar,
cri:ic t~cr~ >:~in~r. c~i~ri:, cui:ur~ is acu: ma.imum impac: anc
ins:an: csci~sc~nc~ (1+. 1+). icr mcs: cl :n~ p~cpi~ in:~ri~w~c.
:n~ir r~ia:icnsnip wi:n 8cwi~ nac c~~icp~c c~r :im~. H~r~ w~ na~ :c
prcc~~c wi:n cau:icn. as :n~r~ was a cis:inc:i~ mascuiin~ ias :cwarcs
k~~pin in :cucn wi:n 8cwi~ c~r :n~ c~cac~s. 1n~ wcm~n in:~ri~w~c.
iik~ :n~ m~n. nac ccm~ acrcss 8cwi~ maini, curin :n~ir :~~na~ ,~ars.
u: :nis in:~r~s: nac s~~mini, :ak~n a ack s~a: as :n~, nac ~ccm~
cic~r. 1nis is nc: :c aru~ :na: :n~ m~n in:~ri~w~c main:ain~c :n~ sam~
i~~i cl in:~r~s: in 8cwi~ c~r :n~ ,~ars. Mcr~ cl:~n :n~r~ w~r~ p~riccs
cl in:~ns~ in:~r~s: anc r~ia:i~ cisin:~r~s:. Man, spck~ acu: ncw :n~,
nac r~ciscc~r~c 8cwi~ in ia:~r iil~ cr mcr~ r~c~n:i,. 1n~ i~~i cl
lccus cn Daic 8cwi~ was usuaii, c~:~rmin~c , :n~ rn,:nm cl :n~ir cwn
ii~s anc n~w r~i~as~s anc :curs , 8cwi~. 1nis pic:ur~ is ccmpiica:~c
lur:n~r , :n~ lac: :na: man, cl :n~ wcm~n ciaim~c :c na~ ii::i~ curr~n:
in:~r~s: in 8cwi~s r~c~n: car~~r. u: s:iii c~scri~c :n~ms~i~s as lans. 1n~
m~n w~r~. ncw~~r. mucn mcr~ ccnc~rn~c acu: wna: ~in a prcp~r
lan ac:uaii, ccns:i:u:~c. 1n~ ic~a cl ~in a lan was c~lin~c , :n~ m~n
as mcs:i, ~in r~ia:~c :c kncwi~c~ anc. mcs: cruciaii,. ncw man,
8cwi~ aiums :na: ,cu nac in ,cur ccii~c:icn. icr cn~ mai~ lan (wnc
c~scri~c nims~il as a 8cwi~ lascis:). :nis cam~ ccwn :c :n~ n~c~ssi:,
cl cwnin c~r:ain 8cwi~ r~ccrcins. Hcw~~r :n~r~ was ar~~m~n: :na:
,cu ccuic cni, ~ a prcp~r lan il ,cu nac a r~ascnai~ ccii~c:icn cl
8cwi~ music. :c:ai, :n~ ianua~ cl au:n~n:ici:, was iackin amcn
:n~ wcm~n in:~ri~w~c. \~: wnii~ :n~r~ is mucn :na: ccuic ~ saic acu:
:nis cim~nsicn cl lanccm. n~r~ :nis ar:ici~ is mcr~ ccnc~rn~c :c ~.picr~
c:n~r mcr~ ccmpi~. l~a:ur~s.
Inc~~c. i: was ~nc~r wnicn was :n~ main pcin: cl cill~r~n:ia:icn
amcn :n~ lans. ai:ncun c:n~r cill~r~nc~s sucn as ciass anc ~:nnici:, w~r~
appar~n:. \~: a: nc pcin: cic :n~ r~s~arcn ccnlirm :n~ ccmmcn cppcsi
:icn ~:w~~n c~i~ri:,cs~ss~c wcm~n anc ra:icnai anc incill~r~n:
m~n. wnicn is curr~n:i, sucn a s:api~ cl mai~ lcrms cl puiic :aik.
C~raii. i: was m~n ra:n~r :nan wcm~n wnc s~~m~c :c main:ain a iil~icn
ccnn~c:icn :c 8cwi~. ai:ncun :n~ r~ascns lcr :nis ar~ ccmpi~.. iur:n~r.
:nis ar:ici~ aims :c c~mcns:ra:~ :na: :n~ lcrms cl ic~n:ilica:icn ~ic~n:
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amcn :n~ m~n cc nc: map cn:c a pr~c~lin~c ca:~cr, cl ai:~rna:i~
mascuiini:,.
masculntg and the cultural groducton
of the self: Bowe as the gude'
Xs incica:~c ac~. lcr man, cl :n~ m~n in:~ri~w~c (ai:ncun nc: aii).
an in:~r~s: in 8cwi~ n~ip~c :n~m :c ccns:ruc: a s~ns~ cl :n~ms~i~s acrcss
:im~. 1nis l~a:ur~ cic nc: s~~m :c ~ sc ~ic~n: amcn :n~ wcm~n. ai
:ncun :n~r~ w~r~ ~.c~p:icns :c :nis ~n~rai pic:ur~. In par:icuiar. man,
cl :n~ m~n su~s:~c :na: :n~, :urn~c :c 8cwi~ in :im~s cl :rcui~ anc
p~rscnai unc~r:ain:,.
I~cpi~ :~nc :c c ack :c i: wn~n :n~,r~ nain prci~ms. :n~, c~ai wi:n i:
, s~ciucin :n~ms~i~s :nrcun 8cwi~ anc :urnin :c nim lcr. iik~ a uic~.
inspira:icn. wna:~~r. iik~. cr jus: :c ccp~ wi:n i:. I m~an. sc man, p~cpi~
na~ saic :na:. (tu,)
Xppar~n:i, curin p~riccs cl s:r~ss anc ~mc:icnai :urmcii. man, cl
:n~ mai~ lans su~s:~c :na: 8cwi~s music nac n~ip~c :n~m.
In:~ri~w~r. Hcw nas n~ inspir~c ,cu.
I~~. C~r:ain pcin:s cl m, iil~ wn~n I na~ ~~n ccwn cr napp,. H~ can ~
qui:~ upiil:in wn~n I na~ ~~n ccwn. I: can ~nccura~ ,cu a: c~r:ain icw
pcin:s. Lu ,:n~ aium cc~sn: c~pr~ss m~ a: aii. I: n~ips.
Durin :n~ ccurs~ cl :n~ in:~ri~ws c:n cl :n~s~ m~n mac~ i: ci~ar
:na: :n~, w~r~ r~l~rrin :c par:icuiari, in:~ns~ p~riccs cl ~ccncmic in
s~curi:, cr :n~ r~akup cl in:ima:~ r~ia:icnsnips. \na: was ~ic~n:
amcn :n~ mai~ lans was :na: ~in a 8cwi~ lan m~an: :na: wnii~ ,cu
ccuic iis:~n :c c:n~r music. 8cwi~ wcuic ~ r~:urn~c :c r~p~a:~ci,. I:
was as mucn a cas~ cl rcwin up wi:n 8cwi~ as i: was rcwin cic wi:n
nim. Ia:~r in :n~ sam~ in:~ri~w. w~ r~:urn~c :c :n~ qu~s:icn as :c wna:
:nis lan c: lrcm ~in sc in:~ns~i, in:~r~s:~c in 8cwi~.
In:~ri~w~r. >c ,cuii s:ick wi:n nim.
I~~. \~s. Il n~ s:cpp~c i: wcuic ~ sac. I: wiii ~ a sac ca, wn~n n~ s:cps. I:s
sac p~cpi~ icck a: nis a~ anc sa,. H~s pas: i:. 1na:s jus: a~ism. I:s :cc
simpi~ :c sa, :na:. >cm~:im~s ,cu can s~~ in nis wcrk n~s icckin a: nims~il.
,cu kncw. anc n~s u. u: :na:s nc: a ac :nin. I:s in:~r~s:in :c wa:cn
ncw n~s rcwn. \cu kncw n~ nac nis s~ccnc cniic. \cu can :~ii n~ is napp,.
u: nc: aiwa,s. \cu can wa:cn nim :nrcun cill~r~n: p~riccs. I m~an. I na~
suppcr:~c :n~ sam~ :~am ,lcc:aii aii m, iil~. u: i: nas nc: all~c:~c m~ in
:n~ sam~ wa,. I can: r~m~m~r :na: lcc:aii ma:cn 1u ,~ars ac. u: I can
r~m~m~r :na: :rack cn :na: aium.
In:~ri~w~r. >c nc: iik~ lcc:aii.
I~~. 1n~r~ is an ~mc:icnai a::acnm~n:. an appr~cia:icn cl ar:.
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In:~ri~w~r. Can: lcc:aii ~ ~mc:icnai.
I~~. I: can ~. u: i:s ins:an:an~cus. I: isn: iik~ ,cu iis:~n :c i: ccns:an:i,.
I: s:a,s wi:n ,cu. I m~an. nc: jus: Daic 8cwi~. u: music aii :n~ :im~. 1nis
I can pia, ack. ,cu kncw. k~~p iis:~nin. k~~p r~pia,in.
8cwi~s ima~ anc music prcic~ an ~mc:icnai r~scurc~ lcr mai~ lans
wnicn can ~ crawn upcn in ccc :im~s anc ac. \na: is nc:ai~ n~r~ is
:n~ in:imac, cl :n~ r~ia:icnsnip ccmpar~c wi:n suppcr:in a lcc:aii :~am.
1n~ in:~ns~ scru:in, cn :n~ par: cl :n~ lan cl 8cwi~s car~~r anc ima~
n~ips :c lcs:~r an in:~ns~ r~ia:icnsnip wi:n an iccn ra:n~r :nan a rcup
cl p~cpi~ wnc mak~ up a lcc:aii :~am. Inc~~c. :n~ ccmpariscn ~:w~~n
lciicwin a lcc:aii :~am anc ~in a lan cl a c~i~ri:, sucn as 8cwi~ was
m~n:icn~c , c:n~r mai~ lans. X cill~r~n: lan mak~s a simiiar pcin:.
\n~r~as lcc:aii. i:s aimcs: :n~ sam~ ~~r, :im~ ,cu c. I kncw :na: :na:
i: is a cill~r~n: am~. u: ,cu ar~ s:iii s~~in :n~ sam~ 1 u,s kickin a
aii arcunc lcr ncw~~r icn \cu c :c s~~ 8cwi~. ,cu s~~ cill~r~n:
s~:s. cill~r~n: i~~is. cill~r~n: auci~nc~s :akin ncm~ wi:n ,cu :n~ CD cr
iis:~n :c i: a: ncm~. anc ,cu :nink. I kncw :n~r~ ar~ scm~ c:n~r 8cwi~ lans
cu: :n~r~ ccin :n~ sam~. (Zak)
H~r~ :n~r~ is a s~ns~ cl in:imac, wi:n a s:ar ima~. wnicn is in:~nsili~c
~caus~ i: is snar~c wi:n a iik~minc~c ccmmuni:,. Xcu: nail cl :n~ lans
:na: I spck~ :c. anc mcs: cl :n~ m~n. w~r~ m~m~rs cl 8cwi~ n~:. 1nis is
8cwi~s in:~rac:i~ m~cia si:~ wnicn. apar: lrcm cll~rin lur:n~r inlcr
ma:icn. isuais anc ~.ciusi~s lccus~c upcn 8cwi~. aisc cll~rs lans :n~
cppcr:uni:, :c ccn:ac: cn~ anc:n~r. 1n~ ic~a cl :n~r~ ~in a 8cwi~ ccm
muni:, was m~n:icn~c , man, wnc ciaim~c :na: :n~, nac mac~ n~w
s~.uai r~ia:icnsnips as w~ii as lri~ncsnips :nrcun :n~ si:~. D~spi:~
:n~ impcr:anc~ cl :n~s~ lcrmai ccnn~c:icns i: was a snar~c passicn lcr
8cwi~ :na: n~ic :n~ ccmmuni:, :c~:n~r. Inc~~c. :n~ in:~ns~ scru:in,
cl r~pr~s~n:a:icns cl 8cwi~ anc nis music app~ars :c prcic~ lans wi:n a
r~li~.i~ r~scurc~ :n~, can caii upcn in cill~r~n: p~riccs cl :n~ir ii~s.
Iii lcr~: acu: i: anc :n~n r~ciscc~r i:. :cw I na~ aii :n~ aiums cn CD.
i:s a p~riccic :nin. (Jam~s)
ians ccn~r:~c 8cwi~ in:c a cui:urai r~scurc~ wnicn can ~ r~in:~r
pr~:~c in :n~ ccn:~.: cl :n~ir cnanin iil~ si:ua:icns. H~r~ Daic 8cwi~
ac:s as a kinc cl n,p~r:~.: wi:n lans r~acin in:~ri~ws. iis:~nin :c music.
icckin a: ima~s anc s~arcnin cu: n~w inlcrma:icn anc inspira:icn.
1nis inlcrma:icn is :n~n r~in:~rpr~:~c anc unc~rs:ccc in :n~ ccn:~.: cl
:n~ir cwn. cnanin. ii~s. icr :n~ m~n. 8cwi~ is aiu~c as a :~acn~r.
ccc m~n:cr. cr as scm~cn~ wncs~ wcrk anc music was s~~n as a ccn:inuai
inspira:icn c~r :n~ ,~ars. Durin man, cl :n~ in:~ri~ws. i: was s:rikin
ncw a ccnn~c:icn :c 8cwi~ ac:~c as a r~ia:i~i, p~rman~n: ancncr
:nrcun man, m~ns ii~s. 1n~s~ l~~iins cl ic~n:ilica:icn can p~rnaps
~ r~ia:~c :c wna: iiricn 8~ck (12) c~scri~s as inciicuaiiza:icn. In a
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scci~:, wn~r~ :n~ :raci:icnai cccrcina:~s cl lamii,. ciass anc cnurcn ar~
w~ak~nin. p~cpi~ mcr~ ~n~raii, s~arcn lcr n~w scurc~s anc m~anins
in crc~r :c mak~ s~ns~ cl :n~ir ii~s anc cncin ~.p~ri~nc~. 1n~ cic~r
mascuiin~ cui:ur~s cl cur la:n~rs nas s~~mini, ~~n r~snap~c , :n~
cnaii~n~ cl l~minism. mcr~ isii~ a, anc i~sian iil~s:,i~s. cill~r~n:
r~ia:icns wi:n cniicr~n anc cl ccurs~ n~cii~raiisms a::ack cn puiic
prcisicn anc incr~asin cccupa:icnai unc~r:ain:,. Il an cic~r mascuiin~
cui:ur~ nas ~~n rck~n up. :n~ m~n in:~ri~w~c w~r~ s~arcnin lcr
ai:~rna:i~s wi:nin :n~ cui:urai laii cu:.
X: :nis pcin: w~ ~nccun:~r scm~:nin cl a paracc.. il 8cwi~ nas i~n
snap~ :c :n~s~ lans ii~s , prcicin a s~mip~rman~n: pr~s~nc~. :n~n
n~ nas ccn~ sc ~caus~ n~ nas prcj~c:~c an ima~ cl succ~sslui mascuiin~
:ranslcrma:icn. In c:n~r wcrcs. 8cwi~ nas ~nccc~c :n~ pcssiiii:, cl
r~in~n:in ,curs~il anc nanciin cnan~ c~r a icn car~~r. 8cwi~ lcr :n~
lans is r~pr~s~n:a:i~ cl cnan~ anc :n~ passin cl :im~. 1na: ,cu n~~r
kncw wna: n~ is cin :c prccuc~ cr ~ccm~ n~.: was ccmm~n:~c cn ,
~~r,cn~ in:~ri~w~c. Xs cn~ mai~ lan pu: i:. ,cu n~~r kncw wna:s rcunc
:n~ ccrn~r. Man, cl :n~ lans in:~ri~w~c r~main~c ic,ai anc ccn:inu~c :c
u, nis music c~r :n~ ,~ars. as :n~ n~.: aium was iik~i, :c ~ cill~r~n:.
X lairi, :,picai r~spcns~ in :nis r~sp~c: was :n~ lciicwin.
\n~n :n~ n~.: aium ccm~s cu: Iii u, i:. Iii u, i: ~caus~ n~ nas ai
wa,s ~~n :n~r~. anc I kncw :n~r~ is aiwa,s a cnanc~ i: is cin :c ~ a
ccrk~r. (tu,)
\nii~ 8cwi~s ~.p~rim~n:s anc cnan~s w~r~ nc: aiwa,s succ~sslui. n~
was s~~n :c ~ a man wnc nac ~ncur~c a r~a: c~ai cl p~rscnai sull~rin
anc :ra~c, u: nac puii~c :nrcun. 8cwi~ was a suricr in a ccui~
s~ns~. lirs:. in :~rms cl nis musicai car~~r. anc s~ccnc. in nain ccm~
:nrcun p~riccs cl in:~ns~ cru us~. cr~a:i~ laiiur~. icss cl lri~ncs anc
lamii,. anc cicrc~. iur:n~r. n~ was manain :c rcw cic wi:n cini:,
in an incus:r, ccmina:~c , ,cu:n anc lacin s:ars.
\cu s~~ Ja~r :cca, ccin :n~ sam~ rcu:in~ n~ cic ,~ars ac. 8cwi~ cc~sn:.
H~ cc~s nc: pr~:~nc n~ is a 2u,~arcic. n~s nc: a ou,~arcic cuncin
arcunc. (Mik~)
8cwi~ is aiu~c pr~cis~i, ~caus~ n~ can pcsi:i~i, r~spcnc :c cnan~.
anc nas ccn~ sc in a wa, :na: is s~~n :c ~ apprcpria:~ lcr a man a:
nis s:a~ cl iil~. H~ cll~rs a mcc~i cl ncw :c rcw cic wi:ncu: snu::in
cu: n~w ic~as anc inliu~nc~s. iur:n~r. 8cwi~ is aiu~c as scm~cn~ wnc
ccuic n~ip ,cu r~spcnc :c cnan~ in ,cur cwn iil~. anc man, cl :n~ m~n
in:~ri~w~c su~s:~c :na: :n~, w~r~ curr~n:i, c~rwn~im~c , scciai
anc cui:urai cnan~. 1n~ sn~~r pac~ cl :~cnncicicai anc scciai cnan~
was :nr~a:~nin :c an, ccn:inucus s~ns~ cl s~il. Xs I,nn~ >~ai (1u)
aru~s. :n~ sicw pac~ cl cnan~ in r~sp~c: cl m~n anc mascuiini:, ccm~s
lrcm an ic~n:i:, :na: ccn:inu~s :c linc i:s c~n:rai m~anins in wcrk anc
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~mpic,m~n: ra:n~r :nan in par~n:in anc car~ lcr uin~rai~ c:n~rs. D~spi:~
:nis i~w. :n~ ~nc~r quak~s ~ic~n: in incr~asini, r~akai~ p~rscnai
r~ia:icnsnips anc wcrk (nc mcr~ jc lcr iil~) anc n~w c~mancs in r~sp~c:
cl la:n~rnccc nas m~an: :na: man, m~n na~ :c :ak~ cn a mcr~ r~li~.i~
a::i:uc~ :cwarcs :n~ s~il. Inc~~c. 8cwi~s capaci:, lcr s~ilr~in~n:icn was
scm~:nin :na: was acmir~c , n~ari, ~~r,cn~ wnc lciicw~c nis car~~r.
>ucn was :n~ p~rasi~n~ss cl :aik acu: cnan~. i: s~~m~c :c mc~ qui:~
na:uraii, ~:w~~n 8cwi~s cwn cnan~s anc :n~ir cwn a::~mp:s :c c~ai
wi:n scciai anc cui:urai :ranslcrma:icn. In :n~ ccn:~.: cl :n~ir cwn ii~s.
:n~ n~~c :c r~in~n: :n~ s~il s~~m~c :c pu: man, cl :n~ lans (~sp~ciaii,
mai~ lans) unc~r in:~ns~ amcun:s cl pr~ssur~. 1nis is appar~n: in :n~ lci
icwin in:~rcnan~ cn :n~ lu:ur~ cl :n~ music incus:r,.
In:~ri~w~r. >c wn~r~ cc ,cu :nink music is cin.
>icn~,. Im nc: sur~. 8u: :n~ pac~ nas cnan~c par:icuiari, in :n~ ~nircn
m~n: :na: I wcrk in. Il I :ak~ :n~ scr: cl wcrk :na: I cc in I1. :n~ pac~ cl
cnan~ in I1 is lrin:~nin. Im scm~:im~s ~nicus cl p~cpi~ wnc ma,~
cncs~ piumin cr rickia,in as a car~~r ,~an. :n~,r~ narc skiiis :c i~arn
anc ,cu sp~nc li~ cr si. ,~ars a: ccii~~ i~arnin :n~m. u: cnc~ ,cu na~
c: :n~m. :n~, ar~ ,curs lcr iil~. Iiumin ain: cin :c cnan~. ia,in
ricks ain: cin :c cnan~. u: I1 is a nin:mar~ ,cu ccn: kncw ncw
i:s cin :c pan cu:. \iii :n~r~ ~~r ~ an ar:is: iik~ 8cwi~ aain cr wn~:n~r
~~r, ar:is: wiii ~ liacur cl :n~ mcn:n. Jus:in 1im~riak~ is :nis ,~ars
anc 8ri:n~, >p~ars :n~ ,~ar ~lcr~. anc scm~cn~ ~is~ :n~ ,~ar ~lcr~ :na:.
I ccn: s~~ an, i s:a,~rs an,mcr~ I m~an. Liis lans ar~ s:iii Liis lans
~~n :ncun n~s ~~n c~ac lcr u ,~ars. I~cpi~ wiii aiwa,s ic~ 1n~ 8~a:i~s
il :n~, ic~c 1n~ 8~a:i~s. :n~, wiii ic~ :n~ >:cn~s il :n~, ic~ :n~ >:cn~s.
1n~, wiii n~~r c cll i:. I:s iik~ m, cic man. m, cac n~s a 8c D,ian
nu: anc nas ~~n a lan sinc~ 1o2. I :nink n~ s:iii u,s :n~ aiums. M, cac is
p~nsicnai~ a~ in s~~n ,~ars :im~. n~s s:iii u,in D,ian r~ccrcs
In:~ri~w~r. Can ,cu s~~ ,curs~il ~in iik~ :na:.
>icn~,. \~an. qui:~ prcai,. I :nink i: ccuic ~ wi:n m~ un:ii Im c~ac.
ncp~luii, in a nic~ wa,. anc :na: 8cwi~ wiii ci~ ~lcr~ m~. uni~ss :n~r~ is
scm~:nin up wi:n m~ I ccn: kncw acu: u: I imain~ I wiii s:iii ~ a
8cwi~ lan al:~r n~s c~ac.
1n~r~ ar~ a num~r cl impcr:an: l~a:ur~s n~r~. Mcs: cicusi, :n~r~ is
:n~ ic~a cl iil~icn lanccm anc scm~cn~ :c s:ick wi:n c~r :n~ iil~ ccurs~.
icrmin an in:~ns~ ccnn~c:icn :c 8cwi~ as a suricr cl cui:urai cnan~
cll~r~c ncp~. in :n~ capaci:, cl :n~ s~il. :c ~ ai~ :c acap: :c a las:cnanin
scci~:,. 1c ~ mcc~rn m~ans ~mracin a cui:ur~ cl :ranslcrma:icn anc
rcw:n. anc ,~: a: :n~ sam~ :im~ sucn a cui:ur~ ccns:an:i, :nr~a:~ns :c
c~s:rc, ~~r,:nin :na: w~ ar~ (8~rman. 182). 1n~ acc~i~ra:in pac~
cl cnan~ cll~rs n~w pcssiiii:i~s as w~ii as :n~ c~s:ruc:icn cl cur wa,s cl
iil~. ncp~s lcr :n~ lu:ur~ anc cur curr~n: ic~n:i:i~s. 1n~ lu:ur~ ma, mak~
cur curr~n: skiiis. wa,s cl iil~ anc ccmmuni:i~s r~cuncan: ~~n:uaii,.
u: w~ can r~main ccnsis:~n: in cur :as:~s. 1nis is par:icuiari, ~ic~n: in
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>icn~,s r~l~r~nc~ :c nis la:n~r. wnc nac main:ain~c a iil~icn in:~r~s: in
8c D,ian. Inc~~c. man, cl :n~ cic~r mai~ lans ~.pr~ss~c a ccnc~rn :na:
pcpuiar music was curr~n:i, unc~r :nr~a: lrcm :n~ capi:aiis: cri~n:a:icn cl
:n~ music incus:r, anc :~cnncicicai cnan~. In :nis r~sp~c:. ar:is:s sucn
as 8cwi~ w~r~ prcai, :n~ ias: cl a icn iin~ cl m~as:ars. >cm~:im~s
:nis was iink~c wi:n iin~rin l~~iins cl ncs:aiia lcr :n~ mcr~ inncc~n:
wcric cl :n~ ~ari, 1us. anc in c:n~rs i: was a s:cr, acu: :n~ c~ciin~ cl
a 8ri:isn na:icnai ic~n:i:,. icr man, m~n. ncs:aiia lcr a mcr~ s:ai~.
pa:riarcnai wcric was n~a:i~i, ccn:ras:~c wi:n :n~ c~~pi, unc~r:ain
wcric cl ~nc~r anc cccupa:icnai cnan~. Inc~~c. i: is iik~i, :na: :n~
n~~c :c s:ick wi:n r~ia:i~i, p~rman~n: cui:urai s,mcis curin p~riccs
cl cnan~ can aisc ~ r~ia:~c :c c:n~r asp~c:s cl a wic~r ~n:~r:ainm~n:
cui:ur~. In c:n~r s~::ins. I na~ cl:~n nc:~c ncw man, m~n cannc:
~nisa~ suppcr:in a cill~r~n: lcc:aii :~am. u: can ~nisa~ mcin
cn in :~rms cl :n~ir in:ima:~ r~ia:icnsnips.
1n~s~ l~a:ur~s ccuic ~ r~ac as sp~cilicaii, mascuiin~ an.i~:i~s. as i:
was nc: jus: acu: wna: wiii napp~n :c 8cwi~ u: aisc wna: wiii napp~n
:c crcinar, p~cpi~ in a las:cnanin scci~:,. In an a~ wn~r~ p~rscnai
r~ia:icnsnips ar~ ~.p~ri~nc~c as incr~asini, lraii~ anc inciicuais
incr~asini, na~ :c r~i, upcn :n~ir cwn r~scurc~s. liur~s sucn as 8cwi~
s~~m :c prcic~ scm~ ccmlcr: lrcm :n~ ma~is:rcm. 1n~ ncp~ is :na: ,
in~s:in in s:ars sucn as 8cwi~. :n~ s~il wiii c~~icp :n~ r~scurc~s i: n~~cs
:c car~ cu: a mcr~ r~li~.i~ icrapn,. ai:ncun as ar:ici~ nas aru~c.
:nis ncp~ masks a ccnsic~rai~ amcun: cl an.i~:,. Inc~~c. :nis was nc: :n~
lirs: :im~ :na: an.i~:i~s acu: numan mcr:aii:, anc 8cwi~s c~a:n w~r~
m~n:icn~c. Xnc:n~r lan ccmm~n:s cn 8cwi~s r~c~n:i, r~pcr:~c n~ar:
murmur.
1n~n cam~ :n~ n~ws :n~ c:n~r ca,. 1n~ liasn acu: :n~ n~ar: scar~. I :ncun:.
>ni:. wna: il :n~r~ is nc mcr~ wcrk. I:s r~aii, s~ilisn. I kncw. u: I can:
imain~ :n~r~ ~in nc n~w wcrk. as w~ii as ~in ccnc~rn~c lcr :n~ man
nims~il. I can: imain~ a wcric wi:ncu: nim in i:. (I~~)
Il 8cwi~ cll~rs nis lans a r~scurc~ lcr c~aiin wi:n cnan~. cr a: ~r,
i~as: :n~ cui:urai r~scurc~s lcr nanciin cillicui: iil~ ~~n:s. :n~n nis cwn
c~s:ruc:icn is aisc l~ar~c. In :n~ ac~ quc:~. i: is nc:ai~ :na: :n~ ccmm~n:
acu: ccnc~rn lcr 8cwi~ was acc~c as an al:~r:ncun:. 1n~ lan ~in
in:~ri~w~c cic nc: wan: :c app~ar :c ~ s~ilisn. 1n~ r~ai ccnc~rn is :na:
il 8cwi~ cisapp~ars. m, p~rscnai uic~. wnc aiicws m~ :c naia:~ :nis
cillicui:. risk, anc unc~r:ain wcric. wiii aisc ~ ics:. Il mcc~rn iil~ is uii:
upcn ccns:an: cnan~. I wiii ics~ m, wa, anc I wiii ics~ m, rip cn wna:
I min: ~ccm~.
1c r~l~r :c 8cwi~ as a :~acn~r cr a uic~ is p~rnaps mcr~ :nan jus:
a r~l~r~nc~ :c nis cui:urai s:a:us. p~rnaps incica:in scm~:nin c~~p~r.
>ucn l~a:ur~s w~r~ appar~n: in :n~ lirs: in:~ri~w ccncuc:~c. icckin
rcunc :n~ rccm. :n~r~ w~r~ a s~ri~s cl lamii, pcr:rai:s cn a sn~il. anc a:
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:n~ c~n:r~ was a pic:ur~ cl Daic 8cwi~. 1nrcuncu: :n~ in:~ri~w i:
was s:rikin :na: 8cwi~ was in~s:~c in as a scurc~ cl c~~p m~anin :na:
s~~m~c :c c ~,cnc m~r~ ~n:nusiasm cr inc~~c in:~ns~ iikin. 1n~
in:ima:~ ccnn~c:icn ~:w~~n s:ars cl pcpuiar music anc :n~ ~.is:~n:iai
:n~m~s usuaii, assccia:~c wi:n r~iiicn nas ~~n r~mark~c upcn , c:n~r
ccmm~n:a:crs. In par:icuiar c~ac s:ars sucn as Liis Ir~si~, cr Jcnn I~nncn
na~ icn ~~n :r~a:~c iik~ iiin ccs , man, cl :n~ir lciicw~rs anc
lans. Jcnn ircw (18) nas aru~c :na: wnii~ cui:urai s:uci~s na~ icn
r~ccnis~c :n~ aura:ic ~ll~c: cl s:ar:~.:s. :n~, na~ nac ii::i~ :c sa, cn
wn, m~cia:~c :~.:s ~ccm~ apprcpria:~c in :~rms cl :n~ sacr~c. 8asicaii,.
ircw aru~s :na: , ic~n:il,in wi:n a s:ar w~ a::~mp: :c c~l~a: c~a:n.
8, ccnn~c:in wi:n a mcr~:nannuman ~in. w~ s~~k :c mc~ ~,cnc
crcinar, numan :~mpcraii:, in:c :n~ m,:nic anc sacr~c. 1n~ i~w is :na:
, ic~n:il,in wi:n an ima~ :na: cu:ias:s :n~ c~a:n cl an, inciicuai
(inciucin :n~ r~ai cc, cl :n~ s:ar). w~ a::~mp: :c cispiac~ cur an.i~:i~s
in r~sp~c: cl cur iimi:~c iil~spans. Iar:icuiari, s:rikin in cn~ in:~ri~w
was a mai~ lan wnc nac ~nccun:~r~c man, p~rscnai. lamii, anc scciai
prci~ms anc wnc a~ m~ :n~ s:rcn impr~ssicn :na: il i: w~r~ nc: lcr
8cwi~. n~ wcuic na~ nac ii::i~ r~ascn :c c cn. H~ saic ~r, ii::i~ curin
:n~ in:~ri~w anc was r~s~r~c lcr mcs: cl :n~ ccn~rsa:icn. L~n:uaii,. n~
s~~m~c :c rcw :ir~c cl :n~ qu~s:icns. anc a~ cn~ cl :n~ mcs: ~ic~n:i,
passicna:~ r~spcns~s I na~ n~arc curin m, :im~ in:~ri~win lans.
\cu s~~. :ick. I ii~ cni, lcr Daic. (Mar:in)
In man, cl :n~ lan acccun:s I na~ ccii~c:~c :n~r~ is a cisc~rnii~ s~arcn
lcr a liur~ cl sinilican: m~anin ~,cnc :n~ sup~rliciai c,ci~s cl ccm
m~rciai cui:ur~. R~l~rrin ack :c :n~ ccmm~n:s mac~ ~arii~r. il mcc~rn
iil~ anc ccmm~rciai cui:ur~ ar~ sinili~c incr~asini, , cnan~. :n~n
, ic~n:il,in wi:n a liur~ wnc nas s~~mini, ~ncur~c :n~ acc~i~ra:~c
liuc:ua:icns cl musicai lasnicn. scm~:nin mcr~ p~rman~n: is su~s:~c.
Il in :n~ pas: i: nas ~~n :n~ jc cl :n~ cnurcn :c i~ m~anin :c iil~.
ir:n anc c~a:n. :n~n :n~ s~arcn lcr s,mcis cl ui:ima:~ aiu~ is s:iii wi:n
us :cca,. Hcw~~r. in :n~s~ pcs::raci:icnai :im~s sucn m~anins ma,
w~ii na~ a mui:i:uc~ cl scurc~s. Daic I,cn (2uuu) nas aru~c :na: in a
ccnsum~r cui:ur~ inciicuais ar~ incr~asini, prcn~ :c accp: a pick anc
mi. apprcacn :c r~iiicn ra:n~r :nan simpi, ccnlcrmin :c a sp~cilic s~c:
cr :raci:icn. R~iiicus ~ii~l anc s~n:im~n: ar~ nc: sc mucn in c~ciin~
(as man, na~ aru~c) u: incr~asini, ar~ inciicuaii, n~c:ia:~c. In
cur cwn :~rms. w~ can ~.:~nc :n~s~ ic~as. 8cwi~ lans ar~ nc: a r~iiicn
(inc~~c. :nis wcuic ~ an c~rs:a:~m~n:). u: :n~, cc us~ :n~ ianua~
cl :n~ sacr~c :c c~scri~ an in:~ns~ i~~i cl ~.p~ri~n:iai ccnn~c:icn :c
Daic 8cwi~.
\na: cl ircws arum~n: :na: :nis is an ~.is:~n:iai a::~mp: :c c~l~a:
c~a:n. \nii~ w~ cannc: rui~ :nis cu:. a cill~r~n: in:~rpr~:a:icn can ~
pcsi:~c. 1n~ r~iiicus m~:apncrs cl c~~p m~anin anc an.i~:, in r~sp~c:
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cl c~a:n ar~ mcr~ ccnc~rn~c wi:n qu~s:icns cl inciicuaiisa:icn. In a
las:mcin wcric. wnc can allcrc :c s:anc s:iii. 1n~ c~ciin~ cl ciass
ic,ai:i~s anc cncs (aicn wi:n rcwin inccm~ in~quaii:i~s) m~ans
:na: inciicuais ar~ :nrcwn ack incr~asini, cn :n~ir cwn icrapni~s.
1n~r~ was a rcwin awar~n~ss :nrcuncu: :n~ in:~ri~ws :na:. lcr man,
cl :n~ mai~ lans. 8cwi~ cp~ra:~c as a kinc cl la:n~r liur~. 1nis min:
scunc iik~ an ccc in:~rpr~:a:icn. u: i: sp~aks :c an cl:~nn~i~c:~c cui
:urai l~a:ur~ ~ic~n: in man, m~ns ii~s. Man, min: in:~rpr~: :n~
a::~mp: :c k~~p aii~ a ccnn~c:icn wi:n 8cwi~ mcr~ ~ic~n: cl a I~:~r Ian
ccmpi~.. 8cwi~s ~ic~n: a::~mp: :c k~~p nis cc, anc ,cu:nlui ima~
ccuic ~ in:~rpr~:~c as a scci~:, :na: was iii a: ~as~ wi:n c~a:n. iiin~ss anc
c~ca,. H~r~ w~ can r~l~r ack :c :n~ ~arii~r in:~rpr~:a:icns :na:. ac~ aii.
i: nac ~~n 8cwi~s aiii:, :c r~spcnc :c cnan~ anc c~~icp n~w cui:urai
prcj~c:s :na: was aiu~c , :n~ lans in:~ri~w~c. \~ min: ~.picr~ :n~s~
qu~s:icns lrcm :n~ i~wpcin: cl :n~ cl:~n c~ric~c m,:ncpc~:ic m~ns
mc~m~n:. \ri:~rs sucn as Rc~r: 8i, (1u) ur~ ccn:~mpcrar, m~n
:c r~ccnn~c: wi:n a c~~p mai~ s~il. \~: wnii~ :n~s~ ic~as ar~ rin:i,
cri:iciz~c cl:~n as ccns~ra:i~ anc r~ac:icnar,. :n~, na~ a ianua~
wnicn ccnn~c:s :c a wic~r crisis wi:nin mascuiini:,. icr 8i, (1u). wna:
aiis mcc~rn m~n is :n~ icss cl :n~ la:n~r anc :n~ c~ciin~ cl pa:riarcn,
mcr~ ~n~raii,. 8i, ur~s m~n :c r~ccnn~c: wi:n :n~ir cwn inn~r la:n~r
in crc~r :c a::~nc :n~ sull~rin ~ic~n: in a cui:ur~ wn~r~ man, m~n
l~~i a: a icss. in a cui:ur~ wn~r~ :n~, ar~ nc icn~r as ccminan:. Daic
J. 1ac~, (1) aru~s :na: sucn i~ws ar~ ac:uaii, :n~ mirrcr ima~ cl a
cill~r~n: s~: cl ciaims :na: aru~ :na: mascuiini:, is in:rinsicaii, ici~n:
anc camain. anc sncuic ~ r~j~c:~c. \~: wna: is :c ~ cisc~rn~c n~r~.
c~spi:~ i:s ncs:aiia lcr a wcric cl ics: mascuiin~ ccminanc~. is :n~ n~~c
lcr a spiri:uai uic~.
Hcw~~r. a mcr~ ~n~ra:i~ pcii:icai pcsi:icn min: ~ nc: :c accp: a
r~ac:icnar, pcii:ics in :n~ lac~ cl cnan~ u: :c ccnsic~r ncw mascuiini:,
min: ~ r~mac~ anc r~lasnicn~c. 8, cnccsin Daic 8cwi~ as :n~ir
uic~ i: min: ~ aru~c :na: man, cl :n~ m~n ar~ r~spcncin cr~a:i~i,
:c :n~ sccaii~c crisis in mascuiini:, wi:ncu: s~~kin r~ccurs~ in mcr~
c~r:i, pa:riarcnai ima~s cr simpi, c~n,in :n~ir mai~n~ss. 1nis min:
n~ip us mak~ s~ns~ cl :n~ au:ncri:, :na: 8cwi~ s~~ms :c na~ amcn nis
lans. Xain. i~n :n~ ~ic~nc~ cl 8cwi~s cwn puiic sull~rin. i: was
nc: cni, :na: n~ nac suri~c u: nac mac~ a painlui anc ~~n:uaii,
succ~sslui p~rscnai :ranslcrma:icn. Hcw~~r. :nis ar:ici~ wiii ncw unpack
scm~ cl :n~ mcr~ sp~cilic l~a:ur~s cl :n~ in:~rpr~:a:icns cll~r~c , :n~
mai~ lans.
The ambvalence of fandom
M, arum~n:. in r~sp~c: cl 8cwi~ anc :n~ r~ia:icnsnip :n~ mai~ lans
ccns:ruc: wi:n a cis:an: s:ar. is :na: i: is a scurc~ cl amiai~nc~. H~r~.
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p~rnaps. a mcr~ nuanc~c pic:ur~ is cap:ur~c cl :n~ ~na~m~n: cl 8cwi~
lans :nan is usuaii, ~ic~n: in mcr~ cp:imis:ic r~acins cl lan acccun:s
in mucn cl :n~ cui:urai s:uci~s ii:~ra:ur~. icr ~.ampi~. Jacki~ >:ac~,
(1+) lcunc in n~r s:uc, cl cin~ma auci~nc~s :na: c~spi:~ :n~ c:n~r
wcrici, na:ur~ cl s:ars. sp~c:a:crs r~uiari, scun: :c :ak~ cn asp~c:s cl
:n~ir ic~n:i:,. 1na: is. an in:~ns~ r~ia:icnsnip wi:n a par:icuiar s:ar cr
s:ars cll~rs lan:asi~s cl p~rscnai :ranslcrma:icn. 8, rinin :n~ s:ar
cr s:ars in:c :n~ s~il. man, r~pcr:~c :na: :n~, w~r~ ai~ :c :ak~ cn :n~ir
a::riu:~s anc cnarac:~ris:ics. \cm~n r~pcr:~c :na: :n~, w~r~ ai~ :c
lasnicn mcr~ r~~iiicus lcrms cl l~minini:, cr ain in p~rscnai ccnlic~nc~.
H~r~. ic~n:ilica:icn wi:n a s:arima~ n~ips :n~ lcs:~rin. cr a: i~as: mac~
pcssii~ :n~ ~.picra:icn. cl an ai:~rna:i~ ~nc~r cr s~.uai ic~n:i:,.
I: was mcin anc ccnn~c:in. I: m~an: scm~:nin :c m~. I: was iik~ I was
m~an: :c linc nim. I was 1o anc s:iii a: scncci. I am n~:~rcs~.uai. u: I lcunc
nim ~r, a::rac:i~. \cu kncw. iik~ ,cu s~~ ic:s cl ac:crs cn liims. Iik~ Jam~s
D~an. I jus: ccuic nc: :ak~ m, ~,~s cll nim. (I~~)
1n~r~ is nc:nin mcr~ ~marrassin :nan a +u,~arcic ick~ lawnin c~r
nim. 8u: a: a ccnc~r:. curin M, D~a:n. ,cu kncw. :n~ Jacqu~s 8r~i scn
:n~, pia,~c :na:. ,cu kncw. wn~n :n~, sncu: M~. m~. m~: \~ii. I was :n~
lirs: p~rscn cn :n~ lrcn: rcw :c sncu: :na:. tc: m~ scm~ s:ran~ iccks lrcm
Dcrc:n, ,nis irilri~nc. >ic~ cl m~ sn~ cicn: kncw. 8~s: nc: sa, an, mcr~.
,iaun:~r (Mick,)
Hcw~~r. :n~s~ l~a:ur~s w~r~ quicki, cics~c ccwn anc w~r~ mcs:i,
acic~c , :n~ c:n~r m~n in:~ri~w~c. Xain. :n~ r~ascns lcr :nis ar~
ccmpi~.. ai:ncun acmi::in s~.uai l~~iins lcr anc:n~r man is s:iii
a cillicui: acni~~m~n: in a cui:ur~ wn~r~ m~n ar~ ~nccura~c :c ~
asnam~c cr ~marrass~c acu: sucn l~~iins. >ucn l~~iins ar~ pciic~c
mcr~ ~ic~n:i, in scm~ scciai s~::ins :nan c:n~rs. 1n~ isuai pi~asur~
cl m~n i~win c:n~r m~n is an ~ic~n: l~a:ur~ cl pcpuiar music anc
c:n~r asp~c:s cl isuai cui:ur~ wnicn is p~rnaps nc: sc ~ic~n: in c:n~r
ar~as cl scciai iil~. 1nis is nc: :c aru~ :na: :n~ m~n in:~ri~w~c ar~
r~pr~ss~c ncmcs~.uais. mcr~ :na: sucn s~.uai pi~asur~s ar~ mcr~ am
iai~n: :nan mucn cl mains:r~am scci~:, wcuic iik~ :c ~ii~~. 1nrcun
cu: :n~ in:~ri~ws i: was s:rikin ncw 8cwi~ cll~r~c man, m~n a cill~r~n:
s~ns~ cl wna: :n~, ccuic ~ccm~. Daic 8cwi~ r~pr~s~n:~c :n~ par:iai
unli.in cl :n~ scrip:s cl ccminan: mascuiini:, anc :n~ ~.picra:icn cl
c:n~r amiai~n: pcssiiii:i~s.
I was jus: :c:aii, crawn in al:~r s~~in :n~m cc :n~ ! f :hc I :nin
,8cwi~ sinin >:arman wi:n nis arm arcunc Mick Rcnscn. I m~an icacs
cl p~cpi~ arcunc :n~n a: scncci w~r~ in:c. iik~. :n~ n~a, rcck s:ull. 1n~
p~cpi~ in:c :n~ music ~cam~ iik~ :n~ n~ai~s. anc :n~n :n~r~c ~ a smaii
pcck~: cl p~cpi~ wnc w~r~ mcr~ in:c iam s:ull anc. iik~. I nac Rc., Musics
lirs: aium. \cu :cck i: :c scncci anc i: was. iik~. cr~cus wcm~n. u: i:
was. iik~. ,cu w~r~ ccnsic~r~c ~ll~mina:~ lcr iikin a anc iik~ Rc., Music
cr 8cwi~. (>imcn)
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icr c:n :n~ m~n anc wcm~n in:~ri~w~c i: was ~ic~n: :na: lciicw
in 8cwi~ cll~r~c (il mcs:i, in :n~ir imaina:icns) :n~ pcssiiii:, cl su
~r:in :n~ ~.p~c:a:icns cl a par~n:ai wcric :na: scun: :c crc~r. r~uia:~
anc ccn:rci :n~ wcrics cl :n~ir cniicr~n. D~spi:~ scm~ cl :n~ cill~r~nc~s
~:w~~n :n~ m~n anc wcm~n in:~ri~w~c. :nis issu~ was ccnsis:~n:i,
r~:urn~c :c as a snar~c :n~m~ anc ccnc~rn. Iis:~nin :c 8cwi~ was a wa,
cl ~.picrin imaina:i~ ai:~rna:i~s :c a wcric cl rui~s anc r~uia:icns
anc cui:urai ncrms :na: p~rnaps r~pr~s~n:~c a wcric :na: was ~innin
:c crumi~. Man, cl :n~ r~spcnc~n:s m~n:icn~c ncw :n~, cic nc: li: in:c
:n~ mcuic anc :na: 8cwi~ a~ :n~m a r~ia:i~i, sal~ wa, cl ~.picrin
cill~r~nc~. \na: was ~ic~n: lcr man, cl :n~ was :na: 8cwi~ nc: cni,
r~pr~s~n:~c ccn:inui:, wi:nin cnan~. u: aisc :na: n~ was ai~ :c r~pr~s~n:
a scci~:, wncs~ rui~s arcunc ic~n:i:, w~r~ ~innin :c iccs~n.
Hcw~~r. missin lrcm :n~ ic~a :na: an ~na~m~n: wi:n s:ar:~.:s
rins lans in:c a cics~r r~ia:icnsnip wi:n :n~ C:n~r is ~ic~nc~ cl mcr~
painlui anc :rcuiin ~.p~ri~nc~s. Man, unccu:~ci, l~~i :n~ms~i~s
:c ~ :cc pccr cr c~rw~in: :c r~aiis~ m~ciac~lin~c s:ancarcs cl ccii,
p~rl~c:icn (8irc. 2uu). 1n~r~ ma, ~ man, lans wnc l~~i :na: a r~ia:icn
snip uii: c~r :im~ wi:n a s:ar nac maini, pcsi:i~ ccns~qu~nc~s. u: ar~
iinc :c scm~ cl :n~ mcr~ n~a:i~ impiica:icns. >ucn l~a:ur~s s~~m~c
par:icuiari, ~ic~n: wi:n cn~ lan.
In:~ri~w~r. Dc ,cu :nink n~ nas inliu~nc~c ,cu.
Mick,. 1n~ ima~ cl 8cwi~ is impcr:an:. H~ nas :n~ scr: cl ima~ :na: sa,s.
Ccm~ cn. s:anc up lcr ,curs~il. 8~ ,curs~il. H~ a~ m~ ccnlic~nc~. H~ was
ra~ in 12. :c cc wna: n~ cic anc nas aiwa,s ~~n cn~ s:~p an~ac. I :nink
,pa::in nis s:cmacn il I was a smaii~r p~rscn I wcuic na~ ccn~. 1n~ s:,i~
cnan~s. :n~ naircu:. \cu na~ :c ~ ai~ :c ~na~ wi:n :na:. I cicn: l~~i I
nac i: in m~. I ccuicn: cc i: ,laiis sii~n:
1nis is an ~.:rac: lrcm a iil~icn mai~ lan wnc ~ic~n:i, l~i: n~ nac
~~n i~n ccnlic~nc~ , 8cwi~ anc ,~: nac lcunc i: ~r, cillicui: :c
main:ain nis app~aranc~ anc cc, ima~ in :n~ sam~ wa, as 8cwi~. In
:nis r~sp~c:. 8cwi~ is ii:~raii, up :n~r~. scm~cn~ :c ~ acmir~c anc ~
inspir~c ,. u: l~w p~cpi~ ccuic r~aiis:icaii, ncp~ :c ~ ai~ :c ccn:rci
:n~ir cc, snap~ in :n~ wa, :na: 8cwi~ nas ccn~. Inc~~c. as is w~ii kncwn.
ccnsum~r scci~:i~s ar~ cs~ss~c wi:n :ninn~ss anc :n~ aiii:, :c ~ ai~
:c ccn:rci ,cur cc,. Xcccrcin :c Mar, i. Rc~rs (1) w~ curr~n:i,
ii~ in :n~ a~ cl :n~ pias:ic cc,. wn~r~ i: is i~w~c as a macnin~ :c ~
:rain~c anc suj~c:~c :c cur wiii. In :nis r~sp~c:. ccnsum~r scci~:i~s r~
uiari, cmarc :n~ ccnsum~r wi:n ima~s cl i~an. ccn:rcii~c cci~s as
w~ii as la:. unacc~p:ai~ cr cu:clccn:rci cci~s. 1n~ ima~ cl 8cwi~
ma, w~ii na~ ~~n inspira:icnai. u: i: aisc nas c~ii~r~c an ima~ man,
wcuic linc cillicui: :c ii~ up :c in mcr~ crcinar, ccn:~.:s.
\i:n a cill~r~n: lan i: was ~.picr~c a: scm~ i~n:n wn, i: was ~::~r
:c ~ a lciicw~r cl 8cwi~ :nan a r~iiicn. 1nis par:icuiar lan was unusuai.
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in :na: n~ r~ccniz~c :n~ iink ~:w~~n :n~ :wc. H~ nac ~~n c~scriin
ncw i: was ~::~r :c lciicw scm~cn~ wnc ac:uaii, ~.is:~c ra:n~r :nan a
~in wncs~ ~.is:~nc~ w~ ccuic nc: ~ :na: sur~ acu:.
In:~ri~w~r. >c ,cu lciicw scm~cn~ ,cu can kncw acu:.
tu,. \~ii. ,cu can s~~ 8cwi~. ,cu can iis:~n :c nim. anc i: :aiks ,cu l~~i
ccnn~c:~c Cn~ cl :n~ :nins in :n~r~ ,:n~ cck mac~ , :n~ lan lrcm lan
w~si:~s saic. \cu l~~i ,cur~ ccnn~c:~c :c nim. iik~ ,cur scuis ccnn~c:~c
:c nim. ,cu na~ :n~ sam~ luncam~n:ai ~ii~ls as n~ nas. Xnc n~s saic sc
man, :nins c~r :n~ ,~ars :na: I jus: :nink. 1na:s ~.ac:i, wna: I l~~i iik~.
1na:s ~.ac:i, wna: I cc. 1n~ ima~ cnan~s ~caus~ ,cu ~: l~c up wi:n i:.
I~cpi~ :nink. I can: cc :nis anc I can: cc :na:. sc I~ aiwa,s ccn~ :na:. I~
aiwa,s ~~n :n~ sam~ as nim. Il ,cu ~: l~c up wi:n scm~:nin. cnan~ i:.
I:s nc: lcr m~
In:~ri~w~r. 8u: cc ,cu :nink i:s ~asi~r lcr nim :c cnan~ :nins.
tu,. \~ii. ,~an. I kncw wna: ,cu m~an. I:s cicusi,. i:s cin :c ~ ~asi~r
lcr nim ~caus~ n~s nis cwn css. kinc cl :nin n~ ~nuin~i, ~ii~~s :na:.
:na: il ,cu ar~ cr~c anc l~c up wi:n scm~:nin. :n~n lcr tccs sak~ cnan~.
anc il ,cu wan: :c cc scm~:nin ~is~. cc i:
1n~ amiai~nc~ c~scri~c ~arii~r ~:w~~n wna: can ~ ain~c lrcm a
s:ar r~ia:icnsnip is aisc in ~ic~nc~ n~r~. Icsi:i~i, tu,. as an un~mpic,~c
wcrkinciass man in nis lil:i~s. nas lcunc 8cwi~s ima~ anc music :c
na~ a prclcunc ~ll~c: upcn nis iil~. X r~a: c~ai cl :n~ in:~ri~w was
sp~n: c~scriin ncw 8cwi~ n~ip~c nim car~ cu: an inciicuai ic~n:i:,
anc n~ip~c nim sus:ain a s~ns~ cl p~rscnai cill~r~nc~ lrcm :n~ r~uia:icn
cl :n~ iccai cui:ur~. tu,s c~sir~ :c ~ccm~ a wri:~r anc musican nac
m~an: n~ nac :c ~mark cn a icn. narc s:rui~. H~ nac i~l: ar: scncci
al:~r cni, a l~w mcn:ns cu~ :c nis iack cl r~scurc~s. Inc~~c mucn cl nis
s:cr,. acu: ccin i: nis cwn wa,. was aisc acu: :n~ arri~rs n~ nac
~nccun:~r~c. I: was pcssii~ :c :~ii. wn~n n~ was ask~c acu: wn~:n~r
i: was ~asi~r lcr 8cwi~. :na: :nis was nc: scm~:nin n~ nac ccnscicusi,
:ncun: acu:. Iackin :n~ r~scurc~s. s~curi:, anc cui:urai capi:ai cl a
majcr s:ar. ccin ,cur cwn :nin. was ~ic~n:i, a ic: :cun~r lcr tu,.
Ia:~r in :n~ in:~ri~w. tu, (an ~.p~ri~nc~c lcc:aii lanzin~ wri:~r) :cic
m~ :na: n~ was curr~n:i, :r,in :c sa~ L1u sc :na: n~ ccuic puiisn
uu ccpi~s cl a piann~c 8cwi~ lanzin~. 1nis was prcin :c ~ cillicui:
:ask. icr tu,. :n~ mcs: impcr:an: :nin was :na: nis ic~ais w~r~ jus:
iik~ 8cwi~s. Xain. wna: is mcs: s:rikin n~r~. is c:n nis cr~a:ii:, anc
:n~ pcw~r cl :n~ ima~ wi:n wnicn n~ is inc~n:il,in. Inc~~c. wn~n
ask~c wn~:n~r :n~, ~~r l~i: ~.pici:~c , :n~ 8cwi~ incus:r,. :n~ sam~
r~spcns~ was ccnsis:~n:i, r~c~i~c lrcm 8cwi~s lans.
In:~ri~w~r. Dc ,cu ~~r l~~i ~.pici:~c , 8cwi~.
tu,. :c. I :nink n~ i~s :n~m wna: :n~, wan:. Il ,cu wan: :c pa, :n~ pric~s.
,cu wiii pa, :n~m.
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\nii~ tu,s mascuiin~ inciicuaiism anc in:~ns~ ccnn~c:icn :c
8cwi~ was a ccn:inuai :n~m~ cl :n~ in:~ri~w. cn~ ccuic nc: n~ip u:
:nink :na: scm~:im~s :nis :~nc~c :c cscur~ :n~ lac: :na:. lcr :n~ music
incus:r,. :n~ lans cl i s:ars ar~ an ~ncrmcus mark~: :na: :n~, ru:n
i~ssi, ~.pici:. Mcs: cl :n~ 8cwi~ lans in:~ri~w~c aru~c :na: i: was
impcr:an: :c ~ r~aiis:ic. :na: :n~, ccuic nc: allcrc :c u, ~~r,:nin
8cwi~r~ia:~c :na: was mac~ ccmmcni, aaiiai~. \~: :n~ arum~n: :na:
w~ ar~ aii sc~r~in ccnsum~rs c~cicin wna: :c u, in :n~ mark~: piac~
cc~s nc: r~aii, li: wi:n ~i:n~r :n~ in:~ns~ all~c:i~ ccnn~c:icns :na: man,
l~i: :cwarcs :n~ s:ar. cr a pcw~rlui music incus:r, ~n: cn ccn:inuaii,
r~in~n:in 8cwi~s ack ca:aicu~ lcr n~w wa~s cl ccnsump:icn.
Xs m~n:icn~c pr~icusi,. man, cl :n~ mai~ 8cwi~ lans ~mpnasiz~c
ncw :n~, r~:urn~c :c nim curin p~riccs cl p~rscnai crisis. 1nis ccuic ~
cu~ :c :n~ cl:~nccmm~n:~c upcn cillicui:, :na: m~n na~ in lcrmin
in:ima:~ r~ia:icnsnips. D~spi:~ :n~ snil:in c,namics cl mascuiini:,. i:
s~~ms :na: :n~ iin anc r~c~iin cl ~mc:icnai suppcr: is s:iii mcr~ cl:~n
:n~ ccmmcn lar~ cl wcm~ns r~ia:icnsnips. Man, n~:~rcs~.uai m~n cl:~n
l~ar :n~ ~mc:icnai lcrms cl uin~raiii:, r~quir~c , in:ima:~ r~ia:icns.
l~arlui sncuic :n~, ~ :ncun: ~ll~mina:~ cr ncmcs~.uai. Xs ~ii nccks
(2uu+) aru~s. :n~ pa:riarcnai ic~ai cl mannccc cisaiicws :n~ pcssiiii:,
cl in:imac, wi:n :n~ C:n~r. i~n :n~ ~mpnasis piac~c upcn pcw~r. crc~r
anc ra:icnaii:,. ti~n :n~ ccminanc~ cl cis:anc~ anc l~ar cl ~mc:icnai
~n:ani~m~n:. :nis i~a~s ii::i~ spac~ lcr ccnn~c:icn. uin~raiii:, anc
car~. M~n in cur scci~:, ccn:inu~ :c ~ :aun: :na: :c ~ a man is :c ~
s~ilr~iian:. 1c na~ ~mc:icnai n~~cs is cl:~n unc~rs:ccc as a sin cl
w~akn~ss. 1n~ ic~a :na: r~ai m~n cc nc: n~~c c:n~r p~cpi~ anc ar~ ~::~r
s~r~c , pu::in :n~ir l~~iins :c cn~ sic~ r~mains a c~n:rai l~a:ur~ cl
mcc~rn cui:ur~. Inc~~c as \ic:cr >~ici~r (1) ccmm~n:s. :n~ ccminan:
ima~s anc r~pr~s~n:a:icns cl mascuiini:, cl:~n su~s: :n~ n~c~ssi:, :c
r~j~c: :n~ pas: anc cisccnn~c: lrcm p~rscnai r~ia:icnsnips as a wa, cl
main:ainin ccn:rci c~r ,cur icrapn,. 1na: a r~ai man s:ancs aicn~
ccn:inu~s :c ~ a l~a:ur~ cl mucn pcpuiar cui:ur~. lrcm Ciin: Las:wccc
:c :n~ mcr~ r~c~n: in~n:icns cl Lmin~m. R~:urnin :c :n~ lans. p~rnaps
man, m~n linc i: ~asi~r :c r~c~i~ ~mc:icnai suppcr: lrcm a r~ia:icnsnip
as~c cn cis:anc~ :nan :n~, cc lrcm r~ia:icnsnips as~c upcn prc.imi:,.
I: is nc:ic~ai~. as incica:~c ac~. :na: 8cwi~ is r~ciscc~r~c a: :im~s cl
in:~ns~ ins~curi:, cr ~mc:icnai uin~raiii:,. Hcw~~r. i: was nc: cni,
m~n wnc lcrm~c in:~ns~ r~ia:icns wi:n 8cwi~ curin :im~s cl ~mc:icnai
cillicui:,. :n~ sam~ can ~ saic cl wcm~n. u: :n~ cill~r~nc~ ~in :na:
:nis :~nc~c :c napp~n curin acci~sc~nc~.
X: :nis pcin: I ~cam~ in:~ns~i, awar~ cl mcr~ p~rscnai l~~iins wi:nin
m,s~il :na: w~r~ arisin cu: cl :n~ in:~ri~ws. :c:ai,. mcs: cl :n~
in:~ri~ws w~r~ ~n~raii, ccncuc:~c in a lri~nci, a:mcspn~r~. Hcw~~r.
man, cl :n~ m~n nac surpris~c m~ , ciscussin mcr~ p~rscnai l~a:ur~s.
sucn as :n~ir ~.p~ri~nc~ cl ~in cicrc~c cr :n~ir an.i~:i~s cl ~in
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mac~ r~cuncan:. 1n~s~ suj~c:s w~r~ :aik~c acu: a: scm~ i~n:n ~lcr~
mcin cn:c c:n~r :ncun:s acu: 8cwi~s car~~r. I nc:ic~c ncw c~pr~ss~c
I wcuic s:ar: :c l~~i cn :n~ jcurn~, ncm~ lrcm :n~ in:~ri~w. X: lirs:
I lcunc :nis narc :c unc~rs:anc as I ccuic nc: r~aii, unc~rs:anc :n~ piac~
wn~r~ :n~s~ l~~iins w~r~ icca:~c. H~r~ I wcuic r~ccniz~. aicn wi:n
man, c:n~rs. :na: :n~ scciai sci~nc~s can nc: ~scap~ :n~ suj~c:i~. Xs
\ai~ri~ \aik~rcin~ (1) aru~s. :n~ pursui: cl :n~ cj~c:i~ is cl:~n :n~
a::~mp: :c icca:~ a piac~ wn~r~ mcr~ :rcui~scm~ l~~iins can ~ c~ni~c.
1nis is par:icuiari, ~ic~n: wi:nin sccicic, anc cl:~n i~acs :c accusa
:icns cl narcissism amcn :ncs~ wnc wisn :c ~.picr~ :n~ir cwn l~~iins
cl :n~ r~s~arcn s~::in. 1n~ pcw~r cl :n~s~ l~~iins ini:iaii, :cck m~ ,
surpris~. anc ra:n~r :nan wcrk cn pap~rs in r~sp~c: cl :n~ 8cwi~ prcj~c:.
I wcuic linc m,s~il wri:in acu: c:n~r :cpics :na: w~r~ nc: ~mc:icn
aii, cnar~c in :n~ sam~ wa,. Xl:~r cni, a p~ricc cl a l~w ,~ars sinc~
:n~ in:~ri~ws :cck piac~. I can r~ccniz~ :na: :n~s~ in:~ns~ l~~iins cl
c~pr~ssicn w~r~ ccnn~c:~c :c :n~ c~~p l~~iins cl icn~iin~ss :na: man,
cl :n~ in:~ri~ws ~n~nc~r~c wi:nin m~. H~r~. a rcac~r mcr~ ps,cnc
anai,:ic ianua~ ccnc~rn~c wi:n issu~s r~ia:~c :c prcj~c:icn anc prcj~c:i~
ic~n:ilica:icn wcuic s~~m :c ~ apprcpria:~ (Cncccrcw. 1). 1nis is
wn~r~ w~ :ak~ in:c curs~i~s cr pu: in:c c:n~rs l~~iins :nrcun a prc
c~ss cl mu:uai in:~rac:icn. I: is unccu:~ci, :n~ cas~ :na: :na: man, cl
:n~ m~n I was in:~ri~win unkncwini, :c :n~m. nac r~minc~c m~
cl :im~s in m, cwn iil~ wn~n I nac l~i: c~~pi, aicn~ anc an.icus acu:
wna: :n~ lu:ur~ min: ncic. Cicusi,. sucn l~a:ur~s w~r~ nc: ~ic~n:
in ~~r, in:~ri~w. u: :n~, w~r~ ccmmcn ~ncun :c s:rik~ m~ as sinili
can:. 1n~s~ l~a:ur~s w~r~ mcs:i, unccnscicusi, ccmmunica:~c curin
:n~ in:~ri~w.
Cultural ctzenshg and the goltcs of masculntg
Il :n~ ccminan: cui:ur~ cl las: capi:aiism c~i~ra:~s a n,p~rmascuiinism
cl k~~p mcin anc ccn: ccmmi: ,curs~il. sucn l~a:ur~s. as Liiic::
anc I~m~r: (2uuo.) aru~. ar~ iik~i, :c na~ ~mc:icnai ccns~qu~nc~s.
:~cii~riism r~quir~s n~w lcrms cl ic~n:ilica:icn :na: :aik :n~ ianua~
cl pcss~ssicn anc ccn:rci wnii~ a: :n~ sam~ :im~ l~arin c~p~nc~nc~
upcn c:n~rs. >imiiari, ccminan: lcrms cl mascuiini:, s:r~ss :n~ n~~c
lcr m~n :c ~ inc~p~nc~n:. s~ilsullici~n: anc :c c~n, :n~ir ~mc:icnai
n~~cs. Xs J~ssica 8~njamin (1u.12) nas ccmm~n:~c. :n~ ic~ai cl :n~
s~ilsullici~n: inciicuai ccn:inu~s :c ccmina:~ cur cisccurs~. I: is linaii,
:n~ ~mpnasis :na: cur cui:ur~ piac~s upcn s~ilr~iianc~ anc :n~ r~j~c:icn
cl c~p~nc~nc~ :na: ccn:inu~s :c inscri~ mascuiin~ ccminanc~. H~r~
I wcuic su~s: :na:. , inc~n:il,in wi:n an ai:~rna:i~ :~.:. man,
cl :n~ m~n w~r~ ac:uaii, i~arnin :c anisn mcr~ cillicui: l~~iins cl
n~ipi~ssn~ss anc c~p~nc~nc,. I: is pcssii~. :n~n. :c ccnsum~ :~.:s :na: s~~k
:c su~r: ccn~n:icnai mascuiin~ ncrms wnii~ r~inscriin :n~ cui:ur~
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cl cisccnn~c:~c inciicuaiism. 1na: :n~ n~a:i~ l~~iins assccia:~c wi:n
:nis prcc~ss :urn~c up in m, cwn c~pr~ssicn m~ans :na: ccminan: lcrms
cl mascuiini:, ccn:inu~s :c ~.~r: a ccnsic~rai~ ~mc:icnai ccs: lcr man,
m~n :na: wiii ccm~ as nc surpris~ :c :ncs~ :na: ccn:inu~ :c ~ ~na~c
, :n~ ccmpi~.i:, cl mcc~rn mascuiin~ ic~n:i:i~s.
>ucn l~a:ur~s pcin: :cwarcs a n~~c :c r~:nink ic~as cl ~.p~ri~nc~ wi:nin
cui:urai s:uci~s. Ccnn~ii (2uuu) anc tra, (2uu) pcin: :c :n~ iimi:a:icns
cl pcs:s:ruc:uraiis: apprcacn~s :c :n~ s:uc, cl cui:urai ic~n:i:i~s i~n :n~
~mpnasis upcn cisccurs~ anc :n~ r~ia:i~ n~i~c: cl c:n mcr~ ma:~riai
l~a:ur~s cl scciai iil~ anc qu~s:icns cl ~.p~ri~nc~. 8c:n m~n:icn :n~ n~~c
lcr r~s~arcn~rs :c c~~icp a r~li~.i~ unc~rs:ancin cl :n~ir cwn l~~iins
anc ~mc:icns. ai:ncun :nis ar:ici~ is ccnc~rn~c wi:n ncw cillicui: :nis
can ~. Hcw sncuic w~ c~ai wi:n cur cwn l~~iins in :n~ prcc~ss cl
r~s~arcn. 1nis can ~ an ~sp~ciaii, cillicui: qu~s:icn il. iik~ m~. i: is nc:
un:ii scm~:im~ ia:~r :na: ,cu can ~in :c unc~rs:anc ,cur cwn r~spcns~s.
iur:n~r :aik cl ~mc:icns is uniik~i, :c qu~ii mcr~ narcn~ac~c c~mancs
lcr ~ic~nc~. :cn~ cl :n~ m~n in:~ri~w~c ac:uaii, :cic m~ :na: :n~, w~r~
icn~i,. iscia:~c anc c~pr~ss~c ai:ncun :nis is ~ic~n:i, wna: I l~i:. Mucn
cl :n~ ciscussicn wi:nin :n~ ii:~ra:ur~ cn cui:urai ci:iz~nsnip nas ~~n
rin:i, ccnc~rn~c wi:n :n~ n~~c :c r~sp~c: cill~r~n: asp~c:s cl pcpuiar
~.p~ri~nc~. Hcw~~r. n~r~ I wcuic aru~ :na: w~ sncuic nc: :ak~ :n~s~
~.p~ri~nc~s a: lac~ aiu~. anc ins:~ac :r, :c in:~rrca:~ mcr~ car~luii,
cur cwn s~ns~ cl in:~rccnn~c:icn wi:n :n~ p~cpi~ wncm w~ ar~ ~.picrin
:n~ ii~c cim~nsicns cl ccn:~mpcrar, cui:ur~.
Lisp~:n Irc,n (1) r~minc~c us nc: :c r~cuc~ ~.p~ri~nc~ :c :na:
wnicn can ~ ar:icuia:~c. as :n~r~ ar~ aiwa,s asp~c:s cl :n~ ii~c :na:
r~sis: ~in ccmmunica:~c in cur :n~cri~s anc r~s~arcn. Inc~~c. Ra,mcnc
\iiiiams (1) mak~s a simiiar pcin: wn~n n~ :aiks acu: n~~mcnic
cui:ur~s anc lcrma:icns nc: n~c~ssarii, mirrcrin :n~ ~.p~ri~n:iai ccmain.
1nis r~mains a cruciai pcin:. il p~cpi~s in~s:m~n:s in pcpuiar cui:ur~
r~mains wcr:n, cl s:uc, i: is :c :n~ ~.:~n: :c wnicn i: can ~ saic :c c~l,
an, n~a: a::~mp: :c parc~i up :n~ scciai. iur:n~r. as I na~ aisc incica:~c.
w~ n~~c :c ccnn~c: cur s:uci~s cl pcpuiar :~.:s :c par:icuiar scciai anc
cui:urai ccn:~.:s wnii~ makin spac~ lcr :n~ amiai~nc~ cl cur cwn
anc c:n~rs l~~iins. I: is. :n~n. :c :n~ ccn:racic:crin~ss cl ccn:~mpcrar,
mascuiini:, :na: c~s ~,cnc ic~as cl n~~mcn, anc i:s ai:~rna:i~s :na:
m, r~s~arcn su~s:s w~ sncuic icck lur:n~r. In :nis. ic~as cl cui:urai
ci:iz~nsnip :na: pcin: :c ncw :n~ pcii:icai :ransc~nc :n~ cuncari~s ~:w~~n
:n~ s~ricus anc :n~ pcpuiar. as w~ii as puiic anc pria:~. ar~ iik~i,
:c ~ c~n:rai :c cur c~a:~s lcr scm~ :im~ :c ccm~. Xs Ccnn~ii (2uuu.2)
aru~s. sucn l~a:ur~s ma, ~nc up ~in accus~c cl ps,cncicizin qu~s
:icns cl ~nc~r cr cl cni, c~aiin wi:n :n~ r~ia:i~i, :riiai as cppcs~c :c
mcr~ ins:i:u:icnai c~lini:icns cl pcw~r anc in:~r~s:s. H~r~. m, arum~n:
is :na: :n~ iink ~:w~~n mascuiini:, anc cui:urai ci:iz~nsnip ~nai~s us
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:c wcrk acrcss a num~r cl cill~r~n: puiic. cui:urai anc mcr~ p~rscnai

ccmains a: :n~ sam~ :im~.
References
8~ck. i. (12) !hc Ril Scic:,. Icnccn. >XtL.
8~njamin. J. (1u) !hc Bd f Lc I,choot,i Icmiim od :hc
I/tcm f Dmio:i. Icnccn. \irac.
8~rman. M. (182) att !ho: I Stid Mct: i: ai !hc L+ciccc f
Mdci:,. :~w \crk. >imcn >cnus:~r.
8irc. >.L. (2uu) !hc a.diccc i Lc,do, Lifc. Icnccn. Rcu:i~c~.
8i,. R. (1u) I 'h a Bl a/.: Mc. R~acin. MX. Xcciscn\~si~,.
8crcc. >. (1) I/coo/tc Ucih: Icmiim Uc:c .t:.c od :hc Bd,.
8~rk~i~,. ini~rsi:, cl Caiilcrnia Ir~ss.
Cncccrcw. :. (1) !hc Iuc f Iccti. :~w Ha~n. C1. \ai~ ini~rsi:,
Ir~ss.
Ccnn~ii. R.\. (2uuu) !hc Mc od :hc B,. Camric~. Icii:, Ir~ss.
Liiic::. X. anc C. I~m~r: (2uuo) !hc ^cu Idiid.otim !hc Lm:iot :
f Gt/otio:i. Icnccn. Rcu:i~c~.
iisk~. J. (12) 1n~ Cui:urai Lccncm, cl :n~ ian. in J. J~ns~n (~c.) !hc
adi a.diccc Io .t:.c od I.to Mcdio. pp. u+. Icnccn.
Rcu:i~c~.
ircw. J. (18) Is Liis a tcc. Cui:. Cui:ur~. Qu~s:icns cl M~:ncc.
I:co:iot '.ot f .t:.ot S:.dic 1(2). 1212.
tra,. X. (2uu) Rccoch Ioc:icc f .t:.ot S:.dic. Icnccn. >XtL.
H~rm~s. J. (2uuu) Cl Irri:a:icn. 1~.:s anc M~n. i~minis: Xuci~nc~ >:uci~s
anc Cui:urai Ci:iz~nsnip. I:co:iot '.ot f .t:.ot S:.dic ().
1o.
nccks. . (2uu+) !hc Uitt : hoc Mc Moc.tii:, od Lc. :~w \crk.
\asnin:cn >quar~ Ir~ss.
Hun:. I. (18) Bi:ih Lu .t:.c Im Sofoi S.i: : Sc+ti:o:i.
Icnccn. Rcu:i~c~.
Jackscn. I.. :. >:~~nscn anc i. 8rccks (2uu1) Moli Scc f Mc`
Moo.ic. Camric~. Icii:, Ir~ss.
J~ns~n. J. (12) ianccm as Ia:ncic,. 1n~ Ccns~qu~nc~s cl
Cnarac:~riza:icn. in I. I~wis (~c.) !hc adi a.diccc Io .t:.c od
I.to Mcdio. pp. 2. Icnccn. Rcu:i~c~.
I,cn. D. (2uuu) 'c. i Dic,tod Rctii i I:mdc !imc.
Camric~. Icii:, Ir~ss.
Il~ii. i. (1) Uhi:c G., S:.dic i I:mdc Dmio:i od Diffcccc.
Icnccn. \~rsc.
Irc,n. L. (1) Sc+i :hc Sctf Gcdccd Ii:i i .t:.ot S:.dic.
Icnccn. Rcu:i~c~.
Rcinscn. >. (2uu2) I~cac, cl :n~ Cpaqu~. 1~acnin Mascuiini:, >:uci~s.
in J.i. tarcin~r (~c.) Moc.tii:, S:.dic od Icmii: !hc,. pp. 1+1ou.
:~w \crk. Cciumia ini~rsi:, Ir~ss.
Rc~rs. M.i. (1) Bo/ic .t:.c. Icnccn. >XtL.
>~ai. I. (1u) Stu M:i hoi Moc.tii:ic hoi Mc. Icnccn.
\irac,Ru:~rs ini~rsi:, Ir~ss.
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r tro r r x s o tr x r o r c tr+ trx r s + tui r s 1 2 ( 1 )
8
>~ici~r. \. (1) Mo L.h Lm/d,i Moc.tii:ic. Icnccn. >XtL.
>:ac~,. J. (1+) S:o Go.i Htt,ud icmo od Icmotc Scc:o:hi.
Icnccn. Rcu:i~c~.
>:~in~r. t. (1+) L+:o:ci:iot. Harmcncswcr:n. I~nuin.
>:~~nscn. :. (2uuo) Doid Buic Iomc S.d od ii. Camric~.
Icii:, Ir~ss.
1ac~,. D.J. (1) Rcmoli Mc '. Sii:.oti:, od Sciot hoc.
Icnccn. Rcu:i~c~.
1ncmpscn. J.8. (1) !hc Mcdio od Mdci:, a Sciot !hc, f :hc
Mcdio. Camric~. Icii:, Ir~ss.
\aik~rcin~. \. (1) Dodd,` Git Y. Git od I.to .t:.c.
8asins:ck~. Macmiiian.
\iiiiams. R. (18) Cui:ur~ is Crcinar,. in :. Mci~nzi~ (~c.) ic:i.
pp. 18. Icnccn. \~rsc.
\iiiiams. R. (1) Iti:ic od Lc::c. Icnccn. \~rsc.
Bograghcal note
:ick >:~~nscn is a r~ac~r in cui:urai sccicic, a: :n~ ini~rsi:, cl :c::innam.
His r~c~n: ccks inciuc~ .t:.ot i:i.chi (Cp~n ini~rsi:, Ir~ss. 2uu) anc
Doid Buic Iomc S.d od ii (Icii:, Ir~ss. 2uuo). Curr~n:i, n~ is wri:in
a cck :c ~ puiisn~c , >XtL. ~n:i:i~c Ld.co:i od .t:.ot i:i.chi.
X D D R L > > . >cncci cl >ccicic, anc >cciai Iciic,. ini~rsi:, cl :c::innam.
ini~rsi:, Iark. :c::innam :t 2RD. ii.
,~maii. :ick.>:~~nscn_nc::innam.ac.uk
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