V (English grammar)

VV (The definite article)

VV (The indefinite article)
V (Nouns)
(Adjectives)
V (Adverbs)
(Numerals)
, , V VV
(Personal, possessive, reflexive and emphatic pronouns)
V (Reciprocal pronouns)
(Demonstrative pronouns)
(Interrogative pronouns)
(Relative and conjunctive pronouns)
V (Indefinite pronouns)
V V (Ordinary verbs)
V V (Auxiliary verbs)
V V (Modal verbs)
V V (The tenses of the verb)
V V (Sequence of the tenses)
V V VV (The moods of the verb)
V VV (The progressive forms)
(Expression of habit)
V (The passive voice)
to - V (Infinitive without to)
to - (Infinitive with to)
(Special use of the infinitive)
(Accusative with infinitive)
(Nominative with infinitive)
V (The gerund)
V V (The participles)
, , V V (Transitive, Intransitive, reflexive verbs)
V V (Phrasal verbs)
V (The prepositions)
V (The conjunctions)
V V V (Irregular verbs)

 VV (THE)
(The definite article)
1. the [] : VV V : the book, the boy, the lady, the university,
the union
2. the [i] : : the American, the animal; V h-
V : hour, honour, honest; V V V h- : the
horizon .
I . VV

V : towards the North, in the North, : from north to south, from east to
west V.
: the East-Indies, the Netherlands, the Hebrides.
, , , , : the Thames, the Atlantic, the Alps
: the moon - , the earth - , the sun - .
V V : I bought a postage stamp yesterday. The stamp
is very interesting.
republic, union, kingdom, states V : The United states of
America -
V V : the English - , the old - VV,
the wolf - .
V : the first week - , the second floor
- .
: the highest mountain in the world -
.
V V V : the Smiths -
, , , : the Daily News, the Bach Choir, the
Beatles

: all, both, half, double, quite, twice - "the" . all the world, double the sum,
all the money.
II . VV

( poor, old, little, good, saint -) : poor Peter, little John

: dmiral Nelson, King Richard, Queen Elizabeth, Uncle
Sam, Dr.Miller
: the Queen of England V .
: the : emperor, czar, archduke, elector : the Emperor
William, the Czar Peter I
: Switzerland, Turkey, London,
: the London of today - V .
Mount- , cape- , lake- , harbour- , bay- : Mount Everest, Cape
Trafalgar, Lake Geneva, New York Harbour, Hudson Bay,
: the Cape of Good Hope V .
, , VV, : Oxford street, Trafalgar square,
Windsor castle, London bridge.
V : life, death, love, Earth, Heaven, Hell ; He was weary of
life.
: the life of the whole nation V VV .
V , V : two boys, his friend, this room, some apples.

Church, school, college, prison, bisiness, chapel, hospital, market, sea, table, town, work,
bed V : church is over, school begins, he was
sent to prison, go to bed.
: VV : The school is near the church. V .
: coal, iron , wood, gold : coal is important for export,
: the coal of Wales ( VV) .
: cats, mice, dogs, birds : swallows are pretty birds.
: the swallows of this summer - VV
.
, , : summer, March, Sunday : on Monday, in Winter, in April, at Christmas
: the last Sunday in August. V .
:
My brother studies algebra. - .
Photography is my hobby. - .

: "of"- VV V VV
.
the Cape of good Hope, The England I know is different from . . .

 VV (, AN)
(The indefinite article)

1. a : VV V : a boy, a lady, a European

2. an : V : an animal, an english book,
V h- V : an hour, an heir, an honour
V V V h- : an historian

: I have a pen. I see a

dog.
V : a dof is domestic animal. (""
)
, V, : my brother is a painter, he is an englishman, she
became a Protestant
: the title of (doctor), the rank of (general), the dignity of (senator)-
VVV .
, , , : four shillings a yard, sixpence a pound, twice a year, four
times a day
V : a million, a thousand, a dozen, a couple, a little

: "" - half, such, quite, many ( ), rather, what - : half a dozen - 6

, such a good story - VV.
"" - as, so, too, how, however - : as good a swimmer as
I am - V ; to heavy a weight - VV V ; too difficult a task -
VV

 V (The noun)
I . V : V V = V
. V V
V V, V V

he

him his he met his friend

V V, V V

she

her

she saw her friend

V V V V

it

its

the book is in its place

.
V : The lion licked its paw.
: V V .
V (V) = V : the dog, his name
V ( ) = V : the cat, she is dead
V "-ess" V VV. : actor - actress, host - hostess,
prince - princess, waiter - waitress, lion - lioness, duke - duchess
: , V : the 'Atlantic' lost
her crew, England and her dominions
II . V VV
Singular + s : dog - dogs, friend - friends
V VV "-s" . : leg -legs, wall - walls, tree trees, table - tables.
V :

s, ss, x, z, ch, sh, tch, "-es" . : ass - asses, box - boxes, church - hurches
VV + y "-ies" VV. : baby - babies
fe, f "-ves" . : wife - wives, knife - knives, wolf - wolves .
: chief - chiefs, roof - roofs VV .
- "- oes" : hero - heroes, potato - potatoes. V : photo - photos,
piano - pianos, radio - radios VV.

Y V

, : sheep - , deer - , swine - , fish - , fruit - ,

grouse - .
: trout - , salmon - , carp - , pike - .
herring, -s = , eel, -s = VV V .
V, : Japanese, Swiss, Vietnamese

ox, child, brother V -(r)en : ox - oxen, child - children, brother - brethren

V V VV. : man - men, woman - women,
foot - feet, tooth - teeth, goose - geese, mouse - mice, person -people, louse - lice

 : man - V : gentleman - gentlemen, Frenchman Frenchmen .

: German, -s; Roman, -s; Norman, -s V "-s" .
(Abstract) (Collective) . :
advice - , business - , furniture - , knowledge - , merchandise -
, progress - .
: V : scissors - , tongs - ,
spectacles - V , lungs - , trousers - , scales - VV,
These spectacles are strong. - V .
! : V .
They came in with their hats on their heads - .
III . (The case)
(Normative) = (the, a, an)
(Genitive - V ) =of (the, a, an)
(Dative - V ) = to (the, a, an)
(Accusative) = (the, a, an)
V
V 's, s' - . :

V V : Jack's blue book. they boys' book

V , , : a week's holiday, a
month's stay, a mile's walk, at arm's length, a stone's throw
: for Heaven's sake - V , for God's sake -
, for goodness' sake -

: house, shop, church, practice V

.
I am at my uncle's (house). - () . at the doctor's (practice) -
to - V .
VVVV

VVVV

We

gave

the beggar

a penny

sent

you

some books

V :
to - .
VVVV

VVVV

V ..

We

Gave

a penny

to the beggar

Sent

some books

to you(and not to him)

V V to -
. :

english

mongolian

english

mongolian

english

mongolian

to add

to reply to

cruel to

to listen to

to happen to

just to

to declare,
explain to

to say to

polite to

to mention to

kind to

V V .
V V :
english

mongolian

english

mongolian

english

mongolian

english

mongolian

to give

to bring

to forgive

to tell

to lend

VV

to take

to cost

to write

to offer

to send

to owe

to sell

to promise

to fetch

to pay

to show

VVV

: "it" - V :
give it me - VV ; bring it us - VV

(The adjective)
V. The great poets of England -
.
I . (Degrees of Comparison of the Adjective)
(positive)
V

(comparative)

(superlative)

- er

- est

long

longer

the longest

large

larger

more

beautiful

good

bad

the largest
most

more beautiful

VV the most beautiful

Better

VV

the best

worse

the worst

: VV "the"- .

V : ) V b ) V
: (polite - politer - the politest , severe - severer - the severest)
VV -y, -le, -er, - ow, - some - V : happy happier - the happiest, clever - cleverer - the - cleverest .
V : a ) V V : cautious more cautious - the most cautious, useful - more useful - the most useful. b ) V
VV V VVV : interesting - more
interesting - the most interesting, delighted - more delighted - the most delighted.

VV V :

"e" - -er, -est . : fine - finer - finest, polite - politer politest

V VV "y" "y" - "- i -" . : dry - drier driest, happy - happier - happiest.
V VV , VV , V
V VV . : big bigger - biggest, hot - hotter - hottest, fit - fitter - fittest.

VV VV
.

later

latest

I'll see you later - .

the latest paper - VV

latter

last

the latter sentence - VV,

(the) last time - VV

farther

farthest

the farthest way -

further

furthest

without frther delay -

V

older

oldest

he is older than I - , the

oldest tree -

elder

eldest

VV

my elder brother - , his eldest son VV VV

nearer

nearest

the nearest way to the station -

V

late

far

old

near

next month - . the next stop

next
smaller

smallest

the smallest room -

less

least

he drinks less wine than milk - VV

little

II . V

: as - as : my sister is as big as I am - .
: not so - as ( not as - as) : he is not so (not as) tall as his brother
(comparative) + than : he is bigger than his brother -
VV .
the - the : the further they went the worse the road was - .
the less - the less : the less you work, the less you will earn -
.

:
the former - ,
the same the - . . .
the latter - . . . VV
other than - . . . - , . . . -
III . (Substantivization of adjectives)

 V VVV , V , ,
VV the -
V.
the good
the blind
the poor

VV V V V,
V man / woman, boy / girl, gentleman / lady, person / people
VVV
V . : the blind women, the poor person, poor people

. . .

"-sh", "-ch'' - V V V
V V man / woman, gentleman / lady -
.
: the English - an Englishman, the French - a French lady, the Scotch - two Scotchmen, the
Dutch some Dutchmen
V V . : (the) Americans, (the) Germans,
(the) Russians
IV .
1. V VV (attributive use) V. :
This is an interesting book. - . They live in the old house. -
.
2. V V VVVV (predicative use)
: This book is interesting. - . Their house is old. -
.

10

V (Adverb)
V V , , , , ,
.
I . V VV
Adjective + ly = Adverb , "- ly" VV V VV
V .
1. VV V VV VV + "- y" "-y"- "i" - . : happy - happily, easy - easily.
2. V "-y" - . dryly drily,
: gay - gaily .
3. VVV -e . true - truly, whole - wholly, due - duly, noble nobly
4. full - fully
5. "- ic" "- ally" - VV. : fantastic fantastically, diplomatic - diplomatically
! "-ly" in a . . . manner (way) V V .
: in a friendly manner; in a lovely way
V VV . "-ly" :
early, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly . . .
.
pretty

only

still

very

(adjective)

, V,

V (adverb)

, ,

"-ly" VV V V . : hardly VV , ; nearly - ,

: " " = very - V : very good, very
badly,
(very) much V V : I thank you very much.
: (Adjective) V (adverb)
: to work hard - , to walk slow - , to talk loud (low) , to spell right (wrong) - () , to feel happy - , to
stop short - V
II . V
(Degrees of Comparison of the adverb)

1. V : ("-ly" - VV V V "more, most" -

)
brightly - more brightly - most brightly ; slowly - more slowly - most slowly

11

2. V : ("-ly" VVV V V "er, est" )

soon - sooner - soonest ; often - oftener - oftenest ; early - earlier - earliest
3. V :
well - better - best ; badly - worse - worst ; little - less - least ; much - more - most
late - latter - last ; far - farther (further) - farthest (furthest) ; near - nearer - nearest (next)
III. V
V V : V VVVV V.
VV V :
1. V (, V
V ) VV . ( !)
:
: in 1999 we went to London
: I met him yesterday.
: We thanked him heartily
2. V V ( V
V V ) V V ,
V V . :
: She allways heard the child cry. - VV V
.
I have often been in America -
: I did not quite understand you. - V.
3. VV V : + +
. : We arrived safely in London yesterday.

12

 (The Numeral)
V (Cardinal numerals)
1 -one, 2 - two, 3 - three, 4 - four, 5 - five, 6 - six, 7 - seven, 8 - eight, 9 - nine, 10 - ten,11- eleven,
12 - twelve, 13 - thirteen, 14 - fourteen,15 - fifteen, 16 - sixteen, 17 - seventeen, 18 - eighteen, 19 nineteen, 20 - twenty, 21 - twenty one, 22 - twenty two, 30 - thirty, 40 - forty, 50 - fifty, 60 - sixty,
70 - seventy, 80 - eighty, 90 - ninety, 100 - a (one) hundred,101 - a (one) hundred and one, 200 two hundred, 1000 - a (one) thousand, 2000 - two thousand, 100 000 - a (one) hundred thousand, 1
000 000 - a (one) million, 2 000 000 - two million(s)
(Ordinal numerals and Fractional numerals)
Ordinal numerals = Cardinal numerals + th : the hundredth . V : first, second, third (1st,
2nd, 3rd)
V : five - fifth, eight - eighth, nine - ninth, twelve - twelfth, twenty - twenthieth
.
: He was born on July 14th on the 23rd of July ; : Elizabeth II Elizabeth the second ()
"the" VV . the first, the second, the eleventh, 101 - the
hundred and first
(Common Fractions): 1/2 a (one) half, 1/3 one third, 2/5 two fifths, 2.3/7 two and
three sevenths
(Decimal Fractions): 0.3 nought (zero) point three, 2.35 two point three five
(thirty five)
V
: - = first - then :
First he lived at home, then he went to England. -
.
: - VV = at first - at last, at lenght :
At first I believed him, but at last I became distrustful. - VV ,
V .
V : V = firstly in the first place ; = thirdly in the third
place . . . ; in the fifth place . : = in the
sixth place

=once

=how many times? three times (thrice)

=twice

=sometimes

once more

=single

=treble,
threefould

100

=a (one)
hundredfold

=fourfold

=manifold

=double

13

 , ,
V VV
(Personal, Possessive, Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns)

= =
I
VVVV
Accusative
=
Nominative = Subject
Objective

II

V
VV
.
-self - .

me -,

my -

mine -

myself - () ,

you

you - , ,
,

your - ,

yours - ,

yourself - (, )
,

he - ()

him - VV, VV his - VV

his - VV

himself - ,
()

she - ()

her - VV, VV her - VV

hers - VV

herself - ,
()

it - ,

it - VV, VV,
VV, VV

its - VV
( V)

its - VV

itself - ,
(, )

we - ,

us - , ,

our - ,

ours - ,

ourself - ,
()

you -

you - ,

your - ,

yours - ,

yourselves - ( )
,

they - ,

them - ,
,

their - , theirs - ,

themselves - ()
,

one

one

one's

oneself

one's (own)

:
to -V : give me the book
to - : give the book to me
VV :

V VV
VVVV

I shall speak to him. - VV .

VVVV

That was he. - .

.-

VV

I shall speak to him. - VV .

VV

Her paper was interesting. - VV VV

VVVV

My ruler is long yours is longer. -

, V .

VVVV

This car is his. - VV.

.-

II

14

We haven't seen your paper, we have seen only

theirs. - VV,
V

VV

I wash myself. - .

V
VV

V ( )- V
VV VV

He himself saw it. - VV V.

He saw it himself. - VV V.

15

V (Reciprocal pronouns)
each other - , one another - , :
They greeted each other. - .
We know each other very well. - .
The children look at each other in the mirror. - VVVV .
(Demonstrative pronouns)

this -

that -

these -

those -

1. VVVV VV : This was pleasant. - .

2. VVVV VV : It was that. - .
3. VV : He likes this. - VV .
(Interrogative Pronouns)
1. V

2.

V V
(, )

V V

who? = ?
Who can swim?

what? = ?
What is this?

which? = , ,
, ?
Which of you is ill?

what?,which?

of what? =
?
Of what did you
speak?

of which? = ,
?
There were two
accidents. Of which
did you near?

what (which) boy?

what (which) table?

to whom? = ?
To whom did you
give?

to what? = ?
To what does this
refer?

to which?
There are two teams,
to which do you
belong?

whom? = ?
what? = ?
Whom did you call? What do you see?

which?
Which do you like
better, tea or coffee?

whose = ?
of whom? =
?
1. Whose book is
this?
2. Of whom did you
speak?

: V (Prepositions) V V
:
Whom are you speaking of? - .
What is he laughing at? - ?
What are you talking about? - .

16


(Relative and conjunctive pronouns)

V V

who

which

that

whose, of whom

of which (whose)

(that - of)

to whom

to which

(that - of)

whom

which

that

who

my friend who made a trip to

London

the girl whose father I know

the house whose walls are grey

of whom

the boy of whom we spoke

- VV

to whom

the pupil to whom he gave the book

- VV

whom

the man whom I asked

which

the train which (that) arrived

of which

the house, the windows of which . . .

( V VV
V )

to which

the story to which we listened

- VV

which

the things which (that) we need

- V

whose

: V (Preposition) V V
.
The man whom I was waiting for. - V .
The house, that I lived in. - .
that - VV VV .
1. who, which- :
Who was the man that you were talking of? - ?
This is the bird (that) he caught. - VV .
2. V (Indefinite pronouns) : all,
everything, something, anything, much, little, nothing, the same :
That is everything (that) I know. - V .
3. it is . . . , it was . . . - :
It was the storm that destroyd the house. - .
4. V V :
They talked about the natives and plants (that) they had found interesting. -
.
: that - V V V V V .
The train that I waited for arrived. - V .

17

 : VV VV V
.
This is the boy (whom) Iike best. - VV .
The house (that) we live in. - .

18

V
(Indefinite pronouns)
some = , , , ( )

1. : We had some books. -

.

2. VV VV: In the evening we had some tea. -

.
any = , ,
1. V , : You may come at any time. -
.
2. a) VV: Do you see any mistakes? - ?
b) VV VV: No, I do not see any mistakes. - VV,
V.
c) VV: If you see any mistakes ... - ...
3. VV " " : Give me any book. -
.
some any- V V.
someone, somebody - , V; something - , ; somewhere , , ; anyone, anybody - V, ; anything , , ; anywhere - , , ,
each = V, V, , V (V, V V )

VV: Each player did his best - V V

V VV: Each of them did his best - V V

every = V (V, )

VV : Every house has a roof - V .

V V : everyone, everybody - V V, V, V ; everything -
V, V
: every day - ; every fortnight - 14 ; every other day -

all = V, V ( V V )

VV: all men - V VV

V VV: all of them - V
V VV: he was all dirty -
: all the better - V ; not at all - V, V; all at once -
: after all - , VV ; first of all - , ; once for all - V ;
all the day - V , V ;

whole = V, V (all - VV ): the whole town, the whole of Asia

: the whole day - V , V ;

either = , ; neither = , , ,

19

VV: on either side of river - ; neither way is

right -
V VV: either one or the other one must leave - ; neither
of us could help him - VV V
: either ... or - ... ...; neither ... nor - ... VV ... VV

nor - either

I cannot swim, nor my borther either - V,

- VV

not - either

I cannot swim, he cannot swim either - V,

V

other = , ,

VV: the other girl -

V VV: the others stayd at home - V
: the other day - , ; the other morning - ; every other day
- ; one after another - ; some day or other - ; some time or
other - , V; on the other hand - VV; another (cup of
coffee) - ( )

much =
it takes too much
time

many =
many families live
there

little =
I have little hope

few =
I saw only few boys

many a = ()
a little = ,
a few = , ,

a greate deal of = V ; a good many = , ; very much = ; in few words =

V; very many, greate many =

V V
(Ordinary verbs)
V V V VV VV to open (, ) V V
VV VVV.
VV VV

VV

VV VV

20

VV
(Interrogativenegative)

VV
(Affirmate)

VV
(Negative)

(The present indefinite tense)

I open
he opens

I do not open
do I open?
he does not
does he open?
open

do I not open?
does he not open?

(The past indefinite tense)

I opened

I did not
open

did I open?

did I not open?

(The present perfect tense)

I have opened

I have not
opened

have I opened?

have I not opened?

(The past perfect tense)

I had opened

I had not
opened

had I opened?

had I not opened?

V
(The future indefinite tense)

I shall open
you will open

I should not
open
you will not
open

shall I open?
shall (will) you
open?

shall I not open?

shall (will) you not
open?

I should not
open
you would
not open

should I open?
should (would )
you open?

should I not open?

should (would) you
not open?

I should open
V
you would open
(The future indefinite in the past)

(Interrogative)

:
- V V when, if, while, as soon as -
VV V.
:
I shall go out when I am ready - .
he would do it if he could - VV .

21

 V V
(Auxiliary verbs)
to have = -,
V V V : he has come -

to have + + V V = - , VV: I have my hair

cut - V .
to have + / + (infinitive) = -, VV, - ,
: the teacher will the boys learn by heart - VV VV .
to have + to - (infinitive with to) = : he has much to do V .
to have - V V VV ( got V V
VV) : have you (got) a new house? VV to do . Do you have a new house? -
?

to be =

V (passive) VV : the story was told by father -

VV
V (progressive form) VV : it is raining -
.
to be + to - (infinitive with to) = (3
V ) : he was to die in
Africa - V .
to be + V = - : the lesson is to be finished .
to be - V V VV : "To be or not to be" that is the question - "
" .

to do = , V

VVVV V V VV : do you
like it? - ?
VV to do- V:
1. VVVV V V : will he come? -
VV?
2. VVVV VV : who knows that? -
VV ?
VV VV to do - : who
does not know that? - VV V ?
V V VV : we do not forget it -
VV V
VV to do - V:
1. V V : he cannot swim - V.
2. not (never, nothing etc.) - VV VV :
you never can tell - V. we sow nothing -
V.
3. not V V VV VV
: is she ill? - no I suppose not. ? VV V
.

22

: VV to do - VV
V V to have to be - VV: do not have a look at
it? - don't be sorry! - VV V ? VV !

( ) V V to do -
:
1. VV V V : he knows
more then I do. - VV .
2. , V yes no - : Do you listen to
the music? Yes, we do. No we do not.
3. " ", " ", " ", " " -
: He reads much - so do I - , . She does not
read much - nor do we - V .
4. "V VV? V ?" VV
VV : You feel better, do not you? -
, ?
VV VV : he didn't say so, did he? V ?
VV V V : You are
not glad, are you? - V , ?
V V VV ( VV VV to do -
): He did his best - V . How do you do? -
?

23

 V V
(Modal verbs)
VV V V V V
V V V .

I can
...-

I could
...-

V V

to be able to: I play chess = I'm

able to play chess -
1. : I can swim -

2. : he could translate -
(VV V) to be unable to

- V
( 2-): to know, (know to) 3. : can I help you? - ?

to be to
shall: V V:
you shall not steal! - V!
I shall

( 3

V)

: what am I to do
- ?
2. : his death
was to decide her fate VV V

2. V , VV : you

3. : to be said -

should:
I should

1. : the teacher said we should work

should tell the truth - V

I will
... -
V

I would
... - V

1.

will: V V: I will get on in my life -

would:

1. V V ( VV): he
would not go abroad - V
.
2. V : I would I were at
home -

3. V: boys will be boys -

VV VV .
she would play every day - V
.

to be supposed to : he is
said (supposed) to be ill
- VV

1. V: to want, to wish,
to like: I want to see him
- VV
.
do as you like -
V .
2.
V V
V: going to, to mean
to, to propose to
3. : to be
willinf to: he is willing
to do all - V
V .
4. VV
VV V: to wish would + V
: I would the day
were over -

24


V.

5. VV : to
pretend: he pretends to
be ill -
V.
may:

1. : this may be true - V

2. : you may come.
3. VV : cannot: this cannot be
true - V V.

4. VV : may not (
might
may
-
-V,

): you may not use this book -

V .
5. VV : must not (
V ): you must not
smoke - V.
6. VV V: may not : may you
never be unhappy! -
V !

to be allowed to / to be permitted
to =
I have not been allowed to
smoke -
V .
they will not be permitted to play
- V.
it is possible - .

might: V
: he might have missed the trian -
V .
to have to: I had to stay at home
- V
must:

1. V V : all men must

I must
.
()
(
V)

(I must)

( VV
V)
I ought to

survive - V VV V .

2. VV : must not,
need not: you must not tell a lie -
V.
3. VV V V: need not: I
need not tell you this story -
VV V.
I ought to : VV: I ought to go to church VVV .

to be forced to: he was forced to

leave his country - VV
.
to be obliged to: she was obliged
to earn her living -
VV
V
to be compelled to: they were
compelled to work hard

to be bound to: she is bound to

her freedom -

: V V V V :
(to) need - , .
he does not need to come / he need not come
(to) dare - V,
he did not dare to go out / he dared not go out

25

26

V V
(The tenses of the verb)
V V (active) 16 V
V (passive) 10 , 26 .
:
P1 - V V
P2 - V V / (V V V)
V
(The active tenses)
(Tenses)

(Present
tenses)

(Past tenses)

(Future
tenses)

VV
(Form)
(Example)

(The present indefinite tense)

verb / verb + s (es)

V
(The present continuous tense)

(Translation)

she works

()

am / are / is + P1
(verb + ing)

he is working

()

(The present perfect tense)

have / has + P2 (verb

+ ed)

she has
worked

V
(The present perfect continuous
tense)

have / has been + P1

(verb + ing)

he has been
working

(The past indefinite tense)

verb + ed(d) {only

irregular verb}

she worked

V
(The past continuous tense)

was / were + P1 (verb he was

+ ing)
working

(The past perfect tense)

had + P2 (verb + ed)

V
(The past perfect continuous
tense)

had been + P1 (verb + he had been

ing)
working

V
(The future indefinite tense)

shall / will +verb

she will work

V V
(The future continuous tense)

shall / will be + P1
(verb + ing)

he will be
working

V
(The future perfect tense)

shall /will have + P2

(verb + ed)

she will have

worked

shall / will have been

+ P1 (verb + ing)

he will have

been working

she had
worked

V V
(The future perfect continuous
tense)

27


V
(The future indefinite in the past
tense)

should / would + verb

she would
work

V
V
(The future continuous in the
past tense)

should / would be +
P1 (verb + ing)

he would be
working

should / would have

+P2 (verb + ed)

she would
have worked

(Future in the V
past)

(The future perfect in the past)

V
should / would have
V
been + P1 (verb +
(The future perfect continuous in
ing)
the past)

he would have
been working

V V V VV
1. V V VV "ed" . : work + ed = worked
2. V V "e" - "d" . : receive + d = recieved
3. V V VV V "ed" VV VV .
: stop + ed = stopped
4. V V VV "y" "ed" V "y" "i"
. : carry + ed = carried
( "" V. : obey + ed = obeyed)

28

V
(The passive tenses)
VV (Form)

(Example)

(Translation)

V
(The passive present indefinite
tense)

am / are / is + P2

I am called

( )

V
V
(The passive present continuous
tense)

am / are / is being + P2

I am being
called

( )

V
(The passive present perfect
tense)

have / has been + P2

I have been
called

( )

I was called

( )

was / were being + P2

I was being
called

(
)

(The passive past perfect tense)

had been + P2

I had been
called

(
)

V
V
(The passive future indefinite
tense)

shall / will be + P2

I shall be
called

( )

I shall have
been called

(
)

I should be
called

(
)

I should have
been called

(
)

(Tenses)

(Present
tenses)

was / were + P2
(The passive past indefinite tense)
V
V
(The passive past continuous
(Past tenses)
tense)

(Future tenses) V
V
shall / will have been + P2
(The passive future perfect tense)

(Future in the
past)

V
V
(The passive future indefinite in
the past)
V
V
(The passive future perfect in the
past)

should / would be + P2

should / would have been + P2

29

V V
(Sequens of tenses)
VV VV V V VV V
V VV. VV V :
a) (V V ):
VV

is angry (present)

he says (present)

he has said (perfect)

was angry (past)

that she

had been angry (past perfect)

would be angry (conditional)

he said (past)
he had said (past perfect)

has been angry (perfect)

will be angry (future)

he will say (future)

VV

VV

VV
was angry (past)

that she

he would say (conditional)

had been angry (past perfect)

would be angry (conditional)

: V VV
(present) .
: He stated that the earth is round - .
b) "if VVVV" - V.

30

V V VV (The moods of the verb)

The Imperative Mood , , , ,
V
, . Come here! - ! , Close
the door! - !

The Indicative Mood

The Subjective Mood ,

V . (
)

VV :

1. : a) 3- "-s"- . : He have ; He
live
) I, you, he etc. be : If that be true - V .
I, you, he etc. were : I wish I were you - ; I wish I were rich. -
.

2. : may - might : I wish(ed) he may(might) win the game. - VV

V.
should (V V V) : It is impossible that he should
know it. - VV V.
:
1. - - - it is right, wrong, natural,
necessary, good (better), impossible, time V should,
may, might - . :
It is natural that she should marry him. - VV .
It is possible, is probable - may might - . : It is possible that he may
(might) come.
2. VV : (al)though - whatever - whoever - however
V :
Whoever he may be, we shall help him. - VV .
3. VV :
If - VV

Present

Past

Past perfect

VV

Future indefinite

Conditional 1

Conditional 2

4.
a) V V V V .
If you ask me, I shall answer. - .
b) V V V V V
. :
VV

VV

I VV(Conditional 1)

If
I
were
in
your
( )

place

I should go home
( )

31


If
I
had
been
in
your
( )

II VV(Conditional 2)
place I should have gone home
( )

5.
6. , V V :
a) , : V ,
V VV . :
We are afraid that we shall lose our money - .
VV V may - might - . :
She feared that she might be gravely ill. - V .
b) - - - V
V should - . :
to be glad - ; it is a pity - ; It is pity than they should be so
lazy. - .
c) V : V V V V
V . :
I wish I were in England now. .
V V V may - might . :
May you be right ! - V !
I wished that he might be right. - VV V .
d) , : VVVV that in order to
- may - might - . :
Speak loud that I may hear you. - .

32

V VV
(Progressive forms)
V V V to be +
V V V (to be + Participle present or Participle 1) VV.
V V VV V V VVV .
I am reading (now) = () .
It was raining (then) = .
: V V
VV V (Progressive form) .
We were working, while they were sleeping.

(Expression of Habit)
(Present tense) will + to-V (will + infinitive
without to) VV :
In April the weather will often change. - V .
VV VV.
would to-V
(infinitive without to):

I would go there.

= V .

used to +
(infinitive) :

I used to take a bus.

= .

V
(The passive voice)
V V VVV V
VVV. to be + Participle perfect or Participle 2 ( to
be- to get- )
Active

Passive

(Present)

The master punishes John

John is punished by the master

(Past)

Did the master punish John?

Was John punished by the master?

V (Future)

The master will not punish

John

John wiil not be punished by the

master

V (Progressive
form)

They are looking at John

John is being looked at by then

"to"-V
(Infinitive without to)
"to" -V :

33

1. V V to do - :
I shall go home - VV . We do not drink. - V.
2. V (Active) to make, to let, to did- :
I let him come. - VV .
3. V V :
I hear him sing (singing) - VV .
4. VV :
I had rather . . . ; I had better . . . ; I cannot but . . . ; I had as good . . . .
"to"-
(Infinitive with to)
"to" - :
1. VVVV VV :
o . V V : Always to help is not easy. - V.
o . V : It is better to stay here. - V
.
2. VVVV :
He seemed to be angry. - .
3. :
He promised to come. - .
4. :
o V V : We helped him to translate the letter. - VV
.
o : Be slow to promise. - .
o V : I have the pleasure to know him - VV
.
o : He was the first to swim -
5. :
o : I harried to fetch a doctor. -
.
o V : He was too tired to learn. - .

34


(Special use of the Infinitive)
how to, want to, where to, so (such) . . . as to, in order to
- .

, , V V V how to ( ) .
He learns how to ride a bike - .
what to (), where to ()- V :
He did not know what to say; I showed him where to buy the books.
VV VVVV "so" "such"- as to- V (
VV V) :
You were such a fool as to believe him. - VV .
in order to(- )- :
He made him come in order to punish him. - VV .

: V V .
1. V V :
This apple is good to eat. - .
2. there is, there are - :
There is nothing to say. - .
3. to let, to blame V :
Rooms to let, you are to blame.

35

 VV
(Accusative with the infinitive)
to -V (without to) :
1. V to see (), to hear (), to feel ( V), to watch
(, ), to observe ( ) V V : I saw him
come. - VV .
2. V VVV :
) : to make, to have(to bid): You make me laugh. -
V .
) : to let (, ). :
Let the boy return! - VV VV!
to - (with to) :
1. V to want, to wish, to like- .
I wish his to learn. - VV V .
2. V V :
) to cause, to order, to command V V .
:
We caused him to send for a doctor. - VV VV
) to allow, to permit, to suffer V V . :
We allowed the girls to come in. - .
3. , to declare, to deny, to expect, to believe, to think, to
suppose, to remember V V :
England expect every man to do his duty. - V V VV VV
V .
: VV VV that - .
: to say, to tell (, ), to answer, to reply, to hope, to fear V
VV VV that - . :
He hoped that she would come. - VV .

36


(Nominative with the infinitive)
(Accusative with the infinitive) - V (Passive)
(Nominative with the infinitive) .
:
He was heard to come in. - VV .
I am told to stay away. - V .
My father was told to prepare everything. - V .
: (Infinitive)- (Adjective)- for -
. : The town is too distant for me to be seen - V
.
V (The gerund)
V V V "-ing" V V V V . V
VV V V VV V.
1. VVVV VV : Swimming is healthy. - VV
.
2. VVVV VV : That is running a great risk -
3. VV : V V, V
V V .
V V V V :
to have done with
to put off
to give up

to go on
to keep

to stop

I do not mind
to risk
I cannot
4. : Go on reading. - VVV .
V V V .
to prefer
to mind
to remember

to like

to finish

to excuse

to hate

to enjoy
to love
to regret
to start
5. : I like walking - I like to walk - .
6. V V, V, V
V V .
) V V :
to complain of
to delight in
to insist (up) on
to object to
to succeed in
to depend on

to despire of

to prevent from

to quarrel about

to think of

7.
: He succeeded in escaping.
) V :
to be in the habit of
to be in danger of
a plan for
to be on the point of
8.
: He was in danger of getting drowned.

the way of

) :

37

fond of

capable of

keen on

proud of

disappointed at

far from

accustomed to

9.
: She was found of being admired.
10. V V VV VV VVVV
V.
) before - after - on - upon - (temporal) :
on leaving America - V
) for (= - , , ), for the sake of(= - ), on account of(= - ,
- ) - (causal) :
He was punished for having stolen. - . . . - .
) by (-), with (- ), without (- V), instead of (- ) -
:
He left without saying goodbye. - V .
) by (- , ) - (instrumental) :
By inventing a machine he became famous. - .
) in spite of (-, , ) - :
In spite of being late you can hear the speech. - .
: V V . ( after -
) :
after having finished - after finishing = , ; for having stolen - for stealing -

38

 V V (The participles)
V V "-ing" "-ed" V V V
V . V V V V (The prsesent participle) = V V
V (Participle 1) V V (The perfect participle) =
V V (Participle 2) .
V V "-ing" : I saw a boy beating a dog. -
VV .
V V V V V "-ed" VV. (V V V
V VV)
There lived a little girl called Red riding hood. -
.
I . V V VV
:
1. VV VV : VV
. :
The American, visiting our town, was very delighted. -
.
2. VV (adverbial clause) :
) : Having done their work, they went home. -
.
) : (being) tired of waiting, I went off
) : He entered the room carrying some books. -
.
) : This poem, if carefully declaimed, will be impressive
V . (while, though )
II . V V ( )
VVVV .
a) : This done, we went home.
) : The task being too hard, he gave up all hope
: V V VV . :
considering

V,

excepting

VV , , -

including

, , VV, VV

supposing

, V

strictly speaking

generally speaking

, , V

39

, , V V
(Transitive, intransitive, reflexive verbs)
1. V V (The transitive verb) V
V
(Indirect object), (Direct object)
. :
: to think - He thanked his father. -
.
V V V VV
VVVV . : His father was thanked by him.
2. V V (The intransitive verb) V V (
) . :
He shouted laudly. - . I am going to the shop. - VV VV
.
V : V V (The perfect participle) -
VV ( ) to be - . He is gone. -
.
V V to
.
english

mongolian

to add to

to mention to

to prefer to

to belong to

to present to

to deliver to

- VV

to explain to

to introduce to

to seem, appear to

- V

to communicate to

to propose to

to yield to

to add to

to relate to

to say to

to repeat to

3. ( V )
4. V V (The reflexive verb) :
a) ( V ) : to avail o.s -

40

to pride o.s - , . : Don't pride yourself!

) :
to defend
to excuse
to enjoy

to prove

to warm

to mix

5. : I warmed my hands. - He warmed himself at the fire.

) :
to approach

to fear

to remember

to wash

to refuse

to mind

to join

to dress

6.
) :
to amount to

- V,

to sit down

to wonder at

to depend (up) on

to care for

to surrender

to happen

to turn to

to be mistaken

to rejoice

to complain of

to bow to

to be glad to, of

41

to differ from

to rise

to be ashamed of

- ,

to long for

- , VV

to apply to

VVV V V
V V V V VV
VVV .

to drop

, to grow
V

to run

to stand

to fly

to return
,

to sink

: The ball dropped. - . ; He dropped the ball. - .

! VVV V V V (Passive) VV. :
the captain decided to sink the ship - - the ship was sunk by the captain.

42

 V V (Phrasal verbs)
V V V V
V V .
: V V V V V . what?
when? where? V V .
: give away - , ; give up - , ; look after - ,
; look for - , ; look out -
V V V V.
I . V V + V (verb + adverb)
a) V V VVV . :
My parents get up very early. - , .
) V V V V . :
The man called back his words. - V V .
II . V V + (verb + preposition) :
V V V
. :
I am looking for my passport - .
I rely on her. - VV .
She asked me for help. - T .
III . V V + V + (verb + adverb + preposition) :
V V V V + V V V + VV
. :
Let's go on with our lesson. - VVV.
You should lead up to the exams. - .

43

 V (The preposition)
V
V V V
7 V .
V (Prepositions of Place)
english

mongolian

example

on

on the house

in

in the house

at

, ,

at the house

over

, VV

over the house

VV

near

near the flat

in front of

, VV

in front of the flat

behind

behind the flat

across

across the street

through

, , -

through the window

between

between the vases

among

among the students

around(round)

around the table

atop

atop his head

VV

beneath

beneath the tree

beside

beside the house

beyond

beyond the building

by

, ,

by the river

nearby

nearby the flat

within

within the city

under
(below, beneath)

under the house

V (Prepositions of Direction)
english

mongolian

example

to

-, -, -

to the house

into

-, -, -()

into the house

()

44

out of

- ( )

out of the house

round

round the house

from

from the flat

over

VV

over the city

VV

along

along the river

towards(toward)

, . . .- , V,
,

towards the house

V (Prepositions of Time)
english
on

in

mongolian
-, - ()

-, -,

at

-, - ()

example
on Saturday

on May 11

5 11-

on week days

VV

in March

3-

in 2002

2002

in summer

()

in the morning

()

in an hour

in a day

in 4 months

in 5 years

at 7 o'clock

at first

at the beginning

by

( )

by 3 o'clock

since

since 1997

1997

since 1 o'clock

for an hour

for 5 months

for

during

V,

during the lesson

before

before the lesson

before lunch

45

after

till, until

after the lesson

after 3 years

till June

6- V

until I come back

from . . . till

. . . . . . V

from 2 till 4 o'clock

last

last night

last month

next week

next month

next April

a day ago

a month ago

at the ago of 21

21

at around 10 o'clock

10

next

ago

around

between

between one and

two o'clock

46

 V (The conjunction)
V V VVVV VV V
VV .
I . VV (Co-ordinating Conjunctions) :
english

mongolian

and

, ,

neither . . . nor

. . .

as

, V

both . . . and

, . . .

whereas

or

as well as

VV

not only . . .but also

. . . V, VV

but

while

- ,

either . . . or

: I and my brother -
He is small but strong. - V.
He can't (either)read or write. - V.
I know both you and your friend. - .
II . (Subordinating Conjunctions):
english

mongolian

that

till (until)

V,

because

lest
though, although

,
. . . -V
. . .

before

where

47

if

when

. . . V, -(4)

unless

-V

for

if weather

(2), . . . VV

while

since

, ,

in order that

. . . - , . . . (4)

provided (that)

()

as soon as

-(4), -(2)
()

as long as

, -

as

, , V, -(4)

supposing

. . .(4)

after

-(4)

wherever

so that

in case

-, -, , - V

(comparative conjuctions) V VV
V VV VV V (conjunctive words)
.
VV V V VV .
V

I know who lives in this house.

The man who lives in this house works in a bank.

V
.

48

V V V (Irregular verbs)
English

(Indefinite
infinitive)

Mongolian

V V
(Simple past)
(Past participle)

I .
bid

bid

bid

burst

burst

burst

cast

cast

cast

cost

cost

cost

cut

cut

cut

hit

hit

hit

hurt

hurt

hurt

let

let

let

put

put

put

read

read

read

set

set

set

shed

shed

shed

shut

shut

shut

spread

spread

spread

bend

bent

bent

build

built

built

burn

burnt

burnt

, V

dream

dreamt

dreamt

VV,

dwell

dwelt

dwelt

lean

leant

leant

, V

learn

learnt

learnt

lend

lent

lent

VV,

mean

meant

meant

send

sent

sent

smell

smelt

smelt

spell

spelt

spelt

V,

spend

spent

spent

() ,
VV

spoil

spoilt

spoilt

bled

II . -t

III . V
bleed

bled

49

breed

bred

bred

creep

crept

crept

deal

dealt

dealt

feed

fed

fed

feel

felt

felt

flee

fled

fled

keep

kept

kept

kneel

knelt

knelt

lead

led

led

leave

left

left

, V

light

lit

lit

meet

met

met

sleep

slept

slept

sweep

swept

swept

VV

weep

wept

wept

IV . V VV
bring

brought

brought

buy

bought

bought

catch

caught

caught

have

had

had

- , -

hear

heard

heard

lay

laid

laid

lose

lost

lost

make

made

made

, V

pay

paid

paid

say

said

said

, VV

seek

sought

sought

sell

sold

sold

teach

taught

taught

tell

told

told

think

thought

thought

arise

arose

arisen

, ,

begin

began

begun

, VV

drink

drank

drunk

drive

drove

driven

fly

flew

flown

ride

rode

ridden

ring

rang

rung

rise

rose

risen

sing

sang

sung

V .

50

sink

sank

sunk

spring

sprang

sprung

V,

swim

swam

swum

write

wrote

written

beat

beat

beaten

become

became

become

bid

bade

bidden

V, ,

blow

blew

blown

come

came

come

draw

drew

drawn

, V

eat

ate(eat)

eaten

fall

fell

fallen

forbid

forbade

forbidden

forgive

forgave

forgiven

VV,

give

gave

given

grow

grew

grown

know

knew

known

mistake

mistook

mistaken

run

ran

run

, V

see

saw

seen

, V

shake

shook

shaken

slay

slew

slain

take

took

taken

throw

threw

thrown

VI .

VII . V V
awake

awoke

awoke(awaked)

bear

bore

borne

bind`

bound

bound

, , V

bite

bit

bitten

break

broke

broken

choose

chose

chosen

cling

clung

clung

dig

dug

dug

fight

fought

fought

find

found

found

forget

forgot

forgotten

freeze

froze

frozen

get

got

got

, V

hang

hung

hung

, VV

hide

hid

hidden

51

hold

held

held

lie

lay

lain

shine

shone

shone

, VV

shoot

shot

shot

sit

sat

sat

speak

spoke

spoken

, VV

spin

spun

spun

spit

spat

spat

stand

stood

stood

steal

stole

stolen

stick

stuck

stuck

sting

stung

stung

strike

struck

struck

swear

swore

sworn

swing

swung

swung

, VV

tear

tore

torn

wear

wore

worn

, VV

win

won

won

wring

wrung

wrung

VIII .
mow

mowed

mown

sew

sewed

sewn

show

showed

shown

VVV

sow

sowed

sown

strew

strewed

strewn

IX . V VV
do

did

done

, V

go

went

gone

be

was

been

, , ,

52