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Literacy in the Digital Era:
Digital Text
Digital Thinking
Ledong Li, PhD
Li Pei (Doctoral Student)
Wen Wu (Doctoral Student)
Oakland University
Presentation
March 15, 2014
Grand Rapids, MI, USA
Michigan Reading Association
58th Annual Conference - 2014
PLUG IN to Reading, Writing & Thinking
How has our world
changed?
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March 15, 2014
COMMUNICATION
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March 15, 2014
SHOPPING
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March 15, 2014
ENTERTAINMENT
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March 15, 2014
EDUCATION
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March 15, 2014
The Digital World
Digital printer
Digital TV
Digital cinema
Digital story
Digital music
Digital generation
Digital game
Digital book
Digital dictionary
Digital Text
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March 15, 2014
Digital Text or eText is
an electronic version of
a written text.
What is Digital Text
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March 15, 2014
Display Devices
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March 15, 2014

Flexibility
Digital Text
See
Hear
Touch
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March 15, 2014
Tags
Structural Tags
Semantic Tags
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March 15, 2014
Embedded Learning Supports:
Digital World Languages Supports:
Digital text makes translations of world languages
possible on finger tips.
Example 1: Google Translator English Menu
http://translate.google.com/?hl=en
Example 2: Google Translator Chinese Menu
https://translate.google.com.hk/?hl=zh-CN&tab=wT
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March 15, 2014
History of Hyper-Text
1945 Vannevar Bush proposes Memex
1965 Ted Nelson coins the word " hypertext
1978 First hypermedia videodisk, MIT Media Lab
1987 Apple introduces HyperCard
1991 World Wide Web at CERN becomes first global hypertext
1993 Hypermedia encyclopedias sell more copies than print
encyclopedias
1995 Netscape Corp. gains market value of almost $3B on first day of
stock market trading (1998: AOL buys Netscape for $4B)
Retrieved from http://www.nngroup.com/articles/hypertext-history/
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March 15, 2014
Impact of Hyper-Text
The invention of hyperlinks (non-
linearity)
The creation of Menu Interface
(as compared to Artificial-
Language-Input Interface and
Iconic interface)
The creation of WWW and Internet (http://)
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March 15, 2014
How has the world changed? (Revisited)
What really are the challenges that
have great impact on todays
education?
(Changes brought by the
digitization of information,
particularly the digitization of text)
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March 15, 2014
Technology Advancement since
1960s
Internet since 1962 / Arpanet
1972: Internet goes public
1973: 75% of internet was e-mail
1982: TCP/IP standard
The World Wide Web (WWW)
1989: concept (CERN)
1990: first browser/editor (HTML)
1994: Hotmail starts web based email
1996: Mirabilis (Israel) starts ICQ
1998: Google is founded
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March 15, 2014
Web 1.0
(1990-2003)

Pretty much HTML
pages viewed through a
browser
Web 2.0
(2003- beyond)

Web pages, plus a lot of other
content shared over the web,
with more interactivity; more like
an application than a page
Read Mode Write &
Contribute
Page Primary Unit of
content
Post / Record
Static State Dynamic
Web Browser Viewed
through
Browsers, RSS
Readers, anything
Client Server Architecture Agent Services
Web Coders Content
Created by
Everyone
Geeks Domain of Mass
Amateurization
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March 15, 2014
Flickr is a Social Network for Sharing Photos!
Flickr shows me
photos from my
network

My contacts tags
are available to me

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March 15, 2014
Del.icio.us is a Site that Uses a Folksonomy
to Organize Bookmarks!
Tags: Descriptive
words applied by users
to links. Tags are
searchable.
My Tags: Words the
user has used to
describe links in a way
that makes sense to the
user.
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March 15, 2014
Wikipedia is a Collaborative Encyclopedia
Being Edited in Realtime!
Wikispaces has recently been acquired by TSL Education, the worlds largest collection of free teaching resources.
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March 15, 2014
Social Networks Connect Users into
Communities of Trust (or of Interests)!
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March 15, 2014
Blogging is the Most Recognized
Example of Web 2.0!
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March 15, 2014
World News!
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March 15, 2014
Digital Libraries!
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March 15, 2014
RSS (Rich Site Summary) - Content Syndication!
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March 15, 2014
Blogs Wikis
Podcasts
iTunes
iPods
RSS
Reader
Wiki updates
New blog entries
Newly tagged sites
Twitter
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March 15, 2014
More Internet Applications
Amazon / eBay
MySpace / YouTube / FaceBook
LiveJournal / ProtonMedia /(LJ-Patrick)
Podcast / Twitter
Second Life
The list goes on and on, as the Internet connects
users into communities of trust (or of interests).
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March 15, 2014
Globalization: Where Are We?
Globalization 1.0 (1492-1800) (Countries / Trade)

Globalization 2.0 (1800-2000) (Companies / Labor)

Globalization 3.0 (2000- ) (Individuals / Web + Tech)

(The World is Flat by Thomas L. Friedman)
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March 15, 2014
What does this all mean for education?
There are obvious answers
New technologies and tools
Different workflow processes
Competition and expectations of learners/users
There are less obvious answers
New expectations for the relationship between learners and
instructors
New modes of reading and writing
Affective/Social aspects increasingly important
New literacies / New thinking
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March 15, 2014
Are Todays Learners Different?
Marc Prensky, Digital Natives,
Digital Immigrants 2001
They think and process
information fundamentally
differently from their
predecessors.
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March 15, 2014
21
st
Century Vision of Education
I have a vision for education (and, of course, so do
lots of folks). But my vision differs from most peoples
in one very significant respect: My vision is bottom-
upit begins with the studentswhat they need and
how we can give it to them. I want our young people to
succeed in their 21st century, which will be, without a
doubt, a turbulent one, characterized by variability,
uncertainty, chaos, and ambiguity (what my good
friend, former school superintendent David Engle,
calls VUCA) and by increasingly accelerating
change.
From Digital Natives to Digital Wisdom 2011 Marc Prensky
Presentation
March 15, 2014
Comparison of Education Settings
on storage of information
21
st
Century Emphasis
on presentation
on the mastery of factual knowledge
on independent learning
on the retention of factual information
on creating knowledge
on guidance/modeling
on greater depth and application
on greater use of collaborative
learning
on the demonstration of applications,
the use of projects and portfolios
20
th
Century Emphasis
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March 15, 2014
Framework for 20
th
Century Learning
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March 15, 2014
Framework for 21
st
Century Learning
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March 15, 2014
Definition of Digital Literacy
Digital literacy is the ability to effectively and critically navigate,
evaluate and create information using a range of digital
technologies. (Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_literacy)
Digital literacy is the ability to perform tasks effectively in a
digital environment, including the ability to use digital technology,
communication tools or networks to locate, evaluate, use and
create information, and the ability to read and interpret media, to
reproduce data and images through digital manipulation, and to
evaluate and apply new knowledge gained from digital
environments. (Retrieved from http://www.library.illinois.edu/diglit/definition.html)
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March 15, 2014
Definition of Digital Thinking
What came together in that document might well be
the definition of digital thinking. That is, you have to
think simultaneously and in an integrated fashion not
only content and form but also how everything you do
connects to anyone and everyone since, potentially,
anyone and everyone could be part of your network.
Thats what open source is. Thats what digital
thinking is.
Retrieved from the HASTAC Website: http://www.hastac.org/blogs/cathy-davidson/content-
form-public-connection-digital-thinking
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March 15, 2014
Digital Literacy / Digital Thinking
The updated model of digital literacy (digital thinking)
consists of the following skills:
Photo-Visual Skills
Reproduction Skills
Branching Skills
Information Skills
Socio-Emotional Skills
Real-Time Thinking

Yoram Eshet (2012). Thinking in the Digital Era: A Revised Model for Digital
Literacy.
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March 15, 2014
Photo-Visual Literacy Skill:
Understanding messages from graphical displays:
Modern graphic-based digital environments require scholars
to employ cognitive skills of using vision to think in order
to create photo- visual communication with the environment.
This unique form of digital thinking skill helps users to
intuitively read and understand instructions and
messages that are presented in a visual-graphical form, as
in user interfaces and in childrens computer games
(Shneiderman, 1998).
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March 15, 2014
Utilizing digital reproduction to create new,
meaningful materials from preexisting ones:
Modern digital technologies provide users with
opportunities to create visual art and written works by
reproducing and manipulating text, visuals, and audio
pieces. This requires the utilization of a digital
reproduction thinking skill, defined as the ability to
create new meanings or new interpretations by
combining preexisting, independent shreds of digital
information as text, graphic, and sound. (Benjamin,
1994)
Reproduction Literacy Skill
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March 15, 2014
Constructing knowledge from non-linear, hypertextual
navigation:
In hypermedia environments, users navigate in a branching,
non-linear way through knowledge domains. This form of
navigation confronts them with problems that involve the
need to construct knowledge from independent sources of
information that were accessed in a non-orderly and non-
linear way. The terms branching, lateral, or hypermedia
thinking are used interchangeably to describe the cognitive
skills employed by users of such digital environments. (Spiro,
Feltovitch, Jacobson, & Coulson, 1991)
Branching Literacy Skill
Presentation
March 15, 2014
Critically evaluating the quality and validity of
information:
Today, with the exponential growth in available information,
consumers ability to assess information by sorting out
subjective, biased, or even false information has become a
key issue in training people to become smart information
consumers. (Eshet-Alkalai & Geri, 2007, 2009)
The ability of information consumers to make educated
assessments of information requires the utilization of a
special kind of digital thinking skill, termed information skill.
(Bruce, 2003)
Information Literacy Skill
Presentation
March 15, 2014
Understanding the rules that prevail in the
cyberspace and applying this understanding in virtual
communication:
Users of collaborative digital environments, such as
knowledge communities, discussion groups, and chat rooms,
are required to employ sociological and emotional skills in
order to perform effectively in the mass communication of the
cyberspace (Garrison, Anderson, & Archer, 2000). This new
kind of digital thinking skill is termed "socio-emotional.
Socio-Emotional Literacy Skill
Presentation
March 15, 2014
The ability to process large volumes of stimuli at the
same time, as in video games or in online teaching:
Present-day multimedia environments, such as simulations
and games, require that users process simultaneously
large volumes of stimuli that bombard their cognition
repeatedly. The ability of users to perform effectively in
these environments is termed real-time thinking (Eshet-
Alkalai, 2008a).
Real-Time Thinking skill
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March 15, 2014
Challenges
Issues related to student achievement
are derived from 4 areas:
Curriculum what we teach
Quality of instruction how we teach
Effectiveness of schools where we teach
Characteristics of students who we teach
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March 15, 2014
What are the other nations doing?
Singapore: Digital education in all schools (a
video intro). New rule: All students to purchase
Apple MacBooks!
South Korea: Textbooks go digital!
Hong Kong: Close the digital divide!
China:
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March 15, 2014
Resources
What resources are available to
assist schools and families in
educating students for the 21
st

century? (Add info.)
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March 15, 2014
Henry Ford said If you think you can,
or you think you cant . . . you are
right.
Digital transformation challenges us to
institute 21
st
century skills for
education in our world.
Thank you for attending our
session(Questions)
Presentation
March 15, 2014
New Form: Digital Textbook
Digital textbooks can be defined as core textbooks for
students, with which students can learn contents that
are tailored to their abilities and interests.
Digital textbooks offer various interactive functions,
and provide the learner with a combination of
textbooks, reference books, workbooks, dictionaries
and multimedia contents such as video clips,
animations, and virtual reality, both at school and at
home, without the constraints of time and space.
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March 15, 2014
New Form: Digital Textbook (II)
In other words, digital textbooks are alive and in
motion, and as such are literally living and moving
textbooks that construct and create the knowledge not
only of individual learners, but also the community,
and support and manage the teaching of students and
learning activities of teachers and learners.
Learners can create their own textbooks while using
the digital textbook, underlining the important parts,
taking notes, and ultimately combining the contents
with high-quality, reliable knowledge that is their own.
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March 15, 2014
Concept Map of Digital Textbook
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March 15, 2014
Major Functions of Digital Textbook

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