User Manual

Version 3.5


Copyright 2003, CMS SOFTWARE
Ventsim User Manual

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Table of Contents


1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Disclaimer
1.2 Computer Requirements
1.3 About Ventsim


2. COMMANDS
2.1 Menu Bar Items
2.2 Tool bar Buttons


3. BUILDING A NETWORK
3.1 Fan and RL Databases
3.2 Airway Characteristics
3.3 Constructing a Network
3.4 Layers
3.5 Importing and Exporting Data


4. SPREADSHEET EDITING


5. USING NETWORKS
5.1 Airflow Simulation
5.2 Contaminant Simulation
5.3 Viewing a network
5.4 Printing networks
5.5 Tips and Techniques


6. NETWORK EXAMPLES
6.1 Example 1
6.2 Example 2


APPENDIX A - Ventsim Data Types

APPENDIX B - Glossary of Terms

APPENDIX C - Whats New in Ventsim ?
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1. Introduction



1.1 Disclaimer

The author and the supplier has no liability to the licensee or any other
person or entity for any damage or loss, including special, incidental or
consequential damages caused by this product directly or indirectly.

The software is supplied "as is" without warranty of any kind, either
expressed or implied. Warranties of merchantability or of fitness for
any purpose are specifically disclaimed.



1.2 Computer Requirements

VENTSIM is designed to run under MICROSOFT WINDOWS 95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP and
requires at minimum the following computer setup.

IBM Compatible PC with Pentium Processor
2 Button Mouse
Colour Graphics Card and Monitor
32 mb or more of Ram


Tips On Speeding Up Ventsim

Further performance increases may be gained by ;

A good graphics accelerator card. This may speed up display updates
significantly, depending on the card type.

Turning off the SCREEN BUFFER. This option is available in the TOOLS OPTIONS
menu. This will prevent Windows storing the display in memory, and may result
in faster updates.

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1.3 About Ventsim


Ventilation has been a primary concern in underground mines for hundreds of
years, but until the introduction of computerised network analysis in the last 20-30
years, the planning and modelling of ventilation was largely a black art, relying on
experience, guesswork and extensive calculations.

Even when computer ventilation software allowed simulations of large networks of
underground airways, the process of entering and interpreting results still remained
a job for experts in the field.

Ventsim provides the user with the tools to . . .

Simulate and provide a record of flows in an existing mine.

Perform 'what if' simulations for planned new development.

Help in Short Term and Long Term planning of ventilation requirements.

Assist in selection of types of circuit fans for mine ventilation.

Help in choosing development fans and vent bag sizes.

Assist in financial analysis of ventilation options.

Simulate paths and concentrations of smoke, dust, or gas for planning or
emergency situations

Ventsim has been written to make the process of ventilation network analysis as
easy to use as possible. It utilises a fully graphical mouse driven interface, and
runs on the universally popular IBM PC under Microsoft Windows 95/98/NT.

Ventsim is designed for easy access for both experienced people and novices to the
ventilation process, and allows easy creation, interpretation and manipulation of
airway networks.



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2. Commands


2.1 Menu Bar Items



Ventsim main view window


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2.1.1 File Menu


New
Erases the network currently in memory.
An option is given to save any unsaved changes from the current network.
The previously used RL Database and Fan Database will be retained for the
new network.



Open
Loads a pre-saved network. Once loaded, the level below the surface RL will
be displayed on screen.



Merge File
Similar to the Open command, but will join two networks together instead of
erasing the current network. This may be useful for joining separate
networked areas of the same mine. Caution should be taken however, as
duplicate branches are not checked when the networks are merged
(duplicate branches will be subsequently be deleted if an attempt is made to
simulate the network).



Reload Defaults
Reloads the original defaults file that is first loaded when Ventsim is started.
This may be required if the defaults that are automatically loaded with a
Ventsim simulation file are incorrect or out of date.



Reload Fans
Reloads the 'default' fan database that is first loaded when Ventsim is
started. Although a fan database is loaded with every Ventsim simulation
file, the default fan database may be more up to date. Once reloaded,
saving the simulation file will replace the files original fan database.



Save
Saves changes made to the network. If the Ventsim title bar shows that the
network is untitled, the user will need to select a name before the file can
be saved.
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Save As
Saves the network, but gives the option of saving under a different name.



Save Special

Save Defaults
Saves the program defaults such as colours, simulation parameters -
i.e. everything found under the Tools > Options Menu. If defaults are
changed during a program session and are not saved before exiting,
the original defaults will be used again next session.

Save Fans
Saves a default fan database that is loaded by Ventsim at the start of
every program session. If fans are added, modified or deleted during
a program session, the fan database will need to be resaved to keep
the changes current in the defaults.

NOTE: This option is not necessary if a common fan database is not
required. A fan database is automatically saved whenever a
simulation file is saved and is reloaded when the simulation file is
loaded. The DEFAULT fan database however is only saved when the
SAVE FANS option is selected. Use the RELOAD fan database
command to recall the default fan database if required.

Save Screen
Copies the graphical window to a BMP format picture file. This file
can then be loaded by a paint package for editing or display.



Import Data

Import Data (TXT)
Imports network data from TXT format (text format with fields
delimited by a TAB character). This format is widely available
through most spreadsheets and can be read into word processors.
Minimum data required from a TXT file are the branch node
coordinates in the format X1 Y1 Z1 X2 Y2 Z2 although further data
can also be imported. See the Importing/Exporting section for further
information on using this function.

Import Data (DXF)
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Imports DXF formatted data (supported by most CAD and Mine
Planning packages). Note that only a skeleton network (with no
additional attribute type data) will be created. The DXF file should
contain only the network line strings that will form the network, as
anything else will be ignored.



Export Data

Export Data (TXT)
Exports the network data in TXT format (text with field TAB
delimiters). Note that due to the large number of network attributes,
not all attributes are exported. See the Importing/Exporting section
for further information on using this function.

Export Data (DXF)
Exports basic network data in DXF format, for reading by a CAD
package. Note that only very limited data is output, consisting of the
network branches, names and airflow data.



Notes

Title Bar Note
Allows the user to specify a unique file comment which appears in the
top title bar. This comment can help identify the date, name and
purpose of the network.

Detailed Note
Allows the users to write an extensive descriptor regarding the
function or description of the current network. This is saved with the
file for future reference.



Print
Prints the network in the View Window to an installed printer. Note that
only printers with Windows supported graphics capabilities will be capable of
printing the network. Print SCALE can be chosen, however the scale is
initially set to the maximum page size.
Other options in the Print box include Landscape printing and Colour. Again
these functions are only supported if your printer has the capability. To
change to different printers, use the pull down printer menu. On Windows
NT machines, the print setup can only be changed via the Windows Control
Panel.
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Previous File List
Names of the four files previously loaded or saved, which may be selected
for instant loading of files.



Exit
This command closes Ventsim. Ventsim will prompt if your network file, fan
database or defaults have not been saved since last modified.


2.1.2 Edit Menu

Undo
Undo is a fully functional undo facility that will undo an unlimited number of
previous changes made to a network. Note that while it will not directly
undo a simulation, by pressing UNDO until your previously network is in place
and then re-simulating, this will produce the same results.



Redo
Redo will reverse the result of the undo function.



Copy and Paste
Places Ventsim in the copy or paste mode. In the COPY mode, pressing the
right mouse button on an airway copies the specified attributes of that
airway (ie size, resistance type, wall type, shock factor) and saves the values
in a buffer for future airways. Attributes to be copied may be specified
from the Copy/Paste Options menu item. Copied attributes are listed when
an airway is copied.

To defaults
Copy an airway's attributes to the default values, so all new airways
will be drawn with these attributes until changed again.

To airway
Copy an airways attributes to a temporary buffer, and paste these
attributes to new airways by pressing the left mouse button on an
airway, or by dragging a fence' around multiple airways.

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Options (Copy Paste)
Allows the user to choose which airway attributes are to be copied and/or
pasted. Ventsim defaults to copying ALL attributes, however this may be
changed by selecting/deselecting any of the menu options. For example
only airway sizes or wall types may be required to copy and paste onto other
airways, therefore only these items should be selected.



Find
Automatically locates selected parts of a network. Selecting one of the
options will find and zoom into the area desired. The option may be
repeated for further branches by pressing the FIND tool bar button.

Options include:
Branch Error : Finds branches with simulation errors
Stalled/Negated Fans : Finds fans operating outside the normal fan
curve.
Branch Number : Finds the specified branch number.
Branch Name : Finds all branches with all or part of the specified
branch name.
Branch Node : Finds all branches with all or part of the specified node
name.
Fixed airflows : Finds all branches with fixed airflows.
Fixed pressures : Finds all branches with fixed pressures.

2.1.3 View Menu


Refresh
Redraws the current view. This may be necessary if the view is disrupted by
another program or window. Turning on the Screen Buffer in the Tools >
Options menu will reduce the need for this.


Save View
Saves the current view and stores the save name in the 'saved view pull
down menu' for future recall. Save view will save all attributes in a view
including RL levels, layers and display options. Saved views can be pulled
back into any current window by selecting the saved name from the pull
down view list.

Delete View
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Deletes the saved view stored in the CURRENT pull down menu list (and
hence removes this name from the list).


Grid
Displays a coordinate grid to help in viewing and locating airways. The grid
is 'passive' and is simply an overlay on the screen, playing no further part in
constructing networks. The mouse coordinates are shown in the upper left
of the screen. Grid spacing can be adjusted by altering the simulation
defaults - found in the Tools > Options Menu. Note that the grid cannot be
displayed when in 3D mode, although mouse coordinates will continue to be
displayed in the upper left corner.


Layers
Layers allow the user to place groups of airways on different display layers,
so that they may be displayed independently of all other airways.

Primary Layers are intended to group TYPES of airways together (eg
Shafts, Declines, Stopes, Raises etc). There are 16 primary layers.

Secondary Layers are intended to group an area of a network together
(eg shaft system, orepass system, stope system, workshop area). There
are 48 secondary layers.

Primary and secondary Layers can be set to an airway independently of
one another.

If the checkbox against a Primary and Secondary layer is highlighted,
then all airways associated with these layers will be displayed. If one or
both are unselected, the airway will not be shown. The 'active' layers
will be displayed in red. Any new airway drawn will be set to these
layers. To make any layer active, simply click on the layer name once
with the mouse. To change the name of the layer, select and type over
it.

Show
The show option limits the amount of data shown on unselected layers.

Lines
Offers the opportunity to change the way Ventsim displays layers that are
'turned off' or 'hidden'. The default display will be to hide all unselected
layer airways, however these can be displayed as dim grey lines, or full
lines. The amount of data (eg names, flows, arrows etc) showed for non
selected layers can also be modified in the Show options

Show All
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Turns on ALL Layers (both Primary and Secondary) so that every layer in a
network will be displayed.

Hide All
Turns off ALL Layers (both Primary and Secondary) EXCEPT the active
primary and secondary Layers which will be turned on.


Levels
Sets the view window to display the below selection of RL ranges from the
RL database

Single : Displays a single RL range of data

Multiple :Allows the user to choose up to six non consecutive RL
ranges to display.

Range : Allows the user to display all RL's between two selected RL
ranges.

All Levels : Displays all levels in the RL database simultaneously on
screen.


Data Type
Displays a variety of different kinds of airway data. See Appendix A for a
more detailed description of these.


View Options
Turns on or off parts of the graphical display. This is usually done to
improve the clarity of display, and show only the data in the network that is
required to be viewed.
Note that turning off all options (or using the HIDE function), results in a
'skeleton' display. The display update speed in this case is dramatically
improved. This may be useful if viewing or searching through large volumes
of airways.
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2.1.4 Run


Airflow Simulation
This will perform a network analysis air simulation and attempt to come up
with a solution to your network. If the simulation is successful, the
simulation dialogue box will disappear and the screen updated to show new
airflows. If the simulation is not successful, a list of errors will be shown.

Note that the tool bar button 'AIR' will perform the same function as this.

Smoke Simulation (GAS)
Performs a contaminant simulation based on the position of contaminant
source(s) placed in the network. Upon completion, the view will switch to a
contaminant view, where airways are coloured according to contaminant
concentration. The contaminants may be cleared by pressing the CLEAR
button on the smoke legend, or by selecting clear contaminants from the
Tools > Extra menu.

Note that the tool bar button 'GAS' will perform the same function as this,
but will automatically bypass the input box.


Monitor Remote Stations
This option will not be present until Activate Monitoring is selected from
the Tools > Options > Simulation menu. This item will activate periodic
automatic monitoring and data dumping. Options for this function can be
set via the Tools > Options > Realtime Data menu.

Activate Input
Ventsim automatically reads real time data from a specified remote
data file.

Activate Output
Ventsim automatically writes current simulation data periodically to a
specified data file.


Summary
Displays a brief summary of your network. Note that some values in this
summary are only valid for a fully working, balanced network.


2.1.5 Tools

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Fans
Displays a dialogue window which allows editing, adding and deleting of all
fans in the fan database. Up to 1000 fans and the associated fan curves
may be entered into the fan database. A display of each fan curve and data
will be presented when a fan is selected from the display list. Further fans
can be added by selecting blank spaces, or by overwriting existing fans.

The copy and paste functions can be used to copy data to or from another
program (eg a spreadsheet).

Caution should be taken when deleting or modifying a fan, as any network
which may have used that fan number, will still attempt to use that
particular number fan's data. If the data is not present, or is different, the
network will not simulate properly.

Further information on fans is available in Section 3


Levels
Displays a dialogue window which allows editing or creating of a list of levels
between which airway data is located. The level list can contain up to 250
levels on which your network will be created.

RL Data can be edited in any order, as well as added at a later date -
Ventsim will sort the data from highest to lowest when next displayed.

Further information on levels is available in Section 3


Spreadsheet
This will display a list of currently entered airways in a spreadsheet form.
Using this function is optional, as all Ventsim functions can be performed
from the graphical interface.

Data can be changed and re-simulated within a spreadsheet. This may be
useful for finding airways that may be restricting network analysis, or
causing other problems (eg stalled fans, airways with errors etc).

See Section 4 on spreadsheet editing for more detail


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Extras

Lengths
Fixes or un-fixes airway lengths, so that networks may be manipulated
without changing the calculated airway lengths.

Fix All Lengths
This will fix and protect all airways in the network from
changes in length when moving airways. This may be useful if
airways are required to be moved for clarity, but lengths must
remain the same.

Unfix All Lengths
This will un-fix and recalculate all airway lengths in a network.

WARNING - This function will recalculate airways lengths and
hence change any previously fixed lengths. If there are any
doubts, use the EDIT function to individually fix/unfix lengths
of only the airways that need to be changed.

Airflow Display
Preserve Flows
Ventsim will use unnamed airways to store flow results. This
may be useful to compare previous results with newly
simulated results.

Remove Flows
Ventsim will use remove the preserved flows as set above.

Swap XY axis
Reverses the X and Y axis coordinates.

Auto Name
Automatically places a code number on every airway without a
current airway name. A letter may be specified to head the number if
desired (eg B157).

Reset Airway Numbers
Re-numbers all airways consecutively from highest RL to lowest RL.
Airway numbers are sometimes useful for tracking and identifying
specific airways. New airways are given consecutive numbers from
the last highest airway number. As a network is developed and
airways are deleted and added, the airway numbers will continue to
increase, and large gaps between lower numbers may develop. This
function will reset the airway numbers and renumber them
consecutively from 1 onwards. It will not affect simulations.

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Clear Smoke
Clears all contaminant sources, and also clears any simulated smoke
trails in a network.


Troubleshoot
This option allows detailed checking of networks, and will identify areas of
your network that may cause problems during the simulation process. A
network with too many redundant bulkheads (bulkheads in the same airway
path as other bulkheads), or fans that are in the same airway path as other
fans, may result in a network that will not converge.

Restrictive Fans: will find and alert the user to fans that are directly
competing against other fans.

Unnecessary Bulkheads: will find and if desired remove bulkheads
that are not necessary (usually because another bulkhead in the same
airway has already stopped the airflow).

Non-converging airways : will find and highlight the airways in the
network which are not converging to an acceptable airflow. This may
be useful to identify parts of the network which may be preventing
the network convergence.

Re-seed airways : occasionally a network that will not balance can be
made to do so by resetting all non-fixed airways with a new value.
This will allow the simulation process to begin with different values.
Note that if this is done with a balanced network, re-simulating the
network should result in the original values.


Realtime Data
Open the realtime stations dialog. Currently this function is available as an
experimental option and will not be explained in full detail at this stage.
This option is hidden until enabled under the Options > Simulations box.

Input
Defines the source and composition of a realtime input file. The included
file REALTIME.DAT included with the Ventsim program will help the user
define the required format for a realtime file. This file will need to be
written by another program for Ventsim to read. The period time setting
defines how often Ventsim reads the file and updates its own network.

Output
Defines the location and period interval that Ventsim will use to export a
network data file.

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Options

A series of default options is loaded (defaults.dat file) at the beginning of a
Ventsim session. Although these defaults are suitable for most networks,
you may like to change some of them to change the performance or look of
the program.

Defaults



Default Airway Size & Values
Allows changing of default airway sizes and attributes, so that new
airways drawn also have these same attributes. Note that COPY
ATTRIBUTES from the EDIT menu can also perform a similar function.


New Airways

Use Area for new airways.
Determines whether an area or wall dimensions (as set in the
above default menu) are used when constructing new airways.

Property Inheritance
Selects whether a new airway will take on the same properties
(size, wall types etc) as the airway it is drawn from, or
alternatively be set to the default primary and secondary
Layers. If an airway is not drawn from any other airway, the
default attributes will be used automatically.

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Layer Inheritance : Selects whether a new airway will take on
the same Layers as the airway it is drawn from, or alternatively
be set to the default primary and secondary Layers. If an
airway is not drawn from any other airway, the default Layers
will be used automatically.


Simulation
Allows changing of various simulation parameters including maximum
allowable errors, number of iterations etc. Changing of these
parameters may improve the speed of simulation of your network,
but can also decrease the accuracy of results. Some of the options
that can be changed include :



Simulation Defaults

Maximum Iterations
Controls the number of attempts allowed to find a solution - if
a solution has not been found after the maximum number of
attempts, a best guess solution will be offered unless the user
elects to continue simulating.

Maximum Allowable Error
Defines the level of accuracy Ventsim must resolve down to
before an acceptable solution is displayed. This should be set
to less than 0.1 m3/s error. If a final analysis is required it
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may be advisable to set this as low as 0.01 m3/s. The smaller
the value, the more accurate the simulation process, but the
longer it will take - experiment to find the best trade-off.

Maximum Number of Airways
Set this value to the minimum you think you will need - it can
be increased later if your network gets too big. Setting this to
a value to large (maximum 20,000 branches) will increase
system requirements and slow the program down.

Maximum Number of Fan Types
Defines the maximum number of fans Ventsim can store within
the program. Again, this value should be the minimum
required as larger settings will increase system requirements.

Average Air Density
Is the average density of air throughout a mine. This value can
normally be set to the surface air density, however in deeper
mines, better simulation results may be obtained if this set to a
density found within the lower mine workings.

Surface Barometric Pressure
The surface barometric pressure is required as a basis for
calculating underground barometric pressure. This number has
no other influence on Ventsim simulations.

RL at Surface Pressure
In conjunction with the surface barometric pressure, this value
is used as a \basis for calculating underground barometric
pressures. If not entered, a ???? will be displayed, and the
highest point in the simulation will be used instead.


Cost and Efficiency Defaults
These figures are used as a basis for financial calculations within
Ventsim. Air power efficiency factor is a default figure given to
calculate the efficiency of energy conversion to air power. For
example a fixed flow or fixed pressure can provide a boost to
airflow which will require an equivalent amount of energy. In the real
world, this energy would be subject to losses of efficiency. To obtain
accurate energy estimates this efficiency needs to be taken into
consideration. Fans without efficiency curves will also be subject to
this factor.

Units
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Allow Ventsim to display results in either British Units or SI Metric.
Note that Ventsim using Metric units for underlying calculation, and
reconverts the units to the selected unit type when displaying.

Realtime Monitoring
As mentioned previously, this is an experimental option available to
Ventsim users. This selection will show or hide the monitoring options
displayed elsewhere in the Ventsim menus.


Graphics



Graphics Detail
Displays various levels of graphical detail over the network
display.

Icon Display
Allows changing the various aspects of the way the network
icons are drawn on the screen, including line thickness, arrow
size, node size, BBH size, resistance symbol size and smoke
size. Increasing the size or thickness of any of these, while
improving clarity, can greatly decrease the speed of graphic
screen updates - particularly increased line thickness. The
sizes of these graphics can either be fixed or scaled with the
screen scale. Scaling with the screen has the advantage of not
appearing as cluttered at large scales, however the size of the
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graphics may become too small to clearly distinguish.
Conversely, using fixed size will result in a very cluttered
display at large scales.

Fonts
Changes the various sizes and types of fonts used on the
screen. Only true type fonts should be used (eg ARIAL) as these
can be scaled more efficiently to different sizes by Ventsim.
The fixed or variable sizing option is similar to the graphics
options mentioned above.

Data Display
Displays Ventsim calculated data values on some or all airways.
All airways : displays values on all airways.
Some airways : displays values only on airways set to
show data (as set in the edit box).
Horizontal airways : displays values only on horizontal
airways.
Vertical airways : display values only on vertical or
inclined airways.


Colours



Allows changing of the colour scheme of the network on screen and
printer. Upon viewing the Colour Dialogue Box, simply select the
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colour to change on the left side of the box, and then select a new
colour from the list on the right side. Beware when changing some of
the colours if a colour printer is being used. The new colours may not
show up well on the printer.

Colour Scheme
Coordinates the colour scheme using either the RED-GREEN-BLUE to
show airways in exhaust or fresh air, or using a similar colour
sequence to show airways above, below and on the RL level.


Display



Network Display
Control options related to how the graphics are manipulated
within Ventsim.

Power zoom, speed, spin and tilt rotation stepping,
allows for changes in the speed of those functions. Slower
computers may require larger settings than faster
computers. Rotation jump steps are in degrees.

Unlimited Rotation and Zoom Speed, allows the user to
alternatively speed up or limit rotation and zoom speed.
Faster computers may need to select this item to reduce
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the speed of graphic updates, particularly when few
airways are shown.

Allow full 360 degree rotation
Allows a network to be spun upside down. Note that this
may lead to confusion when viewing or editing if the
network remains upside down.

Screen Buffer
Buffering is the process of storing a display in memory until
it is completely drawn, and then updating the screen
instantaneously. Choosing this function may reduce
flickering during moving and animation, and help reduce
artefacts left behind by overlapping windows, however it
may also slow down display updates. Older computers,
large resolution display or high colour depths may be slower
with screen buffering turned on.


Mouse Settings

Minimum Node Spacing - forces entered nodes to abide to a
minimum spacing, so for example nodes are not placed too
closely together. Most users will leave the value set at 1.

Node Spacing - restricts placing of nodes to a minimum spacing.
For example if you want a node to be placed only on 10m grid
interval (ie 4010, 4020 etc) then this can be set to ten. This may
also simplify placement of vertical and horizontal airways.

Airway Proximity Search - reduces or increasing the tendency
for the mouse to grab the nearest node or airway when placing
or removing objects. This is handy as accurate mouse placement
is not normally required, but can be frustrating if nodes need to
be placed close to one another, without having to zoom in. The
value is the percentage of screen area searched for surrounding
features.


Grid
Allows the changing of several parameters including:

Grid Spacing - variable grid line intervals (eg 10m, 50m etc).

Reverse Horizontal / Vertical Coordinates - Reverses all the
coordinate system WITHOUT changing the entered data. This
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may be useful if the data displayed in planning software is of a
different orientation or grid system to Ventsim.


Preset

Allows changing or adding of the parameter definitions of Resistances, Wall
Types and Shock Types, as well as their displayed names.



WARNING - these values should only be changed if the function of these
values is understood, and new values have measured or demonstrated
accuracy. Changing of these values will also alter the attributes of every
branch in a network that uses these values. New resistances can be added
by selecting the 'undefined' values, and typing in new names and values.
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2.1.6 Window

Ventsim allows multiple windows of the same network file to be viewed.
Data from different parts of the network can be displayed simultaneously in
separate windows. Airways can be drawn between windows, simplifying
connection of airways between levels. Network windows can also be
frozen, preserving original data after simulation, assisting in comparison of
simulated data.

New Windows
Creates a new network window, which is a copy of the current active
window. New windows are tiled in with current windows, so all windows
are visible. Windows can be resized or hidden after loading, or be removed
by clicking the X in the top right window corner.

Tile Windows
Tiles all active windows vertically, horizontally or cascaded as selected.

Freeze Windows
Freezes and retains the data in the current window regardless of further
changes to the network. This may be useful for comparing before and
after simulation changes to a network for example. A frozen window may
be unfrozen by selecting this menu item again.


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2.2 Toolbar Buttons

Tool bar buttons provide almost all the functions needed to create and analyse
an airway network

Tool Bar Buttons





The Ventsim toolbar is split into different functional areas. As a quick guide the
main areas are;

View Menus pull down menus will display different network data and locations.
Viewing buttons will generally manipulate the display.
Doing buttons generally create, delete and modify the network model.
Simulation buttons perform a simulation on the network model


Filing Buttons

Save Button
Saves the network immediately under the current name.

Load Button
Opens the LOAD dialogue window to load another Ventsim network



View Menus

Data Main and Sub Category
These two interlinked pull down menus display many different types of
network data. The top menu is broken down into main categories. The
bottom menu then divides the main categories into sub categories. For
example, if QUANTITY is selected in the top menu, the bottom menu will
have the options of AIRFLOW or VELOCITY. The selected data will be
displayed on the network airways.


Cursor location
Doing Buttons
Viewing Buttons View Menus Simulation
Rotate
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Saved View / Level View
The upper menu recalls a list of previously saved views. View names are
presented in alphabetical order. The first 5 views are permanent
orientations and cannot be changed. These views are also special in that
unlike user saved views, they will not alter what data is shown on screen,
just the view orientation of it. To save extra views, simply go to the
View>Save View menu item and enter the name of the view. Up to 100
saved views may be stored.

The lower menu views a selection of airways within an RL (depth) range.
The ranges can be defined in the Tools>Level menu. The ranges are
displayed from highest to lowest.


Viewing Buttons

Zoom Button
Allows enlarging and reducing of the network view area. Use the left mouse
button to zoom in, either by drawing a box or by clicking the button once.
To zoom out click the right mouse button. To use the powerzoom function,
depress the <SHIFT> key while using the left or right mouse button.
3D ROTATION of a network can be achieved in this mode, by depressing both
left and right mouse buttons, and moving the mouse left/right for rotate,
and up/down for tilt.

Fit Button
Fits all graphic airways on the current display level into the view window.

Redraw Button
Redraws the screen in the event that the screen is partially erased by
another window or program.

Grid Button
Displays/removes the coordinate grid in 2D mode.
Note that no grid is available in 3D mode.

Multi Level Button
Toggles between single RL Level display and Multiple RL Level display. The
multiple RL display consists of the previously selected Levels, whether they
be Selected, Ranged or All.
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2D Button and 3D Buttons
Changes between 3D mode and 2D viewing modes.

View Options Button
Shows the view options window, which allows the choice of displaying
various degrees of data and information. This may be useful for reducing
the amount of information in the display for easier viewing.

Follow Button
Permits following of an airway by clicking on the branch or the node of the
desired airway. Clicking on nodes that disappear onto other levels will bring
that level on to the display. This function can be useful for tracking the
paths of major airflows throughout a mine system.

Find Button
Finds a selection of different types of airways as specified in the View>Find
menu. Repeated pressing of the button will find the next occurrence of the
specified type.

Print Button
Prints the current screen contents on the windows attached printer

Info Button
Shows basic information about airways (size, quantity, pressure drop). If a
fan is present, it shows the fan curve and operating point. If a FIX is
present, it shows required pressure (Pa) and resistance for the FIX.



Doing Buttons


Add Button
Constructs an airway. Press the mouse button at the start of the airway and
drag the airway across to the endpoint. Either end of the airway will fix
itself to a nearby airway if available, or will create a new start/end node for
the airway. The airway parameters (size, friction factor, shock loss etc) will
be set either from the defaults table or from the attached airway (depending
on the Tools > Options setting).

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While in 3D mode, the RL of the airway may also be changed by pressing the
<SHIFT> key while moving the mouse.

The RIGHT mouse button may also be used to manually enter coordinates - a
coordinate window will be displayed when pressing the button. If manual
coordinate entry is required for just the end point, after initialising the
airway with the LEFT button, select the RIGHT mouse button.

Move Button
Moves a node or an airway to a new location. It will also recalculate
resistances if lengths of airways have been changed. To move a node, click
on the airway node to move, and drag to the new location. To move an
airway (and break it away from the node), click on the airway AWAY from
the node and drag the airway end to the new location. The new location can
also be manually entered by coordinates by pressing the RIGHT mouse button
if desired. The RL of the airway end can also be changed in 3D mode by
pressing the <SHIFT> key while moving the mouse. This will fix the X & Y
coordinates allowing the user to alter the RL value with the mouse.

Large numbers of airways can be moved by 'fencing' an area with the LEFT
mouse button. The 'manual coordinate' window will display and allow the
user to enter the displacement for the move area.

WARNING - using ' fence move' will only move displayed airways within the
fence. If airways are hidden with the LAYER function or are not shown in
the current RL range, then airways connecting to them will not be moved.
This may cause nodes to have the ends moved away from hidden airways,
resulting in 'no exit/entry' errors on simulation.

Flip Button
Reverses direction of an airway flow - This can normally be used to correct
an airway with no entry or exit.

Note that airways will automatically correct their direction if the airflow is
reversed during the simulation.


Erase Button
Deletes an airway or a node. To use, point the mouse to any part of an
airway or node and press the left mouse button. Multiple airways may be
deleted by depressing the left mouse button, and drawing a 'fence' around
airways to be deleted. Make sure no other connecting airways exist before
simulation, as a destination error will occur when simulating.

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Copy & Paste Button

Copy Function
The right mouse button activates the copy function. It allows the user to
copy an airway's attributes (dimensions, shock type, wall type) and later
paste them onto other airways.

Note that you should make sure that only the attributes you desire to copy
are first selected from the copy/paste attributes menu on the EDIT menu
bar, otherwise unwanted attributes may be pasted onto your airways.

Paste Function
The left mouse button activates the paste function. It allows the user to
paste a set of airway attributes (eg dimensions, shock type, wall type) onto
other airways. Single airways can be modified by clicking on an airway.
Multiple airways can be changed by 'fencing' an area with the LEFT mouse
button. All airways with ends within the fence will be changed to the copied
default values.

Note that you should make sure that only the attributes you desire to copy
are first selected from the copy/paste attributes menu on the EDIT menu
bar, otherwise unwanted attributes may be pasted onto your airways.

Fan Button
Adds or changes a fan in an airway. Point to the centre of an airway and
press the Left Mouse Button. A drop down menu box will allow a selection of
fan types, while other options on the form will allow changing of the number
and a parallel or series setup. Pressing the right mouse button will remove
the fan.

Name Button
Places a name at the nodes of an airway (end points) or at the centre of an
airway. Names are entirely for user reference and do not affect simulations.
Note that there are only a limited number of characters available for a
name. This button also allows the user to place text anywhere on the screen
(called floating text) independent of airway locations. This may be useful
for describing a local area or providing a brief explanation of what has been
done. The display of this data can be turned off in the display options menu.
Pressing the right mouse button will remove the name.

Contaminant Button
Places a Contaminant Source and concentration along an airway (a
yellow/red mark is placed on airway). One of more of these sources can be
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added. Using the <Gas Simulation> tool bar button, the path and
concentration of the contaminant is shown. This function can only be used
providing the network has been previously simulated. Contaminants may be
cleared by using 'Clear Contaminant' menu option.
Pressing the RIGHT mouse button will automatically place a 100 strength
contaminant if none is present, or will automatically remove a contaminant
if one is present.

Edit Button
Opens an Airway Edit form when the left mouse button is clicked on an
airway. This will allow fine tuning and changes of airway sizes, types and
other parameters. Pressing the right mouse button will remove any preset
resistance type. If no preset resistance is present, Ventsim will place a BBH
(brick bulkhead) to seal the drive.


Simulation Functions

AIR Simulation Button
Simulates the air flows and pressure drops in a network. If any error exists,
it will list the branches with errors. Graphically, the errors are shown as
BOLD airways, with the name ERROR.

GAS Simulation Button
This button activates the contaminant simulation, and immediately moves
into the simulation process and displays the result. If simulation input is
required (eg a change from fixed to cumulative simulation) then menu item
CONTAMINANT SIMULATION from the RUN menu should be chosen instead.


Rotate Button


The network rotation button. Clicking on the outer ends of this button will
rotate your network in that direction. Two speeds of rotation are available
by moving the mouse pointer further to the edge of the button. The small
button at the centre is the 'rotation centre' button. By clicking on this
button, and then selecting the middle of an airway on screen, the model will
then be rotated about this branch. To reset the rotation centre to the
centroid of the model, simply choose 'rotation centre' and click on a blank
part of the screen.

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Note that the model can be rotated continuously for display purposes by
simply using the RIGHT mouse button instead of the left to rotate the model.

Also note that rotation in 3D can be performed without using the rotation
button, by pressing left and right mouse buttons while in Zoom mode, and
moving the mouse .




Other Buttons

Undo Button
Reverses the last action by the user. An unlimited number of UNDO steps
may be undone. Note that this function will not undo a simulation. To do
this, undo the last step (which will orient all airways in their original
directions) and re-simulate.

Redo Button
Reverses the previous UNDO action.



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3. Building a Network


3.1 Fan and Level Database

Before creating a network, a level database and fan database must be created.


Level Database



A level database will need to be created before starting a network to allow airways
to be drawn on a particular RL. Ventsim initially defaults to a two level RL
database, however this will need to be changed to suit your mine.

The level database consists of a list of level ranges in which your data will be
located. It must always include a surface level (although data does not have to be
placed on this level), with all other levels ranges below the surface. A level
represents a range of reduced levels (RLs) or depths underground, with each level
being defined by an upper and lower value.

The RLs for each level are usually heights (m) above sea level, although other forms
of representation may also be used. For example, the surface RL may be called 0
metres, and all others set to negative (m below surface). It is important however,
that the RL's be defined in metre units from highest value (SURFACE) to lowest
(bottom of mine).

RL's may range from -89999 to +89999.

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Fan Database



The fan database consists of a list of fans and their characteristic fan curves
(operating pressures, quantities and efficiencies). Although Ventsim starts with a
list of several example fan curves, it is recommended that actual fan curves used
at the mine site be entered into the program. Note that either static or total
pressure curves can be used, or a combination of both.

Up to 1000 different types of fans may be stored within Ventsim (the actual
maximum number can be changed from the Default menu - Ventsim defaults to 250
maximum). The fan database is loaded automatically when Ventsim is loaded.
Ventsim also stores a fan database within the simulation files. The fan database in
memory is therefore overwritten by the simulation file fan database when loaded.
Ventsim SIM files can therefore be transferred between programs without the
need for the FANSDATA.DAT file (the file that specifies the default fan data when
Ventsim is first loaded). To restore a network database (which may be older) with
the default database, simply select Reload Fan Database from the FILE menu.


Fan Curve Data
The fan curves are made from up to four types of data:
Static pressure - Fan static pressure.
Total pressure - Fan total pressure.
Quantity: Fan airflows entered at the corresponding Fan Pressure
Efficiency : Total Air Power to Motor Input Shaft Power efficiency (entered as 0 -
100). The values are entered at the corresponding Fan Quantities. Efficiency
points are optional - if not entered the default efficiency will be used for the
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fan.

Note that these values can be copied to or from an EXCEL spreadsheet or similar
packages if desired.

Fan curve data can be copied carefully off the fan data sheets (usually available
from the fan manufacturers) by reading the pressures, quantities and efficiencies
along the fan curve, and entering them into the fan database editor. The fan curve
will be constructed as points are entered. If ten points are not entered, the
existing values will be carried through to make up the 10 curve points. Points will
be automatically sorted from highest to lowest pressure.
Do not to copy the stall region of the fan curve (the upper left part of the curve
that curls over and back down) into the database, as this cannot be used by
Ventsim.

The fan name can be typed into the text box on the right hand side, after which
the name will appear in the list box on the left hand side.

Modifying existing data

A fan curve can be copied (using the copy/paste command) into a blank fan slot, or
if no longer required, it can be modified in its existing fan slot. To modify existing
data, write over the values in the fan curve table. The fan curve will be modified
every time a value is changed, showing the effect to the fan curve as it is changed.

To delete a fan, select the fan, and press the 'DELETE FAN' button to remove fan
from database.

Changes to the fan database are saved with a network file. The modified fan
database can also be made the default fan database (the database Ventsim uses
when first loaded) by selecting the FILE <Save default> menu item.

Effective diameter

An optional value that in theory is close to the exit cone or evase diameter of the
fan. It is largely dependant on evase efficiency. If in doubt, enter a value
approximately half way between the fan diameter and evase diameter. This value
has no effect on simulation, but simply allows Ventsim to calculate power
consumption more accurately, by estimating the velocity pressure exiting the fan.


Static or Total Pressure ?

Ventsim allows the user to use either a static or total pressure fan curve. The
selection of either curve will have some effect on Ventsim, with TOTAL pressure
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curves producing slightly more airflow. So which type of curve is the right curve to
use ?

In most cases, total pressure curves are theoretically the correct curves to use,
BUT extra care must be taken if they are used. Total pressure curves assume the
velocity pressure portion of the fan output is converted to useful energy. In reality
however, a good portion of the velocity pressure may be wasted due to turbulence
and fan exit losses. These must be modelled carefully as shock losses in Ventsim to
give accurate simulation.

Fan static curves assume none of the velocity pressure output of a fan is useful. If
static pressure is used, fan exit losses are generally not required to be modelled in
Ventsim. However simulations with static curves may result in fan outputs being
slightly understated.

As contradicting publications support the use of either type of curves in
simulations, the author of Ventsim has given the user the option of choosing either.
Ventsim also allows the option of using a combination of both curves, where it may
be likely some of the velocity pressure will be useful. This is set in the FAN EDIT
box when placing a fan.
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3.2 Airway Editing

An important part in the modelling and simulation of a ventilation network, is
accurately setting the characteristics or parameters of an airway. When
airways are initially constructed, the airway characteristics will be set to a
series of defaults.

All airway parameters can be changed by selecting the EDIT button, and clicking on
the airway. The following window will be shown.



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Airway Data

Airway and Node Names
Select the upper text box to enter/change the name displayed in the middle
of the branch, and select the text boxes below to enter the names shown on
each end of the branch (nodes).
Note that entering or changing these names is optional, and has no effect on
the simulation. They are for user reference to points in a network.


Fixed Settings

The following settings may be fixed. This will force Ventsim to hold these values
and use them within the simulation. The values will not be changed until the check
box is unselected. Note that fixing these values will override any preset values.

Airflow Quantity
Sets the desired airflow amount. It forces the simulation to fix the flow in
the specified airway to a value, and adjusts all other airways accordingly.
By pressing INFO on the airway after simulation, the pressure and/or
resistance required for the fix is shown. Fixed Flows should be used
sparingly, as they may adversely affect the balance of a network. Fixed
Flows can be used where a quantity has been measured, and the user wishes
to force the network to use the same value, or if a fan type is not available
but the required airflow is known.

Pressure
Set the pressure boost (+ve) or pressure retarding (-ve) for airway. This has
two useful functions.
The first is to provide a method of fixing pressure boost (or retardation) for
an airway, in a similar way a fan would, but instead forcing the pressure
change to be constant. This may be useful if a pressure increase (or
decrease) is known, or needs to be simulated. Natural ventilation pressures
can be simulated by using this function at entries and exits to mine, where
the natural ventilation pressure is known.
Fixed pressures can also be used as a pressure/flow survey calculator to
estimate airway resistances. Simply enter a fixed flow and then enter the
measured pressure drop in the fixed pressure box. The airway resistance
will automatically be calculated and fixed.

Length
Sets airway to a specified length. Length is calculated automatically when
entering airways. If the automatically calculated length is not the true
length (for example, a spiralling decline is drawn as a vertical line between
levels, but is obviously longer than the vertical line), then the length should
be FIXED, and the true length entered.
Note that a FIXED Length will not change if the airway nodes are moved.
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Resistance
Sets airway to a specified resistance. The option allows setting of an airway
resistance, regardless of size of length. This can be used where the
resistance is known or has been measured.

Friction Factor
Sets the K (Friction) factor of an airway

Shock Length
Sets the equivalent additional length to take into account shock losses.
Shock loss is a term used to describe the turbulence caused by sudden
changes in airflow direction or flow shape. Examples are a sharp corner or
sudden change in drive size.

Fix Direction
Forces the airway to face in a particular direction. If a simulation tries to
change the direction, it will alert the user first. This may be useful for
alerting the user in cases where the integrity of a network may be affected
if an airway is reversed.

Preset Values

Preset values allow users to select an airway setting from a predefined pull down
list. Note that these lists are defined in the OPTIONS section.

Resistance
Resistance is calculated automatically when entering airways. The
resistance is derived from the size, wall type, length and shock loss factor.
If the airway has obstacles then the resistance must be chosen from a pre-
calculated list of resistance constants or entered manually as described
above.
Airway obstacles such as doors, bulkheads, muck piles etc, exhibit a
resistance usually much greater than the airway itself. Up to 50 resistances
can be added or changed from the DEFAULTS - Airway Parameters menu.
If the resistance is known to be a different value (for example, it has been
calculated in a ventilation survey), then the resistance can also be fixed, and
the measured value type in.

Note that a Fixed resistance will not change if the airway is moved or
lengthened.

Friction Factor (k)
Atkinsons friction factor describes the roughness or unevenness of wall.
Uneven walls create turbulent airflow along their boundary, thereby
increasing the resistance of an airway. A range of common values are
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suggested in the defaults, but other values may be entered with the USER
DEFINED option from the options menu list.

Shock Length
Ventsim uses extra length for shock loss values. Ventsim comes with a series
of Shock Loss values, describing different sized shock losses. These can be
changed to your own definitions under the options menu.

Shock Button
A tool for calculating the shock length equivalent of an airway. It allows the
user to define the shape characteristics of an airway and estimate the
equivalent shock length.

Orifice Button
A tool for calculating the resistance effect of an orifice in an airway. An
orifice in this case is defined as the remaining opening left by an obstacle
that has caused a sudden reduction in airway size. An example might be an
open man door within a bulkhead wall. When prompted, simply enter the
inside area of the orifice opening. The resistance of the orifice will be
added to the underlying airway resistance

Recalc Button
Will immediately recalculate the airway resistance based on what the user
has entered in the EDIT box.

Info Button
Displays an information box about the currently edited branch




Fans Selection

Fans may be added to airways by selecting from the pull down list. Other options
include placing the fans in series (one into another, thereby increasing available
pressure, but not flow) or parallel (side by side, thereby increasing available flow,
but not pressure). Static or total pressure curves can be selected, if they have
been entered into the fan curve, or a combination curve can be selected. The
combination value allow Ventsim to use a blend of fan curve, a percentage
between the two curves (see section 3.1 for further information).
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Airway Settings

Type Square, Circular or Irregular Airway
Clicking on the SHAPE TYPE button will cycle the airway through three
different types. In most cases, the square or circular headings option should
be accurate enough, and the airway dimensions can be simply entered. For
irregular shaped headings, it may be more accurate to enter the airway
dimensions as an area and perimeter.

Fresh or Exhaust Air Types
Ventsim allows the user to choose whether an airway will be displayed as
Fresh, Exhaust or unspecified air. Note that this function is only to assist the
user in recording and showing air types, and plays no part in Ventsim
simulations. All new airways will be unspecified until set as fresh or exhaust
air. Air types must be set manually for each airway, however the
copy/paste function can be used to copy an existing fresh/exhaust air
condition, and (fence) pasting the air type over other airways (note all other
copy/paste attributes should be deselected when doing this).

Fresh/exhaust airways colours will only be shown if the 'Fresh/Exhaust air'
display option is selected under the Display Options menu or the Defaults
Colours menu.

Surface Entry and Exit
Selecting either of these will force the airway node to connect to the
surface, without actually requiring the node to be placed there. This is
useful for placing fixed air into or from a network without a vertical branch
to the surface, or when the surface is a changing RL (eg the mine located on
a mountain side) and airways are required to enter or exit the mine at any
RL.

Number of Airways
The text box at the centre of the airway shape represents the number of
identical airways. Multiple parallel airways can be represented by a single
airway by changing this value from one (1). This may be useful where there
are a large number of parallel airways present, but the user wishes to
minimise entry of airways (coal mines frequently have this setup). If
multiple airways are required, simply enter the number of airways.
Resistances and simulated airflows are calculated assuming multiple airways
are present.

Services
This option simply deducts an average area that service pipes etc. take up in
a drive. Ventsim uses a value of 0.8 m2.

Show Data
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Ventsim will only show data on airways with this box selected. If not
selected, a line will simply represent where the airway is on screen. No
arrows, nodes, fans, bulkheads or written data will be shown on the airway.
This function can be used to 'unclutter' a display, by just showing the
important airways.

Primary and Secondary Layers
The viewing layers for the edited airway may be set with the values in the
prim and sec drop down boxes. SECTION 3.4 explains the use of viewing
layers. The Primary and Secondary view layer names can also be changed if
desired, by editing the drop down boxes.

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3.3 Constructing a Network

Several different methods can be used for constructing a network. The first is the
freehand method, which this section describes.

Another method is to use the airway database spreadsheet function to enter the
network via a text input type system. See the spreadsheet section for further
information on this method.

Another useful method, particularly for larger mines is the IMPORT method,
whereby a network can be created in a mine planning program or CAD package by
tracing over the mine plans, and then imported into Ventsim via DXF format. See
the section on IMPORTING/EXPORTING for further information on this method.

Rules for Constructing a Network

Keep in mind a number of simple rules must be followed for a successful network.

All airways in a network must be connected at both ends to another airway.
(The exceptions are airways entering or exiting the Surface RL)

All junctions of airways must have at least one airway entering, and at least one
airway leaving.

Any fixed flow in an airway must not restrict another fixed flow elsewhere in a
network.


Constructing Airways

Provided all other criteria have been met for establishing a network, (a fan and RL
database has been established) , an airway network can be created as follows.

Although airways can be added in any order, a good practice in creating a
network, is to establish major vertical airways, and then construct the
interconnecting horizontal airways.

When constructing your network, remember that it is not critical that the
network appear exactly as your mine plans. Bent or curved development that
can be approximated with a single straight line should be done were possible, as
this will decrease the number of airway branches required, and help speed up
simulation and display.

Although the network should be kept to the same scale as actual development,
slightly misplaced airways will have little impact on the final simulation. Of far
more importance are the parameters, such as airway size and wall types.
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Horizontal Airways

Horizontal airways can be constructed by simply pressing the left mouse button at
the beginning of an airway position and 'dragging' the mouse to the airway
destination. Clicking nearby other airways will automatically join the airway to
them, even if not exactly on top. If two airways are required to be placed closely
together without joining, then you will have to either zoom the view in closer to
separate the apparent distance, or increase the mouse snap tolerance in the
defaults menu.

Using the RIGHT mouse button before or during the operation, the start and/or end
points can be input by keyboard for more accurate placement. This method allows
the RL of either end to be changed to allow for inclined airways. Note that if the
RL range for that level is set wide enough, the airway will remain entirely on that
level (ie default green in colour).

Airways that remain within the Level RL range are shown in a different colour than
off level airways in 2D mode. In 3D mode airways travelling up or down at greater
than 45 degrees are shown in different colours. The arrow indicates the direction
of airflow.


Vertical or Inclined Airways

Constructing vertical airways in the third dimension is slightly more complicated
than horizontal airways. Several methods exist for constructing vertical airways.

When in the plan view 2D mode, the easiest way is to press the left mouse button
at the start of airway point, and move between levels with the 'UP' or 'DOWN' arrow
keys on the keyboard. The airway will 'rubber band' to where the mouse pointer is.
When on the desired level, release the mouse button, and the airway will be
constructed.

In the 3D mode (eg an isometric view), while airways are being drawn, the RL can
be adjusted by pressing the <SHIFT> key. The X & Y coordinates will be frozen at
their last position, and the RL will change with the mouse.

Another method is to manually enter the coordinates (by pressing the RIGHT mouse
button to draw the branch). The end coordinates can be entered as true
coordinates, or a relative offset can be entered, describing the relative movement
from the starting coordinate.

If multiple levels are being displayed, vertical/inclined airways can be drawn
between levels in the same way as horizontal airways. Yet another way is to open
up a second window on another level, and draw and airway between the two
windows.
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Vertical airways are shown in a different colour than horizontal airways. Airways
that go to a level above the current level are shown in a different colour to airways
going below. Note that in 2D plan view, true vertical airways are displayed with the
ends offset to allow easier viewing.


RL Issues
When constructing an airway on a new level, the RL of that airway will be set to
the middle of the RL range for that level. If a different RL is required it will have
to be manually entered with the RIGHT mouse button. Airways that are
constructed starting from another airway will inherit the RL of the airway they are
connected to. Do not worry if the RL of each airway isn't initially correct, as they
can later be changed later with the MOVE function.


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3.4 Layers

Layers are a way to individually layer or identify and view parts of a network
separately from other parts of the network. Some examples may include a stope
system, an orepass or ventilation raise system, a workshop area, or any other
collection of airways. Note that there is no requirement for the user to utilise
viewing layers. They are only present to allow easier manipulation and viewing of
a network.

Layers work by allowing the user to 'overlay' multiple layers of airways or
information on a screen. By doing this, unnecessary detail can be 'turned off' so
only airways of interest are viewed.


Primary Layers, consist of 16 layers. It is intended that the Primary Layers be
used for identifying types of airways. For example, Layer 1 could be Primary
Shafts, Layer 2 could be Main Airways, Layer 3 - Raises, Layer 4 - Stopes, Layer 5 -
Minor Airways etc. Layers may be made active by clicking on the name. Layers may
be made visible by marking the adjacent check box. The name can also be edited
if desired.


Secondary Layers, consist of 48 discreet layers. It is intended that the
Secondary Layers be used for isolating parts of a network that could be viewed
independently from the rest of the network. As mentioned above, this could
include working areas, stope, raises, declines or any other feature of interest.

There is no limitation on the number of airways belonging to a layer, however an
airway can belong to only one secondary and one primary layer. Primary layers and
secondary layers can be set and viewed independently of each other.

See the DEMO.SIM and BLUE_SKY.SIM examples that come with Ventsim.


Using Layers
The easiest way to use Layers is to create the network first (all airways will default
to Layer 1 of both Primary and Secondary Layers, and then changing airway Layers
to the desired number. To change Layers, a TOOLBAR button is provided. The
LAYER button can individually change airways to the active LAYER, by clicking the
centre of an airway, or change multiple airways at once by FENCING an area
(similar to the ZOOM function) and changing all airways with node(s) within the
fence to the active LAYER.

HINT: to set an active LAYER, use the LAYER menu, and click on the LAYER name
you want to make active. Active layers will show in RED. If the layer is active,
but the display for that layer is OFF (ie the box is unchecked), then changing
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Layers of airways on the screen (with the LAYER tool button) will cause the
selected airways to turn invisible. This can be a good way of ensuring you catch all
airways that need to be changed.


Viewing Layers

Once all airways have had Layers assigned to them, simply turn the layers on or off
with the Menu item LAYER SET PRIMARY or SECONDARY. By using the SAVE view
function, a view can be saved, along with all the set Layers, for later viewing.

The Layer Option item allows the user to choose how unselected Layers are
displayed on screen.


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3.5 Importing and Exporting Data

Ventsim provides the user with the ability to import and export data via a TXT
or DXF file format.

TXT file format is simply a text format with columns or 'fields' separated by a TAB
character. It can be used by most spreadsheets, databases, and also read into text
processors. (Note that VENTSIM uses a TXT format for its native SIM files -
therefore these can also be viewed or edited with a spreadsheet or database
package)

DXF file format is an ASCII CAD file standard, describing graphical data. If this
data is in line string form, VENTSIM can import and construct a skeleton network
from the file. Both UNIX and DOS format DXF files can be read by Ventsim.

Some uses of importing or exporting may be to:
read data to or from a CAD or MINE PLANNING package. This eliminates the
need to redraw a network from scratch.
Import or Export data from or to another network analysis program.
allow recording or analysing of results or data in a spreadsheet or database
program.

Importing

TXT Format
A wide variety of airway data can be imported into Ventsim via TXT format,
however it must conform to a set column format, and the minimum data must
contain the end coordinates (in metres) of each branch. From these coordinates,
Ventsim can construct a three dimensional network, and other branch
characteristics can be added later (such as size, fans, names etc).
Other data that can be imported from a TXT import file include branch name, to
and from node names, resistance, quantity, drive sizes and types. All of this data
is optional and can be left out of the import data if desired. Where possible,
Ventsim will use default values to fill in missing data.

To view the import file column format, load a blank EXPORT.TXT file into a
spreadsheet program. The first line will show the column heading for each
column. Note the first line of an Import File will be ignored, and can be used for
comments.


DXF Format
Only very limited data can be imported with a DXF file. Ventsim will import all line
and linestring data from the DXF file and attempt to create a 3D network with it.
As only a skeleton network is created, all airway attributes (sizes, names etc) will
need to be entered into VENTSIM at a later date.
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Import Options

Retain Drive resistances. If the TXT import file has resistance values, and
you would like Ventsim to use them and not recalculate it own resistances,
select this option before pressing IMPORT. If your data has no drive
dimensions, but pre-calculated resistances, then this should be used as
Ventsim will not be able to calculated resistances accurately.

Retain Raise resistances. As with drive resistances, the import
resistances will be set to MANUAL, and not recalculated by Ventsim.

Attempt to create a RL database. USE THIS OPTION WITH CAUTION.
Ventsim will search your data for different RL's and create its own RL data
list. If this option is NOT chosen, your data will be placed on a single RL
level range, which can be split into more ranges later. Note that the RL
database is created from discreet RL values. If the import data has a large
amount of the data on slightly different RL's, then it may be best if the RL
database is created later, so that RL Levels can be defined by the user to
cover a range of RL's. For example, if the import data is sourced from a
CAD package where many airways may vary by several metres over a sub
level, and the Create RL database function is chosen, then an RL Level will
be created for each and every different airway RL.

Merge with existing data. The imported file with attempt to merge with
your existing data. Duplicate airways will normally be deleted. This may
be a good option if updating a network with more data for example.

X,Y,Z Offset. The imported data may be offset relative to the grid
coordinates in Ventsim if required. This may be useful if the data to be
imported is outside the range of valid Ventsim coordinates (Ventsim can
only handle coordinates from 0 to 999,999).


Exporting

TXT Format
Export data saves the data in the same format as IMPORT data reads a data file.
The first line of an export file will describe what each column represents. The first
six columns represent the X,Y, Z coordinates of the airway ends, while the
remaining data describes various other attributes. Note that because of the large
number of airway attributes, not all are exported to an export file. This mean that
exporting and importing the same data file will result in the loss of some attributes
(such as the RL database, wall types, shock types and others).

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If all attributes are required, then the native Ventsim *.SIM files can be read as TXT
format. These files will contain all data used by Ventsim, and can also be modified
and resaved, providing no data or formatting has been corrupted.


DXF Format
Exports the data in DXF format for reading by a CAD type package. Note that only
limited information is exported in this format. This includes all branches, names
and data values as shown on the screen.

DXF export of screen data will export a 2D representation of what is on screen.
DXF export of true coordinates will export a 3D representation of your network
model.
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4. Spreadsheet Editing




Ventsim allows airways to be entered via an in built spreadsheet (located under the
Database/Airways menu. This option may be preferred if (for example) the data
to be entered is available in spreadsheet form, or the user finds the spreadsheet
method easier to use. Note however, that many of the advanced Ventsim functions
are only available within the graphical editor.

Airways can be edited and new airways created from the spreadsheet screen. Data
can also be copied and pasted to and from other Windows programs (eg Excel or
Word).



Using the spreadsheet
Upon selecting the spreadsheet function, only airways currently displayed on
screen will be shown in the spreadsheet. If all airways are required to be
displayed, select <VIEW><ALL> from the pull down menus.
Values that are FIXED (eg fixed quantities or resistances) will be shown in RED
with and * next to the value.
Move around the spreadsheet using the mouse, arrow keys or scroll bar.
Values can only be entered into columns corresponding to airway parameters.
The comments column and the branch number column are not editable.
Values entered into the spreadsheet will not be permanently entered into
airway data until the spreadsheet is either simulated or saved, or unless the
<EDIT><EDIT BOX> function is used to enter data.
Names entered into the From and To columns will be automatically copied
into other airways with corresponding From and To locations.


Pressure/Quantity Surveys
Pressure surveys for calculating airway resistances are catered for by allowing users
to enter the surveyed values in the Pdrop (pressure loss) column and the
Quantity column. Ventsim will automatically calculate and enter a corresponding
resistance value.
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Menu Items

File Menu

Save Changes
Saves the spreadsheet data into your network airways. Note that this
does not save to a hard drive file. (That can only be done from the
main menu).

Print
Prints the spreadsheet data onto the default printer.

Exit
Exits the spreadsheet, and returns the user to the graphical Ventsim
interface.


Edit

Edit Box
Displays the editing option for an airway. This is the same editing box
as the graphical editor, and allows detailed changes to be made to
each airway. Unlike direct changes to the spreadsheet, the data
changes are immediately saved to the corresponding airway.

Info Box
As with the main graphical menu, this function will show detailed
information about the currently selected row.

Copy
Copies the highlighted data onto the Windows clipboard for use in
other Windows programs. This data can then be pasted into
spreadsheets, word processors or databases, or into other parts of the
Ventsim spreadsheet.

Paste
Pastes data from the clipboard into the Ventsim spreadsheet. Note
that the data MUST be in the same format as the Ventsim
spreadsheet.

Clear
Erases the data from the selected area

Select All
Selects the entire Ventsim spreadsheet. This may be useful if the
spreadsheet is to be fully copied onto the Windows clipboard.
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Insert
Inserts a new line for data entry and assigns it a new branch number.
Note that due to the simulation process, the branch number and
position on the spreadsheet may change after the network is
simulated.

Delete
Deletes a line (and the corresponding airway)

Find and Find Again
Attempts to find a line with the entered search string in it. If an
exact match is not found, a best guess will be offered. Note that only
the column with the cursor in it will be searched. Find again finds
subsequent matches of the previously entered search.


Sort

Ascending
Sorts all rows from the currently selected column in ascending order.
Note that due the way the search engine works, blank cells will be
listed first, followed by alphanumeric cells.

Descending
Sorts all rows from the currently selected column in descending order.


Data

Fix
As with the graphical editor, this will fix the currently selected data
value (if appropriate) to prevent them being changed by Ventsim in
future. Fixable data includes airflows, resistances, pressure boosts
(Fans and fixed flows <Fpres>) and pressure drops (Pdrop). Fixed
values are shown in RED

Unfix
Allows Ventsim to change the data value if required.

Recalc Row
Recalculates the selected row data based on new values that may
have been entered. Eg the resistance may have changed if the airway
length or dimensions were modified. The recalc function will
therefore update the resistance value.

Recalc All
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Same as Recalc Row except it will recalculate all spreadsheet data.

Simulate
Simulates the network based on the data within the spreadsheet. If
no errors are present, the updated data will be redisplayed in the
spreadsheet.


View

Fix/Unfix Columns/Headings
Allow headings and columns to be fixed or unfixed to prevent them
from moving when scrolling through the spreadsheet.

Hide/Show Columns
Hides unwanted columns of data from view for easier viewing. Note
that hidden columns will not be printed either.

Show All Data
Displays all airways in the network on the spreadsheet (as opposed to
only displayed levels when the spreadsheet is first loaded).
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5. Using Networks


5.1 Airflow Simulations

WARNING - Failure to observe the rules of network analysis can result in
network errors, which must be corrected before simulation can be completed.

Ventsim uses a method called the Hardy Cross process, where, through a number of
iterations a network is adjusted until it comes up with an acceptable solution.

Once all desired airways have been added, the network can be simulated using the
<AIR SIMULATE> tool bar button, or by selecting 'Simulate Flows' from the menu.
The process will show a STATUS window describing the process of the simulation.
Network simulations go through the following processes.


Initialising
The initialising of a network will sort and check all airways to ensure that they have
an origin and destination, and that no duplicate airways exist. It will also check to
see if a FIXED airflow will restrict airway analysis.
All errors found during the initialisation process will appear in the Error List window
on the simulation form, and any further simulation will halt. These errors must be
corrected before simulation can be continued further.


Performing Simulations
While performing iterations, the network displays a status bar, indicating the status
of the simulation.

Well balanced networks should be solved within 25 iterations, however some
networks may take much longer to solve. If the number of iterations exceeds the
maximum number set in the defaults, then the simulation process will halt and ask
the user if they wish to continue. If the user chooses NO, Ventsim will display its
best guess. Networks that are not allowed to balance completely should be treated
with some caution, as the resulting air flows may not be correct.


Simulation Problems
A poorly converging network will usually have one or more of the following
problems.

stalled or negated fans (ie fans operating outside fan curve)
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unreasonably FIXED airways
unreasonable parameters on airways (eg size or resistance)
too many bulkheads or fans restricting network mesh formation

Any of these may slow down or prevent network simulation convergence and should
be sought out and corrected if possible (unless the data represents a desired part of
your network) particularly if the network shows signs of poor convergence.. The
TOOLS > TROUBLESHOOT menus will help identify these airways, as will the FIND
function under the EDIT menu.

The majority of errors in a network result from airways that have no 'from' origin or
'to' destination. If this occurs, find the erroneous branch(es) and ensure every
node has a branch entering, and a branch leaving. Use the 'FLIP' function to turn
the airways around, and then re-simulate when completed

FIX NOT ALLOWED (BAD FIX) errors are caused by fixes placed in a network where
other fixes contradict it. A fixed quantity cannot override another. In this case,
one of the fixed airways must be removed.


Troubleshooting

Networks which will not converge to the desired error level are sometimes difficult
to fix. Investigating all fans and fixes in a network, and ensuring they are
operating at reasonable pressures and flows can often solve this problem. A fan
that has air forced through backwards is particularly troublesome as the airways
entering the fan are reversed, however the fan branch remains in its original
direction. This may cause branch entry or exit errors. In this case, it may be best
to remove the fan and replace it with a fixed quantity until the cause of the
imbalance can be found elsewhere.

The menu item TOOLS > TROUBLESHOOTING' provides the user with tools to help
fix troublesome networks. While none of these tools are essential to use to create
a successful network, they may assist in uncovering troublesome parts of a
network, where convergence and errors may be a problem.

FIND UNNECESSARY BULKHEADS - will find bulkheads which are not required in the
network (ie the airway is already restricted by another bulkhead elsewhere which is
stopping airflow). This will assist occasionally help Ventsim in simulations.

FIND UNNECESSARY FANS - will find fans which are being directly influenced by
other fans in the network. This means that a fans operating point is being directly
affected by another fan, and may result in poor simulation.

REMOVE UNNECESSARY BULKHEADS will remove any unnecessary bulkheads, as
identified in the above description.

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FIND NON-CONVERGING AIRWAYS : will highlight the airways in the network which
are not converging. This may assist the user in narrowing the search for problem
parts of the network. Airways with convergence errors greater than 0.1m/s or
greater than the default error setting will be displayed as a 'Convergence Error" on
the screen. Try removing bulkheads, fixes and fans from both non-converging
airways and other airways that lead into the non-converging airways. The
simulation will need to be repeated until the problem airway is found.

RE-SEED AIRFLOWS : A final tool which may be used to help non-converging
networks. This will change the every airway airflow value (with the exception of
fixed airflows) to a specified (default 10) airflow, and allow Ventsim to re-simulate
from this new base. Often, this will be all that is needed to re-balance a network.
Try different values (eg 0, 20 or 50) if the initial attempt does not result in a
successful simulation.
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5.2 Contaminant Simulation

Contaminant simulation can be a complex process, and Ventsim uses only a
relatively simple algorithm to perform analysis. While this can cope with multiple
sources of different concentrations, and recirculation within the network, more
complex factors such as gas layering, dust settling and non-perfect mixing at
junctions are ignored. Treat any results with caution if this is likely.


Some Possible Uses for Contaminant Simulations

Contaminant simulation allows tracking of smoke/gas/dust paths and
concentrations throughout your network. It also can calculate times taken for
contaminants to travel through a network.

Planning fire refuge bays or ventilation setups should a fire occur.
Emergency situations of fire underground.
Tracking dust or gas contaminations in a network.
Determining the effects of exhausts from production areas through an
underground mine
Showing whether recirculation of air is present in a mining region.
Showing the paths, concentrations and dispersion times of a warning gas (eg
Stench Gas) throughout a mine.


Setting Concentrations
Ventsim uses a unit independent form of contaminant concentration, however the
unit must be related to the air flow volume. Units such as % , ppm , mg/m3 are all
acceptable, however units that describe emission rates (such l/min or l/sec or
kg/s) are not acceptable. For example if methane in a coal mine is required to be
simulated, and is measured in l/sec emission from a seam, then this unit must first
be converted to another unit type (eg percentage, or ppm of total air content)
before simulation.

This simulation method suffices for almost all types of simulations (gas, smoke,
dust), however if the contaminations are large in volume compared to the air flow,
and heavy recirculation is present in network, then some accuracy may be lost.

For general use (eg tracking smoke) simply use a value of 100 at the smoke source.

WARNING - larger underground fires may cause changes in ventilation flows (such
as increased or reversing airflows) due to the heat and gases produced. The
ventilation simulation will not reflect this, and therefore the contamination
simulation may not be valid.


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Placing Contaminants
Placing contaminants in a network is done by selecting the contaminant button,
and clicking on the centre of an airway. An input box will then ask for the initial
concentration number. This may represent any type of contamination unit as
discussed above. The default value of 100 may be used for general smoke or gas
simulation, where the actual value is not known. Ventsim will not attempt to keep
track of the unit type, and output results will simply be returned in the same scale
format as the input concentration. Input concentrations must be entered as
numbers with no form of unit type.

For example:
Smoke or gas percentages may be input at one location as 100, and another as 50,
where these numbers may represent scale percentages of smoke thickness. Once
simulated, the values returned will be relative to these values.


Performing a Contaminant Simulation
A contaminant simulation can only be done after a network is simulated.
Contaminant simulation is activated by placing one or more smoke sources with the
contaminant tool bar button, and then performing a Contaminant simulation from
the RUN menu or from the TOOLBAR button.


Contaminant Simulation Options
Two types of simulation may be performed : Fixed source or Cumulative source.

Fixed Source Simulation will keep the concentration in a contaminant source
airway limited to the original value. Recirculated contaminants that pass
back through source airways, will not alter the source original value. This
type of simulation should be used if contaminations in airways are known to
be the maximum value (eg 100% or have been actually measured).

Cumulative Source Simulation will not limit the concentration in a
contaminant airway to its original value. Therefore if recirculation is present,
or another contaminant source is located upstream, then the value may
increase above the original source. This type should be used where
recirculation is required to be simulated.

Retain Legend Numbers will simply use the legend values and colour codes
from the last simulation. If this is not selected, then the legend will
automatically calculate the colour split up.

Upon pressing the <SIMULATE> button the display will then show the paths of the
smoke, and a colour code concentration legend, showing various degrees of
contaminant levels.

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Networks that have recirculated air will slow down smoke simulation. The network
may be returned to 'normal' mode after simulation, by selecting the <CLEAR
CONTAMINANT> menu item from the top menu or the GAS LEGEND form.


Viewing the Simulation Data
The view can be changed between concentration and time by selecting the drop
down DATA list on the left of the screen. The spread of smoke can at different
times can be displayed by moving the scroll bar button in the smoke legend box. A
limited form of animation can be performed by holding down the arrow keys on the
scroll bar, and watching the smoke run through the mine.


Changing the Concentrations Legend
Ventsim will attempt to create its own concentration legend by splitting up the
range of concentrations into five parts. These can easily be changed by clicking on
the legend numbers, and typing in new numbers. The colours on the network will
automatically change. To keep these values for the next simulation, select the
RETAIN LEGEND function on the Simulation sheet before simulating.
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5.3 Viewing a Network

Ventsim allows the unique option of viewing your network as a two-dimensional
or three-dimensional model. While in 3D mode, the model can be rotated in
any direction to aid in the viewing of the network. Three-dimensional viewing
allows easy examination of shafts and other vertical and sub vertical airways.

Plan View Mode
This is the default viewing mode. It shows a horizontal view of the network, with
vertical or inclined raises or drives shown entering or exiting the level.


3D View Mode
This mode is selected from the <VIEW>3D View option menu, by the 3D tool bar
button, or by rotating the plan view mode. Five standard saved views can be
accessed from the drop down view list. Apart from the default horizontal editing
view, other views include LONG SECTION (vertical slice, left to right), CROSS
SECTION (vertical slice, top to bottom) and ISO VIEW (looking isometrically down,
bottom left to top right. Further views may be added by using the SAVE VIEW
function, accessed from the View Menu.


Manipulating the 3D Display
A view may be rotated using the arrow rotation buttons on the Rotation button at
the far right of the screen, or by pressing both mouse button in the view mode, and
moving the mouse. The Up/Down arrows, or Up/Down motion of the mouse will tilt
the network model forward and back. The Left/Right arrows or Left/Right motion
of the mouse will spin the model around. Two speeds of rotation can be used, by
moving the mouse from the inner to the outer parts of the Rotation button.

Note that pressing the RIGHT mouse button on the Rotation button will continue
to rotate the network model without any further interaction from the user. To
stop the view rotating, simply click the button again, or any part of the screen.


Viewing RL Range Levels
The default display is for one level only, however multiple, selected levels or all
levels may be displayed by selecting the <VIEW>Level menu function, or the Level
tool bar button. Levels can be changed by using the Up and Down arrow keys or by
changing levels with the pull down level list at the left of the screen.


Viewing Options
A large number of viewing options exist (accessed from the VIEW menu) that allow
the user to vary the amount of information shown on the screen. Because of the
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large amount of information shown on the screen, options exist for showing just
vertical or horizontal data, as well as numerous other bits of data.


Moving the View Around a Network
Options to do this are :
Use the ZOOM and FIT functions from the Tool bar
Use the PAN function (right or middle mouse button while in ZOOM mode to
'grab' and slide the screen around.
Use the POWERZOOM function by pressing the SHIFT key while in the zoom
mode.
Use the mouse scroll wheel if present, to zoom in and out.
Use the FIND button to find parts of a network.
Use the SAVE view function to recall previously saved views.

Note the middle button pan and the mouse scroll wheel zoom function will work
in all tool bar modes. Rotation and Powerzoom will only work in the ZOOM tool
bar mode.
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5.4 Printing Networks


Printer Types
Ventsim should be capable of using most Laser and Inkjet printers, and other
printers with graphics capabilities. Windows requires the appropriate printer
drivers to use any printer. Ventsim can print on any size sheet up to A0.


Printing the Network
Printing the network is available from the FILE <Print> menu. Ventsim will print
whatever is on the screen at the time (including 3D mode graphics) and will also
use similar screen font sizes and line widths for the printer if possible.

Ventsim initially defaults the printing scale to the maximum width of the paper. If
the printer supports Landscape printing, the scale size can normally be improved.
If a specific scale is required, simply type in a new scale in the box provided on the
print form. Remember the scale number can only ever be increased from the
default scale size initially presented (otherwise the print would be larger than the
paper)

Pressing the Printer Setup button can change printer setup and type. A problem
currently exists when changing printers (and sometimes sizes) under WINDOWS NT
while in Ventsim. This can be worked around by changing printers and settings
outside of Ventsim through the Windows CONTROL PRINTER PANEL.

Colour printing is available on colour printers, but screen graphic colours may not
match printer colours on some printers.

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5.5 Tips and Techniques

Creating a Successful Network (notes from the author)

Network analysis cannot solve all ventilation problems, and it is important to
recognise some of its limitations.


Designing a Network
It is tempting to put as much detail into a network as possible, believing that more
detail means more accuracy in simulation. This is rarely necessary and a smart
network will be constructed with the absolute minimum detail required. This
means that all unnecessary airways (such as bulkheaded off or unused airways)
should not be put in a network unless required for the simulation.
Extra airways in a network will increase the scope for errors, slow down simulation
and viewing, and generally create a more complex, cluttered display.


Use DXF Importing !
DXF importing is a great way to start a network of an existing mine, however care
should be taken not to create work by importing too much data. Centre lines of
survey or planning data for example can be imported and used as a basis for a
Ventsim network, however it is likely that large amounts of unnecessary detail will
be imported as well. A smarter way to do it is to create a ventilation 'skeleton'
while in the planning software that traces over important parts of the network, and
then import only the skeleton. This will save you considerable time in editing the
imported data.


Using the Cost Analysis Functions
The cost analysis functions available from Ventsim (ie the power cost, and energy
Loss data types) are useful for determining the economics of a network,
particularly in establishing raise and drive sizes. The power cost of fans and fixed
airways is calculated by dividing the air power by the fan or default efficiency. If
the fan efficiency is not available (for example the efficiency curve has not been
entered) then the default 'air power efficiency' (from the defaults menu) is used.

When calculating economic airways sizes, it must be remembered that by
increasing the size of a primary airshaft to decrease pressure loss (and hence
energy loss) and increase airflow, the increased airflows will be distributed
throughout the rest of the network. The net result for the network may be an
overall increase in power costs, not a decrease ! To establish a true cost for a
PLANNED network, instead of using fans on the primary shafts, use FIXED
quantities. This means increasing sizes of raises and drives will not increase total
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airflow, but instead show a true reflection of reduced costs. Analysing the FIXED
airways will indicate the type of fans required.


Selecting Fans
If the type of fan is not currently present or known, then FIXing the quantity in
airways that will have fans will have the same result. The advantage of this
method is that the required pressure can be derived from the INFO button, and
hence the exact type of fan selected by matching this pressure and quantity to a
fan curve.


Using Flexible or Vent Duct with Fans
Although Ventsim allows the user to simulate fans and vent duct, the limitations of
this method must be recognised. Simulating vent duct into a blind heading will
actually require two airways, one with the vent duct characteristics, and the other
returning airway with the development drive characteristics. On a network this
can be simulated by constructing two closely spaced airways doubling back on each
other, either side by side, or on top of each other and separated by a change in RL.

Flexible vent bag also has a leakage factor that Ventsim cannot simulate. This is
particularly relevant if the duct is old or damaged. The result is that much of the
air leaks out the duct before exiting the end, and hence a lower pressure build up
occurs within the duct. Steel, rigid or brand new duct usually has less of a problem
in this regard, and can be simulated more accurately. Caution should be taken
when simulating vent duct.


Inclined Levels
Ventsim normally only allows horizontal levels over a range of RL's, however what
can be done when the orebody may be shallow dipping, and each mine level follows
the orebody (for example shallow dipping coal seams)? In this case the RL's
between the mine levels will probably overlap, making the normal level system
unusable. This is where LAYERS can be used to group an inclined.

Ignore the normal RL level system, and just have two (2) levels - Surface and
Underground, where the underground level covers the full range of all mine
RL's.

Now use the Primary Layer function to group all airways on a particular mine
horizon onto the same Primary Layer. Call this Layer an appropriate name.

Continue grouping other mine horizons onto different Primary Layers (a
maximum of 16 are available)

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Finally, save each view, where the different Primary Layers have been switched
on and off.

Now each mine level can be selected from the recall view list, the same as normal
horizontal levels would be recalled from the level list.

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6. Network Examples

Several network examples are included with the Ventsim program. The first
example below describes the method used in creating the network file
EXAMPLE1.SIM


6.1 Example 1

An underground mine is to be designed from near the base of an open pit that is
100m deep. A decline will extend down some 140m below the pit floor, travelling
adjacent to a sub vertical orebody. Three drilling / production sub levels will
branch off the main decline every 40 vertical metres, starting at 60m below the pit
floor. Main production will be from the bottom two levels. A ventilation shaft
some 400m away (outside the pit boundary) extends from the mine base to the
surface, connecting all sub levels. An exhaust fan on the shaft will need to pull
150m3/s to supply the mines production needs. Fresh air is supplied to the mine
via the main decline.

1. Conceptually design a mine ventilation network incorporating the three simple
sub levels. Ensure air is supplied equally to each level.

2. Due to power restrictions, main exhaust fan power must not exceed 200kW.
What diameter shaft should be mined ?

3. Emergency plans require stench gas to be delivered from the decline portal to
all parts of the mine. What is the maximum time for the stench gas to be
delivered to all areas of the mine.

Suggested Steps

1. Construct an RL database with a surface level from 0 to -100 and subsequent RL
levels -160, -200, and -240.

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2. Draw in a decline from the surface (at -100) with nodes placed at every sub
level to allow the break-offs to be established. Two ways are recommended to
draw horizontal airways between levels. Either use the RIGHT mouse button to
draw while in PLAN view - this will allow the RL to be manually selected from a
drop down list OR use the arrow keys (up or down) to step between levels while
drawing the airway with the LEFT mouse button.

3. The base sub-level should be drawn across to the shaft location. To create the
shaft, simply click on the connecting horizontal airway with the RIGHT mouse
button, and manually select the surface RL to connect the shaft to the surface.
The remaining sub-levels can be joined into the shaft at a later date.

4. A quick way to join the other sub levels into the vertical vent shaft is to click on
'ALL LEVELS' to display all levels of the mine, and spin the network into a cross
section view with the rotation button. Then simply connect the appropriate
sub-level drive across to the shaft (the sub-level drive will be 'break' into the
shaft)

5. Once a rudimentary network is created, airway characteristics (size etc) can be
established. If a group of airways have the same characteristics, simply EDIT
one airway to the correct value, and use the COPY/PASTE tool bar button, use
the RIGHT mouse button on the airway to copy those attributes, and then use
the LEFT mouse button the paste those attributes to other airways.

6. The type of fan required is not known at this stage, so EDIT the airway, and fix
the airflow to the required 150m3/s. Set the shaft to ROUND 2.4m diameter.

7. SIMULATE the network, correcting any errors that arise. Airflows should be
distributed through the entire network. To even out the airflows between
levels (the top level will naturally draw more air), regulators (resistance values)
will have to be placed on the upper sub-level shaft accesses. This will force
more air to the lower levels. Re-simulate and continue to adjust until airflows
are approximately correct.

8. To ensure exhaust shaft power consumption is not excessive, use the INFO tool
bar button on the FIXED shaft. The estimated power consumption of the FIX can
be reduced if necessary by adjusting the shaft diameter and re-simulating.
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9. Stench gas distribution can be simulated by placing a contaminant source (the
smoke tool bar button) on the decline access airway. Simulate using the GAS
button to distribute the stench gas. Switch the data display to TIME to display
time for gases to be distributed. Distribution of stench gas can be animated by
using the scroll bar on the LEGEND box.

A possible solution to this example.
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6.2 EXAMPLE 2

A skeleton network has been created in a mine planning package by tracing over
the existing and planned development, and exporting the file as a DXF format file.
Import this file into Ventsim and adjust it to create a workable network. Note that
the decline is 5.5m x 5.5m, the sub level drives are 4.0m x 5.0m and the
ventilation shafts are 2.4m diameter.

1. Create an RL database that separates the mine into each sub-level. Create a RL
that also displays the entire mine.

2. Create three PRIMARY Layers, and set the DECLINE, SUB-LEVEL and SHAFT
airways to these Layers.

3. Divide the mine into fresh & exhaust air with the DECLINE carrying fresh air, and
the SHAFT and the upper sub level carrying exhaust.

4. Create some saved views showing
the whole mine with exhaust and fresh air showing.
the decline by itself.
the two upper sub-levels and corresponding shafts.


Suggested Steps

1. Initially set the default airway sizes (in the TOOLS > OPTIONS > DEFAULTS menu)
to 4.0 x 5.0m and 2.4m diameter respectively. This will set all imported DXF
airways to these defaults sizes, and therefore the majority of airways will not
need to be adjusted after importing.

2. IMPORT the DXF file into Ventsim. Do not select automatic level creation.
Select the upper airway to be the SURFACE RL.

3. Create an RL database with the RL MIN & MAX covering each sub-level range.

4. Create the Layers and enter three names into the PRIMARY Layer screen. Set
the active LAYER to the DECLINE.
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5. Select the DISPLAY options button and set it to display FRESH/EXHAUST airways.

6. Edit a decline airway and set the appropriate parameters (such as airway
dimensions, wall type and fresh air).

7. Select the menu item EDIT / COPY/PASTE OPTIONS. Select the drive size, wall
type, primary Layer and exhaust/fresh level options. This will ensure only these
parameters are copied to new airways. Choose the COPY/PASTE tool bar
button, and RIGHT click on the adjusted airway to copy these attributes. Use
the LEFT mouse button to copy these parameters to other decline airways.




8. All other airways should already be the correct size. To set the Layers, set the
PRIMARY LAYER from the LAYER menu to SUB-LEVEL, and then select the LAYER
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tool bar button, using the LEFT mouse button to set the sub-level airway
Layers. Do the same with the SHAFT Layers.

9. To set the remaining EXHAUST and FRESH airways, again set the COPY/PASTE
options and just select the FRESH/EXHAUST option. RIGHT click on a FRESH
airway to copy this attribute then LEFT click on other fresh air airways. EDIT an
airway and change it to EXHAUST. Again select the COPY/PASTE button and
RIGHT click on this airway. LEFT click on all other exhaust airways.


The final DXF import result
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APPENDIX A

Ventsim Data Types

Ventsim allows the user to display a large number of different types of data.
Although the primary function of network analysis is simulation of air flow
quantities, Ventsim can also display many other kinds of data, to assist the user.


Quantity
Displays the quantity flows along all airways in the view port.

Pressure Loss
Display pressure loss due to airway resistance along all airways in the view port.
Fan and fix pressures are ignored and can be viewed under Pressure Boost.

Pressure Boost
Displays pressure boost that is provided to an airway by a fan or fix. If a fan or fix
is not present, no value is displayed. Fix quantities that retard airflow will be
shown as a negative pressure boost.

Pressure Load
Pressure load is defined as the weight that the pressure loss applies across an
airway resistance. It is calculated from and proportional to the airway area. This
is normally useful for airways with defined resistances, whereby the weight of air
on a vent door (for example) can be shown. Airways with fans or fixes are shown as
a negative pressure load, as the load in these cases is applied in the opposite
direction to airflow.

Resistance
Display resistances along all airways in the view window.

Friction Faction
Atkinsons Friction Factor, which describes the roughness or unevenness of a wall.

Shock Factor
A value which approximates the pressure loss effect of sudden changes to airflow
direction or turbulence. The value takes the form of a length, which is added to
the length of the airway, thereby increasing the airway resistance.

Branch Number
Displays the number of the airway in the internal network database. While this is
not normally useful, it may be handy to track down branches with errors. The
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numbering order of the branches is from bottom right corner to upper left, bottom
RL to top RL. Note that this numbering system is dynamic, and airway numbers will
change when added or removed.

Airway Sizes
Displays the size attributes of the airway on screen. Drives are shown as (eg.)
4mx4m while raises are shown as (eg.) Diam1.8m.

Air Velocity
Displays the average velocity of air along all airways on screen. The velocity is
calculated from the simulated quantities divided by the cross sectional areas.

Annual Energy Loss
This represents the amount in dollars ($) it costs to distribute airflow through
individual airways. This is calculated from the pressure drops through airflows,
which is a function of the airway flow and resistance. Actual power inputs (eg fans
and fixes) are ignored as the costs from these are distributed throughout the whole
network.
These figures are useful for determining economic airway sizes, and easily show
which parts of the network system are most expensive to circulate air through ( and
where the majority of savings could be made if airway resistances were to be
lowered)

Annual Power Cost
The direct power costs required to run individual airways with power inputs (eg
fans and fixes). Note only these airways will have data displayed.

Layers
Two numbers stating the Primary and Secondary Level numbers upon which the
airway is located on. Primary levels can range from 1 to 16, and secondary levels
can range from 1 to 48.

Layer Names
Similar to Layers, however the full Layer Name will be shown instead of the
number. This may make for a cluttered display.

Coordinates
Display the coordinates (in the format X , Y , RL) of all nodes displayed on the
screen.

Node Pressures
Display the pressures at each node. Three type of node pressure can be displayed.
They are :

Relative - shows the pressure (in Pa) of nodes relative to surface pressure.

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Atmospheric - show the pressure (in kPa) of nodes, based on the surface absolute
pressure, but with no effect from barometric pressure.

Barometric - as with Atmospheric, but with pressure adjustments due to node
depth below surface.

Note that the surface RL can be fixed to a certain pressure by selecting DEFAULT -
SIMULATION and changing the value.

Of most use will usually be the relative or atmospheric node pressures. As airflow
always flows from higher to lower pressure areas, the user can see which way air
would flow between unconnected nodes.

Contaminants
Two types of data can be shown :
Concentration of contaminants, relative to original source levels.
Time it has taken for each branch to be initially contaminated from start of
simulation.

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APPENDIX B
GLOSSARY OF TERMS


Airway - An section of underground tunnel defined by two end points.

Branch - An airway

TXT - TAB Separated Value - a text file format used by Ventsim when saving files.
This format can also be read into Spreadsheets, Word Processors and databases.

Database - An ordered collection of information or data. Ventsim uses a fan
database and a level database to keep track of information such information.

DXF - Drawing Exchange Format - An Autocad graphics file format that can be
imported and exported by most CAD and Mining Software packages. Ventsim can
also import or export data in this format.

Endpoint / Start point - The start or end of an airway, defined by an x, y and z
coordinate, which gives its position in space in three dimensions.

Friction cost - same as friction power, with the kilowatt value converted to a
dollar cost per annum, based on the default power cost.

Friction factor or k factor - Atkinsons friction factor, describing the
roughness or unevenness of a wall. It directly affects the resistance of an airway.

Friction loss - a component of pressure drop along an airway caused by the
airway resistance.

Friction power - derived from the friction loss, this estimates (in kilowatts), the
amount of energy lost due to the resistance of an airway on the airflow.

Hardy-Cross Method - The simulation method used by Ventsim to perform the
calculation of airflows in a network. It uses an iterative estimation method that
adjusts the airflows through a network until the estimation errors lie within
acceptable limits.

Junction node - a point defining where two or more airway ends share the same
position. Airflow at this point can split or join, depending on airflow direction.

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Load (Pressure) - an estimation in kilograms, of how much load or weight an
airway pressure loss would develop across a resistance. It is often used for
determining load on a vent door or bulkhead and is calculated by the pressure loss
times by the drive or resistance area..

Node - a point defining the end or junction of an airway(s)

Pan - the action of sliding the network graphics to a new screen position by using
the right mouse button.

Pressure drop - The loss of air pressure along a length of airway due to friction
loss, fans, fixed pressures or fixed quantities etc.

Resistance - a value describing the difficulty air will have moving down an
airway. It is derived from a combination of airway size, friction factor, length,
shock losses and air density.

Shock loss - a factor that estimates the effect a change in drive direction or size
has on airflow. Any such change will increase turbulence in an airflow, and hence
develop energy losses that can be equated to an increase in airway resistance.
Ventsim uses shock loss as an extra length added on to the original drive length (ie
the higher the shock loss, the greater the equivalent length), which in turn
increases the overall airway resistance.

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APPENDIX C
Whats new in Ventsim


Ventsim V3.5
Expanded grid to 10,000,000
Redesigned menu buttons
Updated documentation and help file
Airway numbers are now retained and will not dynamically change as the
network is modified.

Ventsim V3.4
Menu changes including new options menu.
Find function enhanced with more options
Follow button to track airway flows. Layer button is now removed (use the
COPY/PASTE function to change layers.
Miscellaneous bug fixes cleaned up

Ventsim V3.3
Keyboard FUNCTION key shortcuts for commonly used tools.
Pressure displayed with more accuracy. Accuracy can be defined in
CONVERSION.DAT file
Miscellaneous bug fixes cleaned up

Ventsim V3.2
Airway areas may be entered instead of airway dimensions.
Additional shock loss and orifice calculation assistance in EDIT mode.
Network may be rotated in the View mode by pressing both mouse buttons.
Nodes may be deleted so the two connecting airways are joined.
Units may be displayed in SI Metric or British.
EDIT mode box simplified, particularly in fixing values.
TAG levels are now called LAYERS and menus changed accordingly.
Experimental perspective option included under DEFAULTS menu.

Ventsim V3.1
Recompiled for improved performance and compatibility
Double mouse button rotation function in View mode
Bug fix to very large network problem

Ventsim V3.0
Multi Window system
Simplified Menu System
Additional coal mine support, with improved contaminant simulation

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Ventsim V2.8
A fully featured undo and redo function.
A major revision to the user interface and drawing functions. Airways can now
be drawn to join and exit other airways without a node being present.
Airways no longer require the centre of the line to be selected. Items such as
BBHs, fans and smoke can now also be placed at any point along an airway.
Preset resistances are added to the underlying airway resistance, instead of
replacing it.
A POWER ZOOM function allow dynamic scaling of the screen by pressing the
SHIFT key.
The 3D mode now allows airways to be drawn or moved anywhere throughout
the screen without resorting the manual entry.
Graphical symbols used for nodes, fans, BBHs etc.
Scaling of text and graphics according to screen scale.

Ventsim V2.6
Spreadsheet editing function for airways.
Addition of several new tool buttons for commonly used functions.
Time simulation animation for contaminant simulation.
Improvements made to editing, constructing, moving and viewing networks.
Floating text independent of airway locations.
Support for international decimal conventions

Ventsim V2.5

The first Windows 95/NT version of Ventsim. This version runs around 800%
faster than version 2.4.
The large format printing has been fixed.
Improved DXF exporting

Ventsim V2.4
Import/Export DXF format files (from CAD or Planning packages) in DOS or UNIX
format
Node pressures in relative, atmospheric and barometric form.
Save screen to BMP file format for editing/displaying with a paint package
Time simulation for contaminants - shows time taken for contaminant to travel
through network
Improved information display for branches
Print function on most major forms (ie INFO, SUMMARY, FAN DATA etc)
Total pressure simulation on fans for improved power and costing estimates
Improved 3D moving of branch ends
Bug fix for number of fans calculation
Bug fix in friction factors/air density, that will automatically adjust Friction
Factors in network before 2.4 to correct values. Existing simulations should not
change significantly.

Ventsim V2.3
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Improved SETUP installation utility for new, updates or network installation.
Can be run from floppy disk without installing if required.
Improved general stability.
Improved RIGHT mouse button coordinate entry with selection list. Simply click
the right mouse button on a node and enter the end coordinates.
Fire simulation legend now retained once modified.


Ventsim V2.2
Fresh Air / Exhaust Air airway colouring and display options.
Selectable Copy / Paste attributes - improved copying and pasting, now
including Layer Level copy/paste and Fresh/Exhaust air copy/paste.
Saving of view options with File Save and View Save.
Contaminant simulations have been made a little easier. A GAS simulation
button has been added to the tool bar for automatic contaminant simulation.
Contaminant sources of strength 100 (%) can be automatically added by pressing
the right mouse button.
The rotation centre button has been moved to the centre of the Rotation
button.

Ventsim V2.1
Minor corrections to the Reload Defaults function.
Increased information under the INFO button.
More displayable data types.
Increase of USER DEFINED resistances from 10 to 50.
Addition of efficiency curves to fans, for more accurate simulation and costing.

Ventsim V2.0
Ventsim 2.0 has many new features to give users greater flexibility and power.
Some of the more major features include:
Easy to use 3D rotation, viewing and editing.
Layers for grouping and viewing individual sections of networks.
Fence functions for fast deleting, moving and pasting attributes.
Larger coordinate system up to 0 to 1,000,000 in X and Y directions, and up to -
90,000 to 90,000 in RL range.
Save view function for instant viewing of parts of a network.
Multiple or selected level viewing.
View panning using the mouse 'grab and slide' feature.