GENERALIZED PERFORMANCE

CHARACTERISTICS OF
INSTRUMENTS
Lecture 9
Instructor : Dr Alivelu M Parimi
Outline
Second Order Instruments

2
Governing equation of a second order system is
x b y a
dt
dy
a
dt
y d
a
0 0 1
2
2
2
= + +
Putting in standard format,
x
a
b
y
dt
dy
a
a
dt
y d
a
a
0
0
0
1
2
2
0
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

KX y
dt
dy 2
dt
y d 1
n
2
2
2
n
= +
e

+
e


) ratio damping or factor damping (
a a 2
a
, ) y sensitivit Static (
a
b
K
frequency natural undamped or frequency natural is
a
a
2 0
1
0
0
2
0
n
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= e

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
e

+
e
=
1
D 2 D
K
) D (
x
y
n
2
n
2

Example
3
Step response of second order
systems
4
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
e

+
e
=
1
D 2 D
K
) D (
x
y
n
2
n
2

Characteristic equation = D
2
+2
n
D+
n
2
=0
The roots are : -
n
+
n 1
2

Depending upon the value of , following cases arise.
Case Damping factor Pole location Characteristic behavior
1 > 1 Two real, distinct roots Over damped
2 = 1 Two real, equal roots Critically damped
3 < 1 Two complex conjugate roots Under damped

Complete solution
5
Corresponding to the three cases the complete solution is
t ) 1 (
2
2
t ) 1 (
2
2
S
n
2
n
2
e
1 2
1
e
1 2
1
1
Kx
) t ( y
e e +


+

+
= for >1
1 e ) t 1 (
Kx
) t ( y
t
n
s
n
+ e + =
e
for =1
( ) | + e

=
e
t 1 sin
1
e
1
Kx
) t ( y
n
2
2
t
s
n
for < 1
2 1
1 sin = |


Non Dimensional Step-Function Response of
Second-Order Instrument
6
Ramp response of second
order instruments

7
Frequency response of second
order instruments
8
Frequency response of second
order instruments
9
Impulse response of second
order instruments
10
Impulse response of second
order instruments
11
Dead Time Elements
Dead Time Elements
Some components of measuring systems are adequately
represented as dead time elements. A dead time element is
defined as a system in which the output is exactly the same
form as the input but occurs t
d
seconds (the dead time) later.
y(t) = Kx
i
(t - t
d
)
This type of element is also called a pure delay or transport lag
or distance-velocity lag
12
Problem
13
Solution
14
)
1
(
2