Basic Concept of Electronics: 1. Electronic Component & Circuit Analysis

1
Basic Concept of Electronics

a short review
Achmad Rizal
BioSPIN
ARL-EL4703- Instrumentasi Biomedis 2
1. Electronic Component &
Circuit Analysis (1)
Current (I, ampere) : the rate of the flow
of electrons through a region
Voltage & Potential (V, volt) : potential
energy (U) per unit charge q
o
dt dQ I / =
o
AB
A B
q
W
V V V = =
Resistor : component for current divider or voltage
divider depend on material and dimension
Ohms Law :
Power :
A
l
R

=
R I V . =
R
V
R I P
2
2
. = =
Kirchoffs Voltage Law
Kirchoffs Current Law
Superposition theorem : the current of a linear
network is the sum of the currents produced by each
energy source
= 0 V
= 0 I
I
R
+ V
(a)
V
1
V
2
+ 10
I
+ 20
V
S
=30 V
R
1
R
2
(b)
Figure 2.4 (a) The voltage drop created by an element has the polarity of + to in
the direction of current flow. (b) Kirchhoffs voltage law.
0 = V
I
1
I
2
I
3
3 A
I = ?
(a) (b)
6 A
Figure 2.5 (a) Kirchhoffs current law states that the sum of the currents entering a
node is 0. (b) Two currents entering and one negative entering, or leaving.
= 0 I
I =9 A
2
+
10 V
I
1
2
6
4
I
3
I
2
+
14 V
a b e
d c f
Figure 2.6 Kirchhoffs current law example.
3 2 1
I I I = +
( ) ( ) 0 2 6 V 0 1
: abcda Loop
3 1
= I I
2 1
2 8 10 I I + =
( ) ( ) 0 4 6 V 10 V 14
: bcfeb Loop
2 1
= + I I
2 1
2 3 12 I I + =
A 3
A 2
2
1
=
=
I
I
Capacitor : two-terminal element in which the current, i,
is proportional to the change of voltage with respect
of the time, a cross the element
dt
dv
C i =
3 2 1
1 1 1 1
C C C C
ek
+ + =
Parallel capacitor
3 2 1
C C C C
ek
+ + =
+Q
-Q
d
Area =A
d A C
o
/ =
Inductor : a two-terminal element
in which the voltage, v, is
proportional to the change of
current with respect to time, di/dt,
across the element.
dt
di
L
dt
d
v = =

Series Inductor
Voltage Divider :
so:
ek
ek
L
V
dt
di
dt
di
L V ana
dt
di
L V
dt
di
L V
dt
di
L V
= =
=
=
=
dim
3 3
2 2
1 1 3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
0
0 :
L L L L
dt
di
L
dt
di
L
dt
di
L
dt
di
L
dt
di
L
dt
di
L
dt
di
L V
V V V V
V V V V
V KVL
ek
ek
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
= + +
=
V
L
L
V
V
L
L
V
V
L
L
V
ek
ek
ek
3
3
2
2
1
1
=
=
=
Paralel Inductor
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
0
0
:
L L L L
Vdt
L
Vdt
L
Vdt
L
Vdt
L
i i i i
i i i i
i
KCL
ek
ek
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
=
=

Pembagi arus ;
i L Vdt Vdt
L
i ana
Vdt
L
i
Vdt
L
i
Vdt
L
i
ek
ek
= =
=
=
=

1
dim
1
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1

i
L
L
i
i
L
L
i
i
L
L
i
ek
ek
ek
3
3
2
2
1
1
=
=
=

3
R
d
R
S
+
A(v
2
v
1
)
v
1
v
2
v
o
(a)
v
o
v
1
v
2
A
+
(b)
V
+
V
Figure 2.23 (a) Equivalent circuit for op amp. (b) Symbol of op amp. Many times
V+and V are omitted in the op amp symbol, but it is understood that they are
present.
2. Basic OpAmp (1)
OpAmp : a high gain dc differential amplifier
2. Basic OpAmp (2)
Ideal OpAmp
A = (gain, amplification)
v
o
= 0 when v
1
=v
2
(no offset voltage)
R
d
= (differential input impedance is
infinity)
R
s
= 0 (output impedance is zero)
Bandwidth =
Two rules in OpAmp
The two input terminals are at the same
voltage
No current flows into either of the two input
terminals
2. Basic OpAmp (3)
Inverter
2. Basic OpAmp (4)
NonInverting Amplifier
2. Basic OpAmp (5)
Voltage Follower/Buffer
1
0
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
t
T
sine
cosine
1
Figure 2.18 One period, T, of the sine and cosine waveforms.
)
2
sin( ) sin( ) 2 sin(
+ = + = + t
T
A t A ft A
A = amplitude of sine wave
f = frequency of sine wave in hertz (Hz)
= phase angle of sine wave in radians
= angular frequency of sine wave in radians per second
T = 1/f (period in seconds)
3.Frequency & Fasor (1)
4
t
I
max
V
max
i
R
v
R
(a)
Figure 2.21 Plots of the current and voltage as a function of time. (a) With a
resistor both the current and the voltage vary as sin(t), the current is in phase
with the voltage, meaning that when the current is at a maximum, the voltage is
also. (b) For an inductor, the current lags behind the voltage 90. (c) For a
capacitor, the current lead the voltage by 90.
=
= I V R
o
90 + =
=

I V L j
t
I
max
V
max
i
L
v
L
(b)
o
90
1
=
=

I V
C j
t
I
max
V
max
i
C
v
C
(c)
Z
e
(c)
Z
1
Z
2
(a)
2 1 e
Z Z Z + =
Z
1
Z
2
(b)
2 1
2 1
2 1
e
1 1
1
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z
+
=
+
=
Figure 2.22 (a) Series circuit. (b) Parallel circuit. (c) Single impedance equivalent.
4.Filter (1)
Filter : an electronic circuit that, by design, attenuates
sinusoidal voltage signal at undesired frequencies and
passes signals at preferred frequencies
Input-output Relationship of Filters
)) ( sin( ) (
) sin(

+ + =
+ =
t T V v
t V v
m o
m i
filter fasa respon ) (
filter magnitudo respon ) (
=
=

T
T(f)
f
f
c
1.0
0.1
0.01
1 100 10
T(f)
f
f
c
1.0
0.1
0.01
1 100 10
(a) (b)
Figure 2.32 (a) Low-pass filter. (b) High-pass filter.
4.Filter (2)
(a) (b)
Figure 2.33 (a) Bandpass filter. (b) Bandstop filter.
T(f)
f
f
2
f
1
1.0
0.1
0.01
1 100 10
T(f)
f
f
1
f
2
1.0
0.1
0.01
1 100 10
4.Filter (3)
(a)
Figure 2.34 Low-pass filter. (a) RC circuit. (b) RL circuit.
R
v
o
+
v
i C
+
c
1
1
1
1
/ 1
/ 1
) (

j RC j C j R
C j
T
+
=
+
=
+
=
RC
1
c
=
(b)
R
v
o
v
i
L
+
c
j L j R
R
T

+
=
+
=
1
1
) (
L
R
c
=
5
(a)
Figure 2.35 High-pass filter. (a) RC circuit. (b) RL circuit.
RC
1
c
=
c
1
1
) (
j
T
+
=
R
v
o
v
i
C
+
(b)
L
R
c
=
c
1
1
) (
j
T
+
=
R
v
o
v
i
L
+

Low-pass filter
corner frequency
2
High-pass filter
corner frequency
1
Input signal
Output
Figure 2.36 A low-pass filter and a high-pass filter are cascaded to make a
bandpass filter.

Basic Concept of Electronics: 1. Electronic Component & Circuit Analysis

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Basic Concept of Electronics: 1. Electronic Component & Circuit Analysis

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Basic Concept of Electronics

ARL-EL4703- Instrumentasi Biomedis 26

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