18 Introduction To Vectors

NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.
3 Full Solutions
18 Introduction to Vectors
3. (a)
( 2i 3 j) ( 5i 4 j) (2 5)i (3 4) j
3 7j
Classwork
(b)
Classwork (p.18.4)
(a) (i)
EB
(5i j) ( 3i 2 j) [5 ( 3)]i ( 1 2) j
, HO , OF , DG or GC
8i 3 j
(ii) OD
(c)
(b)
AE ,
(c) (i)
(ii)
EB
, EO or other reasonable answers
3( i 2 j) ( 2i 5 j) ( 3i 6 j) ( 2i 5 j)
( 3 2)i (6 5) j
i j
or CO
CB , DA or GE
OA
Classwork (p.18.28)
(a) (i) 3j + 4k
Classwork (p.18.6)
(ii)
(b) (i)
(ii)
(c) (i)
(ii)
( 3) 2 4 2 5
OP
5i + j 3k
( 5) 2 12 ( 3) 2
OP
4i + 2j + 2k
42 22 22
OP
24
Classwork (p.18.35)
Classowrk (p.18.8)
(b) OP
(c)
(d)
Classwork (p.18.21)
1. (a) (i) 3i 2j
(ii)
OP
(ii)
( 3)
(iii) sin
cos
2. (a)
(b)
2
13
( 2)
, cos
13
2
2 5
1
OB
4OA OB
2
1
5
2
2
2 OA
Quick Practice 18.1 (p.18.7)
PQ RQ PQ QR
13
PR
( RS SP ) RP
2i + 4j
OP
OP
7 OA 3 OB
7OA 3OB
73
10
Quick Practice
(iii) sin
(b) (i)
OP
1 OA 2 OB
OA 2OB
1 2
3
( 2) 2 4 2
4
2 5
2
5
20 2
PR
5
PQ RQ ( RS SP )
MN MA AN
1
1
BA AC
2
2
1
1
AC AB
2
2
1
5
AB (0 2)i [5 ( 3)] j 2i 8 j
AB [ 2 ( 3)]i ( 4 1) j 5i 5 j
78
35
NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.3 Full Solutions
NF NB BF
1
1
CB BD
2
2
1
(CB BD)
2
1
CD
2
1
DC
2
(a)
PM PQ QM
1
a QR
4
1
a
PS
4
1
a b
4
MN MR RN
1
ME DC
2
3
1
QR RS
4
2
3
1
PS QP
4
2
3
1
b (a)
4
2
1
3
a b
2
4
(b)
1
1
3
3PM MN 3 a b a b
4
2
4
2s 4 2 s
t 3t 6
3
1
3
b a b
4
2
4
7
a
2
7
a
2
7
4
2
14
ME FN
ME // FN // DC and ME FN
i.e.
3s 6
2t 6
s 2 , t 3
(ii) The required unit vector

PQ a m(a b)
3PM MN
(1 m)a mb
3PM MN
RS m(3a b ) 2b
3ma ( m 2)b
7
a
2
14
1
a
4
PQ // RS
1 m
m
3m (m 2)
m 2 3m 2 3m 2
ME MA AE
1
1
DA AC
2
2
1
( DA AC )
2
1
DC
2
2m 2 3m 2 0
(m 2)(2m 1) 0
(a)
1
DC
2
i.e.

PQ RS
( 2 s 4)a t b ( 2 s )a (3t 6)b
3a
(b) (i)
and FN
m 2 or
1
2

OS OP PS
OP QR
3 j {[1 ( 3)]i ( 1 1) j}
3 j ( 4i 2 j)
4i j
79
1
DC
2
Coordinates of S ( 4, 1)
2( 2r 1) ( 2 r )
and
r 0
and

(a)
PR (3 2)i [1 ( 4)] j
i 5j

EF EH EA ( EF EH ) EA
(b) Let be the angle between OS and the positive x-axis.
EG EA
(a)
OS PR i 5 j
EG GC
Coordinates of S (1, 5)
lies in quadrant I.
sin
5
1 5
2
EC
(b) (i)
26
EC EF EH EA
( 2i 4 j 2k ) (3i 6 j k ) ( 6i 2 j k )
i 8 j 2k
78.7 (cor. to the nearest 0.1)
Length of EC
(3 1)i (15 2) j
2i 13 j
2 2 132
173
OC ( 1)OA OB
( 1)(12i 5 j) ( 2i j)
(14 12)i ( 4 5) j
(b)
OC lies on the x-axis.

4 5 0
5

(a)
3OM 2OB
3 2
3
(a c) 2b
2
5
3
2
3
a b c
10
5
10
OP
[12( 1) 2 ]i [5( 1) ] j
(b)
OA 2OB
1 2
a 2b
3
1
2
a b
3
3
OQ
AB OB OA
(i 7 j 2k ) (i 2 j 2k )
(a)
( 1)i 5 j
AB 13
(b)
( 1) 2 52 13
( 1) 2 144
(b) (i)
PQ [( r 1) ( r )]i ( s 0) j (3 1)k
( 2r 1)i sj 2k
QR [1 ( r 1)]i [( 2 s 1) s ] j ( 1 3)k
( 2 r )i ( s 1) j 4k
PQ // QR
2r 1
s
1
2r
s 1
2
OP nOC
n 1
1
OA nmOB
2
n 1
1
a nmb
2
n 1
1
mn
a
b
2(n 1)
n 1
OQ
1 12 or 12
13 or 11
Coordinates of C (1, 10, 0)

ac
1
(a) OM 1 1 2 (a c)

(a)
( 1) 2 8 2 ( 2) 2
OC OE EC
( 2i 2 j 2k ) ( i 8 j 2k )
i 10 j
(ii)
3PR OQ 3(i 5 j) (i 2 j)
(c)
2 s ( s 1)
1
s
3
(ii) From the results of (a) and (b)(i), we have
80
69
1
1
(1)
2(n 1) 3
mn 2
(2)
n 1 3
Exercise
Exercise 18A (p.18.16)
Level 1
1.
1
From (1), n 2
By substituting n
(a)
(b)
1
into (2), we have
2
1
m
2
2
1
1 3
2
m2
2.
CA CD DA
BA q
pq
BD BA AD
p ( q )
pq
AD AB BD
AB ( BC CD )
pqr
3.
BA and EF are in the same direction and
BA
1
EF .
2
BA
CD
and EF are in the opposite direction and
CD
OA 3i j
OB 2i 4 j
(a)
4.
2OA 3OB
23
6i 2 j 6i 12 j
5
2j
OP
1
EF
2
3
EF .
2
CD
3
EF
2
(a) Consider the parallelogram OBCD.

CB CD CO (or other reasonable answers)
(b)
O bisects BE.
BO OE
FO BO FO OE
(b)
FE (or other reasonable answers)
OA 2i 6 j k
OP 2i 3 j 2k
Let
OB xi yj zk
(c) Consider the parallelogram OBCD.
CD BO
2OA 3OB
OP
5
4i 12 j 2k 3 xi 3 yj 3 zk
2i 3 j 2k
5
4 3x
12 3 y
3z 2
i
j
k
5
5
5
OA DC OA CD
OA BO
BA (or other reasonable answers)
(d) Consider the parallelogram OBCD.
4 3x
5 2
12 3 y
3
3z 2
2
OB OD OC
Consider the parallelogram ODEF.

FE OD
OB OD FE OC OD
OC DO
DC (or other reasonable answers)
PQ QR PR
5.
By solving the above equations, we have x 2, y 1, z 4.

OB 2i j 4k
PQ QR
7 2 10 2
149
81
10.
AD AB BD ......(1)
AD AC CD ......( 2)
(1) ( 2) :
6.
PQ
(a)
2 AD ( AB AC ) ( BD CD )
2 AD ( AB AC ) 0
and RS are in the
opposite direction and

PQ = RS.
11.
PQ RS 0
PQ RS 0
(b)
SQ
62 82
10
7.
(a)
(b)
12.
PR PQ QR
a ( b )
ab
8.
m1 7 1
1
PR
3
1
(a b )
3
PM
m1 8
13.
1
PR
3
1
(a b )
3
1
(b a )
3
2m1 1 m1 1
3 m2 2m2
3m1 2
m2 3
OA OB OC OD
m1
2
m 3
3 and 2
14.
3
1
m
3
m 9
15.
2m 1
2
1
1 2m
3
The coefficients of a of the two vectors should be
zero.
i.e. 2 m 1 1 2m 0
1
m 2
OC OD OC OD
0
MN MA AN
9.
m1 m2 1 (1)
m2 1 6 (2)
By substituting m2 7 into (1), we have
O bisects AC and BD.

OA = OC and OB = OD
OA and OC are in the opposite direction and
OA = OC.
OA OC
OB and OD are in the opposite direction and
OB = OD.
OB OD
m1 1 and m2 0
From (2), m2 7
RN NR
(c)
1
( AB AC )
2
m1 2 3
m2 0
PQ PS PQ SP
AD
AM AN
Level 2
MB NC
p q
qp
82
16. (a)
PQ PB BQ
1
1
AB BC
3
2
1
1
p q
3
2
(b) (i)
3
AC
4
3
( AB BC )
4
3
(p q)
4
3
3
p q
4
4
AE AO OE
(p q ) q
p 2q
BAF
RC
(b)
(c)
BF
2 p q cos BAF
AE
BF
p 2q
3
1
19. (a)
(by (b)(i))
2
3
m1 m2 3 (1)
m1 m2 7 (2)
(1) + (2):
2m1 4
m1 2

2
AD
19
m2 5
(b) The required unit vector
2 m2 3
2 AB AD cos 120
1
3 2 2 3 2
2
12 12 2 1 1
2
( by (b))
AB AD AC
17. (a)
PR PA AR
2
1
BA AC
3
4
(d)
2
1
(p) (p q)
3
4
5
1
p q
12
4
AB
(ii) Since OEFA and OFAB are two identical

parallelograms, their diagonals AE and BF are
equal in length, i.e. AE BF .
The required unit vector
RQ RC CQ
1
RC BC
2
3
3
1
p q q
4
4
2
3
1
p q
4
4
(6 2) 180
120
6
AC
2m1 m2 2 (1)
m1m2 12 (2)
B AD
m2 (1) :
(b)
AC
AB AD
pq
19
1
19
2m1m2 m22 2m2
(by(a))
m22 2m2 2m1m2 0

m22 2m2 2(12) 0 (by (2))
(p q )
m22 2m2 24 0
(m2 6)(m2 4) 0
m2 4 or 6
18. (a) Consider the parallelogram OEFA.

OE AF q
Consider the parallelogram OFAB.
From (2), when m2 4 , m1 3 ;
AO AB AF p q
when m2 6 , m1 2 .
83
m1 3 , m2 4 or m1 2 ,
m2 6
PS PA AS
1
1
DA AC
2
2
22.
1
( DA AC )
2
1
DC
2
m 1
3m 1
2m 1 3m 1
2
3
m
4 m 1 6 m 2 5m 1
20. (a)
3m 2 9m 0
m( m 3) 0
m 0 or 3
QR QB BR
1
1
DB BC
2
2
1
( DB BC )
2
1
DC
2
2 PA 5 BA
2 AP 5 AB
5
(b)
AP [(3 1)a (9 1)b]
2
5
( 4a 8b)
2
10a 20b
(by (a))
AB AK KB
KB KA
[3p ( m 1)q ] [(m 1)p 2q]
(3 m 1)p ( m 1 2)q
( 4 m)p ( m 1)q
21. (a)
PR PB BR
1
2
AB BQ
2
3
1
2
x (QA AB )
2
3
1
2 1
x CA x
23. (a)
2
3 2
1
2 1
x (y ) x
2
3 2
1
1
2
x y x
2
3
3
1
1
y x
3
6
AC AK KC
KC KA
( 4p 6q) [( m 1)p 2q ]
( 4 m 1)p (6 2)q
(5 m)p 8q
(b) If A, B and C are collinear, AB // AC .
i.e.
4 m m 1
5m
8
32 8m 5 4m m 2
m 2 12m 27 0
RC RP PC
( m 3)(m 9) 0
RP ( PB BC )
1
RP AB (CA AB )
2
1
RP AB CA
2
1
1
1
y x x ( y )
6
2
3
2
1
y x
3
3
m 3 or 9
(c) When m 3,
AB ( 4 3)p (3 1)q p 4q
AC (5 3)p 8q 2p 8q 2(p 4q )
AB
PS QR
PS // QR and PS QR
PQRS is a parallelogram. (opp. sides equal and //)
1
AC
2
i.e. AB : BC 1 : 1
B is the mid-point of AC when m 3.
2
1
y x
3
3
1
1
2 y x
6
3
RC
(b) From (a),
2 PR
PR and RC have the same direction.
P, R and C are collinear.
Exercise 18B (p.18.25)
84

Level 1
1. (a)
(b)
180 tan 1
The required angle
AB i 4 j
150
AB (5 2)i [5 ( 3)] j
3i 8 j
4.
PQ (1 3)i (1 2) j
(a) (i)
2i j
(c)
AB [(3m 1) ( m 1)]i [( n 2) 2n] j
( 2 m 2) i ( n 2) j
OP
PQ
PQ
2i j
( 2) 2 ( 1) 2
13
(a)
cos
2
5
13
2
3
tan
sin
( 2) 2 12
tan
OP
cos
1
2
12 ( 1) 2
PQ [3 ( 5)]i ( 3 6) j
8i 9 j
PQ
PQ
8i 9 j
8 2 ( 9) 2
8
145
9
145
b 2a (5i j) 2(3i 4 j)
sin
(b)
5.
(a)
(5 6)i (1 8) j
i 9j
cos
c a b 2a
tan 1
(b)
3.
(b) (i)
OP
(c)
3 2 2 2 13
sin
2.
(a) The required magnitude 12 12
i j lies in quadrant I.
c (b 2a) a
c ( i 9 j) (3i 4 j)
( 1 3)i (9 4) j
2i 5 j
1
The required angle tan (1) 45
(b) The required magnitude
2 2 ( 1) 2
6.
(a)
2i j lies in quadrant IV.

The required angle
1
360 tan
2
333.4 (cor. to 1 d.p.)
(b)
7.
(c) The required magnitude
( 3) 2 (
3i
3)2 2
OA OB AB
( 3i 3 j) (6i 4 j)
9i j
(a)
OQ 2i 3 j
(b)
QP (3 2)i ( 1 3) j
3 j lies in quadrant II.
(c)
85
OA OB AB
( 2i 4 j) ( 5i 2 j)
7i 2 j
i 4j
3
3
PR PQ [(2 3)i (1 1) j] (i 4 j)
i 2 j i 4 j
2i 6 j
(by (b))
3
2
2
1
a b 14
a b
7
7
7
7
2a 3b 2a 4b
7i 14 j 7
(by (a))
4a b
(d)
QR QP QR PQ
PR
i 2j (by (c))
8.
(a)
3m 6
5n 15
(b)
(a)
(b)
m 2, n 3
BC
4 2 ( 1) 2
2m 6
n 1
12.
m 3, n 1
34
34
BC
BC
( 4i j)
2i
17
2j
m 2n 3 (1)
3m n 5 (2)
2 ( 2) (1) :
7m 7
m 1
By substituting m = 1 into (1), we have
1 2n 3
n 2
13.
6 or
AB 2 BC
(5 1)i (1 1) j 2{[( m 1) 5]i (1 1) j}
4i ( 2m 8)i
2
m
8
4
i.e.
Level 2
a 2i 3 j ......(1)
b i 2 j ......( 2)
(1) 2 (2) :
a 2b ( 2i 3 j) 2(i 2 j)
a 2b 7 j
1
2
j a b
7
7
m6
14. (a)
OA OB BC
(3i 2 j) ( 2i 3 j) [(7 2)i (8 3) j]
5i 5 j 5i 5j
5
5
i.e.
1
From (2), we have
i b 2j
b 2
2
a
7
3
9
2
17
The required vector
12
3
(b)
2
36
10. (a)
BC AC AB
(6i j) ( 2i 2 j)
4i j
m 2 m 4
3n 1 2n
i.e.
9.
11. (a)
1
2
a b
7
7
3
b
7
(b)
(b)
86
mOA nOB OC
m(3i 2 j) n( 2i 3 j) 7i 8 j
(3m 2n)i ( 2 m 3n) j 7i 8 j

PR 3PQ
3m 2n 7 (1)
2m 3n 8 (2)
18. (a)
OR OP 3(OQ OP )
OR 3OQ 2OP
3(i 4 j) 2( 4i j)
5i 10 j
3 (1) 2 ( 2) :
5m 5
m 1
(b) (i)
OS mOQ (m 1)OP
By substituting m = 1 into (1), we have

3 2n 7
n2
m(i 4 j) ( m 1)(4i j)
( m 4m 4)i ( 4m m 1) j
( 4 3m)i (3m 1) j
OC OA ( 2 1)OB
(2i j) ( 2 1)( 3i 2 j)
15. (a)
(ii)
(2 6 3)i ( 4 2) j
(4 3)i (3 2) j
(b)
16. (a)
OQ 3PQ
(7i j) 3(5i 3 j)
22i 10 j
(b)
AB (3 2)i [ 4 ( 5)] j ( 1 3)k

i 9 j 4k
(c)
AB (7 4)i ( 2 1) j ( 3 2)k
3i 3 j 5k
(by (a))
2 32 (5) 2 98
2.
CD ( m 2)i 2(i j)
( m 4)i 2 j
1
7
AB (0 1)i ( 3 2) j [ 2 ( 1)]k
i 5j k
OQ OP PQ
(2i 2 j) (5i 3 j)
7i j
21m 3
Exercise 18C (p.18.32)

Level 1
1. (a)
OR OQ QR
17. (a)
4 3m 3m 1
5
2
8 6m 15m 5
m
4 3 3 2
1
1
7 5
5
(b)
From (a), we have
2 34 98
2 64
8 or 8
(a)
AB is parallel to CD .
5m 4 m
m4 2
10m 8 m 2 4m
(b)
AB (0 4)i ( 2 ) j (3 1)k
4i (2 ) j 2k
(4)2 (2 ) 2 22 6
m 2 6m 8 0
(m 2)(m 4) 0
m 2 or 4
(b) When m 4,
AB ( 20 4)i 4 j 16i 4 j 4( 4i j)
(c)
CD 8i 2 j 2( 4i j)
AB // CD but AB
ABCD is a trapezium.
(2 )2 20 36
(2 )2 16
2 4 or 4
2 or 6
AB [ ( 1)]i ( 2 3) j (1 2)k
( 1)i j k
( 1) 2 (1) 2 (1) 2 11
CD
87
( 1) 2 2 11
( 1) 2 9
1 3 or 3
2 or 4
3.
AB ( 4 2)i (5 1) j (1 3)k
(a)
AB ( 3 0)i [ 2 ( 5)] j [ 2 ( 1)]k
2i 4 j 2k
3i 7 j 3k
(b)
AB 2 AC
( 2i 4 j 2k ) 2[(1 2)i ( 2 1) j (1 3)k ]
2i 4 j 2k 2( i j 2k )
6 j 6k
3 AC OB
i 8 j 5k
AB (5 2)i [ 2 ( 2)]j (7 3)k

3i 4k
(b) (i)
6.
OA 2OB ( 2i 2 j 3k ) 2(5i 2 j 7k )
8i 2 j 11k
(a)
(ii) The required magnitude
AB
i 3j k
AB AC
(3i 4k ) [(3 2)i (0 2) j ( 1 3)k ]
3i 4k i 2 j 4k
4i 2 j
(ii) The required magnitude
11
3a b 3(3i 2 j k ) ( 2i j 2k )
9i 6 j 3k 2i j 2k
7i 5 j k
4 2
2
3a b
3a b
7i 5 j k
7 2 5 2 12
7
5
i
j
75
75
(b)
1
75
a 2c (3i 2 j k ) 2(i j k )
5i 3k
20
(a) (i)
AB [ 2 ( 1)]i (5 3) j ( 2 2)k
3i 2 j
(c) (i)
5.
AB
(1) 2 32 12
1
3
i
j
11
11
2
2
(ii) The required magnitude 3 4
5
189
67
(a) (i)
AB (0 1)i [ 2 ( 1)] j (3 2)k

i 3j k
3( i j 2k ) ( 4i 5 j k ) (from (b))
( 8) 2 2 2 ( 11) 2
3i 7 j 3k
(c) (i)
3CA OB
AB
(3) 2 7 2 32
3
7
i
j
67
67
(c)
4.
AB
AB
AB
a 2c
a 2c
5i 3k
5 2 32
5
3
i
k
34
34
(c)
3i 2 j
a b 3c (3i 2 j k ) (2i j 2k ) 3(i j k )
32 2 2
3
2
i
j
13
13
4i 2 j 2k
(b) (i)
88
4i 2 j 2k
4 ( 2) 2
2
12
The required vector
The required unit vector 4i 2 j 2k
12
2 6
7.
(a)
2
6
1
6
1
6
(a)
(b)
2r 14
n4
i.e.
m 4
m 2, n 5
12.
sin
cos
m
3
4
10
3m
sin
10
i.e.
cos 2m
2 n 3
n 5
From (3), 2r 1 5
r 3
sin 2 cos2 1
m 2, n 5, r 3
BC (6 3)i ( 4 1) j (13 1)k

3i 3 j 12k
3(i j 4k )
m2 4
m 2 or 2
3 AB
AB and BC have the same direction.
13. (a)
A, B and C are collinear.
AB [ 4 ( 1)]i ( 2 0) j ( 8 6)k
5i 2 j 14k
Level 2
10. (a)
(b)
BC AC AB
(5i j k ) ( 4i k )
i j 2k
BC
12 12 2 2
3m 2m

1
10 5
9m 2 4m 2
1
100 25
25m 2 100
AB (3 2)i (1 0) j [1 ( 3)]k
i j 4k
4
, n 4, r 7
3
......(3)
Put (2) into (1).
9.
m n 3 ......(1)
m 2 ......(2)
6j 4
1 3 3m
2m 4
n 5
2r 1 5
6i 2
r 1 3r 15
1 n 3
2c 8i j k (5i j) (by (a))

2c 13i 2 j k
13
1
c i j k
2
2
i j 2k
6k
BC 3 AC
( r 2 1)i (1 n) j (1 2)k 3[( r 2 3)i (1 2) j (1
( r 1)i (1 n) j k (3r 15)i 3 j (3 3m)k
2c (5i j) a 2b
8.
BC
11.
a 2b ( 2i 3 j k ) 2(3i j)
8i j k
(b)
BC
89
AQ QB AB
(b)
2
AQ AQ AB
3
3
AQ AB
5
3
(5i 2 j 14k )
5
6 42
3i j k
5
5
(by (a))
Coordinates of C (0, 1, 2)
16. (a)
AD AB BD
1
BC (D is the mid-point of BC.)
2
[(0 1)i ( 2 2) j (1 3)k ]
AB
OQ OA AQ
1
[(3 0)i (1 2) j ( 3 1)k ]
2
3
3
i 4 j 2k i j 2k
2
2
1
5
i j 4k
2
2
6
42
( i 6k ) 3i j
k
5
5
6
12
2i j k
5
5
(b)
OC OA AC
( 4i j) ( 4i 2 j 2k )
j 2k
6
12
Coordinates of Q 2, 5 , 5
(b)
14. (a)
AB (1 3)i ( 2 2) j (3 1)k
2i 2k
OD OA AD
5
1
i j 4k
2
2
(i 2 j 3k )
PQ OQ OP
OQ
OB
OB
OP
OA
(by (a))
3
1
i jk
2
2
1
3
Coordinates of D 2 , 2 , 1
OA
4
4
OB OA
3
3
4
AB
3
4
( 2i 2k )
3
Exercise 18D (p.18.38)

Level 1
2OA 3OB
23
2(3i j) 3( 2i 3 j)
5
12
7
i j
5
5
OP
(b)
PQ
4
AB (from (a))
3
AB // PQ
and PQ
1.
4
AB
3
AB
3
PQ
4
3OA OB
3 1
3( 2i j 2k ) (3i 2 j 3k )
4
9
1
3
i j k
4
4
4
OP
AB : PQ 3 : 4
i.e.
2.
15. (a)
AB [ 2 ( 4)]i ( 2 1) j ( 3 0)k
6i 3 j 3k
2
AB
3
2
(6i 3 j 3k )
3
4i 2 j 2k
AC
3.
90
PQ : QS 3 : 2

OQ
2i 2 j
2OP 3OS
23
7.
i.e. AB : BC 1 : k
3OS 6i 12 j
k OA OC
k 1
k
1
OA
OC
k 1
k 1
OB
OS 2i 4 j
r OB sOA
rs
(b) ODB is a straight line.
OD mOB , where m is a scalar.
r OB sa
p
rs
4.
r OB sa (r s )p
OB
(a)
2(8i j) 3OS
5
10i 10 j 16i 2 j 3OS
OP
1
AC
1 k
AB kAB AC
kAB BC
AB
3OA OC
(r s)p sa
r
mk
k 1 3 ......(1)
m 1 ......(2)
k 1
OA 3OB
1 3
1
3
OA ( m 1)OC
4
4
1
3( m 1)
i
j
4
4
OD
5.
(a)
OD
2
(b)
6.
(a)
(1)
: k 3
( 2)
17
4
8.
(a) (i)
17
1
3(m 1)
(by (a))

4
4
4

1 9(m 1) 2 17
16
16
16
16
(m 1) 2
9
4
4
m 1
or (rejected)
3
3
1
m
3
OB
mk
m
OA
OC (by (a))
k 1
k 1
AD : AC m : 1
Then, AD : DC m : (1 m)
OD
mOC (1 m)OA
m (1 m)
mOC (1 m)OA
(ii) OD : OB n : 1
Then,
OD nOB
n( 2OA 3OC )
3nOC 2nOA
(b) From (a), we have

mOC (1 m)OA 3nOC 2nOA
m 3n
OA OC
2
1 m 2n
a OC
2
(1) ( 2) :
OC 2b a
......(1)
......(2)
n
1
5
By substituting n
OC
(b)
2b a
OA 3OD
1 3
nOA OB
n 1
na b
n 1
n
1
a
b
n 1
n 1
OD
a 3OD
(by (a))
4
9.
8b 4a a 3OD
OD
3
1
into (1), we have m 5
5
8
5
b a
3
3
(a) (i)
(ii) OD : DC 1 : m
Then, OD : OC 1 : (m 1)
91
3
1
ON 4 OA
OB
3
3
1
1
4
4
3
4
OA OB
7
7
1
OC
m 1
1
(OB BC )
m 1
i.e. OD
1
4
b a
3
m 1
4
1
a
b
3(m 1)
m 1
Let OP : PN 1 : n. Then, OP : ON 1 : (1 n).

ON (1 n)OP
(b) From (a), we have
n
1
4
1
a
b
a
b
n 1
n 1
3( m 1)
m 1
4
n
n 1 3(m 1) ......(1)
1 1
......(2)
n 1 m 1
(1)
:
( 2)
From (2),
(b)
11. (a)
4
3
(b)
2OB 3OM
23
2
3 1
OB OA
5
5 2
3
2
OA OB
10
5
, where n is a scalar.
2m 3
m 1 n ......(1)
3m 2 5n ......(2)
m 1
t OA OB
t 1
t
1
OA
OB
t 1
t 1
OQ nOP
2m 3
3m 2
i
j n(i 5 j)
m 1
m 1
ON
(c)
mOB OA
m 1
m( 2i 3 j) (3i 2 j)
m 1
2m 3
3m 2
i
j
m 1
m 1
OQ
OP
10. (a)
3
7
7:3
OP : PN 1 :
Level 2
4
3
mn
3 3(1 n)
7
10
10
3
n
1
7
7
2m 3 1
(1)
3m 2
5
:
(2) 10m 15 3m 2
m 1
OP and ON have the same direction.
3
2
10 5
t
1
t 1 t 1
3
2
10t 5
3
t
4
CE
12. (a)
2CO CB
2 1
2OC OA
3
1
2
OA OC
3
3
ED OD OE
1
1
OA OB
2
3
1
1
OA (OA OC )
2
3
1
1
OA OC
6
3
92
1
2
OA OC
3
3
1
1
2 OA OC
3
6
mn
1 ......(1)
3(m 1)
n 2
......(2)
m 1 3
CE
(b) From (a),
2 ED
CE and ED have the same direction.
C, E and D are collinear.
CE : CD CE : (CE ED )
By substituting m
2 ED : ( 2 ED ED )
2:3
(b)
2OB OA
2 1
2
1
(OC OA) OA
3
3
2
OA OC
3
2
a c
3
OR
3
OQ 11
OR : OQ 3 : 11
OB
14. (a) (i)
OP ma ( m 1)b
(ii)
mOP OC
m 1
1
m OA OC
3

m 1
m
1
OA
OC
3(m 1)
m 1
m
1
a
c
3(m 1)
m 1
OR
OC OP PC
OC OP nOB (PC nOB and PC // OB )
12b 9a OP nb
OP 9a (12 n)b
(b) From (a)(i) and (a)(ii), we have
ma ( m 1)b 9a (12 n)b
m 9 ......(1)
......(2)
m
12
OQ nOR , where n is a scalar.

2
mn
n
a c
a
c
3
3( m 1)
m 1
mOA OP
m 1
( m 1)b ma OP
CR m RP
Then, CR : RP m : 1
(c)
2 9
3 2
11
3
11
OQ
OR
3
n
OQ
13. (a)
9
into (2), we have
2
From (1), m 9
By substituting m 9 into (2), we have
9 1 12 n
n2
mn
1 ......(1)
3(m 1)
n 2
......(2)
m 1 3
15. (a)
OA 2OD
1 2
1
2
OA OD
3
3
OE
m
3
3
2
(1)
:
9
(2)
m
2
3OB 7OC
37
3 10
7
OA
(mOD )
10 9
10
1
7m
OA
OD
3
10
OE
(b) (i)
(d) From (c),
(ii) From (a) and (b)(i), we have

93
4
3
3
n 1
5
n
4
1
2
1
7m
OA OD OA
OD
3
3
3
10
2
7m
3
10
20
m
21
AG
OA mOQ
m 1
2
5a m OB
3
m 1
2
5a m (3b)
3
m 1
5a 2mb
m 1
16. (a) (i)
AD (4 AE )
1
p 4q
17. (a) (i)
OR
AD AC
1
AG
AB AE
1
3 AD AE
1
3p q
(ii)
1
4
3
p
q
p
q
1
1
1
1
3
1
1 1 ......(1)
4 ......(2)
1 1
OB nOP
n 1
3
3b n OA
5
n 1
3
3b n (5a)
5
n 1
3na 3b
n 1
OR
(ii)
(1)
:
( 2)
1
3
12
By substituting 12 into (1), we have
1
3
1 1 12
1 12 3 3
2
9
2
1:
CG : GD
9
9:2
5
2m
3n
3
a
b
a
b
m 1
m 1
n 1
n 1
3n
5
m 1 n 1 ......(1)
2m 3 ......(2)
m 1 n 1
CG : CD
9 : (9 2)
9 : 11
Revision Exercise 18 (p.18.45)

Level 1
1. (a) Consider the rectangle ABGH.
2m 5
3
(1) (2) : m 1
2m 5 3m 3
m2
HG AB p
(b)
ED EA AD
AD AE
qr
(c) Consider the rectangle BCHE.

94

CH BE
PC PB BC
BA AE
BP BC
p r
r p
(d)
1
BD BC
3
1
(x y ) y
3
1
2
x y
3
3
AG AC CG
Consider the rectangle ABCD.

AC AB AD p q
Consider the rectangle ACGE.

CG AE r
2.
(b) From (a), AQ PC

AQ // PC and AQ = PC
APCQ is a parallelogram. (opp. sides equal and //)
AG p q r
(a) Consider the parallelogram OABC.

BA BC BO
Consider the parallelogram ODEF.

ED EF EO
4.
BA BC ED EF BO EO
(a)
0 (O bisects EB.)
The required magnitude 0
(b)
m1 3 2m1 1 (1)
(2)
m
m
1
2
From (1), m1 2
AB BC CD DE
m2 5 2
m2 7
AC CE
AE
AFE
(6 2) 180
120
6
AE 12 12 2 1 1 cos 120
(b)
The required magnitude
(2) (1) : m1 7
(c) Consider the parallelogram OABC.
OA OC OB
m1 m2 3 (1)
(2)
2
m
4
1 2
7 m2 3
OA OB OC 2OB
m2 10
EB (O bisects EB.)
Consider the parallelogram OBCD.

OB DC
Since
DC 1, OB 1
5.
. i.e.
EB 2
(ii)
The required magnitude 2
(a)
OP 3 j
OP
0 2 32 3
P(0, 3) lies on the positive y-axis.

90
BD BA BC
xy
3.
(a) (i)
(b) (i)
AQ AB BQ
2
BA BD
3
2
x (x y )
3
1
2
x y
3
3
(ii)
OP 2i 4 j
OP
( 2) 2 ( 4) 2
20
P(2, 4) lies in quadrant III.
2
243.4 (cor. to the nearest 0.1)
180 tan 1
(c) (i)
(ii)
OP mi mj
OP
m2 m2
P(m, m) lies in quadrant I.
95
45
6.
(a)
OP j
PQ (1 m)i (
tan 1
and
(1 m)i 2
PQ
OP 1
1
1
1
0
cos 0
1
sin
OP
32 5 2
sin
cos
(c)
OP
cos
7.
(a)
(a)
(1 m ) 2 ( 2
m 2 2m 1 4m
m 2 2m 1
( m 1) 2
BA
( 3) 2 4 2 5
34
34
4
2 13
6
2 13
m )2
BA 3i 4 j
34
( 6) 2 4 2
sin
m ) j ( 4 4)k
m 1
9.
(b)
m
mj
52 2 13
BA
BA
3i 4 j
5
3
4
i
j
5
5
2
(b)
13
BA 2i
BA
3j
( 2)
3)2
13
BA [3 ( 5)]i ( 2 1) j
8i 3 j
BA
BA
2i
(b)
2 BA 3OC 2(8i 3 j) 3(i 2 j)
(16 3)i ( 6 6) j
13i
3j
7
2
3
j
7
(by (a))
(c)
BA 3i 2 j k
BA
( 3) 2 2 2 ( 1) 2
14

(c)
BA
3 AC 2OB 3[(1 3)i ( 2 2) j] 2( 5i j)

6i 10i 2 j
16i 2 j
BA
3i 2 j k
14
3
8.
(a)
PQ (3 0)i [5 ( 2)]j ( 3 1)k
14
1
14
3i 7 j 4k
(d)
BA
BA
PQ
(b)
14
3 2 7 2 ( 4) 2
74
3i 2 j 3k
2)
3j k
2
3 ) 2 12
PQ ( 2 1)i (0 2) j (8 5)k
PQ
2i
BA
BA
( 3) 2 ( 2) 2 3 2
22
(c)
96
2i
3j k
6
1
3
1
2
1
6
2a b 2( i j 2k ) ( 2 j k )
2i 5k
10. (a)
2a b
( 2) 2 52
OP 2OQ
1 2
1
2
OP OQ
3
3
13.
1
2
i j 3k (3i j k ) OQ
3
3
2
4
8
OQ j k
3
3
3
OR
29
2i 5k
29
2
29
(or
29
2
29
OQ 2 j 4k
5
29
k if the opposite direction of
2a b is considered)
14. (a)
2c 3a 2(3i 2 j 3k ) 3( i j 2k )
9i j
9 2 ( 1) 2
82
9i j
82
9
82
82
82
1
82
(b)
j if the opposite
direction of 2c 3a is considered)
4
m
m
16
11. (a)
m 2 64
m 8 or
15. (a)
OA 2OB
1 2
1
2
a b
3
3
m 2 or
OA OC
2
a b
2
1
a b
2
2
ON
(b)
4
3
(c)
2OA 3OB
23
2
3
(2i 3 j k ) (3i j 2k )
5
5
13
3
4
i j k
5
5
5
OP
AB OB OA
ba
OM
1 3m
1
7 1 m
3m 1 1
7
1 m
2
(b)
3m 2m 1 7
3m 2 2m 8 0
(m 2)(3m 4) 0
12.
OC OD
2
2
1
c a b
3
3
2
1
1
1
a b c
3
6
2
OE
(or
2OA OB
2 1
2
1
OA OB
3
3
2
1
a b
3
3
OD
(b)
2c 3a
Coordinates of Q (0, 2, 4)
ON nOM , where n is a scalar.

1
n
2n
a b a
b
2
2
3
3
1 n
2 3
2n
2 3
3
4
13
, ,
5
5
5
Coordinates of P
(2)
:
(1)
97
(1)
(2)
16. (a)
OS mOQ
3
4
m(3a 2b)
3ma 2 mb
(b)
PS n PR
Then, PS : PR n : 1, i.e. PS : SR n : (1 n)
(1 n)OP nOR
(1 n) n
(1 n)a nb
OS
Level 2
18. Refer to the figure as shown.
By Pyth. Theorem,
3ma 2mb (1 n)a nb
19. (a)
4 1
5
BC AC AB
qp
2
BC
3
2
(q p)
3
2
1
p q
3
3
q
1
into (2), we have
5
1
AC
4
1
( AD AB)
4
1
1
AD AB
4
4
(b)
AF
AN AD DN
2
1
BC DC
3
2
2
1 2
1
(q p) p q
3
2 3
3
1
5
p q
3
6
MN MA AN
1
AB AN
2
1
5
1
p p q
2
6
3
5
5
p q
6
6
DF DA AF
1
1
AD AB
4
4
3
1
AD AB
4
4
AD
DE DA AE
2
BC BC
3
5
(q p)
3
5
5
q p
3
3
5
5
2 q p
6
6
AD BC
1
AD AB
3
3
1
AD AB
4
4
(c)
DF DE
3
1
AD AB AD
AB
4
4
3
2p q
AC
1
n 2
5
2
2p q
DC AC AD
By substituting m
From (a), DF
2p q
5m 1
(1) + (2) :
1
m
5
(b)
3m 1 n (1)
(2)
2m n
17. (a)
2p
(c) From (a) and (b), we have
3

4
2 MN ( by (b))
98
( by (a))

20. (a)
p35
p 3i 2 j ......(1)
q 2i j ......(2)
p2
2 ( 2) (1) :
23. (a)
2q p i
OQ 2i j k
i 2q p
OR 6i 5 j 3k
From (2),
j 2i q
2( 2q p) q
3q 2p
(b)
OR mOP nOQ
6i 5 j 3k m( 2i 3 j k ) n( 2i j k ) ( by (a))
6i 5 j 3k ( 2m 2 n)i (3m n) j ( m n)k
(b)
4i 5 j 4( 2q p) 5(3q 2p)
(8 15)q ( 4 10)p
6p 7q
21. (a)
2m 2n 6
3m n 5
mn3
( by (a))
mOA nOB OC
(2) (3): 2m 2
m 1
3m n 5 (1)
m 4n 6 (2)
By substituting m 1 into (3) , we have

1 n 3
n2
(c)
AB (1 3)i ( 4 1) j
2i 5 j
PS ( 2 2)i ( 2 3) j (1 1)k
j
BC (5 1)i [6 ( 4)]j
4i 10 j
SQ ( 2 2)i (1 2) j (1 1)k
j
BC 2 AB (*)
BC and AB are opposite in direction.
A, B and C are collinear.
From (*), we have BC 2 AB .
i.e.
1
QR
2
1
[(6 2)i (5 1) j (3 1)k ]
2
1
(4i 4 j 2k )
2
2i 2 j k
OS
13m 26
m2

3( 2) n 5
n 1
PS SQ
PS and SQ have the same direction.
P, S and Q are collinear.
AB 1
BC 2
24. (a)
AM AB
Then, AM : AB : 1, i.e. AM : MB : (1 )
AB : BC = 1 : 2
22.
(1)
(2)
(3)
m(3i j) n(i 4 j) 5i 6 j
(3m n)i ( m 4n) j 5i 6 j
4 (1) + (2):
(b)
OP 2i 3 j k
(1 )OA OB
(1 )
(1 )(3i 2 j k ) ( 2i 3j k )
(3 3 2 )i (2 2 3 ) j (1 )k
m n 2 (1)
n p 1 (2)
p m 5 (3)
OM
(1) (2) + (3): 2m 6

m3
(b)
( 3)i ( 2) j k
CN CD
Then, CN : CD : 1, i.e. CN : ND : (1 )

3 n 2
n 1
99
2
3
2
1
(1 )OC OD
(1 )
(1 )(5i 6 j k ) (6i 5 j k )
ON
(5 5 6 )i (6 6 5 ) j (1 )k
( 5)i ( 6) j k
(c)
26. (a)
MN
[( 5) ( 3)]i [( 6) ( 2)]j (1 1)k
( 2)i ( 4) j
(b) (i) OA 3AC

Then, OA : AC 3 : 1, i.e. OC : OA 2 : 3
BC (5 2)i (6 3) j (1 1)k
3i 3 j
25. (a) (i)
OA OB
11
1
1
OA OB
2
2
OD
OC
MN // BC
2 4
3
3
2 4
2( ) 2
1
OB : BE m : 1
Then, OB : OE m : (m + 1)
m 1
OB
m
OC nOE
OD
n 1
2
m 1
OA n
OB
3
m
n 1
2
n(m 1)
OA
OB
3(n 1)
m(n 1)
OE
AQ AB
(OB OA)
(b a )
NQ NM
(OM ON )
(ii)
b 2a
2
b 2 a
2

(ii)
(b)
2
OA
3
From (a) and (b)(i), we have
OQ OA AQ
a (b a) (by (a)(i))
(1 )a b
OQ ON NQ
2OA NQ

b 2a
2
(2 2 )a b
2
2a
(by (a)(ii))
From (1),
1 2 2 ......(1)
......(2)
2
(1) + (2):
1 2
3n 3 4
1
n
3
By substituting n
1
into (2), we have
3
1
(m 1)
1
3
2
m
1
3
m 1
2
m
m 1
2
3
By substituting
2
1
(1)
3(n 1) 2
n(m 1) 1
(2)
m(n 1) 2
2
into (2), we have
3
27. (a) OC : OA m : 1
100

Then, OC = mOA
CE : CD = n : 1
Then, CE : ED = n : (1 n)
OE
OD OA AD
OA
AE
1
1
a
b a
1 3
(1 n)OC nOD
(1 n) n
1
OB
2
(1 n)(mOA) n
m(1 n)a
1
b
a
1
3( 1)
b
a
3( 1)
1
1
nb
2
AE OE OA
1
m(1 n)a nb a
2
1
(m mn 1)a nb
2
(b)
OC OA AC
(by(a))
5
5
b a
2
2
5
3
b a
2
2
a
(ii)
AB OB OA
b a
a b
AE and AB have the same direction.
1
n
m mn 1 2
1
1
1
m(1 n) 1 n
2
1
1 n
2
m
1 n
2n
m
2(1 n)
n2
m
2(n 1)
28. (a)
(by (a))
(by (a))
OD and OC have the same direction.
3( 1)
1
5
3
2
2
1
15 3
5
AD : DE = 5 : 1
AE : ED (5 1) : 1
4 :1
Challenging Questions (p.18.50)

1.
(a) CD CM
Then, CD : CM : 1, i.e. CD : DM : (1 )
OD
5
AC AB
2
5
(OB OA)
2
5
5
b a
2
2
(1 )OC OM
(1 )
1
OA
2
(1 )OC
2 AO AB
2 1
2(a) (b a)
3
b 3a
3
1
ba
3
a (1 )c
2
(b) CE = CN
Then, CE : CN : 1, i.e. CE : EN : (1 )
AE
BE
(1 ) BC BN
(1 )
BA
2
(1 ) AO CO
2
(1 )(a) (c)
2
(1 ) AO
(b) (i) AD : DE : 1
Then, AE : AD = ( 1) :
101
(c)
EB (1 )a
OB OA OC
OD and OB have the same direction.
2 1
1
1
2
2.
(by (a))
CA ( x1 x3 )i ( y1 y3 ) j
x2 x3
y y3
i 2
j
2
2
x x3
y y3
AP 2
x1 i 2
y1 j
2
2
OP
OG OA AG
2
2
1
OD 3 a 1 c (a c)
2
3
3
OA r AP
EB and OB have the same direction.
1
2
1
1
2
rx rx3
ry 2 ry3
(1 r ) x1 2
i (1 r ) y1
j
2
2
2(1 r ) x1 rx2 rx3

2(1 r ) y1 ry 2 ry3
i
j
2
2
EB 1
3
x 2 x3
y y3
x1 i r 2
y1 j
2
2
( x1i y1 j) r
(by (b))
3.
2
1
a 3 c (a c)
2
3
DE OB OD EB
1 1
1
1
a c a c
3 3
3
3
OB t BQ
1
(a c)
3
OD DE EB
x1 x3
y y3
x2 i t 1
y2 j
2
2
tx1 tx3
ty1 ty3
(1 t ) x2
i (1 t ) y2
j
2
2
tx1 2(1 t ) x2 tx3

ty1 2(1 t ) y2 ty3
i
j
2
2
( x2i y2 j) t
1
OB
3
D and E are the trisection points of OB.

Let AP : PB BQ : QC CR : RA m : n, where m and n
are positive real numbers.
AQ
m AC n AB
m
n
AC
AB
mn
mn
mn
BR
m BA n BC
m
n
BA
BC
mn
mn
mn
CP
mCB nCA
m
n
CB
CA
mn
mn
mn
x1 x3
y y3
i 1
j
2
2
x x3
y y3
BQ 1
x2 i 1
y2 j
2
2
OQ
OG OB BG
(a c)
4.
From the results of Q2 and Q3, we have
2(1 r ) x1 rx2 rx3 tx1 2(1 t ) x2 tx3
2
2
2(1 r ) x1 rx2 rx3 tx1 2(1 t ) x2 tx3
By comparing coefficients, we have
2(1 r ) t (1)
r 2(1 t) (2)
r t (3)
AQ BR CP
m
n
( AC BA CB )
( AB BC CA)
mn
mn
m
n
( 0)
(0)
mn
mn
0
Put (3) into (2).
t 2(1 t )
2
t
3
2
From (3), r t
3
Inquiry and Investigation (p.18.51)

Activity and Discovery
(a)
(c)
1.
BC ( x3 x2 )i ( y3 y2 ) j
ac
2.
(b)
AB ( x2 x1 )i ( y 2 y1 ) j
102
OG OA AG
5.
OG
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1 x1 x2 x3
2 1 y1 y2 y3
3
3
3
3
3
3

i
j
2
2
1
1
( x1 x2 x3 )i ( y1 y2 y3 ) j
3
3
1
( x1i y1 j) ( x2i y2 j) ( x3i y3 j)
3
1
(OA OB OC )
3
Further Question
Let AG r AP and BG t BQ , where P and Q are the
mid-points of BC and AC respectively, r and t are scalars.
OA r AP
(x1i y1j z1k)
2
2(1 r)x rx rx 2(1 r) y ry ry
1 2 3 i 1 2 3 j
2
2
2(1 r)z rz rz
1 2 3k
2
BQ
AB AC
AP
2
( x2 x1)i ( y2 y1) j ( z2 z1)k ( x3 x1)i
( y y ) j ( z z )k
3 1 3 1
2
(x x 2 x )i ( y y 2 y )j ( z z 2z )k
2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1
2
r( x2 x3 2x1)i r( y2 y3 2 y1)j
r( z2 z3 2z1)k
BA BC
2
( x1 x2 )i ( y1 y2 ) j ( z1 z2 )k (x3 x2 )i
( y y ) j ( z z )k
3 2 3 2
2
( x x 2x )i ( y y 2 y ) j ( z z 2 z )k
1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2
2
OG OB BG
OB t BQ
( x2 i y 2 j z 2 k )
t(x1 x3 2x2 )i t( y1 y3 2 y2 )j
t (z1 z3 2z2 )k
2
tx 2(1 t)x2 tx3 ty1 2(1 t) y2 ty3
1
i
j
2
2
tz 2(1 t)z2 tz3
1
k
2
have
103
Then, we
2(1 r ) x1 rx2 rx3 tx1 2(1 t ) x2 tx3
2
2
2(1 r ) x1 rx2 rx3 tx1 2(1 t ) x2 tx3
By comparing coefficients, we have
2(1 r ) t
r 2(1 t)
r t
(1)
(2)
(3)
Put (3) into (2).
t 2(1 t )
2
t
3
2
From (3), r t
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1 x1 x2 x3
2 1 y1 y2 y3
3
3
3
3
3
3
OG
i
j
2
2
2
2
2
2 1 z1 z2 z3
3
3
3
k
2
1
1
1
( x1 x2 x3 )i ( y1 y2 y3 ) j ( z1 z2 z3 )k
3
3
3
1
[( x1i y1 j z1k ) ( x2i y2 j z2k ) ( x3i y3 j z3k )]
3
1
(OA OB OC )
3
104

18 Introduction To Vectors

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18 Introduction To Vectors

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NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.

, EO or other reasonable answers

Quick Practice 18.1 (p.18.7)

Quick Practice 18.2 (p.18.9)

NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.3 Full Solutions

Quick Practice 18.3 (p.18.12)

(ii) The required unit vector

Quick Practice 18.6 (p.18.15)

Quick Practice 18.4 (p.18.13)

Quick Practice 18.5 (p.18.14)

Quick Practice 18.7 (p.18.22)

Quick Practice 18.8 (p.18.23)

Quick Practice 18.12 (p.18.31)

(b) Let be the angle between OS and the positive x-axis.

78.7 (cor. to the nearest 0.1)

OC lies on the x-axis.

Quick Practice 18.14 (p.18.37)

Quick Practice 18.10 (p.18.29)

Quick Practice 18.11 (p.18.30)

Coordinates of C (1, 10, 0)

Quick Practice 18.13 (p.18.35)

Quick Practice 18.9 (p.18.24)

(ii) From the results of (a) and (b)(i), we have

NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.3 Full Solutions

BA and EF are in the same direction and

and EF are in the opposite direction and

(a) Consider the parallelogram OBCD.

FE (or other reasonable answers)

(c) Consider the parallelogram OBCD.

(d) Consider the parallelogram OBCD.

Consider the parallelogram ODEF.

By solving the above equations, we have x 2, y 1, z 4.

and RS are in the

opposite direction and

O bisects AC and BD.

NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.3 Full Solutions

By substituting m1 2 into (1), we have

(b) The required unit vector

(ii) Since OEFA and OFAB are two identical

2m1m2 m22 2m2

m22 2m2 2m1m2 0

18. (a) Consider the parallelogram OEFA.

Consider the parallelogram OFAB.

From (2), when m2 4 , m1 3 ;

(b) If A, B and C are collinear, AB // AC .

NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.3 Full Solutions

(ii) The required unit vector

(ii) The required unit vector

(a) The required magnitude 12 12

(b) The required magnitude

2i j lies in quadrant IV.

(c) The required magnitude

3 j lies in quadrant II.

From (2), we have

The required vector

NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.3 Full Solutions

By substituting m = 1 into (1), we have

AB (3 2)i [ 4 ( 5)] j ( 1 3)k

Exercise 18C (p.18.32)

From (a), we have

AB ( 3 0)i [ 2 ( 5)] j [ 2 ( 1)]k

(ii) The required unit vector

AB (5 2)i [ 2 ( 2)]j (7 3)k