Tele- and Datacommunications Labo: Problems

The original English tasks

Frederik Colle - 4FI
Academiejaar 2005-2006

1
1 Session 1
1.1 Page 46, problem 2.4
Two blue armies are each poised on opposite hills preparing to attack a single
red army in the valley. The red army can defeat either of the blue armies
seperately but will fail to defeat both blue armies if they attack simultaneously.
The blue armies communicate via an unreliable communications system (a foot
soldier).
The commander with one of the blue armies would like to attack at noon.
His problem is this: If he sends a message to the other blue army, ordering the
attack, he cannot be sure it will get through. He could ask for acknowledgment,
but that might not get through. Is there a protocol that the two blue armies
can use to avoid defeat?

1.2 Page 88, problem 3.4

Sound may be modeled as sinusoidal functions. Compare the relative frequency
and wavelength of musical notes. Use 330m/s as the speed of sound and the
following frequencies for the musical scale.

Note C D E F G A B C
Frequency (Hz) 264 297 330 352 396 440 495 528

1.3 Page 88, problem 3.5

If the solid curve below represents sin(2πt), what does the dotted curve rep-
resent? That is, the dotted curve can be written in the form A sin(2πf t + φ);
what are A, f and φ?

−1

−2
−0.5 0 0.5

1.4 Not found in the book

This problem could not be found in the book.

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1.5 Page 89, problem 3.13
1. Suppose that a digitized TV picture is to be transmitted from a source
that uses a matrix of 480 × 500 picture elements (pixels), where each pixel
can take on one of 32 intensity values. Assume that 30 pictures are sent
per second. (This digital source is roufhly equivalent to broadcast TV
standards that have been adopted.) Find the source rate (bps).
2. Assume that the TV picture is to be transmitted over a channel with
4.5M Hz bandwith and a 35 − dB signal-to-noise ratio. Find the capacity
of the channel (bps).
3. Discuss how the parameters given in part (1) could be modified to allow
transmission of color TV signals without increasing the required value for
R.

1.6 Page 125, problem 4.1

Suppose that data are stored on 1.4 − M byte floppy diskettes that weigh 30g
each. Suppose that an airliner carries 104 kg of these floppies at a speed of
1000km/h over a distance of 5000km. What is the data transmission rate in
bits per second of this system?

1.7 Page 126, problem 4.4

Coaxial cable is a two-wire transmission system. What is the advantage of
connecting the outer conductor to the ground?

1.8 Page 126, proble 4.8

Stories abound of people who receive radio signals in filling in their teeth. Sup-
pose you have one filling that is 2.5mm (0.0025m) long that acts as a radio
antenna. That is, it is equal to one-half the wavelength. What frequency do
you receive?

3
2 Session 2
2.1 Page 167, problem 5.6
For the bit stream 01001110, sketch the wareforms for each of the codes of Table
5.2. Assume that te signal level for the preceeding bit for NRZI was high; the
most recent preceding 1 bit (AMI) has a negative voltage; and the most recent
preceding 0 bit (pseudoternary has a negative voltage.

2.2 Page 167, problem 5.2

Develop algorithms for generating each of the codes of Table 5.2 from NRZ-L.

2.3 Page 168, problem 5.7

The waveform below belongs to a Manchester encoded binary data stream. De-
termine the beginning and the end of bit periods (i.e., extract clock information)
and give the data sequence.

2.4 Page 204, problem 6.1

Suppose a file of 10.000 bytes is to be sent over a line at 2400bps.
1. Calculate the overhead in bits and time in using asynchronous communi-
cation. Assume one start bit and a stop element of length one bit, and 8
bits to send the byte itself for each character. The 8-bit character consists
of all data bits, with no parity bit.
2. Calculate the overhead in bits and time using synchronous communication.
Assume that the data are sent in frames. Each frame consists of 1000
characters = 8000 bits and an overhead of 48 control bits per frame.
3. What would the answers to parts (1) and (2) be for a file of 100.000
characters?
4. What would the answers to parts (1) forthe original file of 10.000 charac-
ters except at a data rate of 9600bps?

2.5 Page 205, problem 6.4

Suppose that a sender and receiver use asynchronous transmission and agree
not to use any stop elements. Could this work? If so, explain any necessary
conditions.

4
2.6 Page 205, problem 6.6
Suppose that a synchronous serial data transmission is clocked by two clocks
(on at the sender and one at the receiver) that each have a drift of 1 minute
in one year. How long a sequence of bits can be sent before possible clock drift
could cause a problem?
Assume that a bit waveform will be good if it is sampled within 40% of its
center and that sender and reveiver are synchronized at the beginning of each
frame. Note that the transmission rate is not a factor, as both the bit period and
the absolute timing error decrease proportionaly at higher transmission rates.

5
3 Session 2bis
3.1 Page 205, problem 6.14
1. In CRC error detection scheme, choose P (x) = x4 + x + 1. Encode the
bits 10010011011.
2. Suppose the channel introduces an error pattern 100010000000000 (i.e., a
flip from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1 in position 1 and 5). What is received?
Can the error be detected?
3. Repeat with error pattern 1100110000000000.

3.2 Page 206, problem 6.19

Draw a timing diagram showing the state of all EIA-232 leads between two
DTE-DCE pairs during the course of a data call on the switched telephone
network.

3.3 Page 206, problem 6.20

Explain the operation of each null modem connection in Figure 6.14.

6
4 Session 3
4.1 Page 230, problem 7.1
Consider a half-duplex point-to-point link using a stop-and-wait scheme, in
which a series of messages is sent, with each message segmented into a number
of frames. Ignore errors and frame overhead.
1. What is the effect on line utilization of increasing the message size so that
fewer messages will be required? Other factors remain constant.
2. What is the effect on line utilization of increasing the number of frames
for a constant message size?
3. What is the effect on line utilization of increasing frame size?

4.2 Page 230, problem 7.2

A channel has a data rate of 4kbps and a propagation delay of 20ms. For what
range of frame sizes does stop-and-wait give an efficiency of at least 50%?

4.3 Page 230, problem 7.3

Consider the use of 1000-bit frames on a 1-Mbps satelite channel with a 270-ms
delay. What is the maximum link utilization for
1. Stop-and-wait flow control?
2. Continuous flow control with a window size of 7?
3. Continuous flow control with a window size of 127?
4. Continuous flow control with a window size of 255?

4.4 Page 205, problem 6.12

For P = 110011 and M = 11100011, find the CRC.

4.5 Page 232, problem 7.18

A World Wide Web server is usually set up to receive relatively small messages
from its clients but to transmit potentially very large messages to them. Explain,
then, which type of ARQ protocol (selective reject, go-back-N) would provide
less of a burden to a particulary popular WWW server.

7
5 Session 4
5.1 Page 230, problem 7.3
Consider the use of 1000-bit frames on a 1-Mbps satelite channel with a 270-ms
delay. What is the maximum link utilization for
1. Stop-and-wait flow control?
2. Continuous flow control with a window size of 7?
3. Continuous flow control with a window size of 127?
4. Continuous flow control with a window size of 255?

5.2 Page 205, problem 6.8

What is the purpose of using modulo 2 arithmetic rather than binary arithmetic
in computing an FCS?

5.3 Page 231, problem 7.7

Suppose that a selective-reject ARQ is used where W=4. Show, by example,
that a 3-bit sequence number is needed.

5.4 Page 273, problem 8.3

Consider a transmission system using frequency division multiplexing. What
cost factors are involved in adding one more pair of stations to the system?

5.5 Page 273, problem 8.5

Why is it that the start and stop bits can be eliminated when character inter-
leaving is used in synchronous TDM?

5.6 Page 274, problem 8.15

A company has two locations: a headquarters and a factory about 25 km away.
The factory has four 300-bps terminals that communicate with the central com-
puter facilities over leased voice-grade lines. The company is considering in-
stalling TDM equipment so that only one line will be needed. What cost factors
should be considered in the decision?

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Opmerkingen
Gebruik
Sommigen onder ons vinden engelse teksten eenduidiger dan de vertaalde versies
ervan. Bij deze de opgaven letterlijk overgetypt uit het originele boek (Data and
Computer Commuications, Seventh Edition by William Stallings).
Uiteraard kan ik foutjes gemaakt hebben bij het (blind) overtypen uit het
boek. Indien dit het geval zou zijn mag je mij dit altijd laten weten, dan corrigeer
ik dat zo snel mogelijk.

Publicatie
Dit document werd opgemaakt met als doel mezelf en mijn medestudenten het
leven iets makkelijker te maken. Indien een derde zich eventueel benadeeld zou
voelen door de publicatie van dit document, aarzel dan zeker niet om contact
met mij op te nemen.
Dit document werd door mij persoonlijk aangemaakt het spreekt dan ook
voor zich dat ik geen verantwoordelijkheid neem als het op juistheid van de
inhoud aankomt. Indien er zich fouten in zouden bevinden dan mag je mij dat
altijd gerust laten weten.
Alle vragen en opmerkingen zijn nog altijd steeds welkom op het mailadres
frederik.colle@student.hogent.be