CE 514A TIMBER DESIGN

(2 UNITS )
Summer 2013
By Engr. Ricardo L. Fornis
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course will cover the design of the
following timber members: Floor beams, floor
joists, floor girders, roof purlins, axial
members, and members subjected to
combined axial and bending. The course will
also cover design of connections of members
and notching. Design specifications provided
by NSCP 2010 will be used.

COURSE OBJECTIVES
To familiarize the students with the provisions of
the National Structural Code of Philippines 2010
that pertain to Wood Design.
To possess the skills in performing calculations
involve in designing wood structural members.
GRADING SYSTEM
To pass the course a student has to get a final score
of 50% based on the marks of the examinations, seat
works, and home works.

75%(Exams) 20%(SW HW) 5%(TE)

FS FG
100-96 1.0
95 1.1
50 3.0
below 50 5.0
FS = + + +

REFERENCES
Design of Wood Structures, 3
rd
Edition by
Donald Breyer
National Structural Code of the Philippines
2010 Volume 1 Buildings, Towers, and
Other Vertical Structures, 6
th
Edition by the
Association of Structural Engineers of the
Philippines
INTRODUCTION
General Criteria in Designing Structures
GENERAL CRITERIA IN DESIGNING STRUCTURES
Structural members must be designed to address
the following issues:
Safety -basic principles in mechanics, strength of
materials, theory of structures
Economy- proportion the different members
properly to optimize their capacity
Code requirements-local code, national code
(NSCP), international code
ON SAFETY
Actual stresses should not
exceed allowable stresses
(ASD)
SOME IMPORTANT FORMULAS
c
V
M
b
d
b
bending moment
distance from the
neutral a
Bending stres
xis to the fi
s in
ber
beam
moment of inert
s f
a
,
i
b
Mc
f
I
M
c
I
=
=
=
=
SOME IMPORTANT FORMULAS
c
V
M
b
d
max
max
2
Max bending stress, fb ,
for beams of rectagular secti
6
breadth of the beam
depth of the b
n
ea
o
m
M
fb
bd
b
d
=
=
=
SOME IMPORTANT FORMULAS

V=shear force
static moment of area
I=moment of inertia with respect
to the neutral axis
b=width of the fiber e
Sh
valuated
earing stress in beams
VQ
fv
Ib
Q Ay
=
= =
y
V
M
b
d
A
| |
( )
( )
max
3
max
3

1
12
3 2 4

1
2
12
V Ay
VQ
fv
Ib
bd d
d d
V b
V
fv
bd
bd b
= =
(
| || |
| |
(
\ .\ .

= =
MAXIMUM SHEAR
STRESS FOR
RECTANGULAR BEAM
b
d
A
y
SOME IMPORTANT FORMULAS
4
3
Simply supported uniformly loaded beams
5
at midspan
384
Simply supported concentrated load at mids
Some deflection formu
pan
at midspan
4
las
8
wL
y
EI
PL
y
EI
=
=
ON SERVICEABILITY
4
3
Cantilever beam with uniform load on the entire length
at the free end
8
Cantilever beam with concentrated load at the free en
Some deflection formula
d
at the free end
3
s
wL
y
EI
PL
y
EI
=
=
CODE
PROVISIONS
NSCP-National Structural Code of the
Philippines by the Association of Structural
Engineers of the Philippines
Wood structures are covered in Chapter 6, Section
601 to Section 621 of the NSCP 2001
NSCP 2010 is now available.
DESIGN OF WOOD STRUCTURES BY
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN METHOD
604.1.3 The design and construction of wood
structures using allowable stress design (ASD)
methods shall be in accordance with Section 615
and Section 618. (NSCP, 2010)
SECTION 615
Stresses
Stresses shall not exceed the allowable unit stresses
for the respective species and grades and
fabricated products as set forth in the Table 6.1 and
Table 6.15 in the NSCP 2010
Adjusted ASD design values are determined by
multiplying the reference value by the appropriate
adjustment factors.

A prime is added to the symbol of the reference
value to indicate that the necessary adjustments
have been applied to obtain the adjusted value.
Example: ' ( ) Ft Ft x product of adjustment factors =
Sample Table of Stresses
ADJUSTMENT OF STRESSES
615.1.1 Repetitive member system (C
r
)
A repetitive member system is defined as one that has
Three (3) or more parallel members of dimension
lumber or structural composite lumber
Members spaced not more than 600 mm
Members connected together by a load distributing
element such as roof, floor, or wall sheathing
For a repetitive member system, the reference Fb may
be multiplied by a repetitive member factor, Cr=1.15.
For all other framing systems, Cr=1.0

ADJUSTMENT OF STRESSES
DURATION OF LOAD (C
D
)
Values for wood and mechanical fastenings (when the
wood determines the load capacity) are subjected to the
following adjustments for the various duration of the
loading:
1)Where a member is fully stressed to the maximum
allowable stress either continuously or
cumulatively, for more than 10 years under the
conditions of maximum design load, the values
shall not exceed 90 percent of those in the tables.
ADJUSTMENT OF STRESSES
DURATION OF LOAD (C
D
)
When the accumulated duration of the full maximum load
during the life of the member does not exceed the period
indicated below, the values in the table may be increased as
follows:
25% for seven days duration, as for roof loads
33 1/3 % for earthquake
33 1/3% for wind (for connections and fasteners)
60 % for wind (members only)
100 % for impact
The abovementioned increases are not cumulative. For
combined duration of loadings the resultant structural members
shall not be smaller than the required for the longer duration of
loading.
ADJUSTMENT OF STRESSES
SIZE FACTOR ADJUSTMENT, C
F

When the depth of a rectangular sawn lumber
bending member 125 mm or thicker exceeds 300
mm, the bending values, Fb, shall be multiplied
by the size factor as determined by the equation

1/ 9
300
size factor
d =depth of beam (mm)
F
F
C
d
C
| |
=
|
\ .
=
ADJUSTMENT OF STRESSES
SIZE FACTOR ADJUSTMENT, C
F
(CONTINUATION)
For beams of circular section that have diameter
greater than 340 mm, or, 300 mm or larger square
beams loaded in the plane of the diagonal, the size
factor C
F
may be determined on the basis of the
equivalent conventionally loaded square beam of the
same cross-sectional area.
Size factor adjustments are cumulative with form
factor adjustments specified in section 615.3.7, except
for lumber I beam and box beams, but are not
cumulative with the slenderness factor adjustments
specified in Section 615.3.6.
ADJUSTMENT OF STRESSES
615.3.6 Slenderness factor and flexural
stress
When the depth of a bending member exceeds its breadth,
lateral support may be required and the slenderness factor Cs
shall be calculated by the following equation
2
slenderness factor
effective length of beam (mm) (see Table)
=depth of beam (mm)
= breadth of beam (mm)
e
S
S
e
l d
C
b
C
l
d
b
=
=
=
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF BEAMS
Type of beam span and Nature of Load Value of
effective
length le
Single span beam, load concentrated at the center 1.61(Lu)
Single span beam, uniformly distributed load 1.92(Lu)
Single span beam, equal end moments 1.84(Lu)
Cantilever beam, load concentrated at unsupported
end
1.69(Lu)
Cantilever beam, uniformly distributed load 1.06(Lu)
Cantilever beam, uniformly distributed load with
concentrated load at cantilever end
1.69(Lu)
Single span or cantilever beam any other load 1.92(Lu)
ADJUSTMENTS OF EFFECTIVE LENGTH
PROVIDED IN THE TABLE
The effective lengths, le in the table are based on the
ratio Lu/d ratio of 17.
For other Lu/d ratios, these effective lengths may be
multiplied by a factor equal to 0.85+2.55/(Lu/d)
except that this factor shall not apply to a single-
span beam with equal end moments,[le=1.84(Lu)] or
to a single span or cantilever beam with any load
(le=1.92Lu).
SLENDERNESS FACTOR
Unsupported Length, Lu
When the compression edge of the beam is supported throughout
its length to prevent its lateral displacement, and the ends at point
of bearing have lateral support to prevent rotation, the
unsupported length Lu may be taken as zero.
When the lateral support is provided to support to prevent
rotation at the points of end bearing but no other lateral support is
provided throughout the length of the beam, the unsupported
length Lu is the distance between such points of end bearing, or
the length of the cantilever.
When the beam is provided with lateral support to prevent
rotational and lateral displacement at intermediate points as well
as the ends, the unsupported length Lu is the distance between
such points of intermediate lateral support.

SLENDERNESS FACTOR CS
If 10, then '
S
C Fb Fb s =
Short Beams
When the slender factor, Cs, does not exceed 10, the
full design value for extreme fiber in bending may be
used, that is,
'
Fb=allowable unit stress for extreme fiber in bending
Fb=allowable unit stress for extreme fiber in bending
adjusted for slenderness
SLENDERNESS FACTOR CS
4
1
If 10< , then ' 1
3
S
S k
K
C
C C Fb Fb
C
(
| |
s = (
|
( \ .

0.811
modulus of elasticity
Fb=allowable unit stress for extreme fiber in bending
K
b
E
Where C
F
E
=
=
Intermediate Beams
When the slender factor, Cs, is greater than 10, but does
not exceed Ck
SLENDERNESS FACTOR
2
If < 50,
0.438
then '
k S
S
C C
E
Fb
C
<
=
In no case shall C
s
exceed 50.
The design value for extreme fiber in bending, Fb, and
modulus of elasticity, E, used in the formulas for F
b
shall
be modified to account for moisture service condition,
duration of loading, temperature, and type of treatment in
accordance of Section 615.3 except that the modification
for shall not be used.
Long Beam
SLENDERNESS FACTOR
The design value for extreme fiber in bending, Fb, and
modulus of elasticity, E, used in the formulas for F
b

shall be modified to account for moisture service
condition, duration of loading, temperature, and type
of treatment in accordance of Section 615.3 except
that the modification for size factor shall not be used.

Design values for extreme fiber in bending adjusted
for slenderness factor, F
b
, are not subject to further
modifications for moisture service condition, duration
of loading, temperature, and type of treatment or size.
SLENDERNESS FACTOR
The design value for extreme fiber in bending, Fb,
shall not exceed the full design value for extreme fiber
in bending Fb, modified as allowed in this section,
including the size factor adjustment.
615.3.7 FORM FACTOR ADJUSTMENTS
The allowable unit stress in bending for non-
prismatic members shall not exceed the value
established by multiplying such stress by the
form factor Cf determined as follows:
Beam Section Form factor Cf
Circular 1.180
Square with diagonal vertical 1.414
THE FORM FACTOR FOR LUMBER I BEAMS AND
BOX BEAMS IS THE RESULT OF THE EXPRESSION
2
2
f
2 2
143
25.4
0.81 1 1
88
25.4
C
Cg=support factor=p (6 8 3 )(1 )
ratio of depth of compression flange
to full depth of beam
ratio of
d
Cg
d
where form factor
p p q q
p
q
(
| |
| |
+
( |
|
\ .
( |
+
( |
| |
+
( | |
\ .
\ .

=
+ +
=
= thickness of web or webs
to the full width of beam
The form factor adjustment shall be
cumulative with the size factor
adjustment, except for lumber I beams
and box beams.
615.3.8 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
ADJUSTMENT
In special applications where deflections are critical
to the stability of the structures or structural
components, and where exposed to varying
temperature and relative humidity under sustained
loading conditions, the average values of the
modulus of elasticity E listed in Table 6.1 shall be
reduced to account for variability. Coefficient of
variation Cv in the modulus of elasticity E for
lumbers are as follows:
Visually graded sawn lumber----------- Cv=0.25
Machine stress-rated sawn lumber------Cv=0.11
615.3.8 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY ADJUSTMENT
The average modulus of elasticity E values listed in
the table shall be multiplied by (1-Cv), or (1-1.65Cv)
to obtain a modulus of elasticity E value exceeded
by 84 percent or 95 percent individual pieces,
respectively.
TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE CONTENT
615.3.9 Temperature
Wood members shall not be used in areas subject
to temperature above 66
0
C unless the exposure is
infrequent and any permanent loss in strength is
accounted for in the design.

615.3.10 Moisture Service Condition
Tabulated design stresses shall be reduced when
sawn lumber and fastening are exposed to service
conditions that would cause them to possess more
than 19% moisture content.



SECTION 616
HORIZONTAL MEMBER DESIGN
For simple beams the span shall be taken as the distance
from face to face of support, plus one half the required
length of bearing at each end; for continuous beams, the
span is the distance between centers of bearings on
support over which the beam is continuous.
span
span
NOTCHING
Notches in sawn lumber bending members shall not exceed
one sixth of the depth of the member and shall not be located
in the middle third of the span.
When members are notched at the ends, the notch shall not
exceed one-fourth the beam depth.
The tension side of the sawn lumber bending members of 100
mm or greater nominal thickness shall not be notched except
at the ends of the members.
Cantilevered portions of beams less than 100 mm in normal
thickness shall not be notched unless the reduced section
properties and lumber defects are considered in the design.

616.3 HORIZONTAL SHEAR
The maximum horizontal shear stress in a solid-
sawn wood shall not exceed that calculated by the
equation
3
2
: d = total depth of beam
b = base of the beam
v
V
f
bd
where
=
The actual shear stress fv shall not exceed the
allowable shear stress adjusted for duration of
loading.
HORIZONTAL SHEAR IN NOTCHED BEAMS
When rectangular-shaped girder, beams or joists are notched at
points of support on the tension side, they shall meet the design
requirements of that section in bending and shear. The
horizontal shearing stress at such point shall not exceed the
value calculated by the equation:
3
2 ' '
v
V d
f
bd d
| |
=
|
\ .
:
'

'
where d total depth of beam
d actual depth of beam at notch
d
stress concentration factor
d
=
=
=
d
d'
HORIZONTAL SHEAR IN NOTCHED BEAMS
When girder, beams or joists with circular sections are
notched at points of support on the tension side, they
shall meet the design requirements of that section in
bending and shear. The actual shear stress at such
point shall not exceed the value calculated by the
equation:
3
2
: A sec



v
n n
n
n
V d
f
A d
where cross tional area of
notched member
d total depth of beam
d actual depth of beam at notch
| |
=
|
\ .
=
=
=
HORIZONTAL SHEAR IN NOTCHED BEAMS
For bending members with other than rectangular
or circular section are notched at points of support
on the tension side, the actual shear stress parallel
to grain shall be calculated in accordance with
conventional engineering mechanics.
HORIZONTAL SHEAR IN NOTCHED BEAMS
When girder, beams or joists are notched at point of
support on the compression side, they shall meet the
design requirements of that net section in bending and
shear. The shear stress at such point shall not exceed the
value calculated by the equation:
2 '
3 '
:
total depth of beam
' actual depth of beam at notch
distance notch extends inside the inner edge of support
V
F b d d
V d e
d
where
d
d
e
(
| |
=
|
(
\ .

=
=
=
e
d
d'
HORIZONTAL SHEAR IN NOTCHED BEAMS
The shear for the notched beam on the compression
side shall be further limited to the value
determined for a beam of depth d if e exceeds d.
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Bending, Shear, Deflection
BEAM DESIGN
Factors to be considered
1) Bending
2) Shear
3) Deflection
4) Bearing
The first three items are considered in
determining the size of the member and
the 4
th
item is considered in the design
of the supports
DESIGN OF FLOOR JOISTS
Specification: Use Apitong 80% stress grade
Floor live load = 1.9 kN/m
2
(Residential)
Specific weight of wood =6 kN/m
3
Thickness of flooring = 20 mm
Ceiling, ceiling joists and hangers=0.22 kPa
Allowable Deflection=L/240 based on liveload
Floor
joists
3m
2.5 m
2.5 m
2.2 m
Floor Framing Plan
FROM TABLE 6.1 OF NSCP 2010
80%
Bending and Tension Paralle to the grain
16.5
Shear Parallel to Grain
1.73
Modulus of Elasticity in Bending
7.31
v
Apitong
Stress Grade
Fb MPa
F MPa
E MPa
=
=
=
DESIGN OF FLOOR JOISTS
Load Computation
Dead load
-Flooring: 0.02(0.6)(6) 0.072 kN/m
-Joist(2"x6"): 0.05(0.150)(6) 0.045 kN/m
-Ceiling: 0.22(0.6) 0.132 kN/m
Total Dead Load: DL=0.249 kN/m
Live load:
=
=
=
FLL=1.9(0.6) 1.14 kN/m
Total Load 0.249 1.14 1.389 kN/m w
=
= + =
3m
2.5 m
s
Try spacing of joists= 0.6m
Load Computation
SHEAR AND MOMENT
2 2
max
max
For simply supported, uniformly loaded beam

1.389(3)
1.563 .
8 8

1.389(3)
2.084
2 2
Maximum Moment
wL
M kN m
Maximum Shear
wL
V kN
= = =
= = =
3 m
w=1.389 kN/m
ACTUAL STRESSES
max max
6
2 2
1.563 . 2.084

6 6(1.563 10 )
8.336
50(150)

3 3(2.084 1000)
0.417
2 2(50)(150)
b
v
M kN m V kN
Bending Stress
M x
f MPa
bd
Shear Stress
V x
f MPa
bd
= =
= = =
= = =
3 m
w=1.389 kN/m
b=50
d=150
ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
D
'
we use the following
C =1.0 load duration factor
1.0 (covered dry)
1.0
1.0 (less than 300mm)
1.15
b b D M t F r
M
t
F
r
F F C C C C C
C
C
C
C
=
=
=
=
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
' 16.5 1 1 1 1 1 1.15
' 18.975 8.336 ,
b
b
F
F MPa fb MPa Ok
=
= > =
ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRESS
( ) ( ) ( )
D
'v
use following
C =1.0 load duration factor
1.0 (covered dry)
1.0
v D M t
M
t
F F C C C
C
C
=
=
=
( ) ( ) ( )
'v 1.73 1 1 1
' 1.73 0.417 ,
F
F v MPa fv MPa Ok
=
= > =
DEFLECTION
( )
( )
4
max
3
3
4
4 3
max
3
Allowable Deflection
3000
12.5
240 240
Actual Deflection
5
384
7.31 10
(50)(150)
14 062 500 mm
12
5(1.14 1000)(3) 1000
11.7 12.5
384 7.31 10 14 062 500
Try 50 mm x 1
all
LL
L
mm
w L
EI
E x MPa
I
x
mm mm
x
= = =
=
=
= =
(

= = <
o
o
o
00 mm spaced at 0.6 m o.c. and find out.
DESIGN THE FLOOR JOISTS THAT EXTEND
OVER TWO SPANS. CONSIDER BENDING AND
SHEAR ONLY.
Floor Framing Plan
Specification: Use Lauan 80% stress grade
Occupancy is office:
Specific weight of wood =6 kN/m
3
Flooring = 0.09 kPa
Ceiling, ceiling joists and hangers=0.15 kPa
Floor
joists
3m
2.5 m
1.5 m
A
B
C
D
E
F
DESIGN THE GIRDER CD SHOWN BELOW.
CONSIDER BENDING, SHEAR, AND DEFLECTION.
Floor Framing Plan
Specification: Use Lauan 80% stress grade
Occupancy is office:
Specific weight of wood =6 kN/m
3
Flooring = 0.09 kPa
Ceiling, ceiling joists and hangers=0.15 kPa
Floor
joists
3m
2.5 m
1.5 m
A
B
C
D
E
F