NERVOUS SYSTEM I N BRI EF

EXCITING MUSCLE &

NERVOUS SYSTEM
TYPES OF NERVOUS SYSTEMS
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Cranial and Spinal Nerves.
Autonomic Nervous System. (ANS)
Regulates activity of organs.
Sympathetic: fight or flight.
Parasympathetic: feed or breed.
SENSORY VS. MOTOR
Sensory: perception of the world.
Motor: activates muscles or glands.

Central Nervous System: Sensory and motor.
Peripheral nervous system: sensory and motor.
Autonomic Nervous System: Only motor.
NEURONS
NEURON
Types:

Multipolar: Motor

Bipolar: Sensory found in vision, taste and smell.

Pseudounipolar: sensory
NEURONS
Multipolar may also
be anaxonic as
In the case of the
Interneuron below.
Multipolar neuron in Spinal Cord
INTERNEURON [49] & MOTOR NEURON
[50]
(MULTIPOLAR NEURONS)
PSEUDOUNIPOLAR NEURON
Pseudounipolar Neuron
BIPOLAR NEURONS
Sensory only

Special senses: sight, sound

Axons and dendrites are
essentially the same length.
Nuclei of Bipolar Cells in Retina
PARTS OF THE NEURON
Cell body

Axon: Usually sends signals away from the cell
body.
Long and single to branching
Dendrites: receive signals and send them to the cell
body.
Short and usually multiple.
dendrite
Axon
PARTS OF A MOTOR NEURON
CELL BODY
Large nucleus

Nucleolus often present.

Found in ganglia or in the brain or spinal cord.

Dendrite
Axon
PARTS OF A MOTOR NEURON
NEURON CELL BODY
Axon for neighbor neuron Dendrite
Axon Hillock
Axon
Bouton with Synaptic Cleft
NEURAL CELL BODY LOCATIONS
Ganglia: collection of cell bodies outside
the central nervous system.

On the sides of spinal cords

Nuclei: collections of cell bodies within the
central nervous system.

Within white matter of brain or brain regions
NERVE VS. TRACT
Nerve: Collection of axons (fibers) outside the
central nervous system.

Tract: collection of axons (fibers) within the central
nervous system.


MYELINATED VS. UNMYELINATED
Myelinated: axons are wrapped in a roll or
phospholipid bilayers from a neuroglial cell.
Gaps between cells = nodes of Ranvier.
Fast transmission.
Unmyelinated: axons held by neuroglial cells, but
not completely enclosed by them.
Slow transmission.

MYELINATED AXON VIA
SCHWANN CELL
Axon Node of Ranvier
Schwann cells
HE L PE RS F OR NE URONS
GL I AL ME ANS GL UE
NEUROGLIAL CELLS
SCHWANN CELLS
Create myelin sheathes around the axons in nerves.

Peripheral Nervous System

Also called Neurolemmocytes.

Cell wraps around axon like a jelly roll.
SCHWANN CELLS
(NEUROLEMMOCYTES)
Axon Node of Ranvier
Schwann cells
CROSS SECTION OF SCHWANN CELL
NODE OF RANVIER

Schwann cell
holding many
unmyelinated
axons
Axons
Schwann Cells
Node of Ranvier
OLIGODENDROCYTES
Creates myelin sheathes around axons in the
central nervous system.

Central nervous System

Several cellular extensions from a cell body like an
octopus holding multiple rods.



Oligodendrocyte
Oligodendrocytes
SATELLITE CELLS
Surround neural cell bodies in ganglia.

May help keep cell bodies from communicating
with each other.

Function may be similar to Astrocytes.
Satellite Cells
EPENDYMAL CELLS

Produce and circulate cerebral spinal fluid.

Found in the ventricles of the brain and the central
canal of the spinal cord.
Ependymal cell
Ependymal Cells
MICROGLIAL CELLS
Phagocytes of the nervous system.

Found throughout the central nervous system.
Microglial cell
Microglial cells
MOTOR NEURONS IN SYMPATHETIC
CHAIN GANGLION
ASTROCYTES
Create the blood brain barrier.

May help select materials to be sent to the
neurons form the capillaries.

Keep capillaries tight; prevent leakage.

Mop up excessive ions and
neurotransmitters.
Astrocyte
Astrocytes
MNEMONIC
S = satellite cells
O = oligodendrocytes
M = microglial cells
E = ependymal cells
Always = astrocytes
Shine = schwann cells
(Note: the 2 Ss are peripheral)