Sie sind auf Seite 1von 268

C o n c e p t s f o r E n e r g y S a v i n g s i n t h e H o u s i n g S e c t o r o f

B o d r u m , T u r k e y :
C o m p u t e r b a s e d a n a l y s i s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f f u t u r e s e t t l e m e n t s
u s i n g r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y


v o r g e l e g t v o n

D i p l . - I n g .
A r d a K a r a s u

a u s I s t a n b u l , T r k e i




V o n d e r F a k u l t t V I - P l a n e n B a u e n U m w e l t
d e r T e c h n i s c h e U n i v e r s i t t B e r l i n
z u r E r l a n g u n g d e s a k a d e m i s c h e n G r a d e s
D o k t o r d e r I n g e n i e u r w i s s e n s c h a f t e n

D r . I n g .

g e n e h m i g t e D i s s e r t a t i o n







P r o m o t i o n s a u s s c h u s s :

V o r s i t z e n d e r : P r o f . D r . K . Z i l l i c h
B e r i c h t e r : P r o f . C . S t e f f a n
B e r i c h t e r : P r o f . R . H a s c h e r

T a g d e r w i s s e n s c h a f t l i c h e n A u s s p r a c h e : 2 2 . J u l i 2 0 0 9


B e r l i n 2 0 1 0
D 8 3


C o n c e p t s f o r E n e r g y S a v i n g s i n t h e H o u s i n g S e c t o r o f
B o d r u m , T u r k e y :
C o m p u t e r b a s e d a n a l y s i s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f f u t u r e s e t t l e m e n t s
u s i n g r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y


v o r g e l e g t v o n

D i p l . - I n g .
A r d a K a r a s u

a u s I s t a n b u l , T r k e i




V o n d e r F a k u l t t V I - P l a n e n B a u e n U m w e l t
d e r T e c h n i s c h e U n i v e r s i t t B e r l i n
z u r E r l a n g u n g d e s a k a d e m i s c h e n G r a d e s
D o k t o r d e r I n g e n i e u r w i s s e n s c h a f t e n

D r . I n g .

g e n e h m i g t e D i s s e r t a t i o n







P r o m o t i o n s a u s s c h u s s :

V o r s i t z e n d e r : P r o f . D r . K . Z i l l i c h
B e r i c h t e r : P r o f . C . S t e f f a n
B e r i c h t e r : P r o f . R . H a s c h e r

T a g d e r w i s s e n s c h a f t l i c h e n A u s s p r a c h e : 2 2 . J u l i 2 0 0 9


B e r l i n 2 0 1 0
D 8 3


Concepts for Energy Savings in the Housing Sector of
Bodrum, Turkey:
Computer based analysis and development of future settlements
using renewable energy


vorgelegt von

Dipl.-Ing.
Arda Karasu

aus Istanbul, Trkei




Von der Fakultt VI - Planen Bauen Umwelt
der Technische Universitt Berlin
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften

Dr. Ing.

genehmigte Dissertation







Promotionsausschuss:

Vorsitzender : Prof. Dr. K. Zillich
Berichter : Prof. C. Steffan
Berichter : Prof. R. Hascher

Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 22. Juli 2009


Berlin 2010
D 83


Concepts for Energy Savings in the Housing Sector of
Bodrum, Turkey:
Computer based analysis and development of future settlements
using renewable energy


vorgelegt von

Dipl.-Ing.
Arda Karasu

aus Istanbul, Trkei




Von der Fakultt VI - Planen Bauen Umwelt
der Technische Universitt Berlin
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften

Dr. Ing.

genehmigte Dissertation







Promotionsausschuss:

Vorsitzender : Prof. Dr. K. Zillich
Berichter : Prof. C. Steffan
Berichter : Prof. R. Hascher

Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 22. Juli 2009


Berlin 2010
D 83
























ISBN 978 3 7983 2193-9 (Druckausgabe)
ISBN 978 3 7983 2192-2 (Online-Version)


Gedruckt auf surefreiem alterungsbestndigem Papier

Druck/ docupoint GmbH Magdeburg
Printing: Maxim-Gorki-Strae 10, 39108 Magdeburg

Vertrieb/ Universittsverlag der TU Berlin
Publisher: Universittsbibliothek
Fasanenstr. 88 ( imVOLKSWAGEN-Haus), D-10623 Berlin
Tel.: (030)314-76131; Fax.: (030)314-76133
E-Mail: publikationen@ub.tu-berlin.de
http://www.univerlag.tu-berlin.de/























ISBN 978 3 7983 2193-9 (Druckausgabe)
ISBN 978 3 7983 2192-2 (Online-Version)


Gedruckt auf surefreiem alterungsbestndigem Papier

Druck/ docupoint GmbH Magdeburg
Printing: Maxim-Gorki-Strae 10, 39108 Magdeburg

Vertrieb/ Universittsverlag der TU Berlin
Publisher: Universittsbibliothek
Fasanenstr. 88 ( imVOLKSWAGEN-Haus), D-10623 Berlin
Tel.: (030)314-76131; Fax.: (030)314-76133
E-Mail: publikationen@ub.tu-berlin.de
http://www.univerlag.tu-berlin.de/























I S B N 9 7 8 3 7 9 8 3 2 1 9 3 - 9 ( D r u c k a u s g a b e )
I S B N 9 7 8 3 7 9 8 3 2 1 9 2 - 2 ( O n l i n e - V e r s i o n )


G e d r u c k t a u f s u r e f r e i e m a l t e r u n g s b e s t n d i g e m P a p i e r

D r u c k / d o c u p o i n t G m b H M a g d e b u r g
P r i n t i n g : M a x i m - G o r k i - S t r a e 1 0 , 3 9 1 0 8 M a g d e b u r g

V e r t r i e b / U n i v e r s i t t s v e r l a g d e r T U B e r l i n
P u b l i s h e r : U n i v e r s i t t s b i b l i o t h e k
F a s a n e n s t r . 8 8 ( i m V O L K S W A G E N - H a u s ) , D - 1 0 6 2 3 B e r l i n
T e l . : ( 0 3 0 ) 3 1 4 - 7 6 1 3 1 ; F a x . : ( 0 3 0 ) 3 1 4 - 7 6 1 3 3
E - M a i l : p u b l i k a t i o n e n @ u b . t u - b e r l i n . d e
h t t p : / / w w w . u n i v e r l a g . t u - b e r l i n . d e /























I S B N 9 7 8 3 7 9 8 3 2 1 9 3 - 9 ( D r u c k a u s g a b e )
I S B N 9 7 8 3 7 9 8 3 2 1 9 2 - 2 ( O n l i n e - V e r s i o n )


G e d r u c k t a u f s u r e f r e i e m a l t e r u n g s b e s t n d i g e m P a p i e r

D r u c k / d o c u p o i n t G m b H M a g d e b u r g
P r i n t i n g : M a x i m - G o r k i - S t r a e 1 0 , 3 9 1 0 8 M a g d e b u r g

V e r t r i e b / U n i v e r s i t t s v e r l a g d e r T U B e r l i n
P u b l i s h e r : U n i v e r s i t t s b i b l i o t h e k
F a s a n e n s t r . 8 8 ( i m V O L K S W A G E N - H a u s ) , D - 1 0 6 2 3 B e r l i n
T e l . : ( 0 3 0 ) 3 1 4 - 7 6 1 3 1 ; F a x . : ( 0 3 0 ) 3 1 4 - 7 6 1 3 3
E - M a i l : p u b l i k a t i o n e n @ u b . t u - b e r l i n . d e
h t t p : / / w w w . u n i v e r l a g . t u - b e r l i n . d e /


i
A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s


T h i s t h e s i s r e s u l t s f r o m m y d o c t o r a l s t u d i e s c a r r i e d o u t a t t h e B u i l d i n g T e c h n o l o g y a n d
D e s i g n D e p a r t m e n t o f t h e B e r l i n I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o l o g y . I t i s m y d e s i r e a n d g r e a t p l e a s u r e t o
o f f e r m y s i n c e r e t h a n k s t o a l l t h o s e i n d i v i d u a l s , w h o h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t h e i r h e l p t o t h e
c o m p l e t i o n o f m y w o r k .
F i r s t a n d f o r e m o s t , I w o u l d l i k e t o e x p r e s s m y g r a t i t u d e t o P r o f . C l a u s S t e f f a n f o r a c c e p t i n g
m e a s a d o c t o r a l c a n d i d a t e . I a m d e e p l y a p p r e c i a t i v e o f h i s o v e r a l l g u i d a n c e a n d
e n c o u r a g e m e n t t h r o u g h o u t m y r e s e a r c h p e r i o d .
I w i s h a l s o l i k e t o t h a n k P r o f . R a i n e r H a s c h e r , w h o a c c e p t e d t o a c t a s a n a s s e s s o r i n h i s
v a l u a b l e a n d l i m i t e d t i m e .
F u r t h e r m o r e , I a m t h a n k f u l t o a l l t h o s e p e o p l e , e s p e c i a l l y P r o f . D r . Z i e g l e r , w h o s h a r e d t h e i r
e x p e r t k n o w l e d g e w i t h m e .
F i n a l l y , I w i s h t o e x p r e s s m y d e e p e s t g r a t i t u d e t o m y p a r e n t s , A y k u t a n d F i k r e t K a r a s u , a n d
m y b r o t h e r n a l E f e m K a r a s u , f o r t h e s u p p o r t t h e y e x t e n d e d t o m e t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o m p l e t i o n
o f m y a c a d e m i c e d u c a t i o n .

T h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n i s f i n a n c i a l l y s u p p o r t e d b y T U B I T A K T h e S c i e n t i f i c a n d T e c h n o l o g i c a l
R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l o f T u r k e y .

B e r l i n A r d a K a r a s u
A p r i l , 2 0 0 9


i
A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s


T h i s t h e s i s r e s u l t s f r o m m y d o c t o r a l s t u d i e s c a r r i e d o u t a t t h e B u i l d i n g T e c h n o l o g y a n d
D e s i g n D e p a r t m e n t o f t h e B e r l i n I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o l o g y . I t i s m y d e s i r e a n d g r e a t p l e a s u r e t o
o f f e r m y s i n c e r e t h a n k s t o a l l t h o s e i n d i v i d u a l s , w h o h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t h e i r h e l p t o t h e
c o m p l e t i o n o f m y w o r k .
F i r s t a n d f o r e m o s t , I w o u l d l i k e t o e x p r e s s m y g r a t i t u d e t o P r o f . C l a u s S t e f f a n f o r a c c e p t i n g
m e a s a d o c t o r a l c a n d i d a t e . I a m d e e p l y a p p r e c i a t i v e o f h i s o v e r a l l g u i d a n c e a n d
e n c o u r a g e m e n t t h r o u g h o u t m y r e s e a r c h p e r i o d .
I w i s h a l s o l i k e t o t h a n k P r o f . R a i n e r H a s c h e r , w h o a c c e p t e d t o a c t a s a n a s s e s s o r i n h i s
v a l u a b l e a n d l i m i t e d t i m e .
F u r t h e r m o r e , I a m t h a n k f u l t o a l l t h o s e p e o p l e , e s p e c i a l l y P r o f . D r . Z i e g l e r , w h o s h a r e d t h e i r
e x p e r t k n o w l e d g e w i t h m e .
F i n a l l y , I w i s h t o e x p r e s s m y d e e p e s t g r a t i t u d e t o m y p a r e n t s , A y k u t a n d F i k r e t K a r a s u , a n d
m y b r o t h e r n a l E f e m K a r a s u , f o r t h e s u p p o r t t h e y e x t e n d e d t o m e t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o m p l e t i o n
o f m y a c a d e m i c e d u c a t i o n .

T h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n i s f i n a n c i a l l y s u p p o r t e d b y T U B I T A K T h e S c i e n t i f i c a n d T e c h n o l o g i c a l
R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l o f T u r k e y .

B e r l i n A r d a K a r a s u
A p r i l , 2 0 0 9


i
Acknowledgments


This thesis results from my doctoral studies carried out at the Building Technology and
Design Department of the Berlin Institute of Technology. It is my desire and great pleasure to
offer my sincere thanks to all those individuals, who have contributed their help to the
completion of my work.
First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Claus Steffan for accepting
me as a doctoral candidate. I am deeply appreciative of his overall guidance and
encouragement throughout my research period.
I wish also like to thank Prof. Rainer Hascher, who accepted to act as an assessor in his
valuable and limited time.
Furthermore, I am thankful to all those people, especially Prof. Dr. Ziegler, who shared their
expert knowledge with me.
Finally, I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my parents, Aykut and Fikret Karasu, and
my brother nal Efem Karasu, for the support they extended to me throughout the completion
of my academic education.

This dissertation is financially supported by TUBITAK The Scientific and Technological
Research Council of Turkey.

Berlin Arda Karasu
April, 2009


i
Acknowledgments


This thesis results from my doctoral studies carried out at the Building Technology and
Design Department of the Berlin Institute of Technology. It is my desire and great pleasure to
offer my sincere thanks to all those individuals, who have contributed their help to the
completion of my work.
First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Claus Steffan for accepting
me as a doctoral candidate. I am deeply appreciative of his overall guidance and
encouragement throughout my research period.
I wish also like to thank Prof. Rainer Hascher, who accepted to act as an assessor in his
valuable and limited time.
Furthermore, I am thankful to all those people, especially Prof. Dr. Ziegler, who shared their
expert knowledge with me.
Finally, I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my parents, Aykut and Fikret Karasu, and
my brother nal Efem Karasu, for the support they extended to me throughout the completion
of my academic education.

This dissertation is financially supported by TUBITAK The Scientific and Technological
Research Council of Turkey.

Berlin Arda Karasu
April, 2009


ii
Abstract
The main aim of this work will be to develop new architectural concepts for using renewable
energy resources by evaluating the housing settlements in Bodrum, a characteristic city in the
Aegean Region of Turkey, where the vernacular urban and architectural patterns provide
useful hints for designing more sustainable environments.
The energy consumption of the building variants, which have been chosen because of their
characteristics, will be researched by using special computer softwares to develop suitable
architectural measures that use renewable energy sources for actual and further conditions in
that region.
Furthermore, it will present a review of the present energy situation and assess sustainability,
technical, and economical potential of renewable energy sources. The thesis will also offer
future policies for the energy sector in Turkey.
There is broad agreement that renewable energy should be encouraged in principle, but
differing views exists as to how best to achieve this in practice. Therefore, with this regional
study, new architectural concepts using renewable energy resources for reducing the energy
requirements of Bodrum`s housing sector, which are met by fossil energy resources, will be
developed.
With this study, an assessment of potential, prospective targets for renewable energy in the
region and recommendations for implementation will be prepared. Targets will be provided
for the region as architectural measures, and key forms of renewable energy in terms of solar
energy technologies.
It is clear that the results and outputs of this study will form a contribution to the wider
sustainable development context across the region and more widely across Turkey. This fits
with the Governments policy approach to sustainable development which envisages four
overarching objectives for sustainable development as follows: Maintenance of high and
stable levels of economic growth and employment; Social progress which recognise the needs
of everyone; Effective protection of the environment; and prudent use of natural resources.




ii
Abstract
The main aim of this work will be to develop new architectural concepts for using renewable
energy resources by evaluating the housing settlements in Bodrum, a characteristic city in the
Aegean Region of Turkey, where the vernacular urban and architectural patterns provide
useful hints for designing more sustainable environments.
The energy consumption of the building variants, which have been chosen because of their
characteristics, will be researched by using special computer softwares to develop suitable
architectural measures that use renewable energy sources for actual and further conditions in
that region.
Furthermore, it will present a review of the present energy situation and assess sustainability,
technical, and economical potential of renewable energy sources. The thesis will also offer
future policies for the energy sector in Turkey.
There is broad agreement that renewable energy should be encouraged in principle, but
differing views exists as to how best to achieve this in practice. Therefore, with this regional
study, new architectural concepts using renewable energy resources for reducing the energy
requirements of Bodrum`s housing sector, which are met by fossil energy resources, will be
developed.
With this study, an assessment of potential, prospective targets for renewable energy in the
region and recommendations for implementation will be prepared. Targets will be provided
for the region as architectural measures, and key forms of renewable energy in terms of solar
energy technologies.
It is clear that the results and outputs of this study will form a contribution to the wider
sustainable development context across the region and more widely across Turkey. This fits
with the Governments policy approach to sustainable development which envisages four
overarching objectives for sustainable development as follows: Maintenance of high and
stable levels of economic growth and employment; Social progress which recognise the needs
of everyone; Effective protection of the environment; and prudent use of natural resources.




i i
A b s t r a c t
T h e m a i n a i m o f t h i s w o r k w i l l b e t o d e v e l o p n e w a r c h i t e c t u r a l c o n c e p t s f o r u s i n g r e n e w a b l e
e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s b y e v a l u a t i n g t h e h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m , a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c i t y i n t h e
A e g e a n R e g i o n o f T u r k e y , w h e r e t h e v e r n a c u l a r u r b a n a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l p a t t e r n s p r o v i d e
u s e f u l h i n t s f o r d e s i g n i n g m o r e s u s t a i n a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t s .
T h e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g v a r i a n t s , w h i c h h a v e b e e n c h o s e n b e c a u s e o f t h e i r
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , w i l l b e r e s e a r c h e d b y u s i n g s p e c i a l c o m p u t e r s o f t w a r e s t o d e v e l o p s u i t a b l e
a r c h i t e c t u r a l m e a s u r e s t h a t u s e r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s f o r a c t u a l a n d f u r t h e r c o n d i t i o n s i n
t h a t r e g i o n .
F u r t h e r m o r e , i t w i l l p r e s e n t a r e v i e w o f t h e p r e s e n t e n e r g y s i t u a t i o n a n d a s s e s s s u s t a i n a b i l i t y ,
t e c h n i c a l , a n d e c o n o m i c a l p o t e n t i a l o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s . T h e t h e s i s w i l l a l s o o f f e r
f u t u r e p o l i c i e s f o r t h e e n e r g y s e c t o r i n T u r k e y .
T h e r e i s b r o a d a g r e e m e n t t h a t r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s h o u l d b e e n c o u r a g e d i n p r i n c i p l e , b u t
d i f f e r i n g v i e w s e x i s t s a s t o h o w b e s t t o a c h i e v e t h i s i n p r a c t i c e . T h e r e f o r e , w i t h t h i s r e g i o n a l
s t u d y , n e w a r c h i t e c t u r a l c o n c e p t s u s i n g r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s f o r r e d u c i n g t h e e n e r g y
r e q u i r e m e n t s o f B o d r u m ` s h o u s i n g s e c t o r , w h i c h a r e m e t b y f o s s i l e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s , w i l l b e
d e v e l o p e d .
W i t h t h i s s t u d y , a n a s s e s s m e n t o f p o t e n t i a l , p r o s p e c t i v e t a r g e t s f o r r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y i n t h e
r e g i o n a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n w i l l b e p r e p a r e d . T a r g e t s w i l l b e p r o v i d e d
f o r t h e r e g i o n a s a r c h i t e c t u r a l m e a s u r e s , a n d k e y f o r m s o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y i n t e r m s o f s o l a r
e n e r g y t e c h n o l o g i e s .
I t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e r e s u l t s a n d o u t p u t s o f t h i s s t u d y w i l l f o r m a c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e w i d e r
s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t c o n t e x t a c r o s s t h e r e g i o n a n d m o r e w i d e l y a c r o s s T u r k e y . T h i s f i t s
w i t h t h e G o v e r n m e n t s p o l i c y a p p r o a c h t o s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t w h i c h e n v i s a g e s f o u r
o v e r a r c h i n g o b j e c t i v e s f o r s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t a s f o l l o w s : M a i n t e n a n c e o f h i g h a n d
s t a b l e l e v e l s o f e c o n o m i c g r o w t h a n d e m p l o y m e n t ; S o c i a l p r o g r e s s w h i c h r e c o g n i s e t h e n e e d s
o f e v e r y o n e ; E f f e c t i v e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t ; a n d p r u d e n t u s e o f n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s .




i i
A b s t r a c t
T h e m a i n a i m o f t h i s w o r k w i l l b e t o d e v e l o p n e w a r c h i t e c t u r a l c o n c e p t s f o r u s i n g r e n e w a b l e
e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s b y e v a l u a t i n g t h e h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m , a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c i t y i n t h e
A e g e a n R e g i o n o f T u r k e y , w h e r e t h e v e r n a c u l a r u r b a n a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l p a t t e r n s p r o v i d e
u s e f u l h i n t s f o r d e s i g n i n g m o r e s u s t a i n a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t s .
T h e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g v a r i a n t s , w h i c h h a v e b e e n c h o s e n b e c a u s e o f t h e i r
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , w i l l b e r e s e a r c h e d b y u s i n g s p e c i a l c o m p u t e r s o f t w a r e s t o d e v e l o p s u i t a b l e
a r c h i t e c t u r a l m e a s u r e s t h a t u s e r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s f o r a c t u a l a n d f u r t h e r c o n d i t i o n s i n
t h a t r e g i o n .
F u r t h e r m o r e , i t w i l l p r e s e n t a r e v i e w o f t h e p r e s e n t e n e r g y s i t u a t i o n a n d a s s e s s s u s t a i n a b i l i t y ,
t e c h n i c a l , a n d e c o n o m i c a l p o t e n t i a l o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s . T h e t h e s i s w i l l a l s o o f f e r
f u t u r e p o l i c i e s f o r t h e e n e r g y s e c t o r i n T u r k e y .
T h e r e i s b r o a d a g r e e m e n t t h a t r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s h o u l d b e e n c o u r a g e d i n p r i n c i p l e , b u t
d i f f e r i n g v i e w s e x i s t s a s t o h o w b e s t t o a c h i e v e t h i s i n p r a c t i c e . T h e r e f o r e , w i t h t h i s r e g i o n a l
s t u d y , n e w a r c h i t e c t u r a l c o n c e p t s u s i n g r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s f o r r e d u c i n g t h e e n e r g y
r e q u i r e m e n t s o f B o d r u m ` s h o u s i n g s e c t o r , w h i c h a r e m e t b y f o s s i l e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s , w i l l b e
d e v e l o p e d .
W i t h t h i s s t u d y , a n a s s e s s m e n t o f p o t e n t i a l , p r o s p e c t i v e t a r g e t s f o r r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y i n t h e
r e g i o n a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n w i l l b e p r e p a r e d . T a r g e t s w i l l b e p r o v i d e d
f o r t h e r e g i o n a s a r c h i t e c t u r a l m e a s u r e s , a n d k e y f o r m s o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y i n t e r m s o f s o l a r
e n e r g y t e c h n o l o g i e s .
I t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e r e s u l t s a n d o u t p u t s o f t h i s s t u d y w i l l f o r m a c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e w i d e r
s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t c o n t e x t a c r o s s t h e r e g i o n a n d m o r e w i d e l y a c r o s s T u r k e y . T h i s f i t s
w i t h t h e G o v e r n m e n t s p o l i c y a p p r o a c h t o s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t w h i c h e n v i s a g e s f o u r
o v e r a r c h i n g o b j e c t i v e s f o r s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t a s f o l l o w s : M a i n t e n a n c e o f h i g h a n d
s t a b l e l e v e l s o f e c o n o m i c g r o w t h a n d e m p l o y m e n t ; S o c i a l p r o g r e s s w h i c h r e c o g n i s e t h e n e e d s
o f e v e r y o n e ; E f f e c t i v e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t ; a n d p r u d e n t u s e o f n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s .




i i i
! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + ( $ , - /
! 0 - , 1 ! " , / /
! 0 0 1 ( 2 / ! , / % $ - 3 /
/ $ ) / " ( - 4 - 5 0 - " 1 / 6 , 3 / /
' / - , % 7 , ! 0 ' ( - 3 / /
' / - , % 7 7 / * 5 1 ( - 3 / / /
' / - , % 7 6 / " , 5 1 ( - 3 / 2
' / - , % 7 ) 1 ! & / $ * - 3 2
I N T R O D U C T I O N 1
8 9 6 1 % 0 ' ( + - , ! , ( + ( $ , 8
: 9 * % ! ' - ! $ ) % 0 ; ( " , / 2 ( - % 7 , < ( - , 5 ) = >
? 9 + ( , < % ) % ' % * = ! $ ) 6 1 % " ( ) 5 1 ( @
C H A P T E R I : P R I M A R Y F A C T S A B O U T E N E R G Y 7
1 . 1 D E F I N I T I O N A N D F O R M S O F T H E E N E R G Y 8
8 9 8 9 8 ( $ ( 1 * = 7 % 1 + - A
8 9 8 9 : ! 1 " < / , ( " , 5 1 ! ' 1 ( ' ( 2 ! $ " ( % 7 , < ( 1 ( $ ( & ! 0 ' ( ( $ ( 1 * = - % 5 1 " ( - A
1 . 2 A B R I E F L O O K A T T H E E N E R G Y S E C T O R I N T U R K E Y 1 0
8 9 : 9 8 $ 5 + 0 ( 1 - ! 0 % 5 , 5 - / $ * 1 ( $ ( & ! 0 ' ( - 8 B
8 9 : 9 : 1 ( $ ( & ! 0 ' ( ( $ ( 1 * = 5 - ( ! $ ) - ! 2 / $ * - 8 B
1 . 3 S O L A R E N E R G Y P O T E N T I A L I N T U R K E Y 1 1
8 9 ? 9 8 - % ' ! 1 < ( ! , 6 5 + 6 " % + 0 / $ ! , / % $ 8 8
8 9 ? 9 : 6 < % , % 2 % ' , ! / " ( $ ( 1 * = 8 :
8 9 ? 9 ? * ( $ ( 1 ! ' 5 - ( % 7 - % ' ! 1 & ! , ( 1 - = - , ( + - / $ , 5 1 # ( = 8 :
1 . 4 E N V I R O N M E N T A L E F F E C T S O F E N E R G Y U S E I N T U R K E Y 1 3
1 . 5 E C O N O M I C A L E V A L U A T I O N O F R E N E W A B L E E N E R G Y U S E I N T U R K E Y 1 3
1 . 6 E N E R G Y U S E B Y B U I L D I N G S 1 4
8 9 C 9 8 ) ( 2 ( ' % 6 + ( $ , - ) 5 1 / $ * < / - , % 1 = 8 @
8 9 C 9 : , < ( $ ( & ( 1 ! % 7 ( $ ( 1 * = 5 - ( / $ 0 5 / ' ) / $ * - D : B , < " ( $ , 5 1 = 8 C


i i i
! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + ( $ , - /
! 0 - , 1 ! " , / /
! 0 0 1 ( 2 / ! , / % $ - 3 /
/ $ ) / " ( - 4 - 5 0 - " 1 / 6 , 3 / /
' / - , % 7 , ! 0 ' ( - 3 / /
' / - , % 7 7 / * 5 1 ( - 3 / / /
' / - , % 7 6 / " , 5 1 ( - 3 / 2
' / - , % 7 ) 1 ! & / $ * - 3 2
I N T R O D U C T I O N 1
8 9 6 1 % 0 ' ( + - , ! , ( + ( $ , 8
: 9 * % ! ' - ! $ ) % 0 ; ( " , / 2 ( - % 7 , < ( - , 5 ) = >
? 9 + ( , < % ) % ' % * = ! $ ) 6 1 % " ( ) 5 1 ( @
C H A P T E R I : P R I M A R Y F A C T S A B O U T E N E R G Y 7
1 . 1 D E F I N I T I O N A N D F O R M S O F T H E E N E R G Y 8
8 9 8 9 8 ( $ ( 1 * = 7 % 1 + - A
8 9 8 9 : ! 1 " < / , ( " , 5 1 ! ' 1 ( ' ( 2 ! $ " ( % 7 , < ( 1 ( $ ( & ! 0 ' ( ( $ ( 1 * = - % 5 1 " ( - A
1 . 2 A B R I E F L O O K A T T H E E N E R G Y S E C T O R I N T U R K E Y 1 0
8 9 : 9 8 $ 5 + 0 ( 1 - ! 0 % 5 , 5 - / $ * 1 ( $ ( & ! 0 ' ( - 8 B
8 9 : 9 : 1 ( $ ( & ! 0 ' ( ( $ ( 1 * = 5 - ( ! $ ) - ! 2 / $ * - 8 B
1 . 3 S O L A R E N E R G Y P O T E N T I A L I N T U R K E Y 1 1
8 9 ? 9 8 - % ' ! 1 < ( ! , 6 5 + 6 " % + 0 / $ ! , / % $ 8 8
8 9 ? 9 : 6 < % , % 2 % ' , ! / " ( $ ( 1 * = 8 :
8 9 ? 9 ? * ( $ ( 1 ! ' 5 - ( % 7 - % ' ! 1 & ! , ( 1 - = - , ( + - / $ , 5 1 # ( = 8 :
1 . 4 E N V I R O N M E N T A L E F F E C T S O F E N E R G Y U S E I N T U R K E Y 1 3
1 . 5 E C O N O M I C A L E V A L U A T I O N O F R E N E W A B L E E N E R G Y U S E I N T U R K E Y 1 3
1 . 6 E N E R G Y U S E B Y B U I L D I N G S 1 4
8 9 C 9 8 ) ( 2 ( ' % 6 + ( $ , - ) 5 1 / $ * < / - , % 1 = 8 @
8 9 C 9 : , < ( $ ( & ( 1 ! % 7 ( $ ( 1 * = 5 - ( / $ 0 5 / ' ) / $ * - D : B , < " ( $ , 5 1 = 8 C


iii
!"#$%&'()*+($,- /
!0-,1!", //
!001(2/!,/%$- 3/
/$)/"(-4-50-"1/6, 3//
'/-, %7 ,!0'(- 3//
'/-, %7 7/*51(- 3///
'/-, %7 6/",51(- 3/2
'/-, %7 )1!&/$*- 32
INTRODUCTION 1
89 61%0'(+ -,!,(+($, 8
:9 *%!'- !$) %0;(",/2(- %7 ,<( -,5)= >
?9 +(,<%)%'%*= !$) 61%"()51( @
CHAPTER I: PRIMARY FACTS ABOUT ENERGY 7
1.1 DEFINITION AND FORMS OF THE ENERGY 8
89898 ($(1*= 7%1+- A
8989: !1"</,(",51!' 1('(2!$"( %7 ,<( 1($(&!0'( ($(1*= -%51"(- A
1.2 A BRIEF LOOK AT THE ENERGY SECTOR IN TURKEY 10
89:98 $5+0(1- !0%5, 5-/$* 1($(&!0'(- 8B
89:9: 1($(&!0'( ($(1*= 5-( !$) -!2/$*- 8B
1.3 SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL IN TURKEY 11
89?98 -%'!1 <(!, 65+6 "%+0/$!,/%$ 88
89?9: 6<%,%2%',!/" ($(1*= 8:
89?9? *($(1!' 5-( %7 -%'!1 &!,(1 -=-,(+- /$ ,51#(= 8:
1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF ENERGY USE IN TURKEY 13
1.5 ECONOMICAL EVALUATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY USE IN TURKEY 13
1.6 ENERGY USE BY BUILDINGS 14
89C98 )(2('%6+($,- )51/$* </-,%1= 8@
89C9: ,<( $(& (1! %7 ($(1*= 5-( /$ 05/')/$*-D :B,< "($,51= 8C


iii
!"#$%&'()*+($,- /
!0-,1!", //
!001(2/!,/%$- 3/
/$)/"(-4-50-"1/6, 3//
'/-, %7 ,!0'(- 3//
'/-, %7 7/*51(- 3///
'/-, %7 6/",51(- 3/2
'/-, %7 )1!&/$*- 32
INTRODUCTION 1
89 61%0'(+ -,!,(+($, 8
:9 *%!'- !$) %0;(",/2(- %7 ,<( -,5)= >
?9 +(,<%)%'%*= !$) 61%"()51( @
CHAPTER I: PRIMARY FACTS ABOUT ENERGY 7
1.1 DEFINITION AND FORMS OF THE ENERGY 8
89898 ($(1*= 7%1+- A
8989: !1"</,(",51!' 1('(2!$"( %7 ,<( 1($(&!0'( ($(1*= -%51"(- A
1.2 A BRIEF LOOK AT THE ENERGY SECTOR IN TURKEY 10
89:98 $5+0(1- !0%5, 5-/$* 1($(&!0'(- 8B
89:9: 1($(&!0'( ($(1*= 5-( !$) -!2/$*- 8B
1.3 SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL IN TURKEY 11
89?98 -%'!1 <(!, 65+6 "%+0/$!,/%$ 88
89?9: 6<%,%2%',!/" ($(1*= 8:
89?9? *($(1!' 5-( %7 -%'!1 &!,(1 -=-,(+- /$ ,51#(= 8:
1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF ENERGY USE IN TURKEY 13
1.5 ECONOMICAL EVALUATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY USE IN TURKEY 13
1.6 ENERGY USE BY BUILDINGS 14
89C98 )(2('%6+($,- )51/$* </-,%1= 8@
89C9: ,<( $(& (1! %7 ($(1*= 5-( /$ 05/')/$*-D :B,< "($,51= 8C


iv
CHAPTER II: SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF BODRUM IN TERMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES 18
2.1 THE INFLUENCE OF THE TOURISM ON THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT
IN BODRUM 18
2.2 SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN BODRUM 19
:9:98 1%'( %7 "/,/E($- 0= ($(1*= "%$-5+6,/%$ :B
:9:9: ,<( "%%1)/$!,/%$ %7 6%'/,/"!' !$) ,("<$/"!' !",%1- :8
2.3 FUNCTIONS OF THE MUNICIPALITIES IN BODRUM 22
2.4 IMPLEMENTING SUSTAINABLE LOCAL ENERGY POLICY 23
:9>98 75$",/%$- %7 ,<( ($(1*= !*($"/(- /$ 0%)15+ :>
2.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRUCTURE AND DEMOGRAPHY OF BODRUM 25
CHAPTER III: DESIGN WITH CLIMATE IN BODRUM`S HOUSING SECTOR 26
3.1 CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS IN AEGEAN REGION 27
?9898 "<!1!",(1/-,/"- %7 !(*(!$ "'/+!,( :F
?989: '%"!' "'/+!,( %7 0%)15+ :G
3.2 TURKISH STANDARD 825 (TS-825) RELATED WITH CLIMATE 29
3.3 BIOCLIMATISM IN VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 32
?9?98 *($(1!' 61/$"/6'(- %7 ,<( 1('!,/%$-</6 0(,&(($ 7%1+ !$) "'/+!,( "5',51!' !661%!"<?:
?9?9: *($(1!' 6!1!+(,(1- %7 "'/+!,( ??
?9?9? -/+6'/7/() "'!--/7/"!,/%$ %7 "'/+!,( 7%1 !1"</,(",51( ??
3.4 THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE BUILDINGS ON SITE 34
?9>98 2(1$!"5'!1 !1"</,(",51( %7 0%)15+ ?@
3.5 CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS IN BODRUM`S SETTLEMENTS 35
3.6 HISTORICAL APPROACH TO THE CLIMATE IN AEGEAN CITIES 36
CHAPTER IV: ANALYZING THE EXAMPLES CONSIDERING CLIMATE IN ASPECT OF
BUILDING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT 38


iv
CHAPTER II: SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF BODRUM IN TERMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES 18
2.1 THE INFLUENCE OF THE TOURISM ON THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT
IN BODRUM 18
2.2 SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN BODRUM 19
:9:98 1%'( %7 "/,/E($- 0= ($(1*= "%$-5+6,/%$ :B
:9:9: ,<( "%%1)/$!,/%$ %7 6%'/,/"!' !$) ,("<$/"!' !",%1- :8
2.3 FUNCTIONS OF THE MUNICIPALITIES IN BODRUM 22
2.4 IMPLEMENTING SUSTAINABLE LOCAL ENERGY POLICY 23
:9>98 75$",/%$- %7 ,<( ($(1*= !*($"/(- /$ 0%)15+ :>
2.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRUCTURE AND DEMOGRAPHY OF BODRUM 25
CHAPTER III: DESIGN WITH CLIMATE IN BODRUM`S HOUSING SECTOR 26
3.1 CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS IN AEGEAN REGION 27
?9898 "<!1!",(1/-,/"- %7 !(*(!$ "'/+!,( :F
?989: '%"!' "'/+!,( %7 0%)15+ :G
3.2 TURKISH STANDARD 825 (TS-825) RELATED WITH CLIMATE 29
3.3 BIOCLIMATISM IN VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 32
?9?98 *($(1!' 61/$"/6'(- %7 ,<( 1('!,/%$-</6 0(,&(($ 7%1+ !$) "'/+!,( "5',51!' !661%!"<?:
?9?9: *($(1!' 6!1!+(,(1- %7 "'/+!,( ??
?9?9? -/+6'/7/() "'!--/7/"!,/%$ %7 "'/+!,( 7%1 !1"</,(",51( ??
3.4 THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE BUILDINGS ON SITE 34
?9>98 2(1$!"5'!1 !1"</,(",51( %7 0%)15+ ?@
3.5 CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS IN BODRUM`S SETTLEMENTS 35
3.6 HISTORICAL APPROACH TO THE CLIMATE IN AEGEAN CITIES 36
CHAPTER IV: ANALYZING THE EXAMPLES CONSIDERING CLIMATE IN ASPECT OF
BUILDING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT 38


i v
C H A P T E R I I : S O C I A L A N A L Y S I S O F B O D R U M I N T E R M S O F E N V I R O N M E N T A L
I S S U E S 1 8
2 . 1 T H E I N F L U E N C E O F T H E T O U R I S M O N T H E U R B A N D E V E L O P M E N T
I N B O D R U M 1 8
2 . 2 S O C I A L A N A L Y S I S O F E N V I R O N M E N T A L I S S U E S I N B O D R U M 1 9
: 9 : 9 8 1 % ' ( % 7 " / , / E ( $ - 0 = ( $ ( 1 * = " % $ - 5 + 6 , / % $ : B
: 9 : 9 : , < ( " % % 1 ) / $ ! , / % $ % 7 6 % ' / , / " ! ' ! $ ) , ( " < $ / " ! ' ! " , % 1 - : 8
2 . 3 F U N C T I O N S O F T H E M U N I C I P A L I T I E S I N B O D R U M 2 2
2 . 4 I M P L E M E N T I N G S U S T A I N A B L E L O C A L E N E R G Y P O L I C Y 2 3
: 9 > 9 8 7 5 $ " , / % $ - % 7 , < ( ( $ ( 1 * = ! * ( $ " / ( - / $ 0 % ) 1 5 + : >
2 . 5 S O C I O - E C O N O M I C S T R U C T U R E A N D D E M O G R A P H Y O F B O D R U M 2 5
C H A P T E R I I I : D E S I G N W I T H C L I M A T E I N B O D R U M ` S H O U S I N G S E C T O R 2 6
3 . 1 C L I M A T E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S I N A E G E A N R E G I O N 2 7
? 9 8 9 8 " < ! 1 ! " , ( 1 / - , / " - % 7 ! ( * ( ! $ " ' / + ! , ( : F
? 9 8 9 : ' % " ! ' " ' / + ! , ( % 7 0 % ) 1 5 + : G
3 . 2 T U R K I S H S T A N D A R D 8 2 5 ( T S - 8 2 5 ) R E L A T E D W I T H C L I M A T E 2 9
3 . 3 B I O C L I M A T I S M I N V E R N A C U L A R A R C H I T E C T U R E 3 2
? 9 ? 9 8 * ( $ ( 1 ! ' 6 1 / $ " / 6 ' ( - % 7 , < ( 1 ( ' ! , / % $ - < / 6 0 ( , & ( ( $ 7 % 1 + ! $ ) " ' / + ! , ( " 5 ' , 5 1 ! ' ! 6 6 1 % ! " < ? :
? 9 ? 9 : * ( $ ( 1 ! ' 6 ! 1 ! + ( , ( 1 - % 7 " ' / + ! , ( ? ?
? 9 ? 9 ? - / + 6 ' / 7 / ( ) " ' ! - - / 7 / " ! , / % $ % 7 " ' / + ! , ( 7 % 1 ! 1 " < / , ( " , 5 1 ( ? ?
3 . 4 T H E E N V I R O N M E N T A L I M P A C T O F T H E B U I L D I N G S O N S I T E 3 4
? 9 > 9 8 2 ( 1 $ ! " 5 ' ! 1 ! 1 " < / , ( " , 5 1 ( % 7 0 % ) 1 5 + ? @
3 . 5 C L I M A T I C C O N S I D E R A T I O N S I N B O D R U M ` S S E T T L E M E N T S 3 5
3 . 6 H I S T O R I C A L A P P R O A C H T O T H E C L I M A T E I N A E G E A N C I T I E S 3 6
C H A P T E R I V : A N A L Y Z I N G T H E E X A M P L E S C O N S I D E R I N G C L I M A T E I N A S P E C T O F
B U I L D I N G & B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T 3 8


i v
C H A P T E R I I : S O C I A L A N A L Y S I S O F B O D R U M I N T E R M S O F E N V I R O N M E N T A L
I S S U E S 1 8
2 . 1 T H E I N F L U E N C E O F T H E T O U R I S M O N T H E U R B A N D E V E L O P M E N T
I N B O D R U M 1 8
2 . 2 S O C I A L A N A L Y S I S O F E N V I R O N M E N T A L I S S U E S I N B O D R U M 1 9
: 9 : 9 8 1 % ' ( % 7 " / , / E ( $ - 0 = ( $ ( 1 * = " % $ - 5 + 6 , / % $ : B
: 9 : 9 : , < ( " % % 1 ) / $ ! , / % $ % 7 6 % ' / , / " ! ' ! $ ) , ( " < $ / " ! ' ! " , % 1 - : 8
2 . 3 F U N C T I O N S O F T H E M U N I C I P A L I T I E S I N B O D R U M 2 2
2 . 4 I M P L E M E N T I N G S U S T A I N A B L E L O C A L E N E R G Y P O L I C Y 2 3
: 9 > 9 8 7 5 $ " , / % $ - % 7 , < ( ( $ ( 1 * = ! * ( $ " / ( - / $ 0 % ) 1 5 + : >
2 . 5 S O C I O - E C O N O M I C S T R U C T U R E A N D D E M O G R A P H Y O F B O D R U M 2 5
C H A P T E R I I I : D E S I G N W I T H C L I M A T E I N B O D R U M ` S H O U S I N G S E C T O R 2 6
3 . 1 C L I M A T E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S I N A E G E A N R E G I O N 2 7
? 9 8 9 8 " < ! 1 ! " , ( 1 / - , / " - % 7 ! ( * ( ! $ " ' / + ! , ( : F
? 9 8 9 : ' % " ! ' " ' / + ! , ( % 7 0 % ) 1 5 + : G
3 . 2 T U R K I S H S T A N D A R D 8 2 5 ( T S - 8 2 5 ) R E L A T E D W I T H C L I M A T E 2 9
3 . 3 B I O C L I M A T I S M I N V E R N A C U L A R A R C H I T E C T U R E 3 2
? 9 ? 9 8 * ( $ ( 1 ! ' 6 1 / $ " / 6 ' ( - % 7 , < ( 1 ( ' ! , / % $ - < / 6 0 ( , & ( ( $ 7 % 1 + ! $ ) " ' / + ! , ( " 5 ' , 5 1 ! ' ! 6 6 1 % ! " < ? :
? 9 ? 9 : * ( $ ( 1 ! ' 6 ! 1 ! + ( , ( 1 - % 7 " ' / + ! , ( ? ?
? 9 ? 9 ? - / + 6 ' / 7 / ( ) " ' ! - - / 7 / " ! , / % $ % 7 " ' / + ! , ( 7 % 1 ! 1 " < / , ( " , 5 1 ( ? ?
3 . 4 T H E E N V I R O N M E N T A L I M P A C T O F T H E B U I L D I N G S O N S I T E 3 4
? 9 > 9 8 2 ( 1 $ ! " 5 ' ! 1 ! 1 " < / , ( " , 5 1 ( % 7 0 % ) 1 5 + ? @
3 . 5 C L I M A T I C C O N S I D E R A T I O N S I N B O D R U M ` S S E T T L E M E N T S 3 5
3 . 6 H I S T O R I C A L A P P R O A C H T O T H E C L I M A T E I N A E G E A N C I T I E S 3 6
C H A P T E R I V : A N A L Y Z I N G T H E E X A M P L E S C O N S I D E R I N G C L I M A T E I N A S P E C T O F
B U I L D I N G & B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T 3 8


v
4 . 1 E N V I R O N M E N T A L L E V E L 3 8
> 9 8 9 8 ' ! $ ) 7 % 1 + ? G
> 9 8 9 : $ ! , 5 1 ! ' ( ' ( + ( $ , - > B
" # $ # $ # $ % & ' & ( ) ( * + , " -
" # $ # $ # . / ) ( & 0 " $
> 9 8 9 ? 6 5 0 ' / " ! 1 ( ! - D - , 1 ( ( , - > 8
> 9 8 9 > 6 1 / 2 ! , ( ! 1 ( ! - > :
" # $ # " # $ + 1 & , 2 1 ) 3 & 2 4 5 6 * 7 ( 2 1 ) 3 & 2 " .
" # $ # " # . ' 0 + 6 , 8 3 9 ) 0 ) 3 ( & 0 " .
4 . 2 B U I L D I N G L E V E L 4 3
> 9 : 9 8 ! 2 ( 1 $ ! " 5 ' ! 1 , = 6 ( % 7 0 % ) 1 5 + < % 5 - ( - D + ( E E ! $ / $ ( < % 5 - ( - > >
> 9 : 9 : 6 ' ! $ 7 % 1 + 4 + ! - - ! $ ) 0 5 / ' ) / $ * % 1 / ( $ , ! , / % $ > @
> 9 : 9 ? 0 5 / ' ) / $ * ( ' ( + ( $ , - D > G
" # . # : # $ 0 + + ; ; + 0 < ) , 8 0 + + ; < ) ( & 0 * ) 7 " =
" # . # : # . ; & , & 2 ( 0 ) ( * + , " >
" # . # : # : / ) 7 7 2 ? -
4 . 3 A N A L Y Z I N G T H E E X A M P L E S F O R A C T I V E U S E O F R E N E W A B L E E N E R G Y 5 0
> 9 ? 9 8 < % ' / ) ! = < % 5 - ( H < < I @ 8
" # : # $ # $ 9 & ) ( * , ' ) , 8 3 + + 7 * , ' + ; ( 9 & 9 9 ? $
" # : # $ # . 9 + ( / ) ( & 0 1 0 + 8 6 3 ( * + , ) , 8 1 + / & 0 2 6 1 1 7 @ ? $
> 9 ? 9 : ! , , ! " < ( ) < % 5 - ( H ! < I @ 8
" # : # . # $ 9 & ) ( * , ' A 3 + + 7 * , ' ) , 8 1 + / & 0 2 6 1 1 7 @ + ; ( 9 & ) 9 ? .
4 . 4 E N E R G Y C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F T H E E X A M P L E S 5 2
4 . 5 S O L A R R A D I A T I O N P O T E N T I A L O F T H E E X A M P L E S 5 4
C H A P T E R V : C O M P U T E R B A S E D A N A L Y S E S O F S E L E C T E D H O U S I N G
S E T T L E M E N T S 5 5
5 . 1 E N E R G Y S I M U L A T I O N F O R B U I L D I N G S 5 5
@ 9 8 9 8 6 1 / $ " / 6 ' ( - 0 = 5 - / $ * - / + 5 ' ! , / % $ - % 7 , & ! 1 ( @ @
@ 9 8 9 : 6 1 % " ( ) 5 1 ( % 7 - / + 5 ' ! , / % $ - 0 = ( 3 / - , / $ * 0 5 / ' ) / $ * - J < % ' / ) ! = < % 5 - ( J ! $ ) ! , , ! " < ( ) < % 5 - ( D @ C
@ 9 8 9 ? - / + 5 ' ! , / % $ 6 1 % " ( ) 5 1 ( @ F
@ 9 8 9 > 6 1 % " ( ) 5 1 ( % 7 - / + 5 ' ! , / % $ - 0 = 6 1 ( ' / + / $ ! 1 = ) ( - / * $ % 7 , < ( 0 % ) 1 5 + 0 ! - / " < % 5 - ( @ A


v
4 . 1 E N V I R O N M E N T A L L E V E L 3 8
> 9 8 9 8 ' ! $ ) 7 % 1 + ? G
> 9 8 9 : $ ! , 5 1 ! ' ( ' ( + ( $ , - > B
" # $ # $ # $ % & ' & ( ) ( * + , " -
" # $ # $ # . / ) ( & 0 " $
> 9 8 9 ? 6 5 0 ' / " ! 1 ( ! - D - , 1 ( ( , - > 8
> 9 8 9 > 6 1 / 2 ! , ( ! 1 ( ! - > :
" # $ # " # $ + 1 & , 2 1 ) 3 & 2 4 5 6 * 7 ( 2 1 ) 3 & 2 " .
" # $ # " # . ' 0 + 6 , 8 3 9 ) 0 ) 3 ( & 0 " .
4 . 2 B U I L D I N G L E V E L 4 3
> 9 : 9 8 ! 2 ( 1 $ ! " 5 ' ! 1 , = 6 ( % 7 0 % ) 1 5 + < % 5 - ( - D + ( E E ! $ / $ ( < % 5 - ( - > >
> 9 : 9 : 6 ' ! $ 7 % 1 + 4 + ! - - ! $ ) 0 5 / ' ) / $ * % 1 / ( $ , ! , / % $ > @
> 9 : 9 ? 0 5 / ' ) / $ * ( ' ( + ( $ , - D > G
" # . # : # $ 0 + + ; ; + 0 < ) , 8 0 + + ; < ) ( & 0 * ) 7 " =
" # . # : # . ; & , & 2 ( 0 ) ( * + , " >
" # . # : # : / ) 7 7 2 ? -
4 . 3 A N A L Y Z I N G T H E E X A M P L E S F O R A C T I V E U S E O F R E N E W A B L E E N E R G Y 5 0
> 9 ? 9 8 < % ' / ) ! = < % 5 - ( H < < I @ 8
" # : # $ # $ 9 & ) ( * , ' ) , 8 3 + + 7 * , ' + ; ( 9 & 9 9 ? $
" # : # $ # . 9 + ( / ) ( & 0 1 0 + 8 6 3 ( * + , ) , 8 1 + / & 0 2 6 1 1 7 @ ? $
> 9 ? 9 : ! , , ! " < ( ) < % 5 - ( H ! < I @ 8
" # : # . # $ 9 & ) ( * , ' A 3 + + 7 * , ' ) , 8 1 + / & 0 2 6 1 1 7 @ + ; ( 9 & ) 9 ? .
4 . 4 E N E R G Y C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F T H E E X A M P L E S 5 2
4 . 5 S O L A R R A D I A T I O N P O T E N T I A L O F T H E E X A M P L E S 5 4
C H A P T E R V : C O M P U T E R B A S E D A N A L Y S E S O F S E L E C T E D H O U S I N G
S E T T L E M E N T S 5 5
5 . 1 E N E R G Y S I M U L A T I O N F O R B U I L D I N G S 5 5
@ 9 8 9 8 6 1 / $ " / 6 ' ( - 0 = 5 - / $ * - / + 5 ' ! , / % $ - % 7 , & ! 1 ( @ @
@ 9 8 9 : 6 1 % " ( ) 5 1 ( % 7 - / + 5 ' ! , / % $ - 0 = ( 3 / - , / $ * 0 5 / ' ) / $ * - J < % ' / ) ! = < % 5 - ( J ! $ ) ! , , ! " < ( ) < % 5 - ( D @ C
@ 9 8 9 ? - / + 5 ' ! , / % $ 6 1 % " ( ) 5 1 ( @ F
@ 9 8 9 > 6 1 % " ( ) 5 1 ( % 7 - / + 5 ' ! , / % $ - 0 = 6 1 ( ' / + / $ ! 1 = ) ( - / * $ % 7 , < ( 0 % ) 1 5 + 0 ! - / " < % 5 - ( @ A


v
4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL LEVEL 38
>9898 '!$)7%1+ ?G
>989: $!,51!' ('(+($,- >B
"#$#$#$ %&'&()(*+, "-
"#$#$#. /)(&0 "$
>989? 650'/" !1(!-D -,1((,- >8
>989> 61/2!,( !1(!- >:
"#$#"#$ +1&, 21)3&2 4 56*7( 21)3&2 ".
"#$#"#. '0+6,8 39)0)3(&0 ".
4.2 BUILDING LEVEL 43
>9:98 ! 2(1$!"5'!1 ,=6( %7 0%)15+ <%5-(-D +(EE!$/$( <%5-(- >>
>9:9: 6'!$7%1+4+!-- !$) 05/')/$* %1/($,!,/%$ >@
>9:9? 05/')/$* ('(+($,-D >G
"#.#:#$ 0++; ;+0< ),8 0++; <)(&0*)7 "=
"#.#:#. ;&,&2(0)(*+, ">
"#.#:#: /)772 ?-
4.3 ANALYZING THE EXAMPLES FOR ACTIVE USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY 50
>9?98 <%'/)!= <%5-( H<<I @8
"#:#$#$ 9&)(*,' ),8 3++7*,' +; (9& 99 ?$
"#:#$#. 9+( /)(&0 10+863(*+, ),8 1+/&0 26117@ ?$
>9?9: !,,!"<() <%5-( H!<I @8
"#:#.#$ 9&)(*,'A 3++7*,' ),8 1+/&0 26117@ +; (9& )9 ?.
4.4 ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXAMPLES 52
4.5 SOLAR RADIATION POTENTIAL OF THE EXAMPLES 54
CHAPTER V: COMPUTER BASED ANALYSES OF SELECTED HOUSING
SETTLEMENTS 55
5.1 ENERGY SIMULATION FOR BUILDINGS 55
@9898 61/$"/6'(- 0= 5-/$* -/+5'!,/%$ -%7,&!1( @@
@989: 61%"()51( %7 -/+5'!,/%$- 0= (3/-,/$* 05/')/$*-J <%'/)!= <%5-(J !$) !,,!"<() <%5-(D@C
@989? -/+5'!,/%$ 61%"()51( @F
@989> 61%"()51( %7 -/+5'!,/%$- 0= 61('/+/$!1= )(-/*$ %7 ,<( 0%)15+ 0!-/" <%5-( @A


v
4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL LEVEL 38
>9898 '!$)7%1+ ?G
>989: $!,51!' ('(+($,- >B
"#$#$#$ %&'&()(*+, "-
"#$#$#. /)(&0 "$
>989? 650'/" !1(!-D -,1((,- >8
>989> 61/2!,( !1(!- >:
"#$#"#$ +1&, 21)3&2 4 56*7( 21)3&2 ".
"#$#"#. '0+6,8 39)0)3(&0 ".
4.2 BUILDING LEVEL 43
>9:98 ! 2(1$!"5'!1 ,=6( %7 0%)15+ <%5-(-D +(EE!$/$( <%5-(- >>
>9:9: 6'!$7%1+4+!-- !$) 05/')/$* %1/($,!,/%$ >@
>9:9? 05/')/$* ('(+($,-D >G
"#.#:#$ 0++; ;+0< ),8 0++; <)(&0*)7 "=
"#.#:#. ;&,&2(0)(*+, ">
"#.#:#: /)772 ?-
4.3 ANALYZING THE EXAMPLES FOR ACTIVE USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY 50
>9?98 <%'/)!= <%5-( H<<I @8
"#:#$#$ 9&)(*,' ),8 3++7*,' +; (9& 99 ?$
"#:#$#. 9+( /)(&0 10+863(*+, ),8 1+/&0 26117@ ?$
>9?9: !,,!"<() <%5-( H!<I @8
"#:#.#$ 9&)(*,'A 3++7*,' ),8 1+/&0 26117@ +; (9& )9 ?.
4.4 ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXAMPLES 52
4.5 SOLAR RADIATION POTENTIAL OF THE EXAMPLES 54
CHAPTER V: COMPUTER BASED ANALYSES OF SELECTED HOUSING
SETTLEMENTS 55
5.1 ENERGY SIMULATION FOR BUILDINGS 55
@9898 61/$"/6'(- 0= 5-/$* -/+5'!,/%$ -%7,&!1( @@
@989: 61%"()51( %7 -/+5'!,/%$- 0= (3/-,/$* 05/')/$*-J <%'/)!= <%5-(J !$) !,,!"<() <%5-(D@C
@989? -/+5'!,/%$ 61%"()51( @F
@989> 61%"()51( %7 -/+5'!,/%$- 0= 61('/+/$!1= )(-/*$ %7 ,<( 0%)15+ 0!-/" <%5-( @A


vi
5.2 SIMULATION CRITERIA BY MEANS OF ANALYSING OBJECTS 60
@9:98 %6($/$*- CB
?#.#$#$ 1&0;+0<),3& 1)0)<&(&02 B.
?#.#$#. /*,8+/ 1&0;+0<),3& %)76&2 B.
?#.#$#: ;0)<& (@1& B"
?#.#$#" /*,8+/ 8&2*', %)76&2 B?
@9:9: %1/($,!,/%$ %7 ,<( 05/')/$* CC
@9:9? %2(1!'' 6(17%1+!$"( (2!'5!,/%$ CF
@9:9> ,<(1+!' /$-5'!,/%$ CG
?#.#"#$ *,267)(*+, +; (9& &C(&0,)7 /)772 D-
?#.#"#. 0++; *,267)(*+, D.
@9:9@ -<!)/$* ('(+($, F?
?#.#?#$ 7+3)7 29)8*,' 3+<1+,&,(2 D:
?#.#?#. /*,8+/ 29)8*,' 3+<1+,&,(2 D"
?#.#?#: 0++; 29)8*,' D?
@9:9C $!,51!' !/1 2($,/'!,/%$ -,5)= FC
5.3 IMPLEMENTATIONS 78
@9?98 -/+5'!,/%$- %7 <%'/)!= <%5-( H<<I FG
?#:#$#$ 2*<67)(*+, +; )3(6)7 3+,8*(*+, D=
?#:#$#. 5&2( 10)3(*3& E 3+<5*,)(*+, +; (9& +1(*<6< 0&267(2 D>
@9?9: -/+5'!,/%$- %7 !,,!"<() <%5-( H!<I GB
?#:#.#$ 2*<67)(*+, +; )3(6)7 3+,8*(*+, =-
?#:#.#. 5&2( 10)3(*3& E 3+<5*,)(*+, +; (9& +1(*<6< 0&267(2 =-
5.4 SIMULATIONS FOR THE ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPTS: 82
@9>98 !661%61/!,( 5-( %7 $!,51!' ('(+($,-D 2(*(,!,/%$ !$) &!,(1 0%)= G:
@9>9: "<%%-/$* ,<( 1/*<, 7%1+ G>
@9>9? ,<( /+6%1,!$"( %7 ,<(1+!' E%$/$* G@
5.5 PROTOTYPE DWELLING FOR BODRUM ACCORDING RESEARCHED
ARCHITECTURAL CRITERIA 86
@9@98 !1"</,(",51!' "<!1!",(1/-,/"- %7 ,<( 0!-/" 0%)15+ <%5-( GF
?#?#$#$ 3+<5*,)(*+, +; (9& 6,*(2 ==
?#?#$#. ;+0< ),8 F+,*,' ==
@9@9: "<!1!",(1/-,/"- %7 ,<( 61%,%,=6(- GA


vi
5.2 SIMULATION CRITERIA BY MEANS OF ANALYSING OBJECTS 60
@9:98 %6($/$*- CB
?#.#$#$ 1&0;+0<),3& 1)0)<&(&02 B.
?#.#$#. /*,8+/ 1&0;+0<),3& %)76&2 B.
?#.#$#: ;0)<& (@1& B"
?#.#$#" /*,8+/ 8&2*', %)76&2 B?
@9:9: %1/($,!,/%$ %7 ,<( 05/')/$* CC
@9:9? %2(1!'' 6(17%1+!$"( (2!'5!,/%$ CF
@9:9> ,<(1+!' /$-5'!,/%$ CG
?#.#"#$ *,267)(*+, +; (9& &C(&0,)7 /)772 D-
?#.#"#. 0++; *,267)(*+, D.
@9:9@ -<!)/$* ('(+($, F?
?#.#?#$ 7+3)7 29)8*,' 3+<1+,&,(2 D:
?#.#?#. /*,8+/ 29)8*,' 3+<1+,&,(2 D"
?#.#?#: 0++; 29)8*,' D?
@9:9C $!,51!' !/1 2($,/'!,/%$ -,5)= FC
5.3 IMPLEMENTATIONS 78
@9?98 -/+5'!,/%$- %7 <%'/)!= <%5-( H<<I FG
?#:#$#$ 2*<67)(*+, +; )3(6)7 3+,8*(*+, D=
?#:#$#. 5&2( 10)3(*3& E 3+<5*,)(*+, +; (9& +1(*<6< 0&267(2 D>
@9?9: -/+5'!,/%$- %7 !,,!"<() <%5-( H!<I GB
?#:#.#$ 2*<67)(*+, +; )3(6)7 3+,8*(*+, =-
?#:#.#. 5&2( 10)3(*3& E 3+<5*,)(*+, +; (9& +1(*<6< 0&267(2 =-
5.4 SIMULATIONS FOR THE ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPTS: 82
@9>98 !661%61/!,( 5-( %7 $!,51!' ('(+($,-D 2(*(,!,/%$ !$) &!,(1 0%)= G:
@9>9: "<%%-/$* ,<( 1/*<, 7%1+ G>
@9>9? ,<( /+6%1,!$"( %7 ,<(1+!' E%$/$* G@
5.5 PROTOTYPE DWELLING FOR BODRUM ACCORDING RESEARCHED
ARCHITECTURAL CRITERIA 86
@9@98 !1"</,(",51!' "<!1!",(1/-,/"- %7 ,<( 0!-/" 0%)15+ <%5-( GF
?#?#$#$ 3+<5*,)(*+, +; (9& 6,*(2 ==
?#?#$#. ;+0< ),8 F+,*,' ==
@9@9: "<!1!",(1/-,/"- %7 ,<( 61%,%,=6(- GA


v i
5 . 2 S I M U L A T I O N C R I T E R I A B Y M E A N S O F A N A L Y S I N G O B J E C T S 6 0
@ 9 : 9 8 % 6 ( $ / $ * - C B
? # . # $ # $ 1 & 0 ; + 0 < ) , 3 & 1 ) 0 ) < & ( & 0 2 B .
? # . # $ # . / * , 8 + / 1 & 0 ; + 0 < ) , 3 & % ) 7 6 & 2 B .
? # . # $ # : ; 0 ) < & ( @ 1 & B "
? # . # $ # " / * , 8 + / 8 & 2 * ' , % ) 7 6 & 2 B ?
@ 9 : 9 : % 1 / ( $ , ! , / % $ % 7 , < ( 0 5 / ' ) / $ * C C
@ 9 : 9 ? % 2 ( 1 ! ' ' 6 ( 1 7 % 1 + ! $ " ( ( 2 ! ' 5 ! , / % $ C F
@ 9 : 9 > , < ( 1 + ! ' / $ - 5 ' ! , / % $ C G
? # . # " # $ * , 2 6 7 ) ( * + , + ; ( 9 & & C ( & 0 , ) 7 / ) 7 7 2 D -
? # . # " # . 0 + + ; * , 2 6 7 ) ( * + , D .
@ 9 : 9 @ - < ! ) / $ * ( ' ( + ( $ , F ?
? # . # ? # $ 7 + 3 ) 7 2 9 ) 8 * , ' 3 + < 1 + , & , ( 2 D :
? # . # ? # . / * , 8 + / 2 9 ) 8 * , ' 3 + < 1 + , & , ( 2 D "
? # . # ? # : 0 + + ; 2 9 ) 8 * , ' D ?
@ 9 : 9 C $ ! , 5 1 ! ' ! / 1 2 ( $ , / ' ! , / % $ - , 5 ) = F C
5 . 3 I M P L E M E N T A T I O N S 7 8
@ 9 ? 9 8 - / + 5 ' ! , / % $ - % 7 < % ' / ) ! = < % 5 - ( H < < I F G
? # : # $ # $ 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , + ; ) 3 ( 6 ) 7 3 + , 8 * ( * + , D =
? # : # $ # . 5 & 2 ( 1 0 ) 3 ( * 3 & E 3 + < 5 * , ) ( * + , + ; ( 9 & + 1 ( * < 6 < 0 & 2 6 7 ( 2 D >
@ 9 ? 9 : - / + 5 ' ! , / % $ - % 7 ! , , ! " < ( ) < % 5 - ( H ! < I G B
? # : # . # $ 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , + ; ) 3 ( 6 ) 7 3 + , 8 * ( * + , = -
? # : # . # . 5 & 2 ( 1 0 ) 3 ( * 3 & E 3 + < 5 * , ) ( * + , + ; ( 9 & + 1 ( * < 6 < 0 & 2 6 7 ( 2 = -
5 . 4 S I M U L A T I O N S F O R T H E A R C H I T E C T U R A L C O N C E P T S : 8 2
@ 9 > 9 8 ! 6 6 1 % 6 1 / ! , ( 5 - ( % 7 $ ! , 5 1 ! ' ( ' ( + ( $ , - D 2 ( * ( , ! , / % $ ! $ ) & ! , ( 1 0 % ) = G :
@ 9 > 9 : " < % % - / $ * , < ( 1 / * < , 7 % 1 + G >
@ 9 > 9 ? , < ( / + 6 % 1 , ! $ " ( % 7 , < ( 1 + ! ' E % $ / $ * G @
5 . 5 P R O T O T Y P E D W E L L I N G F O R B O D R U M A C C O R D I N G R E S E A R C H E D
A R C H I T E C T U R A L C R I T E R I A 8 6
@ 9 @ 9 8 ! 1 " < / , ( " , 5 1 ! ' " < ! 1 ! " , ( 1 / - , / " - % 7 , < ( 0 ! - / " 0 % ) 1 5 + < % 5 - ( G F
? # ? # $ # $ 3 + < 5 * , ) ( * + , + ; ( 9 & 6 , * ( 2 = =
? # ? # $ # . ; + 0 < ) , 8 F + , * , ' = =
@ 9 @ 9 : " < ! 1 ! " , ( 1 / - , / " - % 7 , < ( 6 1 % , % , = 6 ( - G A


v i
5 . 2 S I M U L A T I O N C R I T E R I A B Y M E A N S O F A N A L Y S I N G O B J E C T S 6 0
@ 9 : 9 8 % 6 ( $ / $ * - C B
? # . # $ # $ 1 & 0 ; + 0 < ) , 3 & 1 ) 0 ) < & ( & 0 2 B .
? # . # $ # . / * , 8 + / 1 & 0 ; + 0 < ) , 3 & % ) 7 6 & 2 B .
? # . # $ # : ; 0 ) < & ( @ 1 & B "
? # . # $ # " / * , 8 + / 8 & 2 * ' , % ) 7 6 & 2 B ?
@ 9 : 9 : % 1 / ( $ , ! , / % $ % 7 , < ( 0 5 / ' ) / $ * C C
@ 9 : 9 ? % 2 ( 1 ! ' ' 6 ( 1 7 % 1 + ! $ " ( ( 2 ! ' 5 ! , / % $ C F
@ 9 : 9 > , < ( 1 + ! ' / $ - 5 ' ! , / % $ C G
? # . # " # $ * , 2 6 7 ) ( * + , + ; ( 9 & & C ( & 0 , ) 7 / ) 7 7 2 D -
? # . # " # . 0 + + ; * , 2 6 7 ) ( * + , D .
@ 9 : 9 @ - < ! ) / $ * ( ' ( + ( $ , F ?
? # . # ? # $ 7 + 3 ) 7 2 9 ) 8 * , ' 3 + < 1 + , & , ( 2 D :
? # . # ? # . / * , 8 + / 2 9 ) 8 * , ' 3 + < 1 + , & , ( 2 D "
? # . # ? # : 0 + + ; 2 9 ) 8 * , ' D ?
@ 9 : 9 C $ ! , 5 1 ! ' ! / 1 2 ( $ , / ' ! , / % $ - , 5 ) = F C
5 . 3 I M P L E M E N T A T I O N S 7 8
@ 9 ? 9 8 - / + 5 ' ! , / % $ - % 7 < % ' / ) ! = < % 5 - ( H < < I F G
? # : # $ # $ 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , + ; ) 3 ( 6 ) 7 3 + , 8 * ( * + , D =
? # : # $ # . 5 & 2 ( 1 0 ) 3 ( * 3 & E 3 + < 5 * , ) ( * + , + ; ( 9 & + 1 ( * < 6 < 0 & 2 6 7 ( 2 D >
@ 9 ? 9 : - / + 5 ' ! , / % $ - % 7 ! , , ! " < ( ) < % 5 - ( H ! < I G B
? # : # . # $ 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , + ; ) 3 ( 6 ) 7 3 + , 8 * ( * + , = -
? # : # . # . 5 & 2 ( 1 0 ) 3 ( * 3 & E 3 + < 5 * , ) ( * + , + ; ( 9 & + 1 ( * < 6 < 0 & 2 6 7 ( 2 = -
5 . 4 S I M U L A T I O N S F O R T H E A R C H I T E C T U R A L C O N C E P T S : 8 2
@ 9 > 9 8 ! 6 6 1 % 6 1 / ! , ( 5 - ( % 7 $ ! , 5 1 ! ' ( ' ( + ( $ , - D 2 ( * ( , ! , / % $ ! $ ) & ! , ( 1 0 % ) = G :
@ 9 > 9 : " < % % - / $ * , < ( 1 / * < , 7 % 1 + G >
@ 9 > 9 ? , < ( / + 6 % 1 , ! $ " ( % 7 , < ( 1 + ! ' E % $ / $ * G @
5 . 5 P R O T O T Y P E D W E L L I N G F O R B O D R U M A C C O R D I N G R E S E A R C H E D
A R C H I T E C T U R A L C R I T E R I A 8 6
@ 9 @ 9 8 ! 1 " < / , ( " , 5 1 ! ' " < ! 1 ! " , ( 1 / - , / " - % 7 , < ( 0 ! - / " 0 % ) 1 5 + < % 5 - ( G F
? # ? # $ # $ 3 + < 5 * , ) ( * + , + ; ( 9 & 6 , * ( 2 = =
? # ? # $ # . ; + 0 < ) , 8 F + , * , ' = =
@ 9 @ 9 : " < ! 1 ! " , ( 1 / - , / " - % 7 , < ( 6 1 % , % , = 6 ( - G A


v i i
@ 9 @ 9 ? * ' ! - - " 5 1 , ! / $ & ! ' ' ! $ ) / , - ( 7 7 ( " , - G A
5 . 6 C O M P A R I S O N O F T H E S I M U L A T I O N R E S U L T S 9 1
5 . 7 B E S T C A S E S I M U L A T I O N S 9 3
@ 9 F 9 8 ( 2 ! ' 5 ! , / % $ % 7 , < ( - / + 5 ' ! , / % $ 1 ( - 5 ' , - A >
? # D # $ # $ & , % & 7 + 1 & > "
? # D # $ # . 5 ) 2 & < & , ( > ?
? # D # $ # : ) * 0 ( * ' 9 ( , & 2 2 > B
? # D # $ # " 9 + / ( + ) 3 9 * & % & 7 + / 0 ) ( & 2 + ; ) * 0 7 ) 3 G ) ' & > D
5 . 8 E N E R G E T I C E V A L U A T I O N O F S I N G L E A R C H I T E C T U R A L P A R A M E T E R S 9 8
@ 9 G 9 8 ( 2 ! ' 5 ! , / % $ 7 % 1 ( 3 / - , / $ * < % 5 - ( - 0 = + ( ! $ - % 7 < % ' / ) ! = < % 5 - ( A G
@ 9 G 9 : ( 2 ! ' 5 ! , / % $ 7 % 1 ( 3 / - , / $ * < % 5 - ( - 0 = + ( ! $ - % 7 0 % ) 1 5 + 0 ! - / " < % 5 - ( A A
@ 9 G 9 ? ( 2 ! ' 5 ! , / % $ 7 % 1 ( 3 / - , / $ * < % 5 - ( - 0 = + ( ! $ - % 7 0 ( - , 4 " ! - ( A A
5 . 9 E N E R G E T I C E V A L U A T I O N O F M E Z Z A N I N E H O U S E S A S A N A L T E R N A T I V E 1 0 3
C H A P T E R V I : A N A L Y S I S O F A C T I V E A N D H Y B R I D S Y S T E M S U S I N G R E N E W A B L E
E N E R G Y 1 0 5
6 . 1 A C T I V E S Y S T E M S U S I N G S O L A R E N E R G Y 1 0 5
C 9 8 9 8 6 < % , % 2 % ' , ! / " 5 - ( % 7 - % ' ! 1 1 ! ) / ! , / % $ / $ ) & ( ' ' / $ * - % 7 0 % ) 1 5 + 8 B C
B # $ # $ # $ 5 0 * & ; 8 & ; * , * ( * + , ) , 8 1 0 * , 3 * 1 7 & 2 $ - B
C 9 8 9 : 5 - ( % 7 - % ' ! 1 , < ( 1 + ! ' - = - , ( + - / $ 0 % ) 1 5 + 8 B F
B # $ # . # $ 8 & ; * , * ( * + , ) , 8 1 0 * , 3 * 1 7 & 2 $ - =
C 9 8 9 ? - % ' ! 1 1 ( ' ! , ( ) ! / 1 " % $ ) / , / % $ / $ * D < ( ! , 6 5 + 6 - 8 8 B
C 9 8 9 > ( " % ' % * / " ! ' ! $ ) ( $ ( 1 * ( , / " 1 ( 2 / ( & 8 8 8
6 . 2 H Y B R I D A L T E R N A T I V E S F O R A C T I V E C O O L I N G A N D H E A T I N G S Y S T E M S 1 1 2
C 9 : 9 8 * 1 % 5 $ ) 4 " % 5 6 ' ( ) ! $ ) ! / 1 4 " % 5 6 ' ( ) - = - , ( + - 7 % 1 0 % ) 1 5 + 8 8 :
C 9 : 9 : ( 2 ! 6 % 1 ! , / 2 ( " % % ' / $ * 7 % 1 0 % ) 1 5 + K - ) & ( ' ' / $ * - 8 8 ?
C 9 : 9 ? , < ( 1 + % 4 ! " , / 2 ( 0 5 / ' ) / $ * " % + 6 % $ ( $ , - 8 8 @
B # . # : # $ 3 + , 3 0 & ( & 3 + 0 & ) 3 ( * % ) ( * + , $ $ ?
B # . # : # . ; 7 + + 0 9 & ) ( * , ' ( & 3 9 , + 7 + ' @ $ $ B
B # . # : # : 0 ) 8 * ) , ( 3 & * 7 * , ' 1 ) , & 7 $ $ B
B # . # : # " 3 ) 1 * 7 7 ) 0 @ ( 6 5 & 2 @ 2 ( & < 4 / ) 7 7 $ $ D


v i i
@ 9 @ 9 ? * ' ! - - " 5 1 , ! / $ & ! ' ' ! $ ) / , - ( 7 7 ( " , - G A
5 . 6 C O M P A R I S O N O F T H E S I M U L A T I O N R E S U L T S 9 1
5 . 7 B E S T C A S E S I M U L A T I O N S 9 3
@ 9 F 9 8 ( 2 ! ' 5 ! , / % $ % 7 , < ( - / + 5 ' ! , / % $ 1 ( - 5 ' , - A >
? # D # $ # $ & , % & 7 + 1 & > "
? # D # $ # . 5 ) 2 & < & , ( > ?
? # D # $ # : ) * 0 ( * ' 9 ( , & 2 2 > B
? # D # $ # " 9 + / ( + ) 3 9 * & % & 7 + / 0 ) ( & 2 + ; ) * 0 7 ) 3 G ) ' & > D
5 . 8 E N E R G E T I C E V A L U A T I O N O F S I N G L E A R C H I T E C T U R A L P A R A M E T E R S 9 8
@ 9 G 9 8 ( 2 ! ' 5 ! , / % $ 7 % 1 ( 3 / - , / $ * < % 5 - ( - 0 = + ( ! $ - % 7 < % ' / ) ! = < % 5 - ( A G
@ 9 G 9 : ( 2 ! ' 5 ! , / % $ 7 % 1 ( 3 / - , / $ * < % 5 - ( - 0 = + ( ! $ - % 7 0 % ) 1 5 + 0 ! - / " < % 5 - ( A A
@ 9 G 9 ? ( 2 ! ' 5 ! , / % $ 7 % 1 ( 3 / - , / $ * < % 5 - ( - 0 = + ( ! $ - % 7 0 ( - , 4 " ! - ( A A
5 . 9 E N E R G E T I C E V A L U A T I O N O F M E Z Z A N I N E H O U S E S A S A N A L T E R N A T I V E 1 0 3
C H A P T E R V I : A N A L Y S I S O F A C T I V E A N D H Y B R I D S Y S T E M S U S I N G R E N E W A B L E
E N E R G Y 1 0 5
6 . 1 A C T I V E S Y S T E M S U S I N G S O L A R E N E R G Y 1 0 5
C 9 8 9 8 6 < % , % 2 % ' , ! / " 5 - ( % 7 - % ' ! 1 1 ! ) / ! , / % $ / $ ) & ( ' ' / $ * - % 7 0 % ) 1 5 + 8 B C
B # $ # $ # $ 5 0 * & ; 8 & ; * , * ( * + , ) , 8 1 0 * , 3 * 1 7 & 2 $ - B
C 9 8 9 : 5 - ( % 7 - % ' ! 1 , < ( 1 + ! ' - = - , ( + - / $ 0 % ) 1 5 + 8 B F
B # $ # . # $ 8 & ; * , * ( * + , ) , 8 1 0 * , 3 * 1 7 & 2 $ - =
C 9 8 9 ? - % ' ! 1 1 ( ' ! , ( ) ! / 1 " % $ ) / , / % $ / $ * D < ( ! , 6 5 + 6 - 8 8 B
C 9 8 9 > ( " % ' % * / " ! ' ! $ ) ( $ ( 1 * ( , / " 1 ( 2 / ( & 8 8 8
6 . 2 H Y B R I D A L T E R N A T I V E S F O R A C T I V E C O O L I N G A N D H E A T I N G S Y S T E M S 1 1 2
C 9 : 9 8 * 1 % 5 $ ) 4 " % 5 6 ' ( ) ! $ ) ! / 1 4 " % 5 6 ' ( ) - = - , ( + - 7 % 1 0 % ) 1 5 + 8 8 :
C 9 : 9 : ( 2 ! 6 % 1 ! , / 2 ( " % % ' / $ * 7 % 1 0 % ) 1 5 + K - ) & ( ' ' / $ * - 8 8 ?
C 9 : 9 ? , < ( 1 + % 4 ! " , / 2 ( 0 5 / ' ) / $ * " % + 6 % $ ( $ , - 8 8 @
B # . # : # $ 3 + , 3 0 & ( & 3 + 0 & ) 3 ( * % ) ( * + , $ $ ?
B # . # : # . ; 7 + + 0 9 & ) ( * , ' ( & 3 9 , + 7 + ' @ $ $ B
B # . # : # : 0 ) 8 * ) , ( 3 & * 7 * , ' 1 ) , & 7 $ $ B
B # . # : # " 3 ) 1 * 7 7 ) 0 @ ( 6 5 & 2 @ 2 ( & < 4 / ) 7 7 $ $ D


vii
@9@9? *'!-- "51,!/$ &!'' !$) /,- (77(",- GA
5.6 COMPARISON OF THE SIMULATION RESULTS 91
5.7 BEST CASE SIMULATIONS 93
@9F98 (2!'5!,/%$ %7 ,<( -/+5'!,/%$ 1(-5',- A>
?#D#$#$ &,%&7+1& >"
?#D#$#. 5)2&<&,( >?
?#D#$#: )*0 (*'9(,&22 >B
?#D#$#" 9+/ (+ )39*&%& 7+/ 0)(&2 +; )*0 7)3G)'& >D
5.8 ENERGETIC EVALUATION OF SINGLE ARCHITECTURAL PARAMETERS 98
@9G98 (2!'5!,/%$ 7%1 (3/-,/$* <%5-(- 0= +(!$- %7 <%'/)!= <%5-( AG
@9G9: (2!'5!,/%$ 7%1 (3/-,/$* <%5-(- 0= +(!$- %7 0%)15+ 0!-/" <%5-( AA
@9G9? (2!'5!,/%$ 7%1 (3/-,/$* <%5-(- 0= +(!$- %7 0(-,4"!-( AA
5.9 ENERGETIC EVALUATION OF MEZZANINE HOUSES AS AN ALTERNATIVE 103
CHAPTER VI: ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE AND HYBRID SYSTEMS USING RENEWABLE
ENERGY 105
6.1 ACTIVE SYSTEMS USING SOLAR ENERGY 105
C9898 6<%,%2%',!/" 5-( %7 -%'!1 1!)/!,/%$ /$ )&(''/$*- %7 0%)15+ 8BC
B#$#$#$ 50*&; 8&;*,*(*+, ),8 10*,3*17&2 $-B
C989: 5-( %7 -%'!1 ,<(1+!' -=-,(+- /$ 0%)15+ 8BF
B#$#.#$ 8&;*,*(*+, ),8 10*,3*17&2 $-=
C989? -%'!1 1('!,() !/1 "%$)/,/%$/$*D <(!, 65+6- 88B
C989> ("%'%*/"!' !$) ($(1*(,/" 1(2/(& 888
6.2 HYBRID ALTERNATIVES FOR ACTIVE COOLING AND HEATING SYSTEMS 112
C9:98 *1%5$)4"%56'() !$) !/14"%56'() -=-,(+- 7%1 0%)15+ 88:
C9:9: (2!6%1!,/2( "%%'/$* 7%1 0%)15+K- )&(''/$*- 88?
C9:9? ,<(1+%4!",/2( 05/')/$* "%+6%$($,- 88@
B#.#:#$ 3+,30&(& 3+0& )3(*%)(*+, $$?
B#.#:#. ;7++0 9&)(*,' (&39,+7+'@ $$B
B#.#:#: 0)8*),( 3&*7*,' 1),&7 $$B
B#.#:#" 3)1*77)0@ (65& 2@2(&< 4 /)77 $$D


vii
@9@9? *'!-- "51,!/$ &!'' !$) /,- (77(",- GA
5.6 COMPARISON OF THE SIMULATION RESULTS 91
5.7 BEST CASE SIMULATIONS 93
@9F98 (2!'5!,/%$ %7 ,<( -/+5'!,/%$ 1(-5',- A>
?#D#$#$ &,%&7+1& >"
?#D#$#. 5)2&<&,( >?
?#D#$#: )*0 (*'9(,&22 >B
?#D#$#" 9+/ (+ )39*&%& 7+/ 0)(&2 +; )*0 7)3G)'& >D
5.8 ENERGETIC EVALUATION OF SINGLE ARCHITECTURAL PARAMETERS 98
@9G98 (2!'5!,/%$ 7%1 (3/-,/$* <%5-(- 0= +(!$- %7 <%'/)!= <%5-( AG
@9G9: (2!'5!,/%$ 7%1 (3/-,/$* <%5-(- 0= +(!$- %7 0%)15+ 0!-/" <%5-( AA
@9G9? (2!'5!,/%$ 7%1 (3/-,/$* <%5-(- 0= +(!$- %7 0(-,4"!-( AA
5.9 ENERGETIC EVALUATION OF MEZZANINE HOUSES AS AN ALTERNATIVE 103
CHAPTER VI: ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE AND HYBRID SYSTEMS USING RENEWABLE
ENERGY 105
6.1 ACTIVE SYSTEMS USING SOLAR ENERGY 105
C9898 6<%,%2%',!/" 5-( %7 -%'!1 1!)/!,/%$ /$ )&(''/$*- %7 0%)15+ 8BC
B#$#$#$ 50*&; 8&;*,*(*+, ),8 10*,3*17&2 $-B
C989: 5-( %7 -%'!1 ,<(1+!' -=-,(+- /$ 0%)15+ 8BF
B#$#.#$ 8&;*,*(*+, ),8 10*,3*17&2 $-=
C989? -%'!1 1('!,() !/1 "%$)/,/%$/$*D <(!, 65+6- 88B
C989> ("%'%*/"!' !$) ($(1*(,/" 1(2/(& 888
6.2 HYBRID ALTERNATIVES FOR ACTIVE COOLING AND HEATING SYSTEMS 112
C9:98 *1%5$)4"%56'() !$) !/14"%56'() -=-,(+- 7%1 0%)15+ 88:
C9:9: (2!6%1!,/2( "%%'/$* 7%1 0%)15+K- )&(''/$*- 88?
C9:9? ,<(1+%4!",/2( 05/')/$* "%+6%$($,- 88@
B#.#:#$ 3+,30&(& 3+0& )3(*%)(*+, $$?
B#.#:#. ;7++0 9&)(*,' (&39,+7+'@ $$B
B#.#:#: 0)8*),( 3&*7*,' 1),&7 $$B
B#.#:#" 3)1*77)0@ (65& 2@2(&< 4 /)77 $$D


viii
C9:9> (2!'5!,/%$ %7 <=01/) -=-,(+- 88F
6.3 ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS AND COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF ACTIVE
SYSTEMS 117
C9?98 !1"</,(",51!' /$,(*1!,/%$ %7 ,<( -%'!1 !",/2( "%+6%$($,- 88G
B#:#$#$ *,(&'0)(*+, 1+22*5*7*(*&2 $$=
B#:#$#. *,(&'0)(*+,2 10*,3*17&2 +; 2+7)0 )3(*%& 3+<1+,&,(2 $$>
C9?9: 6%,($,/!' %7 -%'!1 1!)/!,/%$ %7 ,<( %6,/+5+ <%5-( 8:B
B#:#.#$ 0++;A ;)H)8&A ),8 29)8*,' &7&<&,(2 $.-
B#:#.#. 56*78*,' ;+0< ),8 2+7)0 0)8*)(*+, $.$
C9?9? !1"</,(",51!' "%$-(L5($"(-D %1/($,!,/%$J 2($,/'!,/%$J !$) %0-"51!,/%$ 8:?
B#:#:#$ *,;76&,3& +; +0*&,()(*+, +, &;;*3*&,3@ +; 2+7)0 3+<1+,&,(2 $.:
B#:#:#. 0&7)(*+, 5&(/&&, %&,(*7)(*+, ),8 &;;*3*&,3@ $.:
B#:#:#: *,;76&,3& +; +52360)(*+, $."
C9?9> /$4)(6,< !$!'=-/- %7 1%%7 !$) -<!)/$* "%+6%$($,- 8:@
B#:#"#$ *,48&1(9 ),)7@2*2 +; (9& 0++; $.?
B#:#"#. ),)7@2*2 +; 29)8*,' &7&<&,(2 $.?
B#:#"#: 2*F*,' (9& 2@2(&< )33+08*,' (+ (9& +3361),3@ ),8 3+<;+0( %)76&2 $.B
B#:#"#" 2*F*,' <&(9+8 $.D
6.4 USING SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY 129
C9>98 -6!"( <(!,/$* &/,< -%'!1 ,<(1+!' ($(1*= 8:A
B#"#$#$ 2*<67)(*+, 10+3&860& +; 2+7)0 )22*2(&8 9&)(*,' 2@2(&<2 $.>
B#"#$#. (&39,*3)7 1)0)<&(&02 $:-
C9>9: -/+5'!,/%$ (2!'5!,/%$- %7 <(!,/$* -=-,(+- 7%1 0%)15+ 8?8
B#"#.#$ 8&;*,*(*+, +; 3+<1)0&8 %)76&2 $:$
B#"#.#. 3+77&3(+0 0&7)(&8 1)0)<&(&02 $:.
B#"#.#: 9&)(*,' &7&<&,(I 0)8*)(+0 E 6,8&0;7++0 9&)(*,' $:?
B#"#.#" 2(+0)'& (),G ),8 )6C*7*)0@ 9&)(&0 0&7)(&8 1)0)<&(&02 $:?
B#"#.#? &,%*0+,<&,()7 &%)76)(*+, +; 2+7)0 )22*2(&8 9&)(*,' 2@2(&< $:B
C9>9? )%+(-,/" <%, &!,(1 8?G
B#"#:#$ 2*<67)(*+, 10+3&860& +; 8+<&2(*3 9+( /)(&0 2@2(&<2 $:>
B#"#:#. (&39,*3)7 1)0)<&(&02 $"-
B#"#:#: 2*<67)(*+, &%)76)(*+,2 +; 89/ 2@2(&<2 ;+0 5+806< $"-
C9>9> "%+0/$() -=-,(+- 8>>
B#"#:#$ 19+(+%+7()*3 )22*2(),3& +; (9& 3+<5*,&8 2@2(&< $""


viii
C9:9> (2!'5!,/%$ %7 <=01/) -=-,(+- 88F
6.3 ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS AND COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF ACTIVE
SYSTEMS 117
C9?98 !1"</,(",51!' /$,(*1!,/%$ %7 ,<( -%'!1 !",/2( "%+6%$($,- 88G
B#:#$#$ *,(&'0)(*+, 1+22*5*7*(*&2 $$=
B#:#$#. *,(&'0)(*+,2 10*,3*17&2 +; 2+7)0 )3(*%& 3+<1+,&,(2 $$>
C9?9: 6%,($,/!' %7 -%'!1 1!)/!,/%$ %7 ,<( %6,/+5+ <%5-( 8:B
B#:#.#$ 0++;A ;)H)8&A ),8 29)8*,' &7&<&,(2 $.-
B#:#.#. 56*78*,' ;+0< ),8 2+7)0 0)8*)(*+, $.$
C9?9? !1"</,(",51!' "%$-(L5($"(-D %1/($,!,/%$J 2($,/'!,/%$J !$) %0-"51!,/%$ 8:?
B#:#:#$ *,;76&,3& +; +0*&,()(*+, +, &;;*3*&,3@ +; 2+7)0 3+<1+,&,(2 $.:
B#:#:#. 0&7)(*+, 5&(/&&, %&,(*7)(*+, ),8 &;;*3*&,3@ $.:
B#:#:#: *,;76&,3& +; +52360)(*+, $."
C9?9> /$4)(6,< !$!'=-/- %7 1%%7 !$) -<!)/$* "%+6%$($,- 8:@
B#:#"#$ *,48&1(9 ),)7@2*2 +; (9& 0++; $.?
B#:#"#. ),)7@2*2 +; 29)8*,' &7&<&,(2 $.?
B#:#"#: 2*F*,' (9& 2@2(&< )33+08*,' (+ (9& +3361),3@ ),8 3+<;+0( %)76&2 $.B
B#:#"#" 2*F*,' <&(9+8 $.D
6.4 USING SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY 129
C9>98 -6!"( <(!,/$* &/,< -%'!1 ,<(1+!' ($(1*= 8:A
B#"#$#$ 2*<67)(*+, 10+3&860& +; 2+7)0 )22*2(&8 9&)(*,' 2@2(&<2 $.>
B#"#$#. (&39,*3)7 1)0)<&(&02 $:-
C9>9: -/+5'!,/%$ (2!'5!,/%$- %7 <(!,/$* -=-,(+- 7%1 0%)15+ 8?8
B#"#.#$ 8&;*,*(*+, +; 3+<1)0&8 %)76&2 $:$
B#"#.#. 3+77&3(+0 0&7)(&8 1)0)<&(&02 $:.
B#"#.#: 9&)(*,' &7&<&,(I 0)8*)(+0 E 6,8&0;7++0 9&)(*,' $:?
B#"#.#" 2(+0)'& (),G ),8 )6C*7*)0@ 9&)(&0 0&7)(&8 1)0)<&(&02 $:?
B#"#.#? &,%*0+,<&,()7 &%)76)(*+, +; 2+7)0 )22*2(&8 9&)(*,' 2@2(&< $:B
C9>9? )%+(-,/" <%, &!,(1 8?G
B#"#:#$ 2*<67)(*+, 10+3&860& +; 8+<&2(*3 9+( /)(&0 2@2(&<2 $:>
B#"#:#. (&39,*3)7 1)0)<&(&02 $"-
B#"#:#: 2*<67)(*+, &%)76)(*+,2 +; 89/ 2@2(&<2 ;+0 5+806< $"-
C9>9> "%+0/$() -=-,(+- 8>>
B#"#:#$ 19+(+%+7()*3 )22*2(),3& +; (9& 3+<5*,&8 2@2(&< $""


v i i i
C 9 : 9 > ( 2 ! ' 5 ! , / % $ % 7 < = 0 1 / ) - = - , ( + - 8 8 F
6 . 3 A R C H I T E C T U R A L A N A L Y S I S A N D C O M P U T E R S I M U L A T I O N S O F A C T I V E
S Y S T E M S 1 1 7
C 9 ? 9 8 ! 1 " < / , ( " , 5 1 ! ' / $ , ( * 1 ! , / % $ % 7 , < ( - % ' ! 1 ! " , / 2 ( " % + 6 % $ ( $ , - 8 8 G
B # : # $ # $ * , ( & ' 0 ) ( * + , 1 + 2 2 * 5 * 7 * ( * & 2 $ $ =
B # : # $ # . * , ( & ' 0 ) ( * + , 2 1 0 * , 3 * 1 7 & 2 + ; 2 + 7 ) 0 ) 3 ( * % & 3 + < 1 + , & , ( 2 $ $ >
C 9 ? 9 : 6 % , ( $ , / ! ' % 7 - % ' ! 1 1 ! ) / ! , / % $ % 7 , < ( % 6 , / + 5 + < % 5 - ( 8 : B
B # : # . # $ 0 + + ; A ; ) H ) 8 & A ) , 8 2 9 ) 8 * , ' & 7 & < & , ( 2 $ . -
B # : # . # . 5 6 * 7 8 * , ' ; + 0 < ) , 8 2 + 7 ) 0 0 ) 8 * ) ( * + , $ . $
C 9 ? 9 ? ! 1 " < / , ( " , 5 1 ! ' " % $ - ( L 5 ( $ " ( - D % 1 / ( $ , ! , / % $ J 2 ( $ , / ' ! , / % $ J ! $ ) % 0 - " 5 1 ! , / % $ 8 : ?
B # : # : # $ * , ; 7 6 & , 3 & + ; + 0 * & , ( ) ( * + , + , & ; ; * 3 * & , 3 @ + ; 2 + 7 ) 0 3 + < 1 + , & , ( 2 $ . :
B # : # : # . 0 & 7 ) ( * + , 5 & ( / & & , % & , ( * 7 ) ( * + , ) , 8 & ; ; * 3 * & , 3 @ $ . :
B # : # : # : * , ; 7 6 & , 3 & + ; + 5 2 3 6 0 ) ( * + , $ . "
C 9 ? 9 > / $ 4 ) ( 6 , < ! $ ! ' = - / - % 7 1 % % 7 ! $ ) - < ! ) / $ * " % + 6 % $ ( $ , - 8 : @
B # : # " # $ * , 4 8 & 1 ( 9 ) , ) 7 @ 2 * 2 + ; ( 9 & 0 + + ; $ . ?
B # : # " # . ) , ) 7 @ 2 * 2 + ; 2 9 ) 8 * , ' & 7 & < & , ( 2 $ . ?
B # : # " # : 2 * F * , ' ( 9 & 2 @ 2 ( & < ) 3 3 + 0 8 * , ' ( + ( 9 & + 3 3 6 1 ) , 3 @ ) , 8 3 + < ; + 0 ( % ) 7 6 & 2 $ . B
B # : # " # " 2 * F * , ' < & ( 9 + 8 $ . D
6 . 4 U S I N G S O L A R T H E R M A L E N E R G Y 1 2 9
C 9 > 9 8 - 6 ! " ( < ( ! , / $ * & / , < - % ' ! 1 , < ( 1 + ! ' ( $ ( 1 * = 8 : A
B # " # $ # $ 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 1 0 + 3 & 8 6 0 & + ; 2 + 7 ) 0 ) 2 2 * 2 ( & 8 9 & ) ( * , ' 2 @ 2 ( & < 2 $ . >
B # " # $ # . ( & 3 9 , * 3 ) 7 1 ) 0 ) < & ( & 0 2 $ : -
C 9 > 9 : - / + 5 ' ! , / % $ ( 2 ! ' 5 ! , / % $ - % 7 < ( ! , / $ * - = - , ( + - 7 % 1 0 % ) 1 5 + 8 ? 8
B # " # . # $ 8 & ; * , * ( * + , + ; 3 + < 1 ) 0 & 8 % ) 7 6 & 2 $ : $
B # " # . # . 3 + 7 7 & 3 ( + 0 0 & 7 ) ( & 8 1 ) 0 ) < & ( & 0 2 $ : .
B # " # . # : 9 & ) ( * , ' & 7 & < & , ( I 0 ) 8 * ) ( + 0 E 6 , 8 & 0 ; 7 + + 0 9 & ) ( * , ' $ : ?
B # " # . # " 2 ( + 0 ) ' & ( ) , G ) , 8 ) 6 C * 7 * ) 0 @ 9 & ) ( & 0 0 & 7 ) ( & 8 1 ) 0 ) < & ( & 0 2 $ : ?
B # " # . # ? & , % * 0 + , < & , ( ) 7 & % ) 7 6 ) ( * + , + ; 2 + 7 ) 0 ) 2 2 * 2 ( & 8 9 & ) ( * , ' 2 @ 2 ( & < $ : B
C 9 > 9 ? ) % + ( - , / " < % , & ! , ( 1 8 ? G
B # " # : # $ 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 1 0 + 3 & 8 6 0 & + ; 8 + < & 2 ( * 3 9 + ( / ) ( & 0 2 @ 2 ( & < 2 $ : >
B # " # : # . ( & 3 9 , * 3 ) 7 1 ) 0 ) < & ( & 0 2 $ " -
B # " # : # : 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , & % ) 7 6 ) ( * + , 2 + ; 8 9 / 2 @ 2 ( & < 2 ; + 0 5 + 8 0 6 < $ " -
C 9 > 9 > " % + 0 / $ ( ) - = - , ( + - 8 > >
B # " # : # $ 1 9 + ( + % + 7 ( ) * 3 ) 2 2 * 2 ( ) , 3 & + ; ( 9 & 3 + < 5 * , & 8 2 @ 2 ( & < $ " "


v i i i
C 9 : 9 > ( 2 ! ' 5 ! , / % $ % 7 < = 0 1 / ) - = - , ( + - 8 8 F
6 . 3 A R C H I T E C T U R A L A N A L Y S I S A N D C O M P U T E R S I M U L A T I O N S O F A C T I V E
S Y S T E M S 1 1 7
C 9 ? 9 8 ! 1 " < / , ( " , 5 1 ! ' / $ , ( * 1 ! , / % $ % 7 , < ( - % ' ! 1 ! " , / 2 ( " % + 6 % $ ( $ , - 8 8 G
B # : # $ # $ * , ( & ' 0 ) ( * + , 1 + 2 2 * 5 * 7 * ( * & 2 $ $ =
B # : # $ # . * , ( & ' 0 ) ( * + , 2 1 0 * , 3 * 1 7 & 2 + ; 2 + 7 ) 0 ) 3 ( * % & 3 + < 1 + , & , ( 2 $ $ >
C 9 ? 9 : 6 % , ( $ , / ! ' % 7 - % ' ! 1 1 ! ) / ! , / % $ % 7 , < ( % 6 , / + 5 + < % 5 - ( 8 : B
B # : # . # $ 0 + + ; A ; ) H ) 8 & A ) , 8 2 9 ) 8 * , ' & 7 & < & , ( 2 $ . -
B # : # . # . 5 6 * 7 8 * , ' ; + 0 < ) , 8 2 + 7 ) 0 0 ) 8 * ) ( * + , $ . $
C 9 ? 9 ? ! 1 " < / , ( " , 5 1 ! ' " % $ - ( L 5 ( $ " ( - D % 1 / ( $ , ! , / % $ J 2 ( $ , / ' ! , / % $ J ! $ ) % 0 - " 5 1 ! , / % $ 8 : ?
B # : # : # $ * , ; 7 6 & , 3 & + ; + 0 * & , ( ) ( * + , + , & ; ; * 3 * & , 3 @ + ; 2 + 7 ) 0 3 + < 1 + , & , ( 2 $ . :
B # : # : # . 0 & 7 ) ( * + , 5 & ( / & & , % & , ( * 7 ) ( * + , ) , 8 & ; ; * 3 * & , 3 @ $ . :
B # : # : # : * , ; 7 6 & , 3 & + ; + 5 2 3 6 0 ) ( * + , $ . "
C 9 ? 9 > / $ 4 ) ( 6 , < ! $ ! ' = - / - % 7 1 % % 7 ! $ ) - < ! ) / $ * " % + 6 % $ ( $ , - 8 : @
B # : # " # $ * , 4 8 & 1 ( 9 ) , ) 7 @ 2 * 2 + ; ( 9 & 0 + + ; $ . ?
B # : # " # . ) , ) 7 @ 2 * 2 + ; 2 9 ) 8 * , ' & 7 & < & , ( 2 $ . ?
B # : # " # : 2 * F * , ' ( 9 & 2 @ 2 ( & < ) 3 3 + 0 8 * , ' ( + ( 9 & + 3 3 6 1 ) , 3 @ ) , 8 3 + < ; + 0 ( % ) 7 6 & 2 $ . B
B # : # " # " 2 * F * , ' < & ( 9 + 8 $ . D
6 . 4 U S I N G S O L A R T H E R M A L E N E R G Y 1 2 9
C 9 > 9 8 - 6 ! " ( < ( ! , / $ * & / , < - % ' ! 1 , < ( 1 + ! ' ( $ ( 1 * = 8 : A
B # " # $ # $ 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 1 0 + 3 & 8 6 0 & + ; 2 + 7 ) 0 ) 2 2 * 2 ( & 8 9 & ) ( * , ' 2 @ 2 ( & < 2 $ . >
B # " # $ # . ( & 3 9 , * 3 ) 7 1 ) 0 ) < & ( & 0 2 $ : -
C 9 > 9 : - / + 5 ' ! , / % $ ( 2 ! ' 5 ! , / % $ - % 7 < ( ! , / $ * - = - , ( + - 7 % 1 0 % ) 1 5 + 8 ? 8
B # " # . # $ 8 & ; * , * ( * + , + ; 3 + < 1 ) 0 & 8 % ) 7 6 & 2 $ : $
B # " # . # . 3 + 7 7 & 3 ( + 0 0 & 7 ) ( & 8 1 ) 0 ) < & ( & 0 2 $ : .
B # " # . # : 9 & ) ( * , ' & 7 & < & , ( I 0 ) 8 * ) ( + 0 E 6 , 8 & 0 ; 7 + + 0 9 & ) ( * , ' $ : ?
B # " # . # " 2 ( + 0 ) ' & ( ) , G ) , 8 ) 6 C * 7 * ) 0 @ 9 & ) ( & 0 0 & 7 ) ( & 8 1 ) 0 ) < & ( & 0 2 $ : ?
B # " # . # ? & , % * 0 + , < & , ( ) 7 & % ) 7 6 ) ( * + , + ; 2 + 7 ) 0 ) 2 2 * 2 ( & 8 9 & ) ( * , ' 2 @ 2 ( & < $ : B
C 9 > 9 ? ) % + ( - , / " < % , & ! , ( 1 8 ? G
B # " # : # $ 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 1 0 + 3 & 8 6 0 & + ; 8 + < & 2 ( * 3 9 + ( / ) ( & 0 2 @ 2 ( & < 2 $ : >
B # " # : # . ( & 3 9 , * 3 ) 7 1 ) 0 ) < & ( & 0 2 $ " -
B # " # : # : 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , & % ) 7 6 ) ( * + , 2 + ; 8 9 / 2 @ 2 ( & < 2 ; + 0 5 + 8 0 6 < $ " -
C 9 > 9 > " % + 0 / $ ( ) - = - , ( + - 8 > >
B # " # : # $ 1 9 + ( + % + 7 ( ) * 3 ) 2 2 * 2 ( ) , 3 & + ; ( 9 & 3 + < 5 * , & 8 2 @ 2 ( & < $ " "


i x
C H A P T E R V I I : E C O N O M I C A L A N A L Y S I S O F P A S S I V E A N D A C T I V E M E A S U R E S 1 4 7
7 . 1 E N E R G Y P R I C E C O M P A R I S O N B E T W E E N O E C D C O U N T R I E S A N D T U R K E Y 1 4 7
7 . 2 P R I C I N G A N D C O M P A R I S O N P R O C E D U R E B Y E C O N O M I C A L E V A L U A T I O N S 1 4 8
F 9 : 9 8 ( - , / + ! , / % $ % 7 ( $ ( 1 * = 6 1 / " ( - / $ , < ( 7 5 , 5 1 ( 8 > G
F 9 : 9 : + ( , < % ) - 7 % 1 7 % 1 ( " ! - , / $ * , < ( 6 ! = 0 ! " # 6 ( 1 / % ) 8 > A
D # . # . # $ ; * 0 2 ( < & ( 9 + 8 J 2 ( ) ( * 3 K I 1 ) @ 5 ) 3 G ) , 8 2 * < 1 7 & 1 ) @ 5 ) 3 G 1 & 0 * + 8 $ ? -
D # . # . # . 2 & 3 + , 8 < & ( 9 + 8 J 8 @ , ) < * 3 K I 2 3 & , ) 0 * + ; + 0 & , & 0 ' @ 1 0 * 3 & 2 * , ( 9 & ; 6 ( 6 0 & $ ? $
F 9 : 9 ? , < ( ) ( 7 / $ / , / % $ % 7 ( " % $ % + / " ( 7 7 / " / ( $ " = / $ , < / - & % 1 # 8 @ :
F 9 : 9 > 0 5 / ' ) / $ * " % - , ( - , / + ! , / % $ 6 1 % " ( ) 5 1 ( 8 @ ?
7 . 3 E S T I M A T E C O S T C A L C U L A T I O N S 1 5 4
7 . 4 I N V E S T M E N T C A L C U L A T I O N S F O R A D D I T I O N A L P A S S I V E M E A S U R E S 1 5 5
F 9 > 9 8 5 $ / , 6 1 / " ( - % 7 6 ! - - / 2 ( + ( ! - 5 1 ( - 8 @ @
7 . 5 E C O N O M I C A L E V A L U A T I O N O F P A S S I V E M E A S U R E S F O R E X I S T I N G H O U S E S 1 5 6
F 9 @ 9 8 6 ! = 0 ! " # 6 ( 1 / % ) ! $ ) " % - , ! $ ! ' = - / - % 7 + ( ! - 5 1 ( - - ( 6 ! 1 ! , ( ' = 8 @ F
F 9 @ 9 : ( " % $ % + / " ( 7 7 / " / ( $ " = ( 2 ! ' 5 ! , / % $ 8 @ A
F 9 @ 9 ? - ( ! - % $ ! ' ( 7 7 / " / ( $ " = ( 2 ! ' 5 ! , / % $ 8 C B
7 . 6 E C O N O M I C A L E V A L U A T I O N O F P A S S I V E M E A S U R E S F O R F U T U R E
S E T T L E M E N T S : T H E B B H A N D B C I N C O M P A R I S O N 1 6 0
F 9 C 9 8 6 ! = 0 ! " # 6 ( 1 / % ) ! $ ) " % - , ! $ ! ' = - / - % 7 + ( ! - 5 1 ( - - ( 6 ! 1 ! , ( ' = 8 C 8
F 9 C 9 : ( " % $ % + / " ( 7 7 / " / ( $ " = ( 2 ! ' 5 ! , / % $ 8 C >
F 9 C 9 ? - ( ! - % $ ! ' ( 7 7 / " / ( $ " = ( 2 ! ' 5 ! , / % $ 8 C C
7 . 7 I N V E S T M E N T C A L C U L A T I O N S F O R A C T I V E M E A S U R E S 1 6 9
F 9 F 9 8 ( " % $ % + / " ! ' ( 7 7 / " / ( $ " = % 7 - % ' ! 1 ! - - / - , ( ) - = - , ( + 7 % 1 ) < & 6 1 % ) 5 " , / % $ 8 C A
F 9 F 9 : ( " % $ % + / " ! ' ( 7 7 / " / ( $ " = % 7 - % ' ! 1 ! - - / - , ( ) < ( ! , / $ * - = - , ( + - 8 F B
F 9 F 9 ? ( " % $ % + / " ( 7 7 / " / ( $ " = % 7 6 2 - = - , ( + - 8 F 8
F 9 F 9 > " % $ " ' 5 - / % $ 8 F :
C O N C L U S I O N S 1 7 4
0 5 / ' ) / $ * 1 ( ' ! , ( ) " % $ - / ) ( 1 ! , / % $ - 8 F @
- % " / % 4 ( " % $ % + / " " % $ - / ) ( 1 ! , / % $ - 8 F C


i x
C H A P T E R V I I : E C O N O M I C A L A N A L Y S I S O F P A S S I V E A N D A C T I V E M E A S U R E S 1 4 7
7 . 1 E N E R G Y P R I C E C O M P A R I S O N B E T W E E N O E C D C O U N T R I E S A N D T U R K E Y 1 4 7
7 . 2 P R I C I N G A N D C O M P A R I S O N P R O C E D U R E B Y E C O N O M I C A L E V A L U A T I O N S 1 4 8
F 9 : 9 8 ( - , / + ! , / % $ % 7 ( $ ( 1 * = 6 1 / " ( - / $ , < ( 7 5 , 5 1 ( 8 > G
F 9 : 9 : + ( , < % ) - 7 % 1 7 % 1 ( " ! - , / $ * , < ( 6 ! = 0 ! " # 6 ( 1 / % ) 8 > A
D # . # . # $ ; * 0 2 ( < & ( 9 + 8 J 2 ( ) ( * 3 K I 1 ) @ 5 ) 3 G ) , 8 2 * < 1 7 & 1 ) @ 5 ) 3 G 1 & 0 * + 8 $ ? -
D # . # . # . 2 & 3 + , 8 < & ( 9 + 8 J 8 @ , ) < * 3 K I 2 3 & , ) 0 * + ; + 0 & , & 0 ' @ 1 0 * 3 & 2 * , ( 9 & ; 6 ( 6 0 & $ ? $
F 9 : 9 ? , < ( ) ( 7 / $ / , / % $ % 7 ( " % $ % + / " ( 7 7 / " / ( $ " = / $ , < / - & % 1 # 8 @ :
F 9 : 9 > 0 5 / ' ) / $ * " % - , ( - , / + ! , / % $ 6 1 % " ( ) 5 1 ( 8 @ ?
7 . 3 E S T I M A T E C O S T C A L C U L A T I O N S 1 5 4
7 . 4 I N V E S T M E N T C A L C U L A T I O N S F O R A D D I T I O N A L P A S S I V E M E A S U R E S 1 5 5
F 9 > 9 8 5 $ / , 6 1 / " ( - % 7 6 ! - - / 2 ( + ( ! - 5 1 ( - 8 @ @
7 . 5 E C O N O M I C A L E V A L U A T I O N O F P A S S I V E M E A S U R E S F O R E X I S T I N G H O U S E S 1 5 6
F 9 @ 9 8 6 ! = 0 ! " # 6 ( 1 / % ) ! $ ) " % - , ! $ ! ' = - / - % 7 + ( ! - 5 1 ( - - ( 6 ! 1 ! , ( ' = 8 @ F
F 9 @ 9 : ( " % $ % + / " ( 7 7 / " / ( $ " = ( 2 ! ' 5 ! , / % $ 8 @ A
F 9 @ 9 ? - ( ! - % $ ! ' ( 7 7 / " / ( $ " = ( 2 ! ' 5 ! , / % $ 8 C B
7 . 6 E C O N O M I C A L E V A L U A T I O N O F P A S S I V E M E A S U R E S F O R F U T U R E
S E T T L E M E N T S : T H E B B H A N D B C I N C O M P A R I S O N 1 6 0
F 9 C 9 8 6 ! = 0 ! " # 6 ( 1 / % ) ! $ ) " % - , ! $ ! ' = - / - % 7 + ( ! - 5 1 ( - - ( 6 ! 1 ! , ( ' = 8 C 8
F 9 C 9 : ( " % $ % + / " ( 7 7 / " / ( $ " = ( 2 ! ' 5 ! , / % $ 8 C >
F 9 C 9 ? - ( ! - % $ ! ' ( 7 7 / " / ( $ " = ( 2 ! ' 5 ! , / % $ 8 C C
7 . 7 I N V E S T M E N T C A L C U L A T I O N S F O R A C T I V E M E A S U R E S 1 6 9
F 9 F 9 8 ( " % $ % + / " ! ' ( 7 7 / " / ( $ " = % 7 - % ' ! 1 ! - - / - , ( ) - = - , ( + 7 % 1 ) < & 6 1 % ) 5 " , / % $ 8 C A
F 9 F 9 : ( " % $ % + / " ! ' ( 7 7 / " / ( $ " = % 7 - % ' ! 1 ! - - / - , ( ) < ( ! , / $ * - = - , ( + - 8 F B
F 9 F 9 ? ( " % $ % + / " ( 7 7 / " / ( $ " = % 7 6 2 - = - , ( + - 8 F 8
F 9 F 9 > " % $ " ' 5 - / % $ 8 F :
C O N C L U S I O N S 1 7 4
0 5 / ' ) / $ * 1 ( ' ! , ( ) " % $ - / ) ( 1 ! , / % $ - 8 F @
- % " / % 4 ( " % $ % + / " " % $ - / ) ( 1 ! , / % $ - 8 F C


ix
CHAPTER VII: ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS OF PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MEASURES 147
7.1 ENERGY PRICE COMPARISON BETWEEN OECD COUNTRIES AND TURKEY 147
7.2 PRICING AND COMPARISON PROCEDURE BY ECONOMICAL EVALUATIONS 148
F9:98 (-,/+!,/%$ %7 ($(1*= 61/"(- /$ ,<( 75,51( 8>G
F9:9: +(,<%)- 7%1 7%1("!-,/$* ,<( 6!=0!"# 6(1/%) 8>A
D#.#.#$ ;*02( <&(9+8 J2()(*3KI 1)@5)3G ),8 2*<17& 1)@5)3G 1&0*+8 $?-
D#.#.#. 2&3+,8 <&(9+8 J8@,)<*3KI 23&,)0*+ ;+0 &,&0'@ 10*3&2 *, (9& ;6(60& $?$
F9:9? ,<( )(7/$/,/%$ %7 ("%$%+/" (77/"/($"= /$ ,</- &%1# 8@:
F9:9> 05/')/$* "%-, (-,/+!,/%$ 61%"()51( 8@?
7.3 ESTIMATE COST CALCULATIONS 154
7.4 INVESTMENT CALCULATIONS FOR ADDITIONAL PASSIVE MEASURES 155
F9>98 5$/, 61/"(- %7 6!--/2( +(!-51(- 8@@
7.5 ECONOMICAL EVALUATION OF PASSIVE MEASURES FOR EXISTING HOUSES 156
F9@98 6!=0!"# 6(1/%) !$) "%-, !$!'=-/- %7 +(!-51(- -(6!1!,('= 8@F
F9@9: ("%$%+/" (77/"/($"= (2!'5!,/%$ 8@A
F9@9? -(!-%$!' (77/"/($"= (2!'5!,/%$ 8CB
7.6 ECONOMICAL EVALUATION OF PASSIVE MEASURES FOR FUTURE
SETTLEMENTS: THE BBH AND BC IN COMPARISON 160
F9C98 6!=0!"# 6(1/%) !$) "%-, !$!'=-/- %7 +(!-51(- -(6!1!,('= 8C8
F9C9: ("%$%+/" (77/"/($"= (2!'5!,/%$ 8C>
F9C9? -(!-%$!' (77/"/($"= (2!'5!,/%$ 8CC
7.7 INVESTMENT CALCULATIONS FOR ACTIVE MEASURES 169
F9F98 ("%$%+/"!' (77/"/($"= %7 -%'!1 !--/-,() -=-,(+ 7%1 )<& 61%)5",/%$ 8CA
F9F9: ("%$%+/"!' (77/"/($"= %7 -%'!1 !--/-,() <(!,/$* -=-,(+- 8FB
F9F9? ("%$%+/" (77/"/($"= %7 62 -=-,(+- 8F8
F9F9> "%$"'5-/%$ 8F:
CONCLUSIONS 174
05/')/$* 1('!,() "%$-/)(1!,/%$- 8F@
-%"/%4("%$%+/" "%$-/)(1!,/%$- 8FC


ix
CHAPTER VII: ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS OF PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MEASURES 147
7.1 ENERGY PRICE COMPARISON BETWEEN OECD COUNTRIES AND TURKEY 147
7.2 PRICING AND COMPARISON PROCEDURE BY ECONOMICAL EVALUATIONS 148
F9:98 (-,/+!,/%$ %7 ($(1*= 61/"(- /$ ,<( 75,51( 8>G
F9:9: +(,<%)- 7%1 7%1("!-,/$* ,<( 6!=0!"# 6(1/%) 8>A
D#.#.#$ ;*02( <&(9+8 J2()(*3KI 1)@5)3G ),8 2*<17& 1)@5)3G 1&0*+8 $?-
D#.#.#. 2&3+,8 <&(9+8 J8@,)<*3KI 23&,)0*+ ;+0 &,&0'@ 10*3&2 *, (9& ;6(60& $?$
F9:9? ,<( )(7/$/,/%$ %7 ("%$%+/" (77/"/($"= /$ ,</- &%1# 8@:
F9:9> 05/')/$* "%-, (-,/+!,/%$ 61%"()51( 8@?
7.3 ESTIMATE COST CALCULATIONS 154
7.4 INVESTMENT CALCULATIONS FOR ADDITIONAL PASSIVE MEASURES 155
F9>98 5$/, 61/"(- %7 6!--/2( +(!-51(- 8@@
7.5 ECONOMICAL EVALUATION OF PASSIVE MEASURES FOR EXISTING HOUSES 156
F9@98 6!=0!"# 6(1/%) !$) "%-, !$!'=-/- %7 +(!-51(- -(6!1!,('= 8@F
F9@9: ("%$%+/" (77/"/($"= (2!'5!,/%$ 8@A
F9@9? -(!-%$!' (77/"/($"= (2!'5!,/%$ 8CB
7.6 ECONOMICAL EVALUATION OF PASSIVE MEASURES FOR FUTURE
SETTLEMENTS: THE BBH AND BC IN COMPARISON 160
F9C98 6!=0!"# 6(1/%) !$) "%-, !$!'=-/- %7 +(!-51(- -(6!1!,('= 8C8
F9C9: ("%$%+/" (77/"/($"= (2!'5!,/%$ 8C>
F9C9? -(!-%$!' (77/"/($"= (2!'5!,/%$ 8CC
7.7 INVESTMENT CALCULATIONS FOR ACTIVE MEASURES 169
F9F98 ("%$%+/"!' (77/"/($"= %7 -%'!1 !--/-,() -=-,(+ 7%1 )<& 61%)5",/%$ 8CA
F9F9: ("%$%+/"!' (77/"/($"= %7 -%'!1 !--/-,() <(!,/$* -=-,(+- 8FB
F9F9? ("%$%+/" (77/"/($"= %7 62 -=-,(+- 8F8
F9F9> "%$"'5-/%$ 8F:
CONCLUSIONS 174
05/')/$* 1('!,() "%$-/)(1!,/%$- 8F@
-%"/%4("%$%+/" "%$-/)(1!,/%$- 8FC


x
1("%++($)!,/%$- 8FF
1("%++($)!,/%$- 7%1 751,<(1 1(-(!1"< /$ 510!$ "%$,(3, 8FA
APPENDIX 181
-/+5'!,/%$ 1(-5',- %7 6!--/2( +(!-51(- 8G8
9+7*8)@ 9+62& 2*<67)(*+, 0&267(2I )3(6)7 %&02*+, $=$
9+7*8)@ 9+62& 2*<67)(*+, 0&267(2I +1(*<*2&8 %&02*+, $=:
)(()39&8 9+62& 2*<67)(*+, 0&267(2I )3(6)7 %&02*+, $=B
)(()39&8 9+62& 2*<67)(*+, 0&267(2I +1(*<*2&8 %&02*+, $==
5+806< 5)2*3 9+62& 2*<67)(*+, 0&267(2I $>$
5&2( 3)2& 2*<67)(*+, 0&267(2I $>:
<&FF),*,& 9+62& 2*<67)(*+, 0&267(2I )3(6)7 %&02*+, $>B
<&FF),*,& 9+62& 2*<67)(*+, 0&267(2I +1(*<*2&8 %&02*+, $>=
-/+5'!,/%$ 1(-5',- %7 05/')/$* "%+6%$($,- !$) ('(+($,- :B8
&C(&0,)7 /)77 *,267)(*+, .-.
0++; *,267)(*+, .-:
&,%&7+1& *,267)(*+, .-"
(9&0<)7 '7)F*,' .-?
&,%&7+1& *,267)(*+, ),8 (9&0<)7 '7)F*,' .-B
0++; 29)8*,' .-D
/*,8+/ 29)8*,' .-=
29)8*,' (+()7 .->
)88*(*+,)7 5)2&<&,( ;7++0 .$-
)77 <&)260&2 /*(9 5)2&<&,( ;7++0 .$$
/)(&0 5+8@ ),8 %&'&()(*+, 2*<67)(*+,2 .$.
29)8*,' 2*<67)(*+,2 J<*8(&0<426<<&04/*,(&0K .$:
17), %)0*)(*+,2 +; 10+(+(@1&2I 3+<5*,)(*+, +; (9& 6,*(2 ),8 ;7++0 17),2 .$"
%*26)7*2)(*+,2 +; (9& 10+(+(@1&2 /*(9 /*,(&0 ')08&,I 26<<&0 4 /*,(&0 4 <*C&8 .$B
-/+5'!,/%$ 1(-5',- %7 !",/2( +(!-51(- :8F
2+7)0 (9&0<)7 2@2(&< .$D
2+7)0 )22*2(&8 89/ 2@2(&< ..=
19+(+%+7()*3 2@2(&< .:?
("%$%+/"!' "!'"5'!,/%$- :?A
-%7,&!1( /$7%1+!,/%$- :>:
LITERATURE 244


x
1("%++($)!,/%$- 8FF
1("%++($)!,/%$- 7%1 751,<(1 1(-(!1"< /$ 510!$ "%$,(3, 8FA
APPENDIX 181
-/+5'!,/%$ 1(-5',- %7 6!--/2( +(!-51(- 8G8
9+7*8)@ 9+62& 2*<67)(*+, 0&267(2I )3(6)7 %&02*+, $=$
9+7*8)@ 9+62& 2*<67)(*+, 0&267(2I +1(*<*2&8 %&02*+, $=:
)(()39&8 9+62& 2*<67)(*+, 0&267(2I )3(6)7 %&02*+, $=B
)(()39&8 9+62& 2*<67)(*+, 0&267(2I +1(*<*2&8 %&02*+, $==
5+806< 5)2*3 9+62& 2*<67)(*+, 0&267(2I $>$
5&2( 3)2& 2*<67)(*+, 0&267(2I $>:
<&FF),*,& 9+62& 2*<67)(*+, 0&267(2I )3(6)7 %&02*+, $>B
<&FF),*,& 9+62& 2*<67)(*+, 0&267(2I +1(*<*2&8 %&02*+, $>=
-/+5'!,/%$ 1(-5',- %7 05/')/$* "%+6%$($,- !$) ('(+($,- :B8
&C(&0,)7 /)77 *,267)(*+, .-.
0++; *,267)(*+, .-:
&,%&7+1& *,267)(*+, .-"
(9&0<)7 '7)F*,' .-?
&,%&7+1& *,267)(*+, ),8 (9&0<)7 '7)F*,' .-B
0++; 29)8*,' .-D
/*,8+/ 29)8*,' .-=
29)8*,' (+()7 .->
)88*(*+,)7 5)2&<&,( ;7++0 .$-
)77 <&)260&2 /*(9 5)2&<&,( ;7++0 .$$
/)(&0 5+8@ ),8 %&'&()(*+, 2*<67)(*+,2 .$.
29)8*,' 2*<67)(*+,2 J<*8(&0<426<<&04/*,(&0K .$:
17), %)0*)(*+,2 +; 10+(+(@1&2I 3+<5*,)(*+, +; (9& 6,*(2 ),8 ;7++0 17),2 .$"
%*26)7*2)(*+,2 +; (9& 10+(+(@1&2 /*(9 /*,(&0 ')08&,I 26<<&0 4 /*,(&0 4 <*C&8 .$B
-/+5'!,/%$ 1(-5',- %7 !",/2( +(!-51(- :8F
2+7)0 (9&0<)7 2@2(&< .$D
2+7)0 )22*2(&8 89/ 2@2(&< ..=
19+(+%+7()*3 2@2(&< .:?
("%$%+/"!' "!'"5'!,/%$- :?A
-%7,&!1( /$7%1+!,/%$- :>:
LITERATURE 244


x
1 ( " % + + ( $ ) ! , / % $ - 8 F F
1 ( " % + + ( $ ) ! , / % $ - 7 % 1 7 5 1 , < ( 1 1 ( - ( ! 1 " < / $ 5 1 0 ! $ " % $ , ( 3 , 8 F A
A P P E N D I X 1 8 1
- / + 5 ' ! , / % $ 1 ( - 5 ' , - % 7 6 ! - - / 2 ( + ( ! - 5 1 ( - 8 G 8
9 + 7 * 8 ) @ 9 + 6 2 & 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 0 & 2 6 7 ( 2 I ) 3 ( 6 ) 7 % & 0 2 * + , $ = $
9 + 7 * 8 ) @ 9 + 6 2 & 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 0 & 2 6 7 ( 2 I + 1 ( * < * 2 & 8 % & 0 2 * + , $ = :
) ( ( ) 3 9 & 8 9 + 6 2 & 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 0 & 2 6 7 ( 2 I ) 3 ( 6 ) 7 % & 0 2 * + , $ = B
) ( ( ) 3 9 & 8 9 + 6 2 & 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 0 & 2 6 7 ( 2 I + 1 ( * < * 2 & 8 % & 0 2 * + , $ = =
5 + 8 0 6 < 5 ) 2 * 3 9 + 6 2 & 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 0 & 2 6 7 ( 2 I $ > $
5 & 2 ( 3 ) 2 & 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 0 & 2 6 7 ( 2 I $ > :
< & F F ) , * , & 9 + 6 2 & 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 0 & 2 6 7 ( 2 I ) 3 ( 6 ) 7 % & 0 2 * + , $ > B
< & F F ) , * , & 9 + 6 2 & 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 0 & 2 6 7 ( 2 I + 1 ( * < * 2 & 8 % & 0 2 * + , $ > =
- / + 5 ' ! , / % $ 1 ( - 5 ' , - % 7 0 5 / ' ) / $ * " % + 6 % $ ( $ , - ! $ ) ( ' ( + ( $ , - : B 8
& C ( & 0 , ) 7 / ) 7 7 * , 2 6 7 ) ( * + , . - .
0 + + ; * , 2 6 7 ) ( * + , . - :
& , % & 7 + 1 & * , 2 6 7 ) ( * + , . - "
( 9 & 0 < ) 7 ' 7 ) F * , ' . - ?
& , % & 7 + 1 & * , 2 6 7 ) ( * + , ) , 8 ( 9 & 0 < ) 7 ' 7 ) F * , ' . - B
0 + + ; 2 9 ) 8 * , ' . - D
/ * , 8 + / 2 9 ) 8 * , ' . - =
2 9 ) 8 * , ' ( + ( ) 7 . - >
) 8 8 * ( * + , ) 7 5 ) 2 & < & , ( ; 7 + + 0 . $ -
) 7 7 < & ) 2 6 0 & 2 / * ( 9 5 ) 2 & < & , ( ; 7 + + 0 . $ $
/ ) ( & 0 5 + 8 @ ) , 8 % & ' & ( ) ( * + , 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 2 . $ .
2 9 ) 8 * , ' 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 2 J < * 8 ( & 0 < 4 2 6 < < & 0 4 / * , ( & 0 K . $ :
1 7 ) , % ) 0 * ) ( * + , 2 + ; 1 0 + ( + ( @ 1 & 2 I 3 + < 5 * , ) ( * + , + ; ( 9 & 6 , * ( 2 ) , 8 ; 7 + + 0 1 7 ) , 2 . $ "
% * 2 6 ) 7 * 2 ) ( * + , 2 + ; ( 9 & 1 0 + ( + ( @ 1 & 2 / * ( 9 / * , ( & 0 ' ) 0 8 & , I 2 6 < < & 0 4 / * , ( & 0 4 < * C & 8 . $ B
- / + 5 ' ! , / % $ 1 ( - 5 ' , - % 7 ! " , / 2 ( + ( ! - 5 1 ( - : 8 F
2 + 7 ) 0 ( 9 & 0 < ) 7 2 @ 2 ( & < . $ D
2 + 7 ) 0 ) 2 2 * 2 ( & 8 8 9 / 2 @ 2 ( & < . . =
1 9 + ( + % + 7 ( ) * 3 2 @ 2 ( & < . : ?
( " % $ % + / " ! ' " ! ' " 5 ' ! , / % $ - : ? A
- % 7 , & ! 1 ( / $ 7 % 1 + ! , / % $ - : > :
L I T E R A T U R E 2 4 4


x
1 ( " % + + ( $ ) ! , / % $ - 8 F F
1 ( " % + + ( $ ) ! , / % $ - 7 % 1 7 5 1 , < ( 1 1 ( - ( ! 1 " < / $ 5 1 0 ! $ " % $ , ( 3 , 8 F A
A P P E N D I X 1 8 1
- / + 5 ' ! , / % $ 1 ( - 5 ' , - % 7 6 ! - - / 2 ( + ( ! - 5 1 ( - 8 G 8
9 + 7 * 8 ) @ 9 + 6 2 & 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 0 & 2 6 7 ( 2 I ) 3 ( 6 ) 7 % & 0 2 * + , $ = $
9 + 7 * 8 ) @ 9 + 6 2 & 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 0 & 2 6 7 ( 2 I + 1 ( * < * 2 & 8 % & 0 2 * + , $ = :
) ( ( ) 3 9 & 8 9 + 6 2 & 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 0 & 2 6 7 ( 2 I ) 3 ( 6 ) 7 % & 0 2 * + , $ = B
) ( ( ) 3 9 & 8 9 + 6 2 & 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 0 & 2 6 7 ( 2 I + 1 ( * < * 2 & 8 % & 0 2 * + , $ = =
5 + 8 0 6 < 5 ) 2 * 3 9 + 6 2 & 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 0 & 2 6 7 ( 2 I $ > $
5 & 2 ( 3 ) 2 & 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 0 & 2 6 7 ( 2 I $ > :
< & F F ) , * , & 9 + 6 2 & 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 0 & 2 6 7 ( 2 I ) 3 ( 6 ) 7 % & 0 2 * + , $ > B
< & F F ) , * , & 9 + 6 2 & 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 0 & 2 6 7 ( 2 I + 1 ( * < * 2 & 8 % & 0 2 * + , $ > =
- / + 5 ' ! , / % $ 1 ( - 5 ' , - % 7 0 5 / ' ) / $ * " % + 6 % $ ( $ , - ! $ ) ( ' ( + ( $ , - : B 8
& C ( & 0 , ) 7 / ) 7 7 * , 2 6 7 ) ( * + , . - .
0 + + ; * , 2 6 7 ) ( * + , . - :
& , % & 7 + 1 & * , 2 6 7 ) ( * + , . - "
( 9 & 0 < ) 7 ' 7 ) F * , ' . - ?
& , % & 7 + 1 & * , 2 6 7 ) ( * + , ) , 8 ( 9 & 0 < ) 7 ' 7 ) F * , ' . - B
0 + + ; 2 9 ) 8 * , ' . - D
/ * , 8 + / 2 9 ) 8 * , ' . - =
2 9 ) 8 * , ' ( + ( ) 7 . - >
) 8 8 * ( * + , ) 7 5 ) 2 & < & , ( ; 7 + + 0 . $ -
) 7 7 < & ) 2 6 0 & 2 / * ( 9 5 ) 2 & < & , ( ; 7 + + 0 . $ $
/ ) ( & 0 5 + 8 @ ) , 8 % & ' & ( ) ( * + , 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 2 . $ .
2 9 ) 8 * , ' 2 * < 6 7 ) ( * + , 2 J < * 8 ( & 0 < 4 2 6 < < & 0 4 / * , ( & 0 K . $ :
1 7 ) , % ) 0 * ) ( * + , 2 + ; 1 0 + ( + ( @ 1 & 2 I 3 + < 5 * , ) ( * + , + ; ( 9 & 6 , * ( 2 ) , 8 ; 7 + + 0 1 7 ) , 2 . $ "
% * 2 6 ) 7 * 2 ) ( * + , 2 + ; ( 9 & 1 0 + ( + ( @ 1 & 2 / * ( 9 / * , ( & 0 ' ) 0 8 & , I 2 6 < < & 0 4 / * , ( & 0 4 < * C & 8 . $ B
- / + 5 ' ! , / % $ 1 ( - 5 ' , - % 7 ! " , / 2 ( + ( ! - 5 1 ( - : 8 F
2 + 7 ) 0 ( 9 & 0 < ) 7 2 @ 2 ( & < . $ D
2 + 7 ) 0 ) 2 2 * 2 ( & 8 8 9 / 2 @ 2 ( & < . . =
1 9 + ( + % + 7 ( ) * 3 2 @ 2 ( & < . : ?
( " % $ % + / " ! ' " ! ' " 5 ' ! , / % $ - : ? A
- % 7 , & ! 1 ( / $ 7 % 1 + ! , / % $ - : > :
L I T E R A T U R E 2 4 4


x i
A b b r e v i a t i o n s
A H a t t a c h e d h o u s e
A C H
5 0
a i r c h a n g e s p e r h o u r a t a p r e s s u r e
d i f f e r e n c e o f 5 0 P a s c a l s
A / V a r e a t o v o l u m e r a t i o
B B H B o d r u m b a s i c h o u s e
B C B e s t C a s e
C D D C o o l i n g d e g r e e d a y
C I P c o n s u m e r p r i c e i n d e x
C O P
C S R c o r p o r a t e s o c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
D C d i r e c t c u r r e n t
D D d e g r e e d a y
D H W d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r
D I N D e u t s c h e s I n s t i t u t f r N o r m u n g
E N E V E n e r g i e e i n s p a r v e r o r d n u n g
E
s
a n n u a l s a v i n g i n k W h
E U E u r o p e a n U n i n o n
E G Z E n t w r u f s g t e z a h l
F R f l a t r o o f
H D D H e a t i n g d e g r e e d a y
H H h o l i d a y h o u s e
H V A C h e a t i n g , v e n t i l a t i n g a n d a i r
c o n d i t i o n i n g
I S O I n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i s a t i o n f o r
s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n
L o w - E L o w e m i s s i v i t y
M t o e M e g a t o n n e s e q u i v a l e n t
M W M e g a w a t t
M H m e z z a n i n e h o u s e
P / A p e r i m e t e r t o a r e a r a t i o
P T p r o t o t y p e
P V p h o t o v o l t a i c
P V C p o l y v i n y l c h l o r i d e
R E G r e g i o n




S H G C s o l a r h e a t g a i n c o e f f i c i e n t
S H S s e n s i b l e h e a t s t o r a g e
S I R s a v i n g s t o i n v e s t m e n t r a t i o
S P O S t a t e P l a n n i n g O r g a n i s a t i o n
T L T u r k i s h L i r a
T S T u r k i s h S t a n d a r d s
T W h T e r a w a t t p e r h o u r
U - V a l u e t h e r m a l t r a n s m i t t a n c e
V R v a u l t e d r o o f
V
t
v i s i b l e t r a n s m i t t a n c e
W ( k W , M W ) K i l o w a t t , M e g a w a t t
W W R w i n d o w t o w a l l r a t i o
Y T L Y e n i ( n e w ) T u r k i s h L i r a
I n d i c e s - S u b s c r i p t
a a n n u a l l y
a c t a c t u a l
a v g a v e r a g e
b w i t h b a s e m e n t
i i n t e r e s t r a t e
k b a s e m e n t
m a x m a x i m u m
m i n m i n i m u m
N l i f e t i m e
p p e a k d e m a n d
p r o p e r c e n t
o p t o p t i m i s e d
s s a v i n g
$ U S D o l l a r
U f U V a l u e o f f l o o r s
U w U V a l u e o f e x t e r n a l w a l l s
U g U V a l u e o f w i n d o w s
w w i n t e r g a r d e n
w k w i n t e r g a r d e n a n d b a s e m e n t
! t o t a l s u m


x i
A b b r e v i a t i o n s
A H a t t a c h e d h o u s e
A C H
5 0
a i r c h a n g e s p e r h o u r a t a p r e s s u r e
d i f f e r e n c e o f 5 0 P a s c a l s
A / V a r e a t o v o l u m e r a t i o
B B H B o d r u m b a s i c h o u s e
B C B e s t C a s e
C D D C o o l i n g d e g r e e d a y
C I P c o n s u m e r p r i c e i n d e x
C O P
C S R c o r p o r a t e s o c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
D C d i r e c t c u r r e n t
D D d e g r e e d a y
D H W d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r
D I N D e u t s c h e s I n s t i t u t f r N o r m u n g
E N E V E n e r g i e e i n s p a r v e r o r d n u n g
E
s
a n n u a l s a v i n g i n k W h
E U E u r o p e a n U n i n o n
E G Z E n t w r u f s g t e z a h l
F R f l a t r o o f
H D D H e a t i n g d e g r e e d a y
H H h o l i d a y h o u s e
H V A C h e a t i n g , v e n t i l a t i n g a n d a i r
c o n d i t i o n i n g
I S O I n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i s a t i o n f o r
s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n
L o w - E L o w e m i s s i v i t y
M t o e M e g a t o n n e s e q u i v a l e n t
M W M e g a w a t t
M H m e z z a n i n e h o u s e
P / A p e r i m e t e r t o a r e a r a t i o
P T p r o t o t y p e
P V p h o t o v o l t a i c
P V C p o l y v i n y l c h l o r i d e
R E G r e g i o n




S H G C s o l a r h e a t g a i n c o e f f i c i e n t
S H S s e n s i b l e h e a t s t o r a g e
S I R s a v i n g s t o i n v e s t m e n t r a t i o
S P O S t a t e P l a n n i n g O r g a n i s a t i o n
T L T u r k i s h L i r a
T S T u r k i s h S t a n d a r d s
T W h T e r a w a t t p e r h o u r
U - V a l u e t h e r m a l t r a n s m i t t a n c e
V R v a u l t e d r o o f
V
t
v i s i b l e t r a n s m i t t a n c e
W ( k W , M W ) K i l o w a t t , M e g a w a t t
W W R w i n d o w t o w a l l r a t i o
Y T L Y e n i ( n e w ) T u r k i s h L i r a
I n d i c e s - S u b s c r i p t
a a n n u a l l y
a c t a c t u a l
a v g a v e r a g e
b w i t h b a s e m e n t
i i n t e r e s t r a t e
k b a s e m e n t
m a x m a x i m u m
m i n m i n i m u m
N l i f e t i m e
p p e a k d e m a n d
p r o p e r c e n t
o p t o p t i m i s e d
s s a v i n g
$ U S D o l l a r
U f U V a l u e o f f l o o r s
U w U V a l u e o f e x t e r n a l w a l l s
U g U V a l u e o f w i n d o w s
w w i n t e r g a r d e n
w k w i n t e r g a r d e n a n d b a s e m e n t
! t o t a l s u m


xi
Abbreviations
AH attached house
ACH
50
air changes per hour at a pressure
difference of 50 Pascals
A/V area to volume ratio
BBH Bodrum basic house
BC Best Case
CDD Cooling degree day
CIP consumer price index
COP
CSR corporate social responsibility
DC direct current
DD degree day
DHW domestic hot water
DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung
ENEV Energieeinsparverordnung
E
s
annual saving in kWh
EU European Uninon
EGZ Entwrufsgtezahl
FR flat roof
HDD Heating degree day
HH holiday house
HVAC heating, ventilating and air
conditioning
ISO International organisation for
standardization
Low-E Low emissivity
Mtoe Mega tonnes equivalent
MW Megawatt
MH mezzanine house
P/A perimeter to area ratio
PT prototype
PV photovoltaic
PVC polyvinylchloride
REG region




SHGC solar heat gain coefficient
SHS sensible heat storage
SIR savings to investment ratio
SPO State Planning Organisation
TL Turkish Lira
TS Turkish Standards
TWh Terawatt per hour
U-Value thermal transmittance
VR vaulted roof
V
t
visible transmittance
W (kW, MW) Kilowatt, Megawatt
WWR window to wall ratio
YTL Yeni (new) Turkish Lira
Indices-Subscript
a annually
act actual
avg average
b with basement
i interest rate
k basement
max maximum
min minimum
N life time
p peak demand
pro percent
opt optimised
s saving
$ US Dollar
Uf U Value of floors
Uw U Value of external walls
Ug U Value of windows
w winter garden
wk winter garden and basement
! total sum


xi
Abbreviations
AH attached house
ACH
50
air changes per hour at a pressure
difference of 50 Pascals
A/V area to volume ratio
BBH Bodrum basic house
BC Best Case
CDD Cooling degree day
CIP consumer price index
COP
CSR corporate social responsibility
DC direct current
DD degree day
DHW domestic hot water
DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung
ENEV Energieeinsparverordnung
E
s
annual saving in kWh
EU European Uninon
EGZ Entwrufsgtezahl
FR flat roof
HDD Heating degree day
HH holiday house
HVAC heating, ventilating and air
conditioning
ISO International organisation for
standardization
Low-E Low emissivity
Mtoe Mega tonnes equivalent
MW Megawatt
MH mezzanine house
P/A perimeter to area ratio
PT prototype
PV photovoltaic
PVC polyvinylchloride
REG region




SHGC solar heat gain coefficient
SHS sensible heat storage
SIR savings to investment ratio
SPO State Planning Organisation
TL Turkish Lira
TS Turkish Standards
TWh Terawatt per hour
U-Value thermal transmittance
VR vaulted roof
V
t
visible transmittance
W (kW, MW) Kilowatt, Megawatt
WWR window to wall ratio
YTL Yeni (new) Turkish Lira
Indices-Subscript
a annually
act actual
avg average
b with basement
i interest rate
k basement
max maximum
min minimum
N life time
p peak demand
pro percent
opt optimised
s saving
$ US Dollar
Uf U Value of floors
Uw U Value of external walls
Ug U Value of windows
w winter garden
wk winter garden and basement
! total sum


xii
List of Tables
Table 1 Climate Statistics of Bodrum...................................................................................... 28
Table 2 Heating Energy Demand of the Regions According to TS-825 for Lowest and Highest
A/V Ratio ......................................................................................................................... 30
Table 3 Comparison of the U-Values of Analysed Objects with TS-825................................ 31
Table 4 Values about Form and Mass of the Examples........................................................... 53
Table 5 Cooling and Heating Loads of the Examples.............................................................. 53
Table 6 Effective Energy Values of the Examples .................................................................. 53
Table 7 Values of Opacity of the Examples for Solar Insulation............................................. 54
Table 8 Simulation Criteria...................................................................................................... 60
Table 9 Characteristics of the BBH.......................................................................................... 89
Table 10 Comparison of Energy Values of the BBH and HH................................................. 92
Table 11 Characteristics of the BBH and BC .......................................................................... 93
Table 12 Energy Comparison Table of BC and BBH.............................................................. 95
Table 13 Effects of Basement Usage ....................................................................................... 95
Table 14 Effect of Air Tightness.............................................................................................. 97
Table 15 Energetic Evaluation of Architectural Parameters.................................................. 102
Table 16 Energy Values of Mezzanine House....................................................................... 103
Table 17 Comparison of the Existing and Designed Houses (! With insulated subfloor: Heating
energy demand is 13.9 kWh/m
2
a, and the cooling energy demand is 10.4 kWh) .............................. 104
Table 18 Potential of Solar Radiation for the Optimum Surfaces.......................................... 122
Table 19 Influence on Inclination of Solar Radiation............................................................ 123
Table 20 Ventilating Effect on Annual Yield ........................................................................ 124
Table 21 Effect of Tilt Angle on Annual Yield ..................................................................... 126
Table 22 Seasonal and Annual Outputs of the Solar Active System..................................... 128
Table 23 Comparison of Flat-plate and Evacuated Tube Collector Characterisics ............... 132
Table 24 Evacuated Tube Collector Sizing............................................................................ 133
Table 25 Comparison of the System Values by the BC and BBH......................................... 134
Table 26 Affect of Inclination and Orientation on the........................................................... 134
Table 27 Efficiency Comparison Between Radiator and Underfloor Heating Systems ........ 135
Table 28 Influence of Storage Tank Capacity on Solar Assisted Heating System................ 135
Table 29 Collector Characteristics of DHW System............................................................. 141
Table 30 Monthly Energy Demand Supplied by the PV system........................................... 144
Table 31 Comparison of Monthly Surplus and Auxiliary Energy ......................................... 145


xii
List of Tables
Table 1 Climate Statistics of Bodrum...................................................................................... 28
Table 2 Heating Energy Demand of the Regions According to TS-825 for Lowest and Highest
A/V Ratio ......................................................................................................................... 30
Table 3 Comparison of the U-Values of Analysed Objects with TS-825................................ 31
Table 4 Values about Form and Mass of the Examples........................................................... 53
Table 5 Cooling and Heating Loads of the Examples.............................................................. 53
Table 6 Effective Energy Values of the Examples .................................................................. 53
Table 7 Values of Opacity of the Examples for Solar Insulation............................................. 54
Table 8 Simulation Criteria...................................................................................................... 60
Table 9 Characteristics of the BBH.......................................................................................... 89
Table 10 Comparison of Energy Values of the BBH and HH................................................. 92
Table 11 Characteristics of the BBH and BC .......................................................................... 93
Table 12 Energy Comparison Table of BC and BBH.............................................................. 95
Table 13 Effects of Basement Usage ....................................................................................... 95
Table 14 Effect of Air Tightness.............................................................................................. 97
Table 15 Energetic Evaluation of Architectural Parameters.................................................. 102
Table 16 Energy Values of Mezzanine House....................................................................... 103
Table 17 Comparison of the Existing and Designed Houses (! With insulated subfloor: Heating
energy demand is 13.9 kWh/m
2
a, and the cooling energy demand is 10.4 kWh) .............................. 104
Table 18 Potential of Solar Radiation for the Optimum Surfaces.......................................... 122
Table 19 Influence on Inclination of Solar Radiation............................................................ 123
Table 20 Ventilating Effect on Annual Yield ........................................................................ 124
Table 21 Effect of Tilt Angle on Annual Yield ..................................................................... 126
Table 22 Seasonal and Annual Outputs of the Solar Active System..................................... 128
Table 23 Comparison of Flat-plate and Evacuated Tube Collector Characterisics ............... 132
Table 24 Evacuated Tube Collector Sizing............................................................................ 133
Table 25 Comparison of the System Values by the BC and BBH......................................... 134
Table 26 Affect of Inclination and Orientation on the........................................................... 134
Table 27 Efficiency Comparison Between Radiator and Underfloor Heating Systems ........ 135
Table 28 Influence of Storage Tank Capacity on Solar Assisted Heating System................ 135
Table 29 Collector Characteristics of DHW System............................................................. 141
Table 30 Monthly Energy Demand Supplied by the PV system........................................... 144
Table 31 Comparison of Monthly Surplus and Auxiliary Energy ......................................... 145


x i i
L i s t o f T a b l e s
T a b l e 1 C l i m a t e S t a t i s t i c s o f B o d r u m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8
T a b l e 2 H e a t i n g E n e r g y D e m a n d o f t h e R e g i o n s A c c o r d i n g t o T S - 8 2 5 f o r L o w e s t a n d H i g h e s t
A / V R a t i o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0
T a b l e 3 C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e U - V a l u e s o f A n a l y s e d O b j e c t s w i t h T S - 8 2 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1
T a b l e 4 V a l u e s a b o u t F o r m a n d M a s s o f t h e E x a m p l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3
T a b l e 5 C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d s o f t h e E x a m p l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3
T a b l e 6 E f f e c t i v e E n e r g y V a l u e s o f t h e E x a m p l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3
T a b l e 7 V a l u e s o f O p a c i t y o f t h e E x a m p l e s f o r S o l a r I n s u l a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4
T a b l e 8 S i m u l a t i o n C r i t e r i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0
T a b l e 9 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e B B H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 9
T a b l e 1 0 C o m p a r i s o n o f E n e r g y V a l u e s o f t h e B B H a n d H H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2
T a b l e 1 1 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e B B H a n d B C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3
T a b l e 1 2 E n e r g y C o m p a r i s o n T a b l e o f B C a n d B B H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5
T a b l e 1 3 E f f e c t s o f B a s e m e n t U s a g e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5
T a b l e 1 4 E f f e c t o f A i r T i g h t n e s s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7
T a b l e 1 5 E n e r g e t i c E v a l u a t i o n o f A r c h i t e c t u r a l P a r a m e t e r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 2
T a b l e 1 6 E n e r g y V a l u e s o f M e z z a n i n e H o u s e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 3
T a b l e 1 7 C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e E x i s t i n g a n d D e s i g n e d H o u s e s ( ! W i t h i n s u l a t e d s u b f l o o r : H e a t i n g
e n e r g y d e m a n d i s 1 3 . 9 k W h / m
2
a , a n d t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d i s 1 0 . 4 k W h ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 4
T a b l e 1 8 P o t e n t i a l o f S o l a r R a d i a t i o n f o r t h e O p t i m u m S u r f a c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 2
T a b l e 1 9 I n f l u e n c e o n I n c l i n a t i o n o f S o l a r R a d i a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3
T a b l e 2 0 V e n t i l a t i n g E f f e c t o n A n n u a l Y i e l d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 4
T a b l e 2 1 E f f e c t o f T i l t A n g l e o n A n n u a l Y i e l d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 6
T a b l e 2 2 S e a s o n a l a n d A n n u a l O u t p u t s o f t h e S o l a r A c t i v e S y s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 8
T a b l e 2 3 C o m p a r i s o n o f F l a t - p l a t e a n d E v a c u a t e d T u b e C o l l e c t o r C h a r a c t e r i s i c s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 2
T a b l e 2 4 E v a c u a t e d T u b e C o l l e c t o r S i z i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 3
T a b l e 2 5 C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e S y s t e m V a l u e s b y t h e B C a n d B B H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 4
T a b l e 2 6 A f f e c t o f I n c l i n a t i o n a n d O r i e n t a t i o n o n t h e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 4
T a b l e 2 7 E f f i c i e n c y C o m p a r i s o n B e t w e e n R a d i a t o r a n d U n d e r f l o o r H e a t i n g S y s t e m s . . . . . . . . 1 3 5
T a b l e 2 8 I n f l u e n c e o f S t o r a g e T a n k C a p a c i t y o n S o l a r A s s i s t e d H e a t i n g S y s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 5
T a b l e 2 9 C o l l e c t o r C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f D H W S y s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 1
T a b l e 3 0 M o n t h l y E n e r g y D e m a n d S u p p l i e d b y t h e P V s y s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 4
T a b l e 3 1 C o m p a r i s o n o f M o n t h l y S u r p l u s a n d A u x i l i a r y E n e r g y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 5


x i i
L i s t o f T a b l e s
T a b l e 1 C l i m a t e S t a t i s t i c s o f B o d r u m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8
T a b l e 2 H e a t i n g E n e r g y D e m a n d o f t h e R e g i o n s A c c o r d i n g t o T S - 8 2 5 f o r L o w e s t a n d H i g h e s t
A / V R a t i o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0
T a b l e 3 C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e U - V a l u e s o f A n a l y s e d O b j e c t s w i t h T S - 8 2 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1
T a b l e 4 V a l u e s a b o u t F o r m a n d M a s s o f t h e E x a m p l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3
T a b l e 5 C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d s o f t h e E x a m p l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3
T a b l e 6 E f f e c t i v e E n e r g y V a l u e s o f t h e E x a m p l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3
T a b l e 7 V a l u e s o f O p a c i t y o f t h e E x a m p l e s f o r S o l a r I n s u l a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4
T a b l e 8 S i m u l a t i o n C r i t e r i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0
T a b l e 9 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e B B H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 9
T a b l e 1 0 C o m p a r i s o n o f E n e r g y V a l u e s o f t h e B B H a n d H H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2
T a b l e 1 1 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e B B H a n d B C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3
T a b l e 1 2 E n e r g y C o m p a r i s o n T a b l e o f B C a n d B B H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5
T a b l e 1 3 E f f e c t s o f B a s e m e n t U s a g e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5
T a b l e 1 4 E f f e c t o f A i r T i g h t n e s s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7
T a b l e 1 5 E n e r g e t i c E v a l u a t i o n o f A r c h i t e c t u r a l P a r a m e t e r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 2
T a b l e 1 6 E n e r g y V a l u e s o f M e z z a n i n e H o u s e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 3
T a b l e 1 7 C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e E x i s t i n g a n d D e s i g n e d H o u s e s ( ! W i t h i n s u l a t e d s u b f l o o r : H e a t i n g
e n e r g y d e m a n d i s 1 3 . 9 k W h / m
2
a , a n d t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d i s 1 0 . 4 k W h ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 4
T a b l e 1 8 P o t e n t i a l o f S o l a r R a d i a t i o n f o r t h e O p t i m u m S u r f a c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 2
T a b l e 1 9 I n f l u e n c e o n I n c l i n a t i o n o f S o l a r R a d i a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3
T a b l e 2 0 V e n t i l a t i n g E f f e c t o n A n n u a l Y i e l d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 4
T a b l e 2 1 E f f e c t o f T i l t A n g l e o n A n n u a l Y i e l d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 6
T a b l e 2 2 S e a s o n a l a n d A n n u a l O u t p u t s o f t h e S o l a r A c t i v e S y s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 8
T a b l e 2 3 C o m p a r i s o n o f F l a t - p l a t e a n d E v a c u a t e d T u b e C o l l e c t o r C h a r a c t e r i s i c s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 2
T a b l e 2 4 E v a c u a t e d T u b e C o l l e c t o r S i z i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 3
T a b l e 2 5 C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e S y s t e m V a l u e s b y t h e B C a n d B B H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 4
T a b l e 2 6 A f f e c t o f I n c l i n a t i o n a n d O r i e n t a t i o n o n t h e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 4
T a b l e 2 7 E f f i c i e n c y C o m p a r i s o n B e t w e e n R a d i a t o r a n d U n d e r f l o o r H e a t i n g S y s t e m s . . . . . . . . 1 3 5
T a b l e 2 8 I n f l u e n c e o f S t o r a g e T a n k C a p a c i t y o n S o l a r A s s i s t e d H e a t i n g S y s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 5
T a b l e 2 9 C o l l e c t o r C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f D H W S y s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 1
T a b l e 3 0 M o n t h l y E n e r g y D e m a n d S u p p l i e d b y t h e P V s y s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 4
T a b l e 3 1 C o m p a r i s o n o f M o n t h l y S u r p l u s a n d A u x i l i a r y E n e r g y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 5


x i i i
T a b l e 3 2 M o n t h l y E n e r g y D e m a n d s a n d S o u r c e S y s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 6
T a b l e 3 3 C o m p a r i s o n o f C P I f o r E n e r g y w i t h B a s e Y e a r 2 0 0 0 ( * t h e v a l u e f o r A u g u s t i n 2 0 0 8 ) 1 4 8
T a b l e 3 4 E n e r g y P r i c e C o m p a r i s o n T a b l e f o r t h e L a s t 1 5 Y e a r s w i t h B a s e Y e a r 1 9 9 5 . . . . . . . . 1 4 9
T a b l e 3 5 S u r f a c e A r e a o f t h e A n a l y z e d C r i t e r i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 5
T a b l e 3 6 E c o n o m i c a l C o m p a r i s o n o f a l l M e a s u r e s b y S e l e c t e d H o u s i n g T y p e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 9
T a b l e 3 7 E n e r g y S a v i n g s t h r o u g h A c t i v e S y s t e m s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 9
L i s t o f F i g u r e s
F i g u r e 1 S o l a r M a p o f T u r k e y ( P V G I S ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
F i g u r e 2 I l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e S o c r a t e s H o u s e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5
F i g u r e 3 W o r l d M a p o f K p p e n - G e i g e r C l a s s i f i c a t i o n ( U n i v e r s i t y o f M e l b o u r n e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8
F i g u r e 4 V i s u a l i s a t i o n o f t h e A t t a c h e d H o u s e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2
F i g u r e 5 E f f e c t s o f F r a m e M a t e r i a l o n C o o l i n g - a n d H e a t i n g L o a d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5
F i g u r e 6 C o o l i n g L o a d s o f t h e A H D e p e n d i n g o n t h e O r i e n t a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7
F i g u r e 7 C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d P e r f o r m a n c e s o f S e l e c t e d V a r i a t i o n s o f t h e H H . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8
F i g u r e 8 T h e E f f e c t o f T h e r m a l l y I n s u l a t e d E x t e r n a l W a l l s o n t h e C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d
o f t h e H H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1
F i g u r e 9 I n s u l a t i n g A f f e c t o f t h e B r i c k T y p e o n t h e C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d o f t h e H H . . . 7 1
F i g u r e 1 0 E f f e c t s o f M a t e r i a l T h i c k n e s s o f R o o f I n s u l a t i o n o n t h e C o o l i n g L o a d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2
F i g u r e 1 1 I l l u s t r a t i o n o f W i n d o w S h a d i n g E l e m e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3
F i g u r e 1 2 C o o l i n g L o a d P e r f o r m a n c e s o f t h e S i m u l a t e d W i n d o w S h a d i n g E l e m e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4
F i g u r e 1 3 E f f e c t s o f t h e R o o f S h a d i n g M a t e r i a l o n t h e C o o l i n g L o a d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5
F i g u r e 1 4 N a t u r a l A i r V e n t i l a t i o n R e s u l t s D e p e n d i n g o n D i f f e r e n t A i r C h a n g e R a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7
F i g u r e 1 5 Z o n e s o f t h e H o l i d a y H o u s e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8
F i g u r e 1 6 V i s u a l i s a t i o n o f t h e O p t i m i s e d V e r s i o n o f t h e H H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 9
F i g u r e 1 7 Z o n e s o f t h e A t t a c h e d H o u s e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 0
F i g u r e 1 9 C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d i n C o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e H H
o p t
a n d A H
o p t
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1
F i g u r e 1 8 I l l u s t r a t i o n o f B e s t - P r a c t i c e o f t h e A t t a c h e d H o u s e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1
F i g u r e 2 0 E f f e c t s o f T r e e s o n t h e C o o l i n g L o a d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3
F i g u r e 2 1 E f f e c t o f t h e W i d t h t o L e n g t h R a t i o o n t h e C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5
F i g u r e 2 2 I l l u s t r a t i o n s o f t h e B B H w a n d B B H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8
F i g u r e 2 3 I l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e N a t u r a l I l l u m i n a t i o n C o n d i t i o n s o f t h e W i n t e r G a r d e n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 0
F i g u r e 2 3 C r o s s S e c t i o n o f t h e B B H
w
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5
F i g u r e 2 4 R e s u l t s o f A r c h i t e c t u r a l O p t i m i s a t i o n s ( c o o l i n g / h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d i n k W h / m
2
a ) . . 1 0 0


x i i i
T a b l e 3 2 M o n t h l y E n e r g y D e m a n d s a n d S o u r c e S y s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 6
T a b l e 3 3 C o m p a r i s o n o f C P I f o r E n e r g y w i t h B a s e Y e a r 2 0 0 0 ( * t h e v a l u e f o r A u g u s t i n 2 0 0 8 ) 1 4 8
T a b l e 3 4 E n e r g y P r i c e C o m p a r i s o n T a b l e f o r t h e L a s t 1 5 Y e a r s w i t h B a s e Y e a r 1 9 9 5 . . . . . . . . 1 4 9
T a b l e 3 5 S u r f a c e A r e a o f t h e A n a l y z e d C r i t e r i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 5
T a b l e 3 6 E c o n o m i c a l C o m p a r i s o n o f a l l M e a s u r e s b y S e l e c t e d H o u s i n g T y p e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 9
T a b l e 3 7 E n e r g y S a v i n g s t h r o u g h A c t i v e S y s t e m s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 9
L i s t o f F i g u r e s
F i g u r e 1 S o l a r M a p o f T u r k e y ( P V G I S ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
F i g u r e 2 I l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e S o c r a t e s H o u s e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5
F i g u r e 3 W o r l d M a p o f K p p e n - G e i g e r C l a s s i f i c a t i o n ( U n i v e r s i t y o f M e l b o u r n e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8
F i g u r e 4 V i s u a l i s a t i o n o f t h e A t t a c h e d H o u s e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2
F i g u r e 5 E f f e c t s o f F r a m e M a t e r i a l o n C o o l i n g - a n d H e a t i n g L o a d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5
F i g u r e 6 C o o l i n g L o a d s o f t h e A H D e p e n d i n g o n t h e O r i e n t a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7
F i g u r e 7 C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d P e r f o r m a n c e s o f S e l e c t e d V a r i a t i o n s o f t h e H H . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8
F i g u r e 8 T h e E f f e c t o f T h e r m a l l y I n s u l a t e d E x t e r n a l W a l l s o n t h e C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d
o f t h e H H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1
F i g u r e 9 I n s u l a t i n g A f f e c t o f t h e B r i c k T y p e o n t h e C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d o f t h e H H . . . 7 1
F i g u r e 1 0 E f f e c t s o f M a t e r i a l T h i c k n e s s o f R o o f I n s u l a t i o n o n t h e C o o l i n g L o a d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2
F i g u r e 1 1 I l l u s t r a t i o n o f W i n d o w S h a d i n g E l e m e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3
F i g u r e 1 2 C o o l i n g L o a d P e r f o r m a n c e s o f t h e S i m u l a t e d W i n d o w S h a d i n g E l e m e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4
F i g u r e 1 3 E f f e c t s o f t h e R o o f S h a d i n g M a t e r i a l o n t h e C o o l i n g L o a d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5
F i g u r e 1 4 N a t u r a l A i r V e n t i l a t i o n R e s u l t s D e p e n d i n g o n D i f f e r e n t A i r C h a n g e R a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7
F i g u r e 1 5 Z o n e s o f t h e H o l i d a y H o u s e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8
F i g u r e 1 6 V i s u a l i s a t i o n o f t h e O p t i m i s e d V e r s i o n o f t h e H H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 9
F i g u r e 1 7 Z o n e s o f t h e A t t a c h e d H o u s e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 0
F i g u r e 1 9 C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d i n C o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e H H
o p t
a n d A H
o p t
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1
F i g u r e 1 8 I l l u s t r a t i o n o f B e s t - P r a c t i c e o f t h e A t t a c h e d H o u s e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1
F i g u r e 2 0 E f f e c t s o f T r e e s o n t h e C o o l i n g L o a d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3
F i g u r e 2 1 E f f e c t o f t h e W i d t h t o L e n g t h R a t i o o n t h e C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5
F i g u r e 2 2 I l l u s t r a t i o n s o f t h e B B H w a n d B B H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8
F i g u r e 2 3 I l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e N a t u r a l I l l u m i n a t i o n C o n d i t i o n s o f t h e W i n t e r G a r d e n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 0
F i g u r e 2 3 C r o s s S e c t i o n o f t h e B B H
w
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5
F i g u r e 2 4 R e s u l t s o f A r c h i t e c t u r a l O p t i m i s a t i o n s ( c o o l i n g / h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d i n k W h / m
2
a ) . . 1 0 0


xiii
Table 32 Monthly Energy Demands and Source System....................................................... 146
Table 33 Comparison of CPI for Energy with Base Year 2000 (* the value for August in 2008) 148
Table 34 Energy Price Comparison Table for the Last 15 Years with Base Year 1995........ 149
Table 35 Surface Area of the Analyzed Criteria.................................................................... 155
Table 36 Economical Comparison of all Measures by Selected Housing Types................... 169
Table 37 Energy Savings through Active Systems ................................................................ 169
List of Figures
Figure 1 Solar Map of Turkey (PVGIS) ..................................................................................... 11
Figure 2 Illustration of the Socrates House.............................................................................. 15
Figure 3 World Map of Kppen-Geiger Classification (University of Melbourne) ....................... 28
Figure 4 Visualisation of the Attached House ......................................................................... 52
Figure 5 Effects of Frame Material on Cooling- and Heating Load ........................................ 65
Figure 6 Cooling Loads of the AH Depending on the Orientation.......................................... 67
Figure 7 Cooling and Heating Load Performances of Selected Variations of the HH............ 68
Figure 8 The Effect of Thermally Insulated External Walls on the Cooling and Heating Load
of the HH.......................................................................................................................... 71
Figure 9 Insulating Affect of the Brick Type on the Cooling and Heating Load of the HH ... 71
Figure 10 Effects of Material Thickness of Roof Insulation on the Cooling Load.................. 72
Figure 11 Illustration of Window Shading Elements............................................................... 73
Figure 12 Cooling Load Performances of the Simulated Window Shading Elements ............ 74
Figure 13 Effects of the Roof Shading Material on the Cooling Load .................................... 75
Figure 14 Natural Air Ventilation Results Depending on Different Air Change Rates........... 77
Figure 15 Zones of the Holiday House .................................................................................... 78
Figure 16 Visualisation of the Optimised Version of the HH.................................................. 79
Figure 17 Zones of the Attached House................................................................................... 80
Figure 19 Cooling and Heating Load in Comparison with the HH
opt
and AH
opt
..................... 81
Figure 18 Illustration of Best-Practice of the Attached House ................................................ 81
Figure 20 Effects of Trees on the Cooling Load...................................................................... 83
Figure 21 Effect of the Width to Length Ratio on the Cooling and Heating Load.................. 85
Figure 22 Illustrations of the BBHw and BBH........................................................................ 88
Figure 23 Illustration of the Natural Illumination Conditions of the Winter Garden .............. 90
Figure 23 Cross Section of the BBH
w
...................................................................................... 95
Figure 24 Results of Architectural Optimisations (cooling / heating energy demand in kWh/m
2
a) .. 100


xiii
Table 32 Monthly Energy Demands and Source System....................................................... 146
Table 33 Comparison of CPI for Energy with Base Year 2000 (* the value for August in 2008) 148
Table 34 Energy Price Comparison Table for the Last 15 Years with Base Year 1995........ 149
Table 35 Surface Area of the Analyzed Criteria.................................................................... 155
Table 36 Economical Comparison of all Measures by Selected Housing Types................... 169
Table 37 Energy Savings through Active Systems ................................................................ 169
List of Figures
Figure 1 Solar Map of Turkey (PVGIS) ..................................................................................... 11
Figure 2 Illustration of the Socrates House.............................................................................. 15
Figure 3 World Map of Kppen-Geiger Classification (University of Melbourne) ....................... 28
Figure 4 Visualisation of the Attached House ......................................................................... 52
Figure 5 Effects of Frame Material on Cooling- and Heating Load ........................................ 65
Figure 6 Cooling Loads of the AH Depending on the Orientation.......................................... 67
Figure 7 Cooling and Heating Load Performances of Selected Variations of the HH............ 68
Figure 8 The Effect of Thermally Insulated External Walls on the Cooling and Heating Load
of the HH.......................................................................................................................... 71
Figure 9 Insulating Affect of the Brick Type on the Cooling and Heating Load of the HH ... 71
Figure 10 Effects of Material Thickness of Roof Insulation on the Cooling Load.................. 72
Figure 11 Illustration of Window Shading Elements............................................................... 73
Figure 12 Cooling Load Performances of the Simulated Window Shading Elements ............ 74
Figure 13 Effects of the Roof Shading Material on the Cooling Load .................................... 75
Figure 14 Natural Air Ventilation Results Depending on Different Air Change Rates........... 77
Figure 15 Zones of the Holiday House .................................................................................... 78
Figure 16 Visualisation of the Optimised Version of the HH.................................................. 79
Figure 17 Zones of the Attached House................................................................................... 80
Figure 19 Cooling and Heating Load in Comparison with the HH
opt
and AH
opt
..................... 81
Figure 18 Illustration of Best-Practice of the Attached House ................................................ 81
Figure 20 Effects of Trees on the Cooling Load...................................................................... 83
Figure 21 Effect of the Width to Length Ratio on the Cooling and Heating Load.................. 85
Figure 22 Illustrations of the BBHw and BBH........................................................................ 88
Figure 23 Illustration of the Natural Illumination Conditions of the Winter Garden .............. 90
Figure 23 Cross Section of the BBH
w
...................................................................................... 95
Figure 24 Results of Architectural Optimisations (cooling / heating energy demand in kWh/m
2
a) .. 100


xiv
Figure 25 Evaporative Cooling for Bodrum.......................................................................... 114
Figure 26 Heating System Alternative for Bodrum............................................................... 131
Figure 27 Savings with Solar Assisted Heating Systems ...................................................... 137
Figure 28 Efficiency and Solar Fraction of Selected Array System for Heating Demand of the
Best- Case with basement ............................................................................................. 137
Figure 29 Efficiency and Solar Fraction of Selected Array System for DHW...................... 142
Figure 30 Savings with Solar Assisted DHW Systems ......................................................... 143
Figure 31 Solar assisted system for Bodrum.......................................................................... 146
Figure 32 Annual SIR of the Passive Measures for the First Year by the HH....................... 159
Figure 33 Annual SIR of the Passive Measures for the First Year by the BBH.................... 165
Figure 34 Annual SIR of the Passive Measures for the First Year by the BC....................... 166
Figure 35 Seasonal Efficiency Comparisons Between the BBH and BC in Summer Period 167
Figure 36 Comparison of the Initial Costs (outer circle) and First Year Savings (inner circle) of the
Active Systems............................................................................................................... 172
Figure 37 Screen Capture of DesignBuilder .......................................................................... 242
Figure 38 Screen Capture of PVSYST................................................................................... 241
Figure 39 Screen Capture of T-SOL Pro................................................................................ 243
List of Pictures
Picture 0 Energy Efficient! Car-wash Example from Turkey.................................................. 20
Picture 1 Bodrum Houses (Author) ............................................................................................ 35
Picture 2 Zones of Bodrum-Centre (Google Map) ...................................................................... 38
Picture 3 Location of AH -Ortakent- (left), and HH - Centre- (right) (Google Map) ................ 39
Picture 4 Street Pattern of Bodrum (Author).............................................................................. 41
Picture 5 External Shading Example (Author) ........................................................................... 49
Picture 4 Mezzanine House (Author) ....................................................................................... 103
Picture 6 Photovoltaic Usage of Solar Energy (valentine.de).................................................... 105
Picture 7 Flat-plate Collector (ezinc.com.tr).............................................................................. 109
Picture 8 Evacuated Tube Collector (poco-solar.de).................................................................. 109
Picture 9 Heat Pump (solitherm.ch) ........................................................................................... 111
Picture 10 Ground-coupled Piping (Author) ............................................................................ 112
Picture 11 Roof Integration of PV Arrays (arch.hku.hk)........................................................... 119


xiv
Figure 25 Evaporative Cooling for Bodrum.......................................................................... 114
Figure 26 Heating System Alternative for Bodrum............................................................... 131
Figure 27 Savings with Solar Assisted Heating Systems ...................................................... 137
Figure 28 Efficiency and Solar Fraction of Selected Array System for Heating Demand of the
Best- Case with basement ............................................................................................. 137
Figure 29 Efficiency and Solar Fraction of Selected Array System for DHW...................... 142
Figure 30 Savings with Solar Assisted DHW Systems ......................................................... 143
Figure 31 Solar assisted system for Bodrum.......................................................................... 146
Figure 32 Annual SIR of the Passive Measures for the First Year by the HH....................... 159
Figure 33 Annual SIR of the Passive Measures for the First Year by the BBH.................... 165
Figure 34 Annual SIR of the Passive Measures for the First Year by the BC....................... 166
Figure 35 Seasonal Efficiency Comparisons Between the BBH and BC in Summer Period 167
Figure 36 Comparison of the Initial Costs (outer circle) and First Year Savings (inner circle) of the
Active Systems............................................................................................................... 172
Figure 37 Screen Capture of DesignBuilder .......................................................................... 242
Figure 38 Screen Capture of PVSYST................................................................................... 241
Figure 39 Screen Capture of T-SOL Pro................................................................................ 243
List of Pictures
Picture 0 Energy Efficient! Car-wash Example from Turkey.................................................. 20
Picture 1 Bodrum Houses (Author) ............................................................................................ 35
Picture 2 Zones of Bodrum-Centre (Google Map) ...................................................................... 38
Picture 3 Location of AH -Ortakent- (left), and HH - Centre- (right) (Google Map) ................ 39
Picture 4 Street Pattern of Bodrum (Author).............................................................................. 41
Picture 5 External Shading Example (Author) ........................................................................... 49
Picture 4 Mezzanine House (Author) ....................................................................................... 103
Picture 6 Photovoltaic Usage of Solar Energy (valentine.de).................................................... 105
Picture 7 Flat-plate Collector (ezinc.com.tr).............................................................................. 109
Picture 8 Evacuated Tube Collector (poco-solar.de).................................................................. 109
Picture 9 Heat Pump (solitherm.ch) ........................................................................................... 111
Picture 10 Ground-coupled Piping (Author) ............................................................................ 112
Picture 11 Roof Integration of PV Arrays (arch.hku.hk)........................................................... 119


x i v
F i g u r e 2 5 E v a p o r a t i v e C o o l i n g f o r B o d r u m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 4
F i g u r e 2 6 H e a t i n g S y s t e m A l t e r n a t i v e f o r B o d r u m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 1
F i g u r e 2 7 S a v i n g s w i t h S o l a r A s s i s t e d H e a t i n g S y s t e m s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 7
F i g u r e 2 8 E f f i c i e n c y a n d S o l a r F r a c t i o n o f S e l e c t e d A r r a y S y s t e m f o r H e a t i n g D e m a n d o f t h e
B e s t - C a s e w i t h b a s e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 7
F i g u r e 2 9 E f f i c i e n c y a n d S o l a r F r a c t i o n o f S e l e c t e d A r r a y S y s t e m f o r D H W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 2
F i g u r e 3 0 S a v i n g s w i t h S o l a r A s s i s t e d D H W S y s t e m s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 3
F i g u r e 3 1 S o l a r a s s i s t e d s y s t e m f o r B o d r u m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 6
F i g u r e 3 2 A n n u a l S I R o f t h e P a s s i v e M e a s u r e s f o r t h e F i r s t Y e a r b y t h e H H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 9
F i g u r e 3 3 A n n u a l S I R o f t h e P a s s i v e M e a s u r e s f o r t h e F i r s t Y e a r b y t h e B B H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 5
F i g u r e 3 4 A n n u a l S I R o f t h e P a s s i v e M e a s u r e s f o r t h e F i r s t Y e a r b y t h e B C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 6
F i g u r e 3 5 S e a s o n a l E f f i c i e n c y C o m p a r i s o n s B e t w e e n t h e B B H a n d B C i n S u m m e r P e r i o d 1 6 7
F i g u r e 3 6 C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e I n i t i a l C o s t s ( o u t e r c i r c l e ) a n d F i r s t Y e a r S a v i n g s ( i n n e r c i r c l e ) o f t h e
A c t i v e S y s t e m s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 2
F i g u r e 3 7 S c r e e n C a p t u r e o f D e s i g n B u i l d e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 2
F i g u r e 3 8 S c r e e n C a p t u r e o f P V S Y S T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 1
F i g u r e 3 9 S c r e e n C a p t u r e o f T - S O L P r o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 3
L i s t o f P i c t u r e s
P i c t u r e 0 E n e r g y E f f i c i e n t ! C a r - w a s h E x a m p l e f r o m T u r k e y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0
P i c t u r e 1 B o d r u m H o u s e s ( A u t h o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5
P i c t u r e 2 Z o n e s o f B o d r u m - C e n t r e ( G o o g l e M a p ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8
P i c t u r e 3 L o c a t i o n o f A H - O r t a k e n t - ( l e f t ) , a n d H H - C e n t r e - ( r i g h t ) ( G o o g l e M a p ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 9
P i c t u r e 4 S t r e e t P a t t e r n o f B o d r u m ( A u t h o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1
P i c t u r e 5 E x t e r n a l S h a d i n g E x a m p l e ( A u t h o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9
P i c t u r e 4 M e z z a n i n e H o u s e ( A u t h o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 3
P i c t u r e 6 P h o t o v o l t a i c U s a g e o f S o l a r E n e r g y ( v a l e n t i n e . d e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 5
P i c t u r e 7 F l a t - p l a t e C o l l e c t o r ( e z i n c . c o m . t r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 9
P i c t u r e 8 E v a c u a t e d T u b e C o l l e c t o r ( p o c o - s o l a r . d e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 9
P i c t u r e 9 H e a t P u m p ( s o l i t h e r m . c h ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1
P i c t u r e 1 0 G r o u n d - c o u p l e d P i p i n g ( A u t h o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 2
P i c t u r e 1 1 R o o f I n t e g r a t i o n o f P V A r r a y s ( a r c h . h k u . h k ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 9


x i v
F i g u r e 2 5 E v a p o r a t i v e C o o l i n g f o r B o d r u m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 4
F i g u r e 2 6 H e a t i n g S y s t e m A l t e r n a t i v e f o r B o d r u m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 1
F i g u r e 2 7 S a v i n g s w i t h S o l a r A s s i s t e d H e a t i n g S y s t e m s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 7
F i g u r e 2 8 E f f i c i e n c y a n d S o l a r F r a c t i o n o f S e l e c t e d A r r a y S y s t e m f o r H e a t i n g D e m a n d o f t h e
B e s t - C a s e w i t h b a s e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 7
F i g u r e 2 9 E f f i c i e n c y a n d S o l a r F r a c t i o n o f S e l e c t e d A r r a y S y s t e m f o r D H W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 2
F i g u r e 3 0 S a v i n g s w i t h S o l a r A s s i s t e d D H W S y s t e m s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 3
F i g u r e 3 1 S o l a r a s s i s t e d s y s t e m f o r B o d r u m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 6
F i g u r e 3 2 A n n u a l S I R o f t h e P a s s i v e M e a s u r e s f o r t h e F i r s t Y e a r b y t h e H H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 9
F i g u r e 3 3 A n n u a l S I R o f t h e P a s s i v e M e a s u r e s f o r t h e F i r s t Y e a r b y t h e B B H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 5
F i g u r e 3 4 A n n u a l S I R o f t h e P a s s i v e M e a s u r e s f o r t h e F i r s t Y e a r b y t h e B C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 6
F i g u r e 3 5 S e a s o n a l E f f i c i e n c y C o m p a r i s o n s B e t w e e n t h e B B H a n d B C i n S u m m e r P e r i o d 1 6 7
F i g u r e 3 6 C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e I n i t i a l C o s t s ( o u t e r c i r c l e ) a n d F i r s t Y e a r S a v i n g s ( i n n e r c i r c l e ) o f t h e
A c t i v e S y s t e m s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 2
F i g u r e 3 7 S c r e e n C a p t u r e o f D e s i g n B u i l d e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 2
F i g u r e 3 8 S c r e e n C a p t u r e o f P V S Y S T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 1
F i g u r e 3 9 S c r e e n C a p t u r e o f T - S O L P r o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 3
L i s t o f P i c t u r e s
P i c t u r e 0 E n e r g y E f f i c i e n t ! C a r - w a s h E x a m p l e f r o m T u r k e y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0
P i c t u r e 1 B o d r u m H o u s e s ( A u t h o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5
P i c t u r e 2 Z o n e s o f B o d r u m - C e n t r e ( G o o g l e M a p ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8
P i c t u r e 3 L o c a t i o n o f A H - O r t a k e n t - ( l e f t ) , a n d H H - C e n t r e - ( r i g h t ) ( G o o g l e M a p ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 9
P i c t u r e 4 S t r e e t P a t t e r n o f B o d r u m ( A u t h o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1
P i c t u r e 5 E x t e r n a l S h a d i n g E x a m p l e ( A u t h o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9
P i c t u r e 4 M e z z a n i n e H o u s e ( A u t h o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 3
P i c t u r e 6 P h o t o v o l t a i c U s a g e o f S o l a r E n e r g y ( v a l e n t i n e . d e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 5
P i c t u r e 7 F l a t - p l a t e C o l l e c t o r ( e z i n c . c o m . t r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 9
P i c t u r e 8 E v a c u a t e d T u b e C o l l e c t o r ( p o c o - s o l a r . d e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 9
P i c t u r e 9 H e a t P u m p ( s o l i t h e r m . c h ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1
P i c t u r e 1 0 G r o u n d - c o u p l e d P i p i n g ( A u t h o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 2
P i c t u r e 1 1 R o o f I n t e g r a t i o n o f P V A r r a y s ( a r c h . h k u . h k ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 9


x v

L i s t o f D r a w i n g s
D r a w i n g 1 S e c t i o n o f t h e M e z z a n i n e H o u s e ( A u t h o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1
D r a w i n g 2 P l a n o f t h e M e z z a n i n e H o u s e ( A u t h o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1
D r a w i n g 3 P l a n o f t h e H o l i d a y H o u s e ( A u t h o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6
D r a w i n g 4 S e c t i o n o f t h e H o l i d a y H o u s e ( A u t h o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6
D r a w i n g 5 S e c t i o n o f t h e A t t a c h e d H o u s e ( A u t h o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7
D r a w i n g 6 P l a n o f t h e A t t a c h e d H o u s e ( A u t h o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7
D r a w i n g 7 A p p l i c a t i o n s E x a m p l e s o f T h e r m o - a c t i v e S y s t e m s : S e c t i o n a n d D e t a i l s ( A u t h o r ) 1 1 6




x v

L i s t o f D r a w i n g s
D r a w i n g 1 S e c t i o n o f t h e M e z z a n i n e H o u s e ( A u t h o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1
D r a w i n g 2 P l a n o f t h e M e z z a n i n e H o u s e ( A u t h o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1
D r a w i n g 3 P l a n o f t h e H o l i d a y H o u s e ( A u t h o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6
D r a w i n g 4 S e c t i o n o f t h e H o l i d a y H o u s e ( A u t h o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6
D r a w i n g 5 S e c t i o n o f t h e A t t a c h e d H o u s e ( A u t h o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7
D r a w i n g 6 P l a n o f t h e A t t a c h e d H o u s e ( A u t h o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7
D r a w i n g 7 A p p l i c a t i o n s E x a m p l e s o f T h e r m o - a c t i v e S y s t e m s : S e c t i o n a n d D e t a i l s ( A u t h o r ) 1 1 6




xv

List of Drawings
Drawing 1 Section of the Mezzanine House (Author) ............................................................... 61
Drawing 2 Plan of the Mezzanine House (Author) .................................................................... 61
Drawing 3 Plan of the Holiday House (Author)......................................................................... 46
Drawing 4 Section of the Holiday House (Author) .................................................................... 46
Drawing 5 Section of the Attached House (Author) .................................................................. 47
Drawing 6 Plan of the Attached House (Author) ....................................................................... 47
Drawing 7 Applications Examples of Thermo-active Systems: Section and Details (Author) 116




xv

List of Drawings
Drawing 1 Section of the Mezzanine House (Author) ............................................................... 61
Drawing 2 Plan of the Mezzanine House (Author) .................................................................... 61
Drawing 3 Plan of the Holiday House (Author)......................................................................... 46
Drawing 4 Section of the Holiday House (Author) .................................................................... 46
Drawing 5 Section of the Attached House (Author) .................................................................. 47
Drawing 6 Plan of the Attached House (Author) ....................................................................... 47
Drawing 7 Applications Examples of Thermo-active Systems: Section and Details (Author) 116




1
I n t r o d u c t i o n
1 . P r o b l e m S t a t e m e n t
E n e r g y c a n n o t b e e x h a u s t e d b u t t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o v a r i o u s f o r m s . A c c o r d i n g t o F e y n m a n
1
,
t h e q u a n t i t y o f e n e r g y i s i n f i n i t e a n d i t s o c c u r r e n c e m a n i f o l d . D u e t o t h i s o v e r a r c h i n g
c o n c e p t i o n , t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f e n e r g y h a s b e c o m e m o r e i m p o r t a n t i n r e g a r d t o i n c r e a s e d
d e m a n d f o r e n e r g y . C u r r e n t l y t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l i s s u e s o f c o n c e r n i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e d e m a n d
a n d s u p p l y o f e n e r g y i n t h e w o r l d a n d t h e s e a r e s u m m a r i z e d b e l o w :
T h e r e c e n t s i t u a t i o n o f t h e e n e r g y i s s u e i n r e g a r d t o t h e b u i l d i n g s e c t o r : A c c o r d i n g t o t h e
e n e r g y r e v i e w s o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n e r g y A g e n c y , b u i l d i n g s a c c o u n t f o r m o r e t h a n 3 5 p e r
c e n t o f p r i m a r y e n e r g y u s e i n O E C D c o u n t r i e s , w h i c h i s s u p p l i e d m a i n l y b y f o s s i l s o u r c e s
2
.
F u r t h e r m o r e , O E C D s t a t i s t i c s s h o w t h a t t h e r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s e c t o r i s o n e o f t h e l a r g e s t
s e c t o r s c o n s u m i n g e l e c t r i c i t y a s s e c o n d a r y e n e r g y s o u r c e t r a n s f o r m e d f r o m f o s s i l s o u r c e s . 2 5
p e r c e n t o f e l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y i s c o n s u m e d b y r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s d u e t o t h e r e q u i r e m e n t o f
h i g h c o m f o r t s t a n d a r d s
3
. R e c e n t s t u d i e s p o i n t t o t h e n e a r f u t u r e a s b e i n g a t i m e w h e n
s h o r t a g e s o f f o s s i l e n e r g y s o u r c e s w i l l b e g i n t o c h a n g e s o c i a l l i f e
4
. I n t h i s c a s e , t h e h i g h
e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t o f r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s a n d s h o r t a g e o f f o s s i l e n e r g y s o u r c e s p r e s e n t a
p a r a d o x , w h i c h s h o u l d b e r e s o l v e d
T h e r e c e n t e n e r g y s i t u a t i o n , w h i c h i s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , w i l l b e a m a t t e r o f l o n g - t e r m
c o n c e r n t h r o u g h o u t t h e e n t i r e w o r l d . A s R o a f
5
h a s m e n t i o n e d , t h e a m o u n t o f f o s s i l e n e r g y
r e s o u r c e s , w h i c h c u r r e n t l y c o n s t i t u t e t h e m a i n e n e r g y s o u r c e , i s r a p i d l y r u n n i n g o u t . T h e
i n c r e a s i n g e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t o f r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s i n s p i t e o f t h e s h o r t a g e o f f o s s i l e n e r g y
s o u r c e s p r e s e n t s t h e s t a r t i n g p o i n t o f t h i s w o r k .
T h e p o t e n t i a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n m e t h o d s i n r e g a r d t o g e o g r a p h y : Q u a l i t a t i v e i s s u e s a b o u t
d e c r e a s e d c o m f o r t s t a n d a r d s r e s u l t i n g f r o m e c o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s l i k e g l o b a l w a r m i n g , a i r
p o l l u t i o n , e t c . , l e a d t o a n o t h e r c o m p l e x d i m e n s i o n i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e d i f f i c u l t i e s
l i k e s h o r t a g e o f t h e f o s s i l s o u r c e s . F i r s t o f a l l , m a n y p r o f e s s i o n a l s o c i e t i e s a n d a u t h o r i t i e s , l i k e
t h e W o r l d M e t e o r o l o g i c a l O r g a n i s a t i o n , a s s e s s t h a t t h e c l i m a t e c h a n g e c a u s e d b y g l o b a l
w a r m i n g i s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f f o s s i l e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n
6
. D i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y , f o s s i l e n e r g y
c o n s u m p t i o n a f f e c t s t h e e c o s y s t e m i n a n e g a t i v e w a y . S e c o n d l y , t h e s e a r c h f o r a l t e r n a t i v e
e n e r g y s o u r c e s s h o u l d b e a p r i o r i t y b e c a u s e i t i s a m a t t e r o f e n e r g y s u s t a i n a b i l i t y f o r f u t u r e
g e n e r a t i o n s . T h e r e f o r e , r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s h a v e c o m e u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n a s a n


1
I n t r o d u c t i o n
1 . P r o b l e m S t a t e m e n t
E n e r g y c a n n o t b e e x h a u s t e d b u t t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o v a r i o u s f o r m s . A c c o r d i n g t o F e y n m a n
1
,
t h e q u a n t i t y o f e n e r g y i s i n f i n i t e a n d i t s o c c u r r e n c e m a n i f o l d . D u e t o t h i s o v e r a r c h i n g
c o n c e p t i o n , t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f e n e r g y h a s b e c o m e m o r e i m p o r t a n t i n r e g a r d t o i n c r e a s e d
d e m a n d f o r e n e r g y . C u r r e n t l y t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l i s s u e s o f c o n c e r n i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e d e m a n d
a n d s u p p l y o f e n e r g y i n t h e w o r l d a n d t h e s e a r e s u m m a r i z e d b e l o w :
T h e r e c e n t s i t u a t i o n o f t h e e n e r g y i s s u e i n r e g a r d t o t h e b u i l d i n g s e c t o r : A c c o r d i n g t o t h e
e n e r g y r e v i e w s o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n e r g y A g e n c y , b u i l d i n g s a c c o u n t f o r m o r e t h a n 3 5 p e r
c e n t o f p r i m a r y e n e r g y u s e i n O E C D c o u n t r i e s , w h i c h i s s u p p l i e d m a i n l y b y f o s s i l s o u r c e s
2
.
F u r t h e r m o r e , O E C D s t a t i s t i c s s h o w t h a t t h e r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s e c t o r i s o n e o f t h e l a r g e s t
s e c t o r s c o n s u m i n g e l e c t r i c i t y a s s e c o n d a r y e n e r g y s o u r c e t r a n s f o r m e d f r o m f o s s i l s o u r c e s . 2 5
p e r c e n t o f e l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y i s c o n s u m e d b y r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s d u e t o t h e r e q u i r e m e n t o f
h i g h c o m f o r t s t a n d a r d s
3
. R e c e n t s t u d i e s p o i n t t o t h e n e a r f u t u r e a s b e i n g a t i m e w h e n
s h o r t a g e s o f f o s s i l e n e r g y s o u r c e s w i l l b e g i n t o c h a n g e s o c i a l l i f e
4
. I n t h i s c a s e , t h e h i g h
e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t o f r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s a n d s h o r t a g e o f f o s s i l e n e r g y s o u r c e s p r e s e n t a
p a r a d o x , w h i c h s h o u l d b e r e s o l v e d
T h e r e c e n t e n e r g y s i t u a t i o n , w h i c h i s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , w i l l b e a m a t t e r o f l o n g - t e r m
c o n c e r n t h r o u g h o u t t h e e n t i r e w o r l d . A s R o a f
5
h a s m e n t i o n e d , t h e a m o u n t o f f o s s i l e n e r g y
r e s o u r c e s , w h i c h c u r r e n t l y c o n s t i t u t e t h e m a i n e n e r g y s o u r c e , i s r a p i d l y r u n n i n g o u t . T h e
i n c r e a s i n g e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t o f r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s i n s p i t e o f t h e s h o r t a g e o f f o s s i l e n e r g y
s o u r c e s p r e s e n t s t h e s t a r t i n g p o i n t o f t h i s w o r k .
T h e p o t e n t i a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n m e t h o d s i n r e g a r d t o g e o g r a p h y : Q u a l i t a t i v e i s s u e s a b o u t
d e c r e a s e d c o m f o r t s t a n d a r d s r e s u l t i n g f r o m e c o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s l i k e g l o b a l w a r m i n g , a i r
p o l l u t i o n , e t c . , l e a d t o a n o t h e r c o m p l e x d i m e n s i o n i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e d i f f i c u l t i e s
l i k e s h o r t a g e o f t h e f o s s i l s o u r c e s . F i r s t o f a l l , m a n y p r o f e s s i o n a l s o c i e t i e s a n d a u t h o r i t i e s , l i k e
t h e W o r l d M e t e o r o l o g i c a l O r g a n i s a t i o n , a s s e s s t h a t t h e c l i m a t e c h a n g e c a u s e d b y g l o b a l
w a r m i n g i s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f f o s s i l e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n
6
. D i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y , f o s s i l e n e r g y
c o n s u m p t i o n a f f e c t s t h e e c o s y s t e m i n a n e g a t i v e w a y . S e c o n d l y , t h e s e a r c h f o r a l t e r n a t i v e
e n e r g y s o u r c e s s h o u l d b e a p r i o r i t y b e c a u s e i t i s a m a t t e r o f e n e r g y s u s t a i n a b i l i t y f o r f u t u r e
g e n e r a t i o n s . T h e r e f o r e , r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s h a v e c o m e u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n a s a n


1
Introduction
1. Problem Statement
Energy cannot be exhausted but transformed into various forms. According to Feynman
1
,
the quantity of energy is infinite and its occurrence manifold. Due to this overarching
conception, the transformation of energy has become more important in regard to increased
demand for energy. Currently there are several issues of concern in relation to the demand
and supply of energy in the world and these are summarized below:
The recent situation of the energy issue in regard to the building sector: According to the
energy reviews of the International Energy Agency, buildings account for more than 35 per
cent of primary energy use in OECD countries, which is supplied mainly by fossil sources
2
.
Furthermore, OECD statistics show that the residential building sector is one of the largest
sectors consuming electricity as secondary energy source transformed from fossil sources. 25
per cent of electrical energy is consumed by residential buildings due to the requirement of
high comfort standards
3
. Recent studies point to the near future as being a time when
shortages of fossil energy sources will begin to change social life
4
. In this case, the high
energy requirement of residential buildings and shortage of fossil energy sources present a
paradox, which should be resolved
The recent energy situation, which is mentioned above, will be a matter of long-term
concern throughout the entire world. As Roaf
5
has mentioned, the amount of fossil energy
resources, which currently constitute the main energy source, is rapidly running out. The
increasing energy requirement of residential buildings in spite of the shortage of fossil energy
sources presents the starting point of this work.
The potential transformation methods in regard to geography: Qualitative issues about
decreased comfort standards resulting from ecological effects like global warming, air
pollution, etc., lead to another complex dimension in addition to the quantitative difficulties
like shortage of the fossil sources. First of all, many professional societies and authorities, like
the World Meteorological Organisation, assess that the climate change caused by global
warming is a consequence of fossil energy consumption
6
. Directly or indirectly, fossil energy
consumption affects the ecosystem in a negative way. Secondly, the search for alternative
energy sources should be a priority because it is a matter of energy sustainability for future
generations. Therefore, renewable energy resources have come under consideration as an


1
Introduction
1. Problem Statement
Energy cannot be exhausted but transformed into various forms. According to Feynman
1
,
the quantity of energy is infinite and its occurrence manifold. Due to this overarching
conception, the transformation of energy has become more important in regard to increased
demand for energy. Currently there are several issues of concern in relation to the demand
and supply of energy in the world and these are summarized below:
The recent situation of the energy issue in regard to the building sector: According to the
energy reviews of the International Energy Agency, buildings account for more than 35 per
cent of primary energy use in OECD countries, which is supplied mainly by fossil sources
2
.
Furthermore, OECD statistics show that the residential building sector is one of the largest
sectors consuming electricity as secondary energy source transformed from fossil sources. 25
per cent of electrical energy is consumed by residential buildings due to the requirement of
high comfort standards
3
. Recent studies point to the near future as being a time when
shortages of fossil energy sources will begin to change social life
4
. In this case, the high
energy requirement of residential buildings and shortage of fossil energy sources present a
paradox, which should be resolved
The recent energy situation, which is mentioned above, will be a matter of long-term
concern throughout the entire world. As Roaf
5
has mentioned, the amount of fossil energy
resources, which currently constitute the main energy source, is rapidly running out. The
increasing energy requirement of residential buildings in spite of the shortage of fossil energy
sources presents the starting point of this work.
The potential transformation methods in regard to geography: Qualitative issues about
decreased comfort standards resulting from ecological effects like global warming, air
pollution, etc., lead to another complex dimension in addition to the quantitative difficulties
like shortage of the fossil sources. First of all, many professional societies and authorities, like
the World Meteorological Organisation, assess that the climate change caused by global
warming is a consequence of fossil energy consumption
6
. Directly or indirectly, fossil energy
consumption affects the ecosystem in a negative way. Secondly, the search for alternative
energy sources should be a priority because it is a matter of energy sustainability for future
generations. Therefore, renewable energy resources have come under consideration as an


2
alternative solution. There are several types of renewable energy sources and various
alternative methods to transform them into accessible energy forms.
Turkey is a net energy-importing nation with more than half of the countrys energy
requirements met by imported fuels. According to the OECD Country Statistical Profile
2008
7
, only about 25 per cent of Turkeys total energy requirement is produced in the country.
Air pollution is becoming a significant environmental concern in this country
8
. In this regard,
renewable energy resources are becoming attractive options for sustainable energy
development and environmental pollution mitigation in Turkey. Turkeys geographical
location has several advantages in terms of the extensive use of most of these renewable
energy sources, especially solar energy. Furthermore, limited fossil fuel resources are
triggering a gradual shift from fossil fuels to renewable sources within Turkey, which seems
to be serious options for Turkeys energy future.
According to the World Energy Report, the building sector contributes significantly to
overall energy consumption
1
. Furthermore, OECD statistics concerning energy production
show that a dependence on foreign sources of energy for developing countries like Turkey
presents a large economic burden
"
. This situation presents a conflict, which needs to be
resolved.
In regard to Turkeys building and construction industry, solar energy, as a renewable
source, seems to be a suitable alternative with which to fulfil energy demands. This belief was
the second reason for defining the scope of this work. There are many commercial application
methods based on solar energy. First of all, the thermal effect can be used directly for heating
or domestic hot water needs. Furthermore, the thermal energy involved can be transformed
and used for both cooling and producing electricity.
The factors about where and how the energy is consumed: When utilizing solar energy, the
location plays a key role in terms of intensity and reliability. The geographic location of
Bodrum, which is a small resort town located on the south-eastern coast of Turkey, presents
several advantages for the extensive use of renewable energy sources, primarily solar energy.
Bodrum is a typical Mediterranean city, which experienced a construction boom in the recent
years because of the increase in the local and foreign tourists. Unfortunately, the thermal
quality is often neglected by the constructors and the builders.

1
Energy Working Group of RWE, World Energy Report 2005, for further information please contact the
Strategic Market Analyses of RWE AG, www.rwe.com
"
All country spesific statistics can be seen on the website of OECD,
http://stats.oecd.org/wbos/viewhtml.aspx?queryname=483&querytype=view&lang=en


2
alternative solution. There are several types of renewable energy sources and various
alternative methods to transform them into accessible energy forms.
Turkey is a net energy-importing nation with more than half of the countrys energy
requirements met by imported fuels. According to the OECD Country Statistical Profile
2008
7
, only about 25 per cent of Turkeys total energy requirement is produced in the country.
Air pollution is becoming a significant environmental concern in this country
8
. In this regard,
renewable energy resources are becoming attractive options for sustainable energy
development and environmental pollution mitigation in Turkey. Turkeys geographical
location has several advantages in terms of the extensive use of most of these renewable
energy sources, especially solar energy. Furthermore, limited fossil fuel resources are
triggering a gradual shift from fossil fuels to renewable sources within Turkey, which seems
to be serious options for Turkeys energy future.
According to the World Energy Report, the building sector contributes significantly to
overall energy consumption
1
. Furthermore, OECD statistics concerning energy production
show that a dependence on foreign sources of energy for developing countries like Turkey
presents a large economic burden
"
. This situation presents a conflict, which needs to be
resolved.
In regard to Turkeys building and construction industry, solar energy, as a renewable
source, seems to be a suitable alternative with which to fulfil energy demands. This belief was
the second reason for defining the scope of this work. There are many commercial application
methods based on solar energy. First of all, the thermal effect can be used directly for heating
or domestic hot water needs. Furthermore, the thermal energy involved can be transformed
and used for both cooling and producing electricity.
The factors about where and how the energy is consumed: When utilizing solar energy, the
location plays a key role in terms of intensity and reliability. The geographic location of
Bodrum, which is a small resort town located on the south-eastern coast of Turkey, presents
several advantages for the extensive use of renewable energy sources, primarily solar energy.
Bodrum is a typical Mediterranean city, which experienced a construction boom in the recent
years because of the increase in the local and foreign tourists. Unfortunately, the thermal
quality is often neglected by the constructors and the builders.

1
Energy Working Group of RWE, World Energy Report 2005, for further information please contact the
Strategic Market Analyses of RWE AG, www.rwe.com
"
All country spesific statistics can be seen on the website of OECD,
http://stats.oecd.org/wbos/viewhtml.aspx?queryname=483&querytype=view&lang=en


2
a l t e r n a t i v e s o l u t i o n . T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l t y p e s o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s a n d v a r i o u s
a l t e r n a t i v e m e t h o d s t o t r a n s f o r m t h e m i n t o a c c e s s i b l e e n e r g y f o r m s .
T u r k e y i s a n e t e n e r g y - i m p o r t i n g n a t i o n w i t h m o r e t h a n h a l f o f t h e c o u n t r y s e n e r g y
r e q u i r e m e n t s m e t b y i m p o r t e d f u e l s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e O E C D C o u n t r y S t a t i s t i c a l P r o f i l e
2 0 0 8
7
, o n l y a b o u t 2 5 p e r c e n t o f T u r k e y s t o t a l e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t i s p r o d u c e d i n t h e c o u n t r y .
A i r p o l l u t i o n i s b e c o m i n g a s i g n i f i c a n t e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n c e r n i n t h i s c o u n t r y
8
. I n t h i s r e g a r d ,
r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s a r e b e c o m i n g a t t r a c t i v e o p t i o n s f o r s u s t a i n a b l e e n e r g y
d e v e l o p m e n t a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l l u t i o n m i t i g a t i o n i n T u r k e y . T u r k e y s g e o g r a p h i c a l
l o c a t i o n h a s s e v e r a l a d v a n t a g e s i n t e r m s o f t h e e x t e n s i v e u s e o f m o s t o f t h e s e r e n e w a b l e
e n e r g y s o u r c e s , e s p e c i a l l y s o l a r e n e r g y . F u r t h e r m o r e , l i m i t e d f o s s i l f u e l r e s o u r c e s a r e
t r i g g e r i n g a g r a d u a l s h i f t f r o m f o s s i l f u e l s t o r e n e w a b l e s o u r c e s w i t h i n T u r k e y , w h i c h s e e m s
t o b e s e r i o u s o p t i o n s f o r T u r k e y s e n e r g y f u t u r e .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e W o r l d E n e r g y R e p o r t , t h e b u i l d i n g s e c t o r c o n t r i b u t e s s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o
o v e r a l l e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n
1
. F u r t h e r m o r e , O E C D s t a t i s t i c s c o n c e r n i n g e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n
s h o w t h a t a d e p e n d e n c e o n f o r e i g n s o u r c e s o f e n e r g y f o r d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s l i k e T u r k e y
p r e s e n t s a l a r g e e c o n o m i c b u r d e n
"
. T h i s s i t u a t i o n p r e s e n t s a c o n f l i c t , w h i c h n e e d s t o b e
r e s o l v e d .
I n r e g a r d t o T u r k e y s b u i l d i n g a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n i n d u s t r y , s o l a r e n e r g y , a s a r e n e w a b l e
s o u r c e , s e e m s t o b e a s u i t a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e w i t h w h i c h t o f u l f i l e n e r g y d e m a n d s . T h i s b e l i e f w a s
t h e s e c o n d r e a s o n f o r d e f i n i n g t h e s c o p e o f t h i s w o r k . T h e r e a r e m a n y c o m m e r c i a l a p p l i c a t i o n
m e t h o d s b a s e d o n s o l a r e n e r g y . F i r s t o f a l l , t h e t h e r m a l e f f e c t c a n b e u s e d d i r e c t l y f o r h e a t i n g
o r d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r n e e d s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e t h e r m a l e n e r g y i n v o l v e d c a n b e t r a n s f o r m e d
a n d u s e d f o r b o t h c o o l i n g a n d p r o d u c i n g e l e c t r i c i t y .
T h e f a c t o r s a b o u t w h e r e a n d h o w t h e e n e r g y i s c o n s u m e d : W h e n u t i l i z i n g s o l a r e n e r g y , t h e
l o c a t i o n p l a y s a k e y r o l e i n t e r m s o f i n t e n s i t y a n d r e l i a b i l i t y . T h e g e o g r a p h i c l o c a t i o n o f
B o d r u m , w h i c h i s a s m a l l r e s o r t t o w n l o c a t e d o n t h e s o u t h - e a s t e r n c o a s t o f T u r k e y , p r e s e n t s
s e v e r a l a d v a n t a g e s f o r t h e e x t e n s i v e u s e o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s , p r i m a r i l y s o l a r e n e r g y .
B o d r u m i s a t y p i c a l M e d i t e r r a n e a n c i t y , w h i c h e x p e r i e n c e d a c o n s t r u c t i o n b o o m i n t h e r e c e n t
y e a r s b e c a u s e o f t h e i n c r e a s e i n t h e l o c a l a n d f o r e i g n t o u r i s t s . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e t h e r m a l
q u a l i t y i s o f t e n n e g l e c t e d b y t h e c o n s t r u c t o r s a n d t h e b u i l d e r s .

1
E n e r g y W o r k i n g G r o u p o f R W E , W o r l d E n e r g y R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 , f o r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n p l e a s e c o n t a c t t h e
S t r a t e g i c M a r k e t A n a l y s e s o f R W E A G , w w w . r w e . c o m
"
A l l c o u n t r y s p e s i f i c s t a t i s t i c s c a n b e s e e n o n t h e w e b s i t e o f O E C D ,
h t t p : / / s t a t s . o e c d . o r g / w b o s / v i e w h t m l . a s p x ? q u e r y n a m e = 4 8 3 & q u e r y t y p e = v i e w & l a n g = e n


2
a l t e r n a t i v e s o l u t i o n . T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l t y p e s o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s a n d v a r i o u s
a l t e r n a t i v e m e t h o d s t o t r a n s f o r m t h e m i n t o a c c e s s i b l e e n e r g y f o r m s .
T u r k e y i s a n e t e n e r g y - i m p o r t i n g n a t i o n w i t h m o r e t h a n h a l f o f t h e c o u n t r y s e n e r g y
r e q u i r e m e n t s m e t b y i m p o r t e d f u e l s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e O E C D C o u n t r y S t a t i s t i c a l P r o f i l e
2 0 0 8
7
, o n l y a b o u t 2 5 p e r c e n t o f T u r k e y s t o t a l e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t i s p r o d u c e d i n t h e c o u n t r y .
A i r p o l l u t i o n i s b e c o m i n g a s i g n i f i c a n t e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n c e r n i n t h i s c o u n t r y
8
. I n t h i s r e g a r d ,
r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s a r e b e c o m i n g a t t r a c t i v e o p t i o n s f o r s u s t a i n a b l e e n e r g y
d e v e l o p m e n t a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l l u t i o n m i t i g a t i o n i n T u r k e y . T u r k e y s g e o g r a p h i c a l
l o c a t i o n h a s s e v e r a l a d v a n t a g e s i n t e r m s o f t h e e x t e n s i v e u s e o f m o s t o f t h e s e r e n e w a b l e
e n e r g y s o u r c e s , e s p e c i a l l y s o l a r e n e r g y . F u r t h e r m o r e , l i m i t e d f o s s i l f u e l r e s o u r c e s a r e
t r i g g e r i n g a g r a d u a l s h i f t f r o m f o s s i l f u e l s t o r e n e w a b l e s o u r c e s w i t h i n T u r k e y , w h i c h s e e m s
t o b e s e r i o u s o p t i o n s f o r T u r k e y s e n e r g y f u t u r e .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e W o r l d E n e r g y R e p o r t , t h e b u i l d i n g s e c t o r c o n t r i b u t e s s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o
o v e r a l l e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n
1
. F u r t h e r m o r e , O E C D s t a t i s t i c s c o n c e r n i n g e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n
s h o w t h a t a d e p e n d e n c e o n f o r e i g n s o u r c e s o f e n e r g y f o r d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s l i k e T u r k e y
p r e s e n t s a l a r g e e c o n o m i c b u r d e n
"
. T h i s s i t u a t i o n p r e s e n t s a c o n f l i c t , w h i c h n e e d s t o b e
r e s o l v e d .
I n r e g a r d t o T u r k e y s b u i l d i n g a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n i n d u s t r y , s o l a r e n e r g y , a s a r e n e w a b l e
s o u r c e , s e e m s t o b e a s u i t a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e w i t h w h i c h t o f u l f i l e n e r g y d e m a n d s . T h i s b e l i e f w a s
t h e s e c o n d r e a s o n f o r d e f i n i n g t h e s c o p e o f t h i s w o r k . T h e r e a r e m a n y c o m m e r c i a l a p p l i c a t i o n
m e t h o d s b a s e d o n s o l a r e n e r g y . F i r s t o f a l l , t h e t h e r m a l e f f e c t c a n b e u s e d d i r e c t l y f o r h e a t i n g
o r d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r n e e d s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e t h e r m a l e n e r g y i n v o l v e d c a n b e t r a n s f o r m e d
a n d u s e d f o r b o t h c o o l i n g a n d p r o d u c i n g e l e c t r i c i t y .
T h e f a c t o r s a b o u t w h e r e a n d h o w t h e e n e r g y i s c o n s u m e d : W h e n u t i l i z i n g s o l a r e n e r g y , t h e
l o c a t i o n p l a y s a k e y r o l e i n t e r m s o f i n t e n s i t y a n d r e l i a b i l i t y . T h e g e o g r a p h i c l o c a t i o n o f
B o d r u m , w h i c h i s a s m a l l r e s o r t t o w n l o c a t e d o n t h e s o u t h - e a s t e r n c o a s t o f T u r k e y , p r e s e n t s
s e v e r a l a d v a n t a g e s f o r t h e e x t e n s i v e u s e o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s , p r i m a r i l y s o l a r e n e r g y .
B o d r u m i s a t y p i c a l M e d i t e r r a n e a n c i t y , w h i c h e x p e r i e n c e d a c o n s t r u c t i o n b o o m i n t h e r e c e n t
y e a r s b e c a u s e o f t h e i n c r e a s e i n t h e l o c a l a n d f o r e i g n t o u r i s t s . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e t h e r m a l
q u a l i t y i s o f t e n n e g l e c t e d b y t h e c o n s t r u c t o r s a n d t h e b u i l d e r s .

1
E n e r g y W o r k i n g G r o u p o f R W E , W o r l d E n e r g y R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 , f o r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n p l e a s e c o n t a c t t h e
S t r a t e g i c M a r k e t A n a l y s e s o f R W E A G , w w w . r w e . c o m
"
A l l c o u n t r y s p e s i f i c s t a t i s t i c s c a n b e s e e n o n t h e w e b s i t e o f O E C D ,
h t t p : / / s t a t s . o e c d . o r g / w b o s / v i e w h t m l . a s p x ? q u e r y n a m e = 4 8 3 & q u e r y t y p e = v i e w & l a n g = e n


3
B u i l d i n g e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n h a s b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d g e n e r a l l y i n t e r m s o f h e a t i n g e n e r g y ,
w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e s o n l y a p a r t o f t h e t o t a l e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n . B o d r u m , w h e r e c o o l i n g e n e r g y
i s e x t r e m e l y n e c e s s a r y , p r e s e n t s a c o m p l e x i s s u e . B e c a u s e o f t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , B o d r u m
w a s c h o s e n a s t h e p i l o t r e s e a r c h l o c a t i o n .
K n o w i n g t h e a l t e r n a t i v e e n e r g y s o u r c e s a n d t h e p o t e n t i a l a r e a , w h e r e i t c a n b e u t i l i s e d , t h e
f i n a l q u e s t i o n i s , h o w t h i s p o t e n t i a l c a n b e u t i l i z e d i n t h e b u i l d i n g s e c t o r i n B o d r u m . E n e r g y -
o p t i m i z e d b u i l d i n g s o f f e r a p r o m i s i n g a p p r o a c h
9
. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e v e r b a l s t a t e m e n t s o f t h e
g o v e r n o r s h i p a n d m u n i c i p a l i t y o f B o d r u m , t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e b u i l d i n g s i n B o d r u m a r e
h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s . C l i m a t i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a r e g e n e r a l l y n o t t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t i n d e s i g n i n g
t h e s e s e t t l e m e n t s . T h i s s i t u a t i o n i s b e l i e v e d t o c a u s e a c o n s i d e r a b l e i n c r e a s e o f c o o l i n g a n d
h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d o f t h e h o u s i n g s e c t o r i n t h i s a r e a .
T h e s o c i a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e e n c o u r a g e s i n h a b i t a n t s t o o p t f o r i n s t a n t a n d p r a c t i c a l s o l u t i o n s . A
r a t i o n a l a i r c o n d i t i o n e r , w h i c h i s e a s y a n d i n e x p e n s i v e , c a n s u p p l y t h e n e c e s s a r y c o m f o r t
c o n d i t i o n s . I t s o p e r a t i o n a l c o s t s a r e a m a t t e r o f c o m p l a i n t b u t n e v e r t h e l e s s a c c e p t e d . P e o p l e i n
t h i s r e g i o n a r e e i t h e r s i m p l y u n a w a r e o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y o r t h e i s s u e i s c o n s c i o u s l y
d i s r e g a r d e d . S o f a r a s h o u s i n g i s c o n c e r n e d , l o c a l s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t d e a l s w i t h
i m p r o v i n g t h e q u a l i t y o f l i f e o f t h e l o c a l c o m m u n i t y t h r o u g h t h e p r u d e n t u s e o f l o c a l
r e s o u r c e s . T h e a i m , t h e r e f o r e , i s a h i g h d e g r e e o f l o c a l s e l f - e f f i c i e n c y , w h i c h i s r e l a t e d t o t h e
e c o l o g i c a l s i t e d e s i g n a s a d e t e r m i n a n t o f u r b a n e c o l o g y . I n t h i s c o n t e x t , c e r t a i n d e s i g n i s s u e s
n e e d t o b e a d d r e s s e d i n n e w d e v e l o p m e n t s t o m e e t r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r s u s t a i n a b i l i t y . D e s i g n
w i t h r e g a r d t o c l i m a t e i s o n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i a t o b e c o n s i d e r e d .
I n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r c a s e , t h e p r o v i s i o n o f a c c e p t a b l e s o l u t i o n s t h a t a i m s t o a c h i e v e h i g h
e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y i n t h e h o u s i n g s e c t o r i n B o d r u m s h o u l d b e t h e t a s k o f t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l s a n d
a f o c u s o n t h i s i s s u e c o n s t i t u t e s t h e m a i n g o a l o f t h i s w o r k
T h i s c o m p l e x i t y o f t h i s i s s u e l e a d s t o a w i d e r a n g e o f s o l u t i o n s , a n d a n e v e n w i d e r r a n g e o f
i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a r e a s . F r o m a m a c r o l e v e l , t h e l a n d f o r m , t o m i c r o l e v e l , b u i l d i n g e l e m e n t s ,
t h e r e a r e m a n y f a c t o r s , w h i c h i n f l u e n c e t h e t h e r m a l b e h a v i o u r o f a b u i l d i n g . A l l t h e s e f a c t o r s
s h o u l d b e a n a l y s e d i n t e r m s o f e n h a n c i n g e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y .
S o b a s e d u p o n t h e d i s c u s s i o n g i v e n i n t h e a b o v e p a g e s t h e m a i n q u e s t i o n t h a t h a s b e e n
d e a l t w i t h i n t h i s r e s e a r c h c a n b e s u m m a r i z e d a s f o l l o w s :
W h a t c o n t r i b u t i o n c a n n e w a r c h i t e c t u r a l c o n c e p t s u s i n g r e n e w a b l e s o u r c e s o f e n e r g y m a k e
i n t h e f u t u r e t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t v a r y i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s , c o n s t r a i n t s a n d c o n d i t i o n s f o r
p r o v i d i n g c l e a n e n e r g y s u p p l i e s , p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a n d t h e q u a l i t y o f l i f e o f t h e
r e g i o n s p o p u l a t i o n ( B o d r u m b e i n g t h e a r e a s e l e c t e d a s t h e p i l o t a r e a ) ?


3
B u i l d i n g e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n h a s b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d g e n e r a l l y i n t e r m s o f h e a t i n g e n e r g y ,
w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e s o n l y a p a r t o f t h e t o t a l e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n . B o d r u m , w h e r e c o o l i n g e n e r g y
i s e x t r e m e l y n e c e s s a r y , p r e s e n t s a c o m p l e x i s s u e . B e c a u s e o f t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , B o d r u m
w a s c h o s e n a s t h e p i l o t r e s e a r c h l o c a t i o n .
K n o w i n g t h e a l t e r n a t i v e e n e r g y s o u r c e s a n d t h e p o t e n t i a l a r e a , w h e r e i t c a n b e u t i l i s e d , t h e
f i n a l q u e s t i o n i s , h o w t h i s p o t e n t i a l c a n b e u t i l i z e d i n t h e b u i l d i n g s e c t o r i n B o d r u m . E n e r g y -
o p t i m i z e d b u i l d i n g s o f f e r a p r o m i s i n g a p p r o a c h
9
. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e v e r b a l s t a t e m e n t s o f t h e
g o v e r n o r s h i p a n d m u n i c i p a l i t y o f B o d r u m , t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e b u i l d i n g s i n B o d r u m a r e
h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s . C l i m a t i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a r e g e n e r a l l y n o t t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t i n d e s i g n i n g
t h e s e s e t t l e m e n t s . T h i s s i t u a t i o n i s b e l i e v e d t o c a u s e a c o n s i d e r a b l e i n c r e a s e o f c o o l i n g a n d
h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d o f t h e h o u s i n g s e c t o r i n t h i s a r e a .
T h e s o c i a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e e n c o u r a g e s i n h a b i t a n t s t o o p t f o r i n s t a n t a n d p r a c t i c a l s o l u t i o n s . A
r a t i o n a l a i r c o n d i t i o n e r , w h i c h i s e a s y a n d i n e x p e n s i v e , c a n s u p p l y t h e n e c e s s a r y c o m f o r t
c o n d i t i o n s . I t s o p e r a t i o n a l c o s t s a r e a m a t t e r o f c o m p l a i n t b u t n e v e r t h e l e s s a c c e p t e d . P e o p l e i n
t h i s r e g i o n a r e e i t h e r s i m p l y u n a w a r e o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y o r t h e i s s u e i s c o n s c i o u s l y
d i s r e g a r d e d . S o f a r a s h o u s i n g i s c o n c e r n e d , l o c a l s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t d e a l s w i t h
i m p r o v i n g t h e q u a l i t y o f l i f e o f t h e l o c a l c o m m u n i t y t h r o u g h t h e p r u d e n t u s e o f l o c a l
r e s o u r c e s . T h e a i m , t h e r e f o r e , i s a h i g h d e g r e e o f l o c a l s e l f - e f f i c i e n c y , w h i c h i s r e l a t e d t o t h e
e c o l o g i c a l s i t e d e s i g n a s a d e t e r m i n a n t o f u r b a n e c o l o g y . I n t h i s c o n t e x t , c e r t a i n d e s i g n i s s u e s
n e e d t o b e a d d r e s s e d i n n e w d e v e l o p m e n t s t o m e e t r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r s u s t a i n a b i l i t y . D e s i g n
w i t h r e g a r d t o c l i m a t e i s o n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i a t o b e c o n s i d e r e d .
I n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r c a s e , t h e p r o v i s i o n o f a c c e p t a b l e s o l u t i o n s t h a t a i m s t o a c h i e v e h i g h
e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y i n t h e h o u s i n g s e c t o r i n B o d r u m s h o u l d b e t h e t a s k o f t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l s a n d
a f o c u s o n t h i s i s s u e c o n s t i t u t e s t h e m a i n g o a l o f t h i s w o r k
T h i s c o m p l e x i t y o f t h i s i s s u e l e a d s t o a w i d e r a n g e o f s o l u t i o n s , a n d a n e v e n w i d e r r a n g e o f
i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a r e a s . F r o m a m a c r o l e v e l , t h e l a n d f o r m , t o m i c r o l e v e l , b u i l d i n g e l e m e n t s ,
t h e r e a r e m a n y f a c t o r s , w h i c h i n f l u e n c e t h e t h e r m a l b e h a v i o u r o f a b u i l d i n g . A l l t h e s e f a c t o r s
s h o u l d b e a n a l y s e d i n t e r m s o f e n h a n c i n g e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y .
S o b a s e d u p o n t h e d i s c u s s i o n g i v e n i n t h e a b o v e p a g e s t h e m a i n q u e s t i o n t h a t h a s b e e n
d e a l t w i t h i n t h i s r e s e a r c h c a n b e s u m m a r i z e d a s f o l l o w s :
W h a t c o n t r i b u t i o n c a n n e w a r c h i t e c t u r a l c o n c e p t s u s i n g r e n e w a b l e s o u r c e s o f e n e r g y m a k e
i n t h e f u t u r e t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t v a r y i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s , c o n s t r a i n t s a n d c o n d i t i o n s f o r
p r o v i d i n g c l e a n e n e r g y s u p p l i e s , p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a n d t h e q u a l i t y o f l i f e o f t h e
r e g i o n s p o p u l a t i o n ( B o d r u m b e i n g t h e a r e a s e l e c t e d a s t h e p i l o t a r e a ) ?


3
Building energy consumption has been investigated generally in terms of heating energy,
which constitutes only a part of the total energy consumption. Bodrum, where cooling energy
is extremely necessary, presents a complex issue. Because of these considerations, Bodrum
was chosen as the pilot research location.
Knowing the alternative energy sources and the potential area, where it can be utilised, the
final question is, how this potential can be utilized in the building sector in Bodrum. Energy-
optimized buildings offer a promising approach
9
. According to the verbal statements of the
governorship and municipality of Bodrum, the majority of the buildings in Bodrum are
housing settlements. Climatic considerations are generally not taken into account in designing
these settlements. This situation is believed to cause a considerable increase of cooling and
heating energy demand of the housing sector in this area.
The social infrastructure encourages inhabitants to opt for instant and practical solutions. A
rational air conditioner, which is easy and inexpensive, can supply the necessary comfort
conditions. Its operational costs are a matter of complaint but nevertheless accepted. People in
this region are either simply unaware of energy efficiency or the issue is consciously
disregarded. So far as housing is concerned, local sustainable development deals with
improving the quality of life of the local community through the prudent use of local
resources. The aim, therefore, is a high degree of local self-efficiency, which is related to the
ecological site design as a determinant of urban ecology. In this context, certain design issues
need to be addressed in new developments to meet requirements for sustainability. Design
with regard to climate is one of the most important criteria to be considered.
In this particular case, the provision of acceptable solutions that aims to achieve high
energy efficiency in the housing sector in Bodrum should be the task of the professionals and
a focus on this issue constitutes the main goal of this work
This complexity of this issue leads to a wide range of solutions, and an even wider range of
implementation areas. From a macro level, the landform, to micro level, building elements,
there are many factors, which influence the thermal behaviour of a building. All these factors
should be analysed in terms of enhancing energy efficiency.
So based upon the discussion given in the above pages the main question that has been
dealt with in this research can be summarized as follows:
What contribution can new architectural concepts using renewable sources of energy make
in the future taking into account varying opportunities, constraints and conditions for
providing clean energy supplies, protection of the environment and the quality of life of the
regions population (Bodrum being the area selected as the pilot area)?


3
Building energy consumption has been investigated generally in terms of heating energy,
which constitutes only a part of the total energy consumption. Bodrum, where cooling energy
is extremely necessary, presents a complex issue. Because of these considerations, Bodrum
was chosen as the pilot research location.
Knowing the alternative energy sources and the potential area, where it can be utilised, the
final question is, how this potential can be utilized in the building sector in Bodrum. Energy-
optimized buildings offer a promising approach
9
. According to the verbal statements of the
governorship and municipality of Bodrum, the majority of the buildings in Bodrum are
housing settlements. Climatic considerations are generally not taken into account in designing
these settlements. This situation is believed to cause a considerable increase of cooling and
heating energy demand of the housing sector in this area.
The social infrastructure encourages inhabitants to opt for instant and practical solutions. A
rational air conditioner, which is easy and inexpensive, can supply the necessary comfort
conditions. Its operational costs are a matter of complaint but nevertheless accepted. People in
this region are either simply unaware of energy efficiency or the issue is consciously
disregarded. So far as housing is concerned, local sustainable development deals with
improving the quality of life of the local community through the prudent use of local
resources. The aim, therefore, is a high degree of local self-efficiency, which is related to the
ecological site design as a determinant of urban ecology. In this context, certain design issues
need to be addressed in new developments to meet requirements for sustainability. Design
with regard to climate is one of the most important criteria to be considered.
In this particular case, the provision of acceptable solutions that aims to achieve high
energy efficiency in the housing sector in Bodrum should be the task of the professionals and
a focus on this issue constitutes the main goal of this work
This complexity of this issue leads to a wide range of solutions, and an even wider range of
implementation areas. From a macro level, the landform, to micro level, building elements,
there are many factors, which influence the thermal behaviour of a building. All these factors
should be analysed in terms of enhancing energy efficiency.
So based upon the discussion given in the above pages the main question that has been
dealt with in this research can be summarized as follows:
What contribution can new architectural concepts using renewable sources of energy make
in the future taking into account varying opportunities, constraints and conditions for
providing clean energy supplies, protection of the environment and the quality of life of the
regions population (Bodrum being the area selected as the pilot area)?


4
2. Goals and Objectives of the Study
The main goal of this work is to develop new architectural and energy efficient concepts
by evaluating the housing settlements in Bodrum. Computer aided research on passive and
active measures to reduce or fulfil energy demand, and their economic evaluation has been
presented in this study.
The major and minor objectives are as follows:2.
a) To present the influence of architectural aspects on the buildings thermal
behaviour:
From the building mass to the smallest building element, each factor has a direct
influence on the energy consumption of a building. Upgrading the thermal characteristics of
these factors can reduce the amount of consumption significantly. This aspect will be
researched in order to present the benefits of optimising the thermal characteristics.
The study will also aim to point out the importance of building components, which have
so far not been considered in this region.
Another aim will be the development of a prototype house with optimised thermal
characteristics for the climate in Bodrum as a guide for planned houses.
Applying local resources within the research in order to support local sustainability will
be a minor objective of this work.
b) To present the potential of using renewable energy resources for the energy demand
of Bodrums housing sector:
The potential of solar energy in terms of supplying the necessary energy demand of a
thermally optimised house in Bodrum will be presented in this work. The aim is to prove the
possible independence from the fossil energy sources.
c) To present the economic impact of energy efficient houses in Bodrum:
Every additional measure requires an investment. Therefore, the economic efficiency of
these measures needed to be addressed and this was one of the underlying aims in this study.
The Concrete targets resulting from major aims are listed below:
To reduce the heating and cooling energy demand of the housing settlements in Bodrum
which may also achieve:
Increased comfort conditions,
A decrease in demand for fossil energy sources,
A decrease in CO
2
emissions during building operating phase.




4
2. Goals and Objectives of the Study
The main goal of this work is to develop new architectural and energy efficient concepts
by evaluating the housing settlements in Bodrum. Computer aided research on passive and
active measures to reduce or fulfil energy demand, and their economic evaluation has been
presented in this study.
The major and minor objectives are as follows:2.
a) To present the influence of architectural aspects on the buildings thermal
behaviour:
From the building mass to the smallest building element, each factor has a direct
influence on the energy consumption of a building. Upgrading the thermal characteristics of
these factors can reduce the amount of consumption significantly. This aspect will be
researched in order to present the benefits of optimising the thermal characteristics.
The study will also aim to point out the importance of building components, which have
so far not been considered in this region.
Another aim will be the development of a prototype house with optimised thermal
characteristics for the climate in Bodrum as a guide for planned houses.
Applying local resources within the research in order to support local sustainability will
be a minor objective of this work.
b) To present the potential of using renewable energy resources for the energy demand
of Bodrums housing sector:
The potential of solar energy in terms of supplying the necessary energy demand of a
thermally optimised house in Bodrum will be presented in this work. The aim is to prove the
possible independence from the fossil energy sources.
c) To present the economic impact of energy efficient houses in Bodrum:
Every additional measure requires an investment. Therefore, the economic efficiency of
these measures needed to be addressed and this was one of the underlying aims in this study.
The Concrete targets resulting from major aims are listed below:
To reduce the heating and cooling energy demand of the housing settlements in Bodrum
which may also achieve:
Increased comfort conditions,
A decrease in demand for fossil energy sources,
A decrease in CO
2
emissions during building operating phase.




4
2 . G o a l s a n d O b j e c t i v e s o f t h e S t u d y
T h e m a i n g o a l o f t h i s w o r k i s t o d e v e l o p n e w a r c h i t e c t u r a l a n d e n e r g y e f f i c i e n t c o n c e p t s
b y e v a l u a t i n g t h e h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m . C o m p u t e r a i d e d r e s e a r c h o n p a s s i v e a n d
a c t i v e m e a s u r e s t o r e d u c e o r f u l f i l e n e r g y d e m a n d , a n d t h e i r e c o n o m i c e v a l u a t i o n h a s b e e n
p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s s t u d y .
T h e m a j o r a n d m i n o r o b j e c t i v e s a r e a s f o l l o w s : 2 .
a ) T o p r e s e n t t h e i n f l u e n c e o f a r c h i t e c t u r a l a s p e c t s o n t h e b u i l d i n g s t h e r m a l
b e h a v i o u r :
F r o m t h e b u i l d i n g m a s s t o t h e s m a l l e s t b u i l d i n g e l e m e n t , e a c h f a c t o r h a s a d i r e c t
i n f l u e n c e o n t h e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n o f a b u i l d i n g . U p g r a d i n g t h e t h e r m a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
t h e s e f a c t o r s c a n r e d u c e t h e a m o u n t o f c o n s u m p t i o n s i g n i f i c a n t l y . T h i s a s p e c t w i l l b e
r e s e a r c h e d i n o r d e r t o p r e s e n t t h e b e n e f i t s o f o p t i m i s i n g t h e t h e r m a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
T h e s t u d y w i l l a l s o a i m t o p o i n t o u t t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s , w h i c h h a v e
s o f a r n o t b e e n c o n s i d e r e d i n t h i s r e g i o n .
A n o t h e r a i m w i l l b e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a p r o t o t y p e h o u s e w i t h o p t i m i s e d t h e r m a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r t h e c l i m a t e i n B o d r u m a s a g u i d e f o r p l a n n e d h o u s e s .
A p p l y i n g l o c a l r e s o u r c e s w i t h i n t h e r e s e a r c h i n o r d e r t o s u p p o r t l o c a l s u s t a i n a b i l i t y w i l l
b e a m i n o r o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s w o r k .
b ) T o p r e s e n t t h e p o t e n t i a l o f u s i n g r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s f o r t h e e n e r g y d e m a n d
o f B o d r u m s h o u s i n g s e c t o r :
T h e p o t e n t i a l o f s o l a r e n e r g y i n t e r m s o f s u p p l y i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y e n e r g y d e m a n d o f a
t h e r m a l l y o p t i m i s e d h o u s e i n B o d r u m w i l l b e p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s w o r k . T h e a i m i s t o p r o v e t h e
p o s s i b l e i n d e p e n d e n c e f r o m t h e f o s s i l e n e r g y s o u r c e s .
c ) T o p r e s e n t t h e e c o n o m i c i m p a c t o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n t h o u s e s i n B o d r u m :
E v e r y a d d i t i o n a l m e a s u r e r e q u i r e s a n i n v e s t m e n t . T h e r e f o r e , t h e e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y o f
t h e s e m e a s u r e s n e e d e d t o b e a d d r e s s e d a n d t h i s w a s o n e o f t h e u n d e r l y i n g a i m s i n t h i s s t u d y .
T h e C o n c r e t e t a r g e t s r e s u l t i n g f r o m m a j o r a i m s a r e l i s t e d b e l o w :
T o r e d u c e t h e h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d o f t h e h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m
w h i c h m a y a l s o a c h i e v e :
I n c r e a s e d c o m f o r t c o n d i t i o n s ,
A d e c r e a s e i n d e m a n d f o r f o s s i l e n e r g y s o u r c e s ,
A d e c r e a s e i n C O
2
e m i s s i o n s d u r i n g b u i l d i n g o p e r a t i n g p h a s e .




4
2 . G o a l s a n d O b j e c t i v e s o f t h e S t u d y
T h e m a i n g o a l o f t h i s w o r k i s t o d e v e l o p n e w a r c h i t e c t u r a l a n d e n e r g y e f f i c i e n t c o n c e p t s
b y e v a l u a t i n g t h e h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m . C o m p u t e r a i d e d r e s e a r c h o n p a s s i v e a n d
a c t i v e m e a s u r e s t o r e d u c e o r f u l f i l e n e r g y d e m a n d , a n d t h e i r e c o n o m i c e v a l u a t i o n h a s b e e n
p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s s t u d y .
T h e m a j o r a n d m i n o r o b j e c t i v e s a r e a s f o l l o w s : 2 .
a ) T o p r e s e n t t h e i n f l u e n c e o f a r c h i t e c t u r a l a s p e c t s o n t h e b u i l d i n g s t h e r m a l
b e h a v i o u r :
F r o m t h e b u i l d i n g m a s s t o t h e s m a l l e s t b u i l d i n g e l e m e n t , e a c h f a c t o r h a s a d i r e c t
i n f l u e n c e o n t h e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n o f a b u i l d i n g . U p g r a d i n g t h e t h e r m a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
t h e s e f a c t o r s c a n r e d u c e t h e a m o u n t o f c o n s u m p t i o n s i g n i f i c a n t l y . T h i s a s p e c t w i l l b e
r e s e a r c h e d i n o r d e r t o p r e s e n t t h e b e n e f i t s o f o p t i m i s i n g t h e t h e r m a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
T h e s t u d y w i l l a l s o a i m t o p o i n t o u t t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s , w h i c h h a v e
s o f a r n o t b e e n c o n s i d e r e d i n t h i s r e g i o n .
A n o t h e r a i m w i l l b e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a p r o t o t y p e h o u s e w i t h o p t i m i s e d t h e r m a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r t h e c l i m a t e i n B o d r u m a s a g u i d e f o r p l a n n e d h o u s e s .
A p p l y i n g l o c a l r e s o u r c e s w i t h i n t h e r e s e a r c h i n o r d e r t o s u p p o r t l o c a l s u s t a i n a b i l i t y w i l l
b e a m i n o r o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s w o r k .
b ) T o p r e s e n t t h e p o t e n t i a l o f u s i n g r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s f o r t h e e n e r g y d e m a n d
o f B o d r u m s h o u s i n g s e c t o r :
T h e p o t e n t i a l o f s o l a r e n e r g y i n t e r m s o f s u p p l y i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y e n e r g y d e m a n d o f a
t h e r m a l l y o p t i m i s e d h o u s e i n B o d r u m w i l l b e p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s w o r k . T h e a i m i s t o p r o v e t h e
p o s s i b l e i n d e p e n d e n c e f r o m t h e f o s s i l e n e r g y s o u r c e s .
c ) T o p r e s e n t t h e e c o n o m i c i m p a c t o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n t h o u s e s i n B o d r u m :
E v e r y a d d i t i o n a l m e a s u r e r e q u i r e s a n i n v e s t m e n t . T h e r e f o r e , t h e e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y o f
t h e s e m e a s u r e s n e e d e d t o b e a d d r e s s e d a n d t h i s w a s o n e o f t h e u n d e r l y i n g a i m s i n t h i s s t u d y .
T h e C o n c r e t e t a r g e t s r e s u l t i n g f r o m m a j o r a i m s a r e l i s t e d b e l o w :
T o r e d u c e t h e h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d o f t h e h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m
w h i c h m a y a l s o a c h i e v e :
I n c r e a s e d c o m f o r t c o n d i t i o n s ,
A d e c r e a s e i n d e m a n d f o r f o s s i l e n e r g y s o u r c e s ,
A d e c r e a s e i n C O
2
e m i s s i o n s d u r i n g b u i l d i n g o p e r a t i n g p h a s e .




5
T o s u p p l y e n e r g y d e m a n d t h r o u g h s o l a r s o u r c e s :
U s i n g s o l a r t h e r m a l e n e r g y f o r h e a t i n g ,
P r o d u c i n g e l e c t r i c i t y t h r o u g h s o l a r e n e r g y ,
O b t a i n i n g n e c e s s a r y e n e r g y f o r m s u n f o r d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r .
3 . M e t h o d o l o g y a n d P r o c e d u r e
T h i s w o r k c a n b e s e e n a s p a r t o f a w h o l e p r o j e c t , w h i c h i s d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e s e p a r a t e
p h a s e s : d e s i g n , c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d m o n i t o r i n g . T h i s s t u d y w a s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e d e s i g n p h a s e
o f t h e e n t i r e p r o j e c t . O t h e r p h a s e s m a y b e d e v e l o p e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f r o m
t h i s w o r k . T h i s w o r k h a s b e e n i n t r o d u c e d b y m e a n s o f e x p l o r a t o r y s t u d i e s a b o u t e n e r g y , t h e
t h e o r e t i c a l g r o u n d w o r k a n d c o u n t r y s p e c i f i c r e s e a r c h . F o l l o w i n g t h e s e e l e m e n t s , f i e l d w o r k
w i t h b u i l d i n g s i m u l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n r u n f o r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s . F i n a l l y , t h e r e s u l t s h a v e b e e n
e v a l u a t e d f o r e x i s t i n g a n d p l a n n e d s e t t l e m e n t s .
T h e p r i m a r y a s p e c t s a b o u t e n e r g y a r e e x p l a i n e d i n t h e f i r s t c h a p t e r . A f t e r t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n
o f a g e n e r a l p e r s p e c t i v e o n e n e r g y i n t h e w o r l d , i t s f o r m s a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l r e l e v a n c e a r e
g i v e n . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e a c t u a l s i t u a t i o n o f T u r k e y i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y u s a g e a n d p r o d u c t i o n
a r e p r o v i d e d . F o l l o w i n g a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y p o t e n t i a l i n T u r k e y , t h e
e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n d e c o n o m i c e f f e c t s a r e e v a l u a t e d . F i n a l l y , t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f e n e r g y
c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n b u i l d i n g s o v e r t i m e w a s e x p l o r e d .
I n a d d i t i o n t o n u m e r i c a l d a t a a b o u t e n e r g y , t h e s o c i a l b e h a v i o u r o f t h e i n h a b i t a n t s w i t h
r e g a r d t o e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y i s a n o t h e r m a j o r p o i n t o f c o n s i d e r a t i o n . T h e s e c o n d c h a p t e r w i l l
c o n t a i n s o c i e t a l a n a l y s e s r e l e v a n t t o B o d r u m . F i r s t o f a l l , t h e r o l e o f c i t i z e n s i n r e g a r d t o
e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n a r e e x p l a i n e d b r i e f l y . T h e n , t h e m i s s i o n b y p o l i t i c a l a n d t e c h n i c a l f a c t o r s
t o a w a k e p u b l i c c o n s c i o u s n e s s c o n c e r n i n g e n e r g y i s s u e s a r e e x p l a i n e d i n a t h e o r e t i c a l
m a n n e r . F i n a l l y , a s u s t a i n a b l e l o c a l e n e r g y p o l i c y i n t h e s o c i o - e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e o f B o d r u m
i s p r e s e n t e d . C l i m a t i c a s p e c t s , w h i c h a r e r e s e a r c h e d i n t h e t h i r d c h a p t e r , a r e t h e m a i n d r i v e r
o f e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n . A f t e r e x p l a i n i n g t h e c l i m a t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e r e g i o n , t h e T u r k i s h
s t a n d a r d T S - 8 2 5 o n c l i m a t e w i l l b e a n a l y z e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r . F o l l o w i n g t h e s e d i s c u s s i o n s ,
g e n e r a l l i n k a g e s b e t w e e n a r c h i t e c t u r a l f o r m a n d c l i m a t e w i l l b e e x p l a i n e d w i t h B o d r u m s
s e t t l e m e n t s i n m i n d . A n h i s t o r i c a l a p p r o a c h i n A e g e a n c i t i e s i n r e g a r d t o t h e c l i m a t e w i l l b e
m e n t i o n e d a t l a s t .
C l i m a t i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n t h e b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t a n d a t t h e b u i l d i n g l e v e l h a v e b e e n
a n a l y z e d f r o m t h e m a c r o l e v e l o f t h e l a n d f o r m t o m i c r o l e v e l b u i l d i n g e l e m e n t s i n t h e
f o u r t h c h a p t e r . T w o e x a m p l e s , w h i c h p r e s e n t a c t u a l s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m , h a v e b e e n


5
T o s u p p l y e n e r g y d e m a n d t h r o u g h s o l a r s o u r c e s :
U s i n g s o l a r t h e r m a l e n e r g y f o r h e a t i n g ,
P r o d u c i n g e l e c t r i c i t y t h r o u g h s o l a r e n e r g y ,
O b t a i n i n g n e c e s s a r y e n e r g y f o r m s u n f o r d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r .
3 . M e t h o d o l o g y a n d P r o c e d u r e
T h i s w o r k c a n b e s e e n a s p a r t o f a w h o l e p r o j e c t , w h i c h i s d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e s e p a r a t e
p h a s e s : d e s i g n , c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d m o n i t o r i n g . T h i s s t u d y w a s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e d e s i g n p h a s e
o f t h e e n t i r e p r o j e c t . O t h e r p h a s e s m a y b e d e v e l o p e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f r o m
t h i s w o r k . T h i s w o r k h a s b e e n i n t r o d u c e d b y m e a n s o f e x p l o r a t o r y s t u d i e s a b o u t e n e r g y , t h e
t h e o r e t i c a l g r o u n d w o r k a n d c o u n t r y s p e c i f i c r e s e a r c h . F o l l o w i n g t h e s e e l e m e n t s , f i e l d w o r k
w i t h b u i l d i n g s i m u l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n r u n f o r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s . F i n a l l y , t h e r e s u l t s h a v e b e e n
e v a l u a t e d f o r e x i s t i n g a n d p l a n n e d s e t t l e m e n t s .
T h e p r i m a r y a s p e c t s a b o u t e n e r g y a r e e x p l a i n e d i n t h e f i r s t c h a p t e r . A f t e r t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n
o f a g e n e r a l p e r s p e c t i v e o n e n e r g y i n t h e w o r l d , i t s f o r m s a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l r e l e v a n c e a r e
g i v e n . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e a c t u a l s i t u a t i o n o f T u r k e y i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y u s a g e a n d p r o d u c t i o n
a r e p r o v i d e d . F o l l o w i n g a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y p o t e n t i a l i n T u r k e y , t h e
e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n d e c o n o m i c e f f e c t s a r e e v a l u a t e d . F i n a l l y , t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f e n e r g y
c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n b u i l d i n g s o v e r t i m e w a s e x p l o r e d .
I n a d d i t i o n t o n u m e r i c a l d a t a a b o u t e n e r g y , t h e s o c i a l b e h a v i o u r o f t h e i n h a b i t a n t s w i t h
r e g a r d t o e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y i s a n o t h e r m a j o r p o i n t o f c o n s i d e r a t i o n . T h e s e c o n d c h a p t e r w i l l
c o n t a i n s o c i e t a l a n a l y s e s r e l e v a n t t o B o d r u m . F i r s t o f a l l , t h e r o l e o f c i t i z e n s i n r e g a r d t o
e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n a r e e x p l a i n e d b r i e f l y . T h e n , t h e m i s s i o n b y p o l i t i c a l a n d t e c h n i c a l f a c t o r s
t o a w a k e p u b l i c c o n s c i o u s n e s s c o n c e r n i n g e n e r g y i s s u e s a r e e x p l a i n e d i n a t h e o r e t i c a l
m a n n e r . F i n a l l y , a s u s t a i n a b l e l o c a l e n e r g y p o l i c y i n t h e s o c i o - e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e o f B o d r u m
i s p r e s e n t e d . C l i m a t i c a s p e c t s , w h i c h a r e r e s e a r c h e d i n t h e t h i r d c h a p t e r , a r e t h e m a i n d r i v e r
o f e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n . A f t e r e x p l a i n i n g t h e c l i m a t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e r e g i o n , t h e T u r k i s h
s t a n d a r d T S - 8 2 5 o n c l i m a t e w i l l b e a n a l y z e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r . F o l l o w i n g t h e s e d i s c u s s i o n s ,
g e n e r a l l i n k a g e s b e t w e e n a r c h i t e c t u r a l f o r m a n d c l i m a t e w i l l b e e x p l a i n e d w i t h B o d r u m s
s e t t l e m e n t s i n m i n d . A n h i s t o r i c a l a p p r o a c h i n A e g e a n c i t i e s i n r e g a r d t o t h e c l i m a t e w i l l b e
m e n t i o n e d a t l a s t .
C l i m a t i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n t h e b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t a n d a t t h e b u i l d i n g l e v e l h a v e b e e n
a n a l y z e d f r o m t h e m a c r o l e v e l o f t h e l a n d f o r m t o m i c r o l e v e l b u i l d i n g e l e m e n t s i n t h e
f o u r t h c h a p t e r . T w o e x a m p l e s , w h i c h p r e s e n t a c t u a l s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m , h a v e b e e n


5
To supply energy demand through solar sources:
Using solar thermal energy for heating,
Producing electricity through solar energy,
Obtaining necessary energy form sun for domestic hot water.
3. Methodology and Procedure
This work can be seen as part of a whole project, which is divided into three separate
phases: design, construction and monitoring. This study was concerned with the design phase
of the entire project. Other phases may be developed according to the results obtained from
this work. This work has been introduced by means of exploratory studies about energy, the
theoretical groundwork and country specific research. Following these elements, field work
with building simulations have been run for implementations. Finally, the results have been
evaluated for existing and planned settlements.
The primary aspects about energy are explained in the first chapter. After the presentation
of a general perspective on energy in the world, its forms and architectural relevance are
given. Furthermore, the actual situation of Turkey in terms of energy usage and production
are provided. Following a consideration of the renewable energy potential in Turkey, the
environmental and economic effects are evaluated. Finally, the development of energy
considerations in buildings over time was explored.
In addition to numerical data about energy, the social behaviour of the inhabitants with
regard to energy efficiency is another major point of consideration. The second chapter will
contain societal analyses relevant to Bodrum. First of all, the role of citizens in regard to
energy consumption are explained briefly. Then, the mission by political and technical factors
to awake public consciousness concerning energy issues are explained in a theoretical
manner. Finally, a sustainable local energy policy in the socio-economic structure of Bodrum
is presented. Climatic aspects, which are researched in the third chapter, are the main driver
of energy consumption. After explaining the climatic characteristics of the region, the Turkish
standard TS-825 on climate will be analyzed in this chapter. Following these discussions,
general linkages between architectural form and climate will be explained with Bodrums
settlements in mind. An historical approach in Aegean cities in regard to the climate will be
mentioned at last.
Climatic considerations in the built environment and at the building level have been
analyzed from the macro level of the landform to micro level building elements in the
fourth chapter. Two examples, which present actual settlements in Bodrum, have been


5
To supply energy demand through solar sources:
Using solar thermal energy for heating,
Producing electricity through solar energy,
Obtaining necessary energy form sun for domestic hot water.
3. Methodology and Procedure
This work can be seen as part of a whole project, which is divided into three separate
phases: design, construction and monitoring. This study was concerned with the design phase
of the entire project. Other phases may be developed according to the results obtained from
this work. This work has been introduced by means of exploratory studies about energy, the
theoretical groundwork and country specific research. Following these elements, field work
with building simulations have been run for implementations. Finally, the results have been
evaluated for existing and planned settlements.
The primary aspects about energy are explained in the first chapter. After the presentation
of a general perspective on energy in the world, its forms and architectural relevance are
given. Furthermore, the actual situation of Turkey in terms of energy usage and production
are provided. Following a consideration of the renewable energy potential in Turkey, the
environmental and economic effects are evaluated. Finally, the development of energy
considerations in buildings over time was explored.
In addition to numerical data about energy, the social behaviour of the inhabitants with
regard to energy efficiency is another major point of consideration. The second chapter will
contain societal analyses relevant to Bodrum. First of all, the role of citizens in regard to
energy consumption are explained briefly. Then, the mission by political and technical factors
to awake public consciousness concerning energy issues are explained in a theoretical
manner. Finally, a sustainable local energy policy in the socio-economic structure of Bodrum
is presented. Climatic aspects, which are researched in the third chapter, are the main driver
of energy consumption. After explaining the climatic characteristics of the region, the Turkish
standard TS-825 on climate will be analyzed in this chapter. Following these discussions,
general linkages between architectural form and climate will be explained with Bodrums
settlements in mind. An historical approach in Aegean cities in regard to the climate will be
mentioned at last.
Climatic considerations in the built environment and at the building level have been
analyzed from the macro level of the landform to micro level building elements in the
fourth chapter. Two examples, which present actual settlements in Bodrum, have been

6
selected for further analyses during this stage. The architectural and energetic characteristics
of these examples are explained in this chapter.
The chosen examples have been analyzed by applying a building energy simulation
software (see Appendix) in the fifth chapter. The effects on energy consumption of each
building element and component have been analyzed in terms of their thermal behaviour. Non
typical components in the settlements of Bodrum have also been simulated to estimate their
potential contribution. The results have been evaluated for future settlements. Prototypes
resulting from these evaluations have been developed with various differentiations. These
prototypes also consisted of additional measures, which cannot be implemented in existing
houses. Finally, all the results have been compared relatively. As a conclusion, the aim was to
reduce energy consumption with passive measures.
The next step was to further reduce the heating and cooling load through renewable energy
resources. First the alternatives for the houses in Bodrum have been mentioned. Afterwards
their potential has been analyzed with the aid of computer simulations. Furthermore, in the
sixth chapter, systems using solar energy for heating, cooling and domestic hot water demand
will be simulated with specific softwares in terms of determining a system able to cover the
energy demand of Bodrums settlements.
In the seventh chapter, an analysis based on cost estimations has been examined under the
rubric of economic aspects. Comparative analyses of the total costs of particular parameters
have pointed out the economic consequences of different concepts for existing settlements
and future developments.
Finally, the knowledge acquisition from all chapters has been summarized in the
conclusion chapter.

6
selected for further analyses during this stage. The architectural and energetic characteristics
of these examples are explained in this chapter.
The chosen examples have been analyzed by applying a building energy simulation
software (see Appendix) in the fifth chapter. The effects on energy consumption of each
building element and component have been analyzed in terms of their thermal behaviour. Non
typical components in the settlements of Bodrum have also been simulated to estimate their
potential contribution. The results have been evaluated for future settlements. Prototypes
resulting from these evaluations have been developed with various differentiations. These
prototypes also consisted of additional measures, which cannot be implemented in existing
houses. Finally, all the results have been compared relatively. As a conclusion, the aim was to
reduce energy consumption with passive measures.
The next step was to further reduce the heating and cooling load through renewable energy
resources. First the alternatives for the houses in Bodrum have been mentioned. Afterwards
their potential has been analyzed with the aid of computer simulations. Furthermore, in the
sixth chapter, systems using solar energy for heating, cooling and domestic hot water demand
will be simulated with specific softwares in terms of determining a system able to cover the
energy demand of Bodrums settlements.
In the seventh chapter, an analysis based on cost estimations has been examined under the
rubric of economic aspects. Comparative analyses of the total costs of particular parameters
have pointed out the economic consequences of different concepts for existing settlements
and future developments.
Finally, the knowledge acquisition from all chapters has been summarized in the
conclusion chapter.

6
s e l e c t e d f o r f u r t h e r a n a l y s e s d u r i n g t h i s s t a g e . T h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l a n d e n e r g e t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
o f t h e s e e x a m p l e s a r e e x p l a i n e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r .
T h e c h o s e n e x a m p l e s h a v e b e e n a n a l y z e d b y a p p l y i n g a b u i l d i n g e n e r g y s i m u l a t i o n
s o f t w a r e ( s e e A p p e n d i x ) i n t h e f i f t h c h a p t e r . T h e e f f e c t s o n e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n o f e a c h
b u i l d i n g e l e m e n t a n d c o m p o n e n t h a v e b e e n a n a l y z e d i n t e r m s o f t h e i r t h e r m a l b e h a v i o u r . N o n
t y p i c a l c o m p o n e n t s i n t h e s e t t l e m e n t s o f B o d r u m h a v e a l s o b e e n s i m u l a t e d t o e s t i m a t e t h e i r
p o t e n t i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n . T h e r e s u l t s h a v e b e e n e v a l u a t e d f o r f u t u r e s e t t l e m e n t s . P r o t o t y p e s
r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e s e e v a l u a t i o n s h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p e d w i t h v a r i o u s d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n s . T h e s e
p r o t o t y p e s a l s o c o n s i s t e d o f a d d i t i o n a l m e a s u r e s , w h i c h c a n n o t b e i m p l e m e n t e d i n e x i s t i n g
h o u s e s . F i n a l l y , a l l t h e r e s u l t s h a v e b e e n c o m p a r e d r e l a t i v e l y . A s a c o n c l u s i o n , t h e a i m w a s t o
r e d u c e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n w i t h p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s .
T h e n e x t s t e p w a s t o f u r t h e r r e d u c e t h e h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g l o a d t h r o u g h r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y
r e s o u r c e s . F i r s t t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r t h e h o u s e s i n B o d r u m h a v e b e e n m e n t i o n e d . A f t e r w a r d s
t h e i r p o t e n t i a l h a s b e e n a n a l y z e d w i t h t h e a i d o f c o m p u t e r s i m u l a t i o n s . F u r t h e r m o r e , i n t h e
s i x t h c h a p t e r , s y s t e m s u s i n g s o l a r e n e r g y f o r h e a t i n g , c o o l i n g a n d d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r d e m a n d
w i l l b e s i m u l a t e d w i t h s p e c i f i c s o f t w a r e s i n t e r m s o f d e t e r m i n i n g a s y s t e m a b l e t o c o v e r t h e
e n e r g y d e m a n d o f B o d r u m s s e t t l e m e n t s .
I n t h e s e v e n t h c h a p t e r , a n a n a l y s i s b a s e d o n c o s t e s t i m a t i o n s h a s b e e n e x a m i n e d u n d e r t h e
r u b r i c o f e c o n o m i c a s p e c t s . C o m p a r a t i v e a n a l y s e s o f t h e t o t a l c o s t s o f p a r t i c u l a r p a r a m e t e r s
h a v e p o i n t e d o u t t h e e c o n o m i c c o n s e q u e n c e s o f d i f f e r e n t c o n c e p t s f o r e x i s t i n g s e t t l e m e n t s
a n d f u t u r e d e v e l o p m e n t s .
F i n a l l y , t h e k n o w l e d g e a c q u i s i t i o n f r o m a l l c h a p t e r s h a s b e e n s u m m a r i z e d i n t h e
c o n c l u s i o n c h a p t e r .

6
s e l e c t e d f o r f u r t h e r a n a l y s e s d u r i n g t h i s s t a g e . T h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l a n d e n e r g e t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
o f t h e s e e x a m p l e s a r e e x p l a i n e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r .
T h e c h o s e n e x a m p l e s h a v e b e e n a n a l y z e d b y a p p l y i n g a b u i l d i n g e n e r g y s i m u l a t i o n
s o f t w a r e ( s e e A p p e n d i x ) i n t h e f i f t h c h a p t e r . T h e e f f e c t s o n e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n o f e a c h
b u i l d i n g e l e m e n t a n d c o m p o n e n t h a v e b e e n a n a l y z e d i n t e r m s o f t h e i r t h e r m a l b e h a v i o u r . N o n
t y p i c a l c o m p o n e n t s i n t h e s e t t l e m e n t s o f B o d r u m h a v e a l s o b e e n s i m u l a t e d t o e s t i m a t e t h e i r
p o t e n t i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n . T h e r e s u l t s h a v e b e e n e v a l u a t e d f o r f u t u r e s e t t l e m e n t s . P r o t o t y p e s
r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e s e e v a l u a t i o n s h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p e d w i t h v a r i o u s d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n s . T h e s e
p r o t o t y p e s a l s o c o n s i s t e d o f a d d i t i o n a l m e a s u r e s , w h i c h c a n n o t b e i m p l e m e n t e d i n e x i s t i n g
h o u s e s . F i n a l l y , a l l t h e r e s u l t s h a v e b e e n c o m p a r e d r e l a t i v e l y . A s a c o n c l u s i o n , t h e a i m w a s t o
r e d u c e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n w i t h p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s .
T h e n e x t s t e p w a s t o f u r t h e r r e d u c e t h e h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g l o a d t h r o u g h r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y
r e s o u r c e s . F i r s t t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r t h e h o u s e s i n B o d r u m h a v e b e e n m e n t i o n e d . A f t e r w a r d s
t h e i r p o t e n t i a l h a s b e e n a n a l y z e d w i t h t h e a i d o f c o m p u t e r s i m u l a t i o n s . F u r t h e r m o r e , i n t h e
s i x t h c h a p t e r , s y s t e m s u s i n g s o l a r e n e r g y f o r h e a t i n g , c o o l i n g a n d d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r d e m a n d
w i l l b e s i m u l a t e d w i t h s p e c i f i c s o f t w a r e s i n t e r m s o f d e t e r m i n i n g a s y s t e m a b l e t o c o v e r t h e
e n e r g y d e m a n d o f B o d r u m s s e t t l e m e n t s .
I n t h e s e v e n t h c h a p t e r , a n a n a l y s i s b a s e d o n c o s t e s t i m a t i o n s h a s b e e n e x a m i n e d u n d e r t h e
r u b r i c o f e c o n o m i c a s p e c t s . C o m p a r a t i v e a n a l y s e s o f t h e t o t a l c o s t s o f p a r t i c u l a r p a r a m e t e r s
h a v e p o i n t e d o u t t h e e c o n o m i c c o n s e q u e n c e s o f d i f f e r e n t c o n c e p t s f o r e x i s t i n g s e t t l e m e n t s
a n d f u t u r e d e v e l o p m e n t s .
F i n a l l y , t h e k n o w l e d g e a c q u i s i t i o n f r o m a l l c h a p t e r s h a s b e e n s u m m a r i z e d i n t h e
c o n c l u s i o n c h a p t e r .


7
C h a p t e r I
P r i m a r y F a c t s a b o u t E n e r g y
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e E u r o p e a n C o m m i s s i o n , t h e b u i l d i n g s e c t o r i s a t p r e s e n t r e s p o n s i b l e f o r
m o r e t h a n 4 0 p e r c e n t o f E U e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n . T h e r e a r e t e c h n o l o g i e s u n d e r d e v e l o p m e n t ,
w h i c h c o u l d s u b s t a n t i a l l y i m p r o v e t h e e n e r g y p e r f o r m a n c e o f b u i l d i n g s u p t o 9 9 p e r c e n t , b y
r e d u c i n g t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l e n e r g y d e m a n d i n n e w a n d e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g s a n d s u b s t a n t i a l l y
c o n t r i b u t i n g t o r e d u c e e n e r g y i n t e n s i t y , t h r o u g h c o m b i n e d m e a s u r e s i n v o l v i n g t h e r a t i o n a l u s e
o f e n e r g y a n d i n t e g r a t i o n o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y t e c h n o l o g i e s
1 0
.
T h e K y o t o P r o t o c o l t o t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s F r a m e w o r k C o n v e n t i o n o n C l i m a t e C h a n g e ,
a g r e e d t o i n D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 7 , m a r k s a n i m p o r t a n t t u r n i n g p o i n t i n e f f o r t s t o p r o m o t e t h e u s e o f
r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y w o r l d w i d e . S i n c e t h e o r i g i n a l F r a m e w o r k C o n v e n t i o n w a s s i g n e d a t t h e
E a r t h S u m m i t i n R i o d e J a n e i r o i n 1 9 9 2 , c l i m a t e c h a n g e h a s s p u r r e d m a n y c o u n t r i e s t o s t e p u p
t h e i r s u p p o r t o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y . E v e n m o r e a m b i t i o u s e f f o r t s t o p r o m o t e r e n e w a b l e s h a v e
r e s u l t e d f r o m t h e K y o t o p a c t , w h i c h i n c l u d e s l e g a l l y b i n d i n g e m i s s i o n s l i m i t s f o r i n d u s t r i a l
c o u n t r i e s f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e , a n d s p e c i f i c a l l y i d e n t i f y p r o m o t i o n o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y a s a k e y
s t r a t e g y f o r r e d u c i n g g r e e n h o u s e g a s e m i s s i o n s
1 1
.
F l a v i n m e n t i o n e d t h a t c o a l , o i l , a n d n a t u r a l g a s a r e a l l f o s s i l f u e l s t h a t w e r e f o r m e d
m i l l i o n s t o h u n d r e d s o f m i l l i o n s o f y e a r s a g o f r o m d e c a y i n g p r e h i s t o r i c p l a n t s a n d a n i m a l s .
A l t h o u g h f o s s i l f u e l s a r e s t i l l b e i n g c r e a t e d t o d a y b y u n d e r g r o u n d h e a t a n d p r e s s u r e , t h e y a r e
c o n s u m e d m u c h m o r e r a p i d l y t h a n t h e y a r e b e i n g c r e a t e d . F o s s i l f u e l s a r e n o n - r e n e w a b l e ,
m e a n i n g t h a t t h e y d r a w o n f i n i t e r e s o u r c e s t h a t w i l l e v e n t u a l l y d w i n d l e , b e c o m i n g t o o
e x p e n s i v e o r t o o e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y d a m a g i n g t o r e t r i e v e . T h e s e a r c h f o r n e w r e s e r v e s o f f o s s i l
f u e l s h a s a l r e a d y l e d t o o i l e x p l o i t a t i o n a l o n g o c e a n c o a s t s a n d o t h e r e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y
s e n s i t i v e a r e a s
1 2
.
D i n e r s t a t e s t h a t a s e c u r e s u p p l y o f e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s i s g e n e r a l l y a g r e e d t o b e a n e c e s s a r y
b u t n o t s u f f i c i e n t r e q u i r e m e n t f o r d e v e l o p m e n t w i t h i n a s o c i e t y . F u r t h e r m o r e , s u s t a i n a b l e
d e v e l o p m e n t d e m a n d s a s u s t a i n a b l e s u p p l y o f e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s . T h e i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e s e
s t a t e m e n t s a r e n u m e r o u s , a n d d e p e n d o n h o w s u s t a i n a b l e i s d e f i n e d . O n e i m p o r t a n t
i m p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s e s t a t e m e n t s i s t h a t s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t w i t h i n a s o c i e t y r e q u i r e s a
s u p p l y o f e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s t h a t , i n t h e l o n g t e r m , i s r e a d i l y a n d s u s t a i n a b l y a v a i l a b l e a t


7
C h a p t e r I
P r i m a r y F a c t s a b o u t E n e r g y
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e E u r o p e a n C o m m i s s i o n , t h e b u i l d i n g s e c t o r i s a t p r e s e n t r e s p o n s i b l e f o r
m o r e t h a n 4 0 p e r c e n t o f E U e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n . T h e r e a r e t e c h n o l o g i e s u n d e r d e v e l o p m e n t ,
w h i c h c o u l d s u b s t a n t i a l l y i m p r o v e t h e e n e r g y p e r f o r m a n c e o f b u i l d i n g s u p t o 9 9 p e r c e n t , b y
r e d u c i n g t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l e n e r g y d e m a n d i n n e w a n d e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g s a n d s u b s t a n t i a l l y
c o n t r i b u t i n g t o r e d u c e e n e r g y i n t e n s i t y , t h r o u g h c o m b i n e d m e a s u r e s i n v o l v i n g t h e r a t i o n a l u s e
o f e n e r g y a n d i n t e g r a t i o n o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y t e c h n o l o g i e s
1 0
.
T h e K y o t o P r o t o c o l t o t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s F r a m e w o r k C o n v e n t i o n o n C l i m a t e C h a n g e ,
a g r e e d t o i n D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 7 , m a r k s a n i m p o r t a n t t u r n i n g p o i n t i n e f f o r t s t o p r o m o t e t h e u s e o f
r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y w o r l d w i d e . S i n c e t h e o r i g i n a l F r a m e w o r k C o n v e n t i o n w a s s i g n e d a t t h e
E a r t h S u m m i t i n R i o d e J a n e i r o i n 1 9 9 2 , c l i m a t e c h a n g e h a s s p u r r e d m a n y c o u n t r i e s t o s t e p u p
t h e i r s u p p o r t o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y . E v e n m o r e a m b i t i o u s e f f o r t s t o p r o m o t e r e n e w a b l e s h a v e
r e s u l t e d f r o m t h e K y o t o p a c t , w h i c h i n c l u d e s l e g a l l y b i n d i n g e m i s s i o n s l i m i t s f o r i n d u s t r i a l
c o u n t r i e s f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e , a n d s p e c i f i c a l l y i d e n t i f y p r o m o t i o n o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y a s a k e y
s t r a t e g y f o r r e d u c i n g g r e e n h o u s e g a s e m i s s i o n s
1 1
.
F l a v i n m e n t i o n e d t h a t c o a l , o i l , a n d n a t u r a l g a s a r e a l l f o s s i l f u e l s t h a t w e r e f o r m e d
m i l l i o n s t o h u n d r e d s o f m i l l i o n s o f y e a r s a g o f r o m d e c a y i n g p r e h i s t o r i c p l a n t s a n d a n i m a l s .
A l t h o u g h f o s s i l f u e l s a r e s t i l l b e i n g c r e a t e d t o d a y b y u n d e r g r o u n d h e a t a n d p r e s s u r e , t h e y a r e
c o n s u m e d m u c h m o r e r a p i d l y t h a n t h e y a r e b e i n g c r e a t e d . F o s s i l f u e l s a r e n o n - r e n e w a b l e ,
m e a n i n g t h a t t h e y d r a w o n f i n i t e r e s o u r c e s t h a t w i l l e v e n t u a l l y d w i n d l e , b e c o m i n g t o o
e x p e n s i v e o r t o o e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y d a m a g i n g t o r e t r i e v e . T h e s e a r c h f o r n e w r e s e r v e s o f f o s s i l
f u e l s h a s a l r e a d y l e d t o o i l e x p l o i t a t i o n a l o n g o c e a n c o a s t s a n d o t h e r e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y
s e n s i t i v e a r e a s
1 2
.
D i n e r s t a t e s t h a t a s e c u r e s u p p l y o f e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s i s g e n e r a l l y a g r e e d t o b e a n e c e s s a r y
b u t n o t s u f f i c i e n t r e q u i r e m e n t f o r d e v e l o p m e n t w i t h i n a s o c i e t y . F u r t h e r m o r e , s u s t a i n a b l e
d e v e l o p m e n t d e m a n d s a s u s t a i n a b l e s u p p l y o f e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s . T h e i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e s e
s t a t e m e n t s a r e n u m e r o u s , a n d d e p e n d o n h o w s u s t a i n a b l e i s d e f i n e d . O n e i m p o r t a n t
i m p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s e s t a t e m e n t s i s t h a t s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t w i t h i n a s o c i e t y r e q u i r e s a
s u p p l y o f e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s t h a t , i n t h e l o n g t e r m , i s r e a d i l y a n d s u s t a i n a b l y a v a i l a b l e a t


7
Chapter I
Primary Facts about Energy
According to the European Commission, the building sector is at present responsible for
more than 40 per cent of EU energy consumption. There are technologies under development,
which could substantially improve the energy performance of buildings up to 99 per cent, by
reducing the conventional energy demand in new and existing buildings and substantially
contributing to reduce energy intensity, through combined measures involving the rational use
of energy and integration of renewable energy technologies
10
.
The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,
agreed to in December 1997, marks an important turning point in efforts to promote the use of
renewable energy worldwide. Since the original Framework Convention was signed at the
Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, climate change has spurred many countries to step up
their support of renewable energy. Even more ambitious efforts to promote renewables have
resulted from the Kyoto pact, which includes legally binding emissions limits for industrial
countries for the first time, and specifically identify promotion of renewable energy as a key
strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions
11
.
Flavin mentioned that coal, oil, and natural gas are all fossil fuels that were formed
millions to hundreds of millions of years ago from decaying prehistoric plants and animals.
Although fossil fuels are still being created today by underground heat and pressure, they are
consumed much more rapidly than they are being created. Fossil fuels are non-renewable,
meaning that they draw on finite resources that will eventually dwindle, becoming too
expensive or too environmentally damaging to retrieve. The search for new reserves of fossil
fuels has already led to oil exploitation along ocean coasts and other environmentally
sensitive areas
12
.
Diner states that a secure supply of energy resources is generally agreed to be a necessary
but not sufficient requirement for development within a society. Furthermore, sustainable
development demands a sustainable supply of energy resources. The implications of these
statements are numerous, and depend on how sustainable is defined. One important
implication of these statements is that sustainable development within a society requires a
supply of energy resources that, in the long term, is readily and sustainably available at


7
Chapter I
Primary Facts about Energy
According to the European Commission, the building sector is at present responsible for
more than 40 per cent of EU energy consumption. There are technologies under development,
which could substantially improve the energy performance of buildings up to 99 per cent, by
reducing the conventional energy demand in new and existing buildings and substantially
contributing to reduce energy intensity, through combined measures involving the rational use
of energy and integration of renewable energy technologies
10
.
The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,
agreed to in December 1997, marks an important turning point in efforts to promote the use of
renewable energy worldwide. Since the original Framework Convention was signed at the
Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, climate change has spurred many countries to step up
their support of renewable energy. Even more ambitious efforts to promote renewables have
resulted from the Kyoto pact, which includes legally binding emissions limits for industrial
countries for the first time, and specifically identify promotion of renewable energy as a key
strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions
11
.
Flavin mentioned that coal, oil, and natural gas are all fossil fuels that were formed
millions to hundreds of millions of years ago from decaying prehistoric plants and animals.
Although fossil fuels are still being created today by underground heat and pressure, they are
consumed much more rapidly than they are being created. Fossil fuels are non-renewable,
meaning that they draw on finite resources that will eventually dwindle, becoming too
expensive or too environmentally damaging to retrieve. The search for new reserves of fossil
fuels has already led to oil exploitation along ocean coasts and other environmentally
sensitive areas
12
.
Diner states that a secure supply of energy resources is generally agreed to be a necessary
but not sufficient requirement for development within a society. Furthermore, sustainable
development demands a sustainable supply of energy resources. The implications of these
statements are numerous, and depend on how sustainable is defined. One important
implication of these statements is that sustainable development within a society requires a
supply of energy resources that, in the long term, is readily and sustainably available at


8
reasonable cost and can be utilized for all required tasks without causing negative societal
impacts
13
.
In the conclusion of the European Conference for Renewable Energy-Intelligent Policy
Options, it is pointed out that a substantial increase in the use of renewable energies is
essential to achieving sustainable development at local, national, European and global levels.
It is also stated that increasing the use of renewables forms part of the strategy of the
European Union and other countries for sustainable development, climate change prevention,
economic growth and social cohesion. Renewable energy is one of the fastest growing
industries in the EU an increased share of renewable energies would diversify, increase
energy autonomy, and improve the security of the energy supply in Europe, in economies of
transition, and in developing countries
14
.
Considering the facts mentioned above, this project possesses a great scientific and above
all application-oriented importance, since the dependence on foreign sources of energy for
developing countries represents a large burden for Turkey and countries with same climate,
on the other hand a high solar radiation potential is present. The sector building places here
the largest consumer portion and thus the largest saving potential.
1.1 Definition and Forms of the Energy
Energy comes from the Greek word energeia and Aristotle describes it as action. As
Kaltschmitt
15
mentioned, the Nobel Prize Laureate German physicist Max Planck defines
energy as the ability of a system to destroy work. He also categorized available energy
sources into three categories. The first two of these sources are the geothermal energy
generated during the formation of the Planet Earth, and the energy through planet movements.
The third category is the solar radiation due to thermonuclear transformation in the sun, which
is then received by the earth.
Schfer states that the energy quantities of these sources are different. The solar radiation
with 99.9 per cent has the largest proportion among all sources. In terms of a closed energy
system, it can be hypothesized that the earth rules in an energetic equilibrium. Due to
atmospheric components the earth's surface receives about half of the solar radiation. The
majority of it is radiated from the earth back into the space. This energy is converted into
fossil energy sources over a long time period, and they form the energy reserves of the earth
16
.


8
reasonable cost and can be utilized for all required tasks without causing negative societal
impacts
13
.
In the conclusion of the European Conference for Renewable Energy-Intelligent Policy
Options, it is pointed out that a substantial increase in the use of renewable energies is
essential to achieving sustainable development at local, national, European and global levels.
It is also stated that increasing the use of renewables forms part of the strategy of the
European Union and other countries for sustainable development, climate change prevention,
economic growth and social cohesion. Renewable energy is one of the fastest growing
industries in the EU an increased share of renewable energies would diversify, increase
energy autonomy, and improve the security of the energy supply in Europe, in economies of
transition, and in developing countries
14
.
Considering the facts mentioned above, this project possesses a great scientific and above
all application-oriented importance, since the dependence on foreign sources of energy for
developing countries represents a large burden for Turkey and countries with same climate,
on the other hand a high solar radiation potential is present. The sector building places here
the largest consumer portion and thus the largest saving potential.
1.1 Definition and Forms of the Energy
Energy comes from the Greek word energeia and Aristotle describes it as action. As
Kaltschmitt
15
mentioned, the Nobel Prize Laureate German physicist Max Planck defines
energy as the ability of a system to destroy work. He also categorized available energy
sources into three categories. The first two of these sources are the geothermal energy
generated during the formation of the Planet Earth, and the energy through planet movements.
The third category is the solar radiation due to thermonuclear transformation in the sun, which
is then received by the earth.
Schfer states that the energy quantities of these sources are different. The solar radiation
with 99.9 per cent has the largest proportion among all sources. In terms of a closed energy
system, it can be hypothesized that the earth rules in an energetic equilibrium. Due to
atmospheric components the earth's surface receives about half of the solar radiation. The
majority of it is radiated from the earth back into the space. This energy is converted into
fossil energy sources over a long time period, and they form the energy reserves of the earth
16
.


8
r e a s o n a b l e c o s t a n d c a n b e u t i l i z e d f o r a l l r e q u i r e d t a s k s w i t h o u t c a u s i n g n e g a t i v e s o c i e t a l
i m p a c t s
1 3
.
I n t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f t h e E u r o p e a n C o n f e r e n c e f o r R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y - I n t e l l i g e n t P o l i c y
O p t i o n s , i t i s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t a s u b s t a n t i a l i n c r e a s e i n t h e u s e o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g i e s i s
e s s e n t i a l t o a c h i e v i n g s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t a t l o c a l , n a t i o n a l , E u r o p e a n a n d g l o b a l l e v e l s .
I t i s a l s o s t a t e d t h a t i n c r e a s i n g t h e u s e o f r e n e w a b l e s f o r m s p a r t o f t h e s t r a t e g y o f t h e
E u r o p e a n U n i o n a n d o t h e r c o u n t r i e s f o r s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t , c l i m a t e c h a n g e p r e v e n t i o n ,
e c o n o m i c g r o w t h a n d s o c i a l c o h e s i o n . R e n e w a b l e e n e r g y i s o n e o f t h e f a s t e s t g r o w i n g
i n d u s t r i e s i n t h e E U a n i n c r e a s e d s h a r e o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g i e s w o u l d d i v e r s i f y , i n c r e a s e
e n e r g y a u t o n o m y , a n d i m p r o v e t h e s e c u r i t y o f t h e e n e r g y s u p p l y i n E u r o p e , i n e c o n o m i e s o f
t r a n s i t i o n , a n d i n d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s
1 4
.
C o n s i d e r i n g t h e f a c t s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , t h i s p r o j e c t p o s s e s s e s a g r e a t s c i e n t i f i c a n d a b o v e
a l l a p p l i c a t i o n - o r i e n t e d i m p o r t a n c e , s i n c e t h e d e p e n d e n c e o n f o r e i g n s o u r c e s o f e n e r g y f o r
d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s r e p r e s e n t s a l a r g e b u r d e n f o r T u r k e y a n d c o u n t r i e s w i t h s a m e c l i m a t e ,
o n t h e o t h e r h a n d a h i g h s o l a r r a d i a t i o n p o t e n t i a l i s p r e s e n t . T h e s e c t o r b u i l d i n g p l a c e s h e r e
t h e l a r g e s t c o n s u m e r p o r t i o n a n d t h u s t h e l a r g e s t s a v i n g p o t e n t i a l .
1 . 1 D e f i n i t i o n a n d F o r m s o f t h e E n e r g y
E n e r g y c o m e s f r o m t h e G r e e k w o r d e n e r g e i a a n d A r i s t o t l e d e s c r i b e s i t a s a c t i o n . A s
K a l t s c h m i t t
1 5
m e n t i o n e d , t h e N o b e l P r i z e L a u r e a t e G e r m a n p h y s i c i s t M a x P l a n c k d e f i n e s
e n e r g y a s t h e a b i l i t y o f a s y s t e m t o d e s t r o y w o r k . H e a l s o c a t e g o r i z e d a v a i l a b l e e n e r g y
s o u r c e s i n t o t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s . T h e f i r s t t w o o f t h e s e s o u r c e s a r e t h e g e o t h e r m a l e n e r g y
g e n e r a t e d d u r i n g t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e P l a n e t E a r t h , a n d t h e e n e r g y t h r o u g h p l a n e t m o v e m e n t s .
T h e t h i r d c a t e g o r y i s t h e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n d u e t o t h e r m o n u c l e a r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n t h e s u n , w h i c h
i s t h e n r e c e i v e d b y t h e e a r t h .
S c h f e r s t a t e s t h a t t h e e n e r g y q u a n t i t i e s o f t h e s e s o u r c e s a r e d i f f e r e n t . T h e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n
w i t h 9 9 . 9 p e r c e n t h a s t h e l a r g e s t p r o p o r t i o n a m o n g a l l s o u r c e s . I n t e r m s o f a c l o s e d e n e r g y
s y s t e m , i t c a n b e h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t t h e e a r t h r u l e s i n a n e n e r g e t i c e q u i l i b r i u m . D u e t o
a t m o s p h e r i c c o m p o n e n t s t h e e a r t h ' s s u r f a c e r e c e i v e s a b o u t h a l f o f t h e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n . T h e
m a j o r i t y o f i t i s r a d i a t e d f r o m t h e e a r t h b a c k i n t o t h e s p a c e . T h i s e n e r g y i s c o n v e r t e d i n t o
f o s s i l e n e r g y s o u r c e s o v e r a l o n g t i m e p e r i o d , a n d t h e y f o r m t h e e n e r g y r e s e r v e s o f t h e e a r t h
1 6
.


8
r e a s o n a b l e c o s t a n d c a n b e u t i l i z e d f o r a l l r e q u i r e d t a s k s w i t h o u t c a u s i n g n e g a t i v e s o c i e t a l
i m p a c t s
1 3
.
I n t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f t h e E u r o p e a n C o n f e r e n c e f o r R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y - I n t e l l i g e n t P o l i c y
O p t i o n s , i t i s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t a s u b s t a n t i a l i n c r e a s e i n t h e u s e o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g i e s i s
e s s e n t i a l t o a c h i e v i n g s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t a t l o c a l , n a t i o n a l , E u r o p e a n a n d g l o b a l l e v e l s .
I t i s a l s o s t a t e d t h a t i n c r e a s i n g t h e u s e o f r e n e w a b l e s f o r m s p a r t o f t h e s t r a t e g y o f t h e
E u r o p e a n U n i o n a n d o t h e r c o u n t r i e s f o r s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t , c l i m a t e c h a n g e p r e v e n t i o n ,
e c o n o m i c g r o w t h a n d s o c i a l c o h e s i o n . R e n e w a b l e e n e r g y i s o n e o f t h e f a s t e s t g r o w i n g
i n d u s t r i e s i n t h e E U a n i n c r e a s e d s h a r e o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g i e s w o u l d d i v e r s i f y , i n c r e a s e
e n e r g y a u t o n o m y , a n d i m p r o v e t h e s e c u r i t y o f t h e e n e r g y s u p p l y i n E u r o p e , i n e c o n o m i e s o f
t r a n s i t i o n , a n d i n d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s
1 4
.
C o n s i d e r i n g t h e f a c t s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , t h i s p r o j e c t p o s s e s s e s a g r e a t s c i e n t i f i c a n d a b o v e
a l l a p p l i c a t i o n - o r i e n t e d i m p o r t a n c e , s i n c e t h e d e p e n d e n c e o n f o r e i g n s o u r c e s o f e n e r g y f o r
d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s r e p r e s e n t s a l a r g e b u r d e n f o r T u r k e y a n d c o u n t r i e s w i t h s a m e c l i m a t e ,
o n t h e o t h e r h a n d a h i g h s o l a r r a d i a t i o n p o t e n t i a l i s p r e s e n t . T h e s e c t o r b u i l d i n g p l a c e s h e r e
t h e l a r g e s t c o n s u m e r p o r t i o n a n d t h u s t h e l a r g e s t s a v i n g p o t e n t i a l .
1 . 1 D e f i n i t i o n a n d F o r m s o f t h e E n e r g y
E n e r g y c o m e s f r o m t h e G r e e k w o r d e n e r g e i a a n d A r i s t o t l e d e s c r i b e s i t a s a c t i o n . A s
K a l t s c h m i t t
1 5
m e n t i o n e d , t h e N o b e l P r i z e L a u r e a t e G e r m a n p h y s i c i s t M a x P l a n c k d e f i n e s
e n e r g y a s t h e a b i l i t y o f a s y s t e m t o d e s t r o y w o r k . H e a l s o c a t e g o r i z e d a v a i l a b l e e n e r g y
s o u r c e s i n t o t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s . T h e f i r s t t w o o f t h e s e s o u r c e s a r e t h e g e o t h e r m a l e n e r g y
g e n e r a t e d d u r i n g t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e P l a n e t E a r t h , a n d t h e e n e r g y t h r o u g h p l a n e t m o v e m e n t s .
T h e t h i r d c a t e g o r y i s t h e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n d u e t o t h e r m o n u c l e a r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n t h e s u n , w h i c h
i s t h e n r e c e i v e d b y t h e e a r t h .
S c h f e r s t a t e s t h a t t h e e n e r g y q u a n t i t i e s o f t h e s e s o u r c e s a r e d i f f e r e n t . T h e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n
w i t h 9 9 . 9 p e r c e n t h a s t h e l a r g e s t p r o p o r t i o n a m o n g a l l s o u r c e s . I n t e r m s o f a c l o s e d e n e r g y
s y s t e m , i t c a n b e h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t t h e e a r t h r u l e s i n a n e n e r g e t i c e q u i l i b r i u m . D u e t o
a t m o s p h e r i c c o m p o n e n t s t h e e a r t h ' s s u r f a c e r e c e i v e s a b o u t h a l f o f t h e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n . T h e
m a j o r i t y o f i t i s r a d i a t e d f r o m t h e e a r t h b a c k i n t o t h e s p a c e . T h i s e n e r g y i s c o n v e r t e d i n t o
f o s s i l e n e r g y s o u r c e s o v e r a l o n g t i m e p e r i o d , a n d t h e y f o r m t h e e n e r g y r e s e r v e s o f t h e e a r t h
1 6
.


9
F i n a l l y , t h e i n t e n s i v e u s e o f t h e s e r e s e r v e s c a n s e t f r e e m o r e e n e r g y t h a n t h e e n e r g y
d e s c r i b e d a s r e s e r v e s . T h e d e f i n i t i o n o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y e m e r g e s a t t h i s p o i n t . I t m e a n s t h e
e n e r g y , w h i c h i s f e d f r o m t h e t h r e e s o u r c e s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , a n d t h e y a r e c o n s i d e r e d a s
i n e x h a u s t i b l e .
1 . 1 . 1 E n e r g y f o r m s
T h e e n e r g y o f t h e e a r t h f r o m t h e t h r e e p r i m a r y e n e r g y s o u r c e s ; s o l a r r a d i a t i o n , g e o t h e r m a l
h e a t , a n d g r a v i t a t i o n , a p p e a r s i n d i f f e r e n t f o r m s . N u c l e a r e n e r g y i s a c o m p l e m e n t a r y s o u r c e ,
w h i c h i s a l s o n o t r e n e w a b l e . F o s s i l f o r m s f o r m e d b y s o l a r r a d i a t i o n o v e r a l o n g t i m e a r e n o t
c o n s i d e r e d a s r e n e w a b l e . H e n c e , e n e r g y f o r m s c a n b e d e f i n e d a s :
N u c l e a r p o w e r , w h i c h c a n b e u s e d i n t h e f o r m o f n u c l e a r f i s s i o n o r f u s i o n
T h e f o s s i l s o u r c e s o f e n e r g y a s p r o d u c t s o f p a s s e d s o l a r r a d i a t i o n : C o a l , o i l , n a t u r a l g a s
G e o t h e r m a l p o w e r f r o m e a r t h a s h e a t s o u r c e , a n d t i d a l e n e r g y c a u s e d b y g r a v i t a t i o n
T h e r e n e w a b l e s o u r c e s o f e n e r g y b y c u r r e n t s o l a r r a d i a t i o n : G l o b a l r a d i a t i o n , g e o t h e r m a l
h e a t o n t h e e a r t h s u r f a c e , a t m o s p h e r i c w a r m t h , w i n d , s e a w a r m t h , s e a c u r r e n t , w a v e
m o v e m e n t , r u n w a t e r , a n d b i o m a s s .
1 . 1 . 2 A r c h i t e c t u r a l r e l e v a n c e o f t h e r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s
R e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s , w h i c h p a r t i c u l a r l y h a v e a n i n t e r f a c e t o a r c h i t e c t u r e i n t e r m s o f
u s i n g a c t i v e s y s t e m s , a r e a n a l y z e d i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h i s w o r k . H e r e b y , s o m e f a c t o r s l i k e l o c a l
a p p l i c a t i o n , s t r u c t u r a l c o n s e q u e n c e s , b u i l d i n g i n t e g r a t i o n , a n d d e p e n d e n c y o n p l a c e o f
i n s t a l l a t i o n , p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e . I f w e c o n s i d e r t h e s e a s p e c t s , w e a r e a b l e t o r e a c h t h e s e
r e s u l t s f o r c o n d i t i o n s i n B o d r u m :
T h e t h e r m a l s o l a r a n d p h o t o v o l t a i c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s y s t e m s o f g l o b a l r a d i a t i o n a r e s u i t a b l e
f o r l o c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s . T h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f s u c h s y s t e m s h a s s t r u c t u r a l c o n s e q u e n c e s a n d
d e p e n d s o n t h e l o c a t i o n . T h e y a r e q u i t e m a t u r e s y s t e m s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y a r e e x t r e m e l y
s u i t a b l e f o r f u r t h e r a n a l y s e s .
A l t h o u g h t h e g e o t h e r m a l e n e r g y o n t h e e a r t h s u r f a c e i s s u i t a b l e a s a n o p t i o n f o r t h e
b u i l d i n g e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n , i t i s o n l y t h e o r e t i c a l l y e x a m i n e d i n t h i s w o r k . L a c k o f n e c e s s a r y
d a t a p r e v e n t s f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . T h e r e a r e a l s o w i n d - p o w e r p l a n t s w i t h a s m a l l c a p a c i t y
r a n g e f o r r e s i d e n t i a l u s e . B e c a u s e o f t h e h i g h s t r u c t u r a l c o n s e q u e n c e s t h i s s o u r c e i s n o t


9
F i n a l l y , t h e i n t e n s i v e u s e o f t h e s e r e s e r v e s c a n s e t f r e e m o r e e n e r g y t h a n t h e e n e r g y
d e s c r i b e d a s r e s e r v e s . T h e d e f i n i t i o n o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y e m e r g e s a t t h i s p o i n t . I t m e a n s t h e
e n e r g y , w h i c h i s f e d f r o m t h e t h r e e s o u r c e s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , a n d t h e y a r e c o n s i d e r e d a s
i n e x h a u s t i b l e .
1 . 1 . 1 E n e r g y f o r m s
T h e e n e r g y o f t h e e a r t h f r o m t h e t h r e e p r i m a r y e n e r g y s o u r c e s ; s o l a r r a d i a t i o n , g e o t h e r m a l
h e a t , a n d g r a v i t a t i o n , a p p e a r s i n d i f f e r e n t f o r m s . N u c l e a r e n e r g y i s a c o m p l e m e n t a r y s o u r c e ,
w h i c h i s a l s o n o t r e n e w a b l e . F o s s i l f o r m s f o r m e d b y s o l a r r a d i a t i o n o v e r a l o n g t i m e a r e n o t
c o n s i d e r e d a s r e n e w a b l e . H e n c e , e n e r g y f o r m s c a n b e d e f i n e d a s :
N u c l e a r p o w e r , w h i c h c a n b e u s e d i n t h e f o r m o f n u c l e a r f i s s i o n o r f u s i o n
T h e f o s s i l s o u r c e s o f e n e r g y a s p r o d u c t s o f p a s s e d s o l a r r a d i a t i o n : C o a l , o i l , n a t u r a l g a s
G e o t h e r m a l p o w e r f r o m e a r t h a s h e a t s o u r c e , a n d t i d a l e n e r g y c a u s e d b y g r a v i t a t i o n
T h e r e n e w a b l e s o u r c e s o f e n e r g y b y c u r r e n t s o l a r r a d i a t i o n : G l o b a l r a d i a t i o n , g e o t h e r m a l
h e a t o n t h e e a r t h s u r f a c e , a t m o s p h e r i c w a r m t h , w i n d , s e a w a r m t h , s e a c u r r e n t , w a v e
m o v e m e n t , r u n w a t e r , a n d b i o m a s s .
1 . 1 . 2 A r c h i t e c t u r a l r e l e v a n c e o f t h e r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s
R e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s , w h i c h p a r t i c u l a r l y h a v e a n i n t e r f a c e t o a r c h i t e c t u r e i n t e r m s o f
u s i n g a c t i v e s y s t e m s , a r e a n a l y z e d i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h i s w o r k . H e r e b y , s o m e f a c t o r s l i k e l o c a l
a p p l i c a t i o n , s t r u c t u r a l c o n s e q u e n c e s , b u i l d i n g i n t e g r a t i o n , a n d d e p e n d e n c y o n p l a c e o f
i n s t a l l a t i o n , p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e . I f w e c o n s i d e r t h e s e a s p e c t s , w e a r e a b l e t o r e a c h t h e s e
r e s u l t s f o r c o n d i t i o n s i n B o d r u m :
T h e t h e r m a l s o l a r a n d p h o t o v o l t a i c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s y s t e m s o f g l o b a l r a d i a t i o n a r e s u i t a b l e
f o r l o c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s . T h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f s u c h s y s t e m s h a s s t r u c t u r a l c o n s e q u e n c e s a n d
d e p e n d s o n t h e l o c a t i o n . T h e y a r e q u i t e m a t u r e s y s t e m s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y a r e e x t r e m e l y
s u i t a b l e f o r f u r t h e r a n a l y s e s .
A l t h o u g h t h e g e o t h e r m a l e n e r g y o n t h e e a r t h s u r f a c e i s s u i t a b l e a s a n o p t i o n f o r t h e
b u i l d i n g e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n , i t i s o n l y t h e o r e t i c a l l y e x a m i n e d i n t h i s w o r k . L a c k o f n e c e s s a r y
d a t a p r e v e n t s f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . T h e r e a r e a l s o w i n d - p o w e r p l a n t s w i t h a s m a l l c a p a c i t y
r a n g e f o r r e s i d e n t i a l u s e . B e c a u s e o f t h e h i g h s t r u c t u r a l c o n s e q u e n c e s t h i s s o u r c e i s n o t


9
Finally, the intensive use of these reserves can set free more energy than the energy
described as reserves. The definition of renewable energy emerges at this point. It means the
energy, which is fed from the three sources mentioned above, and they are considered as
inexhaustible.
1.1.1 Energy forms
The energy of the earth from the three primary energy sources; solar radiation, geothermal
heat, and gravitation, appears in different forms. Nuclear energy is a complementary source,
which is also not renewable. Fossil forms formed by solar radiation over a long time are not
considered as renewable. Hence, energy forms can be defined as:
Nuclear power, which can be used in the form of nuclear fission or fusion
The fossil sources of energy as products of passed solar radiation: Coal, oil, natural gas
Geothermal power from earth as heat source, and tidal energy caused by gravitation
The renewable sources of energy by current solar radiation: Global radiation, geothermal
heat on the earth surface, atmospheric warmth, wind, sea warmth, sea current, wave
movement, run water, and biomass.
1.1.2 Architectural relevance of the renewable energy sources
Renewable energy sources, which particularly have an interface to architecture in terms of
using active systems, are analyzed in the context of this work. Hereby, some factors like local
application, structural consequences, building integration, and dependency on place of
installation, play an important role. If we consider these aspects, we are able to reach these
results for conditions in Bodrum:
The thermal solar and photovoltaic transformation systems of global radiation are suitable
for local applications. The installation of such systems has structural consequences and
depends on the location. They are quite mature systems. Therefore, they are extremely
suitable for further analyses.
Although the geothermal energy on the earth surface is suitable as an option for the
building energy production, it is only theoretically examined in this work. Lack of necessary
data prevents further investigations. There are also wind-power plants with a small capacity
range for residential use. Because of the high structural consequences this source is not


9
Finally, the intensive use of these reserves can set free more energy than the energy
described as reserves. The definition of renewable energy emerges at this point. It means the
energy, which is fed from the three sources mentioned above, and they are considered as
inexhaustible.
1.1.1 Energy forms
The energy of the earth from the three primary energy sources; solar radiation, geothermal
heat, and gravitation, appears in different forms. Nuclear energy is a complementary source,
which is also not renewable. Fossil forms formed by solar radiation over a long time are not
considered as renewable. Hence, energy forms can be defined as:
Nuclear power, which can be used in the form of nuclear fission or fusion
The fossil sources of energy as products of passed solar radiation: Coal, oil, natural gas
Geothermal power from earth as heat source, and tidal energy caused by gravitation
The renewable sources of energy by current solar radiation: Global radiation, geothermal
heat on the earth surface, atmospheric warmth, wind, sea warmth, sea current, wave
movement, run water, and biomass.
1.1.2 Architectural relevance of the renewable energy sources
Renewable energy sources, which particularly have an interface to architecture in terms of
using active systems, are analyzed in the context of this work. Hereby, some factors like local
application, structural consequences, building integration, and dependency on place of
installation, play an important role. If we consider these aspects, we are able to reach these
results for conditions in Bodrum:
The thermal solar and photovoltaic transformation systems of global radiation are suitable
for local applications. The installation of such systems has structural consequences and
depends on the location. They are quite mature systems. Therefore, they are extremely
suitable for further analyses.
Although the geothermal energy on the earth surface is suitable as an option for the
building energy production, it is only theoretically examined in this work. Lack of necessary
data prevents further investigations. There are also wind-power plants with a small capacity
range for residential use. Because of the high structural consequences this source is not


10
considered in the present work. Furthermore, other forms of energy are not related with
residential architecture directly. Therefore, they are not considered either.
1.2 A brief look at the energy sector in Turkey
According to the Turkish Industrialists and Businessmens Association (TUSIAD),
although Turkey utilises multiple energy resources, it is an energy importing country, since
domestic resources are limited. More than half of the primary energy consumption in the
country is met by imports and the share of imports continues to increase each year. Therefore,
if the country wants to supply its demand from domestic resources (such as lignite, hard coal,
oil and natural gas) the increase in renewable energy resources must be realised in a
reasonable time period
17
.
1.2.1 Numbers about using renewables
As Kaygusuz (2002) has summarized: The total renewable energy production and
consumption of Turkey are equal to each other, varying from 9.3 to 10.8 million Toe each for
the 19881998 period. Their share in total energy production varies on average between 37
43 per cent, while in total consumption between 1522 per cent for the same period. Among
the production of renewables, biomass, including wood and dung, was the highest in 1988,
reaching 7.8 million tones of oil equivalent (toe). The second highest is hydroelectric
production, which reached 3.5 million toe in 1998. The production of geothermal and solar
energy is comparably negligible, ranging from 71 to 354 thousand toe between 1988 and
1998. On the positive side, Turkeys first wind farm was commissioned in 1998, and has a
capacity of 1.5 MW. Capacity is likely to grow rapidly, with plans submitted for just under a
further 600 MW of independent facilities of which 57 MW is at an advanced stage in
negotiations
18
.
1.2.2 Renewable energy use and savings
In Turkey approximately 30,000 solar water heating systems have been installed since the
1980s. This is a minute fraction of the total potential. About 50 per cent of existing dwellings
could be fitted effectively with a solar water heater. If this potential were extended to 2025,
the deployment of approximately 5 million systems (allowing for a rise in the Turkish housing
stock) would be required. This could save an estimated 30 PJ (9.0 TWh) per year of oil, coal


10
considered in the present work. Furthermore, other forms of energy are not related with
residential architecture directly. Therefore, they are not considered either.
1.2 A brief look at the energy sector in Turkey
According to the Turkish Industrialists and Businessmens Association (TUSIAD),
although Turkey utilises multiple energy resources, it is an energy importing country, since
domestic resources are limited. More than half of the primary energy consumption in the
country is met by imports and the share of imports continues to increase each year. Therefore,
if the country wants to supply its demand from domestic resources (such as lignite, hard coal,
oil and natural gas) the increase in renewable energy resources must be realised in a
reasonable time period
17
.
1.2.1 Numbers about using renewables
As Kaygusuz (2002) has summarized: The total renewable energy production and
consumption of Turkey are equal to each other, varying from 9.3 to 10.8 million Toe each for
the 19881998 period. Their share in total energy production varies on average between 37
43 per cent, while in total consumption between 1522 per cent for the same period. Among
the production of renewables, biomass, including wood and dung, was the highest in 1988,
reaching 7.8 million tones of oil equivalent (toe). The second highest is hydroelectric
production, which reached 3.5 million toe in 1998. The production of geothermal and solar
energy is comparably negligible, ranging from 71 to 354 thousand toe between 1988 and
1998. On the positive side, Turkeys first wind farm was commissioned in 1998, and has a
capacity of 1.5 MW. Capacity is likely to grow rapidly, with plans submitted for just under a
further 600 MW of independent facilities of which 57 MW is at an advanced stage in
negotiations
18
.
1.2.2 Renewable energy use and savings
In Turkey approximately 30,000 solar water heating systems have been installed since the
1980s. This is a minute fraction of the total potential. About 50 per cent of existing dwellings
could be fitted effectively with a solar water heater. If this potential were extended to 2025,
the deployment of approximately 5 million systems (allowing for a rise in the Turkish housing
stock) would be required. This could save an estimated 30 PJ (9.0 TWh) per year of oil, coal


1 0
c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e p r e s e n t w o r k . F u r t h e r m o r e , o t h e r f o r m s o f e n e r g y a r e n o t r e l a t e d w i t h
r e s i d e n t i a l a r c h i t e c t u r e d i r e c t l y . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y a r e n o t c o n s i d e r e d e i t h e r .
1 . 2 A b r i e f l o o k a t t h e e n e r g y s e c t o r i n T u r k e y
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e T u r k i s h I n d u s t r i a l i s t s a n d B u s i n e s s m e n s A s s o c i a t i o n ( T U S I A D ) ,
a l t h o u g h T u r k e y u t i l i s e s m u l t i p l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s , i t i s a n e n e r g y i m p o r t i n g c o u n t r y , s i n c e
d o m e s t i c r e s o u r c e s a r e l i m i t e d . M o r e t h a n h a l f o f t h e p r i m a r y e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n i n t h e
c o u n t r y i s m e t b y i m p o r t s a n d t h e s h a r e o f i m p o r t s c o n t i n u e s t o i n c r e a s e e a c h y e a r . T h e r e f o r e ,
i f t h e c o u n t r y w a n t s t o s u p p l y i t s d e m a n d f r o m d o m e s t i c r e s o u r c e s ( s u c h a s l i g n i t e , h a r d c o a l ,
o i l a n d n a t u r a l g a s ) t h e i n c r e a s e i n r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s m u s t b e r e a l i s e d i n a
r e a s o n a b l e t i m e p e r i o d
1 7
.
1 . 2 . 1 N u m b e r s a b o u t u s i n g r e n e w a b l e s
A s K a y g u s u z ( 2 0 0 2 ) h a s s u m m a r i z e d : T h e t o t a l r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n a n d
c o n s u m p t i o n o f T u r k e y a r e e q u a l t o e a c h o t h e r , v a r y i n g f r o m 9 . 3 t o 1 0 . 8 m i l l i o n T o e e a c h f o r
t h e 1 9 8 8 1 9 9 8 p e r i o d . T h e i r s h a r e i n t o t a l e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n v a r i e s o n a v e r a g e b e t w e e n 3 7
4 3 p e r c e n t , w h i l e i n t o t a l c o n s u m p t i o n b e t w e e n 1 5 2 2 p e r c e n t f o r t h e s a m e p e r i o d . A m o n g
t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f r e n e w a b l e s , b i o m a s s , i n c l u d i n g w o o d a n d d u n g , w a s t h e h i g h e s t i n 1 9 8 8 ,
r e a c h i n g 7 . 8 m i l l i o n t o n e s o f o i l e q u i v a l e n t ( t o e ) . T h e s e c o n d h i g h e s t i s h y d r o e l e c t r i c
p r o d u c t i o n , w h i c h r e a c h e d 3 . 5 m i l l i o n t o e i n 1 9 9 8 . T h e p r o d u c t i o n o f g e o t h e r m a l a n d s o l a r
e n e r g y i s c o m p a r a b l y n e g l i g i b l e , r a n g i n g f r o m 7 1 t o 3 5 4 t h o u s a n d t o e b e t w e e n 1 9 8 8 a n d
1 9 9 8 . O n t h e p o s i t i v e s i d e , T u r k e y s f i r s t w i n d f a r m w a s c o m m i s s i o n e d i n 1 9 9 8 , a n d h a s a
c a p a c i t y o f 1 . 5 M W . C a p a c i t y i s l i k e l y t o g r o w r a p i d l y , w i t h p l a n s s u b m i t t e d f o r j u s t u n d e r a
f u r t h e r 6 0 0 M W o f i n d e p e n d e n t f a c i l i t i e s o f w h i c h 5 7 M W i s a t a n a d v a n c e d s t a g e i n
n e g o t i a t i o n s
1 8
.
1 . 2 . 2 R e n e w a b l e e n e r g y u s e a n d s a v i n g s
I n T u r k e y a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 0 , 0 0 0 s o l a r w a t e r h e a t i n g s y s t e m s h a v e b e e n i n s t a l l e d s i n c e t h e
1 9 8 0 s . T h i s i s a m i n u t e f r a c t i o n o f t h e t o t a l p o t e n t i a l . A b o u t 5 0 p e r c e n t o f e x i s t i n g d w e l l i n g s
c o u l d b e f i t t e d e f f e c t i v e l y w i t h a s o l a r w a t e r h e a t e r . I f t h i s p o t e n t i a l w e r e e x t e n d e d t o 2 0 2 5 ,
t h e d e p l o y m e n t o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 m i l l i o n s y s t e m s ( a l l o w i n g f o r a r i s e i n t h e T u r k i s h h o u s i n g
s t o c k ) w o u l d b e r e q u i r e d . T h i s c o u l d s a v e a n e s t i m a t e d 3 0 P J ( 9 . 0 T W h ) p e r y e a r o f o i l , c o a l


1 0
c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e p r e s e n t w o r k . F u r t h e r m o r e , o t h e r f o r m s o f e n e r g y a r e n o t r e l a t e d w i t h
r e s i d e n t i a l a r c h i t e c t u r e d i r e c t l y . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y a r e n o t c o n s i d e r e d e i t h e r .
1 . 2 A b r i e f l o o k a t t h e e n e r g y s e c t o r i n T u r k e y
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e T u r k i s h I n d u s t r i a l i s t s a n d B u s i n e s s m e n s A s s o c i a t i o n ( T U S I A D ) ,
a l t h o u g h T u r k e y u t i l i s e s m u l t i p l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s , i t i s a n e n e r g y i m p o r t i n g c o u n t r y , s i n c e
d o m e s t i c r e s o u r c e s a r e l i m i t e d . M o r e t h a n h a l f o f t h e p r i m a r y e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n i n t h e
c o u n t r y i s m e t b y i m p o r t s a n d t h e s h a r e o f i m p o r t s c o n t i n u e s t o i n c r e a s e e a c h y e a r . T h e r e f o r e ,
i f t h e c o u n t r y w a n t s t o s u p p l y i t s d e m a n d f r o m d o m e s t i c r e s o u r c e s ( s u c h a s l i g n i t e , h a r d c o a l ,
o i l a n d n a t u r a l g a s ) t h e i n c r e a s e i n r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s m u s t b e r e a l i s e d i n a
r e a s o n a b l e t i m e p e r i o d
1 7
.
1 . 2 . 1 N u m b e r s a b o u t u s i n g r e n e w a b l e s
A s K a y g u s u z ( 2 0 0 2 ) h a s s u m m a r i z e d : T h e t o t a l r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n a n d
c o n s u m p t i o n o f T u r k e y a r e e q u a l t o e a c h o t h e r , v a r y i n g f r o m 9 . 3 t o 1 0 . 8 m i l l i o n T o e e a c h f o r
t h e 1 9 8 8 1 9 9 8 p e r i o d . T h e i r s h a r e i n t o t a l e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n v a r i e s o n a v e r a g e b e t w e e n 3 7
4 3 p e r c e n t , w h i l e i n t o t a l c o n s u m p t i o n b e t w e e n 1 5 2 2 p e r c e n t f o r t h e s a m e p e r i o d . A m o n g
t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f r e n e w a b l e s , b i o m a s s , i n c l u d i n g w o o d a n d d u n g , w a s t h e h i g h e s t i n 1 9 8 8 ,
r e a c h i n g 7 . 8 m i l l i o n t o n e s o f o i l e q u i v a l e n t ( t o e ) . T h e s e c o n d h i g h e s t i s h y d r o e l e c t r i c
p r o d u c t i o n , w h i c h r e a c h e d 3 . 5 m i l l i o n t o e i n 1 9 9 8 . T h e p r o d u c t i o n o f g e o t h e r m a l a n d s o l a r
e n e r g y i s c o m p a r a b l y n e g l i g i b l e , r a n g i n g f r o m 7 1 t o 3 5 4 t h o u s a n d t o e b e t w e e n 1 9 8 8 a n d
1 9 9 8 . O n t h e p o s i t i v e s i d e , T u r k e y s f i r s t w i n d f a r m w a s c o m m i s s i o n e d i n 1 9 9 8 , a n d h a s a
c a p a c i t y o f 1 . 5 M W . C a p a c i t y i s l i k e l y t o g r o w r a p i d l y , w i t h p l a n s s u b m i t t e d f o r j u s t u n d e r a
f u r t h e r 6 0 0 M W o f i n d e p e n d e n t f a c i l i t i e s o f w h i c h 5 7 M W i s a t a n a d v a n c e d s t a g e i n
n e g o t i a t i o n s
1 8
.
1 . 2 . 2 R e n e w a b l e e n e r g y u s e a n d s a v i n g s
I n T u r k e y a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 0 , 0 0 0 s o l a r w a t e r h e a t i n g s y s t e m s h a v e b e e n i n s t a l l e d s i n c e t h e
1 9 8 0 s . T h i s i s a m i n u t e f r a c t i o n o f t h e t o t a l p o t e n t i a l . A b o u t 5 0 p e r c e n t o f e x i s t i n g d w e l l i n g s
c o u l d b e f i t t e d e f f e c t i v e l y w i t h a s o l a r w a t e r h e a t e r . I f t h i s p o t e n t i a l w e r e e x t e n d e d t o 2 0 2 5 ,
t h e d e p l o y m e n t o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 m i l l i o n s y s t e m s ( a l l o w i n g f o r a r i s e i n t h e T u r k i s h h o u s i n g
s t o c k ) w o u l d b e r e q u i r e d . T h i s c o u l d s a v e a n e s t i m a t e d 3 0 P J ( 9 . 0 T W h ) p e r y e a r o f o i l , c o a l


1 1
a n d g a s a n d 2 . 0 T W h p e r y e a r o f e l e c t r i c i t y , g i v i n g a s a v i n g o f 5 . 0 m i l l i o n t o n n e s o f C O
2
p e r
y e a r , o r j u s t u n d e r o n e p e r c e n t o f c u r r e n t T u r k e y C O
2
p r o d u c t i o n .

F i g u r e 1 S o l a r M a p o f T u r k e y ( P V G I S )
1 . 3 S o l a r e n e r g y p o t e n t i a l i n T u r k e y
T u r k e y l i e s i n a s u n b e l t b e t w e e n 3 6 " a n d 4 2 " N l a t i t u d e s . T h e y e a r l y a v e r a g e s o l a r
r a d i a t i o n i s 3 . 6 k W h / m
2
p e r d a y , a n d t h e t o t a l y e a r l y r a d i a t i o n p e r i o d i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 , 6 4 0
h o u r s , w h i c h p r o v i d e s a d e q u a t e e n e r g y f o r s o l a r t h e r m a l a p p l i c a t i o n s . L i k e T a s d e m i r o g l u e t
a l . s t a t e t h a t i n s p i t e o f t h i s h i g h p o t e n t i a l , s o l a r e n e r g y t e c h n o l o g i e s a r e n o t n o w w i d e l y u s e d ,
e x c e p t f o r f l a t - p l a t e s o l a r c o l l e c t o r s f o r d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e c o a s t a l r e g i o n s .
I n 1 9 9 8 , a b o u t 3 . 0 m i l l i o n m
2
s o l a r c o l l e c t o r s w e r e p r o d u c e d a n d i t i s p r e d i c t e d t h a t t o t a l s o l a r
e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n i s a b o u t 0 . 0 8 m i l l i o n t o n o f o i l e q u i v a l e n t ( s o u r c e 1 4 ) . T h e g l o b a l s o l a r
r a d i a t i o n i n c i d e n t o n a h o r i z o n t a l s u r f a c e a n d b r i g h t s u n s h i n e h o u r s a r e m e a s u r e d b y a l l
r e c o r d i n g s t a t i o n s i n T u r k e y , a n d s o l a r r a d i a t i o n m o d e l s f o r T u r k e y a r e r e p o r t e d
1 9
.
1 . 3 . 1 S o l a r h e a t p u m p c o m b i n a t i o n
T h e l a r g e s t n u m b e r o f h e a t p u m p s c u r r e n t l y i n u s e a r e s m a l l r e v e r s i b l e u n i t s w h i c h c a n
p r o v i d e b o t h h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g , f o r i n d i v i d u a l r o o m s , h o u s e s , s h o p s , o f f i c e s , s c h o o l s a n d
i n s t i t u t i o n a l b u i l d i n g s
2 0
.


1 1
a n d g a s a n d 2 . 0 T W h p e r y e a r o f e l e c t r i c i t y , g i v i n g a s a v i n g o f 5 . 0 m i l l i o n t o n n e s o f C O
2
p e r
y e a r , o r j u s t u n d e r o n e p e r c e n t o f c u r r e n t T u r k e y C O
2
p r o d u c t i o n .

F i g u r e 1 S o l a r M a p o f T u r k e y ( P V G I S )
1 . 3 S o l a r e n e r g y p o t e n t i a l i n T u r k e y
T u r k e y l i e s i n a s u n b e l t b e t w e e n 3 6 " a n d 4 2 " N l a t i t u d e s . T h e y e a r l y a v e r a g e s o l a r
r a d i a t i o n i s 3 . 6 k W h / m
2
p e r d a y , a n d t h e t o t a l y e a r l y r a d i a t i o n p e r i o d i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 , 6 4 0
h o u r s , w h i c h p r o v i d e s a d e q u a t e e n e r g y f o r s o l a r t h e r m a l a p p l i c a t i o n s . L i k e T a s d e m i r o g l u e t
a l . s t a t e t h a t i n s p i t e o f t h i s h i g h p o t e n t i a l , s o l a r e n e r g y t e c h n o l o g i e s a r e n o t n o w w i d e l y u s e d ,
e x c e p t f o r f l a t - p l a t e s o l a r c o l l e c t o r s f o r d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e c o a s t a l r e g i o n s .
I n 1 9 9 8 , a b o u t 3 . 0 m i l l i o n m
2
s o l a r c o l l e c t o r s w e r e p r o d u c e d a n d i t i s p r e d i c t e d t h a t t o t a l s o l a r
e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n i s a b o u t 0 . 0 8 m i l l i o n t o n o f o i l e q u i v a l e n t ( s o u r c e 1 4 ) . T h e g l o b a l s o l a r
r a d i a t i o n i n c i d e n t o n a h o r i z o n t a l s u r f a c e a n d b r i g h t s u n s h i n e h o u r s a r e m e a s u r e d b y a l l
r e c o r d i n g s t a t i o n s i n T u r k e y , a n d s o l a r r a d i a t i o n m o d e l s f o r T u r k e y a r e r e p o r t e d
1 9
.
1 . 3 . 1 S o l a r h e a t p u m p c o m b i n a t i o n
T h e l a r g e s t n u m b e r o f h e a t p u m p s c u r r e n t l y i n u s e a r e s m a l l r e v e r s i b l e u n i t s w h i c h c a n
p r o v i d e b o t h h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g , f o r i n d i v i d u a l r o o m s , h o u s e s , s h o p s , o f f i c e s , s c h o o l s a n d
i n s t i t u t i o n a l b u i l d i n g s
2 0
.


11
and gas and 2.0 TWh per year of electricity, giving a saving of 5.0 million tonnes of CO
2
per
year, or just under one per cent of current Turkey CO
2
production.

Figure 1 Solar Map of Turkey (PVGIS)
1.3 Solar energy potential in Turkey
Turkey lies in a sun belt between 36" and 42"N latitudes. The yearly average solar
radiation is 3.6 kWh/m
2
per day, and the total yearly radiation period is approximately 2,640
hours, which provides adequate energy for solar thermal applications. Like Tasdemiroglu et
al. state that in spite of this high potential, solar energy technologies are not now widely used,
except for flat-plate solar collectors for domestic hot water production in the coastal regions.
In 1998, about 3.0 million m
2
solar collectors were produced and it is predicted that total solar
energy production is about 0.08 million ton of oil equivalent (source 14). The global solar
radiation incident on a horizontal surface and bright sunshine hours are measured by all
recording stations in Turkey, and solar radiation models for Turkey are reported
19
.
1.3.1 Solar heat pump combination
The largest number of heat pumps currently in use are small reversible units which can
provide both heating and cooling, for individual rooms, houses, shops, offices, schools and
institutional buildings
20
.


11
and gas and 2.0 TWh per year of electricity, giving a saving of 5.0 million tonnes of CO
2
per
year, or just under one per cent of current Turkey CO
2
production.

Figure 1 Solar Map of Turkey (PVGIS)
1.3 Solar energy potential in Turkey
Turkey lies in a sun belt between 36" and 42"N latitudes. The yearly average solar
radiation is 3.6 kWh/m
2
per day, and the total yearly radiation period is approximately 2,640
hours, which provides adequate energy for solar thermal applications. Like Tasdemiroglu et
al. state that in spite of this high potential, solar energy technologies are not now widely used,
except for flat-plate solar collectors for domestic hot water production in the coastal regions.
In 1998, about 3.0 million m
2
solar collectors were produced and it is predicted that total solar
energy production is about 0.08 million ton of oil equivalent (source 14). The global solar
radiation incident on a horizontal surface and bright sunshine hours are measured by all
recording stations in Turkey, and solar radiation models for Turkey are reported
19
.
1.3.1 Solar heat pump combination
The largest number of heat pumps currently in use are small reversible units which can
provide both heating and cooling, for individual rooms, houses, shops, offices, schools and
institutional buildings
20
.


12
Solar energy and heat pump systems reduce the consumption of fossil-fuel resources, and
the cost of delivered energy for residential heating. An interesting extension of each is the
combining of the two in order to further reduce the cost of delivered energy. Solar heat-pump
systems can be classified according to the source of heat that supplies the evaporator of the
heat pump as parallel, series, or dual. In parallel systems, the heat pump receives energy from
the outdoor air, and the collected solar energy is supplied directly for either space heating or
for heating water.
Kaygusuz (1999) et al. note that solar energy is supplied to the evaporator of the heat pump
in the series system, thereby raising its temperature and increasing the coefficient of
performance (COP). In the dual source configuration, the evaporator is designed so that it can
receive energy from either the outdoor air or from the solar-energy store
21
.
1.3.2 Photovoltaic energy
Currently Turkey does not have an organized photovoltaic (PV) program. Global energy
strategies and policies are laid down in periodic five years development plans. The
government has no current policy on PV production. However, it has encouraged investment
in the energy sector through some financial incentives. The potential of Turkey as a PV
market is very large, since the country is very suitable in terms of solar radiation and has large
areas of available land for solar farms. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA),
there are more than 30,000 small residential areas where solar powered electricity would
currently likely be more economical than grid supply
22
.
1.3.3 General use of solar water systems in Turkey
Tiris et al state: Typical solar water heaters in Turkey are of the thermosyphon type and
consist of two flat plate solar collectors, having an absorber area between 3 and 4 m
2
, a
storage tank [water used as a sensible heat storage (SHS) medium] with capacity between
150200 l and a cold water storage tank, all installed on a suitable frame. The cold-water tank
is used to store water because of the fact shortage problems mean that the supply is
intermittent. However, the installations are mostly a matter of trial and error. There are quite a
large number of different manufacturers producing collectors of varying types and
performances
23
-
24
.


12
Solar energy and heat pump systems reduce the consumption of fossil-fuel resources, and
the cost of delivered energy for residential heating. An interesting extension of each is the
combining of the two in order to further reduce the cost of delivered energy. Solar heat-pump
systems can be classified according to the source of heat that supplies the evaporator of the
heat pump as parallel, series, or dual. In parallel systems, the heat pump receives energy from
the outdoor air, and the collected solar energy is supplied directly for either space heating or
for heating water.
Kaygusuz (1999) et al. note that solar energy is supplied to the evaporator of the heat pump
in the series system, thereby raising its temperature and increasing the coefficient of
performance (COP). In the dual source configuration, the evaporator is designed so that it can
receive energy from either the outdoor air or from the solar-energy store
21
.
1.3.2 Photovoltaic energy
Currently Turkey does not have an organized photovoltaic (PV) program. Global energy
strategies and policies are laid down in periodic five years development plans. The
government has no current policy on PV production. However, it has encouraged investment
in the energy sector through some financial incentives. The potential of Turkey as a PV
market is very large, since the country is very suitable in terms of solar radiation and has large
areas of available land for solar farms. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA),
there are more than 30,000 small residential areas where solar powered electricity would
currently likely be more economical than grid supply
22
.
1.3.3 General use of solar water systems in Turkey
Tiris et al state: Typical solar water heaters in Turkey are of the thermosyphon type and
consist of two flat plate solar collectors, having an absorber area between 3 and 4 m
2
, a
storage tank [water used as a sensible heat storage (SHS) medium] with capacity between
150200 l and a cold water storage tank, all installed on a suitable frame. The cold-water tank
is used to store water because of the fact shortage problems mean that the supply is
intermittent. However, the installations are mostly a matter of trial and error. There are quite a
large number of different manufacturers producing collectors of varying types and
performances
23
-
24
.


1 2
S o l a r e n e r g y a n d h e a t p u m p s y s t e m s r e d u c e t h e c o n s u m p t i o n o f f o s s i l - f u e l r e s o u r c e s , a n d
t h e c o s t o f d e l i v e r e d e n e r g y f o r r e s i d e n t i a l h e a t i n g . A n i n t e r e s t i n g e x t e n s i o n o f e a c h i s t h e
c o m b i n i n g o f t h e t w o i n o r d e r t o f u r t h e r r e d u c e t h e c o s t o f d e l i v e r e d e n e r g y . S o l a r h e a t - p u m p
s y s t e m s c a n b e c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s o u r c e o f h e a t t h a t s u p p l i e s t h e e v a p o r a t o r o f t h e
h e a t p u m p a s p a r a l l e l , s e r i e s , o r d u a l . I n p a r a l l e l s y s t e m s , t h e h e a t p u m p r e c e i v e s e n e r g y f r o m
t h e o u t d o o r a i r , a n d t h e c o l l e c t e d s o l a r e n e r g y i s s u p p l i e d d i r e c t l y f o r e i t h e r s p a c e h e a t i n g o r
f o r h e a t i n g w a t e r .
K a y g u s u z ( 1 9 9 9 ) e t a l . n o t e t h a t s o l a r e n e r g y i s s u p p l i e d t o t h e e v a p o r a t o r o f t h e h e a t p u m p
i n t h e s e r i e s s y s t e m , t h e r e b y r a i s i n g i t s t e m p e r a t u r e a n d i n c r e a s i n g t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f
p e r f o r m a n c e ( C O P ) . I n t h e d u a l s o u r c e c o n f i g u r a t i o n , t h e e v a p o r a t o r i s d e s i g n e d s o t h a t i t c a n
r e c e i v e e n e r g y f r o m e i t h e r t h e o u t d o o r a i r o r f r o m t h e s o l a r - e n e r g y s t o r e
2 1
.
1 . 3 . 2 P h o t o v o l t a i c e n e r g y
C u r r e n t l y T u r k e y d o e s n o t h a v e a n o r g a n i z e d p h o t o v o l t a i c ( P V ) p r o g r a m . G l o b a l e n e r g y
s t r a t e g i e s a n d p o l i c i e s a r e l a i d d o w n i n p e r i o d i c f i v e y e a r s d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n s . T h e
g o v e r n m e n t h a s n o c u r r e n t p o l i c y o n P V p r o d u c t i o n . H o w e v e r , i t h a s e n c o u r a g e d i n v e s t m e n t
i n t h e e n e r g y s e c t o r t h r o u g h s o m e f i n a n c i a l i n c e n t i v e s . T h e p o t e n t i a l o f T u r k e y a s a P V
m a r k e t i s v e r y l a r g e , s i n c e t h e c o u n t r y i s v e r y s u i t a b l e i n t e r m s o f s o l a r r a d i a t i o n a n d h a s l a r g e
a r e a s o f a v a i l a b l e l a n d f o r s o l a r f a r m s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n e r g y A g e n c y ( I E A ) ,
t h e r e a r e m o r e t h a n 3 0 , 0 0 0 s m a l l r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s w h e r e s o l a r p o w e r e d e l e c t r i c i t y w o u l d
c u r r e n t l y l i k e l y b e m o r e e c o n o m i c a l t h a n g r i d s u p p l y
2 2
.
1 . 3 . 3 G e n e r a l u s e o f s o l a r w a t e r s y s t e m s i n T u r k e y
T i r i s e t a l s t a t e : T y p i c a l s o l a r w a t e r h e a t e r s i n T u r k e y a r e o f t h e t h e r m o s y p h o n t y p e a n d
c o n s i s t o f t w o f l a t p l a t e s o l a r c o l l e c t o r s , h a v i n g a n a b s o r b e r a r e a b e t w e e n 3 a n d 4 m
2
, a
s t o r a g e t a n k [ w a t e r u s e d a s a s e n s i b l e h e a t s t o r a g e ( S H S ) m e d i u m ] w i t h c a p a c i t y b e t w e e n
1 5 0 2 0 0 l a n d a c o l d w a t e r s t o r a g e t a n k , a l l i n s t a l l e d o n a s u i t a b l e f r a m e . T h e c o l d - w a t e r t a n k
i s u s e d t o s t o r e w a t e r b e c a u s e o f t h e f a c t s h o r t a g e p r o b l e m s m e a n t h a t t h e s u p p l y i s
i n t e r m i t t e n t . H o w e v e r , t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n s a r e m o s t l y a m a t t e r o f t r i a l a n d e r r o r . T h e r e a r e q u i t e a
l a r g e n u m b e r o f d i f f e r e n t m a n u f a c t u r e r s p r o d u c i n g c o l l e c t o r s o f v a r y i n g t y p e s a n d
p e r f o r m a n c e s
2 3
-
2 4
.


1 2
S o l a r e n e r g y a n d h e a t p u m p s y s t e m s r e d u c e t h e c o n s u m p t i o n o f f o s s i l - f u e l r e s o u r c e s , a n d
t h e c o s t o f d e l i v e r e d e n e r g y f o r r e s i d e n t i a l h e a t i n g . A n i n t e r e s t i n g e x t e n s i o n o f e a c h i s t h e
c o m b i n i n g o f t h e t w o i n o r d e r t o f u r t h e r r e d u c e t h e c o s t o f d e l i v e r e d e n e r g y . S o l a r h e a t - p u m p
s y s t e m s c a n b e c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s o u r c e o f h e a t t h a t s u p p l i e s t h e e v a p o r a t o r o f t h e
h e a t p u m p a s p a r a l l e l , s e r i e s , o r d u a l . I n p a r a l l e l s y s t e m s , t h e h e a t p u m p r e c e i v e s e n e r g y f r o m
t h e o u t d o o r a i r , a n d t h e c o l l e c t e d s o l a r e n e r g y i s s u p p l i e d d i r e c t l y f o r e i t h e r s p a c e h e a t i n g o r
f o r h e a t i n g w a t e r .
K a y g u s u z ( 1 9 9 9 ) e t a l . n o t e t h a t s o l a r e n e r g y i s s u p p l i e d t o t h e e v a p o r a t o r o f t h e h e a t p u m p
i n t h e s e r i e s s y s t e m , t h e r e b y r a i s i n g i t s t e m p e r a t u r e a n d i n c r e a s i n g t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f
p e r f o r m a n c e ( C O P ) . I n t h e d u a l s o u r c e c o n f i g u r a t i o n , t h e e v a p o r a t o r i s d e s i g n e d s o t h a t i t c a n
r e c e i v e e n e r g y f r o m e i t h e r t h e o u t d o o r a i r o r f r o m t h e s o l a r - e n e r g y s t o r e
2 1
.
1 . 3 . 2 P h o t o v o l t a i c e n e r g y
C u r r e n t l y T u r k e y d o e s n o t h a v e a n o r g a n i z e d p h o t o v o l t a i c ( P V ) p r o g r a m . G l o b a l e n e r g y
s t r a t e g i e s a n d p o l i c i e s a r e l a i d d o w n i n p e r i o d i c f i v e y e a r s d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n s . T h e
g o v e r n m e n t h a s n o c u r r e n t p o l i c y o n P V p r o d u c t i o n . H o w e v e r , i t h a s e n c o u r a g e d i n v e s t m e n t
i n t h e e n e r g y s e c t o r t h r o u g h s o m e f i n a n c i a l i n c e n t i v e s . T h e p o t e n t i a l o f T u r k e y a s a P V
m a r k e t i s v e r y l a r g e , s i n c e t h e c o u n t r y i s v e r y s u i t a b l e i n t e r m s o f s o l a r r a d i a t i o n a n d h a s l a r g e
a r e a s o f a v a i l a b l e l a n d f o r s o l a r f a r m s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n e r g y A g e n c y ( I E A ) ,
t h e r e a r e m o r e t h a n 3 0 , 0 0 0 s m a l l r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s w h e r e s o l a r p o w e r e d e l e c t r i c i t y w o u l d
c u r r e n t l y l i k e l y b e m o r e e c o n o m i c a l t h a n g r i d s u p p l y
2 2
.
1 . 3 . 3 G e n e r a l u s e o f s o l a r w a t e r s y s t e m s i n T u r k e y
T i r i s e t a l s t a t e : T y p i c a l s o l a r w a t e r h e a t e r s i n T u r k e y a r e o f t h e t h e r m o s y p h o n t y p e a n d
c o n s i s t o f t w o f l a t p l a t e s o l a r c o l l e c t o r s , h a v i n g a n a b s o r b e r a r e a b e t w e e n 3 a n d 4 m
2
, a
s t o r a g e t a n k [ w a t e r u s e d a s a s e n s i b l e h e a t s t o r a g e ( S H S ) m e d i u m ] w i t h c a p a c i t y b e t w e e n
1 5 0 2 0 0 l a n d a c o l d w a t e r s t o r a g e t a n k , a l l i n s t a l l e d o n a s u i t a b l e f r a m e . T h e c o l d - w a t e r t a n k
i s u s e d t o s t o r e w a t e r b e c a u s e o f t h e f a c t s h o r t a g e p r o b l e m s m e a n t h a t t h e s u p p l y i s
i n t e r m i t t e n t . H o w e v e r , t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n s a r e m o s t l y a m a t t e r o f t r i a l a n d e r r o r . T h e r e a r e q u i t e a
l a r g e n u m b e r o f d i f f e r e n t m a n u f a c t u r e r s p r o d u c i n g c o l l e c t o r s o f v a r y i n g t y p e s a n d
p e r f o r m a n c e s
2 3
-
2 4
.


1 3
1 . 4 E n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s o f e n e r g y u s e i n T u r k e y
A s S a h i n s u m m a r i s e d , a i r p o l l u t i o n i s b e c o m i n g a g r e a t e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n c e r n i n T u r k e y .
A i r p o l l u t i o n f r o m e n e r g y u t i l i z a t i o n i n t h e c o u n t r y i s d u e t o t h e c o m b u s t i o n o f c o a l , l i g n i t e ,
p e t r o l e u m , a s p h a l t i t e , n a t u r a l g a s , w o o d , a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d a n i m a l w a s t e s . I n T u r k e y , t h e
C O
2
e m i s s i o n s t o t a l l e d a b o u t 7 3 m i l l i o n t o n s i n 1 9 9 8 . T h e a m o u n t o f c a r b o n e m i s s i o n p e r
p e r s o n w a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 0 2 0 k g , a n d p e r s q u a r e k i l o m e t r e , 1 0 5 t o n s . T h e t o t a l a m o u n t o f
c a r b o n e m i s s i o n s h a s i n c r e a s e d t o 8 3 9 3 m i l l i o n t o n s i n t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 a n d t o 1 2 8 1 6 6 m i l l i o n
t o n s i n 2 0 1 0 , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r o b a b l e p o r t i o n a p p r o a c h m o d e l
2 5
. M o r e o v e r , t h e l e v e l o f
c a r b o n e m i s s i o n s i s b y 1 4 1 6 p e r c e n t l e s s w i t h t h e e c o n o m i c s e n s i t i v i t y a p p r o a c h m e t h o d ,
w h i c h g i v e s t h e s e a m o u n t s a s 7 7 8 6 m i l l i o n t o n s i n 2 0 0 0 a n d 1 1 0 1 4 0 m i l l i o n t o n s i n 2 0 1 0 .
1 . 5 E c o n o m i c a l e v a l u a t i o n o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y u s e i n T u r k e y
I t i s n o t e n o u g h f o r g o v e r n m e n t t o s u p p o r t t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y
t e c h n o l o g i e s ; i t m u s t a l s o s u p p o r t t h e i r c o m m e r c i a l a p p l i c a t i o n i n t h e c o u n t r y . A c c o r d i n g t o
t h e W o r l d E n e r g y C o u n c i l T u r k i s h N a t i o n a l C o m m i t t e e ( W E C T N C ) , e n e r g y d e m a n d i n
T u r k e y w i l l d o u b l e b e t w e e n 2 0 0 0 a n d 2 0 1 0 , a n d i n c r e a s e f i v e f o l d b y 2 0 2 5 . T h i s r a p i d
i n c r e a s e i n d e m a n d i s d u e t o t h e h i g h r a t e o f e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t i n T u r k e y . T h e e s t i m a t e d
a m o u n t o f i n v e s t m e n t i n p r o d u c t i o n f a c i l i t i e s b y t h e y e a r 2 0 1 0 i s a r o u n d 4 5 b i l l i o n d o l l a r s .
T r a n s m i s s i o n a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c i l i t i e s w i l l r e q u i r e a n a d d i t i o n a l 1 0 b i l l i o n d o l l a r i n v e s t m e n t
i n t h e s a m e p e r i o d . T h e g o v e r n m e n t h a s u n d e r t a k e n m e a s u r e s t o a t t r a c t b o t h t h e l o c a l a n d
f o r e i g n p r i v a t e s e c t o r t o e n g a g e i n n e w i n v e s t m e n t s , a n d a l s o t o t r a n s f e r t h e o p e r a t i o n a l r i g h t s
o f e x i s t i n g u n i t s t o t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r f o r t h e i r r e n e w a l a n d e f f i c i e n t o p e r a t i o n
2 6
.
I n t h e l a s t 4 0 y e a r s , p r i m a r y e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n h a s i n c r e a s e d b y a n a v e r a g e o f f i v e
p e r c e n t a n d e l e c t r i c i t y c o n s u m p t i o n b y t e n p e r c e n t a n n u a l l y . D e s p i t e t h e s e h i g h g r o w t h r a t e s ,
p r i m a r y e n e r g y a n d e l e c t r i c i t y c o n s u m p t i o n a r e s t i l l b e l o w t h e l e v e l s o f O E C D c o u n t r i e s
( s o u r c e 1 4 ) .
A s K a l t s c h m i t t m e n t i o n e d , t h e p r o m i s e o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y i s t h a t i t o f f e r s a l t e r n a t i v e s t o
m a n y o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n d s o c i a l p r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h f o s s i l a n d n u c l e a r f u e l s .
W h i l s t i t a p p e a r s t o b e t e c h n i c a l l y p o s s i b l e t o r e p l a c e a l l f o s s i l a n d n u c l e a r f u e l s w i t h
r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s , o n t h e b a s i s o f p r e s e n t a n d p r o j e c t e d c o s t s t h e e n e r g y s u p p l i e d


1 3
1 . 4 E n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s o f e n e r g y u s e i n T u r k e y
A s S a h i n s u m m a r i s e d , a i r p o l l u t i o n i s b e c o m i n g a g r e a t e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n c e r n i n T u r k e y .
A i r p o l l u t i o n f r o m e n e r g y u t i l i z a t i o n i n t h e c o u n t r y i s d u e t o t h e c o m b u s t i o n o f c o a l , l i g n i t e ,
p e t r o l e u m , a s p h a l t i t e , n a t u r a l g a s , w o o d , a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d a n i m a l w a s t e s . I n T u r k e y , t h e
C O
2
e m i s s i o n s t o t a l l e d a b o u t 7 3 m i l l i o n t o n s i n 1 9 9 8 . T h e a m o u n t o f c a r b o n e m i s s i o n p e r
p e r s o n w a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 0 2 0 k g , a n d p e r s q u a r e k i l o m e t r e , 1 0 5 t o n s . T h e t o t a l a m o u n t o f
c a r b o n e m i s s i o n s h a s i n c r e a s e d t o 8 3 9 3 m i l l i o n t o n s i n t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 a n d t o 1 2 8 1 6 6 m i l l i o n
t o n s i n 2 0 1 0 , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r o b a b l e p o r t i o n a p p r o a c h m o d e l
2 5
. M o r e o v e r , t h e l e v e l o f
c a r b o n e m i s s i o n s i s b y 1 4 1 6 p e r c e n t l e s s w i t h t h e e c o n o m i c s e n s i t i v i t y a p p r o a c h m e t h o d ,
w h i c h g i v e s t h e s e a m o u n t s a s 7 7 8 6 m i l l i o n t o n s i n 2 0 0 0 a n d 1 1 0 1 4 0 m i l l i o n t o n s i n 2 0 1 0 .
1 . 5 E c o n o m i c a l e v a l u a t i o n o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y u s e i n T u r k e y
I t i s n o t e n o u g h f o r g o v e r n m e n t t o s u p p o r t t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y
t e c h n o l o g i e s ; i t m u s t a l s o s u p p o r t t h e i r c o m m e r c i a l a p p l i c a t i o n i n t h e c o u n t r y . A c c o r d i n g t o
t h e W o r l d E n e r g y C o u n c i l T u r k i s h N a t i o n a l C o m m i t t e e ( W E C T N C ) , e n e r g y d e m a n d i n
T u r k e y w i l l d o u b l e b e t w e e n 2 0 0 0 a n d 2 0 1 0 , a n d i n c r e a s e f i v e f o l d b y 2 0 2 5 . T h i s r a p i d
i n c r e a s e i n d e m a n d i s d u e t o t h e h i g h r a t e o f e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t i n T u r k e y . T h e e s t i m a t e d
a m o u n t o f i n v e s t m e n t i n p r o d u c t i o n f a c i l i t i e s b y t h e y e a r 2 0 1 0 i s a r o u n d 4 5 b i l l i o n d o l l a r s .
T r a n s m i s s i o n a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c i l i t i e s w i l l r e q u i r e a n a d d i t i o n a l 1 0 b i l l i o n d o l l a r i n v e s t m e n t
i n t h e s a m e p e r i o d . T h e g o v e r n m e n t h a s u n d e r t a k e n m e a s u r e s t o a t t r a c t b o t h t h e l o c a l a n d
f o r e i g n p r i v a t e s e c t o r t o e n g a g e i n n e w i n v e s t m e n t s , a n d a l s o t o t r a n s f e r t h e o p e r a t i o n a l r i g h t s
o f e x i s t i n g u n i t s t o t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r f o r t h e i r r e n e w a l a n d e f f i c i e n t o p e r a t i o n
2 6
.
I n t h e l a s t 4 0 y e a r s , p r i m a r y e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n h a s i n c r e a s e d b y a n a v e r a g e o f f i v e
p e r c e n t a n d e l e c t r i c i t y c o n s u m p t i o n b y t e n p e r c e n t a n n u a l l y . D e s p i t e t h e s e h i g h g r o w t h r a t e s ,
p r i m a r y e n e r g y a n d e l e c t r i c i t y c o n s u m p t i o n a r e s t i l l b e l o w t h e l e v e l s o f O E C D c o u n t r i e s
( s o u r c e 1 4 ) .
A s K a l t s c h m i t t m e n t i o n e d , t h e p r o m i s e o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y i s t h a t i t o f f e r s a l t e r n a t i v e s t o
m a n y o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n d s o c i a l p r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h f o s s i l a n d n u c l e a r f u e l s .
W h i l s t i t a p p e a r s t o b e t e c h n i c a l l y p o s s i b l e t o r e p l a c e a l l f o s s i l a n d n u c l e a r f u e l s w i t h
r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s , o n t h e b a s i s o f p r e s e n t a n d p r o j e c t e d c o s t s t h e e n e r g y s u p p l i e d


13
1.4 Environmental effects of energy use in Turkey
As Sahin summarised, air pollution is becoming a great environmental concern in Turkey.
Air pollution from energy utilization in the country is due to the combustion of coal, lignite,
petroleum, asphaltite, natural gas, wood, and agricultural and animal wastes. In Turkey, the
CO
2
emissions totalled about 73 million tons in 1998. The amount of carbon emission per
person was approximately 1020 kg, and per square kilometre, 105 tons. The total amount of
carbon emissions has increased to 8393 million tons in the year 2000 and to 128166 million
tons in 2010, according to the probable portion approach model
25
. Moreover, the level of
carbon emissions is by 1416 per cent less with the economic sensitivity approach method,
which gives these amounts as 7786 million tons in 2000 and 110140 million tons in 2010.
1.5 Economical evaluation of renewable energy use in Turkey
It is not enough for government to support the development of renewable energy
technologies; it must also support their commercial application in the country. According to
the World Energy Council Turkish National Committee (WECTNC), energy demand in
Turkey will double between 2000 and 2010, and increase fivefold by 2025. This rapid
increase in demand is due to the high rate of economic development in Turkey. The estimated
amount of investment in production facilities by the year 2010 is around 45 billion dollars.
Transmission and distribution facilities will require an additional 10 billion dollar investment
in the same period. The government has undertaken measures to attract both the local and
foreign private sector to engage in new investments, and also to transfer the operational rights
of existing units to the private sector for their renewal and efficient operation
26
.
In the last 40 years, primary energy consumption has increased by an average of five
per cent and electricity consumption by ten per cent annually. Despite these high growth rates,
primary energy and electricity consumption are still below the levels of OECD countries
(source 14).
As Kaltschmitt mentioned, the promise of renewable energy is that it offers alternatives to
many of the environmental and social problems associated with fossil and nuclear fuels.
Whilst it appears to be technically possible to replace all fossil and nuclear fuels with
renewable energy sources, on the basis of present and projected costs the energy supplied


13
1.4 Environmental effects of energy use in Turkey
As Sahin summarised, air pollution is becoming a great environmental concern in Turkey.
Air pollution from energy utilization in the country is due to the combustion of coal, lignite,
petroleum, asphaltite, natural gas, wood, and agricultural and animal wastes. In Turkey, the
CO
2
emissions totalled about 73 million tons in 1998. The amount of carbon emission per
person was approximately 1020 kg, and per square kilometre, 105 tons. The total amount of
carbon emissions has increased to 8393 million tons in the year 2000 and to 128166 million
tons in 2010, according to the probable portion approach model
25
. Moreover, the level of
carbon emissions is by 1416 per cent less with the economic sensitivity approach method,
which gives these amounts as 7786 million tons in 2000 and 110140 million tons in 2010.
1.5 Economical evaluation of renewable energy use in Turkey
It is not enough for government to support the development of renewable energy
technologies; it must also support their commercial application in the country. According to
the World Energy Council Turkish National Committee (WECTNC), energy demand in
Turkey will double between 2000 and 2010, and increase fivefold by 2025. This rapid
increase in demand is due to the high rate of economic development in Turkey. The estimated
amount of investment in production facilities by the year 2010 is around 45 billion dollars.
Transmission and distribution facilities will require an additional 10 billion dollar investment
in the same period. The government has undertaken measures to attract both the local and
foreign private sector to engage in new investments, and also to transfer the operational rights
of existing units to the private sector for their renewal and efficient operation
26
.
In the last 40 years, primary energy consumption has increased by an average of five
per cent and electricity consumption by ten per cent annually. Despite these high growth rates,
primary energy and electricity consumption are still below the levels of OECD countries
(source 14).
As Kaltschmitt mentioned, the promise of renewable energy is that it offers alternatives to
many of the environmental and social problems associated with fossil and nuclear fuels.
Whilst it appears to be technically possible to replace all fossil and nuclear fuels with
renewable energy sources, on the basis of present and projected costs the energy supplied


14
would be substantially more expensive than it is now. However, there is a strong argument
that conventional fuels are currently under priced because they do not include provision for
their environmental effects

(source 17). In this case:
Both government agencies and non-governmental organisations have to work together to
institute policies concerning the use of renewable energy
Renewable energy technologies that possess potential as cost-effective and
environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional energy generation systems should be
implemented.
Turkey must develop projects for the sustainable management of natural resources and
income generation in rural areas, ensuring positive environmental impacts.
Turkeys rising population requires the definition and successful implementation of
sustainable development policy.
In order to reduce CO
2
, SO
2
, and NOx emissions from fossil fuels, utilities should
increase energy savings and efficiency implementing measures in all power plants.
1.6 Energy Use by Buildings
Renewable energy is considered as a trend-setting energy source. This topic is related
primarily to the energy industry. It also plays an important part for the building industry in
terms of the considerable proportion of utilisation of the building energy through renewable
sources. Therefore, the facts about renewable energy related to architecture will be pointed
out in this section.
The energy requirement of buildings is one of the central topics in the current architecture
world. This requirement means the energy input to the building, which supplies the comfort
conditions for occupants. The focal point of this work is the energy requirement of the
building during the utilisation phase. This results from following factors: climatic, structural
and physical conditions, installed system, and the requirements and behaviour of the
inhabitants.



14
would be substantially more expensive than it is now. However, there is a strong argument
that conventional fuels are currently under priced because they do not include provision for
their environmental effects

(source 17). In this case:
Both government agencies and non-governmental organisations have to work together to
institute policies concerning the use of renewable energy
Renewable energy technologies that possess potential as cost-effective and
environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional energy generation systems should be
implemented.
Turkey must develop projects for the sustainable management of natural resources and
income generation in rural areas, ensuring positive environmental impacts.
Turkeys rising population requires the definition and successful implementation of
sustainable development policy.
In order to reduce CO
2
, SO
2
, and NOx emissions from fossil fuels, utilities should
increase energy savings and efficiency implementing measures in all power plants.
1.6 Energy Use by Buildings
Renewable energy is considered as a trend-setting energy source. This topic is related
primarily to the energy industry. It also plays an important part for the building industry in
terms of the considerable proportion of utilisation of the building energy through renewable
sources. Therefore, the facts about renewable energy related to architecture will be pointed
out in this section.
The energy requirement of buildings is one of the central topics in the current architecture
world. This requirement means the energy input to the building, which supplies the comfort
conditions for occupants. The focal point of this work is the energy requirement of the
building during the utilisation phase. This results from following factors: climatic, structural
and physical conditions, installed system, and the requirements and behaviour of the
inhabitants.



1 4
w o u l d b e s u b s t a n t i a l l y m o r e e x p e n s i v e t h a n i t i s n o w . H o w e v e r , t h e r e i s a s t r o n g a r g u m e n t
t h a t c o n v e n t i o n a l f u e l s a r e c u r r e n t l y u n d e r p r i c e d b e c a u s e t h e y d o n o t i n c l u d e p r o v i s i o n f o r
t h e i r e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s

( s o u r c e 1 7 ) . I n t h i s c a s e :
B o t h g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c i e s a n d n o n - g o v e r n m e n t a l o r g a n i s a t i o n s h a v e t o w o r k t o g e t h e r t o
i n s t i t u t e p o l i c i e s c o n c e r n i n g t h e u s e o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y
R e n e w a b l e e n e r g y t e c h n o l o g i e s t h a t p o s s e s s p o t e n t i a l a s c o s t - e f f e c t i v e a n d
e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y f r i e n d l y a l t e r n a t i v e s t o c o n v e n t i o n a l e n e r g y g e n e r a t i o n s y s t e m s s h o u l d b e
i m p l e m e n t e d .
T u r k e y m u s t d e v e l o p p r o j e c t s f o r t h e s u s t a i n a b l e m a n a g e m e n t o f n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s a n d
i n c o m e g e n e r a t i o n i n r u r a l a r e a s , e n s u r i n g p o s i t i v e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t s .
T u r k e y s r i s i n g p o p u l a t i o n r e q u i r e s t h e d e f i n i t i o n a n d s u c c e s s f u l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f
s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t p o l i c y .
I n o r d e r t o r e d u c e C O
2
, S O
2
, a n d N O x e m i s s i o n s f r o m f o s s i l f u e l s , u t i l i t i e s s h o u l d
i n c r e a s e e n e r g y s a v i n g s a n d e f f i c i e n c y i m p l e m e n t i n g m e a s u r e s i n a l l p o w e r p l a n t s .
1 . 6 E n e r g y U s e b y B u i l d i n g s
R e n e w a b l e e n e r g y i s c o n s i d e r e d a s a t r e n d - s e t t i n g e n e r g y s o u r c e . T h i s t o p i c i s r e l a t e d
p r i m a r i l y t o t h e e n e r g y i n d u s t r y . I t a l s o p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t f o r t h e b u i l d i n g i n d u s t r y i n
t e r m s o f t h e c o n s i d e r a b l e p r o p o r t i o n o f u t i l i s a t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g e n e r g y t h r o u g h r e n e w a b l e
s o u r c e s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e f a c t s a b o u t r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y r e l a t e d t o a r c h i t e c t u r e w i l l b e p o i n t e d
o u t i n t h i s s e c t i o n .
T h e e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t o f b u i l d i n g s i s o n e o f t h e c e n t r a l t o p i c s i n t h e c u r r e n t a r c h i t e c t u r e
w o r l d . T h i s r e q u i r e m e n t m e a n s t h e e n e r g y i n p u t t o t h e b u i l d i n g , w h i c h s u p p l i e s t h e c o m f o r t
c o n d i t i o n s f o r o c c u p a n t s . T h e f o c a l p o i n t o f t h i s w o r k i s t h e e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e
b u i l d i n g d u r i n g t h e u t i l i s a t i o n p h a s e . T h i s r e s u l t s f r o m f o l l o w i n g f a c t o r s : c l i m a t i c , s t r u c t u r a l
a n d p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , i n s t a l l e d s y s t e m , a n d t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d b e h a v i o u r o f t h e
i n h a b i t a n t s .



1 4
w o u l d b e s u b s t a n t i a l l y m o r e e x p e n s i v e t h a n i t i s n o w . H o w e v e r , t h e r e i s a s t r o n g a r g u m e n t
t h a t c o n v e n t i o n a l f u e l s a r e c u r r e n t l y u n d e r p r i c e d b e c a u s e t h e y d o n o t i n c l u d e p r o v i s i o n f o r
t h e i r e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s

( s o u r c e 1 7 ) . I n t h i s c a s e :
B o t h g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c i e s a n d n o n - g o v e r n m e n t a l o r g a n i s a t i o n s h a v e t o w o r k t o g e t h e r t o
i n s t i t u t e p o l i c i e s c o n c e r n i n g t h e u s e o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y
R e n e w a b l e e n e r g y t e c h n o l o g i e s t h a t p o s s e s s p o t e n t i a l a s c o s t - e f f e c t i v e a n d
e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y f r i e n d l y a l t e r n a t i v e s t o c o n v e n t i o n a l e n e r g y g e n e r a t i o n s y s t e m s s h o u l d b e
i m p l e m e n t e d .
T u r k e y m u s t d e v e l o p p r o j e c t s f o r t h e s u s t a i n a b l e m a n a g e m e n t o f n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s a n d
i n c o m e g e n e r a t i o n i n r u r a l a r e a s , e n s u r i n g p o s i t i v e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t s .
T u r k e y s r i s i n g p o p u l a t i o n r e q u i r e s t h e d e f i n i t i o n a n d s u c c e s s f u l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f
s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t p o l i c y .
I n o r d e r t o r e d u c e C O
2
, S O
2
, a n d N O x e m i s s i o n s f r o m f o s s i l f u e l s , u t i l i t i e s s h o u l d
i n c r e a s e e n e r g y s a v i n g s a n d e f f i c i e n c y i m p l e m e n t i n g m e a s u r e s i n a l l p o w e r p l a n t s .
1 . 6 E n e r g y U s e b y B u i l d i n g s
R e n e w a b l e e n e r g y i s c o n s i d e r e d a s a t r e n d - s e t t i n g e n e r g y s o u r c e . T h i s t o p i c i s r e l a t e d
p r i m a r i l y t o t h e e n e r g y i n d u s t r y . I t a l s o p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t f o r t h e b u i l d i n g i n d u s t r y i n
t e r m s o f t h e c o n s i d e r a b l e p r o p o r t i o n o f u t i l i s a t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g e n e r g y t h r o u g h r e n e w a b l e
s o u r c e s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e f a c t s a b o u t r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y r e l a t e d t o a r c h i t e c t u r e w i l l b e p o i n t e d
o u t i n t h i s s e c t i o n .
T h e e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t o f b u i l d i n g s i s o n e o f t h e c e n t r a l t o p i c s i n t h e c u r r e n t a r c h i t e c t u r e
w o r l d . T h i s r e q u i r e m e n t m e a n s t h e e n e r g y i n p u t t o t h e b u i l d i n g , w h i c h s u p p l i e s t h e c o m f o r t
c o n d i t i o n s f o r o c c u p a n t s . T h e f o c a l p o i n t o f t h i s w o r k i s t h e e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e
b u i l d i n g d u r i n g t h e u t i l i s a t i o n p h a s e . T h i s r e s u l t s f r o m f o l l o w i n g f a c t o r s : c l i m a t i c , s t r u c t u r a l
a n d p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , i n s t a l l e d s y s t e m , a n d t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d b e h a v i o u r o f t h e
i n h a b i t a n t s .



1 5
1 . 6 . 1 D e v e l o p m e n t s d u r i n g h i s t o r y
I n t h e h i s t o r i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f
b u i l d i n g s , c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f e n e r g y
r e q u i r e m e n t h a v e a l w a y s p l a y e d a n
i m p o r t a n t r o l e . T h e G r e e k h i s t o r i a n
X e n o p h o n o f f e r e d t h e f i r s t s o l a r -
t e c h n i c a l a d v i c e t o t h e a r c h i t e c t s
a c c o r d i n g t o h i s d i s c u s s i o n w i t h S o c r a t e s
c o n c e i v e d h i s s o l a r h o u s e d u r i n g t h e
d e v e l o p m e n t o f a f u n c t i o n a l h o u s e f r o m
M e g a r o n , T h i s h o u s e w a s d e s i g n e d f o r
u s i n g w i n t e r s u n a n d a v o i d i n g t h e s o l a r
r a d i a t i o n o n t h e s o u t h f a c a d e i n s u m m e r
p e r i o d . A r o u n d 3 0 B . C V i t r u v i u s a l s o
w r o t e o f t h e n e e d t o c h o o s e t h e m o s t
t e m p e r a t e r e g i o n s o f c l i m a t e , s i n c e w e
h a v e t o s e e k h e a l t h i n e s s i n l a y i n g o u t
t h e w a l l s o f t h e c i t y a n d w e n t o n t o s a y
t h a t t h e d i v i s i o n s o f t h e s i t e s t h e b r o a d
s t r e e t s a n d t h e a l l e y s w i l l b e r i g h t l y l a i d o u t i f t h e w i n d s a r e c a r e f u l l y s h u t o u t f r o m t h e
a l l e y s . F o r i f t h e w i n d s a r e c o l d t h e y a r e u n p l e a s a n t
2 7

M o r e o v e r , A n d r e a P a l l a d i o s a i d i n 1 5 7 0
2 8
: t h a t T h e o p e n i n g s s h o u l d f a c e e a c h o t h e r s o
t h a t i f o n e l o o k f r o m a s i d e o f a h o u s e , t h e o p p o s i t e s i d e s h o u l d b e s e e n . T h i s p l e a s u r e s
s o m e o n e , a n d r e s u l t s c o o l i n g i n s u m m e r a n d o t h e r c o m f o r t i s s u e s .
T h e e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t o f p e o p l e h a s c h a n g e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y d u r i n g t h e d e v e l o p m e n t p h a s e .
M o r e o v e r , t h e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n f o r j u s t b a s i c n e e d s h a s i n c r e a s e d r a p i d l y . B u i l d i n g s h o u l d
m e e t h i g h - e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t s i n t h i s p e r i o d o f t i m e . T h e y s h o u l d h a v e h i g h q u a l i t y b y
u t i l i z a t i o n a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e s m a l l o p e r a t i n g c o s t s f o r c o o l i n g , h e a t i n g , d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r ,
e t c . B o t h i n p l a n n i n g p h a s e a n d a l s o d u r i n g u t i l i s a t i o n , t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s r e p r e s e n t c o n f l i c t s ,
w h e r e e n e r g y - o p t i m i z e d b u i l d i n g s o f f e r a w a y o u t o f t h i s s i t u a t i o n . I m p o r t a n t e l e m e n t s o f t h i s
c o n c e p t a r e p a s s i v e a n d h y b r i d m e a s u r e s t o p r e v e n t t h e u s e o f r a t i o n a l a c t i v e s y s t e m s . T h i s
c o n c e p t c a n f u n c t i o n o n l y i n t h i s c a s e , i f t h e b u i l d i n g i s d e s i g n e d c a r e f u l l y c o n s i d e r i n g t h e
F i g u r e 2 I l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e S o c r a t e s H o u s e


1 5
1 . 6 . 1 D e v e l o p m e n t s d u r i n g h i s t o r y
I n t h e h i s t o r i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f
b u i l d i n g s , c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f e n e r g y
r e q u i r e m e n t h a v e a l w a y s p l a y e d a n
i m p o r t a n t r o l e . T h e G r e e k h i s t o r i a n
X e n o p h o n o f f e r e d t h e f i r s t s o l a r -
t e c h n i c a l a d v i c e t o t h e a r c h i t e c t s
a c c o r d i n g t o h i s d i s c u s s i o n w i t h S o c r a t e s
c o n c e i v e d h i s s o l a r h o u s e d u r i n g t h e
d e v e l o p m e n t o f a f u n c t i o n a l h o u s e f r o m
M e g a r o n , T h i s h o u s e w a s d e s i g n e d f o r
u s i n g w i n t e r s u n a n d a v o i d i n g t h e s o l a r
r a d i a t i o n o n t h e s o u t h f a c a d e i n s u m m e r
p e r i o d . A r o u n d 3 0 B . C V i t r u v i u s a l s o
w r o t e o f t h e n e e d t o c h o o s e t h e m o s t
t e m p e r a t e r e g i o n s o f c l i m a t e , s i n c e w e
h a v e t o s e e k h e a l t h i n e s s i n l a y i n g o u t
t h e w a l l s o f t h e c i t y a n d w e n t o n t o s a y
t h a t t h e d i v i s i o n s o f t h e s i t e s t h e b r o a d
s t r e e t s a n d t h e a l l e y s w i l l b e r i g h t l y l a i d o u t i f t h e w i n d s a r e c a r e f u l l y s h u t o u t f r o m t h e
a l l e y s . F o r i f t h e w i n d s a r e c o l d t h e y a r e u n p l e a s a n t
2 7

M o r e o v e r , A n d r e a P a l l a d i o s a i d i n 1 5 7 0
2 8
: t h a t T h e o p e n i n g s s h o u l d f a c e e a c h o t h e r s o
t h a t i f o n e l o o k f r o m a s i d e o f a h o u s e , t h e o p p o s i t e s i d e s h o u l d b e s e e n . T h i s p l e a s u r e s
s o m e o n e , a n d r e s u l t s c o o l i n g i n s u m m e r a n d o t h e r c o m f o r t i s s u e s .
T h e e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t o f p e o p l e h a s c h a n g e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y d u r i n g t h e d e v e l o p m e n t p h a s e .
M o r e o v e r , t h e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n f o r j u s t b a s i c n e e d s h a s i n c r e a s e d r a p i d l y . B u i l d i n g s h o u l d
m e e t h i g h - e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t s i n t h i s p e r i o d o f t i m e . T h e y s h o u l d h a v e h i g h q u a l i t y b y
u t i l i z a t i o n a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e s m a l l o p e r a t i n g c o s t s f o r c o o l i n g , h e a t i n g , d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r ,
e t c . B o t h i n p l a n n i n g p h a s e a n d a l s o d u r i n g u t i l i s a t i o n , t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s r e p r e s e n t c o n f l i c t s ,
w h e r e e n e r g y - o p t i m i z e d b u i l d i n g s o f f e r a w a y o u t o f t h i s s i t u a t i o n . I m p o r t a n t e l e m e n t s o f t h i s
c o n c e p t a r e p a s s i v e a n d h y b r i d m e a s u r e s t o p r e v e n t t h e u s e o f r a t i o n a l a c t i v e s y s t e m s . T h i s
c o n c e p t c a n f u n c t i o n o n l y i n t h i s c a s e , i f t h e b u i l d i n g i s d e s i g n e d c a r e f u l l y c o n s i d e r i n g t h e
F i g u r e 2 I l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e S o c r a t e s H o u s e


15
1.6.1 Developments during history
In the historical development of
buildings, considerations of energy
requirement have always played an
important role. The Greek historian
Xenophon offered the first solar-
technical advice to the architects
according to his discussion with Socrates
conceived his solar house during the
development of a functional house from
Megaron, This house was designed for
using winter sun and avoiding the solar
radiation on the south facade in summer
period. Around 30 B.C Vitruvius also
wrote of the need to choose the most
temperate regions of climate, since we
have to seek healthiness in laying out
the walls of the city and went on to say
that the divisions of the sites the broad
streets and the alleyswill be rightly laid out if the winds are carefully shut out from the
alleys. For if the winds are cold they are unpleasant
27

Moreover, Andrea Palladio said in 1570
28
: that The openings should face each other so
that if one look from a side of a house, the opposite side should be seen. This pleasures
someone, and results cooling in summer and other comfort issues.
The energy requirement of people has changed significantly during the development phase.
Moreover, the energy consumption for just basic needs has increased rapidly. Building should
meet high-energy requirements in this period of time. They should have high quality by
utilization and at the same time small operating costs for cooling, heating, domestic hot water,
etc. Both in planning phase and also during utilisation, these requirements represent conflicts,
where energy-optimized buildings offer a way out of this situation. Important elements of this
concept are passive and hybrid measures to prevent the use of rational active systems. This
concept can function only in this case, if the building is designed carefully considering the
Figure 2 Illustration of the Socrates House


15
1.6.1 Developments during history
In the historical development of
buildings, considerations of energy
requirement have always played an
important role. The Greek historian
Xenophon offered the first solar-
technical advice to the architects
according to his discussion with Socrates
conceived his solar house during the
development of a functional house from
Megaron, This house was designed for
using winter sun and avoiding the solar
radiation on the south facade in summer
period. Around 30 B.C Vitruvius also
wrote of the need to choose the most
temperate regions of climate, since we
have to seek healthiness in laying out
the walls of the city and went on to say
that the divisions of the sites the broad
streets and the alleyswill be rightly laid out if the winds are carefully shut out from the
alleys. For if the winds are cold they are unpleasant
27

Moreover, Andrea Palladio said in 1570
28
: that The openings should face each other so
that if one look from a side of a house, the opposite side should be seen. This pleasures
someone, and results cooling in summer and other comfort issues.
The energy requirement of people has changed significantly during the development phase.
Moreover, the energy consumption for just basic needs has increased rapidly. Building should
meet high-energy requirements in this period of time. They should have high quality by
utilization and at the same time small operating costs for cooling, heating, domestic hot water,
etc. Both in planning phase and also during utilisation, these requirements represent conflicts,
where energy-optimized buildings offer a way out of this situation. Important elements of this
concept are passive and hybrid measures to prevent the use of rational active systems. This
concept can function only in this case, if the building is designed carefully considering the
Figure 2 Illustration of the Socrates House


16
climatic factors and high constructional quality. The rest of the energy requirement can be
supplied by renewable energy sources.
1.6.2 The new era of energy use in buildings: 20th century
Architecture and energy, or more specifically, the connection of these two aspects was
realized at the end of the 20th century in Turkey. Therefore, Germany represents a more
suitable example to show the chronological improvement of the relationship between
architecture and energy.
A distinguished point of view about the building envelope was developed at the beginning
of the 20th century. Richard Schachnar, a professor of architecture, published a
comprehensive book about building equipment in 1926
29
. The building standard DIN 4701,
which is about the heat requirement of buildings, was implemented right after this books
publication, and it is still valid. The today's concept of this standard corresponds to the
ENEV
30
. Further developments led up to the oil crisis in the year 1973. Afterwards the
demand for energy saving was greater than ever.
However, the age of the first experimental buildings using elementary rules for the passive
use of solar radiation began in the 80's. In line with the inspiring architectural approach,
numerous combinations with many new concepts were rediscovered and developed further to
the present
31
. The maximization of the solar gains was that principal purpose at that time, but
this approach could not bring the desired results. Larger successes were obtained by measures
for the minimization of the losses by the building envelope. As summarized by Stark
32
, the
heating requirement was the main focus of attention. The cooling requirement remained
unconsidered until recent years.
At the same time of structural developments starting from approximately the 1980s,
software programs were developed, which serve as energy simulations for the buildings
33
.
The ecological motivation for the energetic optimization of buildings became particularly
important at the end of the 20
th
century. Apart from domestic hot water and cooling
requirements, ecological aspects were not considered until that point.
There was major progress at the beginning of the 21
st
century. The ENEV 2001 enabled
high flexibility in the energy planning of buildings. The active contribution of the renewable


16
climatic factors and high constructional quality. The rest of the energy requirement can be
supplied by renewable energy sources.
1.6.2 The new era of energy use in buildings: 20th century
Architecture and energy, or more specifically, the connection of these two aspects was
realized at the end of the 20th century in Turkey. Therefore, Germany represents a more
suitable example to show the chronological improvement of the relationship between
architecture and energy.
A distinguished point of view about the building envelope was developed at the beginning
of the 20th century. Richard Schachnar, a professor of architecture, published a
comprehensive book about building equipment in 1926
29
. The building standard DIN 4701,
which is about the heat requirement of buildings, was implemented right after this books
publication, and it is still valid. The today's concept of this standard corresponds to the
ENEV
30
. Further developments led up to the oil crisis in the year 1973. Afterwards the
demand for energy saving was greater than ever.
However, the age of the first experimental buildings using elementary rules for the passive
use of solar radiation began in the 80's. In line with the inspiring architectural approach,
numerous combinations with many new concepts were rediscovered and developed further to
the present
31
. The maximization of the solar gains was that principal purpose at that time, but
this approach could not bring the desired results. Larger successes were obtained by measures
for the minimization of the losses by the building envelope. As summarized by Stark
32
, the
heating requirement was the main focus of attention. The cooling requirement remained
unconsidered until recent years.
At the same time of structural developments starting from approximately the 1980s,
software programs were developed, which serve as energy simulations for the buildings
33
.
The ecological motivation for the energetic optimization of buildings became particularly
important at the end of the 20
th
century. Apart from domestic hot water and cooling
requirements, ecological aspects were not considered until that point.
There was major progress at the beginning of the 21
st
century. The ENEV 2001 enabled
high flexibility in the energy planning of buildings. The active contribution of the renewable


1 6
c l i m a t i c f a c t o r s a n d h i g h c o n s t r u c t i o n a l q u a l i t y . T h e r e s t o f t h e e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t c a n b e
s u p p l i e d b y r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s .
1 . 6 . 2 T h e n e w e r a o f e n e r g y u s e i n b u i l d i n g s : 2 0 t h c e n t u r y
A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d e n e r g y , o r m o r e s p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e c o n n e c t i o n o f t h e s e t w o a s p e c t s w a s
r e a l i z e d a t t h e e n d o f t h e 2 0 t h c e n t u r y i n T u r k e y . T h e r e f o r e , G e r m a n y r e p r e s e n t s a m o r e
s u i t a b l e e x a m p l e t o s h o w t h e c h r o n o l o g i c a l i m p r o v e m e n t o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n
a r c h i t e c t u r e a n d e n e r g y .
A d i s t i n g u i s h e d p o i n t o f v i e w a b o u t t h e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e w a s d e v e l o p e d a t t h e b e g i n n i n g
o f t h e 2 0 t h c e n t u r y . R i c h a r d S c h a c h n a r , a p r o f e s s o r o f a r c h i t e c t u r e , p u b l i s h e d a
c o m p r e h e n s i v e b o o k a b o u t b u i l d i n g e q u i p m e n t i n 1 9 2 6
2 9
. T h e b u i l d i n g s t a n d a r d D I N 4 7 0 1 ,
w h i c h i s a b o u t t h e h e a t r e q u i r e m e n t o f b u i l d i n g s , w a s i m p l e m e n t e d r i g h t a f t e r t h i s b o o k s
p u b l i c a t i o n , a n d i t i s s t i l l v a l i d . T h e t o d a y ' s c o n c e p t o f t h i s s t a n d a r d c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e
E N E V
3 0
. F u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t s l e d u p t o t h e o i l c r i s i s i n t h e y e a r 1 9 7 3 . A f t e r w a r d s t h e
d e m a n d f o r e n e r g y s a v i n g w a s g r e a t e r t h a n e v e r .
H o w e v e r , t h e a g e o f t h e f i r s t e x p e r i m e n t a l b u i l d i n g s u s i n g e l e m e n t a r y r u l e s f o r t h e p a s s i v e
u s e o f s o l a r r a d i a t i o n b e g a n i n t h e 8 0 ' s . I n l i n e w i t h t h e i n s p i r i n g a r c h i t e c t u r a l a p p r o a c h ,
n u m e r o u s c o m b i n a t i o n s w i t h m a n y n e w c o n c e p t s w e r e r e d i s c o v e r e d a n d d e v e l o p e d f u r t h e r t o
t h e p r e s e n t
3 1
. T h e m a x i m i z a t i o n o f t h e s o l a r g a i n s w a s t h a t p r i n c i p a l p u r p o s e a t t h a t t i m e , b u t
t h i s a p p r o a c h c o u l d n o t b r i n g t h e d e s i r e d r e s u l t s . L a r g e r s u c c e s s e s w e r e o b t a i n e d b y m e a s u r e s
f o r t h e m i n i m i z a t i o n o f t h e l o s s e s b y t h e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e . A s s u m m a r i z e d b y S t a r k
3 2
, t h e
h e a t i n g r e q u i r e m e n t w a s t h e m a i n f o c u s o f a t t e n t i o n . T h e c o o l i n g r e q u i r e m e n t r e m a i n e d
u n c o n s i d e r e d u n t i l r e c e n t y e a r s .
A t t h e s a m e t i m e o f s t r u c t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t s s t a r t i n g f r o m a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e 1 9 8 0 s ,
s o f t w a r e p r o g r a m s w e r e d e v e l o p e d , w h i c h s e r v e a s e n e r g y s i m u l a t i o n s f o r t h e b u i l d i n g s
3 3
.
T h e e c o l o g i c a l m o t i v a t i o n f o r t h e e n e r g e t i c o p t i m i z a t i o n o f b u i l d i n g s b e c a m e p a r t i c u l a r l y
i m p o r t a n t a t t h e e n d o f t h e 2 0
t h
c e n t u r y . A p a r t f r o m d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r a n d c o o l i n g
r e q u i r e m e n t s , e c o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s w e r e n o t c o n s i d e r e d u n t i l t h a t p o i n t .
T h e r e w a s m a j o r p r o g r e s s a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e 2 1
s t
c e n t u r y . T h e E N E V 2 0 0 1 e n a b l e d
h i g h f l e x i b i l i t y i n t h e e n e r g y p l a n n i n g o f b u i l d i n g s . T h e a c t i v e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f t h e r e n e w a b l e


1 6
c l i m a t i c f a c t o r s a n d h i g h c o n s t r u c t i o n a l q u a l i t y . T h e r e s t o f t h e e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t c a n b e
s u p p l i e d b y r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s .
1 . 6 . 2 T h e n e w e r a o f e n e r g y u s e i n b u i l d i n g s : 2 0 t h c e n t u r y
A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d e n e r g y , o r m o r e s p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e c o n n e c t i o n o f t h e s e t w o a s p e c t s w a s
r e a l i z e d a t t h e e n d o f t h e 2 0 t h c e n t u r y i n T u r k e y . T h e r e f o r e , G e r m a n y r e p r e s e n t s a m o r e
s u i t a b l e e x a m p l e t o s h o w t h e c h r o n o l o g i c a l i m p r o v e m e n t o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n
a r c h i t e c t u r e a n d e n e r g y .
A d i s t i n g u i s h e d p o i n t o f v i e w a b o u t t h e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e w a s d e v e l o p e d a t t h e b e g i n n i n g
o f t h e 2 0 t h c e n t u r y . R i c h a r d S c h a c h n a r , a p r o f e s s o r o f a r c h i t e c t u r e , p u b l i s h e d a
c o m p r e h e n s i v e b o o k a b o u t b u i l d i n g e q u i p m e n t i n 1 9 2 6
2 9
. T h e b u i l d i n g s t a n d a r d D I N 4 7 0 1 ,
w h i c h i s a b o u t t h e h e a t r e q u i r e m e n t o f b u i l d i n g s , w a s i m p l e m e n t e d r i g h t a f t e r t h i s b o o k s
p u b l i c a t i o n , a n d i t i s s t i l l v a l i d . T h e t o d a y ' s c o n c e p t o f t h i s s t a n d a r d c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e
E N E V
3 0
. F u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t s l e d u p t o t h e o i l c r i s i s i n t h e y e a r 1 9 7 3 . A f t e r w a r d s t h e
d e m a n d f o r e n e r g y s a v i n g w a s g r e a t e r t h a n e v e r .
H o w e v e r , t h e a g e o f t h e f i r s t e x p e r i m e n t a l b u i l d i n g s u s i n g e l e m e n t a r y r u l e s f o r t h e p a s s i v e
u s e o f s o l a r r a d i a t i o n b e g a n i n t h e 8 0 ' s . I n l i n e w i t h t h e i n s p i r i n g a r c h i t e c t u r a l a p p r o a c h ,
n u m e r o u s c o m b i n a t i o n s w i t h m a n y n e w c o n c e p t s w e r e r e d i s c o v e r e d a n d d e v e l o p e d f u r t h e r t o
t h e p r e s e n t
3 1
. T h e m a x i m i z a t i o n o f t h e s o l a r g a i n s w a s t h a t p r i n c i p a l p u r p o s e a t t h a t t i m e , b u t
t h i s a p p r o a c h c o u l d n o t b r i n g t h e d e s i r e d r e s u l t s . L a r g e r s u c c e s s e s w e r e o b t a i n e d b y m e a s u r e s
f o r t h e m i n i m i z a t i o n o f t h e l o s s e s b y t h e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e . A s s u m m a r i z e d b y S t a r k
3 2
, t h e
h e a t i n g r e q u i r e m e n t w a s t h e m a i n f o c u s o f a t t e n t i o n . T h e c o o l i n g r e q u i r e m e n t r e m a i n e d
u n c o n s i d e r e d u n t i l r e c e n t y e a r s .
A t t h e s a m e t i m e o f s t r u c t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t s s t a r t i n g f r o m a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e 1 9 8 0 s ,
s o f t w a r e p r o g r a m s w e r e d e v e l o p e d , w h i c h s e r v e a s e n e r g y s i m u l a t i o n s f o r t h e b u i l d i n g s
3 3
.
T h e e c o l o g i c a l m o t i v a t i o n f o r t h e e n e r g e t i c o p t i m i z a t i o n o f b u i l d i n g s b e c a m e p a r t i c u l a r l y
i m p o r t a n t a t t h e e n d o f t h e 2 0
t h
c e n t u r y . A p a r t f r o m d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r a n d c o o l i n g
r e q u i r e m e n t s , e c o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s w e r e n o t c o n s i d e r e d u n t i l t h a t p o i n t .
T h e r e w a s m a j o r p r o g r e s s a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e 2 1
s t
c e n t u r y . T h e E N E V 2 0 0 1 e n a b l e d
h i g h f l e x i b i l i t y i n t h e e n e r g y p l a n n i n g o f b u i l d i n g s . T h e a c t i v e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f t h e r e n e w a b l e


1 7
e n e r g y s o u r c e s w a s g i v e n p a r t i c u l a r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . T h i s s i t u a t i o n m a d e f o r t h e r e d u c t i o n o f
t h e r e q u i r e m e n t o f f o s s i l e n e r g y s o u r c e s .
T h e a b i l i t y t o s u p p l y t h e e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t o f b u i l d i n g s b y r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s i s
f e a s i b l e . B u t s u c h a u s e i s r e l a t e d t o h i g h i n v e s t m e n t c o s t s . T h e b o u n d a r i e s o f t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n
o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s f o r t h e b u i l d i n g e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t w i t h o u t a n y n e g a t i v e e f f e c t s
s h o u l d b e e x a m i n e d c a r e f u l l y . P a y b a c k p e r i o d s , t h e t e c h n i c a l s y s t e m s , e n v i r o n m e n t a l
i n f l u e n c e s d u r i n g t h e s u p p l y o f t h e e n e r g y s o u r c e s , a s w e l l a s t h e s u p p l e m e n t o r d i s p o s a l o f
t h e s y s t e m s a r e d e c i s i v e i n t h i s c a s e . T h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d w i l l b e p a r t i c u l a r l y a n a l y z e d b y t h i s
w o r k . O t h e r m e n t i o n e d a s p e c t s f a l l o u t s i d e t h e s c o p e o f t h e p r e s e n t w o r k .




1 7
e n e r g y s o u r c e s w a s g i v e n p a r t i c u l a r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . T h i s s i t u a t i o n m a d e f o r t h e r e d u c t i o n o f
t h e r e q u i r e m e n t o f f o s s i l e n e r g y s o u r c e s .
T h e a b i l i t y t o s u p p l y t h e e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t o f b u i l d i n g s b y r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s i s
f e a s i b l e . B u t s u c h a u s e i s r e l a t e d t o h i g h i n v e s t m e n t c o s t s . T h e b o u n d a r i e s o f t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n
o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s f o r t h e b u i l d i n g e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t w i t h o u t a n y n e g a t i v e e f f e c t s
s h o u l d b e e x a m i n e d c a r e f u l l y . P a y b a c k p e r i o d s , t h e t e c h n i c a l s y s t e m s , e n v i r o n m e n t a l
i n f l u e n c e s d u r i n g t h e s u p p l y o f t h e e n e r g y s o u r c e s , a s w e l l a s t h e s u p p l e m e n t o r d i s p o s a l o f
t h e s y s t e m s a r e d e c i s i v e i n t h i s c a s e . T h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d w i l l b e p a r t i c u l a r l y a n a l y z e d b y t h i s
w o r k . O t h e r m e n t i o n e d a s p e c t s f a l l o u t s i d e t h e s c o p e o f t h e p r e s e n t w o r k .




17
energy sources was given particular consideration. This situation made for the reduction of
the requirement of fossil energy sources.
The ability to supply the energy requirement of buildings by renewable energy sources is
feasible. But such a use is related to high investment costs. The boundaries of the contribution
of renewable energy sources for the building energy requirement without any negative effects
should be examined carefully. Payback periods, the technical systems, environmental
influences during the supply of the energy sources, as well as the supplement or disposal of
the systems are decisive in this case. The payback period will be particularly analyzed by this
work. Other mentioned aspects fall outside the scope of the present work.




17
energy sources was given particular consideration. This situation made for the reduction of
the requirement of fossil energy sources.
The ability to supply the energy requirement of buildings by renewable energy sources is
feasible. But such a use is related to high investment costs. The boundaries of the contribution
of renewable energy sources for the building energy requirement without any negative effects
should be examined carefully. Payback periods, the technical systems, environmental
influences during the supply of the energy sources, as well as the supplement or disposal of
the systems are decisive in this case. The payback period will be particularly analyzed by this
work. Other mentioned aspects fall outside the scope of the present work.




18
Chapter II
Social Analysis of Bodrum in terms of Environmental Issues
The sufficiency of the energy sources alone is not the major problem. Moreover, the means
of how to benefit from energy in an efficient way is another major issue, which must be dealt
with. This is especially the case in developing countries like Turkey where this issue is
disregarded because of economic limitations. This situation negatively influences public
behavior on energy issues.
This chapter will present the social aspects in Bodrum in terms of energy consumption and
energy efficiency. First, the effect of tourism on the urban development will be explained
briefly. Afterwards, the social behavior of inhabitants in Bodrum with respect to energy issues
will be explained. Furthermore, the means towards achieving an environmentally aware
society will be shown in terms of the missions of local authorities and energy agencies.
2.1 The influence of the tourism on the urban development in Bodrum
The settlements have turned out to be uninhabitable due to economic problems, incorrect
investments, incorrect capital policies of the local governments, lack of planning etc. in
Turkey. The troubles, mistakes and failures in practice oblige people to live in an environment
where problems such as marine pollution, air pollution, insufficient water resources, power
bottleneck, plunder of green fields rear their ugly head.
In addition to all these environmental and urban problems, there is another issue that
Bodrum needs to confront. The peninsula witnesses heavy tourist activities attracted by its
natural beauty and historical background. The tourist activities in the region apply great
environmental pressures upon the peninsula. The ensuing problems do not only destroy the
ecosystem but also pose a threat to the sustainability of regional activities.
The gradual increase in the worlds tourism revenue encourages developing countries like
Turkey to make investments in this field. Therefore, the areas that have a potential for tourism
are exposed to unplanned infrastructure in a very short period of time. Such a fast transition
and transformation lead to urbanization. As the urban population increases and the tourism
activities develop, the number of second home increase has accelerated significantly. Local


18
Chapter II
Social Analysis of Bodrum in terms of Environmental Issues
The sufficiency of the energy sources alone is not the major problem. Moreover, the means
of how to benefit from energy in an efficient way is another major issue, which must be dealt
with. This is especially the case in developing countries like Turkey where this issue is
disregarded because of economic limitations. This situation negatively influences public
behavior on energy issues.
This chapter will present the social aspects in Bodrum in terms of energy consumption and
energy efficiency. First, the effect of tourism on the urban development will be explained
briefly. Afterwards, the social behavior of inhabitants in Bodrum with respect to energy issues
will be explained. Furthermore, the means towards achieving an environmentally aware
society will be shown in terms of the missions of local authorities and energy agencies.
2.1 The influence of the tourism on the urban development in Bodrum
The settlements have turned out to be uninhabitable due to economic problems, incorrect
investments, incorrect capital policies of the local governments, lack of planning etc. in
Turkey. The troubles, mistakes and failures in practice oblige people to live in an environment
where problems such as marine pollution, air pollution, insufficient water resources, power
bottleneck, plunder of green fields rear their ugly head.
In addition to all these environmental and urban problems, there is another issue that
Bodrum needs to confront. The peninsula witnesses heavy tourist activities attracted by its
natural beauty and historical background. The tourist activities in the region apply great
environmental pressures upon the peninsula. The ensuing problems do not only destroy the
ecosystem but also pose a threat to the sustainability of regional activities.
The gradual increase in the worlds tourism revenue encourages developing countries like
Turkey to make investments in this field. Therefore, the areas that have a potential for tourism
are exposed to unplanned infrastructure in a very short period of time. Such a fast transition
and transformation lead to urbanization. As the urban population increases and the tourism
activities develop, the number of second home increase has accelerated significantly. Local


1 8
C h a p t e r I I
S o c i a l A n a l y s i s o f B o d r u m i n t e r m s o f E n v i r o n m e n t a l I s s u e s
T h e s u f f i c i e n c y o f t h e e n e r g y s o u r c e s a l o n e i s n o t t h e m a j o r p r o b l e m . M o r e o v e r , t h e m e a n s
o f h o w t o b e n e f i t f r o m e n e r g y i n a n e f f i c i e n t w a y i s a n o t h e r m a j o r i s s u e , w h i c h m u s t b e d e a l t
w i t h . T h i s i s e s p e c i a l l y t h e c a s e i n d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s l i k e T u r k e y w h e r e t h i s i s s u e i s
d i s r e g a r d e d b e c a u s e o f e c o n o m i c l i m i t a t i o n s . T h i s s i t u a t i o n n e g a t i v e l y i n f l u e n c e s p u b l i c
b e h a v i o r o n e n e r g y i s s u e s .
T h i s c h a p t e r w i l l p r e s e n t t h e s o c i a l a s p e c t s i n B o d r u m i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n a n d
e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y . F i r s t , t h e e f f e c t o f t o u r i s m o n t h e u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t w i l l b e e x p l a i n e d
b r i e f l y . A f t e r w a r d s , t h e s o c i a l b e h a v i o r o f i n h a b i t a n t s i n B o d r u m w i t h r e s p e c t t o e n e r g y i s s u e s
w i l l b e e x p l a i n e d . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e m e a n s t o w a r d s a c h i e v i n g a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y a w a r e
s o c i e t y w i l l b e s h o w n i n t e r m s o f t h e m i s s i o n s o f l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s a n d e n e r g y a g e n c i e s .
2 . 1 T h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e t o u r i s m o n t h e u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t i n B o d r u m
T h e s e t t l e m e n t s h a v e t u r n e d o u t t o b e u n i n h a b i t a b l e d u e t o e c o n o m i c p r o b l e m s , i n c o r r e c t
i n v e s t m e n t s , i n c o r r e c t c a p i t a l p o l i c i e s o f t h e l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s , l a c k o f p l a n n i n g e t c . i n
T u r k e y . T h e t r o u b l e s , m i s t a k e s a n d f a i l u r e s i n p r a c t i c e o b l i g e p e o p l e t o l i v e i n a n e n v i r o n m e n t
w h e r e p r o b l e m s s u c h a s m a r i n e p o l l u t i o n , a i r p o l l u t i o n , i n s u f f i c i e n t w a t e r r e s o u r c e s , p o w e r
b o t t l e n e c k , p l u n d e r o f g r e e n f i e l d s r e a r t h e i r u g l y h e a d .
I n a d d i t i o n t o a l l t h e s e e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n d u r b a n p r o b l e m s , t h e r e i s a n o t h e r i s s u e t h a t
B o d r u m n e e d s t o c o n f r o n t . T h e p e n i n s u l a w i t n e s s e s h e a v y t o u r i s t a c t i v i t i e s a t t r a c t e d b y i t s
n a t u r a l b e a u t y a n d h i s t o r i c a l b a c k g r o u n d . T h e t o u r i s t a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e r e g i o n a p p l y g r e a t
e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r e s s u r e s u p o n t h e p e n i n s u l a . T h e e n s u i n g p r o b l e m s d o n o t o n l y d e s t r o y t h e
e c o s y s t e m b u t a l s o p o s e a t h r e a t t o t h e s u s t a i n a b i l i t y o f r e g i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s .
T h e g r a d u a l i n c r e a s e i n t h e w o r l d s t o u r i s m r e v e n u e e n c o u r a g e s d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s l i k e
T u r k e y t o m a k e i n v e s t m e n t s i n t h i s f i e l d . T h e r e f o r e , t h e a r e a s t h a t h a v e a p o t e n t i a l f o r t o u r i s m
a r e e x p o s e d t o u n p l a n n e d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e i n a v e r y s h o r t p e r i o d o f t i m e . S u c h a f a s t t r a n s i t i o n
a n d t r a n s f o r m a t i o n l e a d t o u r b a n i z a t i o n . A s t h e u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e s a n d t h e t o u r i s m
a c t i v i t i e s d e v e l o p , t h e n u m b e r o f s e c o n d h o m e i n c r e a s e h a s a c c e l e r a t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y . L o c a l


1 8
C h a p t e r I I
S o c i a l A n a l y s i s o f B o d r u m i n t e r m s o f E n v i r o n m e n t a l I s s u e s
T h e s u f f i c i e n c y o f t h e e n e r g y s o u r c e s a l o n e i s n o t t h e m a j o r p r o b l e m . M o r e o v e r , t h e m e a n s
o f h o w t o b e n e f i t f r o m e n e r g y i n a n e f f i c i e n t w a y i s a n o t h e r m a j o r i s s u e , w h i c h m u s t b e d e a l t
w i t h . T h i s i s e s p e c i a l l y t h e c a s e i n d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s l i k e T u r k e y w h e r e t h i s i s s u e i s
d i s r e g a r d e d b e c a u s e o f e c o n o m i c l i m i t a t i o n s . T h i s s i t u a t i o n n e g a t i v e l y i n f l u e n c e s p u b l i c
b e h a v i o r o n e n e r g y i s s u e s .
T h i s c h a p t e r w i l l p r e s e n t t h e s o c i a l a s p e c t s i n B o d r u m i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n a n d
e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y . F i r s t , t h e e f f e c t o f t o u r i s m o n t h e u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t w i l l b e e x p l a i n e d
b r i e f l y . A f t e r w a r d s , t h e s o c i a l b e h a v i o r o f i n h a b i t a n t s i n B o d r u m w i t h r e s p e c t t o e n e r g y i s s u e s
w i l l b e e x p l a i n e d . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e m e a n s t o w a r d s a c h i e v i n g a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y a w a r e
s o c i e t y w i l l b e s h o w n i n t e r m s o f t h e m i s s i o n s o f l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s a n d e n e r g y a g e n c i e s .
2 . 1 T h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e t o u r i s m o n t h e u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t i n B o d r u m
T h e s e t t l e m e n t s h a v e t u r n e d o u t t o b e u n i n h a b i t a b l e d u e t o e c o n o m i c p r o b l e m s , i n c o r r e c t
i n v e s t m e n t s , i n c o r r e c t c a p i t a l p o l i c i e s o f t h e l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s , l a c k o f p l a n n i n g e t c . i n
T u r k e y . T h e t r o u b l e s , m i s t a k e s a n d f a i l u r e s i n p r a c t i c e o b l i g e p e o p l e t o l i v e i n a n e n v i r o n m e n t
w h e r e p r o b l e m s s u c h a s m a r i n e p o l l u t i o n , a i r p o l l u t i o n , i n s u f f i c i e n t w a t e r r e s o u r c e s , p o w e r
b o t t l e n e c k , p l u n d e r o f g r e e n f i e l d s r e a r t h e i r u g l y h e a d .
I n a d d i t i o n t o a l l t h e s e e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n d u r b a n p r o b l e m s , t h e r e i s a n o t h e r i s s u e t h a t
B o d r u m n e e d s t o c o n f r o n t . T h e p e n i n s u l a w i t n e s s e s h e a v y t o u r i s t a c t i v i t i e s a t t r a c t e d b y i t s
n a t u r a l b e a u t y a n d h i s t o r i c a l b a c k g r o u n d . T h e t o u r i s t a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e r e g i o n a p p l y g r e a t
e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r e s s u r e s u p o n t h e p e n i n s u l a . T h e e n s u i n g p r o b l e m s d o n o t o n l y d e s t r o y t h e
e c o s y s t e m b u t a l s o p o s e a t h r e a t t o t h e s u s t a i n a b i l i t y o f r e g i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s .
T h e g r a d u a l i n c r e a s e i n t h e w o r l d s t o u r i s m r e v e n u e e n c o u r a g e s d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s l i k e
T u r k e y t o m a k e i n v e s t m e n t s i n t h i s f i e l d . T h e r e f o r e , t h e a r e a s t h a t h a v e a p o t e n t i a l f o r t o u r i s m
a r e e x p o s e d t o u n p l a n n e d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e i n a v e r y s h o r t p e r i o d o f t i m e . S u c h a f a s t t r a n s i t i o n
a n d t r a n s f o r m a t i o n l e a d t o u r b a n i z a t i o n . A s t h e u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e s a n d t h e t o u r i s m
a c t i v i t i e s d e v e l o p , t h e n u m b e r o f s e c o n d h o m e i n c r e a s e h a s a c c e l e r a t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y . L o c a l


1 9
g o v e r n m e n t h a s f a i l e d t o m a k e a g o o d u s e o f t h e b u i l d i n g a u t h o r i t y a t t h e i r d i s p o s a l , t h u s
u n g u i d e d p l a n n i n g r e l a t e d p r o b l e m s h a v e e m e r g e d . N o t e v e n t h e t r a n s f e r o f c o n t r o l o v e r t h e
i s s u a n c e o f b u i l d i n g p e r m i t s f r o m B o d r u m t o A n k a r a , t h e c a p i t a l , h a s c u r e d t h e p r o b l e m . T h e
d i s c u s s i o n o v e r t h e b u i l d i n g a u t h o r i t y b e t w e e n t h e l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s a n d t h e g o v e r n m e n t
d a m a g e t h e a r e a .
2 . 2 S o c i a l a n a l y s i s o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s s u e s i n B o d r u m
E v e n t h o u g h e v e r y b o d y w a n t s t o b e n e f i t f r o m t h e c o l l e c t i v e e n v i r o n m e n t , n o b o d y w a n t s t o
b e a r t h e c h a r g e s t h a t a r i s e f r o m t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f p r o t e c t i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e
e n v i r o n m e n t . I n d e e d , s u c h a c t i v i t i e s a r e d e e m e d t o b e c o s t - r a i s i n g . S i n c e n o p r o p r i e t a r y
r e s t r i c t i o n s a r e i n t r o d u c e d r e g a r d i n g t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m , t h e q u e s t i o n o f w h o m t o
c h a r g e f o r t h e d a m a g e s i n c u r r e d o r p r e c a u t i o n s t o b e t a k e n , h a s b e c o m e a m a j o r i s s u e .
T h e i n d i v i d u a l s t h a t l i v e i n s u c h a n e n v i r o n m e n t s h o u l d h a v e a c e r t a i n l e v e l o f
e n v i r o n m e n t a l a w a r e n e s s a n d t h e y s h o u l d b e g u i d e d i n t h i s r e g a r d . T h e p r u d e n t a t t i t u d e s o f
e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y c o n s c i o u s i n d i v i d u a l s c a n m i n i m i z e a n y p r o b l e m s . O t h e r w i s e , a w a y o f
t h i n k i n g t h a t c a n b e c h a r a c t e r i z e d a s e x p e c t i n g a s o l u t i o n f r o m o t h e r s c a n c o m p l e t e l y
e l i m i n a t e t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e p r o b l e m s o v e r t h e l o n g t e r m . I n t h i s c o n t e x t , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t h a t
t h e l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s o n t h e B o d r u m p e n i n s u l a s h o u l d a p p r o a c h t h e i s s u e s e n s i b l y a n d t a k e t h e
i n i t i a t i v e .
A s s u m m a r i z e d a t t h e s y m p o s i u m E c o l o g i c a l a n d S t r u c t u r a l F u t u r e o f B o d r u m P e n i n s u l a ,
a v a r i e t y o f r e s e a r c h e s h a v e b e e n c o n d u c t e d t o f i n d o u t w h a t t h e p e r m a n e n t p o p u l a t i o n i n t h e
a r e a t h i n k s o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s s u e s . T h e s e r e s e a r c h e s h a v e s h o w n n e a r l y t h e e n t i r e
p o p u l a t i o n i n B o d r u m i s c o n c e r n e d a b o u t t h e e x i s t i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s . A l t h o u g h t h e
p u b l i c o p i n i o n r e c o g n i z e s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s i d e a t i o n a l l y , i t
a b s t a i n s f r o m a c t i o n o n t h e s e i s s u e s d u e t o t h e c o s t s o f t h e n e c e s s a r y c o r r e c t i v e m e a s u r e s t h a t
w o u l d b e r e q u i r e d . A m a j o r i t y o f t h e p u b l i c o b j e c t t o c a r r y i n g s u c h a f i n a n c i a l b u r d e n .
C o n t r a r y t o t h e i d e a o f s h o u l d e r i n g t h e r e l e v a n t c o s t c o l l e c t i v e l y , i t i s e x p e c t e d t h a t t h e
g o v e r n m e n t a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a u t h o r i t i e s s h o u l d s o r t o u t t h e p r o b l e m . A d d i t i o n a l l y , i t i s
n o t e w o r t h y t h a t t h e r e i s n o n o n - g o v e r n m e n t a l o r g a n i z a t i o n w h a t s o e v e r t h a t i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h
t h e i s s u e
3 4
.


1 9
g o v e r n m e n t h a s f a i l e d t o m a k e a g o o d u s e o f t h e b u i l d i n g a u t h o r i t y a t t h e i r d i s p o s a l , t h u s
u n g u i d e d p l a n n i n g r e l a t e d p r o b l e m s h a v e e m e r g e d . N o t e v e n t h e t r a n s f e r o f c o n t r o l o v e r t h e
i s s u a n c e o f b u i l d i n g p e r m i t s f r o m B o d r u m t o A n k a r a , t h e c a p i t a l , h a s c u r e d t h e p r o b l e m . T h e
d i s c u s s i o n o v e r t h e b u i l d i n g a u t h o r i t y b e t w e e n t h e l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s a n d t h e g o v e r n m e n t
d a m a g e t h e a r e a .
2 . 2 S o c i a l a n a l y s i s o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s s u e s i n B o d r u m
E v e n t h o u g h e v e r y b o d y w a n t s t o b e n e f i t f r o m t h e c o l l e c t i v e e n v i r o n m e n t , n o b o d y w a n t s t o
b e a r t h e c h a r g e s t h a t a r i s e f r o m t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f p r o t e c t i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e
e n v i r o n m e n t . I n d e e d , s u c h a c t i v i t i e s a r e d e e m e d t o b e c o s t - r a i s i n g . S i n c e n o p r o p r i e t a r y
r e s t r i c t i o n s a r e i n t r o d u c e d r e g a r d i n g t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m , t h e q u e s t i o n o f w h o m t o
c h a r g e f o r t h e d a m a g e s i n c u r r e d o r p r e c a u t i o n s t o b e t a k e n , h a s b e c o m e a m a j o r i s s u e .
T h e i n d i v i d u a l s t h a t l i v e i n s u c h a n e n v i r o n m e n t s h o u l d h a v e a c e r t a i n l e v e l o f
e n v i r o n m e n t a l a w a r e n e s s a n d t h e y s h o u l d b e g u i d e d i n t h i s r e g a r d . T h e p r u d e n t a t t i t u d e s o f
e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y c o n s c i o u s i n d i v i d u a l s c a n m i n i m i z e a n y p r o b l e m s . O t h e r w i s e , a w a y o f
t h i n k i n g t h a t c a n b e c h a r a c t e r i z e d a s e x p e c t i n g a s o l u t i o n f r o m o t h e r s c a n c o m p l e t e l y
e l i m i n a t e t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e p r o b l e m s o v e r t h e l o n g t e r m . I n t h i s c o n t e x t , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t h a t
t h e l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s o n t h e B o d r u m p e n i n s u l a s h o u l d a p p r o a c h t h e i s s u e s e n s i b l y a n d t a k e t h e
i n i t i a t i v e .
A s s u m m a r i z e d a t t h e s y m p o s i u m E c o l o g i c a l a n d S t r u c t u r a l F u t u r e o f B o d r u m P e n i n s u l a ,
a v a r i e t y o f r e s e a r c h e s h a v e b e e n c o n d u c t e d t o f i n d o u t w h a t t h e p e r m a n e n t p o p u l a t i o n i n t h e
a r e a t h i n k s o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s s u e s . T h e s e r e s e a r c h e s h a v e s h o w n n e a r l y t h e e n t i r e
p o p u l a t i o n i n B o d r u m i s c o n c e r n e d a b o u t t h e e x i s t i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s . A l t h o u g h t h e
p u b l i c o p i n i o n r e c o g n i z e s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s i d e a t i o n a l l y , i t
a b s t a i n s f r o m a c t i o n o n t h e s e i s s u e s d u e t o t h e c o s t s o f t h e n e c e s s a r y c o r r e c t i v e m e a s u r e s t h a t
w o u l d b e r e q u i r e d . A m a j o r i t y o f t h e p u b l i c o b j e c t t o c a r r y i n g s u c h a f i n a n c i a l b u r d e n .
C o n t r a r y t o t h e i d e a o f s h o u l d e r i n g t h e r e l e v a n t c o s t c o l l e c t i v e l y , i t i s e x p e c t e d t h a t t h e
g o v e r n m e n t a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a u t h o r i t i e s s h o u l d s o r t o u t t h e p r o b l e m . A d d i t i o n a l l y , i t i s
n o t e w o r t h y t h a t t h e r e i s n o n o n - g o v e r n m e n t a l o r g a n i z a t i o n w h a t s o e v e r t h a t i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h
t h e i s s u e
3 4
.


19
government has failed to make a good use of the building authority at their disposal, thus
unguided planning related problems have emerged. Not even the transfer of control over the
issuance of building permits from Bodrum to Ankara, the capital, has cured the problem. The
discussion over the building authority between the local governments and the government
damage the area.
2.2 Social analysis of environmental issues in Bodrum
Even though everybody wants to benefit from the collective environment, nobody wants to
bear the charges that arise from the activities of protection and development of the
environment. Indeed, such activities are deemed to be cost-raising. Since no proprietary
restrictions are introduced regarding the environmental problem, the question of whom to
charge for the damages incurred or precautions to be taken, has become a major issue.
The individuals that live in such an environment should have a certain level of
environmental awareness and they should be guided in this regard. The prudent attitudes of
environmentally conscious individuals can minimize any problems. Otherwise, a way of
thinking that can be characterized as expecting a solution from others can completely
eliminate the solution of the problems over the long term. In this context, it is necessary that
the local authorities on the Bodrum peninsula should approach the issue sensibly and take the
initiative.
As summarized at the symposium Ecological and Structural Future of Bodrum Peninsula,
a variety of researches have been conducted to find out what the permanent population in the
area thinks of the environmental issues. These researches have shown nearly the entire
population in Bodrum is concerned about the existing environmental problems. Although the
public opinion recognizes the importance of the environmental problems ideationally, it
abstains from action on these issues due to the costs of the necessary corrective measures that
would be required. A majority of the public object to carrying such a financial burden.
Contrary to the idea of shouldering the relevant cost collectively, it is expected that the
government and administrative authorities should sort out the problem. Additionally, it is
noteworthy that there is no non-governmental organization whatsoever that is concerned with
the issue
34
.


19
government has failed to make a good use of the building authority at their disposal, thus
unguided planning related problems have emerged. Not even the transfer of control over the
issuance of building permits from Bodrum to Ankara, the capital, has cured the problem. The
discussion over the building authority between the local governments and the government
damage the area.
2.2 Social analysis of environmental issues in Bodrum
Even though everybody wants to benefit from the collective environment, nobody wants to
bear the charges that arise from the activities of protection and development of the
environment. Indeed, such activities are deemed to be cost-raising. Since no proprietary
restrictions are introduced regarding the environmental problem, the question of whom to
charge for the damages incurred or precautions to be taken, has become a major issue.
The individuals that live in such an environment should have a certain level of
environmental awareness and they should be guided in this regard. The prudent attitudes of
environmentally conscious individuals can minimize any problems. Otherwise, a way of
thinking that can be characterized as expecting a solution from others can completely
eliminate the solution of the problems over the long term. In this context, it is necessary that
the local authorities on the Bodrum peninsula should approach the issue sensibly and take the
initiative.
As summarized at the symposium Ecological and Structural Future of Bodrum Peninsula,
a variety of researches have been conducted to find out what the permanent population in the
area thinks of the environmental issues. These researches have shown nearly the entire
population in Bodrum is concerned about the existing environmental problems. Although the
public opinion recognizes the importance of the environmental problems ideationally, it
abstains from action on these issues due to the costs of the necessary corrective measures that
would be required. A majority of the public object to carrying such a financial burden.
Contrary to the idea of shouldering the relevant cost collectively, it is expected that the
government and administrative authorities should sort out the problem. Additionally, it is
noteworthy that there is no non-governmental organization whatsoever that is concerned with
the issue
34
.

20
As stated above, participation in environmental issues is limited to the ideational level.
Since the environmental issue is multi-faceted, the policies needed to manage the
environment, to prevent or sort out the environmental problems should be equally multi-
faceted. As the attitudes and behaviors of individuals are important for the further
implementation of environmental policies, there is a kind of obligation for the individuals to
contribute to these policies. In terms of attitudes, the contributions can only be accepted as
goodwill. What is essential is that the residents of Bodrum are able to display goodwill in
their attitude.
2.2.1 Role of citizens by energy consumption
Power has become an essential part of our everyday lifestyles. The liability falls on everyone
who consumes energy. The economy and the desire to improve our atmosphere and
ecosystem demand that we are wise when making decisions. This reasoning must be practised
by everyone from the power companies on down to each individual consumer. The utility
companies must search out and utilise every technology and system update that will increase
their efficiency.
The consumer should do the
same and not be wasteful in energy
use. In addition, supply-side
management techniques generally
seem to benefit the individual using
the system or technology. Solar
collectors, geothermal and wind
turbines, biogas, and heat pumps are
all excellent technologies, but
individuals or companies should be
systematic in analysing their needs
and in choosing the correct system
to best meet the desired purposes.
Furthermore, environmental concerns are an important factor in sustainable development.
For a variety of reasons, activities, which continually degrade the environment, may not be
sustainable over time. A large portion of the environmental impact in a society is associated
Picture 0 Energy Efficient! Car-wash Example from Turkey

20
As stated above, participation in environmental issues is limited to the ideational level.
Since the environmental issue is multi-faceted, the policies needed to manage the
environment, to prevent or sort out the environmental problems should be equally multi-
faceted. As the attitudes and behaviors of individuals are important for the further
implementation of environmental policies, there is a kind of obligation for the individuals to
contribute to these policies. In terms of attitudes, the contributions can only be accepted as
goodwill. What is essential is that the residents of Bodrum are able to display goodwill in
their attitude.
2.2.1 Role of citizens by energy consumption
Power has become an essential part of our everyday lifestyles. The liability falls on everyone
who consumes energy. The economy and the desire to improve our atmosphere and
ecosystem demand that we are wise when making decisions. This reasoning must be practised
by everyone from the power companies on down to each individual consumer. The utility
companies must search out and utilise every technology and system update that will increase
their efficiency.
The consumer should do the
same and not be wasteful in energy
use. In addition, supply-side
management techniques generally
seem to benefit the individual using
the system or technology. Solar
collectors, geothermal and wind
turbines, biogas, and heat pumps are
all excellent technologies, but
individuals or companies should be
systematic in analysing their needs
and in choosing the correct system
to best meet the desired purposes.
Furthermore, environmental concerns are an important factor in sustainable development.
For a variety of reasons, activities, which continually degrade the environment, may not be
sustainable over time. A large portion of the environmental impact in a society is associated
Picture 0 Energy Efficient! Car-wash Example from Turkey

2 0
A s s t a t e d a b o v e , p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s s u e s i s l i m i t e d t o t h e i d e a t i o n a l l e v e l .
S i n c e t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s s u e i s m u l t i - f a c e t e d , t h e p o l i c i e s n e e d e d t o m a n a g e t h e
e n v i r o n m e n t , t o p r e v e n t o r s o r t o u t t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s s h o u l d b e e q u a l l y m u l t i -
f a c e t e d . A s t h e a t t i t u d e s a n d b e h a v i o r s o f i n d i v i d u a l s a r e i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e f u r t h e r
i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l i c i e s , t h e r e i s a k i n d o f o b l i g a t i o n f o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l s t o
c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e s e p o l i c i e s . I n t e r m s o f a t t i t u d e s , t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s c a n o n l y b e a c c e p t e d a s
g o o d w i l l . W h a t i s e s s e n t i a l i s t h a t t h e r e s i d e n t s o f B o d r u m a r e a b l e t o d i s p l a y g o o d w i l l i n
t h e i r a t t i t u d e .
2 . 2 . 1 R o l e o f c i t i z e n s b y e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n
P o w e r h a s b e c o m e a n e s s e n t i a l p a r t o f o u r e v e r y d a y l i f e s t y l e s . T h e l i a b i l i t y f a l l s o n e v e r y o n e
w h o c o n s u m e s e n e r g y . T h e e c o n o m y a n d t h e d e s i r e t o i m p r o v e o u r a t m o s p h e r e a n d
e c o s y s t e m d e m a n d t h a t w e a r e w i s e w h e n m a k i n g d e c i s i o n s . T h i s r e a s o n i n g m u s t b e p r a c t i s e d
b y e v e r y o n e f r o m t h e p o w e r c o m p a n i e s o n d o w n t o e a c h i n d i v i d u a l c o n s u m e r . T h e u t i l i t y
c o m p a n i e s m u s t s e a r c h o u t a n d u t i l i s e e v e r y t e c h n o l o g y a n d s y s t e m u p d a t e t h a t w i l l i n c r e a s e
t h e i r e f f i c i e n c y .
T h e c o n s u m e r s h o u l d d o t h e
s a m e a n d n o t b e w a s t e f u l i n e n e r g y
u s e . I n a d d i t i o n , s u p p l y - s i d e
m a n a g e m e n t t e c h n i q u e s g e n e r a l l y
s e e m t o b e n e f i t t h e i n d i v i d u a l u s i n g
t h e s y s t e m o r t e c h n o l o g y . S o l a r
c o l l e c t o r s , g e o t h e r m a l a n d w i n d
t u r b i n e s , b i o g a s , a n d h e a t p u m p s a r e
a l l e x c e l l e n t t e c h n o l o g i e s , b u t
i n d i v i d u a l s o r c o m p a n i e s s h o u l d b e
s y s t e m a t i c i n a n a l y s i n g t h e i r n e e d s
a n d i n c h o o s i n g t h e c o r r e c t s y s t e m
t o b e s t m e e t t h e d e s i r e d p u r p o s e s .
F u r t h e r m o r e , e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n c e r n s a r e a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t .
F o r a v a r i e t y o f r e a s o n s , a c t i v i t i e s , w h i c h c o n t i n u a l l y d e g r a d e t h e e n v i r o n m e n t , m a y n o t b e
s u s t a i n a b l e o v e r t i m e . A l a r g e p o r t i o n o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t i n a s o c i e t y i s a s s o c i a t e d
P i c t u r e 0 E n e r g y E f f i c i e n t ! C a r - w a s h E x a m p l e f r o m T u r k e y

2 0
A s s t a t e d a b o v e , p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s s u e s i s l i m i t e d t o t h e i d e a t i o n a l l e v e l .
S i n c e t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s s u e i s m u l t i - f a c e t e d , t h e p o l i c i e s n e e d e d t o m a n a g e t h e
e n v i r o n m e n t , t o p r e v e n t o r s o r t o u t t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s s h o u l d b e e q u a l l y m u l t i -
f a c e t e d . A s t h e a t t i t u d e s a n d b e h a v i o r s o f i n d i v i d u a l s a r e i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e f u r t h e r
i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l i c i e s , t h e r e i s a k i n d o f o b l i g a t i o n f o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l s t o
c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e s e p o l i c i e s . I n t e r m s o f a t t i t u d e s , t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s c a n o n l y b e a c c e p t e d a s
g o o d w i l l . W h a t i s e s s e n t i a l i s t h a t t h e r e s i d e n t s o f B o d r u m a r e a b l e t o d i s p l a y g o o d w i l l i n
t h e i r a t t i t u d e .
2 . 2 . 1 R o l e o f c i t i z e n s b y e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n
P o w e r h a s b e c o m e a n e s s e n t i a l p a r t o f o u r e v e r y d a y l i f e s t y l e s . T h e l i a b i l i t y f a l l s o n e v e r y o n e
w h o c o n s u m e s e n e r g y . T h e e c o n o m y a n d t h e d e s i r e t o i m p r o v e o u r a t m o s p h e r e a n d
e c o s y s t e m d e m a n d t h a t w e a r e w i s e w h e n m a k i n g d e c i s i o n s . T h i s r e a s o n i n g m u s t b e p r a c t i s e d
b y e v e r y o n e f r o m t h e p o w e r c o m p a n i e s o n d o w n t o e a c h i n d i v i d u a l c o n s u m e r . T h e u t i l i t y
c o m p a n i e s m u s t s e a r c h o u t a n d u t i l i s e e v e r y t e c h n o l o g y a n d s y s t e m u p d a t e t h a t w i l l i n c r e a s e
t h e i r e f f i c i e n c y .
T h e c o n s u m e r s h o u l d d o t h e
s a m e a n d n o t b e w a s t e f u l i n e n e r g y
u s e . I n a d d i t i o n , s u p p l y - s i d e
m a n a g e m e n t t e c h n i q u e s g e n e r a l l y
s e e m t o b e n e f i t t h e i n d i v i d u a l u s i n g
t h e s y s t e m o r t e c h n o l o g y . S o l a r
c o l l e c t o r s , g e o t h e r m a l a n d w i n d
t u r b i n e s , b i o g a s , a n d h e a t p u m p s a r e
a l l e x c e l l e n t t e c h n o l o g i e s , b u t
i n d i v i d u a l s o r c o m p a n i e s s h o u l d b e
s y s t e m a t i c i n a n a l y s i n g t h e i r n e e d s
a n d i n c h o o s i n g t h e c o r r e c t s y s t e m
t o b e s t m e e t t h e d e s i r e d p u r p o s e s .
F u r t h e r m o r e , e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n c e r n s a r e a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t .
F o r a v a r i e t y o f r e a s o n s , a c t i v i t i e s , w h i c h c o n t i n u a l l y d e g r a d e t h e e n v i r o n m e n t , m a y n o t b e
s u s t a i n a b l e o v e r t i m e . A l a r g e p o r t i o n o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t i n a s o c i e t y i s a s s o c i a t e d
P i c t u r e 0 E n e r g y E f f i c i e n t ! C a r - w a s h E x a m p l e f r o m T u r k e y


2 1
w i t h i t s u t i l i s a t i o n o f e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s . T h e r e f o r e , i m p r o v e d e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y i n p o w e r p l a n t s
l e a d s t o r e d u c e d e n e r g y l o s s e s a n d r e d u c e d e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l l u t i o n
3 5
.
2 . 2 . 2 T h e c o o r d i n a t i o n o f p o l i t i c a l a n d t e c h n i c a l a c t o r s
M u n i c i p a l i t i e s a r e c h a r g e d w i t h c h e c k i n g t h e p o w e r c o n s u m p t i o n i n t h e i r a r e a a c t i v e l y .
W h a t i s i n t e n d e d i s t o g e n e r a t e m u c h m o r e p r o d u c t i v e p o w e r a n d t o p r e v e n t t h e e m i s s i o n o f
t h e g r e e n h o u s e g a s e s . T h e d e c i s i o n s o f t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s , w h i c h a r e t h e m o s t i m m e d i a t e a n d
c l o s e s t g o v e r n m e n t a l i n s t i t u t i o n s t o t h e p u b l i c , p r i v a t e a n d s o c i a l p o w e r e n d - u s e r s a n d t h e
b u s i n e s s s e c t o r , a r e v e r y l i k e l y t o h a v e a d o m i n a n t e f f e c t u p o n t h e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y a n d
p r e v e n t i o n o f g r e e n h o u s e g a s e s . T h e l o c a l p o w e r p o l i c i e s c r e a t e s a n e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y a n d
e m p l o y m e n t f o r t h e s t u d i e s i n t h e f i l e d o f p o w e r m a n a g e m e n t , a n d f o r a c c o m p l i s h i n g t h e s e
s t u d i e s b y m e a n s o f r e n e w a b l e p o w e r r e s o u r c e s , t h e r e f o r e , t h e y h a v e a c o n s t r u c t i v e e f f e c t .
T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n t r i g g e r i n g a l l t h e s e i s t h e m u t u a l c o o r d i n a t i o n o f t h e p o l i t i c a l
a n d t e c h n i c a l a c t o r s i n p o w e r a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s s u e s . I f t h e h u m a n r e s o u r c e s a r e d e f i c i e n t ,
t h e g o o d w i l l o f t h e E n t e r p r i s e s m i g h t b e l a c k i n g . E a c h n e w p r o d u c t p e n e t r a t e s t h e m a r k e t
w i t h i t s o w n m a r k e t i n g u n i t , t e c h n i c a l s e r v i c e a n d a f t e r - s a l e s e r v i c e . A n e w p r o d u c t , i n t h i s
c a s e p o w e r , n e e d s m o r e s u p p o r t . T h e r e f o r e , t h e m o d e l o f e n e r g y a g e n c y t h a t i s h e a v i l y
i m p l e m e n t e d i n E u r o p e s h o u l d b e u s e d i n t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s i n T u r k e y a s w e l l .
T h e e n e r g y a g e n c i e s t o b e f o u n d e d s h o u l d n o t b e l i m i t e d t o a l o c a l l e v e l , b u t s h o u l d
d e v e l o p j o i n t p r o j e c t s i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h i n t e r n a t i o n a l f o u n d a t i o n s a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . T h e
d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s o f c i t i e s i n o t h e r c o u n t r i e s t h a t h a v e r a t h e r d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s a n d
e x p e r i e n c e s a r e a c t u a l l y a g r e a t o p p o r t u n i t y f o r m u t u a l s h a r i n g , a n d t h e y s h a l l m a k e
i n v a l u a b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o o u r c o u n t r y d u r i n g t h e i n t e g r a t i o n p r o c e s s t o t h e E u r o p e a n U n i o n .
T h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s h o l d a g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e i n a l l o w i n g a n y s u c h a g e n c y t o c a r r y o u t i t s
t a s k . T h e d i r e c t a n d m o s t i m p o r t a n t r e s u l t o f t h e l o c a l p o w e r p o l i c i e s i s e n v i r o n m e n t a l
p r o t e c t i o n . T h e l o c a l , n a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l f o u n d a t i o n s h a v e g e n e r a l l y c o n d u c t e d s t u d i e s
a n d r e s e a r c h e s i n t h i s r e g a r d . H o w e v e r , i t c a n b e r e c o g n i z e d a s a n a b s o l u t e t r a n s f e r o n l y w h e n
t h e s e s t u d i e s a n d r e s e a r c h e s a r e i m p l e m e n t e d o n t h e l o c a l a n d g l o b a l s c a l e . H e r e , t h e
m u n i c i p a l i t i e s h a v e a l o t o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o s h o u l d e r . T h e y a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r i m p l e m e n t i n g
l o c a l p o w e r a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l i c i e s .


2 1
w i t h i t s u t i l i s a t i o n o f e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s . T h e r e f o r e , i m p r o v e d e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y i n p o w e r p l a n t s
l e a d s t o r e d u c e d e n e r g y l o s s e s a n d r e d u c e d e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l l u t i o n
3 5
.
2 . 2 . 2 T h e c o o r d i n a t i o n o f p o l i t i c a l a n d t e c h n i c a l a c t o r s
M u n i c i p a l i t i e s a r e c h a r g e d w i t h c h e c k i n g t h e p o w e r c o n s u m p t i o n i n t h e i r a r e a a c t i v e l y .
W h a t i s i n t e n d e d i s t o g e n e r a t e m u c h m o r e p r o d u c t i v e p o w e r a n d t o p r e v e n t t h e e m i s s i o n o f
t h e g r e e n h o u s e g a s e s . T h e d e c i s i o n s o f t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s , w h i c h a r e t h e m o s t i m m e d i a t e a n d
c l o s e s t g o v e r n m e n t a l i n s t i t u t i o n s t o t h e p u b l i c , p r i v a t e a n d s o c i a l p o w e r e n d - u s e r s a n d t h e
b u s i n e s s s e c t o r , a r e v e r y l i k e l y t o h a v e a d o m i n a n t e f f e c t u p o n t h e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y a n d
p r e v e n t i o n o f g r e e n h o u s e g a s e s . T h e l o c a l p o w e r p o l i c i e s c r e a t e s a n e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y a n d
e m p l o y m e n t f o r t h e s t u d i e s i n t h e f i l e d o f p o w e r m a n a g e m e n t , a n d f o r a c c o m p l i s h i n g t h e s e
s t u d i e s b y m e a n s o f r e n e w a b l e p o w e r r e s o u r c e s , t h e r e f o r e , t h e y h a v e a c o n s t r u c t i v e e f f e c t .
T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n t r i g g e r i n g a l l t h e s e i s t h e m u t u a l c o o r d i n a t i o n o f t h e p o l i t i c a l
a n d t e c h n i c a l a c t o r s i n p o w e r a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s s u e s . I f t h e h u m a n r e s o u r c e s a r e d e f i c i e n t ,
t h e g o o d w i l l o f t h e E n t e r p r i s e s m i g h t b e l a c k i n g . E a c h n e w p r o d u c t p e n e t r a t e s t h e m a r k e t
w i t h i t s o w n m a r k e t i n g u n i t , t e c h n i c a l s e r v i c e a n d a f t e r - s a l e s e r v i c e . A n e w p r o d u c t , i n t h i s
c a s e p o w e r , n e e d s m o r e s u p p o r t . T h e r e f o r e , t h e m o d e l o f e n e r g y a g e n c y t h a t i s h e a v i l y
i m p l e m e n t e d i n E u r o p e s h o u l d b e u s e d i n t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s i n T u r k e y a s w e l l .
T h e e n e r g y a g e n c i e s t o b e f o u n d e d s h o u l d n o t b e l i m i t e d t o a l o c a l l e v e l , b u t s h o u l d
d e v e l o p j o i n t p r o j e c t s i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h i n t e r n a t i o n a l f o u n d a t i o n s a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . T h e
d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s o f c i t i e s i n o t h e r c o u n t r i e s t h a t h a v e r a t h e r d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s a n d
e x p e r i e n c e s a r e a c t u a l l y a g r e a t o p p o r t u n i t y f o r m u t u a l s h a r i n g , a n d t h e y s h a l l m a k e
i n v a l u a b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o o u r c o u n t r y d u r i n g t h e i n t e g r a t i o n p r o c e s s t o t h e E u r o p e a n U n i o n .
T h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s h o l d a g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e i n a l l o w i n g a n y s u c h a g e n c y t o c a r r y o u t i t s
t a s k . T h e d i r e c t a n d m o s t i m p o r t a n t r e s u l t o f t h e l o c a l p o w e r p o l i c i e s i s e n v i r o n m e n t a l
p r o t e c t i o n . T h e l o c a l , n a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l f o u n d a t i o n s h a v e g e n e r a l l y c o n d u c t e d s t u d i e s
a n d r e s e a r c h e s i n t h i s r e g a r d . H o w e v e r , i t c a n b e r e c o g n i z e d a s a n a b s o l u t e t r a n s f e r o n l y w h e n
t h e s e s t u d i e s a n d r e s e a r c h e s a r e i m p l e m e n t e d o n t h e l o c a l a n d g l o b a l s c a l e . H e r e , t h e
m u n i c i p a l i t i e s h a v e a l o t o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o s h o u l d e r . T h e y a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r i m p l e m e n t i n g
l o c a l p o w e r a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l i c i e s .


21
with its utilisation of energy resources. Therefore, improved energy efficiency in power plants
leads to reduced energy losses and reduced environmental pollution
35
.
2.2.2 The coordination of political and technical actors
Municipalities are charged with checking the power consumption in their area actively.
What is intended is to generate much more productive power and to prevent the emission of
the greenhouse gases. The decisions of the municipalities, which are the most immediate and
closest governmental institutions to the public, private and social power end-users and the
business sector, are very likely to have a dominant effect upon the energy efficiency and
prevention of greenhouse gases. The local power policies creates an economic activity and
employment for the studies in the filed of power management, and for accomplishing these
studies by means of renewable power resources, therefore, they have a constructive effect.
The most important factor in triggering all these is the mutual coordination of the political
and technical actors in power and environmental issues. If the human resources are deficient,
the goodwill of the Enterprises might be lacking. Each new product penetrates the market
with its own marketing unit, technical service and after-sale service. A new product, in this
case power, needs more support. Therefore, the model of energy agency that is heavily
implemented in Europe should be used in the municipalities in Turkey as well.
The energy agencies to be founded should not be limited to a local level, but should
develop joint projects in collaboration with international foundations and establishments. The
different aspects of cities in other countries that have rather different locations and
experiences are actually a great opportunity for mutual sharing, and they shall make
invaluable contributions to our country during the integration process to the European Union.
The municipalities hold a great importance in allowing any such agency to carry out its
task. The direct and most important result of the local power policies is environmental
protection. The local, national and international foundations have generally conducted studies
and researches in this regard. However, it can be recognized as an absolute transfer only when
these studies and researches are implemented on the local and global scale. Here, the
municipalities have a lot of responsibility to shoulder. They are responsible for implementing
local power and environmental policies.


21
with its utilisation of energy resources. Therefore, improved energy efficiency in power plants
leads to reduced energy losses and reduced environmental pollution
35
.
2.2.2 The coordination of political and technical actors
Municipalities are charged with checking the power consumption in their area actively.
What is intended is to generate much more productive power and to prevent the emission of
the greenhouse gases. The decisions of the municipalities, which are the most immediate and
closest governmental institutions to the public, private and social power end-users and the
business sector, are very likely to have a dominant effect upon the energy efficiency and
prevention of greenhouse gases. The local power policies creates an economic activity and
employment for the studies in the filed of power management, and for accomplishing these
studies by means of renewable power resources, therefore, they have a constructive effect.
The most important factor in triggering all these is the mutual coordination of the political
and technical actors in power and environmental issues. If the human resources are deficient,
the goodwill of the Enterprises might be lacking. Each new product penetrates the market
with its own marketing unit, technical service and after-sale service. A new product, in this
case power, needs more support. Therefore, the model of energy agency that is heavily
implemented in Europe should be used in the municipalities in Turkey as well.
The energy agencies to be founded should not be limited to a local level, but should
develop joint projects in collaboration with international foundations and establishments. The
different aspects of cities in other countries that have rather different locations and
experiences are actually a great opportunity for mutual sharing, and they shall make
invaluable contributions to our country during the integration process to the European Union.
The municipalities hold a great importance in allowing any such agency to carry out its
task. The direct and most important result of the local power policies is environmental
protection. The local, national and international foundations have generally conducted studies
and researches in this regard. However, it can be recognized as an absolute transfer only when
these studies and researches are implemented on the local and global scale. Here, the
municipalities have a lot of responsibility to shoulder. They are responsible for implementing
local power and environmental policies.


22
2.3 Functions of the municipalities in Bodrum
For the purpose of a strategic study, it is assumed that the acceptability of renewable
energy development scenarios will largely depend on their likely positive and negative
effects, both individually and cumulatively, as supported by local government.
According to the Energie-Cits program, the municipalities have a role to play in
36
:
Improving the thermal quality of settlements: these improvements will help provide
employment as well as reducing household expenses,
The utilisation of local resources (domestic waste and economic activities, wood, solar
energy, etc., depending on the country and local situations) will have an effect on both
employment and the price of supplying energy to the inhabitants.
Via their role of proximity and as representatives of the local populations, municipalities
are the best placed to:
Highlight the energy demand and consumer interests; this role is essential to the
functioning of a balanced market.
Goodwill alone is not sufficient for a city to succeed, if there is a complete lack of human
resources. Any product or service comes with its own marketing department, technical
assistance and after-sales service. New products such as renewable energy need even more
support, as they operate in a sector where energy companies are able to give their products a
boost to increase their sales.
Municipalities as a power consumer: The power consumption of municipality buildings,
urban lighting systems, the municipality vehicle fleet and other municipalities in similar areas
also hold the position as consumers. In this case, efficient power management refers to power
and financial disposal directly.
Municipalities as power producer and distributor: The power that is distributed to the
local population should also be produced locally. The power efficiency depends on the
optimization of production-distribution-consumption chain. This optimization can only be
ensured locally.
Municipalities as an institution that is responsible for urban government and
development: They have distinctive responsibilities for making use of local-scale


22
2.3 Functions of the municipalities in Bodrum
For the purpose of a strategic study, it is assumed that the acceptability of renewable
energy development scenarios will largely depend on their likely positive and negative
effects, both individually and cumulatively, as supported by local government.
According to the Energie-Cits program, the municipalities have a role to play in
36
:
Improving the thermal quality of settlements: these improvements will help provide
employment as well as reducing household expenses,
The utilisation of local resources (domestic waste and economic activities, wood, solar
energy, etc., depending on the country and local situations) will have an effect on both
employment and the price of supplying energy to the inhabitants.
Via their role of proximity and as representatives of the local populations, municipalities
are the best placed to:
Highlight the energy demand and consumer interests; this role is essential to the
functioning of a balanced market.
Goodwill alone is not sufficient for a city to succeed, if there is a complete lack of human
resources. Any product or service comes with its own marketing department, technical
assistance and after-sales service. New products such as renewable energy need even more
support, as they operate in a sector where energy companies are able to give their products a
boost to increase their sales.
Municipalities as a power consumer: The power consumption of municipality buildings,
urban lighting systems, the municipality vehicle fleet and other municipalities in similar areas
also hold the position as consumers. In this case, efficient power management refers to power
and financial disposal directly.
Municipalities as power producer and distributor: The power that is distributed to the
local population should also be produced locally. The power efficiency depends on the
optimization of production-distribution-consumption chain. This optimization can only be
ensured locally.
Municipalities as an institution that is responsible for urban government and
development: They have distinctive responsibilities for making use of local-scale


2 2
2 . 3 F u n c t i o n s o f t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s i n B o d r u m
F o r t h e p u r p o s e o f a s t r a t e g i c s t u d y , i t i s a s s u m e d t h a t t h e a c c e p t a b i l i t y o f r e n e w a b l e
e n e r g y d e v e l o p m e n t s c e n a r i o s w i l l l a r g e l y d e p e n d o n t h e i r l i k e l y p o s i t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e
e f f e c t s , b o t h i n d i v i d u a l l y a n d c u m u l a t i v e l y , a s s u p p o r t e d b y l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e E n e r g i e - C i t s p r o g r a m , t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s h a v e a r o l e t o p l a y i n
3 6
:
I m p r o v i n g t h e t h e r m a l q u a l i t y o f s e t t l e m e n t s : t h e s e i m p r o v e m e n t s w i l l h e l p p r o v i d e
e m p l o y m e n t a s w e l l a s r e d u c i n g h o u s e h o l d e x p e n s e s ,
T h e u t i l i s a t i o n o f l o c a l r e s o u r c e s ( d o m e s t i c w a s t e a n d e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t i e s , w o o d , s o l a r
e n e r g y , e t c . , d e p e n d i n g o n t h e c o u n t r y a n d l o c a l s i t u a t i o n s ) w i l l h a v e a n e f f e c t o n b o t h
e m p l o y m e n t a n d t h e p r i c e o f s u p p l y i n g e n e r g y t o t h e i n h a b i t a n t s .
V i a t h e i r r o l e o f p r o x i m i t y a n d a s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e l o c a l p o p u l a t i o n s , m u n i c i p a l i t i e s
a r e t h e b e s t p l a c e d t o :
H i g h l i g h t t h e e n e r g y d e m a n d a n d c o n s u m e r i n t e r e s t s ; t h i s r o l e i s e s s e n t i a l t o t h e
f u n c t i o n i n g o f a b a l a n c e d m a r k e t .
G o o d w i l l a l o n e i s n o t s u f f i c i e n t f o r a c i t y t o s u c c e e d , i f t h e r e i s a c o m p l e t e l a c k o f h u m a n
r e s o u r c e s . A n y p r o d u c t o r s e r v i c e c o m e s w i t h i t s o w n m a r k e t i n g d e p a r t m e n t , t e c h n i c a l
a s s i s t a n c e a n d a f t e r - s a l e s s e r v i c e . N e w p r o d u c t s s u c h a s r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y n e e d e v e n m o r e
s u p p o r t , a s t h e y o p e r a t e i n a s e c t o r w h e r e e n e r g y c o m p a n i e s a r e a b l e t o g i v e t h e i r p r o d u c t s a
b o o s t t o i n c r e a s e t h e i r s a l e s .
M u n i c i p a l i t i e s a s a p o w e r c o n s u m e r : T h e p o w e r c o n s u m p t i o n o f m u n i c i p a l i t y b u i l d i n g s ,
u r b a n l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s , t h e m u n i c i p a l i t y v e h i c l e f l e e t a n d o t h e r m u n i c i p a l i t i e s i n s i m i l a r a r e a s
a l s o h o l d t h e p o s i t i o n a s c o n s u m e r s . I n t h i s c a s e , e f f i c i e n t p o w e r m a n a g e m e n t r e f e r s t o p o w e r
a n d f i n a n c i a l d i s p o s a l d i r e c t l y .
M u n i c i p a l i t i e s a s p o w e r p r o d u c e r a n d d i s t r i b u t o r : T h e p o w e r t h a t i s d i s t r i b u t e d t o t h e
l o c a l p o p u l a t i o n s h o u l d a l s o b e p r o d u c e d l o c a l l y . T h e p o w e r e f f i c i e n c y d e p e n d s o n t h e
o p t i m i z a t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n - d i s t r i b u t i o n - c o n s u m p t i o n c h a i n . T h i s o p t i m i z a t i o n c a n o n l y b e
e n s u r e d l o c a l l y .
M u n i c i p a l i t i e s a s a n i n s t i t u t i o n t h a t i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r u r b a n g o v e r n m e n t a n d
d e v e l o p m e n t : T h e y h a v e d i s t i n c t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s f o r m a k i n g u s e o f l o c a l - s c a l e


2 2
2 . 3 F u n c t i o n s o f t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s i n B o d r u m
F o r t h e p u r p o s e o f a s t r a t e g i c s t u d y , i t i s a s s u m e d t h a t t h e a c c e p t a b i l i t y o f r e n e w a b l e
e n e r g y d e v e l o p m e n t s c e n a r i o s w i l l l a r g e l y d e p e n d o n t h e i r l i k e l y p o s i t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e
e f f e c t s , b o t h i n d i v i d u a l l y a n d c u m u l a t i v e l y , a s s u p p o r t e d b y l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e E n e r g i e - C i t s p r o g r a m , t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s h a v e a r o l e t o p l a y i n
3 6
:
I m p r o v i n g t h e t h e r m a l q u a l i t y o f s e t t l e m e n t s : t h e s e i m p r o v e m e n t s w i l l h e l p p r o v i d e
e m p l o y m e n t a s w e l l a s r e d u c i n g h o u s e h o l d e x p e n s e s ,
T h e u t i l i s a t i o n o f l o c a l r e s o u r c e s ( d o m e s t i c w a s t e a n d e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t i e s , w o o d , s o l a r
e n e r g y , e t c . , d e p e n d i n g o n t h e c o u n t r y a n d l o c a l s i t u a t i o n s ) w i l l h a v e a n e f f e c t o n b o t h
e m p l o y m e n t a n d t h e p r i c e o f s u p p l y i n g e n e r g y t o t h e i n h a b i t a n t s .
V i a t h e i r r o l e o f p r o x i m i t y a n d a s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e l o c a l p o p u l a t i o n s , m u n i c i p a l i t i e s
a r e t h e b e s t p l a c e d t o :
H i g h l i g h t t h e e n e r g y d e m a n d a n d c o n s u m e r i n t e r e s t s ; t h i s r o l e i s e s s e n t i a l t o t h e
f u n c t i o n i n g o f a b a l a n c e d m a r k e t .
G o o d w i l l a l o n e i s n o t s u f f i c i e n t f o r a c i t y t o s u c c e e d , i f t h e r e i s a c o m p l e t e l a c k o f h u m a n
r e s o u r c e s . A n y p r o d u c t o r s e r v i c e c o m e s w i t h i t s o w n m a r k e t i n g d e p a r t m e n t , t e c h n i c a l
a s s i s t a n c e a n d a f t e r - s a l e s s e r v i c e . N e w p r o d u c t s s u c h a s r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y n e e d e v e n m o r e
s u p p o r t , a s t h e y o p e r a t e i n a s e c t o r w h e r e e n e r g y c o m p a n i e s a r e a b l e t o g i v e t h e i r p r o d u c t s a
b o o s t t o i n c r e a s e t h e i r s a l e s .
M u n i c i p a l i t i e s a s a p o w e r c o n s u m e r : T h e p o w e r c o n s u m p t i o n o f m u n i c i p a l i t y b u i l d i n g s ,
u r b a n l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s , t h e m u n i c i p a l i t y v e h i c l e f l e e t a n d o t h e r m u n i c i p a l i t i e s i n s i m i l a r a r e a s
a l s o h o l d t h e p o s i t i o n a s c o n s u m e r s . I n t h i s c a s e , e f f i c i e n t p o w e r m a n a g e m e n t r e f e r s t o p o w e r
a n d f i n a n c i a l d i s p o s a l d i r e c t l y .
M u n i c i p a l i t i e s a s p o w e r p r o d u c e r a n d d i s t r i b u t o r : T h e p o w e r t h a t i s d i s t r i b u t e d t o t h e
l o c a l p o p u l a t i o n s h o u l d a l s o b e p r o d u c e d l o c a l l y . T h e p o w e r e f f i c i e n c y d e p e n d s o n t h e
o p t i m i z a t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n - d i s t r i b u t i o n - c o n s u m p t i o n c h a i n . T h i s o p t i m i z a t i o n c a n o n l y b e
e n s u r e d l o c a l l y .
M u n i c i p a l i t i e s a s a n i n s t i t u t i o n t h a t i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r u r b a n g o v e r n m e n t a n d
d e v e l o p m e n t : T h e y h a v e d i s t i n c t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s f o r m a k i n g u s e o f l o c a l - s c a l e

2 3
o p p o r t u n i t i e s , c i t y p l a n n i n g a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , s h e l t e r i n g t h e i n d i v i d u a l s t h a t l i v e i n t h e g i v e n
c i t y a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e p o w e r c o n s u m p t i o n i n t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s .
M u n i c i p a l i t i e s a s a r e a s o n : G l o b a l p o w e r c o n s u m p t i o n s r e s u l t f r o m t h e i n d i v i d u a l
c o n s u m p t i o n t h a t e m e r g e s f r o m a v a r i e t y o f p r i v a t e a n d p u b l i c o p i n i o n .
W h i l e t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s f u l f i l l t h e i r f u n c t i o n s , t h e y e n s u r e t h a t t h e t h e r m a l q u a l i t y o f t h e
s t r u c t u r e s a r e e n h a n c e d , t h u s t h e y c r e a t e e m p l o y m e n t a n d c o n d u c e t o r e d u c e t h e p o w e r
c o n s u m p t i o n . U s i n g l o c a l r e s o u r c e s s h a l l h a v e p o s i t i v e e f f e c t s u p o n t h e l o c a l c o m m u n i t y n o t
o n l y f o r c r e a t i n g e m p l o y m e n t b u t a l s o f o r t h e c o s t o f t h e p o w e r t h a t i s u s e d . B e n e f i t i n g f r o m
i t s p o w e r t o r e p r e s e n t t h e p u b l i c , t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s d e a l w i t h t h e p o w e r i s s u e a n d u s e r
r e q u i r e m e n t s , a n d t h u s t h e y l e a d t o t h e f u r t h e r o p e r a t i o n o f t h e m a r k e t i n t h i s f i e l d .
T h e l o c a l c o m m u n i t y t h a t i s s o r e p r e s e n t e d h a s a l s o a l o t t o d o . P o w e r i s n o t a n i n t e g r a l
p a r t o f d a i l y l i f e . E a c h i n d i v i d u a l t h a t c o n s u m e s p o w e r i s o b l i g e d t o d o h i s / h e r p a r t o f t h e
w o r k . T h e e c o n o m i c s , a t m o s p h e r e a n d t h e e c o s y s t e m d o n e e d c o n s u m e r s t o a c t r e a s o n a b l y .
A n y a n d a l l u n i t s f r o m t h e p o w e r p r o d u c e r s t o t h e c o n s u m e r s s h o u l d a c t i n a n e q u a l l y
s e n s i b l e m a n n e r . T h e o b l i g a t i o n s t h a t a r e s h o u l d e r e d b y t h e p r o d u c e r c o m p a n i e s i n t h e p h a s e
o f r e s e a r c h a n d d e v e l o p m e n t s h o u l d a l s o b e a d o p t e d b y t h e c o n s u m e r s f o r t h e s a k e o f p o w e r
e f f i c i e n c y .
2 . 4 I m p l e m e n t i n g s u s t a i n a b l e l o c a l e n e r g y p o l i c y
T h e r e a r e s o m a n y e f f e c t s c r e a t e d b y r e d u c i n g e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n . B e s i d e t h e a c t i o n s o f
m u n i c i p a l i t i e s , l o c a l r e s i d e n t s m u s t b e e n c o u r a g e d t o a d o p t m o r e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n t m e a n s o f
c o n s u m p t i o n , t o c h o o s e t h e b e s t w a y t o i m p r o v e t h e i r t h e r m a l c o m f o r t a n d d o t h i s w i t h o u t
s p e n d i n g m o r e .
E n e r g y m a n a g e m e n t i s a c u l t u r a l m a t t e r . I t i s a w a y o f p r e p a r i n g o u r s o c i e t y ' s f u t u r e
d e v e l o p m e n t b y u s i n g n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s s p a r i n g l y , t o a v o i d c o m p r o m i s i n g o u r f u t u r e a n d
e n s u r e g r e a t e r s o c i a l e q u i t y b e t w e e n c o u n t r i e s . S o m e t i m e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t e c h n i c a l a n d
p r a c t i c a l m e a s u r e s , e d u c a t i o n a l i n i t i a t i v e s d i r e c t e d a t s c h o o l c h i l d r e n a r e d e v e l o p e d i n c o -
o p e r a t i o n w i t h p r o f e s s i o n a l s w o r k i n g i n t h e e d u c a t i o n s e c t o r
3 7
.

2 3
o p p o r t u n i t i e s , c i t y p l a n n i n g a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , s h e l t e r i n g t h e i n d i v i d u a l s t h a t l i v e i n t h e g i v e n
c i t y a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e p o w e r c o n s u m p t i o n i n t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s .
M u n i c i p a l i t i e s a s a r e a s o n : G l o b a l p o w e r c o n s u m p t i o n s r e s u l t f r o m t h e i n d i v i d u a l
c o n s u m p t i o n t h a t e m e r g e s f r o m a v a r i e t y o f p r i v a t e a n d p u b l i c o p i n i o n .
W h i l e t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s f u l f i l l t h e i r f u n c t i o n s , t h e y e n s u r e t h a t t h e t h e r m a l q u a l i t y o f t h e
s t r u c t u r e s a r e e n h a n c e d , t h u s t h e y c r e a t e e m p l o y m e n t a n d c o n d u c e t o r e d u c e t h e p o w e r
c o n s u m p t i o n . U s i n g l o c a l r e s o u r c e s s h a l l h a v e p o s i t i v e e f f e c t s u p o n t h e l o c a l c o m m u n i t y n o t
o n l y f o r c r e a t i n g e m p l o y m e n t b u t a l s o f o r t h e c o s t o f t h e p o w e r t h a t i s u s e d . B e n e f i t i n g f r o m
i t s p o w e r t o r e p r e s e n t t h e p u b l i c , t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s d e a l w i t h t h e p o w e r i s s u e a n d u s e r
r e q u i r e m e n t s , a n d t h u s t h e y l e a d t o t h e f u r t h e r o p e r a t i o n o f t h e m a r k e t i n t h i s f i e l d .
T h e l o c a l c o m m u n i t y t h a t i s s o r e p r e s e n t e d h a s a l s o a l o t t o d o . P o w e r i s n o t a n i n t e g r a l
p a r t o f d a i l y l i f e . E a c h i n d i v i d u a l t h a t c o n s u m e s p o w e r i s o b l i g e d t o d o h i s / h e r p a r t o f t h e
w o r k . T h e e c o n o m i c s , a t m o s p h e r e a n d t h e e c o s y s t e m d o n e e d c o n s u m e r s t o a c t r e a s o n a b l y .
A n y a n d a l l u n i t s f r o m t h e p o w e r p r o d u c e r s t o t h e c o n s u m e r s s h o u l d a c t i n a n e q u a l l y
s e n s i b l e m a n n e r . T h e o b l i g a t i o n s t h a t a r e s h o u l d e r e d b y t h e p r o d u c e r c o m p a n i e s i n t h e p h a s e
o f r e s e a r c h a n d d e v e l o p m e n t s h o u l d a l s o b e a d o p t e d b y t h e c o n s u m e r s f o r t h e s a k e o f p o w e r
e f f i c i e n c y .
2 . 4 I m p l e m e n t i n g s u s t a i n a b l e l o c a l e n e r g y p o l i c y
T h e r e a r e s o m a n y e f f e c t s c r e a t e d b y r e d u c i n g e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n . B e s i d e t h e a c t i o n s o f
m u n i c i p a l i t i e s , l o c a l r e s i d e n t s m u s t b e e n c o u r a g e d t o a d o p t m o r e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n t m e a n s o f
c o n s u m p t i o n , t o c h o o s e t h e b e s t w a y t o i m p r o v e t h e i r t h e r m a l c o m f o r t a n d d o t h i s w i t h o u t
s p e n d i n g m o r e .
E n e r g y m a n a g e m e n t i s a c u l t u r a l m a t t e r . I t i s a w a y o f p r e p a r i n g o u r s o c i e t y ' s f u t u r e
d e v e l o p m e n t b y u s i n g n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s s p a r i n g l y , t o a v o i d c o m p r o m i s i n g o u r f u t u r e a n d
e n s u r e g r e a t e r s o c i a l e q u i t y b e t w e e n c o u n t r i e s . S o m e t i m e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t e c h n i c a l a n d
p r a c t i c a l m e a s u r e s , e d u c a t i o n a l i n i t i a t i v e s d i r e c t e d a t s c h o o l c h i l d r e n a r e d e v e l o p e d i n c o -
o p e r a t i o n w i t h p r o f e s s i o n a l s w o r k i n g i n t h e e d u c a t i o n s e c t o r
3 7
.

23
opportunities, city planning and transportation, sheltering the individuals that live in the given
city and particularly the power consumption in their activities.
Municipalities as a reason: Global power consumptions result from the individual
consumption that emerges from a variety of private and public opinion.
While the municipalities fulfill their functions, they ensure that the thermal quality of the
structures are enhanced, thus they create employment and conduce to reduce the power
consumption. Using local resources shall have positive effects upon the local community not
only for creating employment but also for the cost of the power that is used. Benefiting from
its power to represent the public, the municipalities deal with the power issue and user
requirements, and thus they lead to the further operation of the market in this field.
The local community that is so represented has also a lot to do. Power is not an integral
part of daily life. Each individual that consumes power is obliged to do his/her part of the
work. The economics, atmosphere and the ecosystem do need consumers to act reasonably.
Any and all units from the power producers to the consumers should act in an equally
sensible manner. The obligations that are shouldered by the producer companies in the phase
of research and development should also be adopted by the consumers for the sake of power
efficiency.
2.4 Implementing sustainable local energy policy
There are so many effects created by reducing energy consumption. Beside the actions of
municipalities, local residents must be encouraged to adopt more energy efficient means of
consumption, to choose the best way to improve their thermal comfort and do this without
spending more.
Energy management is a cultural matter. It is a way of preparing our society's future
development by using natural resources sparingly, to avoid compromising our future and
ensure greater social equity between countries. Sometimes associated with technical and
practical measures, educational initiatives directed at schoolchildren are developed in co-
operation with professionals working in the education sector
37
.

23
opportunities, city planning and transportation, sheltering the individuals that live in the given
city and particularly the power consumption in their activities.
Municipalities as a reason: Global power consumptions result from the individual
consumption that emerges from a variety of private and public opinion.
While the municipalities fulfill their functions, they ensure that the thermal quality of the
structures are enhanced, thus they create employment and conduce to reduce the power
consumption. Using local resources shall have positive effects upon the local community not
only for creating employment but also for the cost of the power that is used. Benefiting from
its power to represent the public, the municipalities deal with the power issue and user
requirements, and thus they lead to the further operation of the market in this field.
The local community that is so represented has also a lot to do. Power is not an integral
part of daily life. Each individual that consumes power is obliged to do his/her part of the
work. The economics, atmosphere and the ecosystem do need consumers to act reasonably.
Any and all units from the power producers to the consumers should act in an equally
sensible manner. The obligations that are shouldered by the producer companies in the phase
of research and development should also be adopted by the consumers for the sake of power
efficiency.
2.4 Implementing sustainable local energy policy
There are so many effects created by reducing energy consumption. Beside the actions of
municipalities, local residents must be encouraged to adopt more energy efficient means of
consumption, to choose the best way to improve their thermal comfort and do this without
spending more.
Energy management is a cultural matter. It is a way of preparing our society's future
development by using natural resources sparingly, to avoid compromising our future and
ensure greater social equity between countries. Sometimes associated with technical and
practical measures, educational initiatives directed at schoolchildren are developed in co-
operation with professionals working in the education sector
37
.


24
2.4.1 Functions of the energy agencies in Bodrum
The fields of activity, which are the local sustainable power policies of the energy
agencies, shall act as an intermediary between the representative and the represented for
operating the relevant functions. They should be examined in two primary categories:
Sustainable urban development: To transmit examples to the public, to encourage the
public to contribute to the development of efficient power usage and better protection of the
environment are also other important roles to be undertaken by the municipalities.
What should be taken into consideration by the municipalities while fulfilling the given
functions is the fact that the public should be informed and that education should be
encouraged. Not only should the responsible authorities but also the local community should
be informed to make reasonable decisions while selecting the necessary materials and
equipment so that no further consumption is made, and their own thermal comfort is
developed.
Power management is a cultural event. It means preparing the suitable social ground for
the public to make use of the natural resources in a prudent way, not to endanger the future
and to ensure the social justice between the countries. The programs that are prepared for the
school-age children shall mediate to raise a facultative and self-aware public in the future.
Energy efficiency: Instead of polluting, dangerous projects for the sake of supplying power
needs, we should grow conscious of how to make use of power efficiency and local, abundant
and various renewable power resources, thus ensuring that much cleaner, safer and cheaper
alternatives are developed. By means of solutions that depend on a great deal of solar, wind
and water power, geothermal and biomass resources, Turkey can decrease its dependency
upon those fossil fuels that are expensive, imported and adversely change the climate. The
environmental effects on a community are related to the evaluation of the power resources in
that community. Therefore, increasing power efficiency shall especially prevent
environmental pollution and any other future problems.


24
2.4.1 Functions of the energy agencies in Bodrum
The fields of activity, which are the local sustainable power policies of the energy
agencies, shall act as an intermediary between the representative and the represented for
operating the relevant functions. They should be examined in two primary categories:
Sustainable urban development: To transmit examples to the public, to encourage the
public to contribute to the development of efficient power usage and better protection of the
environment are also other important roles to be undertaken by the municipalities.
What should be taken into consideration by the municipalities while fulfilling the given
functions is the fact that the public should be informed and that education should be
encouraged. Not only should the responsible authorities but also the local community should
be informed to make reasonable decisions while selecting the necessary materials and
equipment so that no further consumption is made, and their own thermal comfort is
developed.
Power management is a cultural event. It means preparing the suitable social ground for
the public to make use of the natural resources in a prudent way, not to endanger the future
and to ensure the social justice between the countries. The programs that are prepared for the
school-age children shall mediate to raise a facultative and self-aware public in the future.
Energy efficiency: Instead of polluting, dangerous projects for the sake of supplying power
needs, we should grow conscious of how to make use of power efficiency and local, abundant
and various renewable power resources, thus ensuring that much cleaner, safer and cheaper
alternatives are developed. By means of solutions that depend on a great deal of solar, wind
and water power, geothermal and biomass resources, Turkey can decrease its dependency
upon those fossil fuels that are expensive, imported and adversely change the climate. The
environmental effects on a community are related to the evaluation of the power resources in
that community. Therefore, increasing power efficiency shall especially prevent
environmental pollution and any other future problems.


2 4
2 . 4 . 1 F u n c t i o n s o f t h e e n e r g y a g e n c i e s i n B o d r u m
T h e f i e l d s o f a c t i v i t y , w h i c h a r e t h e l o c a l s u s t a i n a b l e p o w e r p o l i c i e s o f t h e e n e r g y
a g e n c i e s , s h a l l a c t a s a n i n t e r m e d i a r y b e t w e e n t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a n d t h e r e p r e s e n t e d f o r
o p e r a t i n g t h e r e l e v a n t f u n c t i o n s . T h e y s h o u l d b e e x a m i n e d i n t w o p r i m a r y c a t e g o r i e s :
S u s t a i n a b l e u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t : T o t r a n s m i t e x a m p l e s t o t h e p u b l i c , t o e n c o u r a g e t h e
p u b l i c t o c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f e f f i c i e n t p o w e r u s a g e a n d b e t t e r p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e
e n v i r o n m e n t a r e a l s o o t h e r i m p o r t a n t r o l e s t o b e u n d e r t a k e n b y t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s .
W h a t s h o u l d b e t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n b y t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s w h i l e f u l f i l l i n g t h e g i v e n
f u n c t i o n s i s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e p u b l i c s h o u l d b e i n f o r m e d a n d t h a t e d u c a t i o n s h o u l d b e
e n c o u r a g e d . N o t o n l y s h o u l d t h e r e s p o n s i b l e a u t h o r i t i e s b u t a l s o t h e l o c a l c o m m u n i t y s h o u l d
b e i n f o r m e d t o m a k e r e a s o n a b l e d e c i s i o n s w h i l e s e l e c t i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y m a t e r i a l s a n d
e q u i p m e n t s o t h a t n o f u r t h e r c o n s u m p t i o n i s m a d e , a n d t h e i r o w n t h e r m a l c o m f o r t i s
d e v e l o p e d .
P o w e r m a n a g e m e n t i s a c u l t u r a l e v e n t . I t m e a n s p r e p a r i n g t h e s u i t a b l e s o c i a l g r o u n d f o r
t h e p u b l i c t o m a k e u s e o f t h e n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s i n a p r u d e n t w a y , n o t t o e n d a n g e r t h e f u t u r e
a n d t o e n s u r e t h e s o c i a l j u s t i c e b e t w e e n t h e c o u n t r i e s . T h e p r o g r a m s t h a t a r e p r e p a r e d f o r t h e
s c h o o l - a g e c h i l d r e n s h a l l m e d i a t e t o r a i s e a f a c u l t a t i v e a n d s e l f - a w a r e p u b l i c i n t h e f u t u r e .
E n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y : I n s t e a d o f p o l l u t i n g , d a n g e r o u s p r o j e c t s f o r t h e s a k e o f s u p p l y i n g p o w e r
n e e d s , w e s h o u l d g r o w c o n s c i o u s o f h o w t o m a k e u s e o f p o w e r e f f i c i e n c y a n d l o c a l , a b u n d a n t
a n d v a r i o u s r e n e w a b l e p o w e r r e s o u r c e s , t h u s e n s u r i n g t h a t m u c h c l e a n e r , s a f e r a n d c h e a p e r
a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e d e v e l o p e d . B y m e a n s o f s o l u t i o n s t h a t d e p e n d o n a g r e a t d e a l o f s o l a r , w i n d
a n d w a t e r p o w e r , g e o t h e r m a l a n d b i o m a s s r e s o u r c e s , T u r k e y c a n d e c r e a s e i t s d e p e n d e n c y
u p o n t h o s e f o s s i l f u e l s t h a t a r e e x p e n s i v e , i m p o r t e d a n d a d v e r s e l y c h a n g e t h e c l i m a t e . T h e
e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s o n a c o m m u n i t y a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e p o w e r r e s o u r c e s i n
t h a t c o m m u n i t y . T h e r e f o r e , i n c r e a s i n g p o w e r e f f i c i e n c y s h a l l e s p e c i a l l y p r e v e n t
e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l l u t i o n a n d a n y o t h e r f u t u r e p r o b l e m s .


2 4
2 . 4 . 1 F u n c t i o n s o f t h e e n e r g y a g e n c i e s i n B o d r u m
T h e f i e l d s o f a c t i v i t y , w h i c h a r e t h e l o c a l s u s t a i n a b l e p o w e r p o l i c i e s o f t h e e n e r g y
a g e n c i e s , s h a l l a c t a s a n i n t e r m e d i a r y b e t w e e n t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a n d t h e r e p r e s e n t e d f o r
o p e r a t i n g t h e r e l e v a n t f u n c t i o n s . T h e y s h o u l d b e e x a m i n e d i n t w o p r i m a r y c a t e g o r i e s :
S u s t a i n a b l e u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t : T o t r a n s m i t e x a m p l e s t o t h e p u b l i c , t o e n c o u r a g e t h e
p u b l i c t o c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f e f f i c i e n t p o w e r u s a g e a n d b e t t e r p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e
e n v i r o n m e n t a r e a l s o o t h e r i m p o r t a n t r o l e s t o b e u n d e r t a k e n b y t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s .
W h a t s h o u l d b e t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n b y t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s w h i l e f u l f i l l i n g t h e g i v e n
f u n c t i o n s i s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e p u b l i c s h o u l d b e i n f o r m e d a n d t h a t e d u c a t i o n s h o u l d b e
e n c o u r a g e d . N o t o n l y s h o u l d t h e r e s p o n s i b l e a u t h o r i t i e s b u t a l s o t h e l o c a l c o m m u n i t y s h o u l d
b e i n f o r m e d t o m a k e r e a s o n a b l e d e c i s i o n s w h i l e s e l e c t i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y m a t e r i a l s a n d
e q u i p m e n t s o t h a t n o f u r t h e r c o n s u m p t i o n i s m a d e , a n d t h e i r o w n t h e r m a l c o m f o r t i s
d e v e l o p e d .
P o w e r m a n a g e m e n t i s a c u l t u r a l e v e n t . I t m e a n s p r e p a r i n g t h e s u i t a b l e s o c i a l g r o u n d f o r
t h e p u b l i c t o m a k e u s e o f t h e n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s i n a p r u d e n t w a y , n o t t o e n d a n g e r t h e f u t u r e
a n d t o e n s u r e t h e s o c i a l j u s t i c e b e t w e e n t h e c o u n t r i e s . T h e p r o g r a m s t h a t a r e p r e p a r e d f o r t h e
s c h o o l - a g e c h i l d r e n s h a l l m e d i a t e t o r a i s e a f a c u l t a t i v e a n d s e l f - a w a r e p u b l i c i n t h e f u t u r e .
E n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y : I n s t e a d o f p o l l u t i n g , d a n g e r o u s p r o j e c t s f o r t h e s a k e o f s u p p l y i n g p o w e r
n e e d s , w e s h o u l d g r o w c o n s c i o u s o f h o w t o m a k e u s e o f p o w e r e f f i c i e n c y a n d l o c a l , a b u n d a n t
a n d v a r i o u s r e n e w a b l e p o w e r r e s o u r c e s , t h u s e n s u r i n g t h a t m u c h c l e a n e r , s a f e r a n d c h e a p e r
a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e d e v e l o p e d . B y m e a n s o f s o l u t i o n s t h a t d e p e n d o n a g r e a t d e a l o f s o l a r , w i n d
a n d w a t e r p o w e r , g e o t h e r m a l a n d b i o m a s s r e s o u r c e s , T u r k e y c a n d e c r e a s e i t s d e p e n d e n c y
u p o n t h o s e f o s s i l f u e l s t h a t a r e e x p e n s i v e , i m p o r t e d a n d a d v e r s e l y c h a n g e t h e c l i m a t e . T h e
e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s o n a c o m m u n i t y a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e p o w e r r e s o u r c e s i n
t h a t c o m m u n i t y . T h e r e f o r e , i n c r e a s i n g p o w e r e f f i c i e n c y s h a l l e s p e c i a l l y p r e v e n t
e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l l u t i o n a n d a n y o t h e r f u t u r e p r o b l e m s .


2 5
2 . 5 S o c i o - e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e a n d d e m o g r a p h y o f B o d r u m
T h e q u a n t i t y o f s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h e s t h a t i n v e s t i g a t e t h e s o c i o - e c o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
r e l a t i n g t o B o d r u m i s n o t i n c o n s i d e r a b l e . T h e i n s u f f i c i e n c y t h a t w a s u n d e r s c o r e d b y t h e
r e s e a r c h e s o n t h e a r e a h a s a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d t h e s t u d y o f m a t t e r s r e f e r r i n g t o t h e s o c i a l ,
a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a n d e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e o f t h e c i t y . T h e s e f a c t o r s a f f e c t s o c i a l l i f e d i r e c t l y ;
c o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e y a r e a l s o r e l a t e d t o p o w e r a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e g o v e r n o r s h i p o f M u l a , t h e s u r f a c e a r e a o f B o d r u m d i s t r i c t i s 5 5 7 k m
2
.
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p o p u l a t i o n c e n s u s o f t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 , t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e d i s t r i c t i s
9 7 , 8 2 6 . 3 2 , 2 2 7 o f t h i s p o p u l a t i o n a r e s p r e a d a r o u n d t h e d i s t r i c t s , w h i l e t h e r e s t o f i t i s l i v i n g
i n s e t t l e m e n t u n i t s o u t s i d e t h e c e n t e r . T h e p o p u l a t i o n o f B o d r u m h a s b e e n b e c o m e
c o n s i d e r a b l y c l e a r e r o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e h o u s e h o l d c e n s u s c o n d u c t e d t o t h e a d d r e s s , w h i c h h a s
t a k e n p l a c e o n l y r e c e n t l y . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e s u l t o f t h i s c e n s u s , 1 3 0 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e a r e l i v i n g i n
B o d r u m .
T h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d m a k e s i t i m p o s s i b l e t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e p r e s e n t
d e g r e e o f u r b a n i z a t i o n o n t h e B o d r u m p e n i n s u l a . A s s u m i n g t h a t b o t h c e n s u s e s a r e c o r r e c t , i t
m e a n s t h a t t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e d i s t r i c t h a s i n c r e a s e d b y 3 3 t h o u s a n d i n s e v e n y e a r s . W h i l e
t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e d r o p s b a c k r e l a t i v e l y i n t h e c e n t e r , i t h a s i n c r e a s e d o u t s i d e t h e c e n t e r
v e r y f a s t . O n e v a l u a t i n g i t i n t e r m s o f u r b a n i z a t i o n , i t s e e m s p o s s i b l e t o c o r r e l a t e t h e
p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e o u t s i d e t h e c e n t e r s w i t h t h e i n c r e a s e o f s t r u c t u r e s i n n e w a r e a s .
A s s t a t e d e a r l i e r , t o u r i s m i s o n e o f t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t r e a s o n s i n e x p l a i n i n g p o p u l a t i o n
g r o w t h i n t h e a r e a . E v e n t h o u g h t h e s u m m e r p o p u l a t i o n o f B o d r u m i s n o t k n o w n w i t h a n y
c e r t a i n t y , t h e e s t i m a t e d f i g u r e r a n g e s b e t w e e n o n e a n d 1 . 5 m i l l i o n . I t c o r r e s p o n d s t o 1 5 0 - 2 0 0
p e o p l e p e r k m
2
, w h i c h i s t h r e e o r f o u r t i m e s m o r e t h a n t h a t o f t h e w i n t e r s e a s o n .
S u c h a n i n c r e a s e , w h i c h i s b o t h g e n e r a l a n d s e a s o n a l , h a s c a u s e d a s i g n i f i c a n t d o w n f a l l i n
t h e d e v e l o p m e n t l e v e l o f t h e a r e a . A s a r e s u l t o f t h e r e s e a r c h e s c o n d u c t e d b y t h e S t a t e
P l a n n i n g O r g a n i z a t i o n ( S P O ) i n 1 9 9 6 a n d 2 0 0 4 , B o d r u m f e l l b a c k t o t h e 3 0
t h
r a n k f r o m t h e
1 2
t h
r a n k i n t e r m s o f d e v e l o p m e n t l e v e l . C o n s i d e r i n g t h i s a n d t h e f a c t t h a t i t i s s t i l l o n t h e
s t a g e o f d e v e l o p m e n t p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r m s o f p o w e r e f f i c i e n c y , i t c a n b e s a i d t h a t t h e r e i s a
l o n g a n d c h a l l e n g i n g j o u r n e y a h e a d t o l e t t h e d e v e l o p m e n t l e v e l s e t t l e d o w n .


2 5
2 . 5 S o c i o - e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e a n d d e m o g r a p h y o f B o d r u m
T h e q u a n t i t y o f s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h e s t h a t i n v e s t i g a t e t h e s o c i o - e c o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
r e l a t i n g t o B o d r u m i s n o t i n c o n s i d e r a b l e . T h e i n s u f f i c i e n c y t h a t w a s u n d e r s c o r e d b y t h e
r e s e a r c h e s o n t h e a r e a h a s a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d t h e s t u d y o f m a t t e r s r e f e r r i n g t o t h e s o c i a l ,
a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a n d e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e o f t h e c i t y . T h e s e f a c t o r s a f f e c t s o c i a l l i f e d i r e c t l y ;
c o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e y a r e a l s o r e l a t e d t o p o w e r a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e g o v e r n o r s h i p o f M u l a , t h e s u r f a c e a r e a o f B o d r u m d i s t r i c t i s 5 5 7 k m
2
.
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p o p u l a t i o n c e n s u s o f t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 , t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e d i s t r i c t i s
9 7 , 8 2 6 . 3 2 , 2 2 7 o f t h i s p o p u l a t i o n a r e s p r e a d a r o u n d t h e d i s t r i c t s , w h i l e t h e r e s t o f i t i s l i v i n g
i n s e t t l e m e n t u n i t s o u t s i d e t h e c e n t e r . T h e p o p u l a t i o n o f B o d r u m h a s b e e n b e c o m e
c o n s i d e r a b l y c l e a r e r o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e h o u s e h o l d c e n s u s c o n d u c t e d t o t h e a d d r e s s , w h i c h h a s
t a k e n p l a c e o n l y r e c e n t l y . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e s u l t o f t h i s c e n s u s , 1 3 0 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e a r e l i v i n g i n
B o d r u m .
T h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d m a k e s i t i m p o s s i b l e t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e p r e s e n t
d e g r e e o f u r b a n i z a t i o n o n t h e B o d r u m p e n i n s u l a . A s s u m i n g t h a t b o t h c e n s u s e s a r e c o r r e c t , i t
m e a n s t h a t t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e d i s t r i c t h a s i n c r e a s e d b y 3 3 t h o u s a n d i n s e v e n y e a r s . W h i l e
t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e d r o p s b a c k r e l a t i v e l y i n t h e c e n t e r , i t h a s i n c r e a s e d o u t s i d e t h e c e n t e r
v e r y f a s t . O n e v a l u a t i n g i t i n t e r m s o f u r b a n i z a t i o n , i t s e e m s p o s s i b l e t o c o r r e l a t e t h e
p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e o u t s i d e t h e c e n t e r s w i t h t h e i n c r e a s e o f s t r u c t u r e s i n n e w a r e a s .
A s s t a t e d e a r l i e r , t o u r i s m i s o n e o f t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t r e a s o n s i n e x p l a i n i n g p o p u l a t i o n
g r o w t h i n t h e a r e a . E v e n t h o u g h t h e s u m m e r p o p u l a t i o n o f B o d r u m i s n o t k n o w n w i t h a n y
c e r t a i n t y , t h e e s t i m a t e d f i g u r e r a n g e s b e t w e e n o n e a n d 1 . 5 m i l l i o n . I t c o r r e s p o n d s t o 1 5 0 - 2 0 0
p e o p l e p e r k m
2
, w h i c h i s t h r e e o r f o u r t i m e s m o r e t h a n t h a t o f t h e w i n t e r s e a s o n .
S u c h a n i n c r e a s e , w h i c h i s b o t h g e n e r a l a n d s e a s o n a l , h a s c a u s e d a s i g n i f i c a n t d o w n f a l l i n
t h e d e v e l o p m e n t l e v e l o f t h e a r e a . A s a r e s u l t o f t h e r e s e a r c h e s c o n d u c t e d b y t h e S t a t e
P l a n n i n g O r g a n i z a t i o n ( S P O ) i n 1 9 9 6 a n d 2 0 0 4 , B o d r u m f e l l b a c k t o t h e 3 0
t h
r a n k f r o m t h e
1 2
t h
r a n k i n t e r m s o f d e v e l o p m e n t l e v e l . C o n s i d e r i n g t h i s a n d t h e f a c t t h a t i t i s s t i l l o n t h e
s t a g e o f d e v e l o p m e n t p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r m s o f p o w e r e f f i c i e n c y , i t c a n b e s a i d t h a t t h e r e i s a
l o n g a n d c h a l l e n g i n g j o u r n e y a h e a d t o l e t t h e d e v e l o p m e n t l e v e l s e t t l e d o w n .


25
2.5 Socio-economic structure and demography of Bodrum
The quantity of scientific researches that investigate the socio-economic characteristics
relating to Bodrum is not inconsiderable. The insufficiency that was underscored by the
researches on the area has adversely affected the study of matters referring to the social,
administrative and economic structure of the city. These factors affect social life directly;
consequently, they are also related to power and environmental problems.
According to the governorship of Mula, the surface area of Bodrum district is 557 km
2
.
According to the population census of the year 2000, the total population of the district is
97,826. 32,227 of this population are spread around the districts, while the rest of it is living
in settlement units outside the center. The population of Bodrum has been become
considerably clearer on the basis of the household census conducted to the address, which has
taken place only recently. According to the result of this census, 130,000 people are living in
Bodrum.
The difference between the results obtained makes it impossible to understand the present
degree of urbanization on the Bodrum peninsula. Assuming that both censuses are correct, it
means that the population of the district has increased by 33 thousand in seven years. While
the population increase drops back relatively in the center, it has increased outside the center
very fast. On evaluating it in terms of urbanization, it seems possible to correlate the
population increase outside the centers with the increase of structures in new areas.
As stated earlier, tourism is one of the most significant reasons in explaining population
growth in the area. Even though the summer population of Bodrum is not known with any
certainty, the estimated figure ranges between one and 1.5 million. It corresponds to 150-200
people per km
2
, which is three or four times more than that of the winter season.
Such an increase, which is both general and seasonal, has caused a significant downfall in
the development level of the area. As a result of the researches conducted by the State
Planning Organization (SPO) in 1996 and 2004, Bodrum fell back to the 30
th
rank from the
12
th
rank in terms of development level. Considering this and the fact that it is still on the
stage of development particularly in terms of power efficiency, it can be said that there is a
long and challenging journey ahead to let the development level settle down.


25
2.5 Socio-economic structure and demography of Bodrum
The quantity of scientific researches that investigate the socio-economic characteristics
relating to Bodrum is not inconsiderable. The insufficiency that was underscored by the
researches on the area has adversely affected the study of matters referring to the social,
administrative and economic structure of the city. These factors affect social life directly;
consequently, they are also related to power and environmental problems.
According to the governorship of Mula, the surface area of Bodrum district is 557 km
2
.
According to the population census of the year 2000, the total population of the district is
97,826. 32,227 of this population are spread around the districts, while the rest of it is living
in settlement units outside the center. The population of Bodrum has been become
considerably clearer on the basis of the household census conducted to the address, which has
taken place only recently. According to the result of this census, 130,000 people are living in
Bodrum.
The difference between the results obtained makes it impossible to understand the present
degree of urbanization on the Bodrum peninsula. Assuming that both censuses are correct, it
means that the population of the district has increased by 33 thousand in seven years. While
the population increase drops back relatively in the center, it has increased outside the center
very fast. On evaluating it in terms of urbanization, it seems possible to correlate the
population increase outside the centers with the increase of structures in new areas.
As stated earlier, tourism is one of the most significant reasons in explaining population
growth in the area. Even though the summer population of Bodrum is not known with any
certainty, the estimated figure ranges between one and 1.5 million. It corresponds to 150-200
people per km
2
, which is three or four times more than that of the winter season.
Such an increase, which is both general and seasonal, has caused a significant downfall in
the development level of the area. As a result of the researches conducted by the State
Planning Organization (SPO) in 1996 and 2004, Bodrum fell back to the 30
th
rank from the
12
th
rank in terms of development level. Considering this and the fact that it is still on the
stage of development particularly in terms of power efficiency, it can be said that there is a
long and challenging journey ahead to let the development level settle down.


26
Chapter III
Design with Climate in Bodrum`s Housing Sector
The energy consumption of a building is strongly related to the climate surrounding it
38
.
Thus, environmental impacts play the key role in terms of energy efficiency. For this reason,
the logical way to start dealing with energy issues in the building sector is to research climatic
reasons influencing this aspect. This chapter will show the climatic characteristics of the
region and architectural relation to the climate. A knowledge of these aspects will present the
range of the impacts and provide useful hints.
Turkeys geographic location has several advantages for an extensive use of most of the
renewable energy sources. Nevertheless, it is also disadvantageous, because both summer and
winter conditions vary strongly. This situation influences the architectural measures, which
should be installed in the building in terms of better comfort and energy efficiency.
Turkey is on the humid and warm climatic belt, which includes most of Europe, the near
east and western Asia. A typical Mediterranean climate is predominant for most of its coastal
areas; whereas the climate in the interior part between the mountains that are a part of the
AlpineHimalayan mountain belt is dry with typical steppe vegetation. This is mainly because
Turkey is surrounded by seas on three sides: the Black sea to the north, the Marmara Sea and
Aegean Sea to the west and the Mediterranean Sea to the south.
According to the State Institute of Statistics (DIE): The average rainfall nationwide is
about 650 mm, but this average masks large variations, from about 250 mm in the central and
south-eastern plateaus to as high as 2,500 mm in the north-eastern coastal plains and
mountains. In the western and southern coastal zones, a subtropical Mediterranean climate
predominates, with short, mild and wet winters and long, hot, and dry summers. Arid and
semi-arid continental climates prevail in central regions where winter conditions are often
extremely harsh, with frequent and heavy snowfall in the higher parts of the Anatolian Plain.
On the Black Sea coast, winters are very wet and summers mild and humid. The average
annual temperature varies between 18-20 C on the south coast, drops to 14 to 16 C on the
west coast, and in central parts fluctuates between four and 18 C. Local microclimates can
vary widely from the regional averages because of the highly variable terrain and exposure to
hot and cold winds
39
.


26
Chapter III
Design with Climate in Bodrum`s Housing Sector
The energy consumption of a building is strongly related to the climate surrounding it
38
.
Thus, environmental impacts play the key role in terms of energy efficiency. For this reason,
the logical way to start dealing with energy issues in the building sector is to research climatic
reasons influencing this aspect. This chapter will show the climatic characteristics of the
region and architectural relation to the climate. A knowledge of these aspects will present the
range of the impacts and provide useful hints.
Turkeys geographic location has several advantages for an extensive use of most of the
renewable energy sources. Nevertheless, it is also disadvantageous, because both summer and
winter conditions vary strongly. This situation influences the architectural measures, which
should be installed in the building in terms of better comfort and energy efficiency.
Turkey is on the humid and warm climatic belt, which includes most of Europe, the near
east and western Asia. A typical Mediterranean climate is predominant for most of its coastal
areas; whereas the climate in the interior part between the mountains that are a part of the
AlpineHimalayan mountain belt is dry with typical steppe vegetation. This is mainly because
Turkey is surrounded by seas on three sides: the Black sea to the north, the Marmara Sea and
Aegean Sea to the west and the Mediterranean Sea to the south.
According to the State Institute of Statistics (DIE): The average rainfall nationwide is
about 650 mm, but this average masks large variations, from about 250 mm in the central and
south-eastern plateaus to as high as 2,500 mm in the north-eastern coastal plains and
mountains. In the western and southern coastal zones, a subtropical Mediterranean climate
predominates, with short, mild and wet winters and long, hot, and dry summers. Arid and
semi-arid continental climates prevail in central regions where winter conditions are often
extremely harsh, with frequent and heavy snowfall in the higher parts of the Anatolian Plain.
On the Black Sea coast, winters are very wet and summers mild and humid. The average
annual temperature varies between 18-20 C on the south coast, drops to 14 to 16 C on the
west coast, and in central parts fluctuates between four and 18 C. Local microclimates can
vary widely from the regional averages because of the highly variable terrain and exposure to
hot and cold winds
39
.


2 6
C h a p t e r I I I
D e s i g n w i t h C l i m a t e i n B o d r u m ` s H o u s i n g S e c t o r
T h e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n o f a b u i l d i n g i s s t r o n g l y r e l a t e d t o t h e c l i m a t e s u r r o u n d i n g i t
3 8
.
T h u s , e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t s p l a y t h e k e y r o l e i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y . F o r t h i s r e a s o n ,
t h e l o g i c a l w a y t o s t a r t d e a l i n g w i t h e n e r g y i s s u e s i n t h e b u i l d i n g s e c t o r i s t o r e s e a r c h c l i m a t i c
r e a s o n s i n f l u e n c i n g t h i s a s p e c t . T h i s c h a p t e r w i l l s h o w t h e c l i m a t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e
r e g i o n a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l r e l a t i o n t o t h e c l i m a t e . A k n o w l e d g e o f t h e s e a s p e c t s w i l l p r e s e n t t h e
r a n g e o f t h e i m p a c t s a n d p r o v i d e u s e f u l h i n t s .
T u r k e y s g e o g r a p h i c l o c a t i o n h a s s e v e r a l a d v a n t a g e s f o r a n e x t e n s i v e u s e o f m o s t o f t h e
r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , i t i s a l s o d i s a d v a n t a g e o u s , b e c a u s e b o t h s u m m e r a n d
w i n t e r c o n d i t i o n s v a r y s t r o n g l y . T h i s s i t u a t i o n i n f l u e n c e s t h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l m e a s u r e s , w h i c h
s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d i n t h e b u i l d i n g i n t e r m s o f b e t t e r c o m f o r t a n d e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y .
T u r k e y i s o n t h e h u m i d a n d w a r m c l i m a t i c b e l t , w h i c h i n c l u d e s m o s t o f E u r o p e , t h e n e a r
e a s t a n d w e s t e r n A s i a . A t y p i c a l M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e i s p r e d o m i n a n t f o r m o s t o f i t s c o a s t a l
a r e a s ; w h e r e a s t h e c l i m a t e i n t h e i n t e r i o r p a r t b e t w e e n t h e m o u n t a i n s t h a t a r e a p a r t o f t h e
A l p i n e H i m a l a y a n m o u n t a i n b e l t i s d r y w i t h t y p i c a l s t e p p e v e g e t a t i o n . T h i s i s m a i n l y b e c a u s e
T u r k e y i s s u r r o u n d e d b y s e a s o n t h r e e s i d e s : t h e B l a c k s e a t o t h e n o r t h , t h e M a r m a r a S e a a n d
A e g e a n S e a t o t h e w e s t a n d t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a t o t h e s o u t h .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e S t a t e I n s t i t u t e o f S t a t i s t i c s ( D I E ) : T h e a v e r a g e r a i n f a l l n a t i o n w i d e i s
a b o u t 6 5 0 m m , b u t t h i s a v e r a g e m a s k s l a r g e v a r i a t i o n s , f r o m a b o u t 2 5 0 m m i n t h e c e n t r a l a n d
s o u t h - e a s t e r n p l a t e a u s t o a s h i g h a s 2 , 5 0 0 m m i n t h e n o r t h - e a s t e r n c o a s t a l p l a i n s a n d
m o u n t a i n s . I n t h e w e s t e r n a n d s o u t h e r n c o a s t a l z o n e s , a s u b t r o p i c a l M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e
p r e d o m i n a t e s , w i t h s h o r t , m i l d a n d w e t w i n t e r s a n d l o n g , h o t , a n d d r y s u m m e r s . A r i d a n d
s e m i - a r i d c o n t i n e n t a l c l i m a t e s p r e v a i l i n c e n t r a l r e g i o n s w h e r e w i n t e r c o n d i t i o n s a r e o f t e n
e x t r e m e l y h a r s h , w i t h f r e q u e n t a n d h e a v y s n o w f a l l i n t h e h i g h e r p a r t s o f t h e A n a t o l i a n P l a i n .
O n t h e B l a c k S e a c o a s t , w i n t e r s a r e v e r y w e t a n d s u m m e r s m i l d a n d h u m i d . T h e a v e r a g e
a n n u a l t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i e s b e t w e e n 1 8 - 2 0 C o n t h e s o u t h c o a s t , d r o p s t o 1 4 t o 1 6 C o n t h e
w e s t c o a s t , a n d i n c e n t r a l p a r t s f l u c t u a t e s b e t w e e n f o u r a n d 1 8 C . L o c a l m i c r o c l i m a t e s c a n
v a r y w i d e l y f r o m t h e r e g i o n a l a v e r a g e s b e c a u s e o f t h e h i g h l y v a r i a b l e t e r r a i n a n d e x p o s u r e t o
h o t a n d c o l d w i n d s
3 9
.


2 6
C h a p t e r I I I
D e s i g n w i t h C l i m a t e i n B o d r u m ` s H o u s i n g S e c t o r
T h e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n o f a b u i l d i n g i s s t r o n g l y r e l a t e d t o t h e c l i m a t e s u r r o u n d i n g i t
3 8
.
T h u s , e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t s p l a y t h e k e y r o l e i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y . F o r t h i s r e a s o n ,
t h e l o g i c a l w a y t o s t a r t d e a l i n g w i t h e n e r g y i s s u e s i n t h e b u i l d i n g s e c t o r i s t o r e s e a r c h c l i m a t i c
r e a s o n s i n f l u e n c i n g t h i s a s p e c t . T h i s c h a p t e r w i l l s h o w t h e c l i m a t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e
r e g i o n a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l r e l a t i o n t o t h e c l i m a t e . A k n o w l e d g e o f t h e s e a s p e c t s w i l l p r e s e n t t h e
r a n g e o f t h e i m p a c t s a n d p r o v i d e u s e f u l h i n t s .
T u r k e y s g e o g r a p h i c l o c a t i o n h a s s e v e r a l a d v a n t a g e s f o r a n e x t e n s i v e u s e o f m o s t o f t h e
r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , i t i s a l s o d i s a d v a n t a g e o u s , b e c a u s e b o t h s u m m e r a n d
w i n t e r c o n d i t i o n s v a r y s t r o n g l y . T h i s s i t u a t i o n i n f l u e n c e s t h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l m e a s u r e s , w h i c h
s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d i n t h e b u i l d i n g i n t e r m s o f b e t t e r c o m f o r t a n d e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y .
T u r k e y i s o n t h e h u m i d a n d w a r m c l i m a t i c b e l t , w h i c h i n c l u d e s m o s t o f E u r o p e , t h e n e a r
e a s t a n d w e s t e r n A s i a . A t y p i c a l M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e i s p r e d o m i n a n t f o r m o s t o f i t s c o a s t a l
a r e a s ; w h e r e a s t h e c l i m a t e i n t h e i n t e r i o r p a r t b e t w e e n t h e m o u n t a i n s t h a t a r e a p a r t o f t h e
A l p i n e H i m a l a y a n m o u n t a i n b e l t i s d r y w i t h t y p i c a l s t e p p e v e g e t a t i o n . T h i s i s m a i n l y b e c a u s e
T u r k e y i s s u r r o u n d e d b y s e a s o n t h r e e s i d e s : t h e B l a c k s e a t o t h e n o r t h , t h e M a r m a r a S e a a n d
A e g e a n S e a t o t h e w e s t a n d t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a t o t h e s o u t h .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e S t a t e I n s t i t u t e o f S t a t i s t i c s ( D I E ) : T h e a v e r a g e r a i n f a l l n a t i o n w i d e i s
a b o u t 6 5 0 m m , b u t t h i s a v e r a g e m a s k s l a r g e v a r i a t i o n s , f r o m a b o u t 2 5 0 m m i n t h e c e n t r a l a n d
s o u t h - e a s t e r n p l a t e a u s t o a s h i g h a s 2 , 5 0 0 m m i n t h e n o r t h - e a s t e r n c o a s t a l p l a i n s a n d
m o u n t a i n s . I n t h e w e s t e r n a n d s o u t h e r n c o a s t a l z o n e s , a s u b t r o p i c a l M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e
p r e d o m i n a t e s , w i t h s h o r t , m i l d a n d w e t w i n t e r s a n d l o n g , h o t , a n d d r y s u m m e r s . A r i d a n d
s e m i - a r i d c o n t i n e n t a l c l i m a t e s p r e v a i l i n c e n t r a l r e g i o n s w h e r e w i n t e r c o n d i t i o n s a r e o f t e n
e x t r e m e l y h a r s h , w i t h f r e q u e n t a n d h e a v y s n o w f a l l i n t h e h i g h e r p a r t s o f t h e A n a t o l i a n P l a i n .
O n t h e B l a c k S e a c o a s t , w i n t e r s a r e v e r y w e t a n d s u m m e r s m i l d a n d h u m i d . T h e a v e r a g e
a n n u a l t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i e s b e t w e e n 1 8 - 2 0 C o n t h e s o u t h c o a s t , d r o p s t o 1 4 t o 1 6 C o n t h e
w e s t c o a s t , a n d i n c e n t r a l p a r t s f l u c t u a t e s b e t w e e n f o u r a n d 1 8 C . L o c a l m i c r o c l i m a t e s c a n
v a r y w i d e l y f r o m t h e r e g i o n a l a v e r a g e s b e c a u s e o f t h e h i g h l y v a r i a b l e t e r r a i n a n d e x p o s u r e t o
h o t a n d c o l d w i n d s
3 9
.


2 7
3 . 1 C l i m a t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n A e g e a n R e g i o n
A s m e n t i o n e d i n t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s c o r e d o c u m e n t : D e s p i t e T u r k e y s l o c a t i o n i n a
m o d e r a t e c l i m a t e b e l t , d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e m o u n t a i n s a r e p a r a l l e l t o t h e c o a s t s a n d t h e
d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s u r f a c e m o r p h o l o g y , d i f f e r e n c e s i n c l i m a t e a r e o b s e r v e d a m o n g t h e
r e g i o n s . T h e c o a s t a l r e g i o n s h a v e a m o d e r a t e m a r i t i m e c l i m a t e w h i l e t h e i n t e r n a l r e g i o n s
s u r r o u n d e d b y m o u n t a i n s h a v e a c o n t i n e n t a l c l i m a t e M e d i t e r r a n e a n r e g i o n , w h i c h i s u n d e r t h e
i n f l u e n c e o f t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e , h a s h o t a n d a r i d s u m m e r s a n d m i l d a n d r a i n y w i n t e r s .
T h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e a l s o m a n i f e s t s i t s e l f i n t h e A e g e a n r e g i o n
4 0
.
3 . 1 . 1 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f A e g e a n c l i m a t e
4 1

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e M e t e o r o l o g y D e p a r t m e n t o f R e p u b l i c o f T u r k e y , t h e A e g e a n c o a s t s
d i s p l a y a t y p i c a l M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e o f h o t s u m m e r s a n d m i l d w i n t e r s :
A M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e i s o n e t h a t r e s e m b l e s t h o s e o f t h e l a n d s b o r d e r i n g t h e
M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a . T h e s e c l i m a t e s o c c u r o n t h e w e s t e r n c o a s t s o f c o n t i n e n t a l l a n d m a s s e s ,
r o u g h l y b e t w e e n t h e l a t i t u d e s o f 3 0 a n d 4 5 n o r t h a n d s o u t h o f t h e e q u a t o r .
D u r i n g t h e s u m m e r , M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e r e g i o n s a r e d o m i n a t e d b y s u b t r o p i c a l h i g h
p r e s s u r e , a n d a r e t h u s e q u i v a l e n t t o d e s e r t s f r o m t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f a i r m a s s p o s i t i o n s , w h i l e
d u r i n g w i n t e r t h e p o l a r f r o n t m o v e s e q u a t o r - w a r d i n t o r e g i o n s o f M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e
g i v i n g w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s s i m i l a r t o a n o c e a n i c c l i m a t e . R e g i o n s w i t h M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e s
h a v e r e l a t i v e l y m i l d w i n t e r s , b u t s u m m e r t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e v a r i a b l e d e p e n d i n g o n t h e r e g i o n .
B e c a u s e a l l r e g i o n s w i t h a M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e a r e i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y t o l a r g e b o d i e s o f
w a t e r , t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e g e n e r a l l y m o d e r a t e w i t h a c o m p a r a t i v e l y s m a l l r a n g e o f t e m p e r a t u r e s
b e t w e e n w i n t e r l o w a n d s u m m e r h i g h , w h e r e a s t h e d a i l y r a n g e o f t e m p e r a t u r e s d u r i n g
s u m m e r i s l a r g e , e x c e p t a l o n g t h e i m m e d i a t e c o a s t s . T e m p e r a t u r e s d u r i n g w i n t e r r a r e l y r e a c h
f r e e z i n g ( e x c e p t i n a r e a s w i t h a h i g h e l e v a t i o n ) , a n d s n o w i s a l m o s t u n h e a r d o f . I n t h e
s u m m e r , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s r a n g e f r o m m i l d t o v e r y w a r m , d e p e n d i n g o n d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e
o p e n o c e a n , e l e v a t i o n , a n d l a t i t u d e . T e m p e r a t u r e s d o n o t r e a c h t h e h i g h l e v e l s o f d e s e r t
r e g i o n s e v e n i n t h e w a r m e s t l o c a t i o n s w i t h a M e d i t e r r a n e a n - t y p e c l i m a t e .


2 7
3 . 1 C l i m a t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n A e g e a n R e g i o n
A s m e n t i o n e d i n t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s c o r e d o c u m e n t : D e s p i t e T u r k e y s l o c a t i o n i n a
m o d e r a t e c l i m a t e b e l t , d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e m o u n t a i n s a r e p a r a l l e l t o t h e c o a s t s a n d t h e
d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s u r f a c e m o r p h o l o g y , d i f f e r e n c e s i n c l i m a t e a r e o b s e r v e d a m o n g t h e
r e g i o n s . T h e c o a s t a l r e g i o n s h a v e a m o d e r a t e m a r i t i m e c l i m a t e w h i l e t h e i n t e r n a l r e g i o n s
s u r r o u n d e d b y m o u n t a i n s h a v e a c o n t i n e n t a l c l i m a t e M e d i t e r r a n e a n r e g i o n , w h i c h i s u n d e r t h e
i n f l u e n c e o f t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e , h a s h o t a n d a r i d s u m m e r s a n d m i l d a n d r a i n y w i n t e r s .
T h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e a l s o m a n i f e s t s i t s e l f i n t h e A e g e a n r e g i o n
4 0
.
3 . 1 . 1 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f A e g e a n c l i m a t e
4 1

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e M e t e o r o l o g y D e p a r t m e n t o f R e p u b l i c o f T u r k e y , t h e A e g e a n c o a s t s
d i s p l a y a t y p i c a l M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e o f h o t s u m m e r s a n d m i l d w i n t e r s :
A M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e i s o n e t h a t r e s e m b l e s t h o s e o f t h e l a n d s b o r d e r i n g t h e
M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a . T h e s e c l i m a t e s o c c u r o n t h e w e s t e r n c o a s t s o f c o n t i n e n t a l l a n d m a s s e s ,
r o u g h l y b e t w e e n t h e l a t i t u d e s o f 3 0 a n d 4 5 n o r t h a n d s o u t h o f t h e e q u a t o r .
D u r i n g t h e s u m m e r , M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e r e g i o n s a r e d o m i n a t e d b y s u b t r o p i c a l h i g h
p r e s s u r e , a n d a r e t h u s e q u i v a l e n t t o d e s e r t s f r o m t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f a i r m a s s p o s i t i o n s , w h i l e
d u r i n g w i n t e r t h e p o l a r f r o n t m o v e s e q u a t o r - w a r d i n t o r e g i o n s o f M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e
g i v i n g w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s s i m i l a r t o a n o c e a n i c c l i m a t e . R e g i o n s w i t h M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e s
h a v e r e l a t i v e l y m i l d w i n t e r s , b u t s u m m e r t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e v a r i a b l e d e p e n d i n g o n t h e r e g i o n .
B e c a u s e a l l r e g i o n s w i t h a M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e a r e i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y t o l a r g e b o d i e s o f
w a t e r , t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e g e n e r a l l y m o d e r a t e w i t h a c o m p a r a t i v e l y s m a l l r a n g e o f t e m p e r a t u r e s
b e t w e e n w i n t e r l o w a n d s u m m e r h i g h , w h e r e a s t h e d a i l y r a n g e o f t e m p e r a t u r e s d u r i n g
s u m m e r i s l a r g e , e x c e p t a l o n g t h e i m m e d i a t e c o a s t s . T e m p e r a t u r e s d u r i n g w i n t e r r a r e l y r e a c h
f r e e z i n g ( e x c e p t i n a r e a s w i t h a h i g h e l e v a t i o n ) , a n d s n o w i s a l m o s t u n h e a r d o f . I n t h e
s u m m e r , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s r a n g e f r o m m i l d t o v e r y w a r m , d e p e n d i n g o n d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e
o p e n o c e a n , e l e v a t i o n , a n d l a t i t u d e . T e m p e r a t u r e s d o n o t r e a c h t h e h i g h l e v e l s o f d e s e r t
r e g i o n s e v e n i n t h e w a r m e s t l o c a t i o n s w i t h a M e d i t e r r a n e a n - t y p e c l i m a t e .


27
3.1 Climate characteristics in Aegean Region
As mentioned in the United Nations core document: Despite Turkeys location in a
moderate climate belt, due to the fact that the mountains are parallel to the coasts and the
diversification of the surface morphology, differences in climate are observed among the
regions. The coastal regions have a moderate maritime climate while the internal regions
surrounded by mountains have a continental climate Mediterranean region, which is under the
influence of the Mediterranean climate, has hot and arid summers and mild and rainy winters.
The Mediterranean climate also manifests itself in the Aegean region
40
.
3.1.1 Characteristics of Aegean climate
41

According to the Meteorology Department of Republic of Turkey, the Aegean coasts
display a typical Mediterranean climate of hot summers and mild winters:
A Mediterranean climate is one that resembles those of the lands bordering the
Mediterranean Sea. These climates occur on the western coasts of continental landmasses,
roughly between the latitudes of 30 and 45 north and south of the equator.
During the summer, Mediterranean climate regions are dominated by subtropical high
pressure, and are thus equivalent to deserts from the point of view of air mass positions, while
during winter the polar front moves equator-ward into regions of Mediterranean climate
giving weather conditions similar to an oceanic climate. Regions with Mediterranean climates
have relatively mild winters, but summer temperatures are variable depending on the region.
Because all regions with a Mediterranean climate are in close proximity to large bodies of
water, temperatures are generally moderate with a comparatively small range of temperatures
between winter low and summer high, whereas the daily range of temperatures during
summer is large, except along the immediate coasts. Temperatures during winter rarely reach
freezing (except in areas with a high elevation), and snow is almost unheard of. In the
summer, the temperatures range from mild to very warm, depending on distance from the
open ocean, elevation, and latitude. Temperatures do not reach the high levels of desert
regions even in the warmest locations with a Mediterranean-type climate.


27
3.1 Climate characteristics in Aegean Region
As mentioned in the United Nations core document: Despite Turkeys location in a
moderate climate belt, due to the fact that the mountains are parallel to the coasts and the
diversification of the surface morphology, differences in climate are observed among the
regions. The coastal regions have a moderate maritime climate while the internal regions
surrounded by mountains have a continental climate Mediterranean region, which is under the
influence of the Mediterranean climate, has hot and arid summers and mild and rainy winters.
The Mediterranean climate also manifests itself in the Aegean region
40
.
3.1.1 Characteristics of Aegean climate
41

According to the Meteorology Department of Republic of Turkey, the Aegean coasts
display a typical Mediterranean climate of hot summers and mild winters:
A Mediterranean climate is one that resembles those of the lands bordering the
Mediterranean Sea. These climates occur on the western coasts of continental landmasses,
roughly between the latitudes of 30 and 45 north and south of the equator.
During the summer, Mediterranean climate regions are dominated by subtropical high
pressure, and are thus equivalent to deserts from the point of view of air mass positions, while
during winter the polar front moves equator-ward into regions of Mediterranean climate
giving weather conditions similar to an oceanic climate. Regions with Mediterranean climates
have relatively mild winters, but summer temperatures are variable depending on the region.
Because all regions with a Mediterranean climate are in close proximity to large bodies of
water, temperatures are generally moderate with a comparatively small range of temperatures
between winter low and summer high, whereas the daily range of temperatures during
summer is large, except along the immediate coasts. Temperatures during winter rarely reach
freezing (except in areas with a high elevation), and snow is almost unheard of. In the
summer, the temperatures range from mild to very warm, depending on distance from the
open ocean, elevation, and latitude. Temperatures do not reach the high levels of desert
regions even in the warmest locations with a Mediterranean-type climate.


28

Figure 3 World Map of Kppen-Geiger Classification (University of Melbourne)
3.1.2 Local climate of Bodrum
Characteristics of local climate do not show many differences from the common
characteristics of Aegean climate. Some important points are:
Hot summers and moderately cold winters,
Intense heat in the day-time,
Often intense cold at night,
Minimal annual rainfall with very high summer aridity,
Sparse or non-existent vegetation except along watercourses, and
Limited water supply.
Site planning, orientation and formation of buildings, vegetation, interior ventilation, and
building material become importance in regard to these characteristics.
Temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Average Max. C 13 13 16 19 24 29 32 32 28 23 18 15
Average Min. C 7 6 8 11 14 18 22 22 18 14 11 8
Mean C 11 10 12 16 21 25 28 28 24 19 14 12
Table 1 Climate Statistics of Bodrum


28

Figure 3 World Map of Kppen-Geiger Classification (University of Melbourne)
3.1.2 Local climate of Bodrum
Characteristics of local climate do not show many differences from the common
characteristics of Aegean climate. Some important points are:
Hot summers and moderately cold winters,
Intense heat in the day-time,
Often intense cold at night,
Minimal annual rainfall with very high summer aridity,
Sparse or non-existent vegetation except along watercourses, and
Limited water supply.
Site planning, orientation and formation of buildings, vegetation, interior ventilation, and
building material become importance in regard to these characteristics.
Temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Average Max. C 13 13 16 19 24 29 32 32 28 23 18 15
Average Min. C 7 6 8 11 14 18 22 22 18 14 11 8
Mean C 11 10 12 16 21 25 28 28 24 19 14 12
Table 1 Climate Statistics of Bodrum


2 8

F i g u r e 3 W o r l d M a p o f K p p e n - G e i g e r C l a s s i f i c a t i o n ( U n i v e r s i t y o f M e l b o u r n e )
3 . 1 . 2 L o c a l c l i m a t e o f B o d r u m
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l o c a l c l i m a t e d o n o t s h o w m a n y d i f f e r e n c e s f r o m t h e c o m m o n
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f A e g e a n c l i m a t e . S o m e i m p o r t a n t p o i n t s a r e :
H o t s u m m e r s a n d m o d e r a t e l y c o l d w i n t e r s ,
I n t e n s e h e a t i n t h e d a y - t i m e ,
O f t e n i n t e n s e c o l d a t n i g h t ,
M i n i m a l a n n u a l r a i n f a l l w i t h v e r y h i g h s u m m e r a r i d i t y ,
S p a r s e o r n o n - e x i s t e n t v e g e t a t i o n e x c e p t a l o n g w a t e r c o u r s e s , a n d
L i m i t e d w a t e r s u p p l y .
S i t e p l a n n i n g , o r i e n t a t i o n a n d f o r m a t i o n o f b u i l d i n g s , v e g e t a t i o n , i n t e r i o r v e n t i l a t i o n , a n d
b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l b e c o m e i m p o r t a n c e i n r e g a r d t o t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
T e m p e r a t u r e J a n F e b M a r A p r M a y J u n J u l A u g S e p O c t N o v D e c
A v e r a g e M a x . C 1 3 1 3 1 6 1 9 2 4 2 9 3 2 3 2 2 8 2 3 1 8 1 5
A v e r a g e M i n . C 7 6 8 1 1 1 4 1 8 2 2 2 2 1 8 1 4 1 1 8
M e a n C 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 6 2 1 2 5 2 8 2 8 2 4 1 9 1 4 1 2
T a b l e 1 C l i m a t e S t a t i s t i c s o f B o d r u m


2 8

F i g u r e 3 W o r l d M a p o f K p p e n - G e i g e r C l a s s i f i c a t i o n ( U n i v e r s i t y o f M e l b o u r n e )
3 . 1 . 2 L o c a l c l i m a t e o f B o d r u m
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l o c a l c l i m a t e d o n o t s h o w m a n y d i f f e r e n c e s f r o m t h e c o m m o n
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f A e g e a n c l i m a t e . S o m e i m p o r t a n t p o i n t s a r e :
H o t s u m m e r s a n d m o d e r a t e l y c o l d w i n t e r s ,
I n t e n s e h e a t i n t h e d a y - t i m e ,
O f t e n i n t e n s e c o l d a t n i g h t ,
M i n i m a l a n n u a l r a i n f a l l w i t h v e r y h i g h s u m m e r a r i d i t y ,
S p a r s e o r n o n - e x i s t e n t v e g e t a t i o n e x c e p t a l o n g w a t e r c o u r s e s , a n d
L i m i t e d w a t e r s u p p l y .
S i t e p l a n n i n g , o r i e n t a t i o n a n d f o r m a t i o n o f b u i l d i n g s , v e g e t a t i o n , i n t e r i o r v e n t i l a t i o n , a n d
b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l b e c o m e i m p o r t a n c e i n r e g a r d t o t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
T e m p e r a t u r e J a n F e b M a r A p r M a y J u n J u l A u g S e p O c t N o v D e c
A v e r a g e M a x . C 1 3 1 3 1 6 1 9 2 4 2 9 3 2 3 2 2 8 2 3 1 8 1 5
A v e r a g e M i n . C 7 6 8 1 1 1 4 1 8 2 2 2 2 1 8 1 4 1 1 8
M e a n C 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 6 2 1 2 5 2 8 2 8 2 4 1 9 1 4 1 2
T a b l e 1 C l i m a t e S t a t i s t i c s o f B o d r u m


2 9
3 . 2 T u r k i s h S t a n d a r d 8 2 5 ( T S - 8 2 5 ) r e l a t e d w i t h C l i m a t e
A s m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e , c l i m a t e i s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t e l e m e n t a n d h a s t h e g r e a t e s t i n f l u e n c e
o n t h e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n o f d w e l l i n g s . T h e r e f o r e , d w e l l i n g s s h o u l d b e d e s i g n e d u p o n t h e
l o c a l c l i m a t e f a c t o r s . A n a l y z i n g t h e l o c a l c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n t h i s
e a r l y p h a s e o f b u i l d i n g d e s i g n . I n t h i s r e g a r d , s t a n d a r d s a b o u t b u i l d i n g e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n
a n d e f f i c i e n c y b e c o m e c r u c i a l a s p r o t e c t o r o f p u b l i c h e a l t h , s a f e t y a n d g e n e r a l w e l f a r e .
S t a n d a r d T S - 8 2 5 :
C l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s c a n b e e i t h e r b e n e f i c i a l o r d e t r i m e n t a l f o r b u i l d i n g e n e r g y
c o n s u m p t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o r e g u l a t e t h e e f f e c t s o f c l i m a t e w i t h e n e r g y
s t a n d a r d s . T h e r e a r e a l o t o f s a m p l e s f o r b u i l d i n g e n e r g y s t a n d a r d s . F o r e x a m p l e , i n F r a n c e ,
t h e u s e o f t h e r m a l r e g u l a t i o n s s i n c e 1 9 7 4 c o n t r i b u t e d e n o r m o u s l y t o t h e r e d u c t i o n o f h e a t i n g
e n e r g y d e m a n d . T h e s t a n d a r d f o r h e a t i n g e n e r g y i n F r a n c e e n v i s a g e d f o r 2 0 1 0 w i l l b e a r o u n d
6 5 - 7 0 k W h / m a . i t i s a l s o t e c h n i c a l l y p o s s i b l e t o r e a c h v a l u e s l i k e 1 5 e v e n 1 0 k W h / m a l i k e
G e r m a n P a s s i v h a u s s t a n d a r d s . S w i s s a u t h o r i t i e s a i m t o r e a c h s t a n d a r d v a l u e s o f a b o u t 4 0
k W h / m p e r a n n u m . B u t a l l t h e s e e f f o r t s a r e j u s t i n v o l v e d w i t h h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d . I n
p a r t i c u l a r , f o r M e d i t e r r a n e a n c o u n t r i e s l i k e T u r k e y , s t a n d a r d s f o r c o o l i n g e n e r g y s h o u l d a l s o
b e o b l i g a t o r y .
D u r i n g t h e p r o c e s s o f a p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e E u r o p e a n U n i o n , m a n y l e g i s l a t i v e a c t i o n s w e r e
i m p l e m e n t e d i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y a n d T S - 8 2 5 a s a t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n s t a n d a r d f o r
b u i l d i n g s b e c a m e m a n d a t o r y i n T u r k e y i n 2 0 0 0
4 2
.
T h e T S - 8 2 5 d e f i n e s t h e r u l e s o f c a l c u l a t i o n s o f h e a t i n g d e m a n d i n b u i l d i n g s a n d g i v e s t h e
r e f e r e n c e a n d p e r m e a b l e v a l u e s f o r h e a t i n g e n e r g y
4 3
: T h i s s t a n d a r d i d e n t i f i e s t h e c a l c u l a t i o n
r u l e s f o r t h e h e a t i n g e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e n e w b u i l d i n g s a n d o f t h e m o d i f i e d p a r t s o f t h e
e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g s w h i c h a r e m o d i f i e d a s t h e 1 5 p e r c e n t a n d m o r e o f i t s b a s e a r e a , a n d
m a x i m u m h e a t i n g v a l u e s t o b e a l l o w e d a n d d e s c r i b e s t h e c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d s .
4 4
. T h i s
s t a n d a r d i s a n a d o p t i o n o f I S O 9 1 6 4 a n d E N 8 3 2 w i t h o u t c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d r e g u l a t i o n s .




2 9
3 . 2 T u r k i s h S t a n d a r d 8 2 5 ( T S - 8 2 5 ) r e l a t e d w i t h C l i m a t e
A s m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e , c l i m a t e i s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t e l e m e n t a n d h a s t h e g r e a t e s t i n f l u e n c e
o n t h e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n o f d w e l l i n g s . T h e r e f o r e , d w e l l i n g s s h o u l d b e d e s i g n e d u p o n t h e
l o c a l c l i m a t e f a c t o r s . A n a l y z i n g t h e l o c a l c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n t h i s
e a r l y p h a s e o f b u i l d i n g d e s i g n . I n t h i s r e g a r d , s t a n d a r d s a b o u t b u i l d i n g e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n
a n d e f f i c i e n c y b e c o m e c r u c i a l a s p r o t e c t o r o f p u b l i c h e a l t h , s a f e t y a n d g e n e r a l w e l f a r e .
S t a n d a r d T S - 8 2 5 :
C l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s c a n b e e i t h e r b e n e f i c i a l o r d e t r i m e n t a l f o r b u i l d i n g e n e r g y
c o n s u m p t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o r e g u l a t e t h e e f f e c t s o f c l i m a t e w i t h e n e r g y
s t a n d a r d s . T h e r e a r e a l o t o f s a m p l e s f o r b u i l d i n g e n e r g y s t a n d a r d s . F o r e x a m p l e , i n F r a n c e ,
t h e u s e o f t h e r m a l r e g u l a t i o n s s i n c e 1 9 7 4 c o n t r i b u t e d e n o r m o u s l y t o t h e r e d u c t i o n o f h e a t i n g
e n e r g y d e m a n d . T h e s t a n d a r d f o r h e a t i n g e n e r g y i n F r a n c e e n v i s a g e d f o r 2 0 1 0 w i l l b e a r o u n d
6 5 - 7 0 k W h / m a . i t i s a l s o t e c h n i c a l l y p o s s i b l e t o r e a c h v a l u e s l i k e 1 5 e v e n 1 0 k W h / m a l i k e
G e r m a n P a s s i v h a u s s t a n d a r d s . S w i s s a u t h o r i t i e s a i m t o r e a c h s t a n d a r d v a l u e s o f a b o u t 4 0
k W h / m p e r a n n u m . B u t a l l t h e s e e f f o r t s a r e j u s t i n v o l v e d w i t h h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d . I n
p a r t i c u l a r , f o r M e d i t e r r a n e a n c o u n t r i e s l i k e T u r k e y , s t a n d a r d s f o r c o o l i n g e n e r g y s h o u l d a l s o
b e o b l i g a t o r y .
D u r i n g t h e p r o c e s s o f a p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e E u r o p e a n U n i o n , m a n y l e g i s l a t i v e a c t i o n s w e r e
i m p l e m e n t e d i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y a n d T S - 8 2 5 a s a t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n s t a n d a r d f o r
b u i l d i n g s b e c a m e m a n d a t o r y i n T u r k e y i n 2 0 0 0
4 2
.
T h e T S - 8 2 5 d e f i n e s t h e r u l e s o f c a l c u l a t i o n s o f h e a t i n g d e m a n d i n b u i l d i n g s a n d g i v e s t h e
r e f e r e n c e a n d p e r m e a b l e v a l u e s f o r h e a t i n g e n e r g y
4 3
: T h i s s t a n d a r d i d e n t i f i e s t h e c a l c u l a t i o n
r u l e s f o r t h e h e a t i n g e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e n e w b u i l d i n g s a n d o f t h e m o d i f i e d p a r t s o f t h e
e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g s w h i c h a r e m o d i f i e d a s t h e 1 5 p e r c e n t a n d m o r e o f i t s b a s e a r e a , a n d
m a x i m u m h e a t i n g v a l u e s t o b e a l l o w e d a n d d e s c r i b e s t h e c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d s .
4 4
. T h i s
s t a n d a r d i s a n a d o p t i o n o f I S O 9 1 6 4 a n d E N 8 3 2 w i t h o u t c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d r e g u l a t i o n s .




29
3.2 Turkish Standard 825 (TS-825) related with Climate
As mentioned before, climate is the most important element and has the greatest influence
on the energy consumption of dwellings. Therefore, dwellings should be designed upon the
local climate factors. Analyzing the local climatic conditions plays an important role in this
early phase of building design. In this regard, standards about building energy consumption
and efficiency become crucial as protector of public health, safety and general welfare.
Standard TS-825:
Climatic conditions can be either beneficial or detrimental for building energy
consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate the effects of climate with energy
standards. There are a lot of samples for building energy standards. For example, in France,
the use of thermal regulations since 1974 contributed enormously to the reduction of heating
energy demand. The standard for heating energy in France envisaged for 2010 will be around
65-70 kWh/ma. it is also technically possible to reach values like 15 even 10 kWh/ma like
German Passivhaus standards. Swiss authorities aim to reach standard values of about 40
kWh/m per annum. But all these efforts are just involved with heating energy demand. In
particular, for Mediterranean countries like Turkey, standards for cooling energy should also
be obligatory.
During the process of application to the European Union, many legislative actions were
implemented in terms of energy efficiency and TS-825 as a thermal insulation standard for
buildings became mandatory in Turkey in 2000
42
.
The TS-825 defines the rules of calculations of heating demand in buildings and gives the
reference and permeable values for heating energy
43
: This standard identifies the calculation
rules for the heating energy requirement of the new buildings and of the modified parts of the
existing buildings which are modified as the 15 per cent and more of its base area, and
maximum heating values to be allowed and describes the calculation methods.
44
. This
standard is an adoption of ISO 9164 and EN 832 without cooling energy demand regulations.




29
3.2 Turkish Standard 825 (TS-825) related with Climate
As mentioned before, climate is the most important element and has the greatest influence
on the energy consumption of dwellings. Therefore, dwellings should be designed upon the
local climate factors. Analyzing the local climatic conditions plays an important role in this
early phase of building design. In this regard, standards about building energy consumption
and efficiency become crucial as protector of public health, safety and general welfare.
Standard TS-825:
Climatic conditions can be either beneficial or detrimental for building energy
consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate the effects of climate with energy
standards. There are a lot of samples for building energy standards. For example, in France,
the use of thermal regulations since 1974 contributed enormously to the reduction of heating
energy demand. The standard for heating energy in France envisaged for 2010 will be around
65-70 kWh/ma. it is also technically possible to reach values like 15 even 10 kWh/ma like
German Passivhaus standards. Swiss authorities aim to reach standard values of about 40
kWh/m per annum. But all these efforts are just involved with heating energy demand. In
particular, for Mediterranean countries like Turkey, standards for cooling energy should also
be obligatory.
During the process of application to the European Union, many legislative actions were
implemented in terms of energy efficiency and TS-825 as a thermal insulation standard for
buildings became mandatory in Turkey in 2000
42
.
The TS-825 defines the rules of calculations of heating demand in buildings and gives the
reference and permeable values for heating energy
43
: This standard identifies the calculation
rules for the heating energy requirement of the new buildings and of the modified parts of the
existing buildings which are modified as the 15 per cent and more of its base area, and
maximum heating values to be allowed and describes the calculation methods.
44
. This
standard is an adoption of ISO 9164 and EN 832 without cooling energy demand regulations.




30
Designers using TS-825 can control the following parameters
45
:
U Value of building components (wall, window, roof, floor, ground floor),
Air change rate,
A/V ratio of the building,
Dimension and size of the windows,
Shading and solar transmission factors of glazing, and
Insulation techniques.
3.2.1 Comparison of Simulation outputs with TS-825
Heating energy demand depending on A/V ratio (TS-825- A: the sum of external walls,
floors, ground floor, windows, doors, and roof; V: gross volume) and the U Values of walls,
ground floors, floors, and windows are organised within regions. Bodrum belongs to the 1
st

Region depending on TS-825.
for A/V for A/V Unit
0.2 1.05 kWh/m
27 66 kWh/m
Q 1 REG

8,5 21 kWh/m
48 104 kWh/m
Q 2 REG

14,7 33 kWh/m
64 121 kWh/m
Q 3 REG

20,4 39 kWh/m
104 175 kWh/m
Q 4 REG

33,4 56 kWh/m
Table 2 Heating Energy Demand of the Regions According to TS-825 for Lowest and Highest A/V Ratio
The heating load requirements (reference values of heating loads) for both analyzing
objects HH (A/V ratio 0.33) and AH (A/V ratio 0.39), selected for simulation in this work, are
as follows: for the A/V value smaller than 1.05 and Bodrum in the first region 66 kWh/m or
21 kWh/m. Simulation results show that, like by HH with 118.18 kWh/ma heating energy
demand, existing dwelling are built without considering the standards. This shows that these
standards are not taken into account although they are obligatory. The optimised version of


30
Designers using TS-825 can control the following parameters
45
:
U Value of building components (wall, window, roof, floor, ground floor),
Air change rate,
A/V ratio of the building,
Dimension and size of the windows,
Shading and solar transmission factors of glazing, and
Insulation techniques.
3.2.1 Comparison of Simulation outputs with TS-825
Heating energy demand depending on A/V ratio (TS-825- A: the sum of external walls,
floors, ground floor, windows, doors, and roof; V: gross volume) and the U Values of walls,
ground floors, floors, and windows are organised within regions. Bodrum belongs to the 1
st

Region depending on TS-825.
for A/V for A/V Unit
0.2 1.05 kWh/m
27 66 kWh/m
Q 1 REG

8,5 21 kWh/m
48 104 kWh/m
Q 2 REG

14,7 33 kWh/m
64 121 kWh/m
Q 3 REG

20,4 39 kWh/m
104 175 kWh/m
Q 4 REG

33,4 56 kWh/m
Table 2 Heating Energy Demand of the Regions According to TS-825 for Lowest and Highest A/V Ratio
The heating load requirements (reference values of heating loads) for both analyzing
objects HH (A/V ratio 0.33) and AH (A/V ratio 0.39), selected for simulation in this work, are
as follows: for the A/V value smaller than 1.05 and Bodrum in the first region 66 kWh/m or
21 kWh/m. Simulation results show that, like by HH with 118.18 kWh/ma heating energy
demand, existing dwelling are built without considering the standards. This shows that these
standards are not taken into account although they are obligatory. The optimised version of


3 0
D e s i g n e r s u s i n g T S - 8 2 5 c a n c o n t r o l t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a m e t e r s
4 5
:
U V a l u e o f b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s ( w a l l , w i n d o w , r o o f , f l o o r , g r o u n d f l o o r ) ,
A i r c h a n g e r a t e ,
A / V r a t i o o f t h e b u i l d i n g ,
D i m e n s i o n a n d s i z e o f t h e w i n d o w s ,
S h a d i n g a n d s o l a r t r a n s m i s s i o n f a c t o r s o f g l a z i n g , a n d
I n s u l a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s .
3 . 2 . 1 C o m p a r i s o n o f S i m u l a t i o n o u t p u t s w i t h T S - 8 2 5
H e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d d e p e n d i n g o n A / V r a t i o ( T S - 8 2 5 - A : t h e s u m o f e x t e r n a l w a l l s ,
f l o o r s , g r o u n d f l o o r , w i n d o w s , d o o r s , a n d r o o f ; V : g r o s s v o l u m e ) a n d t h e U V a l u e s o f w a l l s ,
g r o u n d f l o o r s , f l o o r s , a n d w i n d o w s a r e o r g a n i s e d w i t h i n r e g i o n s . B o d r u m b e l o n g s t o t h e 1
s t

R e g i o n d e p e n d i n g o n T S - 8 2 5 .
f o r A / V f o r A / V U n i t
0 . 2 1 . 0 5 k W h / m
2 7 6 6 k W h / m
Q 1 R E G

8 , 5 2 1 k W h / m
4 8 1 0 4 k W h / m
Q 2 R E G

1 4 , 7 3 3 k W h / m
6 4 1 2 1 k W h / m
Q 3 R E G

2 0 , 4 3 9 k W h / m
1 0 4 1 7 5 k W h / m
Q 4 R E G

3 3 , 4 5 6 k W h / m
T a b l e 2 H e a t i n g E n e r g y D e m a n d o f t h e R e g i o n s A c c o r d i n g t o T S - 8 2 5 f o r L o w e s t a n d H i g h e s t A / V R a t i o
T h e h e a t i n g l o a d r e q u i r e m e n t s ( r e f e r e n c e v a l u e s o f h e a t i n g l o a d s ) f o r b o t h a n a l y z i n g
o b j e c t s H H ( A / V r a t i o 0 . 3 3 ) a n d A H ( A / V r a t i o 0 . 3 9 ) , s e l e c t e d f o r s i m u l a t i o n i n t h i s w o r k , a r e
a s f o l l o w s : f o r t h e A / V v a l u e s m a l l e r t h a n 1 . 0 5 a n d B o d r u m i n t h e f i r s t r e g i o n 6 6 k W h / m o r
2 1 k W h / m . S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t , l i k e b y H H w i t h 1 1 8 . 1 8 k W h / m a h e a t i n g e n e r g y
d e m a n d , e x i s t i n g d w e l l i n g a r e b u i l t w i t h o u t c o n s i d e r i n g t h e s t a n d a r d s . T h i s s h o w s t h a t t h e s e
s t a n d a r d s a r e n o t t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t a l t h o u g h t h e y a r e o b l i g a t o r y . T h e o p t i m i s e d v e r s i o n o f


3 0
D e s i g n e r s u s i n g T S - 8 2 5 c a n c o n t r o l t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a m e t e r s
4 5
:
U V a l u e o f b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s ( w a l l , w i n d o w , r o o f , f l o o r , g r o u n d f l o o r ) ,
A i r c h a n g e r a t e ,
A / V r a t i o o f t h e b u i l d i n g ,
D i m e n s i o n a n d s i z e o f t h e w i n d o w s ,
S h a d i n g a n d s o l a r t r a n s m i s s i o n f a c t o r s o f g l a z i n g , a n d
I n s u l a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s .
3 . 2 . 1 C o m p a r i s o n o f S i m u l a t i o n o u t p u t s w i t h T S - 8 2 5
H e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d d e p e n d i n g o n A / V r a t i o ( T S - 8 2 5 - A : t h e s u m o f e x t e r n a l w a l l s ,
f l o o r s , g r o u n d f l o o r , w i n d o w s , d o o r s , a n d r o o f ; V : g r o s s v o l u m e ) a n d t h e U V a l u e s o f w a l l s ,
g r o u n d f l o o r s , f l o o r s , a n d w i n d o w s a r e o r g a n i s e d w i t h i n r e g i o n s . B o d r u m b e l o n g s t o t h e 1
s t

R e g i o n d e p e n d i n g o n T S - 8 2 5 .
f o r A / V f o r A / V U n i t
0 . 2 1 . 0 5 k W h / m
2 7 6 6 k W h / m
Q 1 R E G

8 , 5 2 1 k W h / m
4 8 1 0 4 k W h / m
Q 2 R E G

1 4 , 7 3 3 k W h / m
6 4 1 2 1 k W h / m
Q 3 R E G

2 0 , 4 3 9 k W h / m
1 0 4 1 7 5 k W h / m
Q 4 R E G

3 3 , 4 5 6 k W h / m
T a b l e 2 H e a t i n g E n e r g y D e m a n d o f t h e R e g i o n s A c c o r d i n g t o T S - 8 2 5 f o r L o w e s t a n d H i g h e s t A / V R a t i o
T h e h e a t i n g l o a d r e q u i r e m e n t s ( r e f e r e n c e v a l u e s o f h e a t i n g l o a d s ) f o r b o t h a n a l y z i n g
o b j e c t s H H ( A / V r a t i o 0 . 3 3 ) a n d A H ( A / V r a t i o 0 . 3 9 ) , s e l e c t e d f o r s i m u l a t i o n i n t h i s w o r k , a r e
a s f o l l o w s : f o r t h e A / V v a l u e s m a l l e r t h a n 1 . 0 5 a n d B o d r u m i n t h e f i r s t r e g i o n 6 6 k W h / m o r
2 1 k W h / m . S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t , l i k e b y H H w i t h 1 1 8 . 1 8 k W h / m a h e a t i n g e n e r g y
d e m a n d , e x i s t i n g d w e l l i n g a r e b u i l t w i t h o u t c o n s i d e r i n g t h e s t a n d a r d s . T h i s s h o w s t h a t t h e s e
s t a n d a r d s a r e n o t t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t a l t h o u g h t h e y a r e o b l i g a t o r y . T h e o p t i m i s e d v e r s i o n o f

3 1
t h e H H i s u n d e r t h e s e s t a n d a r d s . T h e B B H w s h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d i s e v e n l e s s t h a n h a l f o f
t h e d e f i n e d s t a n d a r d s . T h e v a l u e s c a n b e s e e n i n t h e t a b l e 1 8 .
B o t h o f t h e o p t i m i s e d a n a l y s i n g o b j e c t s a r e u n d e r t h e s e r e s t r i c t i o n s . T h e o p t i m i s e d v e r s i o n
o f t h e h o l i d a y h o u s e h a s a h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d o f 5 4 . 3 k W h / m a . I t i s 5 4 p e r c e n t l e s s
c o m p a r e d w i t h a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e c o o l i n g r e q u i r e m e n t i s a l s o r e d u c e d t o 2 4
k W h / m a w i t h a 4 4 p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n . T h e a t t a c h e d h o u s e a l s o h a s a s i m i l a r p e r f o r m a n c e .
T h e c o o l i n g r e q u i r e m e n t i s r e d u c e d t o 2 4 . 4 8 k W h / m a f r o m 6 0 . 7 5 k W h / m a a n d t h e h e a t i n g
r e q u i r e m e n t t o 6 0 . 4 2 k W h / m a f r o m 1 2 5 . 3 1 k W h / m a .
A s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , t h e U V a l u e o f t h e b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s c a n a l s o b e c o n t r o l l e d w i t h
t h e g i v e n r e s t r i c t i o n s . I n t h e t a b l e b e l o w , t h e U V a l u e s o f t h e H H a n d A H i s c o m p a r e d w i t h
T S - 8 2 5 s t a n d a r d s .
T S - 8 2 5 H H a c t u a l H H o p t i m i s e d A H a c t u a l A H o p t i m i s e d
W a l l s W / m K 0 . 8 1 . 8 4 0 . 3 9 0 . 8 7 0 . 3 1
W i n d o w s W / m K 2 . 8 6 . 1 2 1 . 9 3 3 . 1 2 1 . 9 3
T a b l e 3 C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e U - V a l u e s o f A n a l y s e d O b j e c t s w i t h T S - 8 2 5
T h e D e g r e e D a y m e t h o d i s u s e d i n d e f i n i n g c l i m a t e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s . I t i s a l s o u s e d t o
c a l c u l a t e h e a t l o s e s a s w e l l a n d i s t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t b y T S - 8 2 5 . T h e r e c e n t c o o l i n g d e g r e e
d a y ( C D D ) a n d h e a t i n g d e g r e e d a y ( H D D ) v a l u e s f r o m t h e T u r k i s h S t a t e M e t e o r o l o g i c a l
S e r v i c e
4 6
a r e u s e d a s r e f e r e n c e v a l u e s . T h e y a r e a l s o c o m p a r e d w i t h o t h e r s c i e n t i f i c
r e s e a r c h e s , s u c h a s t h a t c o n d u c t e d b y B y k a l a c a e t a l .
4 7
. C a l c u l a t i o n s f o r C D D a n d H D D a r e
r u n d e p e n d i n g o n E u r o s t a t t o u n i f y t h e c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d . T h e b a s e t e m p e r a t u r e i s d e f i n e d a s
1 8 C f o r H D D a n d 2 2 C f o r C D D .
T h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n d e g r e e d a y ( D D ) a n d e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n c a n b e u s e d a s a p p r o p r i a t e
i n f o r m a t i o n i n a n e a r l y d e s i g n p h a s e
4 8
. E v a l u a t i n g t h e v a l u e s o f B o d r u m , 6 1 7 C D D a n d 6 2 5
H D D , a l s o p r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e l o c a l c l i m a t e . I t i s o b v i o u s t h a t c o o l i n g o r h e a t i n g
i n B o d r u m h a s n o p r i o r i t y f o r a d w e l l i n g , a s s u m i n g i t i s o c c u p i e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r .

3 1
t h e H H i s u n d e r t h e s e s t a n d a r d s . T h e B B H w s h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d i s e v e n l e s s t h a n h a l f o f
t h e d e f i n e d s t a n d a r d s . T h e v a l u e s c a n b e s e e n i n t h e t a b l e 1 8 .
B o t h o f t h e o p t i m i s e d a n a l y s i n g o b j e c t s a r e u n d e r t h e s e r e s t r i c t i o n s . T h e o p t i m i s e d v e r s i o n
o f t h e h o l i d a y h o u s e h a s a h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d o f 5 4 . 3 k W h / m a . I t i s 5 4 p e r c e n t l e s s
c o m p a r e d w i t h a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e c o o l i n g r e q u i r e m e n t i s a l s o r e d u c e d t o 2 4
k W h / m a w i t h a 4 4 p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n . T h e a t t a c h e d h o u s e a l s o h a s a s i m i l a r p e r f o r m a n c e .
T h e c o o l i n g r e q u i r e m e n t i s r e d u c e d t o 2 4 . 4 8 k W h / m a f r o m 6 0 . 7 5 k W h / m a a n d t h e h e a t i n g
r e q u i r e m e n t t o 6 0 . 4 2 k W h / m a f r o m 1 2 5 . 3 1 k W h / m a .
A s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , t h e U V a l u e o f t h e b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s c a n a l s o b e c o n t r o l l e d w i t h
t h e g i v e n r e s t r i c t i o n s . I n t h e t a b l e b e l o w , t h e U V a l u e s o f t h e H H a n d A H i s c o m p a r e d w i t h
T S - 8 2 5 s t a n d a r d s .
T S - 8 2 5 H H a c t u a l H H o p t i m i s e d A H a c t u a l A H o p t i m i s e d
W a l l s W / m K 0 . 8 1 . 8 4 0 . 3 9 0 . 8 7 0 . 3 1
W i n d o w s W / m K 2 . 8 6 . 1 2 1 . 9 3 3 . 1 2 1 . 9 3
T a b l e 3 C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e U - V a l u e s o f A n a l y s e d O b j e c t s w i t h T S - 8 2 5
T h e D e g r e e D a y m e t h o d i s u s e d i n d e f i n i n g c l i m a t e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s . I t i s a l s o u s e d t o
c a l c u l a t e h e a t l o s e s a s w e l l a n d i s t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t b y T S - 8 2 5 . T h e r e c e n t c o o l i n g d e g r e e
d a y ( C D D ) a n d h e a t i n g d e g r e e d a y ( H D D ) v a l u e s f r o m t h e T u r k i s h S t a t e M e t e o r o l o g i c a l
S e r v i c e
4 6
a r e u s e d a s r e f e r e n c e v a l u e s . T h e y a r e a l s o c o m p a r e d w i t h o t h e r s c i e n t i f i c
r e s e a r c h e s , s u c h a s t h a t c o n d u c t e d b y B y k a l a c a e t a l .
4 7
. C a l c u l a t i o n s f o r C D D a n d H D D a r e
r u n d e p e n d i n g o n E u r o s t a t t o u n i f y t h e c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d . T h e b a s e t e m p e r a t u r e i s d e f i n e d a s
1 8 C f o r H D D a n d 2 2 C f o r C D D .
T h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n d e g r e e d a y ( D D ) a n d e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n c a n b e u s e d a s a p p r o p r i a t e
i n f o r m a t i o n i n a n e a r l y d e s i g n p h a s e
4 8
. E v a l u a t i n g t h e v a l u e s o f B o d r u m , 6 1 7 C D D a n d 6 2 5
H D D , a l s o p r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e l o c a l c l i m a t e . I t i s o b v i o u s t h a t c o o l i n g o r h e a t i n g
i n B o d r u m h a s n o p r i o r i t y f o r a d w e l l i n g , a s s u m i n g i t i s o c c u p i e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r .

31
the HH is under these standards. The BBHws heating energy demand is even less than half of
the defined standards. The values can be seen in the table 18.
Both of the optimised analysing objects are under these restrictions. The optimised version
of the holiday house has a heating energy demand of 54.3 kWh/ma. It is 54 per cent less
compared with actual conditions. Furthermore, the cooling requirement is also reduced to 24
kWh/ma with a 44 per cent reduction. The attached house also has a similar performance.
The cooling requirement is reduced to 24.48 kWh/ma from 60.75 kWh/ma and the heating
requirement to 60.42 kWh/ma from 125.31 kWh/ma.
As mentioned above, the U Value of the building components can also be controlled with
the given restrictions. In the table below, the U Values of the HH and AH is compared with
TS-825 standards.
TS-825 HH actual HH optimised AH actual AH optimised
Walls W/mK 0.8 1.84 0.39 0.87 0.31
Windows W/mK 2.8 6.12 1.93 3.12 1.93
Table 3 Comparison of the U-Values of Analysed Objects with TS-825
The Degree Day method is used in defining climate classifications. It is also used to
calculate heat loses as well and is taken into account by TS-825. The recent cooling degree
day (CDD) and heating degree day (HDD) values from the Turkish State Meteorological
Service
46
are used as reference values. They are also compared with other scientific
researches, such as that conducted by Bykalaca et al.
47
. Calculations for CDD and HDD are
run depending on Eurostat to unify the calculation method. The base temperature is defined as
18 C for HDD and 22 C for CDD.
The relation between degree day (DD) and energy consumption can be used as appropriate
information in an early design phase
48
. Evaluating the values of Bodrum, 617 CDD and 625
HDD, also provides information about the local climate. It is obvious that cooling or heating
in Bodrum has no priority for a dwelling, assuming it is occupied throughout the year.

31
the HH is under these standards. The BBHws heating energy demand is even less than half of
the defined standards. The values can be seen in the table 18.
Both of the optimised analysing objects are under these restrictions. The optimised version
of the holiday house has a heating energy demand of 54.3 kWh/ma. It is 54 per cent less
compared with actual conditions. Furthermore, the cooling requirement is also reduced to 24
kWh/ma with a 44 per cent reduction. The attached house also has a similar performance.
The cooling requirement is reduced to 24.48 kWh/ma from 60.75 kWh/ma and the heating
requirement to 60.42 kWh/ma from 125.31 kWh/ma.
As mentioned above, the U Value of the building components can also be controlled with
the given restrictions. In the table below, the U Values of the HH and AH is compared with
TS-825 standards.
TS-825 HH actual HH optimised AH actual AH optimised
Walls W/mK 0.8 1.84 0.39 0.87 0.31
Windows W/mK 2.8 6.12 1.93 3.12 1.93
Table 3 Comparison of the U-Values of Analysed Objects with TS-825
The Degree Day method is used in defining climate classifications. It is also used to
calculate heat loses as well and is taken into account by TS-825. The recent cooling degree
day (CDD) and heating degree day (HDD) values from the Turkish State Meteorological
Service
46
are used as reference values. They are also compared with other scientific
researches, such as that conducted by Bykalaca et al.
47
. Calculations for CDD and HDD are
run depending on Eurostat to unify the calculation method. The base temperature is defined as
18 C for HDD and 22 C for CDD.
The relation between degree day (DD) and energy consumption can be used as appropriate
information in an early design phase
48
. Evaluating the values of Bodrum, 617 CDD and 625
HDD, also provides information about the local climate. It is obvious that cooling or heating
in Bodrum has no priority for a dwelling, assuming it is occupied throughout the year.


32
3.3 Bioclimatism in vernacular architecture
As summarized in an Energie-Cits key study, bioclimatism refers to the passive use of the
suns energy, i.e. its direct utilisation without transforming it into another form of energy,
electric, thermal or mechanical energy. Bioclimatic design is based on an analysis of the
microclimate, building placement, window orientation, roof ventilation, the use of natural
ventilation, air-conditioning, and the optimisation of natural light. Although these aspects may
sometimes become a source of conflict when it is not possible to address all of them at the
same time, this concept has the advantage of not being limited by natural or seasonal
considerations. It is a renewable source of energy in the sense that it is not finite and it is
cheap
49
.
Vernacular architecture, performed by people as a direct response to their needs and
values, can be compared with this type of representative architecture. These buildings show a
greater respect for the existing environment, whether natural or artificial. They do not reject
theoretical aesthetic pretensions and use local materials and techniques as far as possible,
repeating over and over again the course of history models, which take the constraints
imposed by the climate fully into account.
Do not copy from the old but learn: Vernacular architecture, so often forgotten in official
circles, may well be the kind which can best teach us today how to assimilate the bioclimatic
approach in the practice of architectural design. However, we should not consider these
solutions to be models to be copied in current architecture. Our technical capacity and our
cultural grounding prevent us from returning to these obsolete architecture forms, but what
may be of use as a lesson and a source of inspiration is the attitude of the builders of this
popular architecture, which recovers a relationship to the environment which was lost in the
more official architecture of the 19
th
century.
3.3.1 General principles of the relationship between form and climate cultural approach
Although it seems that any contemporary architectural design can solve its problems of
environmental control by means of artificial systems, this is not completely true in our
culture. Furthermore, in many other cultures buildings have been built, and are still being built
with an acute awareness of the limitations imposed by the climate in which they are located.


32
3.3 Bioclimatism in vernacular architecture
As summarized in an Energie-Cits key study, bioclimatism refers to the passive use of the
suns energy, i.e. its direct utilisation without transforming it into another form of energy,
electric, thermal or mechanical energy. Bioclimatic design is based on an analysis of the
microclimate, building placement, window orientation, roof ventilation, the use of natural
ventilation, air-conditioning, and the optimisation of natural light. Although these aspects may
sometimes become a source of conflict when it is not possible to address all of them at the
same time, this concept has the advantage of not being limited by natural or seasonal
considerations. It is a renewable source of energy in the sense that it is not finite and it is
cheap
49
.
Vernacular architecture, performed by people as a direct response to their needs and
values, can be compared with this type of representative architecture. These buildings show a
greater respect for the existing environment, whether natural or artificial. They do not reject
theoretical aesthetic pretensions and use local materials and techniques as far as possible,
repeating over and over again the course of history models, which take the constraints
imposed by the climate fully into account.
Do not copy from the old but learn: Vernacular architecture, so often forgotten in official
circles, may well be the kind which can best teach us today how to assimilate the bioclimatic
approach in the practice of architectural design. However, we should not consider these
solutions to be models to be copied in current architecture. Our technical capacity and our
cultural grounding prevent us from returning to these obsolete architecture forms, but what
may be of use as a lesson and a source of inspiration is the attitude of the builders of this
popular architecture, which recovers a relationship to the environment which was lost in the
more official architecture of the 19
th
century.
3.3.1 General principles of the relationship between form and climate cultural approach
Although it seems that any contemporary architectural design can solve its problems of
environmental control by means of artificial systems, this is not completely true in our
culture. Furthermore, in many other cultures buildings have been built, and are still being built
with an acute awareness of the limitations imposed by the climate in which they are located.


3 2
3 . 3 B i o c l i m a t i s m i n v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e
A s s u m m a r i z e d i n a n E n e r g i e - C i t s k e y s t u d y , b i o c l i m a t i s m r e f e r s t o t h e p a s s i v e u s e o f t h e
s u n s e n e r g y , i . e . i t s d i r e c t u t i l i s a t i o n w i t h o u t t r a n s f o r m i n g i t i n t o a n o t h e r f o r m o f e n e r g y ,
e l e c t r i c , t h e r m a l o r m e c h a n i c a l e n e r g y . B i o c l i m a t i c d e s i g n i s b a s e d o n a n a n a l y s i s o f t h e
m i c r o c l i m a t e , b u i l d i n g p l a c e m e n t , w i n d o w o r i e n t a t i o n , r o o f v e n t i l a t i o n , t h e u s e o f n a t u r a l
v e n t i l a t i o n , a i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g , a n d t h e o p t i m i s a t i o n o f n a t u r a l l i g h t . A l t h o u g h t h e s e a s p e c t s m a y
s o m e t i m e s b e c o m e a s o u r c e o f c o n f l i c t w h e n i t i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o a d d r e s s a l l o f t h e m a t t h e
s a m e t i m e , t h i s c o n c e p t h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e o f n o t b e i n g l i m i t e d b y n a t u r a l o r s e a s o n a l
c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . I t i s a r e n e w a b l e s o u r c e o f e n e r g y i n t h e s e n s e t h a t i t i s n o t f i n i t e a n d i t i s
c h e a p
4 9
.
V e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e , p e r f o r m e d b y p e o p l e a s a d i r e c t r e s p o n s e t o t h e i r n e e d s a n d
v a l u e s , c a n b e c o m p a r e d w i t h t h i s t y p e o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a r c h i t e c t u r e . T h e s e b u i l d i n g s s h o w a
g r e a t e r r e s p e c t f o r t h e e x i s t i n g e n v i r o n m e n t , w h e t h e r n a t u r a l o r a r t i f i c i a l . T h e y d o n o t r e j e c t
t h e o r e t i c a l a e s t h e t i c p r e t e n s i o n s a n d u s e l o c a l m a t e r i a l s a n d t e c h n i q u e s a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e ,
r e p e a t i n g o v e r a n d o v e r a g a i n t h e c o u r s e o f h i s t o r y m o d e l s , w h i c h t a k e t h e c o n s t r a i n t s
i m p o s e d b y t h e c l i m a t e f u l l y i n t o a c c o u n t .
D o n o t c o p y f r o m t h e o l d b u t l e a r n : V e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e , s o o f t e n f o r g o t t e n i n o f f i c i a l
c i r c l e s , m a y w e l l b e t h e k i n d w h i c h c a n b e s t t e a c h u s t o d a y h o w t o a s s i m i l a t e t h e b i o c l i m a t i c
a p p r o a c h i n t h e p r a c t i c e o f a r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s i g n . H o w e v e r , w e s h o u l d n o t c o n s i d e r t h e s e
s o l u t i o n s t o b e m o d e l s t o b e c o p i e d i n c u r r e n t a r c h i t e c t u r e . O u r t e c h n i c a l c a p a c i t y a n d o u r
c u l t u r a l g r o u n d i n g p r e v e n t u s f r o m r e t u r n i n g t o t h e s e o b s o l e t e a r c h i t e c t u r e f o r m s , b u t w h a t
m a y b e o f u s e a s a l e s s o n a n d a s o u r c e o f i n s p i r a t i o n i s t h e a t t i t u d e o f t h e b u i l d e r s o f t h i s
p o p u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e , w h i c h r e c o v e r s a r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t w h i c h w a s l o s t i n t h e
m o r e o f f i c i a l a r c h i t e c t u r e o f t h e 1 9
t h
c e n t u r y .
3 . 3 . 1 G e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e s o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n f o r m a n d c l i m a t e c u l t u r a l a p p r o a c h
A l t h o u g h i t s e e m s t h a t a n y c o n t e m p o r a r y a r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s i g n c a n s o l v e i t s p r o b l e m s o f
e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n t r o l b y m e a n s o f a r t i f i c i a l s y s t e m s , t h i s i s n o t c o m p l e t e l y t r u e i n o u r
c u l t u r e . F u r t h e r m o r e , i n m a n y o t h e r c u l t u r e s b u i l d i n g s h a v e b e e n b u i l t , a n d a r e s t i l l b e i n g b u i l t
w i t h a n a c u t e a w a r e n e s s o f t h e l i m i t a t i o n s i m p o s e d b y t h e c l i m a t e i n w h i c h t h e y a r e l o c a t e d .


3 2
3 . 3 B i o c l i m a t i s m i n v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e
A s s u m m a r i z e d i n a n E n e r g i e - C i t s k e y s t u d y , b i o c l i m a t i s m r e f e r s t o t h e p a s s i v e u s e o f t h e
s u n s e n e r g y , i . e . i t s d i r e c t u t i l i s a t i o n w i t h o u t t r a n s f o r m i n g i t i n t o a n o t h e r f o r m o f e n e r g y ,
e l e c t r i c , t h e r m a l o r m e c h a n i c a l e n e r g y . B i o c l i m a t i c d e s i g n i s b a s e d o n a n a n a l y s i s o f t h e
m i c r o c l i m a t e , b u i l d i n g p l a c e m e n t , w i n d o w o r i e n t a t i o n , r o o f v e n t i l a t i o n , t h e u s e o f n a t u r a l
v e n t i l a t i o n , a i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g , a n d t h e o p t i m i s a t i o n o f n a t u r a l l i g h t . A l t h o u g h t h e s e a s p e c t s m a y
s o m e t i m e s b e c o m e a s o u r c e o f c o n f l i c t w h e n i t i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o a d d r e s s a l l o f t h e m a t t h e
s a m e t i m e , t h i s c o n c e p t h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e o f n o t b e i n g l i m i t e d b y n a t u r a l o r s e a s o n a l
c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . I t i s a r e n e w a b l e s o u r c e o f e n e r g y i n t h e s e n s e t h a t i t i s n o t f i n i t e a n d i t i s
c h e a p
4 9
.
V e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e , p e r f o r m e d b y p e o p l e a s a d i r e c t r e s p o n s e t o t h e i r n e e d s a n d
v a l u e s , c a n b e c o m p a r e d w i t h t h i s t y p e o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a r c h i t e c t u r e . T h e s e b u i l d i n g s s h o w a
g r e a t e r r e s p e c t f o r t h e e x i s t i n g e n v i r o n m e n t , w h e t h e r n a t u r a l o r a r t i f i c i a l . T h e y d o n o t r e j e c t
t h e o r e t i c a l a e s t h e t i c p r e t e n s i o n s a n d u s e l o c a l m a t e r i a l s a n d t e c h n i q u e s a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e ,
r e p e a t i n g o v e r a n d o v e r a g a i n t h e c o u r s e o f h i s t o r y m o d e l s , w h i c h t a k e t h e c o n s t r a i n t s
i m p o s e d b y t h e c l i m a t e f u l l y i n t o a c c o u n t .
D o n o t c o p y f r o m t h e o l d b u t l e a r n : V e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e , s o o f t e n f o r g o t t e n i n o f f i c i a l
c i r c l e s , m a y w e l l b e t h e k i n d w h i c h c a n b e s t t e a c h u s t o d a y h o w t o a s s i m i l a t e t h e b i o c l i m a t i c
a p p r o a c h i n t h e p r a c t i c e o f a r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s i g n . H o w e v e r , w e s h o u l d n o t c o n s i d e r t h e s e
s o l u t i o n s t o b e m o d e l s t o b e c o p i e d i n c u r r e n t a r c h i t e c t u r e . O u r t e c h n i c a l c a p a c i t y a n d o u r
c u l t u r a l g r o u n d i n g p r e v e n t u s f r o m r e t u r n i n g t o t h e s e o b s o l e t e a r c h i t e c t u r e f o r m s , b u t w h a t
m a y b e o f u s e a s a l e s s o n a n d a s o u r c e o f i n s p i r a t i o n i s t h e a t t i t u d e o f t h e b u i l d e r s o f t h i s
p o p u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e , w h i c h r e c o v e r s a r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t w h i c h w a s l o s t i n t h e
m o r e o f f i c i a l a r c h i t e c t u r e o f t h e 1 9
t h
c e n t u r y .
3 . 3 . 1 G e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e s o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n f o r m a n d c l i m a t e c u l t u r a l a p p r o a c h
A l t h o u g h i t s e e m s t h a t a n y c o n t e m p o r a r y a r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s i g n c a n s o l v e i t s p r o b l e m s o f
e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n t r o l b y m e a n s o f a r t i f i c i a l s y s t e m s , t h i s i s n o t c o m p l e t e l y t r u e i n o u r
c u l t u r e . F u r t h e r m o r e , i n m a n y o t h e r c u l t u r e s b u i l d i n g s h a v e b e e n b u i l t , a n d a r e s t i l l b e i n g b u i l t
w i t h a n a c u t e a w a r e n e s s o f t h e l i m i t a t i o n s i m p o s e d b y t h e c l i m a t e i n w h i c h t h e y a r e l o c a t e d .


3 3
B u i l d e r s w i t h f e w t e c h n i c a l r e s o u r c e s a r e f o r c e d t o d e s i g n t h e i r b u i l d i n g s i n c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p
t o t h e i r u s e f u l n e s s a s a b a r r i e r a g a i n s t t h e c l i m a t e .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e u n r e a l i s t i c f a i t h i n a r t i f i c i a l s y s t e m s i n o u r m o d e r n b u i l d i n g s l e a d s t o
d e s i g n s , w h i c h d i s r e g a r d t h e c l i m a t e a n d t u r n o u t t o b e b u i l d i n g s t h a t a r e b o t h p h y s i o l o g i c a l l y
a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y i n h o s p i t a b l e . T o s t u d y t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n c l i m a t e a n d p o p u l a r
a r c h i t e c t u r e , w e s h o u l d f i r s t o f a l l c l a s s i f y t h e d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f c l i m a t e f o u n d o n t h e p l a n e t .
3 . 3 . 2 G e n e r a l p a r a m e t e r s o f c l i m a t e
M a j o r p a r a m e t e r s a r e t h e l a t i t u d e w i t h l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e s i n p l a c e s o f g r e a t e r l a t i t u d e i n
r e g a r d t o m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t h e c o n t i n e n t a l i t y , w h i c h i n v o l v e s a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e r m a l
v a r i a t i o n a n d i n t h e d r y n e s s o f t h e c l i m a t e . S e c o n d a r y f a c t o r s , w h i c h m o d i f y t h e a c t i o n o f t h e
p r e v i o u s o n e s , a r e :
A b s o l u t e h e i g h t a b o v e s e a l e v e l , w h i c h a s i t r i s e s e n t a i l s a f a l l i n t h e a v e r a g e
t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d n o r m a l l y a n i n c r e a s e i n t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i a t i o n a n d a f a l l i n h u m i d i t y .
T o p o g r a p h i c r e l i e f w i t h c o u n t l e s s m i c r o c l i m a t i c v a r i a t i o n s i n i t s r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e
s u n s h i n e a n d p r e v a i l i n g w i n d s .
V e g e t a t i o n a n d h u m a n a c t i o n , w h i c h m o d i f y t h e r e s u l t s f o r e s e e a b l e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
a b o v e f a c t o r s , a c t i n g a s a r u l e i n o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n s : g r e a t e r t h e r m a l s t a b i l i t y a n d h u m i d i t y
w i t h t h e p r e s e n c e o f v e g e t a t i o n a n d g r e a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i a t i o n a n d l e s s h u m i d i t y w i t h t h e
d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e n a t u r a l l a n d i n h u m a n s e t t l e m e n t s .
3 . 3 . 3 S i m p l i f i e d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f c l i m a t e f o r a r c h i t e c t u r e
I n s p i t e o f t h i s , t h e m o r e c o m p l e x r e a l i t y o f c l a s s i f y i n g c l i m a t e s i s s i m p l i f i e d i n t o c e r t a i n
b a s i c t y p e s , w h i c h e n a b l e u s t o d r a w s i m p l e c o n c l u s i o n s f r o m a r c h i t e c t u r a l a n a l y s i s , i n o r d e r
t o b e a b l e t o m a k e a g e n e r a l a n a l y s i s o f t h e c l i m a t e c o n s i d e r i n g i t s i n f l u e n c e o n t h e f o r m s a n d
s o l u t i o n s o f p o p u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e . F r o m t h i s p o i n t o n , i t i s o b v i o u s t h a t a n y r e a l c l i m a t e i s a
w e i g h t e d m i x t u r e o f t h e s e b a s i c t y p e s .
E x t r a c a s e s a r e e a s y t o s o l v e . T h i s s i m p l i f i e d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n w i l l l e t u s o b s e r v e t h a t t h e m o s t
e x t r e m e c a s e s o f c l i m a t e a r e t h o s e w h i c h h a v e a c l e a r e r a r c h i t e c t u r a l s o l u t i o n , w h i l e t h e
a r c h i t e c t u r e f o u n d i n t e m p e r a t u r e c l i m a t e s p a r a d o x i c a l l y t u r n s o u t t o b e m o r e c o m p l e x , s i n c e
t h e b u i l d i n g s h a v e t o a d a p t t o c h a n g i n g c o n d i t i o n s , a n d d o n o t p e r m i t s i n g l e s o l u t i o n s .


3 3
B u i l d e r s w i t h f e w t e c h n i c a l r e s o u r c e s a r e f o r c e d t o d e s i g n t h e i r b u i l d i n g s i n c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p
t o t h e i r u s e f u l n e s s a s a b a r r i e r a g a i n s t t h e c l i m a t e .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e u n r e a l i s t i c f a i t h i n a r t i f i c i a l s y s t e m s i n o u r m o d e r n b u i l d i n g s l e a d s t o
d e s i g n s , w h i c h d i s r e g a r d t h e c l i m a t e a n d t u r n o u t t o b e b u i l d i n g s t h a t a r e b o t h p h y s i o l o g i c a l l y
a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y i n h o s p i t a b l e . T o s t u d y t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n c l i m a t e a n d p o p u l a r
a r c h i t e c t u r e , w e s h o u l d f i r s t o f a l l c l a s s i f y t h e d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f c l i m a t e f o u n d o n t h e p l a n e t .
3 . 3 . 2 G e n e r a l p a r a m e t e r s o f c l i m a t e
M a j o r p a r a m e t e r s a r e t h e l a t i t u d e w i t h l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e s i n p l a c e s o f g r e a t e r l a t i t u d e i n
r e g a r d t o m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t h e c o n t i n e n t a l i t y , w h i c h i n v o l v e s a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e r m a l
v a r i a t i o n a n d i n t h e d r y n e s s o f t h e c l i m a t e . S e c o n d a r y f a c t o r s , w h i c h m o d i f y t h e a c t i o n o f t h e
p r e v i o u s o n e s , a r e :
A b s o l u t e h e i g h t a b o v e s e a l e v e l , w h i c h a s i t r i s e s e n t a i l s a f a l l i n t h e a v e r a g e
t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d n o r m a l l y a n i n c r e a s e i n t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i a t i o n a n d a f a l l i n h u m i d i t y .
T o p o g r a p h i c r e l i e f w i t h c o u n t l e s s m i c r o c l i m a t i c v a r i a t i o n s i n i t s r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e
s u n s h i n e a n d p r e v a i l i n g w i n d s .
V e g e t a t i o n a n d h u m a n a c t i o n , w h i c h m o d i f y t h e r e s u l t s f o r e s e e a b l e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
a b o v e f a c t o r s , a c t i n g a s a r u l e i n o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n s : g r e a t e r t h e r m a l s t a b i l i t y a n d h u m i d i t y
w i t h t h e p r e s e n c e o f v e g e t a t i o n a n d g r e a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i a t i o n a n d l e s s h u m i d i t y w i t h t h e
d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e n a t u r a l l a n d i n h u m a n s e t t l e m e n t s .
3 . 3 . 3 S i m p l i f i e d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f c l i m a t e f o r a r c h i t e c t u r e
I n s p i t e o f t h i s , t h e m o r e c o m p l e x r e a l i t y o f c l a s s i f y i n g c l i m a t e s i s s i m p l i f i e d i n t o c e r t a i n
b a s i c t y p e s , w h i c h e n a b l e u s t o d r a w s i m p l e c o n c l u s i o n s f r o m a r c h i t e c t u r a l a n a l y s i s , i n o r d e r
t o b e a b l e t o m a k e a g e n e r a l a n a l y s i s o f t h e c l i m a t e c o n s i d e r i n g i t s i n f l u e n c e o n t h e f o r m s a n d
s o l u t i o n s o f p o p u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e . F r o m t h i s p o i n t o n , i t i s o b v i o u s t h a t a n y r e a l c l i m a t e i s a
w e i g h t e d m i x t u r e o f t h e s e b a s i c t y p e s .
E x t r a c a s e s a r e e a s y t o s o l v e . T h i s s i m p l i f i e d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n w i l l l e t u s o b s e r v e t h a t t h e m o s t
e x t r e m e c a s e s o f c l i m a t e a r e t h o s e w h i c h h a v e a c l e a r e r a r c h i t e c t u r a l s o l u t i o n , w h i l e t h e
a r c h i t e c t u r e f o u n d i n t e m p e r a t u r e c l i m a t e s p a r a d o x i c a l l y t u r n s o u t t o b e m o r e c o m p l e x , s i n c e
t h e b u i l d i n g s h a v e t o a d a p t t o c h a n g i n g c o n d i t i o n s , a n d d o n o t p e r m i t s i n g l e s o l u t i o n s .


33
Builders with few technical resources are forced to design their buildings in close relationship
to their usefulness as a barrier against the climate.
Furthermore, the unrealistic faith in artificial systems in our modern buildings leads to
designs, which disregard the climate and turn out to be buildings that are both physiologically
and psychologically inhospitable. To study the relationship between climate and popular
architecture, we should first of all classify the different types of climate found on the planet.
3.3.2 General parameters of climate
Major parameters are the latitude with lower temperatures in places of greater latitude in
regard to mean temperature and the continentality, which involves an increase in thermal
variation and in the dryness of the climate. Secondary factors, which modify the action of the
previous ones, are:
Absolute height above sea level, which as it rises entails a fall in the average
temperatures and normally an increase in temperature variation and a fall in humidity.
Topographic relief with countless microclimatic variations in its relationship to the
sunshine and prevailing winds.
Vegetation and human action, which modify the results foreseeable according to the
above factors, acting as a rule in opposite directions: greater thermal stability and humidity
with the presence of vegetation and greater temperature variation and less humidity with the
development of the natural land in human settlements.
3.3.3 Simplified classification of climate for architecture
In spite of this, the more complex reality of classifying climates is simplified into certain
basic types, which enable us to draw simple conclusions from architectural analysis, in order
to be able to make a general analysis of the climate considering its influence on the forms and
solutions of popular architecture. From this point on, it is obvious that any real climate is a
weighted mixture of these basic types.
Extra cases are easy to solve. This simplified classification will let us observe that the most
extreme cases of climate are those which have a clearer architectural solution, while the
architecture found in temperature climates paradoxically turns out to be more complex, since
the buildings have to adapt to changing conditions, and do not permit single solutions.


33
Builders with few technical resources are forced to design their buildings in close relationship
to their usefulness as a barrier against the climate.
Furthermore, the unrealistic faith in artificial systems in our modern buildings leads to
designs, which disregard the climate and turn out to be buildings that are both physiologically
and psychologically inhospitable. To study the relationship between climate and popular
architecture, we should first of all classify the different types of climate found on the planet.
3.3.2 General parameters of climate
Major parameters are the latitude with lower temperatures in places of greater latitude in
regard to mean temperature and the continentality, which involves an increase in thermal
variation and in the dryness of the climate. Secondary factors, which modify the action of the
previous ones, are:
Absolute height above sea level, which as it rises entails a fall in the average
temperatures and normally an increase in temperature variation and a fall in humidity.
Topographic relief with countless microclimatic variations in its relationship to the
sunshine and prevailing winds.
Vegetation and human action, which modify the results foreseeable according to the
above factors, acting as a rule in opposite directions: greater thermal stability and humidity
with the presence of vegetation and greater temperature variation and less humidity with the
development of the natural land in human settlements.
3.3.3 Simplified classification of climate for architecture
In spite of this, the more complex reality of classifying climates is simplified into certain
basic types, which enable us to draw simple conclusions from architectural analysis, in order
to be able to make a general analysis of the climate considering its influence on the forms and
solutions of popular architecture. From this point on, it is obvious that any real climate is a
weighted mixture of these basic types.
Extra cases are easy to solve. This simplified classification will let us observe that the most
extreme cases of climate are those which have a clearer architectural solution, while the
architecture found in temperature climates paradoxically turns out to be more complex, since
the buildings have to adapt to changing conditions, and do not permit single solutions.


34
Dry Warm Climates typical of deserts are close to the Equator, with high average
temperatures and high temperature variations in the daily cycle, very low humidity and very
directional solar radiation, no cloud cover and practically no rainfall, and dry winds, which
are warm, heavy with dust, and also very aggressive.
Complex Climates, as a rule temperature climates display, though with less intensity, the
conditions of the previous cases in their variations throughout the year. In this case, the
greatest problem of architecture is its capacity to adapt these changes by means of flexible
solutions.
3.4 The environmental impact of the buildings on site
Ecological site planning allows appropriate levels of natural daylight and solar radiation
into each dwelling unit. The buildings should be considered in relation to the site and their
relationship with other buildings on the site.
An overall site strategy for energy use and the potential for an integrated energy policy for
the site should be evaluated at an early stage. In this context, the designer may start work
before a large building is constructed on or near a particular site, or the site may not yet have
been cleared of buildings. As Geiger et al. state, even when conditions on and around the site
offer no such problems, it is seldom possible to obtain even one years measurements.
Therefore, it is necessary to use those methods, which allow for the extrapolation of predicted
conditions based on established principles regarding the behaviour of the microclimate, and
superimposed on the general climatic conditions of the location
50
.
Environment and tradition are not only mutually supportive, but also pre-requisite aspects.
These aspects should be taken into consideration in both site design and building design.
Vernacular settlements have much to teach the professionals in terms of evaluating global
environment and local tradition, is in respect of ecological site design. Design with the
climate and with a sense of place is a valuable asset for ecological site design, as perfectly
achieved in vernacular examples
51
.


34
Dry Warm Climates typical of deserts are close to the Equator, with high average
temperatures and high temperature variations in the daily cycle, very low humidity and very
directional solar radiation, no cloud cover and practically no rainfall, and dry winds, which
are warm, heavy with dust, and also very aggressive.
Complex Climates, as a rule temperature climates display, though with less intensity, the
conditions of the previous cases in their variations throughout the year. In this case, the
greatest problem of architecture is its capacity to adapt these changes by means of flexible
solutions.
3.4 The environmental impact of the buildings on site
Ecological site planning allows appropriate levels of natural daylight and solar radiation
into each dwelling unit. The buildings should be considered in relation to the site and their
relationship with other buildings on the site.
An overall site strategy for energy use and the potential for an integrated energy policy for
the site should be evaluated at an early stage. In this context, the designer may start work
before a large building is constructed on or near a particular site, or the site may not yet have
been cleared of buildings. As Geiger et al. state, even when conditions on and around the site
offer no such problems, it is seldom possible to obtain even one years measurements.
Therefore, it is necessary to use those methods, which allow for the extrapolation of predicted
conditions based on established principles regarding the behaviour of the microclimate, and
superimposed on the general climatic conditions of the location
50
.
Environment and tradition are not only mutually supportive, but also pre-requisite aspects.
These aspects should be taken into consideration in both site design and building design.
Vernacular settlements have much to teach the professionals in terms of evaluating global
environment and local tradition, is in respect of ecological site design. Design with the
climate and with a sense of place is a valuable asset for ecological site design, as perfectly
achieved in vernacular examples
51
.


3 4
D r y W a r m C l i m a t e s t y p i c a l o f d e s e r t s a r e c l o s e t o t h e E q u a t o r , w i t h h i g h a v e r a g e
t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e d a i l y c y c l e , v e r y l o w h u m i d i t y a n d v e r y
d i r e c t i o n a l s o l a r r a d i a t i o n , n o c l o u d c o v e r a n d p r a c t i c a l l y n o r a i n f a l l , a n d d r y w i n d s , w h i c h
a r e w a r m , h e a v y w i t h d u s t , a n d a l s o v e r y a g g r e s s i v e .
C o m p l e x C l i m a t e s , a s a r u l e t e m p e r a t u r e c l i m a t e s d i s p l a y , t h o u g h w i t h l e s s i n t e n s i t y , t h e
c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e p r e v i o u s c a s e s i n t h e i r v a r i a t i o n s t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r . I n t h i s c a s e , t h e
g r e a t e s t p r o b l e m o f a r c h i t e c t u r e i s i t s c a p a c i t y t o a d a p t t h e s e c h a n g e s b y m e a n s o f f l e x i b l e
s o l u t i o n s .
3 . 4 T h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t o f t h e b u i l d i n g s o n s i t e
E c o l o g i c a l s i t e p l a n n i n g a l l o w s a p p r o p r i a t e l e v e l s o f n a t u r a l d a y l i g h t a n d s o l a r r a d i a t i o n
i n t o e a c h d w e l l i n g u n i t . T h e b u i l d i n g s s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e s i t e a n d t h e i r
r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h o t h e r b u i l d i n g s o n t h e s i t e .
A n o v e r a l l s i t e s t r a t e g y f o r e n e r g y u s e a n d t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r a n i n t e g r a t e d e n e r g y p o l i c y f o r
t h e s i t e s h o u l d b e e v a l u a t e d a t a n e a r l y s t a g e . I n t h i s c o n t e x t , t h e d e s i g n e r m a y s t a r t w o r k
b e f o r e a l a r g e b u i l d i n g i s c o n s t r u c t e d o n o r n e a r a p a r t i c u l a r s i t e , o r t h e s i t e m a y n o t y e t h a v e
b e e n c l e a r e d o f b u i l d i n g s . A s G e i g e r e t a l . s t a t e , e v e n w h e n c o n d i t i o n s o n a n d a r o u n d t h e s i t e
o f f e r n o s u c h p r o b l e m s , i t i s s e l d o m p o s s i b l e t o o b t a i n e v e n o n e y e a r s m e a s u r e m e n t s .
T h e r e f o r e , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o u s e t h o s e m e t h o d s , w h i c h a l l o w f o r t h e e x t r a p o l a t i o n o f p r e d i c t e d
c o n d i t i o n s b a s e d o n e s t a b l i s h e d p r i n c i p l e s r e g a r d i n g t h e b e h a v i o u r o f t h e m i c r o c l i m a t e , a n d
s u p e r i m p o s e d o n t h e g e n e r a l c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e l o c a t i o n
5 0
.
E n v i r o n m e n t a n d t r a d i t i o n a r e n o t o n l y m u t u a l l y s u p p o r t i v e , b u t a l s o p r e - r e q u i s i t e a s p e c t s .
T h e s e a s p e c t s s h o u l d b e t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n b o t h s i t e d e s i g n a n d b u i l d i n g d e s i g n .
V e r n a c u l a r s e t t l e m e n t s h a v e m u c h t o t e a c h t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l s i n t e r m s o f e v a l u a t i n g g l o b a l
e n v i r o n m e n t a n d l o c a l t r a d i t i o n , i s i n r e s p e c t o f e c o l o g i c a l s i t e d e s i g n . D e s i g n w i t h t h e
c l i m a t e a n d w i t h a s e n s e o f p l a c e i s a v a l u a b l e a s s e t f o r e c o l o g i c a l s i t e d e s i g n , a s p e r f e c t l y
a c h i e v e d i n v e r n a c u l a r e x a m p l e s
5 1
.


3 4
D r y W a r m C l i m a t e s t y p i c a l o f d e s e r t s a r e c l o s e t o t h e E q u a t o r , w i t h h i g h a v e r a g e
t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e d a i l y c y c l e , v e r y l o w h u m i d i t y a n d v e r y
d i r e c t i o n a l s o l a r r a d i a t i o n , n o c l o u d c o v e r a n d p r a c t i c a l l y n o r a i n f a l l , a n d d r y w i n d s , w h i c h
a r e w a r m , h e a v y w i t h d u s t , a n d a l s o v e r y a g g r e s s i v e .
C o m p l e x C l i m a t e s , a s a r u l e t e m p e r a t u r e c l i m a t e s d i s p l a y , t h o u g h w i t h l e s s i n t e n s i t y , t h e
c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e p r e v i o u s c a s e s i n t h e i r v a r i a t i o n s t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r . I n t h i s c a s e , t h e
g r e a t e s t p r o b l e m o f a r c h i t e c t u r e i s i t s c a p a c i t y t o a d a p t t h e s e c h a n g e s b y m e a n s o f f l e x i b l e
s o l u t i o n s .
3 . 4 T h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t o f t h e b u i l d i n g s o n s i t e
E c o l o g i c a l s i t e p l a n n i n g a l l o w s a p p r o p r i a t e l e v e l s o f n a t u r a l d a y l i g h t a n d s o l a r r a d i a t i o n
i n t o e a c h d w e l l i n g u n i t . T h e b u i l d i n g s s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e s i t e a n d t h e i r
r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h o t h e r b u i l d i n g s o n t h e s i t e .
A n o v e r a l l s i t e s t r a t e g y f o r e n e r g y u s e a n d t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r a n i n t e g r a t e d e n e r g y p o l i c y f o r
t h e s i t e s h o u l d b e e v a l u a t e d a t a n e a r l y s t a g e . I n t h i s c o n t e x t , t h e d e s i g n e r m a y s t a r t w o r k
b e f o r e a l a r g e b u i l d i n g i s c o n s t r u c t e d o n o r n e a r a p a r t i c u l a r s i t e , o r t h e s i t e m a y n o t y e t h a v e
b e e n c l e a r e d o f b u i l d i n g s . A s G e i g e r e t a l . s t a t e , e v e n w h e n c o n d i t i o n s o n a n d a r o u n d t h e s i t e
o f f e r n o s u c h p r o b l e m s , i t i s s e l d o m p o s s i b l e t o o b t a i n e v e n o n e y e a r s m e a s u r e m e n t s .
T h e r e f o r e , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o u s e t h o s e m e t h o d s , w h i c h a l l o w f o r t h e e x t r a p o l a t i o n o f p r e d i c t e d
c o n d i t i o n s b a s e d o n e s t a b l i s h e d p r i n c i p l e s r e g a r d i n g t h e b e h a v i o u r o f t h e m i c r o c l i m a t e , a n d
s u p e r i m p o s e d o n t h e g e n e r a l c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e l o c a t i o n
5 0
.
E n v i r o n m e n t a n d t r a d i t i o n a r e n o t o n l y m u t u a l l y s u p p o r t i v e , b u t a l s o p r e - r e q u i s i t e a s p e c t s .
T h e s e a s p e c t s s h o u l d b e t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n b o t h s i t e d e s i g n a n d b u i l d i n g d e s i g n .
V e r n a c u l a r s e t t l e m e n t s h a v e m u c h t o t e a c h t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l s i n t e r m s o f e v a l u a t i n g g l o b a l
e n v i r o n m e n t a n d l o c a l t r a d i t i o n , i s i n r e s p e c t o f e c o l o g i c a l s i t e d e s i g n . D e s i g n w i t h t h e
c l i m a t e a n d w i t h a s e n s e o f p l a c e i s a v a l u a b l e a s s e t f o r e c o l o g i c a l s i t e d e s i g n , a s p e r f e c t l y
a c h i e v e d i n v e r n a c u l a r e x a m p l e s
5 1
.


3 5
3 . 4 . 1 V e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e o f B o d r u m
B e s i d e t y p i c a l A e g e a n a r c h i t e c t u r e , B o d r u m h a s i t s o w n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f v e r n a c u l a r
a r c h i t e c t u r e . T h e d i f f e r e n c e c a n b e s e e n i n p u b l i c s p a c e s , w h i c h a r e b e i n g u s e d a s t h e f r o n t
g a r d e n s o f p r i v a t e h o u s e s . I n d o o r g a r d e n s , b o r d e r e d w i t h f a c a d e s a n d l o w w a l l s o f n a r r o w
s t r e e t s , a r e u s u a l j o i n t s o f p r i v a t e s p a c e s t o p u b l i c s p a c e s . T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r m i t i n B o d r u m
i s r e s t r i c t e d t o t e n p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l a r e a . T h e r e f o r e , t h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e p u b l i c s p a c e s
h a s b e e n p r o t e c t e d t o t h e p r e s e n t .
O n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t p o i n t s o f h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m i s t h a t t h e n e w u n i t s
h a v e b e e n b u i l t d i r e c t l y b e s i d e t h e o l d u n i t s i n t h e s a m e p a r c e l . I t m e a n s s e t t l e m e n t s w e r e
e x p a n d e d i n t r o v e r t e d . T h e r e f o r e , a l t h o u g h t h e u s e o f c i t y s p a c e s d i d n o t c h a n g e d b e t w e e n
1 9 5 9 - 2 0 0 0 , t h e c i t y d e n s i t y h a s b e e n i n c r e a s e d
5 2
.
3 . 5 C l i m a t i c C o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n B o d r u m ` s S e t t l e m e n t s
B o d r u m h a s a H o t - D r y c l i m a t e w i t h
g r e a t t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i a t i o n d u r i n g t h e
d a y - n i g h t c y c l e .
H o u s e s i n t h e s e c l i m a t e s a r e
f r e q u e n t l y a r r a n g e d i n c o m p a c t p a t t e r n s ,
o n e v e r y n e a r t o a n o t h e r , l e a v i n g s m a l l
s e p a r a t i o n s i n t h e f o r m o f a l l e y s o r
c o u r t y a r d s . T h u s , t h e s u r f a c e s e x p o s e d t o
s o l a r r a d i a t i o n a r e r e d u c e d a n d t h e b u i l t
w e i g h t p e r u n i t o f v o l u m e o c c u p i e d i s i n c r e a s e d , w h i c h r a i s e s t h e t h e r m a l i n e r t i a o f t h e
e n s e m b l e . T h e g e n e r a t i o n o f s h a d e b e t w e e n n e i g h b o u r i n g b u i l d i n g s r e d u c e s t h e w a r m i n g o f
t h e i r w a l l s b y r a d i a t i o n a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e e n a b l e s t h e m t o b e c o o l e d b y c o n t a c t w i t h f r e s h
a i r a t n i g h t .
W i n d o w p o s i t i o n i n g a t d a y a n d n i g h t : I n t h e s e b u i l d i n g s w i t h g r e a t t h e r m a l i n e r t i a , t h e w a y
t h e i r o p e n i n g s a r e h a n d l e d i s o f v i t a l i m p o r t a n c e . W i n d o w s s h o u l d b e t o t a l l y c l o s e d d u r i n g t h e
w a r m e s t h o u r s o f t h e d a y , n o t l e t t i n g i n e i t h e r t h e l i g h t o r t h e h o t a i r f r o m o u t s i d e . T h e s e
P i c t u r e 1 B o d r u m H o u s e s ( A u t h o r )


3 5
3 . 4 . 1 V e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e o f B o d r u m
B e s i d e t y p i c a l A e g e a n a r c h i t e c t u r e , B o d r u m h a s i t s o w n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f v e r n a c u l a r
a r c h i t e c t u r e . T h e d i f f e r e n c e c a n b e s e e n i n p u b l i c s p a c e s , w h i c h a r e b e i n g u s e d a s t h e f r o n t
g a r d e n s o f p r i v a t e h o u s e s . I n d o o r g a r d e n s , b o r d e r e d w i t h f a c a d e s a n d l o w w a l l s o f n a r r o w
s t r e e t s , a r e u s u a l j o i n t s o f p r i v a t e s p a c e s t o p u b l i c s p a c e s . T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r m i t i n B o d r u m
i s r e s t r i c t e d t o t e n p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l a r e a . T h e r e f o r e , t h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e p u b l i c s p a c e s
h a s b e e n p r o t e c t e d t o t h e p r e s e n t .
O n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t p o i n t s o f h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m i s t h a t t h e n e w u n i t s
h a v e b e e n b u i l t d i r e c t l y b e s i d e t h e o l d u n i t s i n t h e s a m e p a r c e l . I t m e a n s s e t t l e m e n t s w e r e
e x p a n d e d i n t r o v e r t e d . T h e r e f o r e , a l t h o u g h t h e u s e o f c i t y s p a c e s d i d n o t c h a n g e d b e t w e e n
1 9 5 9 - 2 0 0 0 , t h e c i t y d e n s i t y h a s b e e n i n c r e a s e d
5 2
.
3 . 5 C l i m a t i c C o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n B o d r u m ` s S e t t l e m e n t s
B o d r u m h a s a H o t - D r y c l i m a t e w i t h
g r e a t t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i a t i o n d u r i n g t h e
d a y - n i g h t c y c l e .
H o u s e s i n t h e s e c l i m a t e s a r e
f r e q u e n t l y a r r a n g e d i n c o m p a c t p a t t e r n s ,
o n e v e r y n e a r t o a n o t h e r , l e a v i n g s m a l l
s e p a r a t i o n s i n t h e f o r m o f a l l e y s o r
c o u r t y a r d s . T h u s , t h e s u r f a c e s e x p o s e d t o
s o l a r r a d i a t i o n a r e r e d u c e d a n d t h e b u i l t
w e i g h t p e r u n i t o f v o l u m e o c c u p i e d i s i n c r e a s e d , w h i c h r a i s e s t h e t h e r m a l i n e r t i a o f t h e
e n s e m b l e . T h e g e n e r a t i o n o f s h a d e b e t w e e n n e i g h b o u r i n g b u i l d i n g s r e d u c e s t h e w a r m i n g o f
t h e i r w a l l s b y r a d i a t i o n a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e e n a b l e s t h e m t o b e c o o l e d b y c o n t a c t w i t h f r e s h
a i r a t n i g h t .
W i n d o w p o s i t i o n i n g a t d a y a n d n i g h t : I n t h e s e b u i l d i n g s w i t h g r e a t t h e r m a l i n e r t i a , t h e w a y
t h e i r o p e n i n g s a r e h a n d l e d i s o f v i t a l i m p o r t a n c e . W i n d o w s s h o u l d b e t o t a l l y c l o s e d d u r i n g t h e
w a r m e s t h o u r s o f t h e d a y , n o t l e t t i n g i n e i t h e r t h e l i g h t o r t h e h o t a i r f r o m o u t s i d e . T h e s e
P i c t u r e 1 B o d r u m H o u s e s ( A u t h o r )


35
3.4.1 Vernacular architecture of Bodrum
Beside typical Aegean architecture, Bodrum has its own characteristics of vernacular
architecture. The difference can be seen in public spaces, which are being used as the front
gardens of private houses. Indoor gardens, bordered with facades and low walls of narrow
streets, are usual joints of private spaces to public spaces. The construction permit in Bodrum
is restricted to ten per cent of the total area. Therefore, this characteristic of the public spaces
has been protected to the present.
One of the most important points of housing settlements in Bodrum is that the new units
have been built directly beside the old units in the same parcel. It means settlements were
expanded introverted. Therefore, although the use of city spaces did not changed between
1959-2000, the city density has been increased
52
.
3.5 Climatic Considerations in Bodrum`s Settlements
Bodrum has a Hot-Dry climate with
great temperature variation during the
day-night cycle.
Houses in these climates are
frequently arranged in compact patterns,
one very near to another, leaving small
separations in the form of alleys or
courtyards. Thus, the surfaces exposed to
solar radiation are reduced and the built
weight per unit of volume occupied is increased, which raises the thermal inertia of the
ensemble. The generation of shade between neighbouring buildings reduces the warming of
their walls by radiation and at the same time enables them to be cooled by contact with fresh
air at night.
Window positioning at day and night: In these buildings with great thermal inertia, the way
their openings are handled is of vital importance. Windows should be totally closed during the
warmest hours of the day, not letting in either the light or the hot air from outside. These
Picture 1 Bodrum Houses (Author)


35
3.4.1 Vernacular architecture of Bodrum
Beside typical Aegean architecture, Bodrum has its own characteristics of vernacular
architecture. The difference can be seen in public spaces, which are being used as the front
gardens of private houses. Indoor gardens, bordered with facades and low walls of narrow
streets, are usual joints of private spaces to public spaces. The construction permit in Bodrum
is restricted to ten per cent of the total area. Therefore, this characteristic of the public spaces
has been protected to the present.
One of the most important points of housing settlements in Bodrum is that the new units
have been built directly beside the old units in the same parcel. It means settlements were
expanded introverted. Therefore, although the use of city spaces did not changed between
1959-2000, the city density has been increased
52
.
3.5 Climatic Considerations in Bodrum`s Settlements
Bodrum has a Hot-Dry climate with
great temperature variation during the
day-night cycle.
Houses in these climates are
frequently arranged in compact patterns,
one very near to another, leaving small
separations in the form of alleys or
courtyards. Thus, the surfaces exposed to
solar radiation are reduced and the built
weight per unit of volume occupied is increased, which raises the thermal inertia of the
ensemble. The generation of shade between neighbouring buildings reduces the warming of
their walls by radiation and at the same time enables them to be cooled by contact with fresh
air at night.
Window positioning at day and night: In these buildings with great thermal inertia, the way
their openings are handled is of vital importance. Windows should be totally closed during the
warmest hours of the day, not letting in either the light or the hot air from outside. These
Picture 1 Bodrum Houses (Author)


36
windows may be fully opened at night to use the cooling eject of nocturnal ventilation, but
only in the mild seasons.
Painting: The outside of the buildings is painted white or in light colours that reject the
radiation as much as possible.
Openings: The openings facing the exterior are few and of a small size, often set in the
highest part of the walls to reduce the radiation on the ground, to help hotter air in the house
to get out, and to obtain the best possible lighting with the minimum penetration of radiation.
Other resources to reduce radiation: Eaves, blinds, lattices in the openings, and vegetation
to protect from the radiation on the walls or on the paving of outside spaces, etc., are other
resources.
Typical solutions: In the warm-dry climates of different zones of the Earth we often find
similar building forms. For example, it is typical to use heavy enclosure walling, adobe or
mud walls or roofs of with high thickness. These are often justified by their structural
function, but basically fulfil a climatic function. They may act simply as a covering for load-
bearing structures.
Another typical solution in such regions is that of the double roof or double wall with a
ventilated inner space. This is normally found in climates that are warm and dry for the
greater part of the year, but have a rainy season during which conditions approach those of
warm-wet climates. In this case, it is common to build enclosure walling combining the use of
straw and clay, with the following consequences.
3.6 Historical approach to the climate in Aegean cities
Early evidence also shows that solar principles and other local climatic qualities were used
not only for single and isolated houses, but for groups of houses within an urban context as
well. Hippocrates, for instance, suggested that facing east would be the healthiest quality;
facing south is acceptable, too. Vitruvius, on the other hand, concerned with the prevailing
wind, suggested that broad streets would be open to the winds, but the narrower ones would
be protected
53
-
54
.


36
windows may be fully opened at night to use the cooling eject of nocturnal ventilation, but
only in the mild seasons.
Painting: The outside of the buildings is painted white or in light colours that reject the
radiation as much as possible.
Openings: The openings facing the exterior are few and of a small size, often set in the
highest part of the walls to reduce the radiation on the ground, to help hotter air in the house
to get out, and to obtain the best possible lighting with the minimum penetration of radiation.
Other resources to reduce radiation: Eaves, blinds, lattices in the openings, and vegetation
to protect from the radiation on the walls or on the paving of outside spaces, etc., are other
resources.
Typical solutions: In the warm-dry climates of different zones of the Earth we often find
similar building forms. For example, it is typical to use heavy enclosure walling, adobe or
mud walls or roofs of with high thickness. These are often justified by their structural
function, but basically fulfil a climatic function. They may act simply as a covering for load-
bearing structures.
Another typical solution in such regions is that of the double roof or double wall with a
ventilated inner space. This is normally found in climates that are warm and dry for the
greater part of the year, but have a rainy season during which conditions approach those of
warm-wet climates. In this case, it is common to build enclosure walling combining the use of
straw and clay, with the following consequences.
3.6 Historical approach to the climate in Aegean cities
Early evidence also shows that solar principles and other local climatic qualities were used
not only for single and isolated houses, but for groups of houses within an urban context as
well. Hippocrates, for instance, suggested that facing east would be the healthiest quality;
facing south is acceptable, too. Vitruvius, on the other hand, concerned with the prevailing
wind, suggested that broad streets would be open to the winds, but the narrower ones would
be protected
53
-
54
.


3 6
w i n d o w s m a y b e f u l l y o p e n e d a t n i g h t t o u s e t h e c o o l i n g e j e c t o f n o c t u r n a l v e n t i l a t i o n , b u t
o n l y i n t h e m i l d s e a s o n s .
P a i n t i n g : T h e o u t s i d e o f t h e b u i l d i n g s i s p a i n t e d w h i t e o r i n l i g h t c o l o u r s t h a t r e j e c t t h e
r a d i a t i o n a s m u c h a s p o s s i b l e .
O p e n i n g s : T h e o p e n i n g s f a c i n g t h e e x t e r i o r a r e f e w a n d o f a s m a l l s i z e , o f t e n s e t i n t h e
h i g h e s t p a r t o f t h e w a l l s t o r e d u c e t h e r a d i a t i o n o n t h e g r o u n d , t o h e l p h o t t e r a i r i n t h e h o u s e
t o g e t o u t , a n d t o o b t a i n t h e b e s t p o s s i b l e l i g h t i n g w i t h t h e m i n i m u m p e n e t r a t i o n o f r a d i a t i o n .
O t h e r r e s o u r c e s t o r e d u c e r a d i a t i o n : E a v e s , b l i n d s , l a t t i c e s i n t h e o p e n i n g s , a n d v e g e t a t i o n
t o p r o t e c t f r o m t h e r a d i a t i o n o n t h e w a l l s o r o n t h e p a v i n g o f o u t s i d e s p a c e s , e t c . , a r e o t h e r
r e s o u r c e s .
T y p i c a l s o l u t i o n s : I n t h e w a r m - d r y c l i m a t e s o f d i f f e r e n t z o n e s o f t h e E a r t h w e o f t e n f i n d
s i m i l a r b u i l d i n g f o r m s . F o r e x a m p l e , i t i s t y p i c a l t o u s e h e a v y e n c l o s u r e w a l l i n g , a d o b e o r
m u d w a l l s o r r o o f s o f w i t h h i g h t h i c k n e s s . T h e s e a r e o f t e n j u s t i f i e d b y t h e i r s t r u c t u r a l
f u n c t i o n , b u t b a s i c a l l y f u l f i l a c l i m a t i c f u n c t i o n . T h e y m a y a c t s i m p l y a s a c o v e r i n g f o r l o a d -
b e a r i n g s t r u c t u r e s .
A n o t h e r t y p i c a l s o l u t i o n i n s u c h r e g i o n s i s t h a t o f t h e d o u b l e r o o f o r d o u b l e w a l l w i t h a
v e n t i l a t e d i n n e r s p a c e . T h i s i s n o r m a l l y f o u n d i n c l i m a t e s t h a t a r e w a r m a n d d r y f o r t h e
g r e a t e r p a r t o f t h e y e a r , b u t h a v e a r a i n y s e a s o n d u r i n g w h i c h c o n d i t i o n s a p p r o a c h t h o s e o f
w a r m - w e t c l i m a t e s . I n t h i s c a s e , i t i s c o m m o n t o b u i l d e n c l o s u r e w a l l i n g c o m b i n i n g t h e u s e o f
s t r a w a n d c l a y , w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n s e q u e n c e s .
3 . 6 H i s t o r i c a l a p p r o a c h t o t h e c l i m a t e i n A e g e a n c i t i e s
E a r l y e v i d e n c e a l s o s h o w s t h a t s o l a r p r i n c i p l e s a n d o t h e r l o c a l c l i m a t i c q u a l i t i e s w e r e u s e d
n o t o n l y f o r s i n g l e a n d i s o l a t e d h o u s e s , b u t f o r g r o u p s o f h o u s e s w i t h i n a n u r b a n c o n t e x t a s
w e l l . H i p p o c r a t e s , f o r i n s t a n c e , s u g g e s t e d t h a t f a c i n g e a s t w o u l d b e t h e h e a l t h i e s t q u a l i t y ;
f a c i n g s o u t h i s a c c e p t a b l e , t o o . V i t r u v i u s , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e p r e v a i l i n g
w i n d , s u g g e s t e d t h a t b r o a d s t r e e t s w o u l d b e o p e n t o t h e w i n d s , b u t t h e n a r r o w e r o n e s w o u l d
b e p r o t e c t e d
5 3
-
5 4
.


3 6
w i n d o w s m a y b e f u l l y o p e n e d a t n i g h t t o u s e t h e c o o l i n g e j e c t o f n o c t u r n a l v e n t i l a t i o n , b u t
o n l y i n t h e m i l d s e a s o n s .
P a i n t i n g : T h e o u t s i d e o f t h e b u i l d i n g s i s p a i n t e d w h i t e o r i n l i g h t c o l o u r s t h a t r e j e c t t h e
r a d i a t i o n a s m u c h a s p o s s i b l e .
O p e n i n g s : T h e o p e n i n g s f a c i n g t h e e x t e r i o r a r e f e w a n d o f a s m a l l s i z e , o f t e n s e t i n t h e
h i g h e s t p a r t o f t h e w a l l s t o r e d u c e t h e r a d i a t i o n o n t h e g r o u n d , t o h e l p h o t t e r a i r i n t h e h o u s e
t o g e t o u t , a n d t o o b t a i n t h e b e s t p o s s i b l e l i g h t i n g w i t h t h e m i n i m u m p e n e t r a t i o n o f r a d i a t i o n .
O t h e r r e s o u r c e s t o r e d u c e r a d i a t i o n : E a v e s , b l i n d s , l a t t i c e s i n t h e o p e n i n g s , a n d v e g e t a t i o n
t o p r o t e c t f r o m t h e r a d i a t i o n o n t h e w a l l s o r o n t h e p a v i n g o f o u t s i d e s p a c e s , e t c . , a r e o t h e r
r e s o u r c e s .
T y p i c a l s o l u t i o n s : I n t h e w a r m - d r y c l i m a t e s o f d i f f e r e n t z o n e s o f t h e E a r t h w e o f t e n f i n d
s i m i l a r b u i l d i n g f o r m s . F o r e x a m p l e , i t i s t y p i c a l t o u s e h e a v y e n c l o s u r e w a l l i n g , a d o b e o r
m u d w a l l s o r r o o f s o f w i t h h i g h t h i c k n e s s . T h e s e a r e o f t e n j u s t i f i e d b y t h e i r s t r u c t u r a l
f u n c t i o n , b u t b a s i c a l l y f u l f i l a c l i m a t i c f u n c t i o n . T h e y m a y a c t s i m p l y a s a c o v e r i n g f o r l o a d -
b e a r i n g s t r u c t u r e s .
A n o t h e r t y p i c a l s o l u t i o n i n s u c h r e g i o n s i s t h a t o f t h e d o u b l e r o o f o r d o u b l e w a l l w i t h a
v e n t i l a t e d i n n e r s p a c e . T h i s i s n o r m a l l y f o u n d i n c l i m a t e s t h a t a r e w a r m a n d d r y f o r t h e
g r e a t e r p a r t o f t h e y e a r , b u t h a v e a r a i n y s e a s o n d u r i n g w h i c h c o n d i t i o n s a p p r o a c h t h o s e o f
w a r m - w e t c l i m a t e s . I n t h i s c a s e , i t i s c o m m o n t o b u i l d e n c l o s u r e w a l l i n g c o m b i n i n g t h e u s e o f
s t r a w a n d c l a y , w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n s e q u e n c e s .
3 . 6 H i s t o r i c a l a p p r o a c h t o t h e c l i m a t e i n A e g e a n c i t i e s
E a r l y e v i d e n c e a l s o s h o w s t h a t s o l a r p r i n c i p l e s a n d o t h e r l o c a l c l i m a t i c q u a l i t i e s w e r e u s e d
n o t o n l y f o r s i n g l e a n d i s o l a t e d h o u s e s , b u t f o r g r o u p s o f h o u s e s w i t h i n a n u r b a n c o n t e x t a s
w e l l . H i p p o c r a t e s , f o r i n s t a n c e , s u g g e s t e d t h a t f a c i n g e a s t w o u l d b e t h e h e a l t h i e s t q u a l i t y ;
f a c i n g s o u t h i s a c c e p t a b l e , t o o . V i t r u v i u s , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e p r e v a i l i n g
w i n d , s u g g e s t e d t h a t b r o a d s t r e e t s w o u l d b e o p e n t o t h e w i n d s , b u t t h e n a r r o w e r o n e s w o u l d
b e p r o t e c t e d
5 3
-
5 4
.

3 7
A s i n R o m a n t o w n s , m o s t o f t h e s t r e e t s h a d w a l l s o f s t u c c o e d b r i c k w i t h f e w o p e n i n g s .
S h a d o w s k e p t t h e m c o o l d e s p i t e t h e b r i g h t s u n . T h e y w e r e u s u a l l y 3 . 5 - 6 m e t e r s w i d e . T h e
s i d e w a l k s w e r e u s u a l l y 3 0 - 4 5 c m a b o v e a p a v e d s t r e e t s u r f a c e , a n d a t t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n s o f
s t r e e t s t h e r e w e r e s t e p p i n g s t o n e s a t s i d e w a l k l e v e l , w i t h e n o u g h s p a c e l e f t b e t w e e n t h e m t o
l e t p a c k a n i m a l s a n d t h e w h e e l s o f c a r t s p a s s . F o r s a f e t y a l o n g r e s i d e n t i a l s t r e e t s , w i n d o w s
c u s t o m a r i l y w e r e r e s t r i c t e d t o u p p e r f l o o r s , w h i c h o f t e n p r o j e c t e d o v e r t h e s t r e e t . I n l a t e
R o m a n t i m e s m a n y c i t i e s w e r e b u i l t w i t h c o l o n n a d e s a l o n g b o t h s i d e s o f t h e i r p r i n c i p a l
s t r e e t s
5 5
. T h i s p r i n c i p l e h a s b e e n t h e n o r m f o r m a n y u r b a n s e t t l e m e n t s i n t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n
r e g i o n a s a p e r f e c t s o l u t i o n t o p r e v e n t p e d e s t r i a n s f r o m t h e c l i m a t i c e l e m e n t s a n d e n r i c h t h e
s t r e e t s p a c e .

3 7
A s i n R o m a n t o w n s , m o s t o f t h e s t r e e t s h a d w a l l s o f s t u c c o e d b r i c k w i t h f e w o p e n i n g s .
S h a d o w s k e p t t h e m c o o l d e s p i t e t h e b r i g h t s u n . T h e y w e r e u s u a l l y 3 . 5 - 6 m e t e r s w i d e . T h e
s i d e w a l k s w e r e u s u a l l y 3 0 - 4 5 c m a b o v e a p a v e d s t r e e t s u r f a c e , a n d a t t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n s o f
s t r e e t s t h e r e w e r e s t e p p i n g s t o n e s a t s i d e w a l k l e v e l , w i t h e n o u g h s p a c e l e f t b e t w e e n t h e m t o
l e t p a c k a n i m a l s a n d t h e w h e e l s o f c a r t s p a s s . F o r s a f e t y a l o n g r e s i d e n t i a l s t r e e t s , w i n d o w s
c u s t o m a r i l y w e r e r e s t r i c t e d t o u p p e r f l o o r s , w h i c h o f t e n p r o j e c t e d o v e r t h e s t r e e t . I n l a t e
R o m a n t i m e s m a n y c i t i e s w e r e b u i l t w i t h c o l o n n a d e s a l o n g b o t h s i d e s o f t h e i r p r i n c i p a l
s t r e e t s
5 5
. T h i s p r i n c i p l e h a s b e e n t h e n o r m f o r m a n y u r b a n s e t t l e m e n t s i n t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n
r e g i o n a s a p e r f e c t s o l u t i o n t o p r e v e n t p e d e s t r i a n s f r o m t h e c l i m a t i c e l e m e n t s a n d e n r i c h t h e
s t r e e t s p a c e .

37
As in Roman towns, most of the streets had walls of stuccoed brick with few openings.
Shadows kept them cool despite the bright sun. They were usually 3.5-6 meters wide. The
side walks were usually 30-45 cm above a paved street surface, and at the intersections of
streets there were stepping stones at sidewalk level, with enough space left between them to
let pack animals and the wheels of carts pass. For safety along residential streets, windows
customarily were restricted to upper floors, which often projected over the street. In late
Roman times many cities were built with colonnades along both sides of their principal
streets
55
. This principle has been the norm for many urban settlements in the Mediterranean
region as a perfect solution to prevent pedestrians from the climatic elements and enrich the
street space.

37
As in Roman towns, most of the streets had walls of stuccoed brick with few openings.
Shadows kept them cool despite the bright sun. They were usually 3.5-6 meters wide. The
side walks were usually 30-45 cm above a paved street surface, and at the intersections of
streets there were stepping stones at sidewalk level, with enough space left between them to
let pack animals and the wheels of carts pass. For safety along residential streets, windows
customarily were restricted to upper floors, which often projected over the street. In late
Roman times many cities were built with colonnades along both sides of their principal
streets
55
. This principle has been the norm for many urban settlements in the Mediterranean
region as a perfect solution to prevent pedestrians from the climatic elements and enrich the
street space.


38
Chapter IV
Analyzing the Examples Considering Climate in Aspect of
Building & Built Environment
The climatic characteristics of Bodrum have been mentioned in the previous chapter. This
chapter will show, how these climatic aspects are considered in the region from a different
scale, built and environmental. The analyses are performed at two levels, environmental and
building level. At the environmental level, beginning with the landform, the aspects will be
analyzed in a reductive scale till private areas around the buildings. Following these, analyses
at the building level will be carried out for the building as a whole and each building material
seperately. A qualitative study of these aspects, which will be mentioned in this chapter, is
essential to design with climate and renewable energy resources. Analyses consist of
conceptual understanding at each level and the effects on selected examples.
4.1 Environmental Level
There are several benefits to considering climate and site development, such as reducing
the occurrence of overheating in summer, which leads to increase cooling requirements and
heating costs in winter. In addition, the durability of the building materials may be increased.
A further benefit is the increase of occupant comfort. These will be analysed at the
environmental level in this section.
4.1.1 Landform
The criterion with the largest scale is
landform. It might have an implication on
building design. Buildings in hot climates,
which are located in a low-lying
topography, imply relatively lower air
temperatures
56
. Unlike the locations on a
slope, which have an acceptable orientation
preferable because of minimization of
warm winds. Similar conditions would
prevail over the entire site, if the site has a
Picture 2 Zones of Bodrum-Centre (Google Map)


38
Chapter IV
Analyzing the Examples Considering Climate in Aspect of
Building & Built Environment
The climatic characteristics of Bodrum have been mentioned in the previous chapter. This
chapter will show, how these climatic aspects are considered in the region from a different
scale, built and environmental. The analyses are performed at two levels, environmental and
building level. At the environmental level, beginning with the landform, the aspects will be
analyzed in a reductive scale till private areas around the buildings. Following these, analyses
at the building level will be carried out for the building as a whole and each building material
seperately. A qualitative study of these aspects, which will be mentioned in this chapter, is
essential to design with climate and renewable energy resources. Analyses consist of
conceptual understanding at each level and the effects on selected examples.
4.1 Environmental Level
There are several benefits to considering climate and site development, such as reducing
the occurrence of overheating in summer, which leads to increase cooling requirements and
heating costs in winter. In addition, the durability of the building materials may be increased.
A further benefit is the increase of occupant comfort. These will be analysed at the
environmental level in this section.
4.1.1 Landform
The criterion with the largest scale is
landform. It might have an implication on
building design. Buildings in hot climates,
which are located in a low-lying
topography, imply relatively lower air
temperatures
56
. Unlike the locations on a
slope, which have an acceptable orientation
preferable because of minimization of
warm winds. Similar conditions would
prevail over the entire site, if the site has a
Picture 2 Zones of Bodrum-Centre (Google Map)


3 8
C h a p t e r I V
A n a l y z i n g t h e E x a m p l e s C o n s i d e r i n g C l i m a t e i n A s p e c t o f
B u i l d i n g & B u i l t E n v i r o n m e n t
T h e c l i m a t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f B o d r u m h a v e b e e n m e n t i o n e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r . T h i s
c h a p t e r w i l l s h o w , h o w t h e s e c l i m a t i c a s p e c t s a r e c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e r e g i o n f r o m a d i f f e r e n t
s c a l e , b u i l t a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l . T h e a n a l y s e s a r e p e r f o r m e d a t t w o l e v e l s , e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n d
b u i l d i n g l e v e l . A t t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l l e v e l , b e g i n n i n g w i t h t h e l a n d f o r m , t h e a s p e c t s w i l l b e
a n a l y z e d i n a r e d u c t i v e s c a l e t i l l p r i v a t e a r e a s a r o u n d t h e b u i l d i n g s . F o l l o w i n g t h e s e , a n a l y s e s
a t t h e b u i l d i n g l e v e l w i l l b e c a r r i e d o u t f o r t h e b u i l d i n g a s a w h o l e a n d e a c h b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l
s e p e r a t e l y . A q u a l i t a t i v e s t u d y o f t h e s e a s p e c t s , w h i c h w i l l b e m e n t i o n e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r , i s
e s s e n t i a l t o d e s i g n w i t h c l i m a t e a n d r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s . A n a l y s e s c o n s i s t o f
c o n c e p t u a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g a t e a c h l e v e l a n d t h e e f f e c t s o n s e l e c t e d e x a m p l e s .
4 . 1 E n v i r o n m e n t a l L e v e l
T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l b e n e f i t s t o c o n s i d e r i n g c l i m a t e a n d s i t e d e v e l o p m e n t , s u c h a s r e d u c i n g
t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f o v e r h e a t i n g i n s u m m e r , w h i c h l e a d s t o i n c r e a s e c o o l i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d
h e a t i n g c o s t s i n w i n t e r . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e d u r a b i l i t y o f t h e b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s m a y b e i n c r e a s e d .
A f u r t h e r b e n e f i t i s t h e i n c r e a s e o f o c c u p a n t c o m f o r t . T h e s e w i l l b e a n a l y s e d a t t h e
e n v i r o n m e n t a l l e v e l i n t h i s s e c t i o n .
4 . 1 . 1 L a n d f o r m
T h e c r i t e r i o n w i t h t h e l a r g e s t s c a l e i s
l a n d f o r m . I t m i g h t h a v e a n i m p l i c a t i o n o n
b u i l d i n g d e s i g n . B u i l d i n g s i n h o t c l i m a t e s ,
w h i c h a r e l o c a t e d i n a l o w - l y i n g
t o p o g r a p h y , i m p l y r e l a t i v e l y l o w e r a i r
t e m p e r a t u r e s
5 6
. U n l i k e t h e l o c a t i o n s o n a
s l o p e , w h i c h h a v e a n a c c e p t a b l e o r i e n t a t i o n
p r e f e r a b l e b e c a u s e o f m i n i m i z a t i o n o f
w a r m w i n d s . S i m i l a r c o n d i t i o n s w o u l d
p r e v a i l o v e r t h e e n t i r e s i t e , i f t h e s i t e h a s a
P i c t u r e 2 Z o n e s o f B o d r u m - C e n t r e ( G o o g l e M a p )


3 8
C h a p t e r I V
A n a l y z i n g t h e E x a m p l e s C o n s i d e r i n g C l i m a t e i n A s p e c t o f
B u i l d i n g & B u i l t E n v i r o n m e n t
T h e c l i m a t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f B o d r u m h a v e b e e n m e n t i o n e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r . T h i s
c h a p t e r w i l l s h o w , h o w t h e s e c l i m a t i c a s p e c t s a r e c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e r e g i o n f r o m a d i f f e r e n t
s c a l e , b u i l t a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l . T h e a n a l y s e s a r e p e r f o r m e d a t t w o l e v e l s , e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n d
b u i l d i n g l e v e l . A t t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l l e v e l , b e g i n n i n g w i t h t h e l a n d f o r m , t h e a s p e c t s w i l l b e
a n a l y z e d i n a r e d u c t i v e s c a l e t i l l p r i v a t e a r e a s a r o u n d t h e b u i l d i n g s . F o l l o w i n g t h e s e , a n a l y s e s
a t t h e b u i l d i n g l e v e l w i l l b e c a r r i e d o u t f o r t h e b u i l d i n g a s a w h o l e a n d e a c h b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l
s e p e r a t e l y . A q u a l i t a t i v e s t u d y o f t h e s e a s p e c t s , w h i c h w i l l b e m e n t i o n e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r , i s
e s s e n t i a l t o d e s i g n w i t h c l i m a t e a n d r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s . A n a l y s e s c o n s i s t o f
c o n c e p t u a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g a t e a c h l e v e l a n d t h e e f f e c t s o n s e l e c t e d e x a m p l e s .
4 . 1 E n v i r o n m e n t a l L e v e l
T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l b e n e f i t s t o c o n s i d e r i n g c l i m a t e a n d s i t e d e v e l o p m e n t , s u c h a s r e d u c i n g
t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f o v e r h e a t i n g i n s u m m e r , w h i c h l e a d s t o i n c r e a s e c o o l i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d
h e a t i n g c o s t s i n w i n t e r . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e d u r a b i l i t y o f t h e b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s m a y b e i n c r e a s e d .
A f u r t h e r b e n e f i t i s t h e i n c r e a s e o f o c c u p a n t c o m f o r t . T h e s e w i l l b e a n a l y s e d a t t h e
e n v i r o n m e n t a l l e v e l i n t h i s s e c t i o n .
4 . 1 . 1 L a n d f o r m
T h e c r i t e r i o n w i t h t h e l a r g e s t s c a l e i s
l a n d f o r m . I t m i g h t h a v e a n i m p l i c a t i o n o n
b u i l d i n g d e s i g n . B u i l d i n g s i n h o t c l i m a t e s ,
w h i c h a r e l o c a t e d i n a l o w - l y i n g
t o p o g r a p h y , i m p l y r e l a t i v e l y l o w e r a i r
t e m p e r a t u r e s
5 6
. U n l i k e t h e l o c a t i o n s o n a
s l o p e , w h i c h h a v e a n a c c e p t a b l e o r i e n t a t i o n
p r e f e r a b l e b e c a u s e o f m i n i m i z a t i o n o f
w a r m w i n d s . S i m i l a r c o n d i t i o n s w o u l d
p r e v a i l o v e r t h e e n t i r e s i t e , i f t h e s i t e h a s a
P i c t u r e 2 Z o n e s o f B o d r u m - C e n t r e ( G o o g l e M a p )


3 9
f l a t f o r m . B o d r u m ` s t o p o g r a p h y p o s s e s e s b o t h o f t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : f l a t l a n d s o n t h e s h o r e s
s p r e a d i n g o u t t o t h e i n n e r p a r t s o f t h e l a n d a n d h i g h e r l e v e l s a r o u n d t h e m l i k e s l o p e s , m o u n d s ,
a n d h i l l s .
S e t t l e m e n t P a t t e r n s i n B o d r u m - C e n t r e a n d B o d r u m - O r t a k e n t
T h e s e t t l e m e n t s i n t h e C e n t r e o f B o d r u m c a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e z o n e s ( P i c . 3 ) . T h e r e i s a
n a r r o w , d e n s e l y p o p u l a t e d z o n e f o l l o w i n g t h e c o a s t l i n e , w h e r e w h i t e h o u s e s a r e b u n c h e d
t o g e t h e r . B e h i n d t h i s c o a s t a l z o n e t h e r e i s a n o t h e r f l a t b e l t w i t h a l i g h t s l o p e . T h e t h i r d z o n e
l i e s o n t h e b o t t o m o f t h e m o u n t a i n . T h e a r e a o n t h e s e c o n d z o n e w a s a g a r d e n b e l t , b u t a f t e r
t h e p h y s i c a l d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f t h e l o c a l e n v i r o n m e n t , i t b e c a m e a l a r g e p o p u l a t i o n a r e a i n t h e
1 9 8 0 s . T h e t h i r d z o n e a t t h e b o t t o m o f t h e m o u n t a i n s h a s b e c o m e t h e s e c o n d c i t y c e n t e r a f t e r
t h e 1 9 9 0 s a n d h a s b e e n d e v e l o p i n g r a p i d l y .

P i c t u r e 3 L o c a t i o n o f A H - O r t a k e n t - ( l e f t ) , a n d H H - C e n t r e - ( r i g h t ) ( G o o g l e M a p )
C o m p a r e d w i t h B o d r u m - C e n t r e , B o d r u m - O r t a k e n t h a s b e g u n t o d e v e l o p r a p i d l y a f t e r t h e
1 9 9 0 s , i f t h e o l d e r v i l l a g e s e t t l e m e n t i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d . B o d r u m - O r t a k e n t c a n b e a l s o d i v i d e d
i n t o t h r e e z o n e s : T h e v i l l a g e z o n e , c o a s t a l z o n e a n d t h e z o n e b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o s e t t l e m e n t
p a t t e r n s . T h e v i l l a g e z o n e i s t h e o l d e s t p a r t o f B o d r u m - O r t a k e n t , w h e r e s o m e a n c i e n t h o u s e s
e x i s t . T h e s e a r e g o o d e x a m p l e s f o r t h e f u t u r e s e t t l e m e n t s i n t e r m s o f u s i n g r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y
i n v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e . B e s i d e t h e s e c o n d z o n e w i t h a l t i t u d e s , t h e o t h e r z o n e s a r e m a i n l y
f l a t .
T h e f i r s t e x a m p l e t h e H o l i d a y H o u s e ( H H ) i s l o c a t e d b e t w e e n t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d z o n e s
o f B o d r u m - C e n t r e ( P i c . 3 - 5 ) . T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e c a n b e s e e n a f f e c t s o f b o t h t o p o g r a p h i c a l
t y p o l o g i e s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e . T h e b u i l d i n g d e n s i t y i s h e r e t h e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e H H a g a i n s t
w a r m a i r m o v e m e n t .


3 9
f l a t f o r m . B o d r u m ` s t o p o g r a p h y p o s s e s e s b o t h o f t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : f l a t l a n d s o n t h e s h o r e s
s p r e a d i n g o u t t o t h e i n n e r p a r t s o f t h e l a n d a n d h i g h e r l e v e l s a r o u n d t h e m l i k e s l o p e s , m o u n d s ,
a n d h i l l s .
S e t t l e m e n t P a t t e r n s i n B o d r u m - C e n t r e a n d B o d r u m - O r t a k e n t
T h e s e t t l e m e n t s i n t h e C e n t r e o f B o d r u m c a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e z o n e s ( P i c . 3 ) . T h e r e i s a
n a r r o w , d e n s e l y p o p u l a t e d z o n e f o l l o w i n g t h e c o a s t l i n e , w h e r e w h i t e h o u s e s a r e b u n c h e d
t o g e t h e r . B e h i n d t h i s c o a s t a l z o n e t h e r e i s a n o t h e r f l a t b e l t w i t h a l i g h t s l o p e . T h e t h i r d z o n e
l i e s o n t h e b o t t o m o f t h e m o u n t a i n . T h e a r e a o n t h e s e c o n d z o n e w a s a g a r d e n b e l t , b u t a f t e r
t h e p h y s i c a l d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f t h e l o c a l e n v i r o n m e n t , i t b e c a m e a l a r g e p o p u l a t i o n a r e a i n t h e
1 9 8 0 s . T h e t h i r d z o n e a t t h e b o t t o m o f t h e m o u n t a i n s h a s b e c o m e t h e s e c o n d c i t y c e n t e r a f t e r
t h e 1 9 9 0 s a n d h a s b e e n d e v e l o p i n g r a p i d l y .

P i c t u r e 3 L o c a t i o n o f A H - O r t a k e n t - ( l e f t ) , a n d H H - C e n t r e - ( r i g h t ) ( G o o g l e M a p )
C o m p a r e d w i t h B o d r u m - C e n t r e , B o d r u m - O r t a k e n t h a s b e g u n t o d e v e l o p r a p i d l y a f t e r t h e
1 9 9 0 s , i f t h e o l d e r v i l l a g e s e t t l e m e n t i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d . B o d r u m - O r t a k e n t c a n b e a l s o d i v i d e d
i n t o t h r e e z o n e s : T h e v i l l a g e z o n e , c o a s t a l z o n e a n d t h e z o n e b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o s e t t l e m e n t
p a t t e r n s . T h e v i l l a g e z o n e i s t h e o l d e s t p a r t o f B o d r u m - O r t a k e n t , w h e r e s o m e a n c i e n t h o u s e s
e x i s t . T h e s e a r e g o o d e x a m p l e s f o r t h e f u t u r e s e t t l e m e n t s i n t e r m s o f u s i n g r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y
i n v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e . B e s i d e t h e s e c o n d z o n e w i t h a l t i t u d e s , t h e o t h e r z o n e s a r e m a i n l y
f l a t .
T h e f i r s t e x a m p l e t h e H o l i d a y H o u s e ( H H ) i s l o c a t e d b e t w e e n t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d z o n e s
o f B o d r u m - C e n t r e ( P i c . 3 - 5 ) . T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e c a n b e s e e n a f f e c t s o f b o t h t o p o g r a p h i c a l
t y p o l o g i e s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e . T h e b u i l d i n g d e n s i t y i s h e r e t h e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e H H a g a i n s t
w a r m a i r m o v e m e n t .


39
flat form. Bodrum`s topography posseses both of these characteristics: flat lands on the shores
spreading out to the inner parts of the land and higher levels around them like slopes, mounds,
and hills.
Settlement Patterns in Bodrum-Centre and Bodrum-Ortakent
The settlements in the Centre of Bodrum can be divided into three zones (Pic.3). There is a
narrow, densely populated zone following the coastline, where white houses are bunched
together. Behind this coastal zone there is another flat belt with a light slope. The third zone
lies on the bottom of the mountain. The area on the second zone was a garden belt, but after
the physical deterioration of the local environment, it became a large population area in the
1980s. The third zone at the bottom of the mountains has become the second city center after
the 1990s and has been developing rapidly.

Picture 3 Location of AH -Ortakent- (left), and HH - Centre- (right) (Google Map)
Compared with Bodrum-Centre, Bodrum-Ortakent has begun to develop rapidly after the
1990s, if the older village settlement is not considered. Bodrum-Ortakent can be also divided
into three zones: The village zone, coastal zone and the zone between these two settlement
patterns. The village zone is the oldest part of Bodrum-Ortakent, where some ancient houses
exist. These are good examples for the future settlements in terms of using renewable energy
in vernacular architecture. Beside the second zone with altitudes, the other zones are mainly
flat.
The first example the Holiday House (HH) is located between the first and second zones
of Bodrum-Centre (Pic.3-5). Therefore, there can be seen affects of both topographical
typologies mentioned above. The building density is here the advantage of the HH against
warm air movement.


39
flat form. Bodrum`s topography posseses both of these characteristics: flat lands on the shores
spreading out to the inner parts of the land and higher levels around them like slopes, mounds,
and hills.
Settlement Patterns in Bodrum-Centre and Bodrum-Ortakent
The settlements in the Centre of Bodrum can be divided into three zones (Pic.3). There is a
narrow, densely populated zone following the coastline, where white houses are bunched
together. Behind this coastal zone there is another flat belt with a light slope. The third zone
lies on the bottom of the mountain. The area on the second zone was a garden belt, but after
the physical deterioration of the local environment, it became a large population area in the
1980s. The third zone at the bottom of the mountains has become the second city center after
the 1990s and has been developing rapidly.

Picture 3 Location of AH -Ortakent- (left), and HH - Centre- (right) (Google Map)
Compared with Bodrum-Centre, Bodrum-Ortakent has begun to develop rapidly after the
1990s, if the older village settlement is not considered. Bodrum-Ortakent can be also divided
into three zones: The village zone, coastal zone and the zone between these two settlement
patterns. The village zone is the oldest part of Bodrum-Ortakent, where some ancient houses
exist. These are good examples for the future settlements in terms of using renewable energy
in vernacular architecture. Beside the second zone with altitudes, the other zones are mainly
flat.
The first example the Holiday House (HH) is located between the first and second zones
of Bodrum-Centre (Pic.3-5). Therefore, there can be seen affects of both topographical
typologies mentioned above. The building density is here the advantage of the HH against
warm air movement.


40
The second example of the Attached House (AH) is located near the Village zone on a flat
area (Pic.4), which is on the bottom of a mound. As in the first example, the effects of both
topographical typologies mentioned above can be seen there.
4.1.2 Natural Elements
The other criteria with a larger scale at the macro level are natural elements. Vegetation
and water bodies are considered as natural elements in this work. Their contribution to the
energetic behaviour of houses will be explained in this section.
4.1.1.1 Vegetation
In addition to their ornamental or landscaping functions, green zones play a role in citizen
well-being
57
, to apply climatic comfort in hot climates as regulators and coolers
58
. The Heat
reducing and shading effects of vegetation are widely used in designing buildings
59
. But their
effects on air speed and air movement thereby directing air into a building have to be avoided
in hot-dry climate zones
60
.
As described in TAREB
61
, the main difference between the refreshing effects from
vegetation and form structures built by man is that the inorganic structures have limited
capacity based on its thermal characteristics, whereas a plant is a living organism and can
regulate its branches and leaves to utilize most of the solar radiation. Therefore, the use of
vegetation is recommended instead of inorganic structure forms.
The shading effect of vegetation depends heavily on the plant type. Deciduous trees with
changing density from season to season can have better effects in regions with a hot summer
and moderate winter. As Givoni (1994) records, not only radiative heat gain, but also
convective heat gain and heat gain through infiltration can be reduced through vegetation.
Also vegetation on the eastern and western sides of the building can provide protection from
solar gain in the summer.
In places with similar architectural and climatic properties, like in Greece, shade surfaces
are 2-3 C cooler than sunlit surfaces
62
. This situation is simulated in several variations to
determine the right distance to the building and the height of the vegetation. According to the
simulations, which will be mentioned in the following chapters, trees can reduce the cooling
load significantly. If the distance to the building gets closer or the height of the trees decrease,
the effect of the trees reducing the solar gain can be affected negatively.


TAREB is a part-funded by the European Commission DG Tren Altener programme. It contains teaching materials, which complement the Core Modules and selected
Specialist Modules of European Masters course: Integrating Renewable Energies in Buildings.



40
The second example of the Attached House (AH) is located near the Village zone on a flat
area (Pic.4), which is on the bottom of a mound. As in the first example, the effects of both
topographical typologies mentioned above can be seen there.
4.1.2 Natural Elements
The other criteria with a larger scale at the macro level are natural elements. Vegetation
and water bodies are considered as natural elements in this work. Their contribution to the
energetic behaviour of houses will be explained in this section.
4.1.1.1 Vegetation
In addition to their ornamental or landscaping functions, green zones play a role in citizen
well-being
57
, to apply climatic comfort in hot climates as regulators and coolers
58
. The Heat
reducing and shading effects of vegetation are widely used in designing buildings
59
. But their
effects on air speed and air movement thereby directing air into a building have to be avoided
in hot-dry climate zones
60
.
As described in TAREB
61
, the main difference between the refreshing effects from
vegetation and form structures built by man is that the inorganic structures have limited
capacity based on its thermal characteristics, whereas a plant is a living organism and can
regulate its branches and leaves to utilize most of the solar radiation. Therefore, the use of
vegetation is recommended instead of inorganic structure forms.
The shading effect of vegetation depends heavily on the plant type. Deciduous trees with
changing density from season to season can have better effects in regions with a hot summer
and moderate winter. As Givoni (1994) records, not only radiative heat gain, but also
convective heat gain and heat gain through infiltration can be reduced through vegetation.
Also vegetation on the eastern and western sides of the building can provide protection from
solar gain in the summer.
In places with similar architectural and climatic properties, like in Greece, shade surfaces
are 2-3 C cooler than sunlit surfaces
62
. This situation is simulated in several variations to
determine the right distance to the building and the height of the vegetation. According to the
simulations, which will be mentioned in the following chapters, trees can reduce the cooling
load significantly. If the distance to the building gets closer or the height of the trees decrease,
the effect of the trees reducing the solar gain can be affected negatively.


TAREB is a part-funded by the European Commission DG Tren Altener programme. It contains teaching materials, which complement the Core Modules and selected
Specialist Modules of European Masters course: Integrating Renewable Energies in Buildings.



4 0
T h e s e c o n d e x a m p l e o f t h e A t t a c h e d H o u s e ( A H ) i s l o c a t e d n e a r t h e V i l l a g e z o n e o n a f l a t
a r e a ( P i c . 4 ) , w h i c h i s o n t h e b o t t o m o f a m o u n d . A s i n t h e f i r s t e x a m p l e , t h e e f f e c t s o f b o t h
t o p o g r a p h i c a l t y p o l o g i e s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e c a n b e s e e n t h e r e .
4 . 1 . 2 N a t u r a l E l e m e n t s
T h e o t h e r c r i t e r i a w i t h a l a r g e r s c a l e a t t h e m a c r o l e v e l a r e n a t u r a l e l e m e n t s . V e g e t a t i o n
a n d w a t e r b o d i e s a r e c o n s i d e r e d a s n a t u r a l e l e m e n t s i n t h i s w o r k . T h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e
e n e r g e t i c b e h a v i o u r o f h o u s e s w i l l b e e x p l a i n e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n .
4 . 1 . 1 . 1 V e g e t a t i o n
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e i r o r n a m e n t a l o r l a n d s c a p i n g f u n c t i o n s , g r e e n z o n e s p l a y a r o l e i n c i t i z e n
w e l l - b e i n g
5 7
, t o a p p l y c l i m a t i c c o m f o r t i n h o t c l i m a t e s a s r e g u l a t o r s a n d c o o l e r s
5 8
. T h e H e a t
r e d u c i n g a n d s h a d i n g e f f e c t s o f v e g e t a t i o n a r e w i d e l y u s e d i n d e s i g n i n g b u i l d i n g s
5 9
. B u t t h e i r
e f f e c t s o n a i r s p e e d a n d a i r m o v e m e n t t h e r e b y d i r e c t i n g a i r i n t o a b u i l d i n g h a v e t o b e a v o i d e d
i n h o t - d r y c l i m a t e z o n e s
6 0
.
A s d e s c r i b e d i n T A R E B
6 1
, t h e m a i n d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e r e f r e s h i n g e f f e c t s f r o m
v e g e t a t i o n a n d f o r m s t r u c t u r e s b u i l t b y m a n i s t h a t t h e i n o r g a n i c s t r u c t u r e s h a v e l i m i t e d
c a p a c i t y b a s e d o n i t s t h e r m a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , w h e r e a s a p l a n t i s a l i v i n g o r g a n i s m a n d c a n
r e g u l a t e i t s b r a n c h e s a n d l e a v e s t o u t i l i z e m o s t o f t h e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , t h e u s e o f
v e g e t a t i o n i s r e c o m m e n d e d i n s t e a d o f i n o r g a n i c s t r u c t u r e f o r m s .
T h e s h a d i n g e f f e c t o f v e g e t a t i o n d e p e n d s h e a v i l y o n t h e p l a n t t y p e . D e c i d u o u s t r e e s w i t h
c h a n g i n g d e n s i t y f r o m s e a s o n t o s e a s o n c a n h a v e b e t t e r e f f e c t s i n r e g i o n s w i t h a h o t s u m m e r
a n d m o d e r a t e w i n t e r . A s G i v o n i ( 1 9 9 4 ) r e c o r d s , n o t o n l y r a d i a t i v e h e a t g a i n , b u t a l s o
c o n v e c t i v e h e a t g a i n a n d h e a t g a i n t h r o u g h i n f i l t r a t i o n c a n b e r e d u c e d t h r o u g h v e g e t a t i o n .
A l s o v e g e t a t i o n o n t h e e a s t e r n a n d w e s t e r n s i d e s o f t h e b u i l d i n g c a n p r o v i d e p r o t e c t i o n f r o m
s o l a r g a i n i n t h e s u m m e r .
I n p l a c e s w i t h s i m i l a r a r c h i t e c t u r a l a n d c l i m a t i c p r o p e r t i e s , l i k e i n G r e e c e , s h a d e s u r f a c e s
a r e 2 - 3 C c o o l e r t h a n s u n l i t s u r f a c e s
6 2
. T h i s s i t u a t i o n i s s i m u l a t e d i n s e v e r a l v a r i a t i o n s t o
d e t e r m i n e t h e r i g h t d i s t a n c e t o t h e b u i l d i n g a n d t h e h e i g h t o f t h e v e g e t a t i o n . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e
s i m u l a t i o n s , w h i c h w i l l b e m e n t i o n e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r s , t r e e s c a n r e d u c e t h e c o o l i n g
l o a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y . I f t h e d i s t a n c e t o t h e b u i l d i n g g e t s c l o s e r o r t h e h e i g h t o f t h e t r e e s d e c r e a s e ,
t h e e f f e c t o f t h e t r e e s r e d u c i n g t h e s o l a r g a i n c a n b e a f f e c t e d n e g a t i v e l y .


T A R E B i s a p a r t - f u n d e d b y t h e E u r o p e a n C o m m i s s i o n D G T r e n A l t e n e r p r o g r a m m e . I t c o n t a i n s t e a c h i n g m a t e r i a l s , w h i c h c o m p l e m e n t t h e C o r e M o d u l e s a n d s e l e c t e d
S p e c i a l i s t M o d u l e s o f E u r o p e a n M a s t e r s c o u r s e : I n t e g r a t i n g R e n e w a b l e E n e r g i e s i n B u i l d i n g s .



4 0
T h e s e c o n d e x a m p l e o f t h e A t t a c h e d H o u s e ( A H ) i s l o c a t e d n e a r t h e V i l l a g e z o n e o n a f l a t
a r e a ( P i c . 4 ) , w h i c h i s o n t h e b o t t o m o f a m o u n d . A s i n t h e f i r s t e x a m p l e , t h e e f f e c t s o f b o t h
t o p o g r a p h i c a l t y p o l o g i e s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e c a n b e s e e n t h e r e .
4 . 1 . 2 N a t u r a l E l e m e n t s
T h e o t h e r c r i t e r i a w i t h a l a r g e r s c a l e a t t h e m a c r o l e v e l a r e n a t u r a l e l e m e n t s . V e g e t a t i o n
a n d w a t e r b o d i e s a r e c o n s i d e r e d a s n a t u r a l e l e m e n t s i n t h i s w o r k . T h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e
e n e r g e t i c b e h a v i o u r o f h o u s e s w i l l b e e x p l a i n e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n .
4 . 1 . 1 . 1 V e g e t a t i o n
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e i r o r n a m e n t a l o r l a n d s c a p i n g f u n c t i o n s , g r e e n z o n e s p l a y a r o l e i n c i t i z e n
w e l l - b e i n g
5 7
, t o a p p l y c l i m a t i c c o m f o r t i n h o t c l i m a t e s a s r e g u l a t o r s a n d c o o l e r s
5 8
. T h e H e a t
r e d u c i n g a n d s h a d i n g e f f e c t s o f v e g e t a t i o n a r e w i d e l y u s e d i n d e s i g n i n g b u i l d i n g s
5 9
. B u t t h e i r
e f f e c t s o n a i r s p e e d a n d a i r m o v e m e n t t h e r e b y d i r e c t i n g a i r i n t o a b u i l d i n g h a v e t o b e a v o i d e d
i n h o t - d r y c l i m a t e z o n e s
6 0
.
A s d e s c r i b e d i n T A R E B
6 1
, t h e m a i n d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e r e f r e s h i n g e f f e c t s f r o m
v e g e t a t i o n a n d f o r m s t r u c t u r e s b u i l t b y m a n i s t h a t t h e i n o r g a n i c s t r u c t u r e s h a v e l i m i t e d
c a p a c i t y b a s e d o n i t s t h e r m a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , w h e r e a s a p l a n t i s a l i v i n g o r g a n i s m a n d c a n
r e g u l a t e i t s b r a n c h e s a n d l e a v e s t o u t i l i z e m o s t o f t h e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , t h e u s e o f
v e g e t a t i o n i s r e c o m m e n d e d i n s t e a d o f i n o r g a n i c s t r u c t u r e f o r m s .
T h e s h a d i n g e f f e c t o f v e g e t a t i o n d e p e n d s h e a v i l y o n t h e p l a n t t y p e . D e c i d u o u s t r e e s w i t h
c h a n g i n g d e n s i t y f r o m s e a s o n t o s e a s o n c a n h a v e b e t t e r e f f e c t s i n r e g i o n s w i t h a h o t s u m m e r
a n d m o d e r a t e w i n t e r . A s G i v o n i ( 1 9 9 4 ) r e c o r d s , n o t o n l y r a d i a t i v e h e a t g a i n , b u t a l s o
c o n v e c t i v e h e a t g a i n a n d h e a t g a i n t h r o u g h i n f i l t r a t i o n c a n b e r e d u c e d t h r o u g h v e g e t a t i o n .
A l s o v e g e t a t i o n o n t h e e a s t e r n a n d w e s t e r n s i d e s o f t h e b u i l d i n g c a n p r o v i d e p r o t e c t i o n f r o m
s o l a r g a i n i n t h e s u m m e r .
I n p l a c e s w i t h s i m i l a r a r c h i t e c t u r a l a n d c l i m a t i c p r o p e r t i e s , l i k e i n G r e e c e , s h a d e s u r f a c e s
a r e 2 - 3 C c o o l e r t h a n s u n l i t s u r f a c e s
6 2
. T h i s s i t u a t i o n i s s i m u l a t e d i n s e v e r a l v a r i a t i o n s t o
d e t e r m i n e t h e r i g h t d i s t a n c e t o t h e b u i l d i n g a n d t h e h e i g h t o f t h e v e g e t a t i o n . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e
s i m u l a t i o n s , w h i c h w i l l b e m e n t i o n e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r s , t r e e s c a n r e d u c e t h e c o o l i n g
l o a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y . I f t h e d i s t a n c e t o t h e b u i l d i n g g e t s c l o s e r o r t h e h e i g h t o f t h e t r e e s d e c r e a s e ,
t h e e f f e c t o f t h e t r e e s r e d u c i n g t h e s o l a r g a i n c a n b e a f f e c t e d n e g a t i v e l y .


T A R E B i s a p a r t - f u n d e d b y t h e E u r o p e a n C o m m i s s i o n D G T r e n A l t e n e r p r o g r a m m e . I t c o n t a i n s t e a c h i n g m a t e r i a l s , w h i c h c o m p l e m e n t t h e C o r e M o d u l e s a n d s e l e c t e d
S p e c i a l i s t M o d u l e s o f E u r o p e a n M a s t e r s c o u r s e : I n t e g r a t i n g R e n e w a b l e E n e r g i e s i n B u i l d i n g s .



4 1
C a u s a l l y p l a n t e d t r e e s o n t h e s i t e c a n n o t h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t i m p a c t o n c o o l i n g . I t i s
c o m m o n i n B o d r u m t o u s e v e g e t a t i o n a r o u n d t h e d w e l l i n g f o r s h a d i n g e f f e c t s b u t n o t d i r e c t l y
f o r t h e d w e l l i n g b u t r a t h e r f o r o p e n s p a c e s .
C o m p a r e d w i t h t h e H H , t h e A H h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e o f i t s l o c a t i o n . I t i s s i t u a t e d i n a n o r a n g e
t h r e e g a r d e n , w h e r e t h e H H i s c o v e r e d w i t h o t h e r b l o c k s .
4 . 1 . 1 . 2 W a t e r
B e s i d e v e g e t a t i o n , w a t e r b o d i e s c a n a b s o r b l a r g e a m o u n t o f h e a t r a d i a t i o n a n d h a v e a
c o o l i n g e f f e c t
6 3
. D u r i n g t h e d a y t i m e a r e a s a r o u n d w a t e r b o d i e s a r e g e n e r a l l y c o o l e r .
T h e r e f o r e , w a t e r b o d i e s c a n b e u s e d b o t h f o r m i n i m i z i n g h e a t g a i n e d a n d c o o l i n g e f f e c t . T h e
h u m i d i t y , w h i c h c a n b e c a u s e d b y w a t e r b o d i e s a r e n o t c o n s i d e r a b l e i n h o t - d r y c l i m a t e s
6 4
.
P a r t i c u l a r l y i n r e g i o n s w i t h h o t c l i m a t e , m a n y e x a m p l e s o f d i r e c t e v a p o r a t i v e s y s t e m s e x i s t
i n v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e i n t e r m s o f p o n d s , c i s t e r n s , e t c . A s s h o w n o n p i c t u r e 3 , H H i s
l o c a t e d n e a r t o t h e s e e l i k e m o s t o f t h e o t h e r d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m . D e s p i t e t h e a m o u n t o f t h e
w a t e r b o d y , t h e e f f e c t s c a n n o t b e s e e n o n t h i s d w e l l i n g b e c a u s e o f b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t
s u r r o u n d i n g i t . T h e c o o l i n g e f f e c t i s n o t i c e a b l e j u s t b y t h e d w e l l i n g s l o c a t e d c l o s e t o t h e
s e a s i d e . T h e A H i s l o c a t e d o n t h e r u r a l z o n e ; t h e r e f o r e t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e w a t e r b o d i e s a r e
u n e x p e c t e d .
4 . 1 . 3 P u b l i c A r e a s : s t r e e t s
S t r e e t s a r e a n o t h e r c r i t e r i o n a t t h e m a c r o
l e v e l . T h e w i d t h i s t h e m a i n p a r a m e t e r b y t h e
a m o u n t o f d i r e c t r a d i a t i o n r e c e i v e d f r o m t h e
s t r e e t s . N a r r o w s t r e e t s e n a b l e m u t u a l s h a d i n g
f r o m t h e h o r i z o n t a l m o r n i n g a n d e v e n i n g s u n .
I n m a n y c a s e s , l i k e i n e x i s t i n g s t r e e t p a t t e r n
s i t u a t i o n s , t h e r e i s n o i n t e r v e n t i o n o f s t r e e t
p a t t e r n s a n d d i m e n s i o n s a v a i l a b l e . T h e
s e t t l e m e n t s i n t h e c i t y c e n t e r o f B o d r u m h a v e
b e e n d e v e l o p i n g s i n c e t h e 1 9 5 0 s - 6 0 s .
T h e r e f o r e a t t e m p t s t o c h a n g e t h e s i t u a t i o n a r e
n o t p o s s i b l e e v e n t h o u g h t h e y a r e e x t r e m e l y
n e c e s s a r y .
P i c t u r e 4 S t r e e t P a t t e r n o f B o d r u m ( A u t h o r )


4 1
C a u s a l l y p l a n t e d t r e e s o n t h e s i t e c a n n o t h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t i m p a c t o n c o o l i n g . I t i s
c o m m o n i n B o d r u m t o u s e v e g e t a t i o n a r o u n d t h e d w e l l i n g f o r s h a d i n g e f f e c t s b u t n o t d i r e c t l y
f o r t h e d w e l l i n g b u t r a t h e r f o r o p e n s p a c e s .
C o m p a r e d w i t h t h e H H , t h e A H h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e o f i t s l o c a t i o n . I t i s s i t u a t e d i n a n o r a n g e
t h r e e g a r d e n , w h e r e t h e H H i s c o v e r e d w i t h o t h e r b l o c k s .
4 . 1 . 1 . 2 W a t e r
B e s i d e v e g e t a t i o n , w a t e r b o d i e s c a n a b s o r b l a r g e a m o u n t o f h e a t r a d i a t i o n a n d h a v e a
c o o l i n g e f f e c t
6 3
. D u r i n g t h e d a y t i m e a r e a s a r o u n d w a t e r b o d i e s a r e g e n e r a l l y c o o l e r .
T h e r e f o r e , w a t e r b o d i e s c a n b e u s e d b o t h f o r m i n i m i z i n g h e a t g a i n e d a n d c o o l i n g e f f e c t . T h e
h u m i d i t y , w h i c h c a n b e c a u s e d b y w a t e r b o d i e s a r e n o t c o n s i d e r a b l e i n h o t - d r y c l i m a t e s
6 4
.
P a r t i c u l a r l y i n r e g i o n s w i t h h o t c l i m a t e , m a n y e x a m p l e s o f d i r e c t e v a p o r a t i v e s y s t e m s e x i s t
i n v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e i n t e r m s o f p o n d s , c i s t e r n s , e t c . A s s h o w n o n p i c t u r e 3 , H H i s
l o c a t e d n e a r t o t h e s e e l i k e m o s t o f t h e o t h e r d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m . D e s p i t e t h e a m o u n t o f t h e
w a t e r b o d y , t h e e f f e c t s c a n n o t b e s e e n o n t h i s d w e l l i n g b e c a u s e o f b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t
s u r r o u n d i n g i t . T h e c o o l i n g e f f e c t i s n o t i c e a b l e j u s t b y t h e d w e l l i n g s l o c a t e d c l o s e t o t h e
s e a s i d e . T h e A H i s l o c a t e d o n t h e r u r a l z o n e ; t h e r e f o r e t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e w a t e r b o d i e s a r e
u n e x p e c t e d .
4 . 1 . 3 P u b l i c A r e a s : s t r e e t s
S t r e e t s a r e a n o t h e r c r i t e r i o n a t t h e m a c r o
l e v e l . T h e w i d t h i s t h e m a i n p a r a m e t e r b y t h e
a m o u n t o f d i r e c t r a d i a t i o n r e c e i v e d f r o m t h e
s t r e e t s . N a r r o w s t r e e t s e n a b l e m u t u a l s h a d i n g
f r o m t h e h o r i z o n t a l m o r n i n g a n d e v e n i n g s u n .
I n m a n y c a s e s , l i k e i n e x i s t i n g s t r e e t p a t t e r n
s i t u a t i o n s , t h e r e i s n o i n t e r v e n t i o n o f s t r e e t
p a t t e r n s a n d d i m e n s i o n s a v a i l a b l e . T h e
s e t t l e m e n t s i n t h e c i t y c e n t e r o f B o d r u m h a v e
b e e n d e v e l o p i n g s i n c e t h e 1 9 5 0 s - 6 0 s .
T h e r e f o r e a t t e m p t s t o c h a n g e t h e s i t u a t i o n a r e
n o t p o s s i b l e e v e n t h o u g h t h e y a r e e x t r e m e l y
n e c e s s a r y .
P i c t u r e 4 S t r e e t P a t t e r n o f B o d r u m ( A u t h o r )


41
Causally planted trees on the site cannot have a significant impact on cooling . It is
common in Bodrum to use vegetation around the dwelling for shading effects but not directly
for the dwelling but rather for open spaces.
Compared with the HH, the AH has the advantage of its location. It is situated in an orange
three garden, where the HH is covered with other blocks.
4.1.1.2 Water
Beside vegetation, water bodies can absorb large amount of heat radiation and have a
cooling effect
63
. During the daytime areas around water bodies are generally cooler.
Therefore, water bodies can be used both for minimizing heat gained and cooling effect. The
humidity, which can be caused by water bodies are not considerable in hot-dry climates
64
.
Particularly in regions with hot climate, many examples of direct evaporative systems exist
in vernacular architecture in terms of ponds, cisterns, etc. As shown on picture 3, HH is
located near to the see like most of the other dwellings in Bodrum. Despite the amount of the
water body, the effects cannot be seen on this dwelling because of built environment
surrounding it. The cooling effect is noticeable just by the dwellings located close to the
seaside. The AH is located on the rural zone; therefore the effects of the water bodies are
unexpected.
4.1.3 Public Areas: streets
Streets are another criterion at the macro
level. The width is the main parameter by the
amount of direct radiation received from the
streets. Narrow streets enable mutual shading
from the horizontal morning and evening sun.
In many cases, like in existing street pattern
situations, there is no intervention of street
patterns and dimensions available. The
settlements in the city center of Bodrum have
been developing since the 1950s-60s.
Therefore attempts to change the situation are
not possible even though they are extremely
necessary.
Picture 4 Street Pattern of Bodrum (Author)


41
Causally planted trees on the site cannot have a significant impact on cooling . It is
common in Bodrum to use vegetation around the dwelling for shading effects but not directly
for the dwelling but rather for open spaces.
Compared with the HH, the AH has the advantage of its location. It is situated in an orange
three garden, where the HH is covered with other blocks.
4.1.1.2 Water
Beside vegetation, water bodies can absorb large amount of heat radiation and have a
cooling effect
63
. During the daytime areas around water bodies are generally cooler.
Therefore, water bodies can be used both for minimizing heat gained and cooling effect. The
humidity, which can be caused by water bodies are not considerable in hot-dry climates
64
.
Particularly in regions with hot climate, many examples of direct evaporative systems exist
in vernacular architecture in terms of ponds, cisterns, etc. As shown on picture 3, HH is
located near to the see like most of the other dwellings in Bodrum. Despite the amount of the
water body, the effects cannot be seen on this dwelling because of built environment
surrounding it. The cooling effect is noticeable just by the dwellings located close to the
seaside. The AH is located on the rural zone; therefore the effects of the water bodies are
unexpected.
4.1.3 Public Areas: streets
Streets are another criterion at the macro
level. The width is the main parameter by the
amount of direct radiation received from the
streets. Narrow streets enable mutual shading
from the horizontal morning and evening sun.
In many cases, like in existing street pattern
situations, there is no intervention of street
patterns and dimensions available. The
settlements in the city center of Bodrum have
been developing since the 1950s-60s.
Therefore attempts to change the situation are
not possible even though they are extremely
necessary.
Picture 4 Street Pattern of Bodrum (Author)

42
In the traditional Aegean cities, streets have a homogeneous structure, which enables a
shading effect. The preferable dimensions of the streets are also covered by the vernacular
architecture of Bodrum.
In the case of the HH, the streets are mostly narrow and shaded (Pic. 6). The AH is located
by a comparatively larger street. Because of the distance to the street, the radiation effect of
the streets should not be considered.
4.1.4 Private Areas
Private areas are the boundary between environmental and building levels. Therefore, they
directly influence the energy consumption of the building beside their environmental effect.
In this section, this criterion will be analysed briefly.
4.1.4.1 Open Spaces - Built Spaces
Built forms and open spaces can together allow decreased heat gain. In hot-dry climates as
in Bodrum, compact planning with a small or no open space might decrease heat gain as well
as heat loss. Compact forms of built environment could be achieved according to this density.
The annual rate of constructions of new dwellings in Bodrum is enormous compared with the
EU-25. The number of dwellings in the EU-25 total about 196 million
65
and the annual rate of
constructions of dwellings is app. 0.7 in 2005 and slowing down compared with 4.4 in 2004
66
.
There is no certain data about the annual rate of the growth in Bodrum, but the difference can
be seen clearly following the construction boom in recent years.
The HH is a typical example for Aegean dwellings (defined by section 3.4.1). The density
of the built form and small fenestrations decreases the heat gain. Compact forms and covered
open spaces between the built forms are also other criteria, which protect against direct
radiation. This is how vernacular settlements are. Nevertheless, day lighting and fenestration
would be negatively affected by the planning of form.
Compared with the HH, the AH is located in a low densely area. Therefore, it is not
protected against direct radiation. In Bodrum-Ortakent, agriculture defines the built
environment. Large spaces are the reason of low density by the settlements. But beginning
with the first zone in this region, this situation has been changing rapidly.
4.1.4.2 Ground Character
The ground surface reflects or absorbs the radiation. The color and texture of a material
surface determines its reflectivity
67
. Light colors and smooth surfaces reflect the radiation

42
In the traditional Aegean cities, streets have a homogeneous structure, which enables a
shading effect. The preferable dimensions of the streets are also covered by the vernacular
architecture of Bodrum.
In the case of the HH, the streets are mostly narrow and shaded (Pic. 6). The AH is located
by a comparatively larger street. Because of the distance to the street, the radiation effect of
the streets should not be considered.
4.1.4 Private Areas
Private areas are the boundary between environmental and building levels. Therefore, they
directly influence the energy consumption of the building beside their environmental effect.
In this section, this criterion will be analysed briefly.
4.1.4.1 Open Spaces - Built Spaces
Built forms and open spaces can together allow decreased heat gain. In hot-dry climates as
in Bodrum, compact planning with a small or no open space might decrease heat gain as well
as heat loss. Compact forms of built environment could be achieved according to this density.
The annual rate of constructions of new dwellings in Bodrum is enormous compared with the
EU-25. The number of dwellings in the EU-25 total about 196 million
65
and the annual rate of
constructions of dwellings is app. 0.7 in 2005 and slowing down compared with 4.4 in 2004
66
.
There is no certain data about the annual rate of the growth in Bodrum, but the difference can
be seen clearly following the construction boom in recent years.
The HH is a typical example for Aegean dwellings (defined by section 3.4.1). The density
of the built form and small fenestrations decreases the heat gain. Compact forms and covered
open spaces between the built forms are also other criteria, which protect against direct
radiation. This is how vernacular settlements are. Nevertheless, day lighting and fenestration
would be negatively affected by the planning of form.
Compared with the HH, the AH is located in a low densely area. Therefore, it is not
protected against direct radiation. In Bodrum-Ortakent, agriculture defines the built
environment. Large spaces are the reason of low density by the settlements. But beginning
with the first zone in this region, this situation has been changing rapidly.
4.1.4.2 Ground Character
The ground surface reflects or absorbs the radiation. The color and texture of a material
surface determines its reflectivity
67
. Light colors and smooth surfaces reflect the radiation

4 2
I n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l A e g e a n c i t i e s , s t r e e t s h a v e a h o m o g e n e o u s s t r u c t u r e , w h i c h e n a b l e s a
s h a d i n g e f f e c t . T h e p r e f e r a b l e d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e s t r e e t s a r e a l s o c o v e r e d b y t h e v e r n a c u l a r
a r c h i t e c t u r e o f B o d r u m .
I n t h e c a s e o f t h e H H , t h e s t r e e t s a r e m o s t l y n a r r o w a n d s h a d e d ( P i c . 6 ) . T h e A H i s l o c a t e d
b y a c o m p a r a t i v e l y l a r g e r s t r e e t . B e c a u s e o f t h e d i s t a n c e t o t h e s t r e e t , t h e r a d i a t i o n e f f e c t o f
t h e s t r e e t s s h o u l d n o t b e c o n s i d e r e d .
4 . 1 . 4 P r i v a t e A r e a s
P r i v a t e a r e a s a r e t h e b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n d b u i l d i n g l e v e l s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y
d i r e c t l y i n f l u e n c e t h e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g b e s i d e t h e i r e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t .
I n t h i s s e c t i o n , t h i s c r i t e r i o n w i l l b e a n a l y s e d b r i e f l y .
4 . 1 . 4 . 1 O p e n S p a c e s - B u i l t S p a c e s
B u i l t f o r m s a n d o p e n s p a c e s c a n t o g e t h e r a l l o w d e c r e a s e d h e a t g a i n . I n h o t - d r y c l i m a t e s a s
i n B o d r u m , c o m p a c t p l a n n i n g w i t h a s m a l l o r n o o p e n s p a c e m i g h t d e c r e a s e h e a t g a i n a s w e l l
a s h e a t l o s s . C o m p a c t f o r m s o f b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t c o u l d b e a c h i e v e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h i s d e n s i t y .
T h e a n n u a l r a t e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n s o f n e w d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m i s e n o r m o u s c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e
E U - 2 5 . T h e n u m b e r o f d w e l l i n g s i n t h e E U - 2 5 t o t a l a b o u t 1 9 6 m i l l i o n
6 5
a n d t h e a n n u a l r a t e o f
c o n s t r u c t i o n s o f d w e l l i n g s i s a p p . 0 . 7 i n 2 0 0 5 a n d s l o w i n g d o w n c o m p a r e d w i t h 4 . 4 i n 2 0 0 4
6 6
.
T h e r e i s n o c e r t a i n d a t a a b o u t t h e a n n u a l r a t e o f t h e g r o w t h i n B o d r u m , b u t t h e d i f f e r e n c e c a n
b e s e e n c l e a r l y f o l l o w i n g t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n b o o m i n r e c e n t y e a r s .
T h e H H i s a t y p i c a l e x a m p l e f o r A e g e a n d w e l l i n g s ( d e f i n e d b y s e c t i o n 3 . 4 . 1 ) . T h e d e n s i t y
o f t h e b u i l t f o r m a n d s m a l l f e n e s t r a t i o n s d e c r e a s e s t h e h e a t g a i n . C o m p a c t f o r m s a n d c o v e r e d
o p e n s p a c e s b e t w e e n t h e b u i l t f o r m s a r e a l s o o t h e r c r i t e r i a , w h i c h p r o t e c t a g a i n s t d i r e c t
r a d i a t i o n . T h i s i s h o w v e r n a c u l a r s e t t l e m e n t s a r e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , d a y l i g h t i n g a n d f e n e s t r a t i o n
w o u l d b e n e g a t i v e l y a f f e c t e d b y t h e p l a n n i n g o f f o r m .
C o m p a r e d w i t h t h e H H , t h e A H i s l o c a t e d i n a l o w d e n s e l y a r e a . T h e r e f o r e , i t i s n o t
p r o t e c t e d a g a i n s t d i r e c t r a d i a t i o n . I n B o d r u m - O r t a k e n t , a g r i c u l t u r e d e f i n e s t h e b u i l t
e n v i r o n m e n t . L a r g e s p a c e s a r e t h e r e a s o n o f l o w d e n s i t y b y t h e s e t t l e m e n t s . B u t b e g i n n i n g
w i t h t h e f i r s t z o n e i n t h i s r e g i o n , t h i s s i t u a t i o n h a s b e e n c h a n g i n g r a p i d l y .
4 . 1 . 4 . 2 G r o u n d C h a r a c t e r
T h e g r o u n d s u r f a c e r e f l e c t s o r a b s o r b s t h e r a d i a t i o n . T h e c o l o r a n d t e x t u r e o f a m a t e r i a l
s u r f a c e d e t e r m i n e s i t s r e f l e c t i v i t y
6 7
. L i g h t c o l o r s a n d s m o o t h s u r f a c e s r e f l e c t t h e r a d i a t i o n

4 2
I n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l A e g e a n c i t i e s , s t r e e t s h a v e a h o m o g e n e o u s s t r u c t u r e , w h i c h e n a b l e s a
s h a d i n g e f f e c t . T h e p r e f e r a b l e d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e s t r e e t s a r e a l s o c o v e r e d b y t h e v e r n a c u l a r
a r c h i t e c t u r e o f B o d r u m .
I n t h e c a s e o f t h e H H , t h e s t r e e t s a r e m o s t l y n a r r o w a n d s h a d e d ( P i c . 6 ) . T h e A H i s l o c a t e d
b y a c o m p a r a t i v e l y l a r g e r s t r e e t . B e c a u s e o f t h e d i s t a n c e t o t h e s t r e e t , t h e r a d i a t i o n e f f e c t o f
t h e s t r e e t s s h o u l d n o t b e c o n s i d e r e d .
4 . 1 . 4 P r i v a t e A r e a s
P r i v a t e a r e a s a r e t h e b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n d b u i l d i n g l e v e l s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y
d i r e c t l y i n f l u e n c e t h e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g b e s i d e t h e i r e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t .
I n t h i s s e c t i o n , t h i s c r i t e r i o n w i l l b e a n a l y s e d b r i e f l y .
4 . 1 . 4 . 1 O p e n S p a c e s - B u i l t S p a c e s
B u i l t f o r m s a n d o p e n s p a c e s c a n t o g e t h e r a l l o w d e c r e a s e d h e a t g a i n . I n h o t - d r y c l i m a t e s a s
i n B o d r u m , c o m p a c t p l a n n i n g w i t h a s m a l l o r n o o p e n s p a c e m i g h t d e c r e a s e h e a t g a i n a s w e l l
a s h e a t l o s s . C o m p a c t f o r m s o f b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t c o u l d b e a c h i e v e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h i s d e n s i t y .
T h e a n n u a l r a t e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n s o f n e w d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m i s e n o r m o u s c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e
E U - 2 5 . T h e n u m b e r o f d w e l l i n g s i n t h e E U - 2 5 t o t a l a b o u t 1 9 6 m i l l i o n
6 5
a n d t h e a n n u a l r a t e o f
c o n s t r u c t i o n s o f d w e l l i n g s i s a p p . 0 . 7 i n 2 0 0 5 a n d s l o w i n g d o w n c o m p a r e d w i t h 4 . 4 i n 2 0 0 4
6 6
.
T h e r e i s n o c e r t a i n d a t a a b o u t t h e a n n u a l r a t e o f t h e g r o w t h i n B o d r u m , b u t t h e d i f f e r e n c e c a n
b e s e e n c l e a r l y f o l l o w i n g t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n b o o m i n r e c e n t y e a r s .
T h e H H i s a t y p i c a l e x a m p l e f o r A e g e a n d w e l l i n g s ( d e f i n e d b y s e c t i o n 3 . 4 . 1 ) . T h e d e n s i t y
o f t h e b u i l t f o r m a n d s m a l l f e n e s t r a t i o n s d e c r e a s e s t h e h e a t g a i n . C o m p a c t f o r m s a n d c o v e r e d
o p e n s p a c e s b e t w e e n t h e b u i l t f o r m s a r e a l s o o t h e r c r i t e r i a , w h i c h p r o t e c t a g a i n s t d i r e c t
r a d i a t i o n . T h i s i s h o w v e r n a c u l a r s e t t l e m e n t s a r e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , d a y l i g h t i n g a n d f e n e s t r a t i o n
w o u l d b e n e g a t i v e l y a f f e c t e d b y t h e p l a n n i n g o f f o r m .
C o m p a r e d w i t h t h e H H , t h e A H i s l o c a t e d i n a l o w d e n s e l y a r e a . T h e r e f o r e , i t i s n o t
p r o t e c t e d a g a i n s t d i r e c t r a d i a t i o n . I n B o d r u m - O r t a k e n t , a g r i c u l t u r e d e f i n e s t h e b u i l t
e n v i r o n m e n t . L a r g e s p a c e s a r e t h e r e a s o n o f l o w d e n s i t y b y t h e s e t t l e m e n t s . B u t b e g i n n i n g
w i t h t h e f i r s t z o n e i n t h i s r e g i o n , t h i s s i t u a t i o n h a s b e e n c h a n g i n g r a p i d l y .
4 . 1 . 4 . 2 G r o u n d C h a r a c t e r
T h e g r o u n d s u r f a c e r e f l e c t s o r a b s o r b s t h e r a d i a t i o n . T h e c o l o r a n d t e x t u r e o f a m a t e r i a l
s u r f a c e d e t e r m i n e s i t s r e f l e c t i v i t y
6 7
. L i g h t c o l o r s a n d s m o o t h s u r f a c e s r e f l e c t t h e r a d i a t i o n


4 3
b e t t e r t h e n d a r k c o l o r s a n d r o u g h m a t e r i a l s . T h e r e f o r e , v e g e t a t i o n s o n g r o u n d s u r f a c e s i n h o t -
d r y c l i m a t e s a r e d e s i r a b l e . B e s i d e t h e h e a t r e f l e c t i o n , d a y l i g h t r e f l e c t i o n o f g r o u n d s u r f a c e s i n
s u n n y c l i m a t e s c o u l d c a u s e u n c o m f o r t a b l e g l a r e . T o a v o i d t h i s , t h e u s e o f h a r d p a v i n g s h o u l d
m e m i n i m i z e d .
I n t h e v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e o f B o d r u m - C e n t r e , s t r e e t s b e t w e e n b u i l t - e n v i r o n m e n t w e r e
m a d e o f c o b b l e s t o n e . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , w i t h i n t h e i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n , m o s t o f t h e s t r e e t s a r e n o w
m a d e o f a s p h a l t o r c o n c r e t e , w h i c h i n c r e a s e t h e h e a t r e f l e c t i o n . N o r m a l l y , t h e h e a t r e f l e c t i o n
r a t i o b e t w e e n a s p h a l t a n d c o b b l e s t o n e c a n b e f e l t d i r e c t l y . F o r e x a m p l e , a s p h a l t s u r f a c e s c a n
r e a c h 5 1 C , w h e r e t h e a i r t e m p e r a t u r e i s 3 6 C
6 8
. T h i s s i t u a t i o n i s e s p e c i a l l y i n h o t t e s t
s e a s o n s n o t i c e a b l e . I n t h e r e c e n t t i m e , s o m e m a i n s t r e e t s a r e t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o t h e i r o l d
s i t u a t i o n , w h i c h i s d e s i r e d f o r a l l s t r e e t s . T h e H H i s c o v e r e d w i t h a s p h a l t s t r e e t s , w h e r e t h e
A H p r o f i t s f r o m t h e h e a t a b s o r p t i o n c h a r a c t e r o f s o i l .
4 . 2 B u i l d i n g L e v e l
T h e s e c o n d s t e p o f c l i m a t i c a l a s p e c t s a r e a t t h e b u i l d i n g l e v e l , w h i c h i s c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e
m i c r o l e v e l c o m p a r e d w i t h e n v i r o n m e n t a l c r i t e r i a . I n t h i s s e c t i o n , v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e
e x a m p l e s w i l l b e e x p l a i n e d t o s h o w t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g t y p o l o g y i n B o d r u m
o v e r t h e y e a r s . F o l l o w i n g t h i s d e s c r i p t i o n , t h e e x a m p l e s , w h i c h a r e c h o s e n f o r f u r t h e r
a n a l y s e s w i l l b e d e f i n e d a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y . F u r t h e r m o r e , c l i m a t i c a s p e c t s o f b u i l d i n g e l e m e n t s
w i l l b e a n a l y s e d w i t h i n t h e s e c h o s e n e x a m p l e s .
C l i m a t e - s e n s i t i v e d e s i g n p r i n c i p l e s h a v e b e e n u t i l i z e d i n v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e s t y l e s o f
s e t t l e m e n t s a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d . T h i s i s c o n f i r m e d b y a n u m b e r o f s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h e s . B e f o r e
t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n b o o m i n B o d r u m , t h e r e w a s a n i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t i n r e a g a r d t o v e r n a c u l a r
a r c h i t e c t u r e : t h e h a r m o n i o u s w a y , i n w h i c h t h e h o u s e s a r e g r o u p e d . T h e P e r s p e c t i v e o f
s t r e e t s , h o w t h e y h a r m o n i z e w i t h t h e i r s u r r o u n d i n g s , t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e o p e n i n g s o f
d w e l l i n g s , e t c . , h a v e a l w a y s r e f l e c t e d t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n A r c h i t e c t u r e , w h e r e t h e u s e o f
r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e .
H o w e v e r , w i t h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f d o m e s t i c a n d f o r e i g n t o u r i s m , t h e p h y s i c a l f e a t u r e s o f
t h e w h o l e a r e a h a v e b e e n c h a n g i n g a n d d e t e r i o r a t i n g . V e r n a c u l a r h o u s e s a r e b e i n g
d e m o l i s h e d a n d p o o r q u a l i t y n e w o n e s b u i l t i n t h e i r p l a c e . T h e y e x h i b i t m u c h g r e a t e r s k i l l s b y
p r o f i t i n g f r o m r e n e w a b l e e n e r g i e s i n t e r m s o f m a s s , a p p e a r a n c e , a n d p r o p o r t i o n s c o n c e r n e d .
A s f a r a s c l i m a t i c s u i t a b i l i t y i s c o n c e r n e d , o l d h o u s e s s h o u l d b e s t u d i e d f o r t h e n e w
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s . T h e f o r e , t h e y w i l l b e p r e s e n t e d a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n .


4 3
b e t t e r t h e n d a r k c o l o r s a n d r o u g h m a t e r i a l s . T h e r e f o r e , v e g e t a t i o n s o n g r o u n d s u r f a c e s i n h o t -
d r y c l i m a t e s a r e d e s i r a b l e . B e s i d e t h e h e a t r e f l e c t i o n , d a y l i g h t r e f l e c t i o n o f g r o u n d s u r f a c e s i n
s u n n y c l i m a t e s c o u l d c a u s e u n c o m f o r t a b l e g l a r e . T o a v o i d t h i s , t h e u s e o f h a r d p a v i n g s h o u l d
m e m i n i m i z e d .
I n t h e v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e o f B o d r u m - C e n t r e , s t r e e t s b e t w e e n b u i l t - e n v i r o n m e n t w e r e
m a d e o f c o b b l e s t o n e . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , w i t h i n t h e i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n , m o s t o f t h e s t r e e t s a r e n o w
m a d e o f a s p h a l t o r c o n c r e t e , w h i c h i n c r e a s e t h e h e a t r e f l e c t i o n . N o r m a l l y , t h e h e a t r e f l e c t i o n
r a t i o b e t w e e n a s p h a l t a n d c o b b l e s t o n e c a n b e f e l t d i r e c t l y . F o r e x a m p l e , a s p h a l t s u r f a c e s c a n
r e a c h 5 1 C , w h e r e t h e a i r t e m p e r a t u r e i s 3 6 C
6 8
. T h i s s i t u a t i o n i s e s p e c i a l l y i n h o t t e s t
s e a s o n s n o t i c e a b l e . I n t h e r e c e n t t i m e , s o m e m a i n s t r e e t s a r e t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o t h e i r o l d
s i t u a t i o n , w h i c h i s d e s i r e d f o r a l l s t r e e t s . T h e H H i s c o v e r e d w i t h a s p h a l t s t r e e t s , w h e r e t h e
A H p r o f i t s f r o m t h e h e a t a b s o r p t i o n c h a r a c t e r o f s o i l .
4 . 2 B u i l d i n g L e v e l
T h e s e c o n d s t e p o f c l i m a t i c a l a s p e c t s a r e a t t h e b u i l d i n g l e v e l , w h i c h i s c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e
m i c r o l e v e l c o m p a r e d w i t h e n v i r o n m e n t a l c r i t e r i a . I n t h i s s e c t i o n , v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e
e x a m p l e s w i l l b e e x p l a i n e d t o s h o w t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g t y p o l o g y i n B o d r u m
o v e r t h e y e a r s . F o l l o w i n g t h i s d e s c r i p t i o n , t h e e x a m p l e s , w h i c h a r e c h o s e n f o r f u r t h e r
a n a l y s e s w i l l b e d e f i n e d a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y . F u r t h e r m o r e , c l i m a t i c a s p e c t s o f b u i l d i n g e l e m e n t s
w i l l b e a n a l y s e d w i t h i n t h e s e c h o s e n e x a m p l e s .
C l i m a t e - s e n s i t i v e d e s i g n p r i n c i p l e s h a v e b e e n u t i l i z e d i n v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e s t y l e s o f
s e t t l e m e n t s a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d . T h i s i s c o n f i r m e d b y a n u m b e r o f s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h e s . B e f o r e
t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n b o o m i n B o d r u m , t h e r e w a s a n i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t i n r e a g a r d t o v e r n a c u l a r
a r c h i t e c t u r e : t h e h a r m o n i o u s w a y , i n w h i c h t h e h o u s e s a r e g r o u p e d . T h e P e r s p e c t i v e o f
s t r e e t s , h o w t h e y h a r m o n i z e w i t h t h e i r s u r r o u n d i n g s , t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e o p e n i n g s o f
d w e l l i n g s , e t c . , h a v e a l w a y s r e f l e c t e d t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n A r c h i t e c t u r e , w h e r e t h e u s e o f
r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e .
H o w e v e r , w i t h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f d o m e s t i c a n d f o r e i g n t o u r i s m , t h e p h y s i c a l f e a t u r e s o f
t h e w h o l e a r e a h a v e b e e n c h a n g i n g a n d d e t e r i o r a t i n g . V e r n a c u l a r h o u s e s a r e b e i n g
d e m o l i s h e d a n d p o o r q u a l i t y n e w o n e s b u i l t i n t h e i r p l a c e . T h e y e x h i b i t m u c h g r e a t e r s k i l l s b y
p r o f i t i n g f r o m r e n e w a b l e e n e r g i e s i n t e r m s o f m a s s , a p p e a r a n c e , a n d p r o p o r t i o n s c o n c e r n e d .
A s f a r a s c l i m a t i c s u i t a b i l i t y i s c o n c e r n e d , o l d h o u s e s s h o u l d b e s t u d i e d f o r t h e n e w
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s . T h e f o r e , t h e y w i l l b e p r e s e n t e d a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n .


43
better then dark colors and rough materials. Therefore, vegetations on ground surfaces in hot-
dry climates are desirable. Beside the heat reflection, daylight reflection of ground surfaces in
sunny climates could cause uncomfortable glare. To avoid this, the use of hard paving should
me minimized.
In the vernacular architecture of Bodrum-Centre, streets between built-environment were
made of cobblestone. Unfortunately, within the industrialization, most of the streets are now
made of asphalt or concrete, which increase the heat reflection. Normally, the heat reflection
ratio between asphalt and cobblestone can be felt directly. For example, asphalt surfaces can
reach 51 C, where the air temperature is 36 C
68
. This situation is especially in hottest
seasons noticeable. In the recent time, some main streets are transformed into their old
situation, which is desired for all streets. The HH is covered with asphalt streets, where the
AH profits from the heat absorption character of soil.
4.2 Building Level
The second step of climatical aspects are at the building level, which is considered as the
micro level compared with environmental criteria. In this section, vernacular architecture
examples will be explained to show the transformation of the building typology in Bodrum
over the years. Following this description, the examples, which are chosen for further
analyses will be defined architecturally. Furthermore, climatic aspects of building elements
will be analysed within these chosen examples.
Climate-sensitive design principles have been utilized in vernacular architecture styles of
settlements all over the world. This is confirmed by a number of scientific researches. Before
the construction boom in Bodrum, there was an important aspect in reagard to vernacular
architecture: the harmonious way, in which the houses are grouped. The Perspective of
streets, how they harmonize with their surroundings, the proportion of the openings of
dwellings, etc., have always reflected the Mediterranean Architecture, where the use of
renewable energy plays an important role .
However, with the development of domestic and foreign tourism, the physical features of
the whole area have been changing and deteriorating. Vernacular houses are being
demolished and poor quality new ones built in their place. They exhibit much greater skills by
profiting from renewable energies in terms of mass, appearance, and proportions concerned.
As far as climatic suitability is concerned, old houses should be studied for the new
interpretations. Thefore, they will be presented architecturally in the following section.


43
better then dark colors and rough materials. Therefore, vegetations on ground surfaces in hot-
dry climates are desirable. Beside the heat reflection, daylight reflection of ground surfaces in
sunny climates could cause uncomfortable glare. To avoid this, the use of hard paving should
me minimized.
In the vernacular architecture of Bodrum-Centre, streets between built-environment were
made of cobblestone. Unfortunately, within the industrialization, most of the streets are now
made of asphalt or concrete, which increase the heat reflection. Normally, the heat reflection
ratio between asphalt and cobblestone can be felt directly. For example, asphalt surfaces can
reach 51 C, where the air temperature is 36 C
68
. This situation is especially in hottest
seasons noticeable. In the recent time, some main streets are transformed into their old
situation, which is desired for all streets. The HH is covered with asphalt streets, where the
AH profits from the heat absorption character of soil.
4.2 Building Level
The second step of climatical aspects are at the building level, which is considered as the
micro level compared with environmental criteria. In this section, vernacular architecture
examples will be explained to show the transformation of the building typology in Bodrum
over the years. Following this description, the examples, which are chosen for further
analyses will be defined architecturally. Furthermore, climatic aspects of building elements
will be analysed within these chosen examples.
Climate-sensitive design principles have been utilized in vernacular architecture styles of
settlements all over the world. This is confirmed by a number of scientific researches. Before
the construction boom in Bodrum, there was an important aspect in reagard to vernacular
architecture: the harmonious way, in which the houses are grouped. The Perspective of
streets, how they harmonize with their surroundings, the proportion of the openings of
dwellings, etc., have always reflected the Mediterranean Architecture, where the use of
renewable energy plays an important role .
However, with the development of domestic and foreign tourism, the physical features of
the whole area have been changing and deteriorating. Vernacular houses are being
demolished and poor quality new ones built in their place. They exhibit much greater skills by
profiting from renewable energies in terms of mass, appearance, and proportions concerned.
As far as climatic suitability is concerned, old houses should be studied for the new
interpretations. Thefore, they will be presented architecturally in the following section.

44
4.2.1 A vernacular type of Bodrum houses: Mezzanine houses
The most common type of
the vernacular Bodrum
dwellings is the Mezzanine
house. Unfortunately, they can
be counted on the fingers of
one hand. It was rectangular in
shape
69
(drawing 1-2). The
interior size without thickness of the walls were approximately 3.2-3.6 m at the short side and
5.5-6.0 m at the long side. This proportion can be accepted as a golden rule, because we see
this proportion at windows and door too. The narrow dimension of the rectangle depended on
the floor of the mezzanine or the possibilities afforded by roofing material.
There is usually a stove in
the middle of the wall forming
the short side of the rectangle
nearer to the door. This part of
the house, referred to as the
lower house, is used as a
kitchen. Inside the wall in the
corner of the house nearest to
the stove is a small bathroom.
The living room with a
ceiling height of approximately
300cm is reached by means of staircase next to the front door. The area immediately
underneath this room is used as a larder and grain store.
Within the framework of this layout, ceiling height in various spaces is in keeping with
their function, being 250-280 cm in the kitchen and entrance section of the lower house,
and only a strictly necessary 160-180 cm in the mezzanine. The living room has the highest
ceiling; approximately 300 cm. Due to the variation of the ceiling height, natural air
ventilation can be facilitated. The energetic characteristics of mezzanine house will be
analysed in chapter V.
Drawing 1 Section of the Mezzanine House (Author)
Drawing 2 Plan of the Mezzanine House (Author)

44
4.2.1 A vernacular type of Bodrum houses: Mezzanine houses
The most common type of
the vernacular Bodrum
dwellings is the Mezzanine
house. Unfortunately, they can
be counted on the fingers of
one hand. It was rectangular in
shape
69
(drawing 1-2). The
interior size without thickness of the walls were approximately 3.2-3.6 m at the short side and
5.5-6.0 m at the long side. This proportion can be accepted as a golden rule, because we see
this proportion at windows and door too. The narrow dimension of the rectangle depended on
the floor of the mezzanine or the possibilities afforded by roofing material.
There is usually a stove in
the middle of the wall forming
the short side of the rectangle
nearer to the door. This part of
the house, referred to as the
lower house, is used as a
kitchen. Inside the wall in the
corner of the house nearest to
the stove is a small bathroom.
The living room with a
ceiling height of approximately
300cm is reached by means of staircase next to the front door. The area immediately
underneath this room is used as a larder and grain store.
Within the framework of this layout, ceiling height in various spaces is in keeping with
their function, being 250-280 cm in the kitchen and entrance section of the lower house,
and only a strictly necessary 160-180 cm in the mezzanine. The living room has the highest
ceiling; approximately 300 cm. Due to the variation of the ceiling height, natural air
ventilation can be facilitated. The energetic characteristics of mezzanine house will be
analysed in chapter V.
Drawing 1 Section of the Mezzanine House (Author)
Drawing 2 Plan of the Mezzanine House (Author)

4 4
4 . 2 . 1 A v e r n a c u l a r t y p e o f B o d r u m h o u s e s : M e z z a n i n e h o u s e s
T h e m o s t c o m m o n t y p e o f
t h e v e r n a c u l a r B o d r u m
d w e l l i n g s i s t h e M e z z a n i n e
h o u s e . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e y c a n
b e c o u n t e d o n t h e f i n g e r s o f
o n e h a n d . I t w a s r e c t a n g u l a r i n
s h a p e
6 9
( d r a w i n g 1 - 2 ) . T h e
i n t e r i o r s i z e w i t h o u t t h i c k n e s s o f t h e w a l l s w e r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 . 2 - 3 . 6 m a t t h e s h o r t s i d e a n d
5 . 5 - 6 . 0 m a t t h e l o n g s i d e . T h i s p r o p o r t i o n c a n b e a c c e p t e d a s a g o l d e n r u l e , b e c a u s e w e s e e
t h i s p r o p o r t i o n a t w i n d o w s a n d d o o r t o o . T h e n a r r o w d i m e n s i o n o f t h e r e c t a n g l e d e p e n d e d o n
t h e f l o o r o f t h e m e z z a n i n e o r t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s a f f o r d e d b y r o o f i n g m a t e r i a l .
T h e r e i s u s u a l l y a s t o v e i n
t h e m i d d l e o f t h e w a l l f o r m i n g
t h e s h o r t s i d e o f t h e r e c t a n g l e
n e a r e r t o t h e d o o r . T h i s p a r t o f
t h e h o u s e , r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e
l o w e r h o u s e , i s u s e d a s a
k i t c h e n . I n s i d e t h e w a l l i n t h e
c o r n e r o f t h e h o u s e n e a r e s t t o
t h e s t o v e i s a s m a l l b a t h r o o m .
T h e l i v i n g r o o m w i t h a
c e i l i n g h e i g h t o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y
3 0 0 c m i s r e a c h e d b y m e a n s o f s t a i r c a s e n e x t t o t h e f r o n t d o o r . T h e a r e a i m m e d i a t e l y
u n d e r n e a t h t h i s r o o m i s u s e d a s a l a r d e r a n d g r a i n s t o r e .
W i t h i n t h e f r a m e w o r k o f t h i s l a y o u t , c e i l i n g h e i g h t i n v a r i o u s s p a c e s i s i n k e e p i n g w i t h
t h e i r f u n c t i o n , b e i n g 2 5 0 - 2 8 0 c m i n t h e k i t c h e n a n d e n t r a n c e s e c t i o n o f t h e l o w e r h o u s e ,
a n d o n l y a s t r i c t l y n e c e s s a r y 1 6 0 - 1 8 0 c m i n t h e m e z z a n i n e . T h e l i v i n g r o o m h a s t h e h i g h e s t
c e i l i n g ; a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 0 0 c m . D u e t o t h e v a r i a t i o n o f t h e c e i l i n g h e i g h t , n a t u r a l a i r
v e n t i l a t i o n c a n b e f a c i l i t a t e d . T h e e n e r g e t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f m e z z a n i n e h o u s e w i l l b e
a n a l y s e d i n c h a p t e r V .
D r a w i n g 1 S e c t i o n o f t h e M e z z a n i n e H o u s e ( A u t h o r )
D r a w i n g 2 P l a n o f t h e M e z z a n i n e H o u s e ( A u t h o r )

4 4
4 . 2 . 1 A v e r n a c u l a r t y p e o f B o d r u m h o u s e s : M e z z a n i n e h o u s e s
T h e m o s t c o m m o n t y p e o f
t h e v e r n a c u l a r B o d r u m
d w e l l i n g s i s t h e M e z z a n i n e
h o u s e . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e y c a n
b e c o u n t e d o n t h e f i n g e r s o f
o n e h a n d . I t w a s r e c t a n g u l a r i n
s h a p e
6 9
( d r a w i n g 1 - 2 ) . T h e
i n t e r i o r s i z e w i t h o u t t h i c k n e s s o f t h e w a l l s w e r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 . 2 - 3 . 6 m a t t h e s h o r t s i d e a n d
5 . 5 - 6 . 0 m a t t h e l o n g s i d e . T h i s p r o p o r t i o n c a n b e a c c e p t e d a s a g o l d e n r u l e , b e c a u s e w e s e e
t h i s p r o p o r t i o n a t w i n d o w s a n d d o o r t o o . T h e n a r r o w d i m e n s i o n o f t h e r e c t a n g l e d e p e n d e d o n
t h e f l o o r o f t h e m e z z a n i n e o r t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s a f f o r d e d b y r o o f i n g m a t e r i a l .
T h e r e i s u s u a l l y a s t o v e i n
t h e m i d d l e o f t h e w a l l f o r m i n g
t h e s h o r t s i d e o f t h e r e c t a n g l e
n e a r e r t o t h e d o o r . T h i s p a r t o f
t h e h o u s e , r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e
l o w e r h o u s e , i s u s e d a s a
k i t c h e n . I n s i d e t h e w a l l i n t h e
c o r n e r o f t h e h o u s e n e a r e s t t o
t h e s t o v e i s a s m a l l b a t h r o o m .
T h e l i v i n g r o o m w i t h a
c e i l i n g h e i g h t o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y
3 0 0 c m i s r e a c h e d b y m e a n s o f s t a i r c a s e n e x t t o t h e f r o n t d o o r . T h e a r e a i m m e d i a t e l y
u n d e r n e a t h t h i s r o o m i s u s e d a s a l a r d e r a n d g r a i n s t o r e .
W i t h i n t h e f r a m e w o r k o f t h i s l a y o u t , c e i l i n g h e i g h t i n v a r i o u s s p a c e s i s i n k e e p i n g w i t h
t h e i r f u n c t i o n , b e i n g 2 5 0 - 2 8 0 c m i n t h e k i t c h e n a n d e n t r a n c e s e c t i o n o f t h e l o w e r h o u s e ,
a n d o n l y a s t r i c t l y n e c e s s a r y 1 6 0 - 1 8 0 c m i n t h e m e z z a n i n e . T h e l i v i n g r o o m h a s t h e h i g h e s t
c e i l i n g ; a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 0 0 c m . D u e t o t h e v a r i a t i o n o f t h e c e i l i n g h e i g h t , n a t u r a l a i r
v e n t i l a t i o n c a n b e f a c i l i t a t e d . T h e e n e r g e t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f m e z z a n i n e h o u s e w i l l b e
a n a l y s e d i n c h a p t e r V .
D r a w i n g 1 S e c t i o n o f t h e M e z z a n i n e H o u s e ( A u t h o r )
D r a w i n g 2 P l a n o f t h e M e z z a n i n e H o u s e ( A u t h o r )

4 5
4 . 2 . 2 P l a n f o r m - m a s s a n d B u i l d i n g O r i e n t a t i o n
T h e h e a t g a i n a n d l o s s o f a b u i l d i n g c a n b e i n f l u e n c e d t h r o u g h m a n y c r i t e r i a . T h e a i r f l o w
i s a n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r , w h i c h i n f l u e n c e s t h e t h e r m a l b e h a v i o u r o f t h e b u i l d i n g s .
V e n t i l a t i o n , h e a t l o s s a n d h e a t g a i n a r e e f f e c t e d b y a i r f l o w a r o u n d a n d t h r o u g h a b u i l d i n g .
T h e a i r f l o w d e p e n d s o n t h e p l a n f o r m
7 0
. F u t h e r m o r e , o p e n i n g s l i k e f e n e s t r a t i o n s b y n a t u r a l
v e n t i l a t i o n a n d p e r i m e t e r b y h e a t g a i n a n d h e a t l o s s a r e p l a y i n g a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e .
I n h o t - d r y c l i m a t e s , l i k e i n B o d r u m , t h e p e r i m e t e r t o a r e a r a t i o s h o u l d b e a s l o w a s
p o s s i b l e . T h i s w o u l d d e c r e a s e h e a t g a i n . M i n i m i z e d P / A r a t i o i s a l s o u s e f u l f o r p r e v e n t i n g t h e
h e a t l o s s . L o m a s s t a t e s , t h e v o l u m e a n d s u r f a c e a r e a o f a b u i l d i n g a r e a l s o o t h e r i m p o r t a n t
c r i t e r i a s b y h e a t g a i n - l o s s . F o r d e c r e a s e d h e a t g a i n s h o u l d t h e s u r f a c e / v o l u m e r a t i o a s l o w a s
p o s s i b l e , e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e b u i l d i n g s i n h o t - d r y c l i m a t e
7 1
.
A n o t h e r c r i t e r i o n i n h e a t g a i n i n g i s t h e h e i g h t o f a b u i l d i n g . H i g h a p a r t m e n t b l o c k s a r e n o t
p e r m i t t e d i n B o d r u m . D e p e n d i n g o n t h e L o c a t i o n a n d m u n i c i p a l i t y , a b u i l d i n g h e i g h t o f u p t o
6 . 5 - 7 m e t e r i s a l l o w e d . H i g h b u i l d i n g s a r e t o t a l l y u n s u i t e d t o B o d r u m ` s c l i m a t e a s t h e y a r e
m o r e e x p o s e d t o s o l a r r a d i a t i o n a n d d o n o t p r o v i d e s h e l t e r e d o u t d o o r s p a c e s f o r t h e
o c c u p a n t s . T h i s s i t u a t i o n c a n b e s e e n i n t h e c a s e o f d w e l l i n g s i n D i y a r b a k r
7 2
, a c i t y w i t h
v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e l o c a t e d i n t h e s o u t h e a s t p a r t o f T u r k e y . T h i s c i t y h a s s i m i l a r c l i m a t i c
c o n d i t i o n s t o B o d r u m a n d a l s o p r e s e n t s v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e e x a m p l e s .
G i v o n i p o i n t s o u t t h a t , t h e a m o u n t o f r a d i a t i o n r e c e i v e d b y t h e b u i l d i n g i s d e t e r m i n e d b y
o r i e n t a t i o n
7 3
. I n t h e n o r t h e r n h e m i s p h e r e ( B o d r u m , N 2 7 ) , t h e n o r t h e r n f a c a d e s o f b u i l d i n g s
g e n e r a l l y r e c e i v e m i n i m u m d i r e c t r a d i a t i o n , w h e r e s o u t h e r n f a c a d e s r e c e i v e t h e m a x i m u m .
T h e o r i e n t a t i o n o f c o u r t y a r d s o r o t h e r o p e n s p a c e s b e t w e e n b u i l t - f o r m s a r e a l s o v e r y
i m p o r t a n t . T h e m a x i m u m s h a d e d a r e a i s o b t a i n e d , i f t h e f o r m i s e l o n g a t e d i n N o r t h - S o u t h a x i s
w i t h a n a n g l e 6 0 - 7 0 a n d t h e h e i g h t o f t h e c o u r t y a r d s a n d i n n e r s p a c e s a r e m o r e i m p o r t a n t
t h a n t h e d e p t h
7 4
.
A s d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y , t h e H H h a s a l s o a n o b l o n g f o r m , w h i c h s e e m s t o b e i d e a l f o r
d w e l l i n g s i n h o t - d r y c l i m a t e . T h i s s t a t e m e n t w i l l b e a n a l y s e d i n f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s . T h i s
s i m p l e f o r m i s a l s o t y p i c a l f o r v e r n a c u l a r A e g e a n a r c h i t e c t u r e . L i k e m o s t b u i l d i n g s i n
B o d r u m , t h e H H i s o r i e n t e d t o t h e s e a . A s t h e t e r m h o l i d a y h o u s e i n d i c a t e s , t h e H H i s n o t
u s e d d u r i n g t h e w h o l e y e a r l i k e m o s t d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m . T h e r e f o r e , c e r t a i n c r i t e r i a s u c h a s
o r i e n t a t i o n u p o n t h e s i g h t a r e p r e f e r r e d t o o r i e n t a t i o n u p o n t h e r a d i a t i o n . B u t g e n e r a l l y ,
d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m h a v e a n a d v a n t a g e : T h e A e g e a n S e a i s l o c a t e d t o t h e s o u t h . T h e p r o b l e m
w i t h s i g h t o c c u r s i n t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t s o f B o d r u m P e n i n s u l a .

4 5
4 . 2 . 2 P l a n f o r m - m a s s a n d B u i l d i n g O r i e n t a t i o n
T h e h e a t g a i n a n d l o s s o f a b u i l d i n g c a n b e i n f l u e n c e d t h r o u g h m a n y c r i t e r i a . T h e a i r f l o w
i s a n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r , w h i c h i n f l u e n c e s t h e t h e r m a l b e h a v i o u r o f t h e b u i l d i n g s .
V e n t i l a t i o n , h e a t l o s s a n d h e a t g a i n a r e e f f e c t e d b y a i r f l o w a r o u n d a n d t h r o u g h a b u i l d i n g .
T h e a i r f l o w d e p e n d s o n t h e p l a n f o r m
7 0
. F u t h e r m o r e , o p e n i n g s l i k e f e n e s t r a t i o n s b y n a t u r a l
v e n t i l a t i o n a n d p e r i m e t e r b y h e a t g a i n a n d h e a t l o s s a r e p l a y i n g a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e .
I n h o t - d r y c l i m a t e s , l i k e i n B o d r u m , t h e p e r i m e t e r t o a r e a r a t i o s h o u l d b e a s l o w a s
p o s s i b l e . T h i s w o u l d d e c r e a s e h e a t g a i n . M i n i m i z e d P / A r a t i o i s a l s o u s e f u l f o r p r e v e n t i n g t h e
h e a t l o s s . L o m a s s t a t e s , t h e v o l u m e a n d s u r f a c e a r e a o f a b u i l d i n g a r e a l s o o t h e r i m p o r t a n t
c r i t e r i a s b y h e a t g a i n - l o s s . F o r d e c r e a s e d h e a t g a i n s h o u l d t h e s u r f a c e / v o l u m e r a t i o a s l o w a s
p o s s i b l e , e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e b u i l d i n g s i n h o t - d r y c l i m a t e
7 1
.
A n o t h e r c r i t e r i o n i n h e a t g a i n i n g i s t h e h e i g h t o f a b u i l d i n g . H i g h a p a r t m e n t b l o c k s a r e n o t
p e r m i t t e d i n B o d r u m . D e p e n d i n g o n t h e L o c a t i o n a n d m u n i c i p a l i t y , a b u i l d i n g h e i g h t o f u p t o
6 . 5 - 7 m e t e r i s a l l o w e d . H i g h b u i l d i n g s a r e t o t a l l y u n s u i t e d t o B o d r u m ` s c l i m a t e a s t h e y a r e
m o r e e x p o s e d t o s o l a r r a d i a t i o n a n d d o n o t p r o v i d e s h e l t e r e d o u t d o o r s p a c e s f o r t h e
o c c u p a n t s . T h i s s i t u a t i o n c a n b e s e e n i n t h e c a s e o f d w e l l i n g s i n D i y a r b a k r
7 2
, a c i t y w i t h
v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e l o c a t e d i n t h e s o u t h e a s t p a r t o f T u r k e y . T h i s c i t y h a s s i m i l a r c l i m a t i c
c o n d i t i o n s t o B o d r u m a n d a l s o p r e s e n t s v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e e x a m p l e s .
G i v o n i p o i n t s o u t t h a t , t h e a m o u n t o f r a d i a t i o n r e c e i v e d b y t h e b u i l d i n g i s d e t e r m i n e d b y
o r i e n t a t i o n
7 3
. I n t h e n o r t h e r n h e m i s p h e r e ( B o d r u m , N 2 7 ) , t h e n o r t h e r n f a c a d e s o f b u i l d i n g s
g e n e r a l l y r e c e i v e m i n i m u m d i r e c t r a d i a t i o n , w h e r e s o u t h e r n f a c a d e s r e c e i v e t h e m a x i m u m .
T h e o r i e n t a t i o n o f c o u r t y a r d s o r o t h e r o p e n s p a c e s b e t w e e n b u i l t - f o r m s a r e a l s o v e r y
i m p o r t a n t . T h e m a x i m u m s h a d e d a r e a i s o b t a i n e d , i f t h e f o r m i s e l o n g a t e d i n N o r t h - S o u t h a x i s
w i t h a n a n g l e 6 0 - 7 0 a n d t h e h e i g h t o f t h e c o u r t y a r d s a n d i n n e r s p a c e s a r e m o r e i m p o r t a n t
t h a n t h e d e p t h
7 4
.
A s d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y , t h e H H h a s a l s o a n o b l o n g f o r m , w h i c h s e e m s t o b e i d e a l f o r
d w e l l i n g s i n h o t - d r y c l i m a t e . T h i s s t a t e m e n t w i l l b e a n a l y s e d i n f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s . T h i s
s i m p l e f o r m i s a l s o t y p i c a l f o r v e r n a c u l a r A e g e a n a r c h i t e c t u r e . L i k e m o s t b u i l d i n g s i n
B o d r u m , t h e H H i s o r i e n t e d t o t h e s e a . A s t h e t e r m h o l i d a y h o u s e i n d i c a t e s , t h e H H i s n o t
u s e d d u r i n g t h e w h o l e y e a r l i k e m o s t d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m . T h e r e f o r e , c e r t a i n c r i t e r i a s u c h a s
o r i e n t a t i o n u p o n t h e s i g h t a r e p r e f e r r e d t o o r i e n t a t i o n u p o n t h e r a d i a t i o n . B u t g e n e r a l l y ,
d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m h a v e a n a d v a n t a g e : T h e A e g e a n S e a i s l o c a t e d t o t h e s o u t h . T h e p r o b l e m
w i t h s i g h t o c c u r s i n t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t s o f B o d r u m P e n i n s u l a .

45
4.2.2 Planform-mass and Building Orientation
The heat gain and loss of a building can be influenced through many criteria. The airflow
is another important factor, which influences the thermal behaviour of the buildings.
Ventilation, heat loss and heat gain are effected by air flow around and through a building.
The airflow depends on the plan form
70
. Futhermore, openings like fenestrations by natural
ventilation and perimeter by heat gain and heat loss are playing an important role.
In hot-dry climates, like in Bodrum, the perimeter to area ratio should be as low as
possible. This would decrease heat gain. Minimized P/A ratio is also useful for preventing the
heat loss. Lomas states, the volume and surface area of a building are also other important
criterias by heat gain-loss. For decreased heat gain should the surface/volume ratio as low as
possible, especially for the buildings in hot-dry climate
71
.
Another criterion in heat gaining is the height of a building. High apartment blocks are not
permitted in Bodrum. Depending on the Location and municipality, a building height of up to
6.5-7 meter is allowed. High buildings are totally unsuited to Bodrum`s climate as they are
more exposed to solar radiation and do not provide sheltered outdoor spaces for the
occupants. This situation can be seen in the case of dwellings in Diyarbakr
72
, a city with
vernacular architecture located in the southeast part of Turkey. This city has similar climatic
conditions to Bodrum and also presents vernacular architecture examples.
Givoni points out that, the amount of radiation received by the building is determined by
orientation
73
. In the northern hemisphere (Bodrum, N 27), the northern facades of buildings
generally receive minimum direct radiation, where southern facades receive the maximum.
The orientation of courtyards or other open spaces between built-forms are also very
important. The maximum shaded area is obtained, if the form is elongated in North-South axis
with an angle 60-70 and the height of the courtyards and inner spaces are more important
than the depth
74
.
As described previously, the HH has also an oblong form, which seems to be ideal for
dwellings in hot-dry climate. This statement will be analysed in following sections. This
simple form is also typical for vernacular Aegean architecture. Like most buildings in
Bodrum, the HH is oriented to the sea. As the term holiday house indicates, the HH is not
used during the whole year like most dwellings in Bodrum. Therefore, certain criteria such as
orientation upon the sight are preferred to orientation upon the radiation. But generally,
dwellings in Bodrum have an advantage: The Aegean Sea is located to the south. The problem
with sight occurs in the northern parts of Bodrum Peninsula.

45
4.2.2 Planform-mass and Building Orientation
The heat gain and loss of a building can be influenced through many criteria. The airflow
is another important factor, which influences the thermal behaviour of the buildings.
Ventilation, heat loss and heat gain are effected by air flow around and through a building.
The airflow depends on the plan form
70
. Futhermore, openings like fenestrations by natural
ventilation and perimeter by heat gain and heat loss are playing an important role.
In hot-dry climates, like in Bodrum, the perimeter to area ratio should be as low as
possible. This would decrease heat gain. Minimized P/A ratio is also useful for preventing the
heat loss. Lomas states, the volume and surface area of a building are also other important
criterias by heat gain-loss. For decreased heat gain should the surface/volume ratio as low as
possible, especially for the buildings in hot-dry climate
71
.
Another criterion in heat gaining is the height of a building. High apartment blocks are not
permitted in Bodrum. Depending on the Location and municipality, a building height of up to
6.5-7 meter is allowed. High buildings are totally unsuited to Bodrum`s climate as they are
more exposed to solar radiation and do not provide sheltered outdoor spaces for the
occupants. This situation can be seen in the case of dwellings in Diyarbakr
72
, a city with
vernacular architecture located in the southeast part of Turkey. This city has similar climatic
conditions to Bodrum and also presents vernacular architecture examples.
Givoni points out that, the amount of radiation received by the building is determined by
orientation
73
. In the northern hemisphere (Bodrum, N 27), the northern facades of buildings
generally receive minimum direct radiation, where southern facades receive the maximum.
The orientation of courtyards or other open spaces between built-forms are also very
important. The maximum shaded area is obtained, if the form is elongated in North-South axis
with an angle 60-70 and the height of the courtyards and inner spaces are more important
than the depth
74
.
As described previously, the HH has also an oblong form, which seems to be ideal for
dwellings in hot-dry climate. This statement will be analysed in following sections. This
simple form is also typical for vernacular Aegean architecture. Like most buildings in
Bodrum, the HH is oriented to the sea. As the term holiday house indicates, the HH is not
used during the whole year like most dwellings in Bodrum. Therefore, certain criteria such as
orientation upon the sight are preferred to orientation upon the radiation. But generally,
dwellings in Bodrum have an advantage: The Aegean Sea is located to the south. The problem
with sight occurs in the northern parts of Bodrum Peninsula.

46

Drawing 3 Plan of the Holiday House

Drawing 4 Section of the Holiday House

46

Drawing 3 Plan of the Holiday House

Drawing 4 Section of the Holiday House

4 6

D r a w i n g 3 P l a n o f t h e H o l i d a y H o u s e

D r a w i n g 4 S e c t i o n o f t h e H o l i d a y H o u s e

4 6

D r a w i n g 3 P l a n o f t h e H o l i d a y H o u s e

D r a w i n g 4 S e c t i o n o f t h e H o l i d a y H o u s e

4 7


D r a w i n g 5 S e c t i o n o f t h e A t t a c h e d H o u s e

D r a w i n g 6 P l a n o f t h e A t t a c h e d H o u s e

4 7


D r a w i n g 5 S e c t i o n o f t h e A t t a c h e d H o u s e

D r a w i n g 6 P l a n o f t h e A t t a c h e d H o u s e

47


Drawing 5 Section of the Attached House

Drawing 6 Plan of the Attached House

47


Drawing 5 Section of the Attached House

Drawing 6 Plan of the Attached House

48
In the case of the AH, the staircase-form of the house is increasing the surface area and
therefore the heat gain and heat lost. It is an advantage for the winter period but also a
disadvantage for summer period. The AH is elongated in East-West direction, its surface area
increases allowing to potential for more solar gain. It is for winter period desirable, unlike for
summer period. However, building form can be manipulated using architectural elements like
horizontal platforms to control the sun. This aspect will also be analysed in following chapters
in regard to energy behaviour.
4.2.3 Building Elements:
4.2.3.1 Roof Form and Roof Material
The aim is to minimize the natural ventilation in both hot and cold climates. Therefore, the
building should have as flat a roof as possible, and the building width in the direction of air
flow should be as large as possible
75
. The roof should also have a low transmittance (air to air
resistance, U-Value) value. This would prevent maximum heat gain from direct radiation.
Also with insulation materials, the heat stored by the roof can be minimized.
In Aegean vernacular architecture roofs are mainly flat or have a low slope. This form has
being used for hundreds of years (Section 1.6.1). Academic researches in similar climate and
geographical zones
76
confirm this statement: Researches in Cyprus show us that the flat roofs
with appropriate insulation have the best thermal behaviour compared with other type of
roofs.
Furthermore, Den Ouden states that to protect the roof from intense solar radiation in hot
summer period, a moveable light construction for covering the roof can reduce the cooling
load by approximately 40 per cent
77
. This aspect will be analysed in the following chapter.
According to Dunsheng, buildings with vaulted roofs have respectively lower indoor
temperature compared wit flat roofs, but the half rim angle
0
must be bigger than 50.
However, with the decrease in the half rim angle of a VR, the difference of indoor thermal
condition between a VR and a FR building becomes small and insignificant
78
. Due to thermal
stratification, the air heated within a building that has a curved roof gathers in the space under
the roof, thus creating more comfortable conditions on the living/floor level
79
.
Plans for building in Bodrum must be examined by a local architectural council to ensure
that they comply with design requirements related to the local traditional style. There are
some prohibitions to protect the traditional style, for example, vaulted roofs are forbidden.
Therefore, they are not considered by the energetic analysis. Examples of curved roofs can

48
In the case of the AH, the staircase-form of the house is increasing the surface area and
therefore the heat gain and heat lost. It is an advantage for the winter period but also a
disadvantage for summer period. The AH is elongated in East-West direction, its surface area
increases allowing to potential for more solar gain. It is for winter period desirable, unlike for
summer period. However, building form can be manipulated using architectural elements like
horizontal platforms to control the sun. This aspect will also be analysed in following chapters
in regard to energy behaviour.
4.2.3 Building Elements:
4.2.3.1 Roof Form and Roof Material
The aim is to minimize the natural ventilation in both hot and cold climates. Therefore, the
building should have as flat a roof as possible, and the building width in the direction of air
flow should be as large as possible
75
. The roof should also have a low transmittance (air to air
resistance, U-Value) value. This would prevent maximum heat gain from direct radiation.
Also with insulation materials, the heat stored by the roof can be minimized.
In Aegean vernacular architecture roofs are mainly flat or have a low slope. This form has
being used for hundreds of years (Section 1.6.1). Academic researches in similar climate and
geographical zones
76
confirm this statement: Researches in Cyprus show us that the flat roofs
with appropriate insulation have the best thermal behaviour compared with other type of
roofs.
Furthermore, Den Ouden states that to protect the roof from intense solar radiation in hot
summer period, a moveable light construction for covering the roof can reduce the cooling
load by approximately 40 per cent
77
. This aspect will be analysed in the following chapter.
According to Dunsheng, buildings with vaulted roofs have respectively lower indoor
temperature compared wit flat roofs, but the half rim angle
0
must be bigger than 50.
However, with the decrease in the half rim angle of a VR, the difference of indoor thermal
condition between a VR and a FR building becomes small and insignificant
78
. Due to thermal
stratification, the air heated within a building that has a curved roof gathers in the space under
the roof, thus creating more comfortable conditions on the living/floor level
79
.
Plans for building in Bodrum must be examined by a local architectural council to ensure
that they comply with design requirements related to the local traditional style. There are
some prohibitions to protect the traditional style, for example, vaulted roofs are forbidden.
Therefore, they are not considered by the energetic analysis. Examples of curved roofs can

4 8
I n t h e c a s e o f t h e A H , t h e s t a i r c a s e - f o r m o f t h e h o u s e i s i n c r e a s i n g t h e s u r f a c e a r e a a n d
t h e r e f o r e t h e h e a t g a i n a n d h e a t l o s t . I t i s a n a d v a n t a g e f o r t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d b u t a l s o a
d i s a d v a n t a g e f o r s u m m e r p e r i o d . T h e A H i s e l o n g a t e d i n E a s t - W e s t d i r e c t i o n , i t s s u r f a c e a r e a
i n c r e a s e s a l l o w i n g t o p o t e n t i a l f o r m o r e s o l a r g a i n . I t i s f o r w i n t e r p e r i o d d e s i r a b l e , u n l i k e f o r
s u m m e r p e r i o d . H o w e v e r , b u i l d i n g f o r m c a n b e m a n i p u l a t e d u s i n g a r c h i t e c t u r a l e l e m e n t s l i k e
h o r i z o n t a l p l a t f o r m s t o c o n t r o l t h e s u n . T h i s a s p e c t w i l l a l s o b e a n a l y s e d i n f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r s
i n r e g a r d t o e n e r g y b e h a v i o u r .
4 . 2 . 3 B u i l d i n g E l e m e n t s :
4 . 2 . 3 . 1 R o o f F o r m a n d R o o f M a t e r i a l
T h e a i m i s t o m i n i m i z e t h e n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n i n b o t h h o t a n d c o l d c l i m a t e s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e
b u i l d i n g s h o u l d h a v e a s f l a t a r o o f a s p o s s i b l e , a n d t h e b u i l d i n g w i d t h i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f a i r
f l o w s h o u l d b e a s l a r g e a s p o s s i b l e
7 5
. T h e r o o f s h o u l d a l s o h a v e a l o w t r a n s m i t t a n c e ( a i r t o a i r
r e s i s t a n c e , U - V a l u e ) v a l u e . T h i s w o u l d p r e v e n t m a x i m u m h e a t g a i n f r o m d i r e c t r a d i a t i o n .
A l s o w i t h i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l s , t h e h e a t s t o r e d b y t h e r o o f c a n b e m i n i m i z e d .
I n A e g e a n v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e r o o f s a r e m a i n l y f l a t o r h a v e a l o w s l o p e . T h i s f o r m h a s
b e i n g u s e d f o r h u n d r e d s o f y e a r s ( S e c t i o n 1 . 6 . 1 ) . A c a d e m i c r e s e a r c h e s i n s i m i l a r c l i m a t e a n d
g e o g r a p h i c a l z o n e s
7 6
c o n f i r m t h i s s t a t e m e n t : R e s e a r c h e s i n C y p r u s s h o w u s t h a t t h e f l a t r o o f s
w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e i n s u l a t i o n h a v e t h e b e s t t h e r m a l b e h a v i o u r c o m p a r e d w i t h o t h e r t y p e o f
r o o f s .
F u r t h e r m o r e , D e n O u d e n s t a t e s t h a t t o p r o t e c t t h e r o o f f r o m i n t e n s e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n i n h o t
s u m m e r p e r i o d , a m o v e a b l e l i g h t c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r c o v e r i n g t h e r o o f c a n r e d u c e t h e c o o l i n g
l o a d b y a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 0 p e r c e n t
7 7
. T h i s a s p e c t w i l l b e a n a l y s e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r .
A c c o r d i n g t o D u n s h e n g , b u i l d i n g s w i t h v a u l t e d r o o f s h a v e r e s p e c t i v e l y l o w e r i n d o o r
t e m p e r a t u r e c o m p a r e d w i t f l a t r o o f s , b u t t h e h a l f r i m a n g l e
0
m u s t b e b i g g e r t h a n 5 0 .
H o w e v e r , w i t h t h e d e c r e a s e i n t h e h a l f r i m a n g l e o f a V R , t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f i n d o o r t h e r m a l
c o n d i t i o n b e t w e e n a V R a n d a F R b u i l d i n g b e c o m e s s m a l l a n d i n s i g n i f i c a n t
7 8
. D u e t o t h e r m a l
s t r a t i f i c a t i o n , t h e a i r h e a t e d w i t h i n a b u i l d i n g t h a t h a s a c u r v e d r o o f g a t h e r s i n t h e s p a c e u n d e r
t h e r o o f , t h u s c r e a t i n g m o r e c o m f o r t a b l e c o n d i t i o n s o n t h e l i v i n g / f l o o r l e v e l
7 9
.
P l a n s f o r b u i l d i n g i n B o d r u m m u s t b e e x a m i n e d b y a l o c a l a r c h i t e c t u r a l c o u n c i l t o e n s u r e
t h a t t h e y c o m p l y w i t h d e s i g n r e q u i r e m e n t s r e l a t e d t o t h e l o c a l t r a d i t i o n a l s t y l e . T h e r e a r e
s o m e p r o h i b i t i o n s t o p r o t e c t t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s t y l e , f o r e x a m p l e , v a u l t e d r o o f s a r e f o r b i d d e n .
T h e r e f o r e , t h e y a r e n o t c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e e n e r g e t i c a n a l y s i s . E x a m p l e s o f c u r v e d r o o f s c a n

4 8
I n t h e c a s e o f t h e A H , t h e s t a i r c a s e - f o r m o f t h e h o u s e i s i n c r e a s i n g t h e s u r f a c e a r e a a n d
t h e r e f o r e t h e h e a t g a i n a n d h e a t l o s t . I t i s a n a d v a n t a g e f o r t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d b u t a l s o a
d i s a d v a n t a g e f o r s u m m e r p e r i o d . T h e A H i s e l o n g a t e d i n E a s t - W e s t d i r e c t i o n , i t s s u r f a c e a r e a
i n c r e a s e s a l l o w i n g t o p o t e n t i a l f o r m o r e s o l a r g a i n . I t i s f o r w i n t e r p e r i o d d e s i r a b l e , u n l i k e f o r
s u m m e r p e r i o d . H o w e v e r , b u i l d i n g f o r m c a n b e m a n i p u l a t e d u s i n g a r c h i t e c t u r a l e l e m e n t s l i k e
h o r i z o n t a l p l a t f o r m s t o c o n t r o l t h e s u n . T h i s a s p e c t w i l l a l s o b e a n a l y s e d i n f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r s
i n r e g a r d t o e n e r g y b e h a v i o u r .
4 . 2 . 3 B u i l d i n g E l e m e n t s :
4 . 2 . 3 . 1 R o o f F o r m a n d R o o f M a t e r i a l
T h e a i m i s t o m i n i m i z e t h e n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n i n b o t h h o t a n d c o l d c l i m a t e s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e
b u i l d i n g s h o u l d h a v e a s f l a t a r o o f a s p o s s i b l e , a n d t h e b u i l d i n g w i d t h i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f a i r
f l o w s h o u l d b e a s l a r g e a s p o s s i b l e
7 5
. T h e r o o f s h o u l d a l s o h a v e a l o w t r a n s m i t t a n c e ( a i r t o a i r
r e s i s t a n c e , U - V a l u e ) v a l u e . T h i s w o u l d p r e v e n t m a x i m u m h e a t g a i n f r o m d i r e c t r a d i a t i o n .
A l s o w i t h i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l s , t h e h e a t s t o r e d b y t h e r o o f c a n b e m i n i m i z e d .
I n A e g e a n v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e r o o f s a r e m a i n l y f l a t o r h a v e a l o w s l o p e . T h i s f o r m h a s
b e i n g u s e d f o r h u n d r e d s o f y e a r s ( S e c t i o n 1 . 6 . 1 ) . A c a d e m i c r e s e a r c h e s i n s i m i l a r c l i m a t e a n d
g e o g r a p h i c a l z o n e s
7 6
c o n f i r m t h i s s t a t e m e n t : R e s e a r c h e s i n C y p r u s s h o w u s t h a t t h e f l a t r o o f s
w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e i n s u l a t i o n h a v e t h e b e s t t h e r m a l b e h a v i o u r c o m p a r e d w i t h o t h e r t y p e o f
r o o f s .
F u r t h e r m o r e , D e n O u d e n s t a t e s t h a t t o p r o t e c t t h e r o o f f r o m i n t e n s e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n i n h o t
s u m m e r p e r i o d , a m o v e a b l e l i g h t c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r c o v e r i n g t h e r o o f c a n r e d u c e t h e c o o l i n g
l o a d b y a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 0 p e r c e n t
7 7
. T h i s a s p e c t w i l l b e a n a l y s e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r .
A c c o r d i n g t o D u n s h e n g , b u i l d i n g s w i t h v a u l t e d r o o f s h a v e r e s p e c t i v e l y l o w e r i n d o o r
t e m p e r a t u r e c o m p a r e d w i t f l a t r o o f s , b u t t h e h a l f r i m a n g l e
0
m u s t b e b i g g e r t h a n 5 0 .
H o w e v e r , w i t h t h e d e c r e a s e i n t h e h a l f r i m a n g l e o f a V R , t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f i n d o o r t h e r m a l
c o n d i t i o n b e t w e e n a V R a n d a F R b u i l d i n g b e c o m e s s m a l l a n d i n s i g n i f i c a n t
7 8
. D u e t o t h e r m a l
s t r a t i f i c a t i o n , t h e a i r h e a t e d w i t h i n a b u i l d i n g t h a t h a s a c u r v e d r o o f g a t h e r s i n t h e s p a c e u n d e r
t h e r o o f , t h u s c r e a t i n g m o r e c o m f o r t a b l e c o n d i t i o n s o n t h e l i v i n g / f l o o r l e v e l
7 9
.
P l a n s f o r b u i l d i n g i n B o d r u m m u s t b e e x a m i n e d b y a l o c a l a r c h i t e c t u r a l c o u n c i l t o e n s u r e
t h a t t h e y c o m p l y w i t h d e s i g n r e q u i r e m e n t s r e l a t e d t o t h e l o c a l t r a d i t i o n a l s t y l e . T h e r e a r e
s o m e p r o h i b i t i o n s t o p r o t e c t t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s t y l e , f o r e x a m p l e , v a u l t e d r o o f s a r e f o r b i d d e n .
T h e r e f o r e , t h e y a r e n o t c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e e n e r g e t i c a n a l y s i s . E x a m p l e s o f c u r v e d r o o f s c a n

4 9
r a r e l y b e s e e n i n B o d r u m . T h e r o o f f o r m o f b o t h o f t h e s e a n a l y s e d o b j e c t s h a s t r a d i t i o n a l l y
b e e n f l a t .
4 . 2 . 3 . 2 F e n e s t r a t i o n
I n h o t - d r y c l i m a t e s w i n d o w s n e e d t o b e s h a d e d
8 0
. I t i s
a l s o p r e f e r r e d t h a t t h e y h a v e a s m a l l a r e a . W i n d o w s w i t h
s m a l l a r e a w o u l d s u p p l y s u f f i c i e n t s u n l i g h t i n s u n n y
z o n e s l i k e B o d r u m . D u e t o c h a n g i n g c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s
i n t h e 2 1
s t
c e n t u r y , c l i m a t i c c h a n g e s a r e e n c o u n t e r e d .
T h e r e f o r e , i t i s p r e f e r a b l e t h a t t h e w i n d o w s h a d e s a l l o w
t h e s u n l i g h t i n u n d e r h e a t e d s e s s i o n s l i k e t h e y c u t - o f f s u n
i n o v e r h e a t e d s e s s i o n s .
B e s i d e t h e o r i e n t a t i o n , s i z e , a n d t y p e o f w i n d o w s ,
w i n d o w s h a d e s a r e v e r y i m p o r t a n t i n a v o i d i n g r a d i a t i v e
h e a t g a i n . I n m o s t p a s s i v e s y s t e m s , c o n t r o l i s
a c c o m p l i s h e d b y m o v i n g a s h a d i n g d e v i c e t h a t r e g u l a t e s
t h e a m o u n t o f s o l a r r a d i a t i o n a d m i t t e d i n t o t h e s t r u c t u r e .
M a n u a l l y o p e r a t e d w i n d o w s h a d e s o r V e n e t i a n b l i n d s a r e t h e m o s t w i d e l y u s e d b e c a u s e o f
t h e i r s i m p l e c o n t r o l
8 1
. T h e i r i m p a c t s w i l l b e a n a l y s e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r .
A s i n a l l M e d i t e r r a n e a n c o u n t r i e s , e x t e r n a l s h u t t e r s a r e c l o s e d i n m i d - m o r n i n g ; p a r t l y
o p e n e d t o p e r m i t e v e n i n g a n d n i g h t - t i m e v e n t i l a t i o n ; a n d f u l l y o p e n e d i n t h e e a r l y m o r n i n g t o
v e n t i l a t e t h e r o o m s a n d a d m i t l i g h t
8 2
. I n a d d i t i o n t o s h u t t e r s , o p e r a b l e l o u v e r s a r e t h e m o s t
e f f e c t i v e o u t d o o r s h a d i n g d e v i c e s . V e r t i c a l l o u v e r s h a v e a n o b s t r u c t i n g e f f e c t o n v i s i o n t o t h e
o u t s i d e a n d t h e r e f o r e a r e n o t u s e d i n B o d r u m . B u t t h e s e v e r t i c a l o v e r h a n g s a s s h a d i n g
e l e m e n t s a r e b e t t e r t h e c o l l a t e r a l o n e s i n s u m m e r s e a s o n
8 3
. O n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t s h a d i n g
e l e m e n t s u s e d i n B o d r u m a r e j a m b s f r a m i n g t h e w i n d o w s , w h i c h w i l l b e a n a l y s e d b e l o w .
F u r t h e r m o r e , h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e w i n d o w s a r e i m p o r t a n t a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r a n e n e r g y - e f f i c i e n t
b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e . T h e y a r e w i n d o w s y s t e m s w i t h a U v a l u e 1 . 5 W / m K o r l o w e r
8 4
. S e v e r a l
t e c h n o l o g i e s a r e h e r e a l s o a v a i l a b l e t o r e d u c e r a d i a t i v e a n d c o n v e c t i v e h e a t g a i n t r a n s f e r
b e t w e e n g l a z i n g s w i t h L o w - E ( l o w e m i s s i v i t y ) c o a t i n g s
8 5
. S u c h s y s t e m s a r e b e i n g u s e d i n
B o d r u m w i d e l y . T h e U V a l u e o f a s i n g l e p a i n w i n d o w i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 . 8 W / m K , w h e r e a s
t h e U V a l u e o f a d o u b l e g l a z i n g i s n e a r l y 3 W / m K . D o u b l e - g l a z i n g w i t h L o w - E c o a t i n g h a s
a n U V a l u e o f a p p . 3 W / m K , b u t f i l l i n g t h e a i r g a p b e t w e e n t h e g l a z i n g w i t h n o b l e g a s e s l i k e
P i c t u r e 5 E x t e r n a l S h a d i n g E x a m p l e
( A u t h o r )

4 9
r a r e l y b e s e e n i n B o d r u m . T h e r o o f f o r m o f b o t h o f t h e s e a n a l y s e d o b j e c t s h a s t r a d i t i o n a l l y
b e e n f l a t .
4 . 2 . 3 . 2 F e n e s t r a t i o n
I n h o t - d r y c l i m a t e s w i n d o w s n e e d t o b e s h a d e d
8 0
. I t i s
a l s o p r e f e r r e d t h a t t h e y h a v e a s m a l l a r e a . W i n d o w s w i t h
s m a l l a r e a w o u l d s u p p l y s u f f i c i e n t s u n l i g h t i n s u n n y
z o n e s l i k e B o d r u m . D u e t o c h a n g i n g c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s
i n t h e 2 1
s t
c e n t u r y , c l i m a t i c c h a n g e s a r e e n c o u n t e r e d .
T h e r e f o r e , i t i s p r e f e r a b l e t h a t t h e w i n d o w s h a d e s a l l o w
t h e s u n l i g h t i n u n d e r h e a t e d s e s s i o n s l i k e t h e y c u t - o f f s u n
i n o v e r h e a t e d s e s s i o n s .
B e s i d e t h e o r i e n t a t i o n , s i z e , a n d t y p e o f w i n d o w s ,
w i n d o w s h a d e s a r e v e r y i m p o r t a n t i n a v o i d i n g r a d i a t i v e
h e a t g a i n . I n m o s t p a s s i v e s y s t e m s , c o n t r o l i s
a c c o m p l i s h e d b y m o v i n g a s h a d i n g d e v i c e t h a t r e g u l a t e s
t h e a m o u n t o f s o l a r r a d i a t i o n a d m i t t e d i n t o t h e s t r u c t u r e .
M a n u a l l y o p e r a t e d w i n d o w s h a d e s o r V e n e t i a n b l i n d s a r e t h e m o s t w i d e l y u s e d b e c a u s e o f
t h e i r s i m p l e c o n t r o l
8 1
. T h e i r i m p a c t s w i l l b e a n a l y s e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r .
A s i n a l l M e d i t e r r a n e a n c o u n t r i e s , e x t e r n a l s h u t t e r s a r e c l o s e d i n m i d - m o r n i n g ; p a r t l y
o p e n e d t o p e r m i t e v e n i n g a n d n i g h t - t i m e v e n t i l a t i o n ; a n d f u l l y o p e n e d i n t h e e a r l y m o r n i n g t o
v e n t i l a t e t h e r o o m s a n d a d m i t l i g h t
8 2
. I n a d d i t i o n t o s h u t t e r s , o p e r a b l e l o u v e r s a r e t h e m o s t
e f f e c t i v e o u t d o o r s h a d i n g d e v i c e s . V e r t i c a l l o u v e r s h a v e a n o b s t r u c t i n g e f f e c t o n v i s i o n t o t h e
o u t s i d e a n d t h e r e f o r e a r e n o t u s e d i n B o d r u m . B u t t h e s e v e r t i c a l o v e r h a n g s a s s h a d i n g
e l e m e n t s a r e b e t t e r t h e c o l l a t e r a l o n e s i n s u m m e r s e a s o n
8 3
. O n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t s h a d i n g
e l e m e n t s u s e d i n B o d r u m a r e j a m b s f r a m i n g t h e w i n d o w s , w h i c h w i l l b e a n a l y s e d b e l o w .
F u r t h e r m o r e , h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e w i n d o w s a r e i m p o r t a n t a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r a n e n e r g y - e f f i c i e n t
b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e . T h e y a r e w i n d o w s y s t e m s w i t h a U v a l u e 1 . 5 W / m K o r l o w e r
8 4
. S e v e r a l
t e c h n o l o g i e s a r e h e r e a l s o a v a i l a b l e t o r e d u c e r a d i a t i v e a n d c o n v e c t i v e h e a t g a i n t r a n s f e r
b e t w e e n g l a z i n g s w i t h L o w - E ( l o w e m i s s i v i t y ) c o a t i n g s
8 5
. S u c h s y s t e m s a r e b e i n g u s e d i n
B o d r u m w i d e l y . T h e U V a l u e o f a s i n g l e p a i n w i n d o w i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 . 8 W / m K , w h e r e a s
t h e U V a l u e o f a d o u b l e g l a z i n g i s n e a r l y 3 W / m K . D o u b l e - g l a z i n g w i t h L o w - E c o a t i n g h a s
a n U V a l u e o f a p p . 3 W / m K , b u t f i l l i n g t h e a i r g a p b e t w e e n t h e g l a z i n g w i t h n o b l e g a s e s l i k e
P i c t u r e 5 E x t e r n a l S h a d i n g E x a m p l e
( A u t h o r )

49
rarely be seen in Bodrum. The roof form of both of these analysed objects has traditionally
been flat.
4.2.3.2 Fenestration
In hot-dry climates windows need to be shaded
80
. It is
also preferred that they have a small area. Windows with
small area would supply sufficient sunlight in sunny
zones like Bodrum. Due to changing climatic conditions
in the 21
st
century, climatic changes are encountered.
Therefore, it is preferable that the window shades allow
the sunlight in underheated sessions like they cut-off sun
in overheated sessions.
Beside the orientation, size, and type of windows,
window shades are very important in avoiding radiative
heat gain. In most passive systems, control is
accomplished by moving a shading device that regulates
the amount of solar radiation admitted into the structure.
Manually operated window shades or Venetian blinds are the most widely used because of
their simple control
81
. Their impacts will be analysed in the following chapter.
As in all Mediterranean countries, external shutters are closed in mid-morning; partly
opened to permit evening and night-time ventilation; and fully opened in the early morning to
ventilate the rooms and admit light
82
. In addition to shutters, operable louvers are the most
effective outdoor shading devices. Vertical louvers have an obstructing effect on vision to the
outside and therefore are not used in Bodrum. But these vertical overhangs as shading
elements are better the collateral ones in summer season
83
. One of the most important shading
elements used in Bodrum are jambs framing the windows, which will be analysed below.
Furthermore, high performance windows are important alternatives for an energy-efficient
building envelope. They are window systems with a U value 1.5 W/mK or lower
84
. Several
technologies are here also available to reduce radiative and convective heat gain transfer
between glazings with Low-E (low emissivity) coatings
85
. Such systems are being used in
Bodrum widely. The U Value of a single pain window is approximately 5.8 W/mK, whereas
the U Value of a double glazing is nearly 3 W/mK. Double-glazing with Low-E coating has
an U Value of app. 3 W/mK, but filling the air gap between the glazing with noble gases like
Picture 5 External Shading Example
(Author)

49
rarely be seen in Bodrum. The roof form of both of these analysed objects has traditionally
been flat.
4.2.3.2 Fenestration
In hot-dry climates windows need to be shaded
80
. It is
also preferred that they have a small area. Windows with
small area would supply sufficient sunlight in sunny
zones like Bodrum. Due to changing climatic conditions
in the 21
st
century, climatic changes are encountered.
Therefore, it is preferable that the window shades allow
the sunlight in underheated sessions like they cut-off sun
in overheated sessions.
Beside the orientation, size, and type of windows,
window shades are very important in avoiding radiative
heat gain. In most passive systems, control is
accomplished by moving a shading device that regulates
the amount of solar radiation admitted into the structure.
Manually operated window shades or Venetian blinds are the most widely used because of
their simple control
81
. Their impacts will be analysed in the following chapter.
As in all Mediterranean countries, external shutters are closed in mid-morning; partly
opened to permit evening and night-time ventilation; and fully opened in the early morning to
ventilate the rooms and admit light
82
. In addition to shutters, operable louvers are the most
effective outdoor shading devices. Vertical louvers have an obstructing effect on vision to the
outside and therefore are not used in Bodrum. But these vertical overhangs as shading
elements are better the collateral ones in summer season
83
. One of the most important shading
elements used in Bodrum are jambs framing the windows, which will be analysed below.
Furthermore, high performance windows are important alternatives for an energy-efficient
building envelope. They are window systems with a U value 1.5 W/mK or lower
84
. Several
technologies are here also available to reduce radiative and convective heat gain transfer
between glazings with Low-E (low emissivity) coatings
85
. Such systems are being used in
Bodrum widely. The U Value of a single pain window is approximately 5.8 W/mK, whereas
the U Value of a double glazing is nearly 3 W/mK. Double-glazing with Low-E coating has
an U Value of app. 3 W/mK, but filling the air gap between the glazing with noble gases like
Picture 5 External Shading Example
(Author)

50
argon, krypton, and xenon can slash the U value (by Argon 1,3 W/mK, by Xenon 0.9
W/mK). This is an expensive method and not widely used in Bodrum.
The fenestration of the HH corresponds to the traditional rules. The transparency on the
facades is between zero to 14.3 per cent. But the quality of the windows are not corresponding
the high-tech standards of insulation. Unlike the HH, the percentage of transparency of the
AH is reaches over 40 per cent, which is not typical for Bodrum. Nevertheless, double-glazed
windows with an U-Value below 1.5 W/mK, which is what is being planned for usage, are
sufficient measurements for solar heat gain and heat lost.
4.2.3.3 Walls
Braun summerizes that the most important criteria of the walls are their thermal storage
capabilities. This capability can be used either for passive heating or passive cooling.
Effective use of thermal storage can reduce heat during the day
86
, and the thermal energy can
be transmitted to outside with natural ventilation at night. This technique can be used with
heavyweight walls and in moderate climate zones. Climatic conditions and the art of building
construction in Bodrum make difficult to apply this technique.
As mentioned in section 3.5, the color and texture of a material surface determine its
reflectivity and heat absorption. The color of the external walls of dwellings in Bodrum is
restricted by specific building regulations. The color white or similar light colors are
permitted, any other colors are definitely forbidden. Nevertheless, the number of rule
violations are not negligible.
4.3 Analyzing the examples for active use of renewable energy
Below two dwellings are defined, which differ in their location, size, utilization and energy
demand. They are analysis objects for the passive and active use of renewable energy in
dwellings. The selected objects will be studied first with respect to their passive architectural
aspects, following with active measures. Therefore, their energetic characteristics will be
given in this section. As objects for analysis, a holiday house and an attached house are
defined in this chapter. Due to the different criteria, the analysis of these objects enables
results, which can be used for the future settlements.

50
argon, krypton, and xenon can slash the U value (by Argon 1,3 W/mK, by Xenon 0.9
W/mK). This is an expensive method and not widely used in Bodrum.
The fenestration of the HH corresponds to the traditional rules. The transparency on the
facades is between zero to 14.3 per cent. But the quality of the windows are not corresponding
the high-tech standards of insulation. Unlike the HH, the percentage of transparency of the
AH is reaches over 40 per cent, which is not typical for Bodrum. Nevertheless, double-glazed
windows with an U-Value below 1.5 W/mK, which is what is being planned for usage, are
sufficient measurements for solar heat gain and heat lost.
4.2.3.3 Walls
Braun summerizes that the most important criteria of the walls are their thermal storage
capabilities. This capability can be used either for passive heating or passive cooling.
Effective use of thermal storage can reduce heat during the day
86
, and the thermal energy can
be transmitted to outside with natural ventilation at night. This technique can be used with
heavyweight walls and in moderate climate zones. Climatic conditions and the art of building
construction in Bodrum make difficult to apply this technique.
As mentioned in section 3.5, the color and texture of a material surface determine its
reflectivity and heat absorption. The color of the external walls of dwellings in Bodrum is
restricted by specific building regulations. The color white or similar light colors are
permitted, any other colors are definitely forbidden. Nevertheless, the number of rule
violations are not negligible.
4.3 Analyzing the examples for active use of renewable energy
Below two dwellings are defined, which differ in their location, size, utilization and energy
demand. They are analysis objects for the passive and active use of renewable energy in
dwellings. The selected objects will be studied first with respect to their passive architectural
aspects, following with active measures. Therefore, their energetic characteristics will be
given in this section. As objects for analysis, a holiday house and an attached house are
defined in this chapter. Due to the different criteria, the analysis of these objects enables
results, which can be used for the future settlements.

5 0
a r g o n , k r y p t o n , a n d x e n o n c a n s l a s h t h e U v a l u e ( b y A r g o n 1 , 3 W / m K , b y X e n o n 0 . 9
W / m K ) . T h i s i s a n e x p e n s i v e m e t h o d a n d n o t w i d e l y u s e d i n B o d r u m .
T h e f e n e s t r a t i o n o f t h e H H c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e t r a d i t i o n a l r u l e s . T h e t r a n s p a r e n c y o n t h e
f a c a d e s i s b e t w e e n z e r o t o 1 4 . 3 p e r c e n t . B u t t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e w i n d o w s a r e n o t c o r r e s p o n d i n g
t h e h i g h - t e c h s t a n d a r d s o f i n s u l a t i o n . U n l i k e t h e H H , t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f t r a n s p a r e n c y o f t h e
A H i s r e a c h e s o v e r 4 0 p e r c e n t , w h i c h i s n o t t y p i c a l f o r B o d r u m . N e v e r t h e l e s s , d o u b l e - g l a z e d
w i n d o w s w i t h a n U - V a l u e b e l o w 1 . 5 W / m K , w h i c h i s w h a t i s b e i n g p l a n n e d f o r u s a g e , a r e
s u f f i c i e n t m e a s u r e m e n t s f o r s o l a r h e a t g a i n a n d h e a t l o s t .
4 . 2 . 3 . 3 W a l l s
B r a u n s u m m e r i z e s t h a t t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i a o f t h e w a l l s a r e t h e i r t h e r m a l s t o r a g e
c a p a b i l i t i e s . T h i s c a p a b i l i t y c a n b e u s e d e i t h e r f o r p a s s i v e h e a t i n g o r p a s s i v e c o o l i n g .
E f f e c t i v e u s e o f t h e r m a l s t o r a g e c a n r e d u c e h e a t d u r i n g t h e d a y
8 6
, a n d t h e t h e r m a l e n e r g y c a n
b e t r a n s m i t t e d t o o u t s i d e w i t h n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n a t n i g h t . T h i s t e c h n i q u e c a n b e u s e d w i t h
h e a v y w e i g h t w a l l s a n d i n m o d e r a t e c l i m a t e z o n e s . C l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s a n d t h e a r t o f b u i l d i n g
c o n s t r u c t i o n i n B o d r u m m a k e d i f f i c u l t t o a p p l y t h i s t e c h n i q u e .
A s m e n t i o n e d i n s e c t i o n 3 . 5 , t h e c o l o r a n d t e x t u r e o f a m a t e r i a l s u r f a c e d e t e r m i n e i t s
r e f l e c t i v i t y a n d h e a t a b s o r p t i o n . T h e c o l o r o f t h e e x t e r n a l w a l l s o f d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m i s
r e s t r i c t e d b y s p e c i f i c b u i l d i n g r e g u l a t i o n s . T h e c o l o r w h i t e o r s i m i l a r l i g h t c o l o r s a r e
p e r m i t t e d , a n y o t h e r c o l o r s a r e d e f i n i t e l y f o r b i d d e n . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e n u m b e r o f r u l e
v i o l a t i o n s a r e n o t n e g l i g i b l e .
4 . 3 A n a l y z i n g t h e e x a m p l e s f o r a c t i v e u s e o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y
B e l o w t w o d w e l l i n g s a r e d e f i n e d , w h i c h d i f f e r i n t h e i r l o c a t i o n , s i z e , u t i l i z a t i o n a n d e n e r g y
d e m a n d . T h e y a r e a n a l y s i s o b j e c t s f o r t h e p a s s i v e a n d a c t i v e u s e o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y i n
d w e l l i n g s . T h e s e l e c t e d o b j e c t s w i l l b e s t u d i e d f i r s t w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i r p a s s i v e a r c h i t e c t u r a l
a s p e c t s , f o l l o w i n g w i t h a c t i v e m e a s u r e s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e i r e n e r g e t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w i l l b e
g i v e n i n t h i s s e c t i o n . A s o b j e c t s f o r a n a l y s i s , a h o l i d a y h o u s e a n d a n a t t a c h e d h o u s e a r e
d e f i n e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r . D u e t o t h e d i f f e r e n t c r i t e r i a , t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e s e o b j e c t s e n a b l e s
r e s u l t s , w h i c h c a n b e u s e d f o r t h e f u t u r e s e t t l e m e n t s .

5 0
a r g o n , k r y p t o n , a n d x e n o n c a n s l a s h t h e U v a l u e ( b y A r g o n 1 , 3 W / m K , b y X e n o n 0 . 9
W / m K ) . T h i s i s a n e x p e n s i v e m e t h o d a n d n o t w i d e l y u s e d i n B o d r u m .
T h e f e n e s t r a t i o n o f t h e H H c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e t r a d i t i o n a l r u l e s . T h e t r a n s p a r e n c y o n t h e
f a c a d e s i s b e t w e e n z e r o t o 1 4 . 3 p e r c e n t . B u t t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e w i n d o w s a r e n o t c o r r e s p o n d i n g
t h e h i g h - t e c h s t a n d a r d s o f i n s u l a t i o n . U n l i k e t h e H H , t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f t r a n s p a r e n c y o f t h e
A H i s r e a c h e s o v e r 4 0 p e r c e n t , w h i c h i s n o t t y p i c a l f o r B o d r u m . N e v e r t h e l e s s , d o u b l e - g l a z e d
w i n d o w s w i t h a n U - V a l u e b e l o w 1 . 5 W / m K , w h i c h i s w h a t i s b e i n g p l a n n e d f o r u s a g e , a r e
s u f f i c i e n t m e a s u r e m e n t s f o r s o l a r h e a t g a i n a n d h e a t l o s t .
4 . 2 . 3 . 3 W a l l s
B r a u n s u m m e r i z e s t h a t t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i a o f t h e w a l l s a r e t h e i r t h e r m a l s t o r a g e
c a p a b i l i t i e s . T h i s c a p a b i l i t y c a n b e u s e d e i t h e r f o r p a s s i v e h e a t i n g o r p a s s i v e c o o l i n g .
E f f e c t i v e u s e o f t h e r m a l s t o r a g e c a n r e d u c e h e a t d u r i n g t h e d a y
8 6
, a n d t h e t h e r m a l e n e r g y c a n
b e t r a n s m i t t e d t o o u t s i d e w i t h n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n a t n i g h t . T h i s t e c h n i q u e c a n b e u s e d w i t h
h e a v y w e i g h t w a l l s a n d i n m o d e r a t e c l i m a t e z o n e s . C l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s a n d t h e a r t o f b u i l d i n g
c o n s t r u c t i o n i n B o d r u m m a k e d i f f i c u l t t o a p p l y t h i s t e c h n i q u e .
A s m e n t i o n e d i n s e c t i o n 3 . 5 , t h e c o l o r a n d t e x t u r e o f a m a t e r i a l s u r f a c e d e t e r m i n e i t s
r e f l e c t i v i t y a n d h e a t a b s o r p t i o n . T h e c o l o r o f t h e e x t e r n a l w a l l s o f d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m i s
r e s t r i c t e d b y s p e c i f i c b u i l d i n g r e g u l a t i o n s . T h e c o l o r w h i t e o r s i m i l a r l i g h t c o l o r s a r e
p e r m i t t e d , a n y o t h e r c o l o r s a r e d e f i n i t e l y f o r b i d d e n . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e n u m b e r o f r u l e
v i o l a t i o n s a r e n o t n e g l i g i b l e .
4 . 3 A n a l y z i n g t h e e x a m p l e s f o r a c t i v e u s e o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y
B e l o w t w o d w e l l i n g s a r e d e f i n e d , w h i c h d i f f e r i n t h e i r l o c a t i o n , s i z e , u t i l i z a t i o n a n d e n e r g y
d e m a n d . T h e y a r e a n a l y s i s o b j e c t s f o r t h e p a s s i v e a n d a c t i v e u s e o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y i n
d w e l l i n g s . T h e s e l e c t e d o b j e c t s w i l l b e s t u d i e d f i r s t w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i r p a s s i v e a r c h i t e c t u r a l
a s p e c t s , f o l l o w i n g w i t h a c t i v e m e a s u r e s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e i r e n e r g e t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w i l l b e
g i v e n i n t h i s s e c t i o n . A s o b j e c t s f o r a n a l y s i s , a h o l i d a y h o u s e a n d a n a t t a c h e d h o u s e a r e
d e f i n e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r . D u e t o t h e d i f f e r e n t c r i t e r i a , t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e s e o b j e c t s e n a b l e s
r e s u l t s , w h i c h c a n b e u s e d f o r t h e f u t u r e s e t t l e m e n t s .


5 1
4 . 3 . 1 H o l i d a y H o u s e ( H H )


T h e f i r s t e x a m p l e i s a f r e e s t a n d i n g h o l i d a y h o u s e i n B o d r u m - C e n t e r . T h e r e a r e t w o
i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i a i n c h o o s i n g t h i s h o u s e : f i r s t o f a l l , t h e o b j e c t i s s i t u a t e d i n a h i g h - d e n s i t y
s e t t l e m e n t , w h i c h i s t y p i c a l f o r B o d r u m . S e c o n d l y , n o e n e r g e t i c o r c l i m a t i c a s p e c t s a r e
c o n s i d e r e d i n t h i s e x a m p l e . T h i s s i t u a t i o n e n a b l e s c l e a r l y a d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e a c t u a l
c o n d i t i o n a n d t h e s u b s e q u e n t c o n d i t i o n a f t e r t h e s u g g e s t e d m e a s u r e s . T h e t w o c u b e - s h a p e d
h o u s e f o r m s , w h i c h a r e l o c a t e d s i d e b y s i d e , c o n t a i n 5 d w e l l i n g u n i t s . G e o m e t r i c a l d a t a o f t h i s
d w e l l i n g w i t h a f l a t r o o f a r e r e p r e s e n t e d i n d r a w i n g 3 .
4 . 3 . 1 . 1 H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g o f t h e H H
D u e t o t h e o c c u p a n c y c o n d i t i o n s i n B o d r u m , i n s e r t e d h e a t i n g s y s t e m s a r e n o t n e c e s s a r y f o r
h o u s e s l i k e t h e H H . I t i s o c c u p i e d m o s t l y i n t h e s u m m e r m o n t h s . I f n e c e s s a r y , h e a t i n g i s
s u p p l i e d b y m o b i l e e l e c t r i c a l h e a t i n g e l e m e n t s o r h e a t i n g f u n c t i o n o f i n s e r t e d a i r c o n d i t i o n e r s .
S u f f i c i e n t i n d o o r t e m p e r a t u r e i n t h e s h o r t w i n t e r s e a s o n s a r e g e n e r a l l y s u p p l i e d w i t h t h e s e
p r o v i s i o n a l m e a s u r e s . F u r t h e r m o r e , a n d t y p i c a l f o r B o d r u m , i s t h e f a c t t h a t c o o l i n g i s s u p p l i e d
b y r a t i o n a l a i r c o n d i t i o n e r s .
4 . 3 . 1 . 2 H o t W a t e r P r o d u c t i o n a n d P o w e r S u p p l y
T h e u s e o f t h e t h e r m a l s o l a r p l a n t s i s h i g h l y c o m m o n i n B o d r u m , b u t n o t s u f f i c i e n t
e n o u g h . L i k e i n m o s t d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m , d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r s u p p l y i n a l l f i v e u n i t s i s
a c h i e v e d b y b o i l e r s . T h e e l e c t r i c p o w e r s u p p l y i s e n s u r e d b y t h e p u b l i c e l e c t r i c i t y n e t w o r k .
B u t , t h e r e a r e f r e q u e n t p o w e r c u t s i n B o d r u m . T h i s p r o b l e m r e q u i r e s a n a d d i t i o n a l p o w e r
s o u r c e .
4 . 3 . 2 A t t a c h e d H o u s e ( A H )
T h e s e c o n d e x a m p l e i s a f r e e s t a n d i n g o n e - f a m i l y h o u s e i n B o d r u m - O r t a k e n t . T h e
i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i a b y c h o o s i n g t h i s o b j e c t a r e :


H o l i d a y h o u s e : I t i s g e n e r a l l y a h o u s e i n a h o l i d a y r e g i o n , w h e r e g u e s t s s p e n d t h e i r v a c a t i o n f o r a c e r t a i n p e r i o d i n s u m m e r . T h i s p e r i o d
d o e s g e n e r a l l y n o t e x c e e d a m o n t h .



5 1
4 . 3 . 1 H o l i d a y H o u s e ( H H )


T h e f i r s t e x a m p l e i s a f r e e s t a n d i n g h o l i d a y h o u s e i n B o d r u m - C e n t e r . T h e r e a r e t w o
i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i a i n c h o o s i n g t h i s h o u s e : f i r s t o f a l l , t h e o b j e c t i s s i t u a t e d i n a h i g h - d e n s i t y
s e t t l e m e n t , w h i c h i s t y p i c a l f o r B o d r u m . S e c o n d l y , n o e n e r g e t i c o r c l i m a t i c a s p e c t s a r e
c o n s i d e r e d i n t h i s e x a m p l e . T h i s s i t u a t i o n e n a b l e s c l e a r l y a d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e a c t u a l
c o n d i t i o n a n d t h e s u b s e q u e n t c o n d i t i o n a f t e r t h e s u g g e s t e d m e a s u r e s . T h e t w o c u b e - s h a p e d
h o u s e f o r m s , w h i c h a r e l o c a t e d s i d e b y s i d e , c o n t a i n 5 d w e l l i n g u n i t s . G e o m e t r i c a l d a t a o f t h i s
d w e l l i n g w i t h a f l a t r o o f a r e r e p r e s e n t e d i n d r a w i n g 3 .
4 . 3 . 1 . 1 H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g o f t h e H H
D u e t o t h e o c c u p a n c y c o n d i t i o n s i n B o d r u m , i n s e r t e d h e a t i n g s y s t e m s a r e n o t n e c e s s a r y f o r
h o u s e s l i k e t h e H H . I t i s o c c u p i e d m o s t l y i n t h e s u m m e r m o n t h s . I f n e c e s s a r y , h e a t i n g i s
s u p p l i e d b y m o b i l e e l e c t r i c a l h e a t i n g e l e m e n t s o r h e a t i n g f u n c t i o n o f i n s e r t e d a i r c o n d i t i o n e r s .
S u f f i c i e n t i n d o o r t e m p e r a t u r e i n t h e s h o r t w i n t e r s e a s o n s a r e g e n e r a l l y s u p p l i e d w i t h t h e s e
p r o v i s i o n a l m e a s u r e s . F u r t h e r m o r e , a n d t y p i c a l f o r B o d r u m , i s t h e f a c t t h a t c o o l i n g i s s u p p l i e d
b y r a t i o n a l a i r c o n d i t i o n e r s .
4 . 3 . 1 . 2 H o t W a t e r P r o d u c t i o n a n d P o w e r S u p p l y
T h e u s e o f t h e t h e r m a l s o l a r p l a n t s i s h i g h l y c o m m o n i n B o d r u m , b u t n o t s u f f i c i e n t
e n o u g h . L i k e i n m o s t d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m , d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r s u p p l y i n a l l f i v e u n i t s i s
a c h i e v e d b y b o i l e r s . T h e e l e c t r i c p o w e r s u p p l y i s e n s u r e d b y t h e p u b l i c e l e c t r i c i t y n e t w o r k .
B u t , t h e r e a r e f r e q u e n t p o w e r c u t s i n B o d r u m . T h i s p r o b l e m r e q u i r e s a n a d d i t i o n a l p o w e r
s o u r c e .
4 . 3 . 2 A t t a c h e d H o u s e ( A H )
T h e s e c o n d e x a m p l e i s a f r e e s t a n d i n g o n e - f a m i l y h o u s e i n B o d r u m - O r t a k e n t . T h e
i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i a b y c h o o s i n g t h i s o b j e c t a r e :


H o l i d a y h o u s e : I t i s g e n e r a l l y a h o u s e i n a h o l i d a y r e g i o n , w h e r e g u e s t s s p e n d t h e i r v a c a t i o n f o r a c e r t a i n p e r i o d i n s u m m e r . T h i s p e r i o d
d o e s g e n e r a l l y n o t e x c e e d a m o n t h .



51
4.3.1 Holiday House (HH)


The first example is a freestanding holiday house in Bodrum-Center. There are two
important criteria in choosing this house: first of all, the object is situated in a high-density
settlement, which is typical for Bodrum. Secondly, no energetic or climatic aspects are
considered in this example. This situation enables clearly a distinction between the actual
condition and the subsequent condition after the suggested measures. The two cube-shaped
house forms, which are located side by side, contain 5 dwelling units. Geometrical data of this
dwelling with a flat roof are represented in drawing 3.
4.3.1.1 Heating and Cooling of the HH
Due to the occupancy conditions in Bodrum, inserted heating systems are not necessary for
houses like the HH. It is occupied mostly in the summer months. If necessary, heating is
supplied by mobile electrical heating elements or heating function of inserted air conditioners.
Sufficient indoor temperature in the short winter seasons are generally supplied with these
provisional measures. Furthermore, and typical for Bodrum, is the fact that cooling is supplied
by rational air conditioners.
4.3.1.2 Hot Water Production and Power Supply
The use of the thermal solar plants is highly common in Bodrum, but not sufficient
enough. Like in most dwellings in Bodrum, domestic hot water supply in all five units is
achieved by boilers. The electric power supply is ensured by the public electricity network.
But, there are frequent power cuts in Bodrum. This problem requires an additional power
source.
4.3.2 Attached House (AH)
The second example is a freestanding one-family house in Bodrum-Ortakent. The
important criteria by choosing this object are:


Holiday house: It is generally a house in a holiday region, where guests spend their vacation for a certain period in summer. This period
does generally not exceed a month.



51
4.3.1 Holiday House (HH)


The first example is a freestanding holiday house in Bodrum-Center. There are two
important criteria in choosing this house: first of all, the object is situated in a high-density
settlement, which is typical for Bodrum. Secondly, no energetic or climatic aspects are
considered in this example. This situation enables clearly a distinction between the actual
condition and the subsequent condition after the suggested measures. The two cube-shaped
house forms, which are located side by side, contain 5 dwelling units. Geometrical data of this
dwelling with a flat roof are represented in drawing 3.
4.3.1.1 Heating and Cooling of the HH
Due to the occupancy conditions in Bodrum, inserted heating systems are not necessary for
houses like the HH. It is occupied mostly in the summer months. If necessary, heating is
supplied by mobile electrical heating elements or heating function of inserted air conditioners.
Sufficient indoor temperature in the short winter seasons are generally supplied with these
provisional measures. Furthermore, and typical for Bodrum, is the fact that cooling is supplied
by rational air conditioners.
4.3.1.2 Hot Water Production and Power Supply
The use of the thermal solar plants is highly common in Bodrum, but not sufficient
enough. Like in most dwellings in Bodrum, domestic hot water supply in all five units is
achieved by boilers. The electric power supply is ensured by the public electricity network.
But, there are frequent power cuts in Bodrum. This problem requires an additional power
source.
4.3.2 Attached House (AH)
The second example is a freestanding one-family house in Bodrum-Ortakent. The
important criteria by choosing this object are:


Holiday house: It is generally a house in a holiday region, where guests spend their vacation for a certain period in summer. This period
does generally not exceed a month.



52
It is placed in a low-density settlement compared with the first object.
It has not been built yet and therefore is suitable for modifications in the design phase.
Insulation and high performance windows are integrated into the design.
The two staircase-shaped house forms, which are located side by side, contain 4 dwelling
units. Geometrical data of this dwelling with flat roof are represented in drawings 5 and 6.

Figure 4 Visualisation of the Attached House
4.3.2.1 Heating, Cooling and Power Supply of the AH
Due to the utilization of this house in the winter period, the insertion of a heating system is
required. The statements of local people show us that heating supplied by mobile electrical
heating elements or the heating function of inserted air conditioners are not effective in winter
period. Furthermore, an active cooling system is necessary. Like by the HH, the electric
power supply is ensured by the public electricity network and additional power source is
required.
4.4 Energy Characteristics of the Examples
Unfortunately there is no energy saving regulation relating to buildings. For this reason,
the German Version ENEV (Energieeinsparverordnung) is used by definitions of
characteristics and calculations.



52
It is placed in a low-density settlement compared with the first object.
It has not been built yet and therefore is suitable for modifications in the design phase.
Insulation and high performance windows are integrated into the design.
The two staircase-shaped house forms, which are located side by side, contain 4 dwelling
units. Geometrical data of this dwelling with flat roof are represented in drawings 5 and 6.

Figure 4 Visualisation of the Attached House
4.3.2.1 Heating, Cooling and Power Supply of the AH
Due to the utilization of this house in the winter period, the insertion of a heating system is
required. The statements of local people show us that heating supplied by mobile electrical
heating elements or the heating function of inserted air conditioners are not effective in winter
period. Furthermore, an active cooling system is necessary. Like by the HH, the electric
power supply is ensured by the public electricity network and additional power source is
required.
4.4 Energy Characteristics of the Examples
Unfortunately there is no energy saving regulation relating to buildings. For this reason,
the German Version ENEV (Energieeinsparverordnung) is used by definitions of
characteristics and calculations.



5 2
I t i s p l a c e d i n a l o w - d e n s i t y s e t t l e m e n t c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e f i r s t o b j e c t .
I t h a s n o t b e e n b u i l t y e t a n d t h e r e f o r e i s s u i t a b l e f o r m o d i f i c a t i o n s i n t h e d e s i g n p h a s e .
I n s u l a t i o n a n d h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e w i n d o w s a r e i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e d e s i g n .
T h e t w o s t a i r c a s e - s h a p e d h o u s e f o r m s , w h i c h a r e l o c a t e d s i d e b y s i d e , c o n t a i n 4 d w e l l i n g
u n i t s . G e o m e t r i c a l d a t a o f t h i s d w e l l i n g w i t h f l a t r o o f a r e r e p r e s e n t e d i n d r a w i n g s 5 a n d 6 .

F i g u r e 4 V i s u a l i s a t i o n o f t h e A t t a c h e d H o u s e
4 . 3 . 2 . 1 H e a t i n g , C o o l i n g a n d P o w e r S u p p l y o f t h e A H
D u e t o t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h i s h o u s e i n t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d , t h e i n s e r t i o n o f a h e a t i n g s y s t e m i s
r e q u i r e d . T h e s t a t e m e n t s o f l o c a l p e o p l e s h o w u s t h a t h e a t i n g s u p p l i e d b y m o b i l e e l e c t r i c a l
h e a t i n g e l e m e n t s o r t h e h e a t i n g f u n c t i o n o f i n s e r t e d a i r c o n d i t i o n e r s a r e n o t e f f e c t i v e i n w i n t e r
p e r i o d . F u r t h e r m o r e , a n a c t i v e c o o l i n g s y s t e m i s n e c e s s a r y . L i k e b y t h e H H , t h e e l e c t r i c
p o w e r s u p p l y i s e n s u r e d b y t h e p u b l i c e l e c t r i c i t y n e t w o r k a n d a d d i t i o n a l p o w e r s o u r c e i s
r e q u i r e d .
4 . 4 E n e r g y C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e E x a m p l e s
U n f o r t u n a t e l y t h e r e i s n o e n e r g y s a v i n g r e g u l a t i o n r e l a t i n g t o b u i l d i n g s . F o r t h i s r e a s o n ,
t h e G e r m a n V e r s i o n E N E V ( E n e r g i e e i n s p a r v e r o r d n u n g ) i s u s e d b y d e f i n i t i o n s o f
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d c a l c u l a t i o n s .



5 2
I t i s p l a c e d i n a l o w - d e n s i t y s e t t l e m e n t c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e f i r s t o b j e c t .
I t h a s n o t b e e n b u i l t y e t a n d t h e r e f o r e i s s u i t a b l e f o r m o d i f i c a t i o n s i n t h e d e s i g n p h a s e .
I n s u l a t i o n a n d h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e w i n d o w s a r e i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e d e s i g n .
T h e t w o s t a i r c a s e - s h a p e d h o u s e f o r m s , w h i c h a r e l o c a t e d s i d e b y s i d e , c o n t a i n 4 d w e l l i n g
u n i t s . G e o m e t r i c a l d a t a o f t h i s d w e l l i n g w i t h f l a t r o o f a r e r e p r e s e n t e d i n d r a w i n g s 5 a n d 6 .

F i g u r e 4 V i s u a l i s a t i o n o f t h e A t t a c h e d H o u s e
4 . 3 . 2 . 1 H e a t i n g , C o o l i n g a n d P o w e r S u p p l y o f t h e A H
D u e t o t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h i s h o u s e i n t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d , t h e i n s e r t i o n o f a h e a t i n g s y s t e m i s
r e q u i r e d . T h e s t a t e m e n t s o f l o c a l p e o p l e s h o w u s t h a t h e a t i n g s u p p l i e d b y m o b i l e e l e c t r i c a l
h e a t i n g e l e m e n t s o r t h e h e a t i n g f u n c t i o n o f i n s e r t e d a i r c o n d i t i o n e r s a r e n o t e f f e c t i v e i n w i n t e r
p e r i o d . F u r t h e r m o r e , a n a c t i v e c o o l i n g s y s t e m i s n e c e s s a r y . L i k e b y t h e H H , t h e e l e c t r i c
p o w e r s u p p l y i s e n s u r e d b y t h e p u b l i c e l e c t r i c i t y n e t w o r k a n d a d d i t i o n a l p o w e r s o u r c e i s
r e q u i r e d .
4 . 4 E n e r g y C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e E x a m p l e s
U n f o r t u n a t e l y t h e r e i s n o e n e r g y s a v i n g r e g u l a t i o n r e l a t i n g t o b u i l d i n g s . F o r t h i s r e a s o n ,
t h e G e r m a n V e r s i o n E N E V ( E n e r g i e e i n s p a r v e r o r d n u n g ) i s u s e d b y d e f i n i t i o n s o f
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d c a l c u l a t i o n s .



5 3

V a l u e U n i t H H A H
B u i l d i n g V o l u m e V E m 7 8 6 . 5 6 3 4 . 4
A c t i v e S u r f a c e A N m 2 8 7 . 7 2 3 4 . 9
R a t i o A N / V E 1 / m 0 . 3 6 0 . 3 7
T a b l e 4 V a l u e s a b o u t F o r m a n d M a s s o f t h e E x a m p l e s
F o l l o w i n g t h e s e v a l u e s a b o v e , t h e e n e r g y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e e x a m p l e s w i l l b e d e f i n e d
o n t h e b a s i s o f a p p r o p r i a t e t e c h n i c a l l i t e r a t u r e . T a b l e 5 p r e s e n t s a r e v i e w o f t h e v a l u e s o f
s e c o n d a r y e n e r g y .
D e s c r i p t i o n U n i t H H A H
C o o l i n g L o a d k W 4 2 . 3 1 9 5 . 8 2
H e a t i n g L o a d k W 1 6 . 9 8 2 8 . 8 8
T a b l e 5 C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d s o f t h e E x a m p l e s
T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t b a s i s f o r t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f h e a t i n g - c o o l i n g e l e m e n t s i s t h e S t a n d a r d
C o o l i n g - a n d H e a t i n g L o a d a c c o r d i n g t o D I N - I S O - T S 8 5 0 ) . T h e c o o l i n g - a n d h e a t i n g l o a d s
a r e i n t a b l e 5 p r e s e n t e d . T h e a n n u a l e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t b a s e d o n c o o l e d n e t f l o o r s p a c e a r e
d e f i n e d i n t a b l e 6 .
S p e c i f i c E n e r g y D e m a n d ( k W h / m a ) = E n e r g y D e m a n d ( k W h / a ) / N e t f l o o r s p a c e ( m )
D e s c r i p t i o n U n i t H H A H
C o o l i n g D e m a n d k W h / m a 4 2 . 7 9 6 0 . 7 5
H e a t D e m a n d k W h / m a 1 1 8 . 1 8 1 2 5 . 3 1
H o t W a t e r D e m a n d k W h / m a 1 1 . 1 2 1 3 . 6 2
T a b l e 6 E f f e c t i v e E n e r g y V a l u e s o f t h e E x a m p l e s
C o o l i n g D e m a n d : I t i s t h e e x p e n s e o f e n e r g y t o p r o v i d e a s u i t a b l e t e m p e r a t u r e d u r i n g t h e
o v e r h e a t e d s e a s o n
H e a t D e m a n d : S p e c i f i c H e a t D e m a n d f o r h e a t i n g t h e e x a m p l e s w i t h m o b i l e e l e c t r i c a l
h e a t i n g e l e m e n t s o r h e a t i n g f u n c t i o n o f i n s e r t e d a i r c o n d i t i o n e r s
H o t W a t e r D e m a n d : A d d i t i o n a l t o o t h e r e n e r g y d e m a n d s , s p e c i f i c e n e r g y d e m a n d o f
w a t e r h e a t i n g


5 3

V a l u e U n i t H H A H
B u i l d i n g V o l u m e V E m 7 8 6 . 5 6 3 4 . 4
A c t i v e S u r f a c e A N m 2 8 7 . 7 2 3 4 . 9
R a t i o A N / V E 1 / m 0 . 3 6 0 . 3 7
T a b l e 4 V a l u e s a b o u t F o r m a n d M a s s o f t h e E x a m p l e s
F o l l o w i n g t h e s e v a l u e s a b o v e , t h e e n e r g y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e e x a m p l e s w i l l b e d e f i n e d
o n t h e b a s i s o f a p p r o p r i a t e t e c h n i c a l l i t e r a t u r e . T a b l e 5 p r e s e n t s a r e v i e w o f t h e v a l u e s o f
s e c o n d a r y e n e r g y .
D e s c r i p t i o n U n i t H H A H
C o o l i n g L o a d k W 4 2 . 3 1 9 5 . 8 2
H e a t i n g L o a d k W 1 6 . 9 8 2 8 . 8 8
T a b l e 5 C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d s o f t h e E x a m p l e s
T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t b a s i s f o r t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f h e a t i n g - c o o l i n g e l e m e n t s i s t h e S t a n d a r d
C o o l i n g - a n d H e a t i n g L o a d a c c o r d i n g t o D I N - I S O - T S 8 5 0 ) . T h e c o o l i n g - a n d h e a t i n g l o a d s
a r e i n t a b l e 5 p r e s e n t e d . T h e a n n u a l e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t b a s e d o n c o o l e d n e t f l o o r s p a c e a r e
d e f i n e d i n t a b l e 6 .
S p e c i f i c E n e r g y D e m a n d ( k W h / m a ) = E n e r g y D e m a n d ( k W h / a ) / N e t f l o o r s p a c e ( m )
D e s c r i p t i o n U n i t H H A H
C o o l i n g D e m a n d k W h / m a 4 2 . 7 9 6 0 . 7 5
H e a t D e m a n d k W h / m a 1 1 8 . 1 8 1 2 5 . 3 1
H o t W a t e r D e m a n d k W h / m a 1 1 . 1 2 1 3 . 6 2
T a b l e 6 E f f e c t i v e E n e r g y V a l u e s o f t h e E x a m p l e s
C o o l i n g D e m a n d : I t i s t h e e x p e n s e o f e n e r g y t o p r o v i d e a s u i t a b l e t e m p e r a t u r e d u r i n g t h e
o v e r h e a t e d s e a s o n
H e a t D e m a n d : S p e c i f i c H e a t D e m a n d f o r h e a t i n g t h e e x a m p l e s w i t h m o b i l e e l e c t r i c a l
h e a t i n g e l e m e n t s o r h e a t i n g f u n c t i o n o f i n s e r t e d a i r c o n d i t i o n e r s
H o t W a t e r D e m a n d : A d d i t i o n a l t o o t h e r e n e r g y d e m a n d s , s p e c i f i c e n e r g y d e m a n d o f
w a t e r h e a t i n g


53

Value Unit HH AH
Building Volume VE m 786.5 634.4
Active Surface AN m 287.7 234.9
Ratio AN/VE 1/m 0.36 0.37
Table 4 Values about Form and Mass of the Examples
Following these values above, the energy characteristics of the examples will be defined
on the basis of appropriate technical literature. Table 5 presents a review of the values of
secondary energy.
Description Unit HH AH
Cooling Load kW 42.31 95.82
Heating Load kW 16.98 28.88
Table 5 Cooling and Heating Loads of the Examples
The most important basis for the interpretation of heating-cooling elements is the Standard
Cooling- and Heating Load according to DIN-ISO-TS850). The cooling- and heating loads
are in table 5 presented. The annual energy requirement based on cooled net floor space are
defined in table 6.
Specific Energy Demand (kWh/ma) = Energy Demand (kWh/a) / Net floor space (m)
Description Unit HH AH
Cooling Demand kWh/ma 42.79 60.75
Heat Demand kWh/ma 118.18 125.31
Hot Water Demand kWh/ma 11.12 13.62
Table 6 Effective Energy Values of the Examples
Cooling Demand: It is the expense of energy to provide a suitable temperature during the
over heated season
Heat Demand: Specific Heat Demand for heating the examples with mobile electrical
heating elements or heating function of inserted air conditioners
Hot Water Demand: Additional to other energy demands, specific energy demand of
water heating


53

Value Unit HH AH
Building Volume VE m 786.5 634.4
Active Surface AN m 287.7 234.9
Ratio AN/VE 1/m 0.36 0.37
Table 4 Values about Form and Mass of the Examples
Following these values above, the energy characteristics of the examples will be defined
on the basis of appropriate technical literature. Table 5 presents a review of the values of
secondary energy.
Description Unit HH AH
Cooling Load kW 42.31 95.82
Heating Load kW 16.98 28.88
Table 5 Cooling and Heating Loads of the Examples
The most important basis for the interpretation of heating-cooling elements is the Standard
Cooling- and Heating Load according to DIN-ISO-TS850). The cooling- and heating loads
are in table 5 presented. The annual energy requirement based on cooled net floor space are
defined in table 6.
Specific Energy Demand (kWh/ma) = Energy Demand (kWh/a) / Net floor space (m)
Description Unit HH AH
Cooling Demand kWh/ma 42.79 60.75
Heat Demand kWh/ma 118.18 125.31
Hot Water Demand kWh/ma 11.12 13.62
Table 6 Effective Energy Values of the Examples
Cooling Demand: It is the expense of energy to provide a suitable temperature during the
over heated season
Heat Demand: Specific Heat Demand for heating the examples with mobile electrical
heating elements or heating function of inserted air conditioners
Hot Water Demand: Additional to other energy demands, specific energy demand of
water heating


54
Household Power: Electric operated consumers in household (lighting, kitchen machines,
communication, entertainment, etc.)
4.5 Solar Radiation Potential of the Examples
Beside other possibilities of using renewable energy in settlements in Bodrum, the use of
direct solar radiation to the building envelope has the greatest importance in terms of the
architectural view. In particular, analyses of surfaces of the examples for the active use of
direct solar radiation are very important. The potential building elements for the analyses are
roofs and faades. These building components will be analyzed in the following chapters.
Faades:
Like most buildings in Bodrum, the proportion of transparency of facades is very low at
both examples (except the western faade of the AH). Due to the low solar insulation, the
northern faades of both examples will not be evaluated. Other faades in south, west and east
direction are potential application areas for active solar components. The values of
proportions of opaque and transparent surfaces on faades are defined in table 7.
Direction N E W S
Example Unit opaque glazed opaque glazed opaque glazed opaque glazed
HH Area(m) 77.76 0 103.41 17.28 77.41 4.8 70.88 6.88
Pro. % 100 0 85.7 14.3 94.2 5.8 91.2 8.8
77.76 120.69 82.21 77.76
AH Area(m) 73.49 12.5 89.99 14.64 60.97 40.92 73.49 12.5
Pro % 85.47 14.53 86.1 13.9 59.84 40.16 85.47 14.53
85.99 105.3 101.89 85.99
Table 7 Values of Opacity of the Examples for Solar Insulation
Roofs:
Both examples have like traditionally flat roofs. This provides the opportunity for the
elevation of solar components, and optimal alignment. The useable roof area of the examples
approximates to 99.3 m by the HH and 125.6 m by the AH.


54
Household Power: Electric operated consumers in household (lighting, kitchen machines,
communication, entertainment, etc.)
4.5 Solar Radiation Potential of the Examples
Beside other possibilities of using renewable energy in settlements in Bodrum, the use of
direct solar radiation to the building envelope has the greatest importance in terms of the
architectural view. In particular, analyses of surfaces of the examples for the active use of
direct solar radiation are very important. The potential building elements for the analyses are
roofs and faades. These building components will be analyzed in the following chapters.
Faades:
Like most buildings in Bodrum, the proportion of transparency of facades is very low at
both examples (except the western faade of the AH). Due to the low solar insulation, the
northern faades of both examples will not be evaluated. Other faades in south, west and east
direction are potential application areas for active solar components. The values of
proportions of opaque and transparent surfaces on faades are defined in table 7.
Direction N E W S
Example Unit opaque glazed opaque glazed opaque glazed opaque glazed
HH Area(m) 77.76 0 103.41 17.28 77.41 4.8 70.88 6.88
Pro. % 100 0 85.7 14.3 94.2 5.8 91.2 8.8
77.76 120.69 82.21 77.76
AH Area(m) 73.49 12.5 89.99 14.64 60.97 40.92 73.49 12.5
Pro % 85.47 14.53 86.1 13.9 59.84 40.16 85.47 14.53
85.99 105.3 101.89 85.99
Table 7 Values of Opacity of the Examples for Solar Insulation
Roofs:
Both examples have like traditionally flat roofs. This provides the opportunity for the
elevation of solar components, and optimal alignment. The useable roof area of the examples
approximates to 99.3 m by the HH and 125.6 m by the AH.


5 4
H o u s e h o l d P o w e r : E l e c t r i c o p e r a t e d c o n s u m e r s i n h o u s e h o l d ( l i g h t i n g , k i t c h e n m a c h i n e s ,
c o m m u n i c a t i o n , e n t e r t a i n m e n t , e t c . )
4 . 5 S o l a r R a d i a t i o n P o t e n t i a l o f t h e E x a m p l e s
B e s i d e o t h e r p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f u s i n g r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y i n s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m , t h e u s e o f
d i r e c t s o l a r r a d i a t i o n t o t h e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e h a s t h e g r e a t e s t i m p o r t a n c e i n t e r m s o f t h e
a r c h i t e c t u r a l v i e w . I n p a r t i c u l a r , a n a l y s e s o f s u r f a c e s o f t h e e x a m p l e s f o r t h e a c t i v e u s e o f
d i r e c t s o l a r r a d i a t i o n a r e v e r y i m p o r t a n t . T h e p o t e n t i a l b u i l d i n g e l e m e n t s f o r t h e a n a l y s e s a r e
r o o f s a n d f a a d e s . T h e s e b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s w i l l b e a n a l y z e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r s .
F a a d e s :
L i k e m o s t b u i l d i n g s i n B o d r u m , t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t r a n s p a r e n c y o f f a c a d e s i s v e r y l o w a t
b o t h e x a m p l e s ( e x c e p t t h e w e s t e r n f a a d e o f t h e A H ) . D u e t o t h e l o w s o l a r i n s u l a t i o n , t h e
n o r t h e r n f a a d e s o f b o t h e x a m p l e s w i l l n o t b e e v a l u a t e d . O t h e r f a a d e s i n s o u t h , w e s t a n d e a s t
d i r e c t i o n a r e p o t e n t i a l a p p l i c a t i o n a r e a s f o r a c t i v e s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s . T h e v a l u e s o f
p r o p o r t i o n s o f o p a q u e a n d t r a n s p a r e n t s u r f a c e s o n f a a d e s a r e d e f i n e d i n t a b l e 7 .
D i r e c t i o n N E W S
E x a m p l e U n i t o p a q u e g l a z e d o p a q u e g l a z e d o p a q u e g l a z e d o p a q u e g l a z e d
H H A r e a ( m ) 7 7 . 7 6 0 1 0 3 . 4 1 1 7 . 2 8 7 7 . 4 1 4 . 8 7 0 . 8 8 6 . 8 8
P r o . % 1 0 0 0 8 5 . 7 1 4 . 3 9 4 . 2 5 . 8 9 1 . 2 8 . 8
7 7 . 7 6 1 2 0 . 6 9 8 2 . 2 1 7 7 . 7 6
A H A r e a ( m ) 7 3 . 4 9 1 2 . 5 8 9 . 9 9 1 4 . 6 4 6 0 . 9 7 4 0 . 9 2 7 3 . 4 9 1 2 . 5
P r o % 8 5 . 4 7 1 4 . 5 3 8 6 . 1 1 3 . 9 5 9 . 8 4 4 0 . 1 6 8 5 . 4 7 1 4 . 5 3
8 5 . 9 9 1 0 5 . 3 1 0 1 . 8 9 8 5 . 9 9
T a b l e 7 V a l u e s o f O p a c i t y o f t h e E x a m p l e s f o r S o l a r I n s u l a t i o n
R o o f s :
B o t h e x a m p l e s h a v e l i k e t r a d i t i o n a l l y f l a t r o o f s . T h i s p r o v i d e s t h e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t h e
e l e v a t i o n o f s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s , a n d o p t i m a l a l i g n m e n t . T h e u s e a b l e r o o f a r e a o f t h e e x a m p l e s
a p p r o x i m a t e s t o 9 9 . 3 m b y t h e H H a n d 1 2 5 . 6 m b y t h e A H .


5 4
H o u s e h o l d P o w e r : E l e c t r i c o p e r a t e d c o n s u m e r s i n h o u s e h o l d ( l i g h t i n g , k i t c h e n m a c h i n e s ,
c o m m u n i c a t i o n , e n t e r t a i n m e n t , e t c . )
4 . 5 S o l a r R a d i a t i o n P o t e n t i a l o f t h e E x a m p l e s
B e s i d e o t h e r p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f u s i n g r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y i n s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m , t h e u s e o f
d i r e c t s o l a r r a d i a t i o n t o t h e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e h a s t h e g r e a t e s t i m p o r t a n c e i n t e r m s o f t h e
a r c h i t e c t u r a l v i e w . I n p a r t i c u l a r , a n a l y s e s o f s u r f a c e s o f t h e e x a m p l e s f o r t h e a c t i v e u s e o f
d i r e c t s o l a r r a d i a t i o n a r e v e r y i m p o r t a n t . T h e p o t e n t i a l b u i l d i n g e l e m e n t s f o r t h e a n a l y s e s a r e
r o o f s a n d f a a d e s . T h e s e b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s w i l l b e a n a l y z e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r s .
F a a d e s :
L i k e m o s t b u i l d i n g s i n B o d r u m , t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t r a n s p a r e n c y o f f a c a d e s i s v e r y l o w a t
b o t h e x a m p l e s ( e x c e p t t h e w e s t e r n f a a d e o f t h e A H ) . D u e t o t h e l o w s o l a r i n s u l a t i o n , t h e
n o r t h e r n f a a d e s o f b o t h e x a m p l e s w i l l n o t b e e v a l u a t e d . O t h e r f a a d e s i n s o u t h , w e s t a n d e a s t
d i r e c t i o n a r e p o t e n t i a l a p p l i c a t i o n a r e a s f o r a c t i v e s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s . T h e v a l u e s o f
p r o p o r t i o n s o f o p a q u e a n d t r a n s p a r e n t s u r f a c e s o n f a a d e s a r e d e f i n e d i n t a b l e 7 .
D i r e c t i o n N E W S
E x a m p l e U n i t o p a q u e g l a z e d o p a q u e g l a z e d o p a q u e g l a z e d o p a q u e g l a z e d
H H A r e a ( m ) 7 7 . 7 6 0 1 0 3 . 4 1 1 7 . 2 8 7 7 . 4 1 4 . 8 7 0 . 8 8 6 . 8 8
P r o . % 1 0 0 0 8 5 . 7 1 4 . 3 9 4 . 2 5 . 8 9 1 . 2 8 . 8
7 7 . 7 6 1 2 0 . 6 9 8 2 . 2 1 7 7 . 7 6
A H A r e a ( m ) 7 3 . 4 9 1 2 . 5 8 9 . 9 9 1 4 . 6 4 6 0 . 9 7 4 0 . 9 2 7 3 . 4 9 1 2 . 5
P r o % 8 5 . 4 7 1 4 . 5 3 8 6 . 1 1 3 . 9 5 9 . 8 4 4 0 . 1 6 8 5 . 4 7 1 4 . 5 3
8 5 . 9 9 1 0 5 . 3 1 0 1 . 8 9 8 5 . 9 9
T a b l e 7 V a l u e s o f O p a c i t y o f t h e E x a m p l e s f o r S o l a r I n s u l a t i o n
R o o f s :
B o t h e x a m p l e s h a v e l i k e t r a d i t i o n a l l y f l a t r o o f s . T h i s p r o v i d e s t h e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t h e
e l e v a t i o n o f s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s , a n d o p t i m a l a l i g n m e n t . T h e u s e a b l e r o o f a r e a o f t h e e x a m p l e s
a p p r o x i m a t e s t o 9 9 . 3 m b y t h e H H a n d 1 2 5 . 6 m b y t h e A H .


5 5
C h a p t e r V
C o m p u t e r B a s e d A n a l y s e s o f S e l e c t e d H o u s i n g S e t t l e m e n t s
5 . 1 E n e r g y S i m u l a t i o n f o r B u i l d i n g s
C o m p u t e r b a s e d s i m u l a t i o n s o f t w a r e , s i n e q u a n o n , a r e u s e f u l t o o l s f o r d e s i g n i n g b u i l d i n g s
i n t h e 2 1
s t
c e n t u r y . T h e y s u p p o r t e n e r g y r e s p o n s i b l e p l a n n i n g . A r c h i t e c t s s h o u l d u s e e n e r g y
s i m u l a t i o n t o o l s f o r d e a l i n g w i t h b e t t e r s u p p o r t b y d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g a n d e n e r g e t i c a l l y
o p t i m i z a t i o n i n b u i l d i n g d e s i g n .
I n e a c h d e c i s i o n p h a s e t h e s e p r o g r a m s c a n p r o v i d e v a l u a b l e a n d h i g h l y r e l i a b l e
i n f o r m a t i o n o n b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s a n d H V A C s y s t e m s . T h e r e a r e c e r t a i n c r i t e r i a , w h i c h
s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d t o e n s u r e t h e e f f e c t i v e u s e o f c o m p u t e r - b a s e d s i m u l a t i o n s . F i r s t o f a l l ,
t h e s i m u l a t i o n s s h o u l d b e i n t e g r a t e d i n a n e a r l y d e s i g n p h a s e . A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i o n i s t o
c h o o s e p r o p e r s i m u l a t i o n s o f t w a r e . A l s o v i g i l a n c e s h o u l d b e m a i n t a i n e d s o a s t o a v o i d
m i s t a k e s . V i g i l a n c e i s v i t a l i n o r d e r t o m a k e c o r r e c t d e s i g n d e c i s i o n s . T h i s g u i d e l i n e i s
f o l l o w e d w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n i n t h i s w o r k i n o r d e r t o a t t a i n a c c u r a t e a n d r e l e v a n t
r e s u l t s .
5 . 1 . 1 P r i n c i p l e s b y u s i n g s i m u l a t i o n s o f t w a r e
A s d e W i l d e
8 7
s t a t e s , b u i l d i n g s i m u l a t i o n s o f t w a r e a r e n o t c o m p l e t e l y r e l i a b l e . T h e y o n l y
p r e d i c t t h e r e s u l t b a s e d o n i n p u t s a n d p r o v i d e d y n a m i c a d v i c e f o r s p e c i f i c q u e s t i o n s . T h e y c a n
b e u s e d t o c o m p a r e p a r t i c u l a r c o n s t r u c t i o n f e a t u r e s w i t h o n e a n o t h e r . T h i s f e a t u r e i s u s e d f o r
a l l b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s a n d t h e H V A C s y s t e m r e s e a r c h e d i n t h i s w o r k . T h e r e s u l t s a n d d a t a
a r e r e - e v a l u a t e d a n d r e - q u a l i f i e d t o r e a c h t h e b e s t r e s u l t s p o s s i b l e .
S i m u l a t i o n s c a n b e e s s e n t i a l i n t h r e e w a y s d u r i n g t h e d e s i g n p r o c e s s :
D u r i n g t h e p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n i n o r d e r t o t e s t a l t e r n a t i v e f o r m s , m a t e r i a l s , o r i e n t a t i o n s ,
s h a d i n g s , v e n t i l a t i o n s , a n d H V A C s y s t e m s .
A f t e r t h e p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n o r b y r e f u r b i s h i n g e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g s i n o r d e r t o t e s t t h e
i m p a c t o f a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r e n h a n c i n g c o m f o r t c o n d i t i o n s . A t t h e e n d o f t h e d e s i g n p h a s e ,


5 5
C h a p t e r V
C o m p u t e r B a s e d A n a l y s e s o f S e l e c t e d H o u s i n g S e t t l e m e n t s
5 . 1 E n e r g y S i m u l a t i o n f o r B u i l d i n g s
C o m p u t e r b a s e d s i m u l a t i o n s o f t w a r e , s i n e q u a n o n , a r e u s e f u l t o o l s f o r d e s i g n i n g b u i l d i n g s
i n t h e 2 1
s t
c e n t u r y . T h e y s u p p o r t e n e r g y r e s p o n s i b l e p l a n n i n g . A r c h i t e c t s s h o u l d u s e e n e r g y
s i m u l a t i o n t o o l s f o r d e a l i n g w i t h b e t t e r s u p p o r t b y d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g a n d e n e r g e t i c a l l y
o p t i m i z a t i o n i n b u i l d i n g d e s i g n .
I n e a c h d e c i s i o n p h a s e t h e s e p r o g r a m s c a n p r o v i d e v a l u a b l e a n d h i g h l y r e l i a b l e
i n f o r m a t i o n o n b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s a n d H V A C s y s t e m s . T h e r e a r e c e r t a i n c r i t e r i a , w h i c h
s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d t o e n s u r e t h e e f f e c t i v e u s e o f c o m p u t e r - b a s e d s i m u l a t i o n s . F i r s t o f a l l ,
t h e s i m u l a t i o n s s h o u l d b e i n t e g r a t e d i n a n e a r l y d e s i g n p h a s e . A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i o n i s t o
c h o o s e p r o p e r s i m u l a t i o n s o f t w a r e . A l s o v i g i l a n c e s h o u l d b e m a i n t a i n e d s o a s t o a v o i d
m i s t a k e s . V i g i l a n c e i s v i t a l i n o r d e r t o m a k e c o r r e c t d e s i g n d e c i s i o n s . T h i s g u i d e l i n e i s
f o l l o w e d w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n i n t h i s w o r k i n o r d e r t o a t t a i n a c c u r a t e a n d r e l e v a n t
r e s u l t s .
5 . 1 . 1 P r i n c i p l e s b y u s i n g s i m u l a t i o n s o f t w a r e
A s d e W i l d e
8 7
s t a t e s , b u i l d i n g s i m u l a t i o n s o f t w a r e a r e n o t c o m p l e t e l y r e l i a b l e . T h e y o n l y
p r e d i c t t h e r e s u l t b a s e d o n i n p u t s a n d p r o v i d e d y n a m i c a d v i c e f o r s p e c i f i c q u e s t i o n s . T h e y c a n
b e u s e d t o c o m p a r e p a r t i c u l a r c o n s t r u c t i o n f e a t u r e s w i t h o n e a n o t h e r . T h i s f e a t u r e i s u s e d f o r
a l l b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s a n d t h e H V A C s y s t e m r e s e a r c h e d i n t h i s w o r k . T h e r e s u l t s a n d d a t a
a r e r e - e v a l u a t e d a n d r e - q u a l i f i e d t o r e a c h t h e b e s t r e s u l t s p o s s i b l e .
S i m u l a t i o n s c a n b e e s s e n t i a l i n t h r e e w a y s d u r i n g t h e d e s i g n p r o c e s s :
D u r i n g t h e p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n i n o r d e r t o t e s t a l t e r n a t i v e f o r m s , m a t e r i a l s , o r i e n t a t i o n s ,
s h a d i n g s , v e n t i l a t i o n s , a n d H V A C s y s t e m s .
A f t e r t h e p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n o r b y r e f u r b i s h i n g e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g s i n o r d e r t o t e s t t h e
i m p a c t o f a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r e n h a n c i n g c o m f o r t c o n d i t i o n s . A t t h e e n d o f t h e d e s i g n p h a s e ,


55
Chapter V
Computer Based Analyses of Selected Housing Settlements
5.1 Energy Simulation for Buildings
Computer based simulation software, sine qua non, are useful tools for designing buildings
in the 21
st
century. They support energy responsible planning. Architects should use energy
simulation tools for dealing with better support by decision-making and energetically
optimization in building design.
In each decision phase these programs can provide valuable and highly reliable
information on building components and HVAC systems. There are certain criteria, which
should be considered to ensure the effective use of computer-based simulations. First of all,
the simulations should be integrated in an early design phase. Another important criterion is to
choose proper simulation software. Also vigilance should be maintained so as to avoid
mistakes. Vigilance is vital in order to make correct design decisions. This guideline is
followed with regard to the simulation in this work in order to attain accurate and relevant
results.
5.1.1 Principles by using simulation software
As de Wilde
87
states, building simulation software are not completely reliable. They only
predict the result based on inputs and provide dynamic advice for specific questions. They can
be used to compare particular construction features with one another. This feature is used for
all building components and the HVAC system researched in this work. The results and data
are re-evaluated and re-qualified to reach the best results possible.
Simulations can be essential in three ways during the design process:
During the preliminary design in order to test alternative forms, materials, orientations,
shadings, ventilations, and HVAC systems.
After the preliminary design or by refurbishing existing buildings in order to test the
impact of alternatives for enhancing comfort conditions. At the end of the design phase,


55
Chapter V
Computer Based Analyses of Selected Housing Settlements
5.1 Energy Simulation for Buildings
Computer based simulation software, sine qua non, are useful tools for designing buildings
in the 21
st
century. They support energy responsible planning. Architects should use energy
simulation tools for dealing with better support by decision-making and energetically
optimization in building design.
In each decision phase these programs can provide valuable and highly reliable
information on building components and HVAC systems. There are certain criteria, which
should be considered to ensure the effective use of computer-based simulations. First of all,
the simulations should be integrated in an early design phase. Another important criterion is to
choose proper simulation software. Also vigilance should be maintained so as to avoid
mistakes. Vigilance is vital in order to make correct design decisions. This guideline is
followed with regard to the simulation in this work in order to attain accurate and relevant
results.
5.1.1 Principles by using simulation software
As de Wilde
87
states, building simulation software are not completely reliable. They only
predict the result based on inputs and provide dynamic advice for specific questions. They can
be used to compare particular construction features with one another. This feature is used for
all building components and the HVAC system researched in this work. The results and data
are re-evaluated and re-qualified to reach the best results possible.
Simulations can be essential in three ways during the design process:
During the preliminary design in order to test alternative forms, materials, orientations,
shadings, ventilations, and HVAC systems.
After the preliminary design or by refurbishing existing buildings in order to test the
impact of alternatives for enhancing comfort conditions. At the end of the design phase,


56
simulations can be used to assess the overall performance of a building in terms of energy
efficiency.
To fine-tune an existing HVAC system in order to enhance efficiency or diagnose any
failure of an existing system.
Examples for the first two approaches can be found in the following chapters. These active
systems have never been installed by the analyzing objects. Therefore, simulations for fine-
tuning or diagnosing are not applied in this work. At this point, the accuracy of the results
plays an important role. If comparable date is missing, the user should not be too confident
about the results of the simulations. The results are mainly reliable but monitoring is essential
in all cases.
5.1.2 Procedure of Simulations by Existing Buildings, Holiday House, and Attached
House:
Weather data for simulations:
The most important input is weather data. As mentioned in the European Passive Solar
Handbook
88
, the detailed approach of simulations requires reliable hourly and monthly
weather data for the whole year. The variables of these data are global and diffuse horizontal
radiation, dry and wet bulb temperatures, sunshine duration, cloud cover, wind speed, and
humidity.
The weather data that is used by the simulation software is supplied by DOE from the
U.S. Department of Energy: Energy Efficiency and renewable Energy
89
. They are collated
by the World Meteorological Organization. As described in the manual of the simulation
software, these hourly weather data sets are often 'typical' data derived from hourly
observations at a specific location by the national weather service or meteorological office.
The secondary source, especially for the PV systems, is taken from the Photovoltaic
Geographical Information System

PV Estimation Utility.


Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS) provides a map-based inventory of solar energy resource and assessment of

electricity generation from
photovoltaic systems in Europe, Africa, and South-West Asia.



56
simulations can be used to assess the overall performance of a building in terms of energy
efficiency.
To fine-tune an existing HVAC system in order to enhance efficiency or diagnose any
failure of an existing system.
Examples for the first two approaches can be found in the following chapters. These active
systems have never been installed by the analyzing objects. Therefore, simulations for fine-
tuning or diagnosing are not applied in this work. At this point, the accuracy of the results
plays an important role. If comparable date is missing, the user should not be too confident
about the results of the simulations. The results are mainly reliable but monitoring is essential
in all cases.
5.1.2 Procedure of Simulations by Existing Buildings, Holiday House, and Attached
House:
Weather data for simulations:
The most important input is weather data. As mentioned in the European Passive Solar
Handbook
88
, the detailed approach of simulations requires reliable hourly and monthly
weather data for the whole year. The variables of these data are global and diffuse horizontal
radiation, dry and wet bulb temperatures, sunshine duration, cloud cover, wind speed, and
humidity.
The weather data that is used by the simulation software is supplied by DOE from the
U.S. Department of Energy: Energy Efficiency and renewable Energy
89
. They are collated
by the World Meteorological Organization. As described in the manual of the simulation
software, these hourly weather data sets are often 'typical' data derived from hourly
observations at a specific location by the national weather service or meteorological office.
The secondary source, especially for the PV systems, is taken from the Photovoltaic
Geographical Information System

PV Estimation Utility.


Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS) provides a map-based inventory of solar energy resource and assessment of

electricity generation from
photovoltaic systems in Europe, Africa, and South-West Asia.



5 6
s i m u l a t i o n s c a n b e u s e d t o a s s e s s t h e o v e r a l l p e r f o r m a n c e o f a b u i l d i n g i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y
e f f i c i e n c y .
T o f i n e - t u n e a n e x i s t i n g H V A C s y s t e m i n o r d e r t o e n h a n c e e f f i c i e n c y o r d i a g n o s e a n y
f a i l u r e o f a n e x i s t i n g s y s t e m .
E x a m p l e s f o r t h e f i r s t t w o a p p r o a c h e s c a n b e f o u n d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r s . T h e s e a c t i v e
s y s t e m s h a v e n e v e r b e e n i n s t a l l e d b y t h e a n a l y z i n g o b j e c t s . T h e r e f o r e , s i m u l a t i o n s f o r f i n e -
t u n i n g o r d i a g n o s i n g a r e n o t a p p l i e d i n t h i s w o r k . A t t h i s p o i n t , t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e r e s u l t s
p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e . I f c o m p a r a b l e d a t e i s m i s s i n g , t h e u s e r s h o u l d n o t b e t o o c o n f i d e n t
a b o u t t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s i m u l a t i o n s . T h e r e s u l t s a r e m a i n l y r e l i a b l e b u t m o n i t o r i n g i s e s s e n t i a l
i n a l l c a s e s .
5 . 1 . 2 P r o c e d u r e o f S i m u l a t i o n s b y E x i s t i n g B u i l d i n g s , H o l i d a y H o u s e , a n d A t t a c h e d
H o u s e :
W e a t h e r d a t a f o r s i m u l a t i o n s :
T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t i n p u t i s w e a t h e r d a t a . A s m e n t i o n e d i n t h e E u r o p e a n P a s s i v e S o l a r
H a n d b o o k
8 8
, t h e d e t a i l e d a p p r o a c h o f s i m u l a t i o n s r e q u i r e s r e l i a b l e h o u r l y a n d m o n t h l y
w e a t h e r d a t a f o r t h e w h o l e y e a r . T h e v a r i a b l e s o f t h e s e d a t a a r e g l o b a l a n d d i f f u s e h o r i z o n t a l
r a d i a t i o n , d r y a n d w e t b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e s , s u n s h i n e d u r a t i o n , c l o u d c o v e r , w i n d s p e e d , a n d
h u m i d i t y .
T h e w e a t h e r d a t a t h a t i s u s e d b y t h e s i m u l a t i o n s o f t w a r e i s s u p p l i e d b y D O E f r o m t h e
U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f E n e r g y : E n e r g y E f f i c i e n c y a n d r e n e w a b l e E n e r g y
8 9
. T h e y a r e c o l l a t e d
b y t h e W o r l d M e t e o r o l o g i c a l O r g a n i z a t i o n . A s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e m a n u a l o f t h e s i m u l a t i o n
s o f t w a r e , t h e s e h o u r l y w e a t h e r d a t a s e t s a r e o f t e n ' t y p i c a l ' d a t a d e r i v e d f r o m h o u r l y
o b s e r v a t i o n s a t a s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n b y t h e n a t i o n a l w e a t h e r s e r v i c e o r m e t e o r o l o g i c a l o f f i c e .
T h e s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e , e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e P V s y s t e m s , i s t a k e n f r o m t h e P h o t o v o l t a i c
G e o g r a p h i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m

P V E s t i m a t i o n U t i l i t y .


P h o t o v o l t a i c G e o g r a p h i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m ( P V G I S ) p r o v i d e s a m a p - b a s e d i n v e n t o r y o f s o l a r e n e r g y r e s o u r c e a n d a s s e s s m e n t o f

e l e c t r i c i t y g e n e r a t i o n f r o m
p h o t o v o l t a i c s y s t e m s i n E u r o p e , A f r i c a , a n d S o u t h - W e s t A s i a .



5 6
s i m u l a t i o n s c a n b e u s e d t o a s s e s s t h e o v e r a l l p e r f o r m a n c e o f a b u i l d i n g i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y
e f f i c i e n c y .
T o f i n e - t u n e a n e x i s t i n g H V A C s y s t e m i n o r d e r t o e n h a n c e e f f i c i e n c y o r d i a g n o s e a n y
f a i l u r e o f a n e x i s t i n g s y s t e m .
E x a m p l e s f o r t h e f i r s t t w o a p p r o a c h e s c a n b e f o u n d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r s . T h e s e a c t i v e
s y s t e m s h a v e n e v e r b e e n i n s t a l l e d b y t h e a n a l y z i n g o b j e c t s . T h e r e f o r e , s i m u l a t i o n s f o r f i n e -
t u n i n g o r d i a g n o s i n g a r e n o t a p p l i e d i n t h i s w o r k . A t t h i s p o i n t , t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e r e s u l t s
p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e . I f c o m p a r a b l e d a t e i s m i s s i n g , t h e u s e r s h o u l d n o t b e t o o c o n f i d e n t
a b o u t t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s i m u l a t i o n s . T h e r e s u l t s a r e m a i n l y r e l i a b l e b u t m o n i t o r i n g i s e s s e n t i a l
i n a l l c a s e s .
5 . 1 . 2 P r o c e d u r e o f S i m u l a t i o n s b y E x i s t i n g B u i l d i n g s , H o l i d a y H o u s e , a n d A t t a c h e d
H o u s e :
W e a t h e r d a t a f o r s i m u l a t i o n s :
T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t i n p u t i s w e a t h e r d a t a . A s m e n t i o n e d i n t h e E u r o p e a n P a s s i v e S o l a r
H a n d b o o k
8 8
, t h e d e t a i l e d a p p r o a c h o f s i m u l a t i o n s r e q u i r e s r e l i a b l e h o u r l y a n d m o n t h l y
w e a t h e r d a t a f o r t h e w h o l e y e a r . T h e v a r i a b l e s o f t h e s e d a t a a r e g l o b a l a n d d i f f u s e h o r i z o n t a l
r a d i a t i o n , d r y a n d w e t b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e s , s u n s h i n e d u r a t i o n , c l o u d c o v e r , w i n d s p e e d , a n d
h u m i d i t y .
T h e w e a t h e r d a t a t h a t i s u s e d b y t h e s i m u l a t i o n s o f t w a r e i s s u p p l i e d b y D O E f r o m t h e
U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f E n e r g y : E n e r g y E f f i c i e n c y a n d r e n e w a b l e E n e r g y
8 9
. T h e y a r e c o l l a t e d
b y t h e W o r l d M e t e o r o l o g i c a l O r g a n i z a t i o n . A s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e m a n u a l o f t h e s i m u l a t i o n
s o f t w a r e , t h e s e h o u r l y w e a t h e r d a t a s e t s a r e o f t e n ' t y p i c a l ' d a t a d e r i v e d f r o m h o u r l y
o b s e r v a t i o n s a t a s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n b y t h e n a t i o n a l w e a t h e r s e r v i c e o r m e t e o r o l o g i c a l o f f i c e .
T h e s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e , e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e P V s y s t e m s , i s t a k e n f r o m t h e P h o t o v o l t a i c
G e o g r a p h i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m

P V E s t i m a t i o n U t i l i t y .


P h o t o v o l t a i c G e o g r a p h i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m ( P V G I S ) p r o v i d e s a m a p - b a s e d i n v e n t o r y o f s o l a r e n e r g y r e s o u r c e a n d a s s e s s m e n t o f

e l e c t r i c i t y g e n e r a t i o n f r o m
p h o t o v o l t a i c s y s t e m s i n E u r o p e , A f r i c a , a n d S o u t h - W e s t A s i a .


5 7
5 . 1 . 3 S i m u l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e
B u i l d i n g s i m u l a t i o n p r o g r a m s h a v e m a t u r e d i n t o a f i e l d , w h i c h i n t e g r a t e s d i v e r s e
d i s c i p l i n e s . A s J a n s e n s t a t e d i n h i s e s s a y e n t i t l e d B u i l d i n g s i m u l a t i o n - C u r r e n t s t a t u e : I t s
a b i l i t y t o d e a l w i t h t h e r e s u l t i n g c o m p l e x i t y o f s c a l e a n d d i v e r s i t y o f c o m p o n e n t i n t e r a c t i o n s
h a s g a i n e d f o r b u i l d i n g s i m u l a t i o n a u n i q u e l y r e c o g n i z e d r o l e i n t h e p r e d i c t i o n , a s s e s s m e n t
a n d v e r i f i c a t i o n o f b u i l d i n g p e r f o r m a n c e .
9 0
M a t h e w s a n d R i c h a r d s p o i n t o u t t h a t i n o r d e r t o
e v a l u a t e b u i l d i n g p e r f o r m a n c e a n d a c h i e v e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y g o a l s , a r c h i t e c t s a n d b u i l d i n g
d e s i g n e r s s h o u l d t a k e f u l l a d v a n t a g e o f t h e t y p e o f c o m p u t e r s i m u l a t i o n t o o l s t h a t a r e r e a d i l y
a v a i l a b l e
9 1
.
T h e q u a n t i t i v e a s s e s s m e n t o f b u i l d i n g e n e r g y p e r f o r m a n c e m a y b e c a r r i e d o u t a t a
s i m u l a t i o n l e v e l . S i m u l a t i o n s a r e u s e f u l i n e a c h p h a s e o f d e s i g n e v e n f o r e n e r g e t i c a l l y
o p t i m i z i n g a b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t . D a t a b a s e s , s p r e a d s h e e t s , c o m p o n e n t s a n d s y s t e m i c a n a l y s i s
p r o v i d e d i v e r s e o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o e x t r a c t t h e o p t i m a l w a y i n e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y . T h e s i m u l a t i o n s
o f t h e s e l e c t e d o b j e c t s a r e m a d e b y D e s i g n b u i l d e r V 1 . 8 , w h i c h p r o v i d e s a r a n g e o f
e n v i r o n m e n t a l p e r f o r m a n c e d a t a s u c h a s : B u i l d i n g e n e r g y s i m u l a t i o n , C O
2
e m i s s i o n s , s o l a r
s h a d i n g , n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n , d a y l i g h t i n g , c o m f o r t s t u d i e s , H V A C s i m u l a t i o n , h e a t i n g a n d
c o o l i n g e q u i p m e n t s i z i n g , e t c .
S i m u l a t i o n s w i l l b e r u n i n t h r e e w a y s :
C o o l i n g D e s i g n C a l c u l a t i o n s ,
H e a t i n g D e s i g n C a l c u l a t i o n s , a n d
B u i l d i n g e n e r g y p e r f o r m a n c e s i m u l a t i o n .
C o o l i n g D e s i g n c a l c u l a t i o n s :
T h e c a l c u l a t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e c a p a c i t y o f m e c h a n i c a l c o o l i n g
e q u i p m e n t r e q u i r e d t o m e e t t h e h o t t e s t s u m m e r d e s i g n w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s l i k e l y t o b e
e n c o u n t e r e d i n B o d r u m .

5 7
5 . 1 . 3 S i m u l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e
B u i l d i n g s i m u l a t i o n p r o g r a m s h a v e m a t u r e d i n t o a f i e l d , w h i c h i n t e g r a t e s d i v e r s e
d i s c i p l i n e s . A s J a n s e n s t a t e d i n h i s e s s a y e n t i t l e d B u i l d i n g s i m u l a t i o n - C u r r e n t s t a t u e : I t s
a b i l i t y t o d e a l w i t h t h e r e s u l t i n g c o m p l e x i t y o f s c a l e a n d d i v e r s i t y o f c o m p o n e n t i n t e r a c t i o n s
h a s g a i n e d f o r b u i l d i n g s i m u l a t i o n a u n i q u e l y r e c o g n i z e d r o l e i n t h e p r e d i c t i o n , a s s e s s m e n t
a n d v e r i f i c a t i o n o f b u i l d i n g p e r f o r m a n c e .
9 0
M a t h e w s a n d R i c h a r d s p o i n t o u t t h a t i n o r d e r t o
e v a l u a t e b u i l d i n g p e r f o r m a n c e a n d a c h i e v e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y g o a l s , a r c h i t e c t s a n d b u i l d i n g
d e s i g n e r s s h o u l d t a k e f u l l a d v a n t a g e o f t h e t y p e o f c o m p u t e r s i m u l a t i o n t o o l s t h a t a r e r e a d i l y
a v a i l a b l e
9 1
.
T h e q u a n t i t i v e a s s e s s m e n t o f b u i l d i n g e n e r g y p e r f o r m a n c e m a y b e c a r r i e d o u t a t a
s i m u l a t i o n l e v e l . S i m u l a t i o n s a r e u s e f u l i n e a c h p h a s e o f d e s i g n e v e n f o r e n e r g e t i c a l l y
o p t i m i z i n g a b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t . D a t a b a s e s , s p r e a d s h e e t s , c o m p o n e n t s a n d s y s t e m i c a n a l y s i s
p r o v i d e d i v e r s e o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o e x t r a c t t h e o p t i m a l w a y i n e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y . T h e s i m u l a t i o n s
o f t h e s e l e c t e d o b j e c t s a r e m a d e b y D e s i g n b u i l d e r V 1 . 8 , w h i c h p r o v i d e s a r a n g e o f
e n v i r o n m e n t a l p e r f o r m a n c e d a t a s u c h a s : B u i l d i n g e n e r g y s i m u l a t i o n , C O
2
e m i s s i o n s , s o l a r
s h a d i n g , n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n , d a y l i g h t i n g , c o m f o r t s t u d i e s , H V A C s i m u l a t i o n , h e a t i n g a n d
c o o l i n g e q u i p m e n t s i z i n g , e t c .
S i m u l a t i o n s w i l l b e r u n i n t h r e e w a y s :
C o o l i n g D e s i g n C a l c u l a t i o n s ,
H e a t i n g D e s i g n C a l c u l a t i o n s , a n d
B u i l d i n g e n e r g y p e r f o r m a n c e s i m u l a t i o n .
C o o l i n g D e s i g n c a l c u l a t i o n s :
T h e c a l c u l a t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e c a p a c i t y o f m e c h a n i c a l c o o l i n g
e q u i p m e n t r e q u i r e d t o m e e t t h e h o t t e s t s u m m e r d e s i g n w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s l i k e l y t o b e
e n c o u n t e r e d i n B o d r u m .

57
5.1.3 Simulation procedure
Building simulation programs have matured into a field, which integrates diverse
disciplines. As Jansen stated in his essay entitled Building simulation-Current statue: Its
ability to deal with the resulting complexity of scale and diversity of component interactions
has gained for building simulation a uniquely recognized role in the prediction, assessment
and verification of building performance.
90
Mathews and Richards point out that in order to
evaluate building performance and achieve energy efficiency goals, architects and building
designers should take full advantage of the type of computer simulation tools that are readily
available
91
.
The quantitive assessment of building energy performance may be carried out at a
simulation level. Simulations are useful in each phase of design even for energetically
optimizing a built environment. Databases, spreadsheets, components and systemic analysis
provide diverse opportunities to extract the optimal way in energy efficiency. The simulations
of the selected objects are made by Designbuilder V 1.8, which provides a range of
environmental performance data such as: Building energy simulation, CO
2
emissions, solar
shading, natural ventilation, daylighting, comfort studies, HVAC simulation, heating and
cooling equipment sizing, etc.
Simulations will be run in three ways:
Cooling Design Calculations,
Heating Design Calculations, and
Building energy performance simulation.
Cooling Design calculations:
The calculations were carried out to determine the capacity of mechanical cooling
equipment required to meet the hottest summer design weather conditions likely to be
encountered in Bodrum.

57
5.1.3 Simulation procedure
Building simulation programs have matured into a field, which integrates diverse
disciplines. As Jansen stated in his essay entitled Building simulation-Current statue: Its
ability to deal with the resulting complexity of scale and diversity of component interactions
has gained for building simulation a uniquely recognized role in the prediction, assessment
and verification of building performance.
90
Mathews and Richards point out that in order to
evaluate building performance and achieve energy efficiency goals, architects and building
designers should take full advantage of the type of computer simulation tools that are readily
available
91
.
The quantitive assessment of building energy performance may be carried out at a
simulation level. Simulations are useful in each phase of design even for energetically
optimizing a built environment. Databases, spreadsheets, components and systemic analysis
provide diverse opportunities to extract the optimal way in energy efficiency. The simulations
of the selected objects are made by Designbuilder V 1.8, which provides a range of
environmental performance data such as: Building energy simulation, CO
2
emissions, solar
shading, natural ventilation, daylighting, comfort studies, HVAC simulation, heating and
cooling equipment sizing, etc.
Simulations will be run in three ways:
Cooling Design Calculations,
Heating Design Calculations, and
Building energy performance simulation.
Cooling Design calculations:
The calculations were carried out to determine the capacity of mechanical cooling
equipment required to meet the hottest summer design weather conditions likely to be
encountered in Bodrum.


58
These design calculations are traditionally carried out by using periodic steady-state
methods such as the admittance and response factor methods provided by CIBSE

and
ASHRAE

.
Cooling design simulations using EnergyPlus have the following characteristics:
Periodic steady-state external temperatures calculated using maximum and minimum
design summer weather conditions,
No wind,
Thermal gains through exterior windows, and
Considerations on heat conduction and convection between zones of different
temperatures.
For buildings situated in the Northern Hemisphere like those in Bodrum, cooling design
calculations have been carried out for the month of July.
Simulation continues until temperatures/heat flows in each zone have converged. If
convergence does not occur, simulation will be continued for the maximum number of days as
specified in the calculation options.
The simulation calculates half-hourly temperatures and heat flows for each zone and
determines cooling capacities required to maintain any cooling temperature set points in each
zone. The maximum cooling load in each zone is multiplied by a safety factor (1.5 by default)
to give a design cooling capacity.
Heating Design Simulations:
The calculations were carried out to determine the size of heating equipment required to
meet the coldest winter design weather conditions likely to be experienced in Bodrum These
design calculations are carried out like Cooling Design Simulations using steady-state
methods such as those offered by ASHRAE and CIBSE.


The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers CIBSE is the standard setter and authority on building services engineering. It publishes Guidance and Codes
which are internationally recognized as authoritative, and sets the criteria for best practice in the profession. www.cibse.org


The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers advances technology to serve humanity and promote a sustainable world. For further
informations please visit the website. www.ashrae.org



58
These design calculations are traditionally carried out by using periodic steady-state
methods such as the admittance and response factor methods provided by CIBSE

and
ASHRAE

.
Cooling design simulations using EnergyPlus have the following characteristics:
Periodic steady-state external temperatures calculated using maximum and minimum
design summer weather conditions,
No wind,
Thermal gains through exterior windows, and
Considerations on heat conduction and convection between zones of different
temperatures.
For buildings situated in the Northern Hemisphere like those in Bodrum, cooling design
calculations have been carried out for the month of July.
Simulation continues until temperatures/heat flows in each zone have converged. If
convergence does not occur, simulation will be continued for the maximum number of days as
specified in the calculation options.
The simulation calculates half-hourly temperatures and heat flows for each zone and
determines cooling capacities required to maintain any cooling temperature set points in each
zone. The maximum cooling load in each zone is multiplied by a safety factor (1.5 by default)
to give a design cooling capacity.
Heating Design Simulations:
The calculations were carried out to determine the size of heating equipment required to
meet the coldest winter design weather conditions likely to be experienced in Bodrum These
design calculations are carried out like Cooling Design Simulations using steady-state
methods such as those offered by ASHRAE and CIBSE.


The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers CIBSE is the standard setter and authority on building services engineering. It publishes Guidance and Codes
which are internationally recognized as authoritative, and sets the criteria for best practice in the profession. www.cibse.org


The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers advances technology to serve humanity and promote a sustainable world. For further
informations please visit the website. www.ashrae.org



5 8
T h e s e d e s i g n c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e t r a d i t i o n a l l y c a r r i e d o u t b y u s i n g p e r i o d i c s t e a d y - s t a t e
m e t h o d s s u c h a s t h e a d m i t t a n c e a n d r e s p o n s e f a c t o r m e t h o d s p r o v i d e d b y C I B S E

a n d
A S H R A E

.
C o o l i n g d e s i g n s i m u l a t i o n s u s i n g E n e r g y P l u s h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
P e r i o d i c s t e a d y - s t a t e e x t e r n a l t e m p e r a t u r e s c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g m a x i m u m a n d m i n i m u m
d e s i g n s u m m e r w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s ,
N o w i n d ,
T h e r m a l g a i n s t h r o u g h e x t e r i o r w i n d o w s , a n d
C o n s i d e r a t i o n s o n h e a t c o n d u c t i o n a n d c o n v e c t i o n b e t w e e n z o n e s o f d i f f e r e n t
t e m p e r a t u r e s .
F o r b u i l d i n g s s i t u a t e d i n t h e N o r t h e r n H e m i s p h e r e l i k e t h o s e i n B o d r u m , c o o l i n g d e s i g n
c a l c u l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t f o r t h e m o n t h o f J u l y .
S i m u l a t i o n c o n t i n u e s u n t i l t e m p e r a t u r e s / h e a t f l o w s i n e a c h z o n e h a v e c o n v e r g e d . I f
c o n v e r g e n c e d o e s n o t o c c u r , s i m u l a t i o n w i l l b e c o n t i n u e d f o r t h e m a x i m u m n u m b e r o f d a y s a s
s p e c i f i e d i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o p t i o n s .
T h e s i m u l a t i o n c a l c u l a t e s h a l f - h o u r l y t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d h e a t f l o w s f o r e a c h z o n e a n d
d e t e r m i n e s c o o l i n g c a p a c i t i e s r e q u i r e d t o m a i n t a i n a n y c o o l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s e t p o i n t s i n e a c h
z o n e . T h e m a x i m u m c o o l i n g l o a d i n e a c h z o n e i s m u l t i p l i e d b y a s a f e t y f a c t o r ( 1 . 5 b y d e f a u l t )
t o g i v e a d e s i g n c o o l i n g c a p a c i t y .
H e a t i n g D e s i g n S i m u l a t i o n s :
T h e c a l c u l a t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s i z e o f h e a t i n g e q u i p m e n t r e q u i r e d t o
m e e t t h e c o l d e s t w i n t e r d e s i g n w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s l i k e l y t o b e e x p e r i e n c e d i n B o d r u m T h e s e
d e s i g n c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e c a r r i e d o u t l i k e C o o l i n g D e s i g n S i m u l a t i o n s u s i n g s t e a d y - s t a t e
m e t h o d s s u c h a s t h o s e o f f e r e d b y A S H R A E a n d C I B S E .


T h e C h a r t e r e d I n s t i t u t i o n o f B u i l d i n g S e r v i c e s E n g i n e e r s C I B S E i s t h e s t a n d a r d s e t t e r a n d a u t h o r i t y o n b u i l d i n g s e r v i c e s e n g i n e e r i n g . I t p u b l i s h e s G u i d a n c e a n d C o d e s
w h i c h a r e i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y r e c o g n i z e d a s a u t h o r i t a t i v e , a n d s e t s t h e c r i t e r i a f o r b e s t p r a c t i c e i n t h e p r o f e s s i o n . w w w . c i b s e . o r g


T h e A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y o f H e a t i n g , R e f r i g e r a t i n g a n d A i r - C o n d i t i o n i n g E n g i n e e r s a d v a n c e s t e c h n o l o g y t o s e r v e h u m a n i t y a n d p r o m o t e a s u s t a i n a b l e w o r l d . F o r f u r t h e r
i n f o r m a t i o n s p l e a s e v i s i t t h e w e b s i t e . w w w . a s h r a e . o r g



5 8
T h e s e d e s i g n c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e t r a d i t i o n a l l y c a r r i e d o u t b y u s i n g p e r i o d i c s t e a d y - s t a t e
m e t h o d s s u c h a s t h e a d m i t t a n c e a n d r e s p o n s e f a c t o r m e t h o d s p r o v i d e d b y C I B S E

a n d
A S H R A E

.
C o o l i n g d e s i g n s i m u l a t i o n s u s i n g E n e r g y P l u s h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
P e r i o d i c s t e a d y - s t a t e e x t e r n a l t e m p e r a t u r e s c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g m a x i m u m a n d m i n i m u m
d e s i g n s u m m e r w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s ,
N o w i n d ,
T h e r m a l g a i n s t h r o u g h e x t e r i o r w i n d o w s , a n d
C o n s i d e r a t i o n s o n h e a t c o n d u c t i o n a n d c o n v e c t i o n b e t w e e n z o n e s o f d i f f e r e n t
t e m p e r a t u r e s .
F o r b u i l d i n g s s i t u a t e d i n t h e N o r t h e r n H e m i s p h e r e l i k e t h o s e i n B o d r u m , c o o l i n g d e s i g n
c a l c u l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t f o r t h e m o n t h o f J u l y .
S i m u l a t i o n c o n t i n u e s u n t i l t e m p e r a t u r e s / h e a t f l o w s i n e a c h z o n e h a v e c o n v e r g e d . I f
c o n v e r g e n c e d o e s n o t o c c u r , s i m u l a t i o n w i l l b e c o n t i n u e d f o r t h e m a x i m u m n u m b e r o f d a y s a s
s p e c i f i e d i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o p t i o n s .
T h e s i m u l a t i o n c a l c u l a t e s h a l f - h o u r l y t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d h e a t f l o w s f o r e a c h z o n e a n d
d e t e r m i n e s c o o l i n g c a p a c i t i e s r e q u i r e d t o m a i n t a i n a n y c o o l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s e t p o i n t s i n e a c h
z o n e . T h e m a x i m u m c o o l i n g l o a d i n e a c h z o n e i s m u l t i p l i e d b y a s a f e t y f a c t o r ( 1 . 5 b y d e f a u l t )
t o g i v e a d e s i g n c o o l i n g c a p a c i t y .
H e a t i n g D e s i g n S i m u l a t i o n s :
T h e c a l c u l a t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s i z e o f h e a t i n g e q u i p m e n t r e q u i r e d t o
m e e t t h e c o l d e s t w i n t e r d e s i g n w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s l i k e l y t o b e e x p e r i e n c e d i n B o d r u m T h e s e
d e s i g n c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e c a r r i e d o u t l i k e C o o l i n g D e s i g n S i m u l a t i o n s u s i n g s t e a d y - s t a t e
m e t h o d s s u c h a s t h o s e o f f e r e d b y A S H R A E a n d C I B S E .


T h e C h a r t e r e d I n s t i t u t i o n o f B u i l d i n g S e r v i c e s E n g i n e e r s C I B S E i s t h e s t a n d a r d s e t t e r a n d a u t h o r i t y o n b u i l d i n g s e r v i c e s e n g i n e e r i n g . I t p u b l i s h e s G u i d a n c e a n d C o d e s
w h i c h a r e i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y r e c o g n i z e d a s a u t h o r i t a t i v e , a n d s e t s t h e c r i t e r i a f o r b e s t p r a c t i c e i n t h e p r o f e s s i o n . w w w . c i b s e . o r g


T h e A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y o f H e a t i n g , R e f r i g e r a t i n g a n d A i r - C o n d i t i o n i n g E n g i n e e r s a d v a n c e s t e c h n o l o g y t o s e r v e h u m a n i t y a n d p r o m o t e a s u s t a i n a b l e w o r l d . F o r f u r t h e r
i n f o r m a t i o n s p l e a s e v i s i t t h e w e b s i t e . w w w . a s h r a e . o r g



5 9
T h e h e a t i n g c a p a c i t i e s r e q u i r e d t o m a i n t a i n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s e t p o i n t s i n e a c h z o n e w e r e
c a l c u l a t e d w i t h s i m u l a t i o n s a n d d i s p l a y e d t h e t o t a l h e a t l o s s b r o k e n d o w n a s g l a z i n g , w a l l s ,
p a r t i t i o n s , s o l i d f l o o r s , r o o f s , a n d e x t e r n a l i n f i l t r a t i o n . T h e t o t a l h e a t l o s s i n e a c h z o n e i s
m u l t i p l i e d b y a s a f e t y f a c t o r ( 1 . 5 b y d e f a u l t ) t o g i v e a r e c o m m e n d e d h e a t i n g c a p a c i t y .
B u i l d i n g e n e r g y p e r f o r m a n c e s i m u l a t i o n :
D e t a i l e d b u i l d i n g e n e r g y p e r f o r m a n c e d a t a b a s e d o n s i m u l a t i o n s u s i n g r e a l w e a t h e r d a t a
w e r e g e n e r a t e d .
S i m u l a t i o n s u s i n g E n e r g y P l u s i n c l u d e t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
C o n s i d e r a t i o n o f h e a t c o n d u c t i o n a n d c o n v e c t i o n b e t w e e n z o n e s o f d i f f e r e n t
t e m p e r a t u r e s ,
S o l a r g a i n t h r o u g h w i n d o w s ,
O n e o r m o r e ' w a r m - u p ' d a y s t o e n s u r e t h e c o r r e c t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f h e a t i n b u i l d i n g t h e r m a l
m a s s a n d t h e s t a r t o f t h e s i m u l a t i o n . W a r m - u p c o n t i n u e s u n t i l t e m p e r a t u r e s / h e a t f l o w s i n e a c h
z o n e h a v e c o n v e r g e d . W h e n c o n v e r g e n c e d o e s n o t o c c u r t h e n s i m u l a t i o n c o n t i n u e s f o r t h e
m a x i m u m n u m b e r o f d a y s a s s p e c i f i e d i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o p t i o n s .
5 . 1 . 4 P r o c e d u r e o f S i m u l a t i o n s b y P r e l i m i n a r y D e s i g n o f t h e B o d r u m B a s i c H o u s e
D u r i n g t h e d e s i g n s t a g e o f a b u i l d i n g , t h e s i m u l a t i o n s o f t w a r e p r o v i d e s p r e d i c t i o n s
s u p p o r t i n g t h e d e s i g n . T h e c o n c e p t o f a b u i l d i n g , w h i c h s h a l l n o t b e c h a n g e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
a r c h i t e c t , i s m a i n l y d i s c u s s e d d u r i n g t h e i n i t i a l d e s i g n s t a g e . N o r m a l l y , a s i m u l a t i o n a t t h i s
s t a g e i s u n n e c e s s a r y . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e c o n c e p t o f t h e B o d r u m B a s i c H o u s e ( B B H ) i s a l r e a d y
s e t t i n g s t a n d a r d s o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y . T h e r e f o r e , t h i s i n i t i a l s t a g e a n d p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n
s t a g e o f t h e B B H i s i n t e g r a t e d .
I n t h i s i n t e g r a t e d p r o c e d u r e , t h e r o u g h b u i l d i n g s h a p e , h e i g h t - l e n g t h - w i d t h , a s w e l l a s t h e
l a n d s c a p e e n v i r o n m e n t s u r r o u n d i n g t h e B B H , a r e s e t c o n s i d e r i n g t h e p r e v i o u s s i m u l a t i o n
r e s u l t s o f H o l i d a y H o u s e a n d A t t a c h e d H o u s e . F o l l o w i n g t h i s s t a g e , t h e l a r g e - s c a l e e l e m e n t s
o f t h e b u i l d i n g , s u c h a s t h e f a c a d e t y p e ( W W R ) , t h e i n t e r i o r z o n i n g , t h e s t r u c t u r e t y p e , a n d
t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f p a s s i v e e n e r g y s a v i n g t e c h n o l o g i e s , a r e c o n s i d e r e d . D u r i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g
s t a g e , t h e m i c r o l e v e l s t a g e , t h e i m p a c t o f b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s i s a n a l y z e d .


5 9
T h e h e a t i n g c a p a c i t i e s r e q u i r e d t o m a i n t a i n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s e t p o i n t s i n e a c h z o n e w e r e
c a l c u l a t e d w i t h s i m u l a t i o n s a n d d i s p l a y e d t h e t o t a l h e a t l o s s b r o k e n d o w n a s g l a z i n g , w a l l s ,
p a r t i t i o n s , s o l i d f l o o r s , r o o f s , a n d e x t e r n a l i n f i l t r a t i o n . T h e t o t a l h e a t l o s s i n e a c h z o n e i s
m u l t i p l i e d b y a s a f e t y f a c t o r ( 1 . 5 b y d e f a u l t ) t o g i v e a r e c o m m e n d e d h e a t i n g c a p a c i t y .
B u i l d i n g e n e r g y p e r f o r m a n c e s i m u l a t i o n :
D e t a i l e d b u i l d i n g e n e r g y p e r f o r m a n c e d a t a b a s e d o n s i m u l a t i o n s u s i n g r e a l w e a t h e r d a t a
w e r e g e n e r a t e d .
S i m u l a t i o n s u s i n g E n e r g y P l u s i n c l u d e t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
C o n s i d e r a t i o n o f h e a t c o n d u c t i o n a n d c o n v e c t i o n b e t w e e n z o n e s o f d i f f e r e n t
t e m p e r a t u r e s ,
S o l a r g a i n t h r o u g h w i n d o w s ,
O n e o r m o r e ' w a r m - u p ' d a y s t o e n s u r e t h e c o r r e c t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f h e a t i n b u i l d i n g t h e r m a l
m a s s a n d t h e s t a r t o f t h e s i m u l a t i o n . W a r m - u p c o n t i n u e s u n t i l t e m p e r a t u r e s / h e a t f l o w s i n e a c h
z o n e h a v e c o n v e r g e d . W h e n c o n v e r g e n c e d o e s n o t o c c u r t h e n s i m u l a t i o n c o n t i n u e s f o r t h e
m a x i m u m n u m b e r o f d a y s a s s p e c i f i e d i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o p t i o n s .
5 . 1 . 4 P r o c e d u r e o f S i m u l a t i o n s b y P r e l i m i n a r y D e s i g n o f t h e B o d r u m B a s i c H o u s e
D u r i n g t h e d e s i g n s t a g e o f a b u i l d i n g , t h e s i m u l a t i o n s o f t w a r e p r o v i d e s p r e d i c t i o n s
s u p p o r t i n g t h e d e s i g n . T h e c o n c e p t o f a b u i l d i n g , w h i c h s h a l l n o t b e c h a n g e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
a r c h i t e c t , i s m a i n l y d i s c u s s e d d u r i n g t h e i n i t i a l d e s i g n s t a g e . N o r m a l l y , a s i m u l a t i o n a t t h i s
s t a g e i s u n n e c e s s a r y . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e c o n c e p t o f t h e B o d r u m B a s i c H o u s e ( B B H ) i s a l r e a d y
s e t t i n g s t a n d a r d s o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y . T h e r e f o r e , t h i s i n i t i a l s t a g e a n d p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n
s t a g e o f t h e B B H i s i n t e g r a t e d .
I n t h i s i n t e g r a t e d p r o c e d u r e , t h e r o u g h b u i l d i n g s h a p e , h e i g h t - l e n g t h - w i d t h , a s w e l l a s t h e
l a n d s c a p e e n v i r o n m e n t s u r r o u n d i n g t h e B B H , a r e s e t c o n s i d e r i n g t h e p r e v i o u s s i m u l a t i o n
r e s u l t s o f H o l i d a y H o u s e a n d A t t a c h e d H o u s e . F o l l o w i n g t h i s s t a g e , t h e l a r g e - s c a l e e l e m e n t s
o f t h e b u i l d i n g , s u c h a s t h e f a c a d e t y p e ( W W R ) , t h e i n t e r i o r z o n i n g , t h e s t r u c t u r e t y p e , a n d
t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f p a s s i v e e n e r g y s a v i n g t e c h n o l o g i e s , a r e c o n s i d e r e d . D u r i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g
s t a g e , t h e m i c r o l e v e l s t a g e , t h e i m p a c t o f b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s i s a n a l y z e d .


59
The heating capacities required to maintain the temperature set points in each zone were
calculated with simulations and displayed the total heat loss broken down as glazing, walls,
partitions, solid floors, roofs, and external infiltration. The total heat loss in each zone is
multiplied by a safety factor (1.5 by default) to give a recommended heating capacity.
Building energy performance simulation:
Detailed building energy performance data based on simulations using real weather data
were generated.
Simulations using EnergyPlus include the following characteristics:
Consideration of heat conduction and convection between zones of different
temperatures,
Solar gain through windows,
One or more 'warm-up' days to ensure the correct distribution of heat in building thermal
mass and the start of the simulation. Warm-up continues until temperatures/heat flows in each
zone have converged. When convergence does not occur then simulation continues for the
maximum number of days as specified in the calculation options.
5.1.4 Procedure of Simulations by Preliminary Design of the Bodrum Basic House
During the design stage of a building, the simulation software provides predictions
supporting the design. The concept of a building, which shall not be changed according to the
architect, is mainly discussed during the initial design stage. Normally, a simulation at this
stage is unnecessary. Nevertheless, the concept of the Bodrum Basic House (BBH) is already
setting standards of energy efficiency. Therefore, this initial stage and preliminary design
stage of the BBH is integrated.
In this integrated procedure, the rough building shape, height-length-width, as well as the
landscape environment surrounding the BBH, are set considering the previous simulation
results of Holiday House and Attached House. Following this stage, the large-scale elements
of the building, such as the facade type (WWR), the interior zoning, the structure type, and
the application of passive energy saving technologies, are considered. During the following
stage, the micro level stage, the impact of building materials is analyzed.


59
The heating capacities required to maintain the temperature set points in each zone were
calculated with simulations and displayed the total heat loss broken down as glazing, walls,
partitions, solid floors, roofs, and external infiltration. The total heat loss in each zone is
multiplied by a safety factor (1.5 by default) to give a recommended heating capacity.
Building energy performance simulation:
Detailed building energy performance data based on simulations using real weather data
were generated.
Simulations using EnergyPlus include the following characteristics:
Consideration of heat conduction and convection between zones of different
temperatures,
Solar gain through windows,
One or more 'warm-up' days to ensure the correct distribution of heat in building thermal
mass and the start of the simulation. Warm-up continues until temperatures/heat flows in each
zone have converged. When convergence does not occur then simulation continues for the
maximum number of days as specified in the calculation options.
5.1.4 Procedure of Simulations by Preliminary Design of the Bodrum Basic House
During the design stage of a building, the simulation software provides predictions
supporting the design. The concept of a building, which shall not be changed according to the
architect, is mainly discussed during the initial design stage. Normally, a simulation at this
stage is unnecessary. Nevertheless, the concept of the Bodrum Basic House (BBH) is already
setting standards of energy efficiency. Therefore, this initial stage and preliminary design
stage of the BBH is integrated.
In this integrated procedure, the rough building shape, height-length-width, as well as the
landscape environment surrounding the BBH, are set considering the previous simulation
results of Holiday House and Attached House. Following this stage, the large-scale elements
of the building, such as the facade type (WWR), the interior zoning, the structure type, and
the application of passive energy saving technologies, are considered. During the following
stage, the micro level stage, the impact of building materials is analyzed.


60
As Xia
92
has commented: A successful application of the building simulation in the
conceptual design stage is crucial in order to improve building performance, and this
contributes to the reduction of energy consumption from the outset.
5.2 Simulation criteria by means of analysing objects
The major factors, which affect energy consumption, heat gain and heat loss, are primarily
at building level. They can be classified in seven main categories, which have been simulated:
openings, external wall, roof, shading element for the roof, openings, and as vegetation, form-
mass, orientation, and an additional basement floor.
In regard to the afore mentioned aspects, the materials are selected according to the
following principles in order to run representative simulations: The materials, which are used
frequently in Bodrum, were chosen and simulations run respectively. These materials have
been varied in respect of different other criteria, e.g. dimensions, combination, etc.
Economically inefficient materials or techniques, which offer outstanding energy efficiency,
were also simulated. However, they were not considered during the determinations, if they did
not supply an unavoidable contribution for energy efficiency. Detailed definitions will be
given in the following sections.
Criteria HH AH BBH-BC
openings + + +
external wall + + +
roof + + +
shading clements + + +
form-mass - - +
orientation - + +
basement - - +
Table 8 Simulation Criteria
5.2.1 Openings
According to the simulation results, openings are one of the main factors in causes of
energy consumption by a house in Bodrum. There are two common types of fenestrations


60
As Xia
92
has commented: A successful application of the building simulation in the
conceptual design stage is crucial in order to improve building performance, and this
contributes to the reduction of energy consumption from the outset.
5.2 Simulation criteria by means of analysing objects
The major factors, which affect energy consumption, heat gain and heat loss, are primarily
at building level. They can be classified in seven main categories, which have been simulated:
openings, external wall, roof, shading element for the roof, openings, and as vegetation, form-
mass, orientation, and an additional basement floor.
In regard to the afore mentioned aspects, the materials are selected according to the
following principles in order to run representative simulations: The materials, which are used
frequently in Bodrum, were chosen and simulations run respectively. These materials have
been varied in respect of different other criteria, e.g. dimensions, combination, etc.
Economically inefficient materials or techniques, which offer outstanding energy efficiency,
were also simulated. However, they were not considered during the determinations, if they did
not supply an unavoidable contribution for energy efficiency. Detailed definitions will be
given in the following sections.
Criteria HH AH BBH-BC
openings + + +
external wall + + +
roof + + +
shading clements + + +
form-mass - - +
orientation - + +
basement - - +
Table 8 Simulation Criteria
5.2.1 Openings
According to the simulation results, openings are one of the main factors in causes of
energy consumption by a house in Bodrum. There are two common types of fenestrations


6 0
A s X i a
9 2
h a s c o m m e n t e d : A s u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g s i m u l a t i o n i n t h e
c o n c e p t u a l d e s i g n s t a g e i s c r u c i a l i n o r d e r t o i m p r o v e b u i l d i n g p e r f o r m a n c e , a n d t h i s
c o n t r i b u t e s t o t h e r e d u c t i o n o f e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n f r o m t h e o u t s e t .
5 . 2 S i m u l a t i o n c r i t e r i a b y m e a n s o f a n a l y s i n g o b j e c t s
T h e m a j o r f a c t o r s , w h i c h a f f e c t e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n , h e a t g a i n a n d h e a t l o s s , a r e p r i m a r i l y
a t b u i l d i n g l e v e l . T h e y c a n b e c l a s s i f i e d i n s e v e n m a i n c a t e g o r i e s , w h i c h h a v e b e e n s i m u l a t e d :
o p e n i n g s , e x t e r n a l w a l l , r o o f , s h a d i n g e l e m e n t f o r t h e r o o f , o p e n i n g s , a n d a s v e g e t a t i o n , f o r m -
m a s s , o r i e n t a t i o n , a n d a n a d d i t i o n a l b a s e m e n t f l o o r .
I n r e g a r d t o t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d a s p e c t s , t h e m a t e r i a l s a r e s e l e c t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
f o l l o w i n g p r i n c i p l e s i n o r d e r t o r u n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s i m u l a t i o n s : T h e m a t e r i a l s , w h i c h a r e u s e d
f r e q u e n t l y i n B o d r u m , w e r e c h o s e n a n d s i m u l a t i o n s r u n r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e s e m a t e r i a l s h a v e
b e e n v a r i e d i n r e s p e c t o f d i f f e r e n t o t h e r c r i t e r i a , e . g . d i m e n s i o n s , c o m b i n a t i o n , e t c .
E c o n o m i c a l l y i n e f f i c i e n t m a t e r i a l s o r t e c h n i q u e s , w h i c h o f f e r o u t s t a n d i n g e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y ,
w e r e a l s o s i m u l a t e d . H o w e v e r , t h e y w e r e n o t c o n s i d e r e d d u r i n g t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s , i f t h e y d i d
n o t s u p p l y a n u n a v o i d a b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n f o r e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y . D e t a i l e d d e f i n i t i o n s w i l l b e
g i v e n i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s .
C r i t e r i a H H A H B B H - B C
o p e n i n g s + + +
e x t e r n a l w a l l + + +
r o o f + + +
s h a d i n g c l e m e n t s + + +
f o r m - m a s s - - +
o r i e n t a t i o n - + +
b a s e m e n t - - +
T a b l e 8 S i m u l a t i o n C r i t e r i a
5 . 2 . 1 O p e n i n g s
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s , o p e n i n g s a r e o n e o f t h e m a i n f a c t o r s i n c a u s e s o f
e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n b y a h o u s e i n B o d r u m . T h e r e a r e t w o c o m m o n t y p e s o f f e n e s t r a t i o n s


6 0
A s X i a
9 2
h a s c o m m e n t e d : A s u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g s i m u l a t i o n i n t h e
c o n c e p t u a l d e s i g n s t a g e i s c r u c i a l i n o r d e r t o i m p r o v e b u i l d i n g p e r f o r m a n c e , a n d t h i s
c o n t r i b u t e s t o t h e r e d u c t i o n o f e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n f r o m t h e o u t s e t .
5 . 2 S i m u l a t i o n c r i t e r i a b y m e a n s o f a n a l y s i n g o b j e c t s
T h e m a j o r f a c t o r s , w h i c h a f f e c t e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n , h e a t g a i n a n d h e a t l o s s , a r e p r i m a r i l y
a t b u i l d i n g l e v e l . T h e y c a n b e c l a s s i f i e d i n s e v e n m a i n c a t e g o r i e s , w h i c h h a v e b e e n s i m u l a t e d :
o p e n i n g s , e x t e r n a l w a l l , r o o f , s h a d i n g e l e m e n t f o r t h e r o o f , o p e n i n g s , a n d a s v e g e t a t i o n , f o r m -
m a s s , o r i e n t a t i o n , a n d a n a d d i t i o n a l b a s e m e n t f l o o r .
I n r e g a r d t o t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d a s p e c t s , t h e m a t e r i a l s a r e s e l e c t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
f o l l o w i n g p r i n c i p l e s i n o r d e r t o r u n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s i m u l a t i o n s : T h e m a t e r i a l s , w h i c h a r e u s e d
f r e q u e n t l y i n B o d r u m , w e r e c h o s e n a n d s i m u l a t i o n s r u n r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e s e m a t e r i a l s h a v e
b e e n v a r i e d i n r e s p e c t o f d i f f e r e n t o t h e r c r i t e r i a , e . g . d i m e n s i o n s , c o m b i n a t i o n , e t c .
E c o n o m i c a l l y i n e f f i c i e n t m a t e r i a l s o r t e c h n i q u e s , w h i c h o f f e r o u t s t a n d i n g e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y ,
w e r e a l s o s i m u l a t e d . H o w e v e r , t h e y w e r e n o t c o n s i d e r e d d u r i n g t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s , i f t h e y d i d
n o t s u p p l y a n u n a v o i d a b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n f o r e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y . D e t a i l e d d e f i n i t i o n s w i l l b e
g i v e n i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s .
C r i t e r i a H H A H B B H - B C
o p e n i n g s + + +
e x t e r n a l w a l l + + +
r o o f + + +
s h a d i n g c l e m e n t s + + +
f o r m - m a s s - - +
o r i e n t a t i o n - + +
b a s e m e n t - - +
T a b l e 8 S i m u l a t i o n C r i t e r i a
5 . 2 . 1 O p e n i n g s
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s , o p e n i n g s a r e o n e o f t h e m a i n f a c t o r s i n c a u s e s o f
e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n b y a h o u s e i n B o d r u m . T h e r e a r e t w o c o m m o n t y p e s o f f e n e s t r a t i o n s


6 1
u s e d i n B o d r u m : D o u b l e o r s i n g l e g l a z i n g w i t h w o o d e n o r P V C f r a m e s . M e t a l f r a m e s a r e n o t
s u i t e d t o w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s i n B o d r u m . A s p o l y v i n y l c h l o r i d e ( P V C ) w i n d o w s h a v e g a i n e d
m o r e a c c e p t a n c e s i n t h e m a r k e t p l a c e , h o m e o w n e r s h a v e b e e n s e l e c t i n g w o o d e n f r a m e s l e s s
a n d l e s s . T h e r e a r e o v e r 5 , 0 0 0 f i r m s a c t i v e i n t h e P V C f e n e s t r a t i o n s e c t o r i n T u r k e y
9 3
. T h i s
n u m b e r s h o w s t h e p o p u l a r i t y o f P V C s y s t e m s f o r T u r k i s h c o n s t r u c t o r s a n d o w n e r s .
T h e e n e r g y s a v i n g p o t e n t i a l o f a w i n d o w d e p e n d s o n a l a r g e n u m b e r o f v a r i a b l e s : f o r
i n s t a n c e c l i m a t e , t h e r m a l , a n d t h e g e o m e t r i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e b u i l d i n g i n w h i c h t h e
w i n d o w i s i n s t a l l e d
9 4
.
E s p e c i a l l y i n N o r t h e r n E u r o p e , m o s t o f t h e e x i s t i n g r e s e a r c h w a s e x e c u t e d d u r i n g w i n t e r
c o n d i t i o n s ; f o r e x a m p l e i n G o t t e n b e r g S w e d e n , w h e r e h e a t l o s s a n d U - V a l u e r e s p e c t i v e l y a r e
t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i a
9 5
. T h e r e a r e o t h e r p r i m a r y c r i t e r i a a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c l i m a t i c
c o n d i t i o n s .
T h e p a r a m e t e r s a f f e c t i n g t h e o v e r a l l w i n d o w p e r f o r m a n c e c a n b e a n a l y z e d b a s e d o n t w o
c o n c e p t s : w i n d o w p e r f o r m a n c e v a l u e s a n d w i n d o w d e s i g n v a l u e s . P e r f o r m a n c e v a l u e s a r e
a n a l y s e d a t e x i s t i n g h o u s e a n d d e s i g n v a l u e s i n p l a n n e d h o u s e .
W i n d o w p e r f o r m a n c e v a l u e s , w h i c h a r e s i m u l a t e d a n d e v a l u a t e d f o r t h e o b j e c t H H , a r e a s
f o l l o w s :
P e r f o r m a n c e p a r a m e t e r s : C o e f f i c i e n t o f h e a t t r a n s m i s s i o n ( U ) , s o l a r h e a t g a i n c o e f f i c i e n t
( S H G C ) , a n d v i s i b l e t r a n s m i t t a n c e ( V t ) v a l u e s
G l a z i n g c o m p o n e n t s : g l a s s t y p e , c o a t i n g , l a y e r , g a p t h i c k n e s s , s p a c e r , a n d i n f i l l g a s
F r a m e t y p e : P V C , w o o d e n , a n d a l u m i n i u m
W i n d o w d e s i g n v a l u e s , w h i c h a r e s i m u l a t e d a n d e v a l u a t e d f o r t h e A H , a r e a s f o l l o w s :
D i m e n s i o n : w i n d o w t o w a l l r a t i o ( W W R )
O r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g
N u m e r o u s c o m b i n a t i o n s o f t h e s e c r i t e r i a a r e p o s s i b l e , w h i c h c o u l d r e s u l t i n u n c e r t a i n
o u t p u t s . O n e a p p r o a c h t o h a n d l e t h i s u n c e r t a i n t y i s t o c o n c e n t r a t e o n r e a l l i f e e x p e r i e n c e . T h i s
m e a n s t o r u n s i m u l a t i o n s o n a c o m b i n a t i o n o f c r i t e r i a , w h i c h a r e w i d e l y u s e d i n T u r k e y .
A v a i l a b i l i t y i n t e r m s o f t h e p r o d u c t s o f l o c a l g l a s s c o m p a n i e s a r e c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e c h o i c e o f


6 1
u s e d i n B o d r u m : D o u b l e o r s i n g l e g l a z i n g w i t h w o o d e n o r P V C f r a m e s . M e t a l f r a m e s a r e n o t
s u i t e d t o w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s i n B o d r u m . A s p o l y v i n y l c h l o r i d e ( P V C ) w i n d o w s h a v e g a i n e d
m o r e a c c e p t a n c e s i n t h e m a r k e t p l a c e , h o m e o w n e r s h a v e b e e n s e l e c t i n g w o o d e n f r a m e s l e s s
a n d l e s s . T h e r e a r e o v e r 5 , 0 0 0 f i r m s a c t i v e i n t h e P V C f e n e s t r a t i o n s e c t o r i n T u r k e y
9 3
. T h i s
n u m b e r s h o w s t h e p o p u l a r i t y o f P V C s y s t e m s f o r T u r k i s h c o n s t r u c t o r s a n d o w n e r s .
T h e e n e r g y s a v i n g p o t e n t i a l o f a w i n d o w d e p e n d s o n a l a r g e n u m b e r o f v a r i a b l e s : f o r
i n s t a n c e c l i m a t e , t h e r m a l , a n d t h e g e o m e t r i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e b u i l d i n g i n w h i c h t h e
w i n d o w i s i n s t a l l e d
9 4
.
E s p e c i a l l y i n N o r t h e r n E u r o p e , m o s t o f t h e e x i s t i n g r e s e a r c h w a s e x e c u t e d d u r i n g w i n t e r
c o n d i t i o n s ; f o r e x a m p l e i n G o t t e n b e r g S w e d e n , w h e r e h e a t l o s s a n d U - V a l u e r e s p e c t i v e l y a r e
t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i a
9 5
. T h e r e a r e o t h e r p r i m a r y c r i t e r i a a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c l i m a t i c
c o n d i t i o n s .
T h e p a r a m e t e r s a f f e c t i n g t h e o v e r a l l w i n d o w p e r f o r m a n c e c a n b e a n a l y z e d b a s e d o n t w o
c o n c e p t s : w i n d o w p e r f o r m a n c e v a l u e s a n d w i n d o w d e s i g n v a l u e s . P e r f o r m a n c e v a l u e s a r e
a n a l y s e d a t e x i s t i n g h o u s e a n d d e s i g n v a l u e s i n p l a n n e d h o u s e .
W i n d o w p e r f o r m a n c e v a l u e s , w h i c h a r e s i m u l a t e d a n d e v a l u a t e d f o r t h e o b j e c t H H , a r e a s
f o l l o w s :
P e r f o r m a n c e p a r a m e t e r s : C o e f f i c i e n t o f h e a t t r a n s m i s s i o n ( U ) , s o l a r h e a t g a i n c o e f f i c i e n t
( S H G C ) , a n d v i s i b l e t r a n s m i t t a n c e ( V t ) v a l u e s
G l a z i n g c o m p o n e n t s : g l a s s t y p e , c o a t i n g , l a y e r , g a p t h i c k n e s s , s p a c e r , a n d i n f i l l g a s
F r a m e t y p e : P V C , w o o d e n , a n d a l u m i n i u m
W i n d o w d e s i g n v a l u e s , w h i c h a r e s i m u l a t e d a n d e v a l u a t e d f o r t h e A H , a r e a s f o l l o w s :
D i m e n s i o n : w i n d o w t o w a l l r a t i o ( W W R )
O r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g
N u m e r o u s c o m b i n a t i o n s o f t h e s e c r i t e r i a a r e p o s s i b l e , w h i c h c o u l d r e s u l t i n u n c e r t a i n
o u t p u t s . O n e a p p r o a c h t o h a n d l e t h i s u n c e r t a i n t y i s t o c o n c e n t r a t e o n r e a l l i f e e x p e r i e n c e . T h i s
m e a n s t o r u n s i m u l a t i o n s o n a c o m b i n a t i o n o f c r i t e r i a , w h i c h a r e w i d e l y u s e d i n T u r k e y .
A v a i l a b i l i t y i n t e r m s o f t h e p r o d u c t s o f l o c a l g l a s s c o m p a n i e s a r e c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e c h o i c e o f


61
used in Bodrum: Double or single glazing with wooden or PVC frames. Metal frames are not
suited to weather conditions in Bodrum. As polyvinyl chloride (PVC) windows have gained
more acceptances in the marketplace, homeowners have been selecting wooden frames less
and less. There are over 5,000 firms active in the PVC fenestration sector in Turkey
93
. This
number shows the popularity of PVC systems for Turkish constructors and owners.
The energy saving potential of a window depends on a large number of variables: for
instance climate, thermal, and the geometrical characteristics of the building in which the
window is installed
94
.
Especially in Northern Europe, most of the existing research was executed during winter
conditions; for example in Gottenberg Sweden, where heat loss and U-Value respectively are
the most important criteria
95
. There are other primary criteria according to the climatic
conditions.
The parameters affecting the overall window performance can be analyzed based on two
concepts: window performance values and window design values. Performance values are
analysed at existing house and design values in planned house.
Window performance values, which are simulated and evaluated for the object HH, are as
follows:
Performance parameters: Coefficient of heat transmission (U), solar heat gain coefficient
(SHGC), and visible transmittance (Vt) values
Glazing components: glass type, coating, layer, gap thickness, spacer, and infill gas
Frame type: PVC, wooden, and aluminium
Window design values, which are simulated and evaluated for the AH, are as follows:
Dimension: window to wall ratio (WWR)
Orientation of the building
Numerous combinations of these criteria are possible, which could result in uncertain
outputs. One approach to handle this uncertainty is to concentrate on real life experience. This
means to run simulations on a combination of criteria, which are widely used in Turkey.
Availability in terms of the products of local glass companies are considered in the choice of


61
used in Bodrum: Double or single glazing with wooden or PVC frames. Metal frames are not
suited to weather conditions in Bodrum. As polyvinyl chloride (PVC) windows have gained
more acceptances in the marketplace, homeowners have been selecting wooden frames less
and less. There are over 5,000 firms active in the PVC fenestration sector in Turkey
93
. This
number shows the popularity of PVC systems for Turkish constructors and owners.
The energy saving potential of a window depends on a large number of variables: for
instance climate, thermal, and the geometrical characteristics of the building in which the
window is installed
94
.
Especially in Northern Europe, most of the existing research was executed during winter
conditions; for example in Gottenberg Sweden, where heat loss and U-Value respectively are
the most important criteria
95
. There are other primary criteria according to the climatic
conditions.
The parameters affecting the overall window performance can be analyzed based on two
concepts: window performance values and window design values. Performance values are
analysed at existing house and design values in planned house.
Window performance values, which are simulated and evaluated for the object HH, are as
follows:
Performance parameters: Coefficient of heat transmission (U), solar heat gain coefficient
(SHGC), and visible transmittance (Vt) values
Glazing components: glass type, coating, layer, gap thickness, spacer, and infill gas
Frame type: PVC, wooden, and aluminium
Window design values, which are simulated and evaluated for the AH, are as follows:
Dimension: window to wall ratio (WWR)
Orientation of the building
Numerous combinations of these criteria are possible, which could result in uncertain
outputs. One approach to handle this uncertainty is to concentrate on real life experience. This
means to run simulations on a combination of criteria, which are widely used in Turkey.
Availability in terms of the products of local glass companies are considered in the choice of


62
alternatives. Several studies have been undertaken by Trakya Cam Corp.
96
, which is the
dominant company in the Turkish glazing sector with a 85 per cent share of the market. The
commonly used typologies of openings in Turkey are: a PVC frame will have a 4-6 mm
thickness, and a 12-16 mm air gap
97
. The usage of Low-E Coating and Argon filling in the air
gap has started to be widely used.
5.2.1.1 Performance parameters
The primary window properties, which impact the energy performance, are the solar heat
gain coefficient (SHGC), the thermal transmittance value (U). Sunlight, which is a significant
source of energy, can be either beneficial or detrimental. Thus, to accurately evaluate window
performance in regions with a hot climate the SHGC must be considered first
98
. Accordingly,
evaluations solely based on the U Value are not suitable for the local climate.
Simulations of energy-based parameters of windows are run by Design Builder using
ASHRAE calculations. The SHGC, U-Value, and Vt of the window systems are calculated,
which are beneficial at design level of dwellings. But since the energy efficiency of the
window depends on many criteria, these data are utilized as inputs in the simulations of the
whole building.
5.2.1.2 Window performance values
Glazing components
The performance of sub-components must be analyzed in order to determine the
performance of the overall window unit. Advanced technologies offer many alternatives. Sub-
components are as follows:
a) Glass types:
Clear and coated glazing is simulated both combined and separately in order to choose the
optimum variation. Tinted glass could be an alternative with its impact on reducing solar heat
gain. But, in terms of vernacular architecture, the benefits of such glazing can be obtained
with clear and coated glazing as well.


62
alternatives. Several studies have been undertaken by Trakya Cam Corp.
96
, which is the
dominant company in the Turkish glazing sector with a 85 per cent share of the market. The
commonly used typologies of openings in Turkey are: a PVC frame will have a 4-6 mm
thickness, and a 12-16 mm air gap
97
. The usage of Low-E Coating and Argon filling in the air
gap has started to be widely used.
5.2.1.1 Performance parameters
The primary window properties, which impact the energy performance, are the solar heat
gain coefficient (SHGC), the thermal transmittance value (U). Sunlight, which is a significant
source of energy, can be either beneficial or detrimental. Thus, to accurately evaluate window
performance in regions with a hot climate the SHGC must be considered first
98
. Accordingly,
evaluations solely based on the U Value are not suitable for the local climate.
Simulations of energy-based parameters of windows are run by Design Builder using
ASHRAE calculations. The SHGC, U-Value, and Vt of the window systems are calculated,
which are beneficial at design level of dwellings. But since the energy efficiency of the
window depends on many criteria, these data are utilized as inputs in the simulations of the
whole building.
5.2.1.2 Window performance values
Glazing components
The performance of sub-components must be analyzed in order to determine the
performance of the overall window unit. Advanced technologies offer many alternatives. Sub-
components are as follows:
a) Glass types:
Clear and coated glazing is simulated both combined and separately in order to choose the
optimum variation. Tinted glass could be an alternative with its impact on reducing solar heat
gain. But, in terms of vernacular architecture, the benefits of such glazing can be obtained
with clear and coated glazing as well.


6 2
a l t e r n a t i v e s . S e v e r a l s t u d i e s h a v e b e e n u n d e r t a k e n b y T r a k y a C a m C o r p .
9 6
, w h i c h i s t h e
d o m i n a n t c o m p a n y i n t h e T u r k i s h g l a z i n g s e c t o r w i t h a 8 5 p e r c e n t s h a r e o f t h e m a r k e t . T h e
c o m m o n l y u s e d t y p o l o g i e s o f o p e n i n g s i n T u r k e y a r e : a P V C f r a m e w i l l h a v e a 4 - 6 m m
t h i c k n e s s , a n d a 1 2 - 1 6 m m a i r g a p
9 7
. T h e u s a g e o f L o w - E C o a t i n g a n d A r g o n f i l l i n g i n t h e a i r
g a p h a s s t a r t e d t o b e w i d e l y u s e d .
5 . 2 . 1 . 1 P e r f o r m a n c e p a r a m e t e r s
T h e p r i m a r y w i n d o w p r o p e r t i e s , w h i c h i m p a c t t h e e n e r g y p e r f o r m a n c e , a r e t h e s o l a r h e a t
g a i n c o e f f i c i e n t ( S H G C ) , t h e t h e r m a l t r a n s m i t t a n c e v a l u e ( U ) . S u n l i g h t , w h i c h i s a s i g n i f i c a n t
s o u r c e o f e n e r g y , c a n b e e i t h e r b e n e f i c i a l o r d e t r i m e n t a l . T h u s , t o a c c u r a t e l y e v a l u a t e w i n d o w
p e r f o r m a n c e i n r e g i o n s w i t h a h o t c l i m a t e t h e S H G C m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d f i r s t
9 8
. A c c o r d i n g l y ,
e v a l u a t i o n s s o l e l y b a s e d o n t h e U V a l u e a r e n o t s u i t a b l e f o r t h e l o c a l c l i m a t e .
S i m u l a t i o n s o f e n e r g y - b a s e d p a r a m e t e r s o f w i n d o w s a r e r u n b y D e s i g n B u i l d e r u s i n g
A S H R A E c a l c u l a t i o n s . T h e S H G C , U - V a l u e , a n d V t o f t h e w i n d o w s y s t e m s a r e c a l c u l a t e d ,
w h i c h a r e b e n e f i c i a l a t d e s i g n l e v e l o f d w e l l i n g s . B u t s i n c e t h e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
w i n d o w d e p e n d s o n m a n y c r i t e r i a , t h e s e d a t a a r e u t i l i z e d a s i n p u t s i n t h e s i m u l a t i o n s o f t h e
w h o l e b u i l d i n g .
5 . 2 . 1 . 2 W i n d o w p e r f o r m a n c e v a l u e s
G l a z i n g c o m p o n e n t s
T h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f s u b - c o m p o n e n t s m u s t b e a n a l y z e d i n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e t h e
p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e o v e r a l l w i n d o w u n i t . A d v a n c e d t e c h n o l o g i e s o f f e r m a n y a l t e r n a t i v e s . S u b -
c o m p o n e n t s a r e a s f o l l o w s :
a ) G l a s s t y p e s :
C l e a r a n d c o a t e d g l a z i n g i s s i m u l a t e d b o t h c o m b i n e d a n d s e p a r a t e l y i n o r d e r t o c h o o s e t h e
o p t i m u m v a r i a t i o n . T i n t e d g l a s s c o u l d b e a n a l t e r n a t i v e w i t h i t s i m p a c t o n r e d u c i n g s o l a r h e a t
g a i n . B u t , i n t e r m s o f v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e , t h e b e n e f i t s o f s u c h g l a z i n g c a n b e o b t a i n e d
w i t h c l e a r a n d c o a t e d g l a z i n g a s w e l l .


6 2
a l t e r n a t i v e s . S e v e r a l s t u d i e s h a v e b e e n u n d e r t a k e n b y T r a k y a C a m C o r p .
9 6
, w h i c h i s t h e
d o m i n a n t c o m p a n y i n t h e T u r k i s h g l a z i n g s e c t o r w i t h a 8 5 p e r c e n t s h a r e o f t h e m a r k e t . T h e
c o m m o n l y u s e d t y p o l o g i e s o f o p e n i n g s i n T u r k e y a r e : a P V C f r a m e w i l l h a v e a 4 - 6 m m
t h i c k n e s s , a n d a 1 2 - 1 6 m m a i r g a p
9 7
. T h e u s a g e o f L o w - E C o a t i n g a n d A r g o n f i l l i n g i n t h e a i r
g a p h a s s t a r t e d t o b e w i d e l y u s e d .
5 . 2 . 1 . 1 P e r f o r m a n c e p a r a m e t e r s
T h e p r i m a r y w i n d o w p r o p e r t i e s , w h i c h i m p a c t t h e e n e r g y p e r f o r m a n c e , a r e t h e s o l a r h e a t
g a i n c o e f f i c i e n t ( S H G C ) , t h e t h e r m a l t r a n s m i t t a n c e v a l u e ( U ) . S u n l i g h t , w h i c h i s a s i g n i f i c a n t
s o u r c e o f e n e r g y , c a n b e e i t h e r b e n e f i c i a l o r d e t r i m e n t a l . T h u s , t o a c c u r a t e l y e v a l u a t e w i n d o w
p e r f o r m a n c e i n r e g i o n s w i t h a h o t c l i m a t e t h e S H G C m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d f i r s t
9 8
. A c c o r d i n g l y ,
e v a l u a t i o n s s o l e l y b a s e d o n t h e U V a l u e a r e n o t s u i t a b l e f o r t h e l o c a l c l i m a t e .
S i m u l a t i o n s o f e n e r g y - b a s e d p a r a m e t e r s o f w i n d o w s a r e r u n b y D e s i g n B u i l d e r u s i n g
A S H R A E c a l c u l a t i o n s . T h e S H G C , U - V a l u e , a n d V t o f t h e w i n d o w s y s t e m s a r e c a l c u l a t e d ,
w h i c h a r e b e n e f i c i a l a t d e s i g n l e v e l o f d w e l l i n g s . B u t s i n c e t h e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
w i n d o w d e p e n d s o n m a n y c r i t e r i a , t h e s e d a t a a r e u t i l i z e d a s i n p u t s i n t h e s i m u l a t i o n s o f t h e
w h o l e b u i l d i n g .
5 . 2 . 1 . 2 W i n d o w p e r f o r m a n c e v a l u e s
G l a z i n g c o m p o n e n t s
T h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f s u b - c o m p o n e n t s m u s t b e a n a l y z e d i n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e t h e
p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e o v e r a l l w i n d o w u n i t . A d v a n c e d t e c h n o l o g i e s o f f e r m a n y a l t e r n a t i v e s . S u b -
c o m p o n e n t s a r e a s f o l l o w s :
a ) G l a s s t y p e s :
C l e a r a n d c o a t e d g l a z i n g i s s i m u l a t e d b o t h c o m b i n e d a n d s e p a r a t e l y i n o r d e r t o c h o o s e t h e
o p t i m u m v a r i a t i o n . T i n t e d g l a s s c o u l d b e a n a l t e r n a t i v e w i t h i t s i m p a c t o n r e d u c i n g s o l a r h e a t
g a i n . B u t , i n t e r m s o f v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e , t h e b e n e f i t s o f s u c h g l a z i n g c a n b e o b t a i n e d
w i t h c l e a r a n d c o a t e d g l a z i n g a s w e l l .


6 3
G l a s s w i t h 4 , 6 , a n d 8 c m t h i c k n e s s ( t h e r m a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a c c o r d i n g t o B S E N 6 7 3 ) , a r e
u s e d i n t h e s i m u l a t i o n s . S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t t h e r e i s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n
r e g a r d t o p e r f o r m a n c e s . C o m p a r e d w i t h o t h e r c r i t e r i a , t h e t h i c k n e s s o f g l a s s d o e s n o t a f f e c t
t h e c o o l i n g - a n d h e a t i n g l o a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y .
b ) C o a t i n g s :
L o w - e m i t t a n c e ( L o w - E ) c o a t i n g s b r i n g b e n e f i t s s u c h a s i n c r e a s e d i n d o o r c o m f o r t a n d
c o n d e n s a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e , b u t t h e p r i m a r y f u n c t i o n i s t o e n h a n c e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y . L o w - E
g l a s s i m p r o v e s b a s i c a l l y t h e i n s u l a t i n g v a l u e o f t h e w i n d o w b y t r a n s m i t t i n g v i s i b l e l i g h t a n d
r e f l e c t i n g l o n g e r w a v e l e n g t h i n f r a r e d l i g h t t o a v o i d r a d i a t i v e h e a t g a i n
9 9
. B u t n o t a l l L o w - E
g l a s s e s h a v e t h e s a m e e f f e c t . T h e r e f o r e , s i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n f o r v a r i o u s c o m b i n a t i o n s
d e p e n d i n g o n t h e p o s i t i o n o f L o w - E c o a t i n g o n t h e g l a s s .
A l t h o u g h t h e e n e r g y s a v i n g s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f L o w - E c o a t i n g s h a v e b e e n k n o w n f o r
m a n y y e a r s , a c c e p t a n c e b y t h e T u r k i s h b u i l d i n g s e c t o r i s l o w , a n d m a d e u p o n l y 1 1 p e r c e n t
o f w o r l d w i d e g l a s s c o n s u m p t i o n i n 2 0 0 3
1 0 0
.
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s , s p e c t r a l l y s e l e c t i v e g l a s s h a s t h e b e s t p e r f o r m a n c e
o v e r a l l . I n t h i s c a s e , t h e o u t e r s u r f a c e o f t h e i n n e r g l a s s l a y e r , t h e t h i r d p o s i t i o n , s h o w s t h e
b e s t p e r f o r m a n c e b o t h o n c o o l i n g - a n d h e a t i n g l o a d .
c ) L a y e r s , g a p t h i c k n e s s , a n d s p a c e r s :
B e s i d e t h e n u m b e r o f l a y e r s , t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e a i r g a p b e t w e e n g l a s s e s i n f l u e n c e s e n e r g y
e f f i c i e n c y a s w e l l . T h e r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e g a p i s a f u n c t i o n o f i t s t h i c k n e s s . T h i n n e r a i r g a p s a r e
l e s s r e s i s t a n t d u e t o g r e a t e r c o n d u c t i o n
1 0 1
. B u t u n l i k e t h e c o m m o n t h o u g h t s , s i m u l a t i o n s s h o w
t h a t t h e g r e a t e r t h e a i r g a p d o e s n o t c o n s e q u e n t l y l e a d t o b e t t e r i n s u l a t i o n .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e l a y e r s m u s t b e h e l d a p a r t a t a c e r t a i n d i s t a n c e b y s p a c e r s . A n a l u m i n i u m
s p a c e r , w h i c h i s a n e x c e l l e n t c o n d u c t o r
1 0 2
, i s n o t s u i t a b l e i n r e g i o n s w i t h h o t c l i m a t e .
S t a i n l e s s s t e e l a n d w a r m - e d g e s p a c e r s a s a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e s i m u l a t e d t o o b t a i n a n o p t i m u m
r e s u l t .


6 3
G l a s s w i t h 4 , 6 , a n d 8 c m t h i c k n e s s ( t h e r m a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a c c o r d i n g t o B S E N 6 7 3 ) , a r e
u s e d i n t h e s i m u l a t i o n s . S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t t h e r e i s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n
r e g a r d t o p e r f o r m a n c e s . C o m p a r e d w i t h o t h e r c r i t e r i a , t h e t h i c k n e s s o f g l a s s d o e s n o t a f f e c t
t h e c o o l i n g - a n d h e a t i n g l o a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y .
b ) C o a t i n g s :
L o w - e m i t t a n c e ( L o w - E ) c o a t i n g s b r i n g b e n e f i t s s u c h a s i n c r e a s e d i n d o o r c o m f o r t a n d
c o n d e n s a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e , b u t t h e p r i m a r y f u n c t i o n i s t o e n h a n c e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y . L o w - E
g l a s s i m p r o v e s b a s i c a l l y t h e i n s u l a t i n g v a l u e o f t h e w i n d o w b y t r a n s m i t t i n g v i s i b l e l i g h t a n d
r e f l e c t i n g l o n g e r w a v e l e n g t h i n f r a r e d l i g h t t o a v o i d r a d i a t i v e h e a t g a i n
9 9
. B u t n o t a l l L o w - E
g l a s s e s h a v e t h e s a m e e f f e c t . T h e r e f o r e , s i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n f o r v a r i o u s c o m b i n a t i o n s
d e p e n d i n g o n t h e p o s i t i o n o f L o w - E c o a t i n g o n t h e g l a s s .
A l t h o u g h t h e e n e r g y s a v i n g s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f L o w - E c o a t i n g s h a v e b e e n k n o w n f o r
m a n y y e a r s , a c c e p t a n c e b y t h e T u r k i s h b u i l d i n g s e c t o r i s l o w , a n d m a d e u p o n l y 1 1 p e r c e n t
o f w o r l d w i d e g l a s s c o n s u m p t i o n i n 2 0 0 3
1 0 0
.
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s , s p e c t r a l l y s e l e c t i v e g l a s s h a s t h e b e s t p e r f o r m a n c e
o v e r a l l . I n t h i s c a s e , t h e o u t e r s u r f a c e o f t h e i n n e r g l a s s l a y e r , t h e t h i r d p o s i t i o n , s h o w s t h e
b e s t p e r f o r m a n c e b o t h o n c o o l i n g - a n d h e a t i n g l o a d .
c ) L a y e r s , g a p t h i c k n e s s , a n d s p a c e r s :
B e s i d e t h e n u m b e r o f l a y e r s , t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e a i r g a p b e t w e e n g l a s s e s i n f l u e n c e s e n e r g y
e f f i c i e n c y a s w e l l . T h e r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e g a p i s a f u n c t i o n o f i t s t h i c k n e s s . T h i n n e r a i r g a p s a r e
l e s s r e s i s t a n t d u e t o g r e a t e r c o n d u c t i o n
1 0 1
. B u t u n l i k e t h e c o m m o n t h o u g h t s , s i m u l a t i o n s s h o w
t h a t t h e g r e a t e r t h e a i r g a p d o e s n o t c o n s e q u e n t l y l e a d t o b e t t e r i n s u l a t i o n .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e l a y e r s m u s t b e h e l d a p a r t a t a c e r t a i n d i s t a n c e b y s p a c e r s . A n a l u m i n i u m
s p a c e r , w h i c h i s a n e x c e l l e n t c o n d u c t o r
1 0 2
, i s n o t s u i t a b l e i n r e g i o n s w i t h h o t c l i m a t e .
S t a i n l e s s s t e e l a n d w a r m - e d g e s p a c e r s a s a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e s i m u l a t e d t o o b t a i n a n o p t i m u m
r e s u l t .


63
Glass with 4, 6, and 8 cm thickness (thermal characteristics according to BSEN673), are
used in the simulations. Simulation results show that there is no significant difference in
regard to performances. Compared with other criteria, the thickness of glass does not affect
the cooling- and heating load significantly.
b) Coatings:
Low-emittance (Low-E) coatings bring benefits such as increased indoor comfort and
condensation resistance, but the primary function is to enhance energy efficiency. Low-E
glass improves basically the insulating value of the window by transmitting visible light and
reflecting longer wavelength infrared light to avoid radiative heat gain
99
. But not all Low-E
glasses have the same effect. Therefore, simulations are run for various combinations
depending on the position of Low-E coating on the glass.
Although the energy savings and performance of Low-E coatings have been known for
many years, acceptance by the Turkish building sector is low, and made up only 11 per cent
of worldwide glass consumption in 2003
100
.
According to the simulation results, spectrally selective glass has the best performance
overall. In this case, the outer surface of the inner glass layer, the third position, shows the
best performance both on cooling- and heating load.
c) Layers, gap thickness, and spacers:
Beside the number of layers, the thickness of the air gap between glasses influences energy
efficiency as well. The resistance of the gap is a function of its thickness. Thinner air gaps are
less resistant due to greater conduction
101
. But unlike the common thoughts, simulations show
that the greater the air gap does not consequently lead to better insulation.
Furthermore, the layers must be held apart at a certain distance by spacers. An aluminium
spacer, which is an excellent conductor
102
, is not suitable in regions with hot climate.
Stainless steel and warm-edge spacers as alternatives are simulated to obtain an optimum
result.


63
Glass with 4, 6, and 8 cm thickness (thermal characteristics according to BSEN673), are
used in the simulations. Simulation results show that there is no significant difference in
regard to performances. Compared with other criteria, the thickness of glass does not affect
the cooling- and heating load significantly.
b) Coatings:
Low-emittance (Low-E) coatings bring benefits such as increased indoor comfort and
condensation resistance, but the primary function is to enhance energy efficiency. Low-E
glass improves basically the insulating value of the window by transmitting visible light and
reflecting longer wavelength infrared light to avoid radiative heat gain
99
. But not all Low-E
glasses have the same effect. Therefore, simulations are run for various combinations
depending on the position of Low-E coating on the glass.
Although the energy savings and performance of Low-E coatings have been known for
many years, acceptance by the Turkish building sector is low, and made up only 11 per cent
of worldwide glass consumption in 2003
100
.
According to the simulation results, spectrally selective glass has the best performance
overall. In this case, the outer surface of the inner glass layer, the third position, shows the
best performance both on cooling- and heating load.
c) Layers, gap thickness, and spacers:
Beside the number of layers, the thickness of the air gap between glasses influences energy
efficiency as well. The resistance of the gap is a function of its thickness. Thinner air gaps are
less resistant due to greater conduction
101
. But unlike the common thoughts, simulations show
that the greater the air gap does not consequently lead to better insulation.
Furthermore, the layers must be held apart at a certain distance by spacers. An aluminium
spacer, which is an excellent conductor
102
, is not suitable in regions with hot climate.
Stainless steel and warm-edge spacers as alternatives are simulated to obtain an optimum
result.


64
Three layer systems, glass-gap-glass, are simulated variously. One layer system, which is
an actual component of the HH and most other dwellings in Bodrum, is also simulated to
show the difference of energy efficiency in comparison with other systems.
Simulation results of gap thickness between glass layers show that enlarging the gap
thickness over 13 mm will lead to a decrease of the U Value of a window system. Smaller air
gaps, usually 6 or 8 mm, are also not beneficial compared with 13 mm gap. Gaps above 13
mm also increase the SHGC value, which is not profitable for regions with hot climate like
Bodrum.
All these results suggest that a gap of 13 mm between glasses has the most energy
efficiency.
d) Material of infill gas:
The number of layers and the gap between glazing layers are further important factor in
respect of the energy efficiency of window systems. Simulation results show that more layers
do not always lead to greater energy efficiency as has been shown for gap size respectively.
Two layer systems, glass-gap-glass, are extensively simulated to obtain energy performance
for dwellings in Bodrum.
According to the information from the market-leading manufacturer Trakya Corp, argon
gas fills, which provide measurable improvement in thermal performance
103
, are not
commonly ordered for residential buildings. But they are included in the simulations in order
to allow for better comparison with other combinations.
Argon and air are compared within the simulations. It is obvious that argon, which has
better thermal characteristics, shows better energy efficiency. Changes of cooling- and heating
load are not significant. SHGC values also remain at the same level.
5.2.1.3 Frame type
Frame choice can drastically affect the entire window performance, which is also proved
by the simulations. PVC and wooden frame types are considered, since they are mainly used
in Turkey
104
. The aluminium window frames are not evaluated due to their disadvantage of
high thermal conductance. In terms of thermal performance, PVC frames are comparable with


64
Three layer systems, glass-gap-glass, are simulated variously. One layer system, which is
an actual component of the HH and most other dwellings in Bodrum, is also simulated to
show the difference of energy efficiency in comparison with other systems.
Simulation results of gap thickness between glass layers show that enlarging the gap
thickness over 13 mm will lead to a decrease of the U Value of a window system. Smaller air
gaps, usually 6 or 8 mm, are also not beneficial compared with 13 mm gap. Gaps above 13
mm also increase the SHGC value, which is not profitable for regions with hot climate like
Bodrum.
All these results suggest that a gap of 13 mm between glasses has the most energy
efficiency.
d) Material of infill gas:
The number of layers and the gap between glazing layers are further important factor in
respect of the energy efficiency of window systems. Simulation results show that more layers
do not always lead to greater energy efficiency as has been shown for gap size respectively.
Two layer systems, glass-gap-glass, are extensively simulated to obtain energy performance
for dwellings in Bodrum.
According to the information from the market-leading manufacturer Trakya Corp, argon
gas fills, which provide measurable improvement in thermal performance
103
, are not
commonly ordered for residential buildings. But they are included in the simulations in order
to allow for better comparison with other combinations.
Argon and air are compared within the simulations. It is obvious that argon, which has
better thermal characteristics, shows better energy efficiency. Changes of cooling- and heating
load are not significant. SHGC values also remain at the same level.
5.2.1.3 Frame type
Frame choice can drastically affect the entire window performance, which is also proved
by the simulations. PVC and wooden frame types are considered, since they are mainly used
in Turkey
104
. The aluminium window frames are not evaluated due to their disadvantage of
high thermal conductance. In terms of thermal performance, PVC frames are comparable with


6 4
T h r e e l a y e r s y s t e m s , g l a s s - g a p - g l a s s , a r e s i m u l a t e d v a r i o u s l y . O n e l a y e r s y s t e m , w h i c h i s
a n a c t u a l c o m p o n e n t o f t h e H H a n d m o s t o t h e r d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m , i s a l s o s i m u l a t e d t o
s h o w t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h o t h e r s y s t e m s .
S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s o f g a p t h i c k n e s s b e t w e e n g l a s s l a y e r s s h o w t h a t e n l a r g i n g t h e g a p
t h i c k n e s s o v e r 1 3 m m w i l l l e a d t o a d e c r e a s e o f t h e U V a l u e o f a w i n d o w s y s t e m . S m a l l e r a i r
g a p s , u s u a l l y 6 o r 8 m m , a r e a l s o n o t b e n e f i c i a l c o m p a r e d w i t h 1 3 m m g a p . G a p s a b o v e 1 3
m m a l s o i n c r e a s e t h e S H G C v a l u e , w h i c h i s n o t p r o f i t a b l e f o r r e g i o n s w i t h h o t c l i m a t e l i k e
B o d r u m .
A l l t h e s e r e s u l t s s u g g e s t t h a t a g a p o f 1 3 m m b e t w e e n g l a s s e s h a s t h e m o s t e n e r g y
e f f i c i e n c y .
d ) M a t e r i a l o f i n f i l l g a s :
T h e n u m b e r o f l a y e r s a n d t h e g a p b e t w e e n g l a z i n g l a y e r s a r e f u r t h e r i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n
r e s p e c t o f t h e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y o f w i n d o w s y s t e m s . S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t m o r e l a y e r s
d o n o t a l w a y s l e a d t o g r e a t e r e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y a s h a s b e e n s h o w n f o r g a p s i z e r e s p e c t i v e l y .
T w o l a y e r s y s t e m s , g l a s s - g a p - g l a s s , a r e e x t e n s i v e l y s i m u l a t e d t o o b t a i n e n e r g y p e r f o r m a n c e
f o r d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m t h e m a r k e t - l e a d i n g m a n u f a c t u r e r T r a k y a C o r p , a r g o n
g a s f i l l s , w h i c h p r o v i d e m e a s u r a b l e i m p r o v e m e n t i n t h e r m a l p e r f o r m a n c e
1 0 3
, a r e n o t
c o m m o n l y o r d e r e d f o r r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s . B u t t h e y a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e s i m u l a t i o n s i n o r d e r
t o a l l o w f o r b e t t e r c o m p a r i s o n w i t h o t h e r c o m b i n a t i o n s .
A r g o n a n d a i r a r e c o m p a r e d w i t h i n t h e s i m u l a t i o n s . I t i s o b v i o u s t h a t a r g o n , w h i c h h a s
b e t t e r t h e r m a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , s h o w s b e t t e r e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y . C h a n g e s o f c o o l i n g - a n d h e a t i n g
l o a d a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . S H G C v a l u e s a l s o r e m a i n a t t h e s a m e l e v e l .
5 . 2 . 1 . 3 F r a m e t y p e
F r a m e c h o i c e c a n d r a s t i c a l l y a f f e c t t h e e n t i r e w i n d o w p e r f o r m a n c e , w h i c h i s a l s o p r o v e d
b y t h e s i m u l a t i o n s . P V C a n d w o o d e n f r a m e t y p e s a r e c o n s i d e r e d , s i n c e t h e y a r e m a i n l y u s e d
i n T u r k e y
1 0 4
. T h e a l u m i n i u m w i n d o w f r a m e s a r e n o t e v a l u a t e d d u e t o t h e i r d i s a d v a n t a g e o f
h i g h t h e r m a l c o n d u c t a n c e . I n t e r m s o f t h e r m a l p e r f o r m a n c e , P V C f r a m e s a r e c o m p a r a b l e w i t h


6 4
T h r e e l a y e r s y s t e m s , g l a s s - g a p - g l a s s , a r e s i m u l a t e d v a r i o u s l y . O n e l a y e r s y s t e m , w h i c h i s
a n a c t u a l c o m p o n e n t o f t h e H H a n d m o s t o t h e r d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m , i s a l s o s i m u l a t e d t o
s h o w t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h o t h e r s y s t e m s .
S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s o f g a p t h i c k n e s s b e t w e e n g l a s s l a y e r s s h o w t h a t e n l a r g i n g t h e g a p
t h i c k n e s s o v e r 1 3 m m w i l l l e a d t o a d e c r e a s e o f t h e U V a l u e o f a w i n d o w s y s t e m . S m a l l e r a i r
g a p s , u s u a l l y 6 o r 8 m m , a r e a l s o n o t b e n e f i c i a l c o m p a r e d w i t h 1 3 m m g a p . G a p s a b o v e 1 3
m m a l s o i n c r e a s e t h e S H G C v a l u e , w h i c h i s n o t p r o f i t a b l e f o r r e g i o n s w i t h h o t c l i m a t e l i k e
B o d r u m .
A l l t h e s e r e s u l t s s u g g e s t t h a t a g a p o f 1 3 m m b e t w e e n g l a s s e s h a s t h e m o s t e n e r g y
e f f i c i e n c y .
d ) M a t e r i a l o f i n f i l l g a s :
T h e n u m b e r o f l a y e r s a n d t h e g a p b e t w e e n g l a z i n g l a y e r s a r e f u r t h e r i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n
r e s p e c t o f t h e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y o f w i n d o w s y s t e m s . S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t m o r e l a y e r s
d o n o t a l w a y s l e a d t o g r e a t e r e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y a s h a s b e e n s h o w n f o r g a p s i z e r e s p e c t i v e l y .
T w o l a y e r s y s t e m s , g l a s s - g a p - g l a s s , a r e e x t e n s i v e l y s i m u l a t e d t o o b t a i n e n e r g y p e r f o r m a n c e
f o r d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m t h e m a r k e t - l e a d i n g m a n u f a c t u r e r T r a k y a C o r p , a r g o n
g a s f i l l s , w h i c h p r o v i d e m e a s u r a b l e i m p r o v e m e n t i n t h e r m a l p e r f o r m a n c e
1 0 3
, a r e n o t
c o m m o n l y o r d e r e d f o r r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s . B u t t h e y a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e s i m u l a t i o n s i n o r d e r
t o a l l o w f o r b e t t e r c o m p a r i s o n w i t h o t h e r c o m b i n a t i o n s .
A r g o n a n d a i r a r e c o m p a r e d w i t h i n t h e s i m u l a t i o n s . I t i s o b v i o u s t h a t a r g o n , w h i c h h a s
b e t t e r t h e r m a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , s h o w s b e t t e r e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y . C h a n g e s o f c o o l i n g - a n d h e a t i n g
l o a d a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . S H G C v a l u e s a l s o r e m a i n a t t h e s a m e l e v e l .
5 . 2 . 1 . 3 F r a m e t y p e
F r a m e c h o i c e c a n d r a s t i c a l l y a f f e c t t h e e n t i r e w i n d o w p e r f o r m a n c e , w h i c h i s a l s o p r o v e d
b y t h e s i m u l a t i o n s . P V C a n d w o o d e n f r a m e t y p e s a r e c o n s i d e r e d , s i n c e t h e y a r e m a i n l y u s e d
i n T u r k e y
1 0 4
. T h e a l u m i n i u m w i n d o w f r a m e s a r e n o t e v a l u a t e d d u e t o t h e i r d i s a d v a n t a g e o f
h i g h t h e r m a l c o n d u c t a n c e . I n t e r m s o f t h e r m a l p e r f o r m a n c e , P V C f r a m e s a r e c o m p a r a b l e w i t h

6 5
w o o d e n f r a m e s . M i n o r d i f f e r e n c e s r e l a t i n g t o t h e i r c o n s t r u c t i o n d o n o t c r e a t e a b i g
p e r f o r m a n c e g a p b e t w e e n t h e s e f r a m e s . T h e d i s a d v a n t a g e o f w o o d e n f r a m e s c o n c e r n s t h e i r
m a i n t e n a n c e , w h e r e a s t h e y a r e m o r e e c o l o g i c a l l y f r i e n d l y c o m p a r e d t o P V C .
S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t w i n d o w f r a m e s d o n o t o n l y h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o n
c o o l i n g - o r h e a t i n g l o a d . F o r b o t h a n a l y z e d o b j e c t s , c o o l i n g l o a d d i f f e r e n c e s a r e o f a
m a x i m u m 0 . 1 p e r c e n t a n d 0 . 7 p e r c e n t b y h e a t i n g l o a d . W o o d e n a n d P V C f r a m e s s h o w
a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s a m e p e r f o r m a n c e o n c o o l i n g - a n d h e a t i n g l o a d . A s d i s p l a y e d i n f i g u r e 5 ,
t h e w o r s t p e r f o r m a n c e o n c o o l i n g l o a d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s i s r e l a t e d t o a n
a l u m i n i u m f r a m e w i t h o u t a t h e r m a l b r e a k .

F i g u r e 5 E f f e c t s o f F r a m e M a t e r i a l o n C o o l i n g - a n d H e a t i n g L o a d
5 . 2 . 1 . 4 W i n d o w d e s i g n v a l u e s
D i m e n s i o n a n d W i n d o w - t o w a l l r a t i o
T h e s e c r i t e r i a a r e s i m u l a t e d b y a n a l y z i n g o b j e c t A H a t t h e d e s i g n s t a g e . C h a n g i n g t h e s i z e
o f a n o p e n i n g m a y n o t b e a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y p o s s i b l e u n d e r e v e r y c i r c u m s t a n c e . T h e r e f o r e , t h e s e
c r i t e r i a a r e n o t e v a l u a t e d b y r e t r o f i t t i n g o b j e c t H H . S i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n t o f i n d t h e a n s w e r f o r
t h e q u e s t i o n , w h i c h i s t h e o p t i m u m w i n d o w a r e a f o r a p o o r l y i n s u l a t e d h o u s e i n B o d r u m .
4 2 . S 1 4 2 . S 1 4 2 . S 4 4 2 . S S
7 u . u S 7 u . u S 7 u . 1 6 6 9 . 9 S
1 6 . 9 8 1 6 . 9 8 1 7 . u 2 1 7 . u S
1 S . 1 9 1 S . 1 9 1 S . 2 4 1 S . 2 8
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
w o o d P V C a l u m i n u m a l u . w i t h
t h e r m a l
b r e a k
w o o d P V C a l u m i n u m a l u . w i t h
t h e r m a l
b r e a k
H H A H
C o o l i n g L o a d k W H e a t i n g L o a d k W

6 5
w o o d e n f r a m e s . M i n o r d i f f e r e n c e s r e l a t i n g t o t h e i r c o n s t r u c t i o n d o n o t c r e a t e a b i g
p e r f o r m a n c e g a p b e t w e e n t h e s e f r a m e s . T h e d i s a d v a n t a g e o f w o o d e n f r a m e s c o n c e r n s t h e i r
m a i n t e n a n c e , w h e r e a s t h e y a r e m o r e e c o l o g i c a l l y f r i e n d l y c o m p a r e d t o P V C .
S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t w i n d o w f r a m e s d o n o t o n l y h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o n
c o o l i n g - o r h e a t i n g l o a d . F o r b o t h a n a l y z e d o b j e c t s , c o o l i n g l o a d d i f f e r e n c e s a r e o f a
m a x i m u m 0 . 1 p e r c e n t a n d 0 . 7 p e r c e n t b y h e a t i n g l o a d . W o o d e n a n d P V C f r a m e s s h o w
a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s a m e p e r f o r m a n c e o n c o o l i n g - a n d h e a t i n g l o a d . A s d i s p l a y e d i n f i g u r e 5 ,
t h e w o r s t p e r f o r m a n c e o n c o o l i n g l o a d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s i s r e l a t e d t o a n
a l u m i n i u m f r a m e w i t h o u t a t h e r m a l b r e a k .

F i g u r e 5 E f f e c t s o f F r a m e M a t e r i a l o n C o o l i n g - a n d H e a t i n g L o a d
5 . 2 . 1 . 4 W i n d o w d e s i g n v a l u e s
D i m e n s i o n a n d W i n d o w - t o w a l l r a t i o
T h e s e c r i t e r i a a r e s i m u l a t e d b y a n a l y z i n g o b j e c t A H a t t h e d e s i g n s t a g e . C h a n g i n g t h e s i z e
o f a n o p e n i n g m a y n o t b e a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y p o s s i b l e u n d e r e v e r y c i r c u m s t a n c e . T h e r e f o r e , t h e s e
c r i t e r i a a r e n o t e v a l u a t e d b y r e t r o f i t t i n g o b j e c t H H . S i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n t o f i n d t h e a n s w e r f o r
t h e q u e s t i o n , w h i c h i s t h e o p t i m u m w i n d o w a r e a f o r a p o o r l y i n s u l a t e d h o u s e i n B o d r u m .
4 2 . S 1 4 2 . S 1 4 2 . S 4 4 2 . S S
7 u . u S 7 u . u S 7 u . 1 6 6 9 . 9 S
1 6 . 9 8 1 6 . 9 8 1 7 . u 2 1 7 . u S
1 S . 1 9 1 S . 1 9 1 S . 2 4 1 S . 2 8
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
w o o d P V C a l u m i n u m a l u . w i t h
t h e r m a l
b r e a k
w o o d P V C a l u m i n u m a l u . w i t h
t h e r m a l
b r e a k
H H A H
C o o l i n g L o a d k W H e a t i n g L o a d k W

65
wooden frames. Minor differences relating to their construction do not create a big
performance gap between these frames. The disadvantage of wooden frames concerns their
maintenance, whereas they are more ecologically friendly compared to PVC.
Simulation results show that window frames do not only have a significant effect on
cooling- or heating load. For both analyzed objects, cooling load differences are of a
maximum 0.1 per cent and 0.7 per cent by heating load. Wooden and PVC frames show
approximately the same performance on cooling- and heating load. As displayed in figure 5,
the worst performance on cooling load according to the simulation results is related to an
aluminium frame without a thermal break.

Figure 5 Effects of Frame Material on Cooling- and Heating Load
5.2.1.4 Window design values
Dimension and Window-to wall ratio
These criteria are simulated by analyzing object AH at the design stage. Changing the size
of an opening may not be architecturally possible under every circumstance. Therefore, these
criteria are not evaluated by retrofitting object HH. Simulations are run to find the answer for
the question, which is the optimum window area for a poorly insulated house in Bodrum.
42.S1 42.S1 42.S4 42.SS
7u.uS 7u.uS 7u.16 69.9S
16.98 16.98 17.u2 17.uS
1S.19 1S.19 1S.24 1S.28
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
wood PVC aluminum alu. with
thermal
break
wood PVC aluminum alu. with
thermal
break
HH AH
Cooling Load kW Heating Load kW

65
wooden frames. Minor differences relating to their construction do not create a big
performance gap between these frames. The disadvantage of wooden frames concerns their
maintenance, whereas they are more ecologically friendly compared to PVC.
Simulation results show that window frames do not only have a significant effect on
cooling- or heating load. For both analyzed objects, cooling load differences are of a
maximum 0.1 per cent and 0.7 per cent by heating load. Wooden and PVC frames show
approximately the same performance on cooling- and heating load. As displayed in figure 5,
the worst performance on cooling load according to the simulation results is related to an
aluminium frame without a thermal break.

Figure 5 Effects of Frame Material on Cooling- and Heating Load
5.2.1.4 Window design values
Dimension and Window-to wall ratio
These criteria are simulated by analyzing object AH at the design stage. Changing the size
of an opening may not be architecturally possible under every circumstance. Therefore, these
criteria are not evaluated by retrofitting object HH. Simulations are run to find the answer for
the question, which is the optimum window area for a poorly insulated house in Bodrum.
42.S1 42.S1 42.S4 42.SS
7u.uS 7u.uS 7u.16 69.9S
16.98 16.98 17.u2 17.uS
1S.19 1S.19 1S.24 1S.28
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
wood PVC aluminum alu. with
thermal
break
wood PVC aluminum alu. with
thermal
break
HH AH
Cooling Load kW Heating Load kW


66
The issue of energy efficiency has priority in this work. Further investigations are
necessary to determine the influence of day-lighting in each of the rooms.
Simulations are run for ratios between 10 to 50 per cent. According to the results, WWRs
under 20 per cent are most desirable for regions like Bodrum. This shows the importance of
small openings in hot climatic zones.
A combination of the WWR of different facades is also beneficial in terms of cooling load
and natural lighting. A ratio of ten per cent in northern, eastern and western facades combined
with a ratio of 30 per cent in southern facades results seven per cent less cooling load
compared with facades with equal 20 per cent ratios. On the other hand, facades with more
than 30 per cent WWR should be avoided because of extreme solar heat gain through glazing
in summer period.
5.2.2 Orientation of the building
The question in this capture concerns which direction is most suitable for reducing cooling
loads in the summer period. The orientation can provide profitable solutions for energy
consumption and comfort standards.
Although there are other criteria, such as the view, which defines the building orientation
in Bodrum, an optimum direction can be calculated by means of the application of simulation
programs. The simulations will be done for the AH, which is already in the planning phase.
All possible directions will be simulated to find an optimum direction, which will allow for
the development of exemplary future settlements.
In the holiday house, which has been chosen as an example of existent dwellings in
Bodrum, this criterion cannot be considered. The AH is simulated by changing its orientation
in 45 segments. The reference surface is west (W) representing 0 on the figure. The figure 6
shows the difference of cooling loads depending on the orientation of the AH.
If we compare the simulation results, there is no significant difference between the cooling
loads of the AH when faced in southern (S, SW, SE), eastern (E) and northern (N, NW, NE)
directions. The difference is approximately one kW. In these variations, the cooling load can
be reduced by 14 per cent compared with the actual direction to the west. If the building faces
in a westerly direction (W, SW, NW) the cooling load rises by up to 13 per cent to 70 kW.


66
The issue of energy efficiency has priority in this work. Further investigations are
necessary to determine the influence of day-lighting in each of the rooms.
Simulations are run for ratios between 10 to 50 per cent. According to the results, WWRs
under 20 per cent are most desirable for regions like Bodrum. This shows the importance of
small openings in hot climatic zones.
A combination of the WWR of different facades is also beneficial in terms of cooling load
and natural lighting. A ratio of ten per cent in northern, eastern and western facades combined
with a ratio of 30 per cent in southern facades results seven per cent less cooling load
compared with facades with equal 20 per cent ratios. On the other hand, facades with more
than 30 per cent WWR should be avoided because of extreme solar heat gain through glazing
in summer period.
5.2.2 Orientation of the building
The question in this capture concerns which direction is most suitable for reducing cooling
loads in the summer period. The orientation can provide profitable solutions for energy
consumption and comfort standards.
Although there are other criteria, such as the view, which defines the building orientation
in Bodrum, an optimum direction can be calculated by means of the application of simulation
programs. The simulations will be done for the AH, which is already in the planning phase.
All possible directions will be simulated to find an optimum direction, which will allow for
the development of exemplary future settlements.
In the holiday house, which has been chosen as an example of existent dwellings in
Bodrum, this criterion cannot be considered. The AH is simulated by changing its orientation
in 45 segments. The reference surface is west (W) representing 0 on the figure. The figure 6
shows the difference of cooling loads depending on the orientation of the AH.
If we compare the simulation results, there is no significant difference between the cooling
loads of the AH when faced in southern (S, SW, SE), eastern (E) and northern (N, NW, NE)
directions. The difference is approximately one kW. In these variations, the cooling load can
be reduced by 14 per cent compared with the actual direction to the west. If the building faces
in a westerly direction (W, SW, NW) the cooling load rises by up to 13 per cent to 70 kW.


6 6
T h e i s s u e o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y h a s p r i o r i t y i n t h i s w o r k . F u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a r e
n e c e s s a r y t o d e t e r m i n e t h e i n f l u e n c e o f d a y - l i g h t i n g i n e a c h o f t h e r o o m s .
S i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n f o r r a t i o s b e t w e e n 1 0 t o 5 0 p e r c e n t . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e s u l t s , W W R s
u n d e r 2 0 p e r c e n t a r e m o s t d e s i r a b l e f o r r e g i o n s l i k e B o d r u m . T h i s s h o w s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f
s m a l l o p e n i n g s i n h o t c l i m a t i c z o n e s .
A c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e W W R o f d i f f e r e n t f a c a d e s i s a l s o b e n e f i c i a l i n t e r m s o f c o o l i n g l o a d
a n d n a t u r a l l i g h t i n g . A r a t i o o f t e n p e r c e n t i n n o r t h e r n , e a s t e r n a n d w e s t e r n f a c a d e s c o m b i n e d
w i t h a r a t i o o f 3 0 p e r c e n t i n s o u t h e r n f a c a d e s r e s u l t s s e v e n p e r c e n t l e s s c o o l i n g l o a d
c o m p a r e d w i t h f a c a d e s w i t h e q u a l 2 0 p e r c e n t r a t i o s . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , f a c a d e s w i t h m o r e
t h a n 3 0 p e r c e n t W W R s h o u l d b e a v o i d e d b e c a u s e o f e x t r e m e s o l a r h e a t g a i n t h r o u g h g l a z i n g
i n s u m m e r p e r i o d .
5 . 2 . 2 O r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g
T h e q u e s t i o n i n t h i s c a p t u r e c o n c e r n s w h i c h d i r e c t i o n i s m o s t s u i t a b l e f o r r e d u c i n g c o o l i n g
l o a d s i n t h e s u m m e r p e r i o d . T h e o r i e n t a t i o n c a n p r o v i d e p r o f i t a b l e s o l u t i o n s f o r e n e r g y
c o n s u m p t i o n a n d c o m f o r t s t a n d a r d s .
A l t h o u g h t h e r e a r e o t h e r c r i t e r i a , s u c h a s t h e v i e w , w h i c h d e f i n e s t h e b u i l d i n g o r i e n t a t i o n
i n B o d r u m , a n o p t i m u m d i r e c t i o n c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d b y m e a n s o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f s i m u l a t i o n
p r o g r a m s . T h e s i m u l a t i o n s w i l l b e d o n e f o r t h e A H , w h i c h i s a l r e a d y i n t h e p l a n n i n g p h a s e .
A l l p o s s i b l e d i r e c t i o n s w i l l b e s i m u l a t e d t o f i n d a n o p t i m u m d i r e c t i o n , w h i c h w i l l a l l o w f o r
t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f e x e m p l a r y f u t u r e s e t t l e m e n t s .
I n t h e h o l i d a y h o u s e , w h i c h h a s b e e n c h o s e n a s a n e x a m p l e o f e x i s t e n t d w e l l i n g s i n
B o d r u m , t h i s c r i t e r i o n c a n n o t b e c o n s i d e r e d . T h e A H i s s i m u l a t e d b y c h a n g i n g i t s o r i e n t a t i o n
i n 4 5 s e g m e n t s . T h e r e f e r e n c e s u r f a c e i s w e s t ( W ) r e p r e s e n t i n g 0 o n t h e f i g u r e . T h e f i g u r e 6
s h o w s t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f c o o l i n g l o a d s d e p e n d i n g o n t h e o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e A H .
I f w e c o m p a r e t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s , t h e r e i s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e c o o l i n g
l o a d s o f t h e A H w h e n f a c e d i n s o u t h e r n ( S , S W , S E ) , e a s t e r n ( E ) a n d n o r t h e r n ( N , N W , N E )
d i r e c t i o n s . T h e d i f f e r e n c e i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e k W . I n t h e s e v a r i a t i o n s , t h e c o o l i n g l o a d c a n
b e r e d u c e d b y 1 4 p e r c e n t c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e a c t u a l d i r e c t i o n t o t h e w e s t . I f t h e b u i l d i n g f a c e s
i n a w e s t e r l y d i r e c t i o n ( W , S W , N W ) t h e c o o l i n g l o a d r i s e s b y u p t o 1 3 p e r c e n t t o 7 0 k W .


6 6
T h e i s s u e o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y h a s p r i o r i t y i n t h i s w o r k . F u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a r e
n e c e s s a r y t o d e t e r m i n e t h e i n f l u e n c e o f d a y - l i g h t i n g i n e a c h o f t h e r o o m s .
S i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n f o r r a t i o s b e t w e e n 1 0 t o 5 0 p e r c e n t . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e s u l t s , W W R s
u n d e r 2 0 p e r c e n t a r e m o s t d e s i r a b l e f o r r e g i o n s l i k e B o d r u m . T h i s s h o w s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f
s m a l l o p e n i n g s i n h o t c l i m a t i c z o n e s .
A c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e W W R o f d i f f e r e n t f a c a d e s i s a l s o b e n e f i c i a l i n t e r m s o f c o o l i n g l o a d
a n d n a t u r a l l i g h t i n g . A r a t i o o f t e n p e r c e n t i n n o r t h e r n , e a s t e r n a n d w e s t e r n f a c a d e s c o m b i n e d
w i t h a r a t i o o f 3 0 p e r c e n t i n s o u t h e r n f a c a d e s r e s u l t s s e v e n p e r c e n t l e s s c o o l i n g l o a d
c o m p a r e d w i t h f a c a d e s w i t h e q u a l 2 0 p e r c e n t r a t i o s . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , f a c a d e s w i t h m o r e
t h a n 3 0 p e r c e n t W W R s h o u l d b e a v o i d e d b e c a u s e o f e x t r e m e s o l a r h e a t g a i n t h r o u g h g l a z i n g
i n s u m m e r p e r i o d .
5 . 2 . 2 O r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g
T h e q u e s t i o n i n t h i s c a p t u r e c o n c e r n s w h i c h d i r e c t i o n i s m o s t s u i t a b l e f o r r e d u c i n g c o o l i n g
l o a d s i n t h e s u m m e r p e r i o d . T h e o r i e n t a t i o n c a n p r o v i d e p r o f i t a b l e s o l u t i o n s f o r e n e r g y
c o n s u m p t i o n a n d c o m f o r t s t a n d a r d s .
A l t h o u g h t h e r e a r e o t h e r c r i t e r i a , s u c h a s t h e v i e w , w h i c h d e f i n e s t h e b u i l d i n g o r i e n t a t i o n
i n B o d r u m , a n o p t i m u m d i r e c t i o n c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d b y m e a n s o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f s i m u l a t i o n
p r o g r a m s . T h e s i m u l a t i o n s w i l l b e d o n e f o r t h e A H , w h i c h i s a l r e a d y i n t h e p l a n n i n g p h a s e .
A l l p o s s i b l e d i r e c t i o n s w i l l b e s i m u l a t e d t o f i n d a n o p t i m u m d i r e c t i o n , w h i c h w i l l a l l o w f o r
t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f e x e m p l a r y f u t u r e s e t t l e m e n t s .
I n t h e h o l i d a y h o u s e , w h i c h h a s b e e n c h o s e n a s a n e x a m p l e o f e x i s t e n t d w e l l i n g s i n
B o d r u m , t h i s c r i t e r i o n c a n n o t b e c o n s i d e r e d . T h e A H i s s i m u l a t e d b y c h a n g i n g i t s o r i e n t a t i o n
i n 4 5 s e g m e n t s . T h e r e f e r e n c e s u r f a c e i s w e s t ( W ) r e p r e s e n t i n g 0 o n t h e f i g u r e . T h e f i g u r e 6
s h o w s t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f c o o l i n g l o a d s d e p e n d i n g o n t h e o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e A H .
I f w e c o m p a r e t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s , t h e r e i s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e c o o l i n g
l o a d s o f t h e A H w h e n f a c e d i n s o u t h e r n ( S , S W , S E ) , e a s t e r n ( E ) a n d n o r t h e r n ( N , N W , N E )
d i r e c t i o n s . T h e d i f f e r e n c e i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e k W . I n t h e s e v a r i a t i o n s , t h e c o o l i n g l o a d c a n
b e r e d u c e d b y 1 4 p e r c e n t c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e a c t u a l d i r e c t i o n t o t h e w e s t . I f t h e b u i l d i n g f a c e s
i n a w e s t e r l y d i r e c t i o n ( W , S W , N W ) t h e c o o l i n g l o a d r i s e s b y u p t o 1 3 p e r c e n t t o 7 0 k W .


6 7

F i g u r e 6 C o o l i n g L o a d s o f t h e A H D e p e n d i n g o n t h e O r i e n t a t i o n
E v a l u a t i o n s o f s i m u l a t i o n o u t p u t s s h o w t h a t t h e r e i s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e o f h e a t l o s s
o f b u i l d i n g e l e m e n t s l i k e t h e r o o f , c e i l i n g , p a r t i t i o n s , a n d g r o u n d f l o u r d e p e n d i n g o n
o r i e n t a t i o n . T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e c a n b e s e e n i n t h e g l a z i n g a n d e x t e r n a l w a l l .
S o u t h e r n d i r e c t i o n s g i v e t h e b e s t r e s u l t f o r s o l a r h e a t g a i n t h r o u g h g l a z i n g i n t h e w i n t e r
p e r i o d , b u t a l s o t h e w o r s t p e r f o r m a n c e i n t h e s u m m e r p e r i o d . T h e s e r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t
o r i e n t a t i o n h a s a s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e o n t h e c o o l i n g l o a d . B u t t h e b e n e f i t s s h o u l d b e
i m p r o v e d w i t h t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f o t h e r c r i t e r i a .
5 . 2 . 3 O v e r a l l p e r f o r m a n c e e v a l u a t i o n
F o u r s e l e c t e d v a r i a t i o n s a r e c o m p a r e d a n d p r e s e n t e d i n t h e f i g u r e 7 . T h e f i r s t o n e ( 1 ) i s t h e
a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n ; 6 m m s i n g l e g l a z i n g . T h e s e c o n d o n e ( 2 ) i s t h e v e r s i o n , w h i c h i s c o m m o n l y
u s e d i n T u r k e y ; 4 - 6 - 4 s y s t e m w i t h c l e a r g l a s s u n d a i r f i l l e d g a p . T h e t h i r d o n e , 6 - 1 3 - 6 s y s t e m
w i t h c l e a r g l a s s a n d a i r f i l l e d g a p i s s e l e c t e d t o s h o w t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f t h e f o u r t h a n d l a s t
v a r i a t i o n w i t h s p e c t r a l l y s e l e c t i v e g l a s s .
S y s t e m s w i t h s p e c t r a l l y s e l e c t i v e g l a s s h a v e t h e b e s t p e r f o r m a n c e o n c o o l i n g l o a d .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s , t h e y r e d u c e t h e c o o l i n g l o a d b y u p t o t e n p e r c e n t . O n t h e
o t h e r h a n d , s y s t e m s w i t h n o r m a l L o w - E c o a t i n g r e d u c e t h e c o o l i n g l o a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y u p t o
8 . 5 p e r c e n t a s w e l l . L o w - E c o a t e d s y s t e m s s h o w 3 . 5 p e r c e n t b e t t e r p e r f o r m a n c e c o m p a r e d
w i t h u n c o a t e d s y s t e m s . T h e c o m m o n s y s t e m i n T u r k e y a f f e c t s a l s o b o t h c o o l i n g - a n d h e a t i n g
l o a d . B u t c o m p a r e d w i t h c o a t e d s y s t e m s , i t r e d u c e s t h e c o o l i n g l o a d b y o n l y t w o p e r c e n t .
7 0 . 0 3
6 6 . 7
6 0 . 1 5
6 1 . 0 1
5 9 . 8 9
6 0 . 9 2
5 9 . 2 3
6 4 . 6 5








W 0 S - W 4 5 S 9 0 S - E 1 3 5 E 1 8 0 N - E 2 2 5 N 2 7 0 N - W 3 1 5
C
o
o
l
i
n
g

L
o
a
d

k
W


U r i e n t a t i o n


6 7

F i g u r e 6 C o o l i n g L o a d s o f t h e A H D e p e n d i n g o n t h e O r i e n t a t i o n
E v a l u a t i o n s o f s i m u l a t i o n o u t p u t s s h o w t h a t t h e r e i s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e o f h e a t l o s s
o f b u i l d i n g e l e m e n t s l i k e t h e r o o f , c e i l i n g , p a r t i t i o n s , a n d g r o u n d f l o u r d e p e n d i n g o n
o r i e n t a t i o n . T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e c a n b e s e e n i n t h e g l a z i n g a n d e x t e r n a l w a l l .
S o u t h e r n d i r e c t i o n s g i v e t h e b e s t r e s u l t f o r s o l a r h e a t g a i n t h r o u g h g l a z i n g i n t h e w i n t e r
p e r i o d , b u t a l s o t h e w o r s t p e r f o r m a n c e i n t h e s u m m e r p e r i o d . T h e s e r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t
o r i e n t a t i o n h a s a s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e o n t h e c o o l i n g l o a d . B u t t h e b e n e f i t s s h o u l d b e
i m p r o v e d w i t h t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f o t h e r c r i t e r i a .
5 . 2 . 3 O v e r a l l p e r f o r m a n c e e v a l u a t i o n
F o u r s e l e c t e d v a r i a t i o n s a r e c o m p a r e d a n d p r e s e n t e d i n t h e f i g u r e 7 . T h e f i r s t o n e ( 1 ) i s t h e
a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n ; 6 m m s i n g l e g l a z i n g . T h e s e c o n d o n e ( 2 ) i s t h e v e r s i o n , w h i c h i s c o m m o n l y
u s e d i n T u r k e y ; 4 - 6 - 4 s y s t e m w i t h c l e a r g l a s s u n d a i r f i l l e d g a p . T h e t h i r d o n e , 6 - 1 3 - 6 s y s t e m
w i t h c l e a r g l a s s a n d a i r f i l l e d g a p i s s e l e c t e d t o s h o w t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f t h e f o u r t h a n d l a s t
v a r i a t i o n w i t h s p e c t r a l l y s e l e c t i v e g l a s s .
S y s t e m s w i t h s p e c t r a l l y s e l e c t i v e g l a s s h a v e t h e b e s t p e r f o r m a n c e o n c o o l i n g l o a d .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s , t h e y r e d u c e t h e c o o l i n g l o a d b y u p t o t e n p e r c e n t . O n t h e
o t h e r h a n d , s y s t e m s w i t h n o r m a l L o w - E c o a t i n g r e d u c e t h e c o o l i n g l o a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y u p t o
8 . 5 p e r c e n t a s w e l l . L o w - E c o a t e d s y s t e m s s h o w 3 . 5 p e r c e n t b e t t e r p e r f o r m a n c e c o m p a r e d
w i t h u n c o a t e d s y s t e m s . T h e c o m m o n s y s t e m i n T u r k e y a f f e c t s a l s o b o t h c o o l i n g - a n d h e a t i n g
l o a d . B u t c o m p a r e d w i t h c o a t e d s y s t e m s , i t r e d u c e s t h e c o o l i n g l o a d b y o n l y t w o p e r c e n t .
7 0 . 0 3
6 6 . 7
6 0 . 1 5
6 1 . 0 1
5 9 . 8 9
6 0 . 9 2
5 9 . 2 3
6 4 . 6 5








W 0 S - W 4 5 S 9 0 S - E 1 3 5 E 1 8 0 N - E 2 2 5 N 2 7 0 N - W 3 1 5
C
o
o
l
i
n
g

L
o
a
d

k
W


U r i e n t a t i o n


67

Figure 6 Cooling Loads of the AH Depending on the Orientation
Evaluations of simulation outputs show that there is no significant difference of heat loss
of building elements like the roof, ceiling, partitions, and ground flour depending on
orientation. The most important difference can be seen in the glazing and external wall.
Southern directions give the best result for solar heat gain through glazing in the winter
period, but also the worst performance in the summer period. These results show that
orientation has a significant influence on the cooling load. But the benefits should be
improved with the combination of other criteria.
5.2.3 Overall performance evaluation
Four selected variations are compared and presented in the figure 7. The first one (1) is the
actual condition; 6 mm single glazing. The second one (2) is the version, which is commonly
used in Turkey; 4-6-4 system with clear glass und air filled gap. The third one, 6-13-6 system
with clear glass and air filled gap is selected to show the difference of the fourth and last
variation with spectrally selective glass.
Systems with spectrally selective glass have the best performance on cooling load.
According to the simulation results, they reduce the cooling load by up to ten per cent. On the
other hand, systems with normal Low-E coating reduce the cooling load significantly up to
8.5 per cent as well. Low-E coated systems show 3.5 per cent better performance compared
with uncoated systems. The common system in Turkey affects also both cooling- and heating
load. But compared with coated systems, it reduces the cooling load by only two per cent.
70.03
66.7
60.15
61.01
59.89
60.92
59.23
64.65








W 0 S-W 45 S 90 S-E 135 E 180 N-E 225 N 270 N-W 315
C
o
o
l
i
n
g

L
o
a
d

k
W


Urientation


67

Figure 6 Cooling Loads of the AH Depending on the Orientation
Evaluations of simulation outputs show that there is no significant difference of heat loss
of building elements like the roof, ceiling, partitions, and ground flour depending on
orientation. The most important difference can be seen in the glazing and external wall.
Southern directions give the best result for solar heat gain through glazing in the winter
period, but also the worst performance in the summer period. These results show that
orientation has a significant influence on the cooling load. But the benefits should be
improved with the combination of other criteria.
5.2.3 Overall performance evaluation
Four selected variations are compared and presented in the figure 7. The first one (1) is the
actual condition; 6 mm single glazing. The second one (2) is the version, which is commonly
used in Turkey; 4-6-4 system with clear glass und air filled gap. The third one, 6-13-6 system
with clear glass and air filled gap is selected to show the difference of the fourth and last
variation with spectrally selective glass.
Systems with spectrally selective glass have the best performance on cooling load.
According to the simulation results, they reduce the cooling load by up to ten per cent. On the
other hand, systems with normal Low-E coating reduce the cooling load significantly up to
8.5 per cent as well. Low-E coated systems show 3.5 per cent better performance compared
with uncoated systems. The common system in Turkey affects also both cooling- and heating
load. But compared with coated systems, it reduces the cooling load by only two per cent.
70.03
66.7
60.15
61.01
59.89
60.92
59.23
64.65








W 0 S-W 45 S 90 S-E 135 E 180 N-E 225 N 270 N-W 315
C
o
o
l
i
n
g

L
o
a
d

k
W


Urientation


68

Figure 7 Cooling and Heating Load Performances of Selected Variations of the HH
5.2.4 Thermal Insulation
Thermal insulation of a building envelope offers a major contribution toward enhanced
energy efficiency. Architects should not consider whether the use of insulation is required or
not, but rather which type and how much insulation should be installed.
As a single investment, it repays itself many times during the life time of a building
105
.
It is well known, that thermal insulation does not always have the same effectiveness for
all building types
106
. Further to its thermal characteristics and economic values, there are
some other criteria, which determine its effectiveness:
the component to be insulated: wall and/or roof,
the local climatic conditions.
Due to the diversity of the criteria mentioned above, it is not possible to determine one
single insulation type for a whole region. If the criteria are similar enough, as in the case of
Bodrum, general proposals can, however, be put forward.
Placement, type, and thickness of the insulation material are three major factors with
respect to insulating the building envelope:
42.31
41.6
39.74
38.34
16.98
16.16 16.02 15.84
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1 2 3 4
Variations
cooling load kW heating load KW


68

Figure 7 Cooling and Heating Load Performances of Selected Variations of the HH
5.2.4 Thermal Insulation
Thermal insulation of a building envelope offers a major contribution toward enhanced
energy efficiency. Architects should not consider whether the use of insulation is required or
not, but rather which type and how much insulation should be installed.
As a single investment, it repays itself many times during the life time of a building
105
.
It is well known, that thermal insulation does not always have the same effectiveness for
all building types
106
. Further to its thermal characteristics and economic values, there are
some other criteria, which determine its effectiveness:
the component to be insulated: wall and/or roof,
the local climatic conditions.
Due to the diversity of the criteria mentioned above, it is not possible to determine one
single insulation type for a whole region. If the criteria are similar enough, as in the case of
Bodrum, general proposals can, however, be put forward.
Placement, type, and thickness of the insulation material are three major factors with
respect to insulating the building envelope:
42.31
41.6
39.74
38.34
16.98
16.16 16.02 15.84
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1 2 3 4
Variations
cooling load kW heating load KW


6 8

F i g u r e 7 C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d P e r f o r m a n c e s o f S e l e c t e d V a r i a t i o n s o f t h e H H
5 . 2 . 4 T h e r m a l I n s u l a t i o n
T h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n o f a b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e o f f e r s a m a j o r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o w a r d e n h a n c e d
e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y . A r c h i t e c t s s h o u l d n o t c o n s i d e r w h e t h e r t h e u s e o f i n s u l a t i o n i s r e q u i r e d o r
n o t , b u t r a t h e r w h i c h t y p e a n d h o w m u c h i n s u l a t i o n s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d .
A s a s i n g l e i n v e s t m e n t , i t r e p a y s i t s e l f m a n y t i m e s d u r i n g t h e l i f e t i m e o f a b u i l d i n g
1 0 5
.
I t i s w e l l k n o w n , t h a t t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n d o e s n o t a l w a y s h a v e t h e s a m e e f f e c t i v e n e s s f o r
a l l b u i l d i n g t y p e s
1 0 6
. F u r t h e r t o i t s t h e r m a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d e c o n o m i c v a l u e s , t h e r e a r e
s o m e o t h e r c r i t e r i a , w h i c h d e t e r m i n e i t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s :
t h e c o m p o n e n t t o b e i n s u l a t e d : w a l l a n d / o r r o o f ,
t h e l o c a l c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s .
D u e t o t h e d i v e r s i t y o f t h e c r i t e r i a m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , i t i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o d e t e r m i n e o n e
s i n g l e i n s u l a t i o n t y p e f o r a w h o l e r e g i o n . I f t h e c r i t e r i a a r e s i m i l a r e n o u g h , a s i n t h e c a s e o f
B o d r u m , g e n e r a l p r o p o s a l s c a n , h o w e v e r , b e p u t f o r w a r d .
P l a c e m e n t , t y p e , a n d t h i c k n e s s o f t h e i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l a r e t h r e e m a j o r f a c t o r s w i t h
r e s p e c t t o i n s u l a t i n g t h e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e :
4 2 . 3 1
4 1 . 6
3 9 . 7 4
3 8 . 3 4
1 6 . 9 8
1 6 . 1 6 1 6 . 0 2 1 5 . 8 4
0
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
1 2 3 4
V a r i a t i o n s
c o o l i n g l o a d k W h e a t i n g l o a d K W


6 8

F i g u r e 7 C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d P e r f o r m a n c e s o f S e l e c t e d V a r i a t i o n s o f t h e H H
5 . 2 . 4 T h e r m a l I n s u l a t i o n
T h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n o f a b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e o f f e r s a m a j o r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o w a r d e n h a n c e d
e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y . A r c h i t e c t s s h o u l d n o t c o n s i d e r w h e t h e r t h e u s e o f i n s u l a t i o n i s r e q u i r e d o r
n o t , b u t r a t h e r w h i c h t y p e a n d h o w m u c h i n s u l a t i o n s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d .
A s a s i n g l e i n v e s t m e n t , i t r e p a y s i t s e l f m a n y t i m e s d u r i n g t h e l i f e t i m e o f a b u i l d i n g
1 0 5
.
I t i s w e l l k n o w n , t h a t t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n d o e s n o t a l w a y s h a v e t h e s a m e e f f e c t i v e n e s s f o r
a l l b u i l d i n g t y p e s
1 0 6
. F u r t h e r t o i t s t h e r m a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d e c o n o m i c v a l u e s , t h e r e a r e
s o m e o t h e r c r i t e r i a , w h i c h d e t e r m i n e i t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s :
t h e c o m p o n e n t t o b e i n s u l a t e d : w a l l a n d / o r r o o f ,
t h e l o c a l c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s .
D u e t o t h e d i v e r s i t y o f t h e c r i t e r i a m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , i t i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o d e t e r m i n e o n e
s i n g l e i n s u l a t i o n t y p e f o r a w h o l e r e g i o n . I f t h e c r i t e r i a a r e s i m i l a r e n o u g h , a s i n t h e c a s e o f
B o d r u m , g e n e r a l p r o p o s a l s c a n , h o w e v e r , b e p u t f o r w a r d .
P l a c e m e n t , t y p e , a n d t h i c k n e s s o f t h e i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l a r e t h r e e m a j o r f a c t o r s w i t h
r e s p e c t t o i n s u l a t i n g t h e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e :
4 2 . 3 1
4 1 . 6
3 9 . 7 4
3 8 . 3 4
1 6 . 9 8
1 6 . 1 6 1 6 . 0 2 1 5 . 8 4
0
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
1 2 3 4
V a r i a t i o n s
c o o l i n g l o a d k W h e a t i n g l o a d K W


6 9
- T h e p l a c e m e n t o f i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l w i t h i n t h e b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t a f f e c t s i t s
p e r f o r m a n c e s i g n i f i c a n t l y
1 0 7
. T h e r e f o r e , d i f f e r e n t v a r i a t i o n s o f p l a c e m e n t a r e s i m u l a t e d f o r
b o t h a n a l y z e d o b j e c t s .
T h e q u e s t i o n a b o u t t h e b e s t p l a c e m e n t o f i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l s f o r b u i l d i n g s i n T u r k e y h a s
b e e n r e s e a r c h e d b y s e v e r a l a c a d e m i c i a n s
1 0 8
. B u t t h e m e t h o d o l o g y u s e d b y t h e s e r e s e a r c h e s i s
b a s e d o n s i n g u l a r t h e o r e t i c a l f o r m u l a s u s i n g i n s t a n t v a l u e s , w h i c h m a y n o t b e s u i t a b l e f o r r e a l
a p p l i c a t i o n s . T h e r e f o r e , a s i n t h i s w o r k , a b u i l d i n g s i m u l a t i o n p r o g r a m , w h i c h c a l c u l a t e s a l l
p o s s i b l e i n p u t s , i s m o r e s u i t a b l e t o d e t e r m i n i n g t h e p r o p e r o u t p u t s .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r e a r e t h e r m a l a n d p r a c t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s f o r i n s u l a t i o n p l a c e m e n t : F o r
i n s t a n c e , i n s u l a t i o n p l a c e m e n t o n t h e o u t s i d e o f t h e e x t e r n a l w a l l s
1 0 9
, w h i c h c a n b e b e n e f i c i a l
f o r d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m , a l l o w s f o r s u m m e r c o n v e c t i v e c o o l i n g a n d w i n t e r p a s s i v e s o l a r
h e a t i n g . F o r t o t h i s r e a s o n , t h e o u t s i d e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l s f o c u s e d o n t h i s
c o n s i d e r a t i o n . F o r b o t h w a l l s a n d r o o f s , i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l c a n a l s o b e p l a c e d i n s i d e a n d
b e t w e e n t h e l a y e r s
1 1 0
. T h e s e v a r i a t i o n s a r e a l s o s i m u l a t e d .
- T h e r e a r e m a n y a v a i l a b l e t y p e s o f i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l s
1 1 1
. B e s i d e t h e i r o r g a n i c
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , r i g i d b o a r d s m a d e o f e x p a n d e d ( E P S ) a n d e x t r u d e d ( X P S ) p o l y s t y r e n e a r e
m o s t s u i t a b l e i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l s f o r h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r
c o n s t r u c t i o n t y p o l o g y . T h e s e c o n d a r y c o m p o n e n t o f t h e e x t e r n a l w a l l i s t h e h e a t i n s u l a t i o n .
E P S a n d p r i m a r i l y X P S , w h i c h a r e c o m m o n l y u s e d i n B o d r u m , w i l l a l s o b e s i m u l a t e d .
I n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l s s u c h a s M W g l a s s w o o l o r s t o n e w o o l a r e m a i n l y a p p r o p r i a t e f o r
i n s u l a t i n g p i t c h e d r o o f s . T h e s e a p p r o a c h e s w i l l n o t b e s i m u l a t e d . P U R ( R i g i d p o l y u r e t h a n e )
a n d P I R ( P o l y i s o c y a n u r a t e ) a r e a p p r o p r i a t e f o r i n d u s t r i a l u s e b u t a r e r e l a t i v e l y e x p e n s i v e .
T h e r e f o r e , t h e y h a v e n o t b e e n c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e s i m u l a t i o n s .
- M o r e i n s u l a t i o n d o e s n o t a l w a y s m e a n g r e a t e r e f f e c t i v e n e s s . O p t i m u m e c o n o m i c
t h i c k n e s s c a n b e d e f i n e d a s t h e t h i c k n e s s o f i n s u l a t i o n f o r w h i c h t h e c o s t o f t h e a d d e d
i n c r e m e n t o f i n s u l a t i o n i s j u s t b a l a n c e d b y i n c r e a s e d e n e r g y s a v i n g s o v e r t h e l i f e t i m e o f t h e
b u i l d i n g . S u c h a n a p p r o a c h i s t h e r i g h t s o l u t i o n .
T h e r e f o r e , s i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n w i t h m a n y v a r i a t i o n s o f t h i c k n e s s , t h e t y p e a n d p l a c e m e n t
o f t h e i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l .


6 9
- T h e p l a c e m e n t o f i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l w i t h i n t h e b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t a f f e c t s i t s
p e r f o r m a n c e s i g n i f i c a n t l y
1 0 7
. T h e r e f o r e , d i f f e r e n t v a r i a t i o n s o f p l a c e m e n t a r e s i m u l a t e d f o r
b o t h a n a l y z e d o b j e c t s .
T h e q u e s t i o n a b o u t t h e b e s t p l a c e m e n t o f i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l s f o r b u i l d i n g s i n T u r k e y h a s
b e e n r e s e a r c h e d b y s e v e r a l a c a d e m i c i a n s
1 0 8
. B u t t h e m e t h o d o l o g y u s e d b y t h e s e r e s e a r c h e s i s
b a s e d o n s i n g u l a r t h e o r e t i c a l f o r m u l a s u s i n g i n s t a n t v a l u e s , w h i c h m a y n o t b e s u i t a b l e f o r r e a l
a p p l i c a t i o n s . T h e r e f o r e , a s i n t h i s w o r k , a b u i l d i n g s i m u l a t i o n p r o g r a m , w h i c h c a l c u l a t e s a l l
p o s s i b l e i n p u t s , i s m o r e s u i t a b l e t o d e t e r m i n i n g t h e p r o p e r o u t p u t s .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r e a r e t h e r m a l a n d p r a c t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s f o r i n s u l a t i o n p l a c e m e n t : F o r
i n s t a n c e , i n s u l a t i o n p l a c e m e n t o n t h e o u t s i d e o f t h e e x t e r n a l w a l l s
1 0 9
, w h i c h c a n b e b e n e f i c i a l
f o r d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m , a l l o w s f o r s u m m e r c o n v e c t i v e c o o l i n g a n d w i n t e r p a s s i v e s o l a r
h e a t i n g . F o r t o t h i s r e a s o n , t h e o u t s i d e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l s f o c u s e d o n t h i s
c o n s i d e r a t i o n . F o r b o t h w a l l s a n d r o o f s , i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l c a n a l s o b e p l a c e d i n s i d e a n d
b e t w e e n t h e l a y e r s
1 1 0
. T h e s e v a r i a t i o n s a r e a l s o s i m u l a t e d .
- T h e r e a r e m a n y a v a i l a b l e t y p e s o f i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l s
1 1 1
. B e s i d e t h e i r o r g a n i c
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , r i g i d b o a r d s m a d e o f e x p a n d e d ( E P S ) a n d e x t r u d e d ( X P S ) p o l y s t y r e n e a r e
m o s t s u i t a b l e i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l s f o r h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r
c o n s t r u c t i o n t y p o l o g y . T h e s e c o n d a r y c o m p o n e n t o f t h e e x t e r n a l w a l l i s t h e h e a t i n s u l a t i o n .
E P S a n d p r i m a r i l y X P S , w h i c h a r e c o m m o n l y u s e d i n B o d r u m , w i l l a l s o b e s i m u l a t e d .
I n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l s s u c h a s M W g l a s s w o o l o r s t o n e w o o l a r e m a i n l y a p p r o p r i a t e f o r
i n s u l a t i n g p i t c h e d r o o f s . T h e s e a p p r o a c h e s w i l l n o t b e s i m u l a t e d . P U R ( R i g i d p o l y u r e t h a n e )
a n d P I R ( P o l y i s o c y a n u r a t e ) a r e a p p r o p r i a t e f o r i n d u s t r i a l u s e b u t a r e r e l a t i v e l y e x p e n s i v e .
T h e r e f o r e , t h e y h a v e n o t b e e n c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e s i m u l a t i o n s .
- M o r e i n s u l a t i o n d o e s n o t a l w a y s m e a n g r e a t e r e f f e c t i v e n e s s . O p t i m u m e c o n o m i c
t h i c k n e s s c a n b e d e f i n e d a s t h e t h i c k n e s s o f i n s u l a t i o n f o r w h i c h t h e c o s t o f t h e a d d e d
i n c r e m e n t o f i n s u l a t i o n i s j u s t b a l a n c e d b y i n c r e a s e d e n e r g y s a v i n g s o v e r t h e l i f e t i m e o f t h e
b u i l d i n g . S u c h a n a p p r o a c h i s t h e r i g h t s o l u t i o n .
T h e r e f o r e , s i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n w i t h m a n y v a r i a t i o n s o f t h i c k n e s s , t h e t y p e a n d p l a c e m e n t
o f t h e i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l .


69
- The placement of insulation material within the building component affects its
performance significantly
107
. Therefore, different variations of placement are simulated for
both analyzed objects.
The question about the best placement of insulating materials for buildings in Turkey has
been researched by several academicians
108
. But the methodology used by these researches is
based on singular theoretical formulas using instant values, which may not be suitable for real
applications. Therefore, as in this work, a building simulation program, which calculates all
possible inputs, is more suitable to determining the proper outputs.
Furthermore, there are thermal and practical considerations for insulation placement: For
instance, insulation placement on the outside of the external walls
109
, which can be beneficial
for dwellings in Bodrum, allows for summer convective cooling and winter passive solar
heating. For to this reason, the outside placement of the insulation materials focused on this
consideration. For both walls and roofs, insulation material can also be placed inside and
between the layers
110
. These variations are also simulated.
- There are many available types of insulating materials
111
. Beside their organic
characteristics, rigid boards made of expanded (EPS) and extruded (XPS) polystyrene are
most suitable insulation materials for housing settlements in Bodrum according to their
construction typology. The secondary component of the external wall is the heat insulation.
EPS and primarily XPS, which are commonly used in Bodrum, will also be simulated.
Insulating materials such as MW glass wool or stone wool are mainly appropriate for
insulating pitched roofs. These approaches will not be simulated. PUR (Rigid polyurethane)
and PIR (Polyisocyanurate) are appropriate for industrial use but are relatively expensive.
Therefore, they have not been considered by the simulations.
- More insulation does not always mean greater effectiveness. Optimum economic
thickness can be defined as the thickness of insulation for which the cost of the added
increment of insulation is just balanced by increased energy savings over the life time of the
building. Such an approach is the right solution.
Therefore, simulations are run with many variations of thickness, the type and placement
of the insulation material.


69
- The placement of insulation material within the building component affects its
performance significantly
107
. Therefore, different variations of placement are simulated for
both analyzed objects.
The question about the best placement of insulating materials for buildings in Turkey has
been researched by several academicians
108
. But the methodology used by these researches is
based on singular theoretical formulas using instant values, which may not be suitable for real
applications. Therefore, as in this work, a building simulation program, which calculates all
possible inputs, is more suitable to determining the proper outputs.
Furthermore, there are thermal and practical considerations for insulation placement: For
instance, insulation placement on the outside of the external walls
109
, which can be beneficial
for dwellings in Bodrum, allows for summer convective cooling and winter passive solar
heating. For to this reason, the outside placement of the insulation materials focused on this
consideration. For both walls and roofs, insulation material can also be placed inside and
between the layers
110
. These variations are also simulated.
- There are many available types of insulating materials
111
. Beside their organic
characteristics, rigid boards made of expanded (EPS) and extruded (XPS) polystyrene are
most suitable insulation materials for housing settlements in Bodrum according to their
construction typology. The secondary component of the external wall is the heat insulation.
EPS and primarily XPS, which are commonly used in Bodrum, will also be simulated.
Insulating materials such as MW glass wool or stone wool are mainly appropriate for
insulating pitched roofs. These approaches will not be simulated. PUR (Rigid polyurethane)
and PIR (Polyisocyanurate) are appropriate for industrial use but are relatively expensive.
Therefore, they have not been considered by the simulations.
- More insulation does not always mean greater effectiveness. Optimum economic
thickness can be defined as the thickness of insulation for which the cost of the added
increment of insulation is just balanced by increased energy savings over the life time of the
building. Such an approach is the right solution.
Therefore, simulations are run with many variations of thickness, the type and placement
of the insulation material.


70
Another important criterion is the installation of the insulation material. It depends on
many factors
112
: the structural type of the building, the type of the insulation material used
and its locations in the structure. Rigid boards outside the wall are simulated for the
retrofitting object HH, whereas various combinations are simulated for the planned house AH.
Economical and practical view points are important when making the decisions regarding the
type of the insulation material and installation system.
5.2.4.1 Insulation of the external walls
While brick constructions have been used widely in Turkey, the use of aerated concrete is
growing day by day
113
. Clay bricks ad aerated concrete are used for constructions in Bodrum
and will therefore be simulated, whereas concrete blocks and similar construction material are
not used in Bodrum. Accordingly, they will not be simulated.
The usage of these wall-components is regulated by TS 453:2006
114
, but this standard does
not include any regulations about energy efficiency of these construction materials.
Another component of external wall is the heat insulating material, which is regulated by
TS 825
115
. Like mentioned before, the common insulating materials used in Turkey are EPS
and XPS. The cost-performance ratio of XPS is better than EPS
116
. Therefore, it is preferred
by constructors in Turkey.
Plasters as finishing with different densities on both sides of the external wall will also be
simulated. Other finishing materials such as metal are also not applied in Bodrum`s
architecture, and therefore they are not considered.
The actual construction of the uninsulated external wall of the HH consists of the
following layers: 2cm plaster/ 20 cm brick/ 2cm plaster. Extruded (XPS: 0.03 W/mK) and
expanded (EPS: 0.04 W/mK) polystyrene rigid boards are installed to the outer surface of the
external walls with a thickness of two to ten cm. The results show that, external walls with 6
cm XPS boards (U Value 0.393 W/mK) have the optimum performance on cooling load and
reduce it by 22 per cent. The heating load is also reduced by 29.5 per cent. As it can be seen
in figure 8, more than eight cm thickness of the insulation material is not energy efficient. To
reach the same efficiency of XPS boards with EPS, it should be installed considerably thicker.


70
Another important criterion is the installation of the insulation material. It depends on
many factors
112
: the structural type of the building, the type of the insulation material used
and its locations in the structure. Rigid boards outside the wall are simulated for the
retrofitting object HH, whereas various combinations are simulated for the planned house AH.
Economical and practical view points are important when making the decisions regarding the
type of the insulation material and installation system.
5.2.4.1 Insulation of the external walls
While brick constructions have been used widely in Turkey, the use of aerated concrete is
growing day by day
113
. Clay bricks ad aerated concrete are used for constructions in Bodrum
and will therefore be simulated, whereas concrete blocks and similar construction material are
not used in Bodrum. Accordingly, they will not be simulated.
The usage of these wall-components is regulated by TS 453:2006
114
, but this standard does
not include any regulations about energy efficiency of these construction materials.
Another component of external wall is the heat insulating material, which is regulated by
TS 825
115
. Like mentioned before, the common insulating materials used in Turkey are EPS
and XPS. The cost-performance ratio of XPS is better than EPS
116
. Therefore, it is preferred
by constructors in Turkey.
Plasters as finishing with different densities on both sides of the external wall will also be
simulated. Other finishing materials such as metal are also not applied in Bodrum`s
architecture, and therefore they are not considered.
The actual construction of the uninsulated external wall of the HH consists of the
following layers: 2cm plaster/ 20 cm brick/ 2cm plaster. Extruded (XPS: 0.03 W/mK) and
expanded (EPS: 0.04 W/mK) polystyrene rigid boards are installed to the outer surface of the
external walls with a thickness of two to ten cm. The results show that, external walls with 6
cm XPS boards (U Value 0.393 W/mK) have the optimum performance on cooling load and
reduce it by 22 per cent. The heating load is also reduced by 29.5 per cent. As it can be seen
in figure 8, more than eight cm thickness of the insulation material is not energy efficient. To
reach the same efficiency of XPS boards with EPS, it should be installed considerably thicker.


7 0
A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i o n i s t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f t h e i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l . I t d e p e n d s o n
m a n y f a c t o r s
1 1 2
: t h e s t r u c t u r a l t y p e o f t h e b u i l d i n g , t h e t y p e o f t h e i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l u s e d
a n d i t s l o c a t i o n s i n t h e s t r u c t u r e . R i g i d b o a r d s o u t s i d e t h e w a l l a r e s i m u l a t e d f o r t h e
r e t r o f i t t i n g o b j e c t H H , w h e r e a s v a r i o u s c o m b i n a t i o n s a r e s i m u l a t e d f o r t h e p l a n n e d h o u s e A H .
E c o n o m i c a l a n d p r a c t i c a l v i e w p o i n t s a r e i m p o r t a n t w h e n m a k i n g t h e d e c i s i o n s r e g a r d i n g t h e
t y p e o f t h e i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l a n d i n s t a l l a t i o n s y s t e m .
5 . 2 . 4 . 1 I n s u l a t i o n o f t h e e x t e r n a l w a l l s
W h i l e b r i c k c o n s t r u c t i o n s h a v e b e e n u s e d w i d e l y i n T u r k e y , t h e u s e o f a e r a t e d c o n c r e t e i s
g r o w i n g d a y b y d a y
1 1 3
. C l a y b r i c k s a d a e r a t e d c o n c r e t e a r e u s e d f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n s i n B o d r u m
a n d w i l l t h e r e f o r e b e s i m u l a t e d , w h e r e a s c o n c r e t e b l o c k s a n d s i m i l a r c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l a r e
n o t u s e d i n B o d r u m . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e y w i l l n o t b e s i m u l a t e d .
T h e u s a g e o f t h e s e w a l l - c o m p o n e n t s i s r e g u l a t e d b y T S 4 5 3 : 2 0 0 6
1 1 4
, b u t t h i s s t a n d a r d d o e s
n o t i n c l u d e a n y r e g u l a t i o n s a b o u t e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e s e c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s .
A n o t h e r c o m p o n e n t o f e x t e r n a l w a l l i s t h e h e a t i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l , w h i c h i s r e g u l a t e d b y
T S 8 2 5
1 1 5
. L i k e m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e , t h e c o m m o n i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l s u s e d i n T u r k e y a r e E P S
a n d X P S . T h e c o s t - p e r f o r m a n c e r a t i o o f X P S i s b e t t e r t h a n E P S
1 1 6
. T h e r e f o r e , i t i s p r e f e r r e d
b y c o n s t r u c t o r s i n T u r k e y .
P l a s t e r s a s f i n i s h i n g w i t h d i f f e r e n t d e n s i t i e s o n b o t h s i d e s o f t h e e x t e r n a l w a l l w i l l a l s o b e
s i m u l a t e d . O t h e r f i n i s h i n g m a t e r i a l s s u c h a s m e t a l a r e a l s o n o t a p p l i e d i n B o d r u m ` s
a r c h i t e c t u r e , a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e y a r e n o t c o n s i d e r e d .
T h e a c t u a l c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e u n i n s u l a t e d e x t e r n a l w a l l o f t h e H H c o n s i s t s o f t h e
f o l l o w i n g l a y e r s : 2 c m p l a s t e r / 2 0 c m b r i c k / 2 c m p l a s t e r . E x t r u d e d ( X P S : 0 . 0 3 W / m K ) a n d
e x p a n d e d ( E P S : 0 . 0 4 W / m K ) p o l y s t y r e n e r i g i d b o a r d s a r e i n s t a l l e d t o t h e o u t e r s u r f a c e o f t h e
e x t e r n a l w a l l s w i t h a t h i c k n e s s o f t w o t o t e n c m . T h e r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t , e x t e r n a l w a l l s w i t h 6
c m X P S b o a r d s ( U V a l u e 0 . 3 9 3 W / m K ) h a v e t h e o p t i m u m p e r f o r m a n c e o n c o o l i n g l o a d a n d
r e d u c e i t b y 2 2 p e r c e n t . T h e h e a t i n g l o a d i s a l s o r e d u c e d b y 2 9 . 5 p e r c e n t . A s i t c a n b e s e e n
i n f i g u r e 8 , m o r e t h a n e i g h t c m t h i c k n e s s o f t h e i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l i s n o t e n e r g y e f f i c i e n t . T o
r e a c h t h e s a m e e f f i c i e n c y o f X P S b o a r d s w i t h E P S , i t s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d c o n s i d e r a b l y t h i c k e r .


7 0
A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i o n i s t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f t h e i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l . I t d e p e n d s o n
m a n y f a c t o r s
1 1 2
: t h e s t r u c t u r a l t y p e o f t h e b u i l d i n g , t h e t y p e o f t h e i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l u s e d
a n d i t s l o c a t i o n s i n t h e s t r u c t u r e . R i g i d b o a r d s o u t s i d e t h e w a l l a r e s i m u l a t e d f o r t h e
r e t r o f i t t i n g o b j e c t H H , w h e r e a s v a r i o u s c o m b i n a t i o n s a r e s i m u l a t e d f o r t h e p l a n n e d h o u s e A H .
E c o n o m i c a l a n d p r a c t i c a l v i e w p o i n t s a r e i m p o r t a n t w h e n m a k i n g t h e d e c i s i o n s r e g a r d i n g t h e
t y p e o f t h e i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l a n d i n s t a l l a t i o n s y s t e m .
5 . 2 . 4 . 1 I n s u l a t i o n o f t h e e x t e r n a l w a l l s
W h i l e b r i c k c o n s t r u c t i o n s h a v e b e e n u s e d w i d e l y i n T u r k e y , t h e u s e o f a e r a t e d c o n c r e t e i s
g r o w i n g d a y b y d a y
1 1 3
. C l a y b r i c k s a d a e r a t e d c o n c r e t e a r e u s e d f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n s i n B o d r u m
a n d w i l l t h e r e f o r e b e s i m u l a t e d , w h e r e a s c o n c r e t e b l o c k s a n d s i m i l a r c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l a r e
n o t u s e d i n B o d r u m . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e y w i l l n o t b e s i m u l a t e d .
T h e u s a g e o f t h e s e w a l l - c o m p o n e n t s i s r e g u l a t e d b y T S 4 5 3 : 2 0 0 6
1 1 4
, b u t t h i s s t a n d a r d d o e s
n o t i n c l u d e a n y r e g u l a t i o n s a b o u t e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e s e c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s .
A n o t h e r c o m p o n e n t o f e x t e r n a l w a l l i s t h e h e a t i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l , w h i c h i s r e g u l a t e d b y
T S 8 2 5
1 1 5
. L i k e m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e , t h e c o m m o n i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l s u s e d i n T u r k e y a r e E P S
a n d X P S . T h e c o s t - p e r f o r m a n c e r a t i o o f X P S i s b e t t e r t h a n E P S
1 1 6
. T h e r e f o r e , i t i s p r e f e r r e d
b y c o n s t r u c t o r s i n T u r k e y .
P l a s t e r s a s f i n i s h i n g w i t h d i f f e r e n t d e n s i t i e s o n b o t h s i d e s o f t h e e x t e r n a l w a l l w i l l a l s o b e
s i m u l a t e d . O t h e r f i n i s h i n g m a t e r i a l s s u c h a s m e t a l a r e a l s o n o t a p p l i e d i n B o d r u m ` s
a r c h i t e c t u r e , a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e y a r e n o t c o n s i d e r e d .
T h e a c t u a l c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e u n i n s u l a t e d e x t e r n a l w a l l o f t h e H H c o n s i s t s o f t h e
f o l l o w i n g l a y e r s : 2 c m p l a s t e r / 2 0 c m b r i c k / 2 c m p l a s t e r . E x t r u d e d ( X P S : 0 . 0 3 W / m K ) a n d
e x p a n d e d ( E P S : 0 . 0 4 W / m K ) p o l y s t y r e n e r i g i d b o a r d s a r e i n s t a l l e d t o t h e o u t e r s u r f a c e o f t h e
e x t e r n a l w a l l s w i t h a t h i c k n e s s o f t w o t o t e n c m . T h e r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t , e x t e r n a l w a l l s w i t h 6
c m X P S b o a r d s ( U V a l u e 0 . 3 9 3 W / m K ) h a v e t h e o p t i m u m p e r f o r m a n c e o n c o o l i n g l o a d a n d
r e d u c e i t b y 2 2 p e r c e n t . T h e h e a t i n g l o a d i s a l s o r e d u c e d b y 2 9 . 5 p e r c e n t . A s i t c a n b e s e e n
i n f i g u r e 8 , m o r e t h a n e i g h t c m t h i c k n e s s o f t h e i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l i s n o t e n e r g y e f f i c i e n t . T o
r e a c h t h e s a m e e f f i c i e n c y o f X P S b o a r d s w i t h E P S , i t s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d c o n s i d e r a b l y t h i c k e r .


7 1
T h e l i g h t w e i g h t i n s u l a t e d e x t e r n a l w a l l s o f t h e o t h e r a n a l y z e d o b j e c t A H a l r e a d y h a v e t w o
c m E P S b o a r d b e t w e e n t w e l v e c m t h i c k b r i c k l a y e r s , w h i l e p l a s t e r w i t h t w o c m t h i c k n e s s i s
u s e d a s f i n i s h i n g m a t e r i a l o n b o t h s u r f a c e s .

F i g u r e 8 T h e E f f e c t o f T h e r m a l l y I n s u l a t e d E x t e r n a l W a l l s o n t h e C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d o f t h e H H
T h e e x c h a n g e o f b r i c k w i t h a e r a t e d c o n c r e t e d o e s n o t a f f e c t t h e c o o l i n g l o a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y ,
b u t r e d u c e s t h e h e a t i n g l o a d b y 1 9 p e r c e n t . W i t h s e v e n p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n , e i g h t c m X P S
b o a r d s h o w s t h e b e s t p e r f o r m a n c e o n t h e c o o l i n g l o a d f o r t h e H H . T h i s v a r i a t i o n w i t h a U -
V a l u e o f 0 . 3 9 3 W / m K a l s o r e d u c e s t h e h e a t i n g l o a d b y 1 3 p e r c e n t .

F i g u r e 9 I n s u l a t i n g A f f e c t o f t h e B r i c k T y p e o n t h e C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d o f t h e H H

4 2 . S 1
S 4 . 1 S
S S . 1 4 S S . u 1 S 2 . 6 6 S S . u 1
1 6 . 9 8
1 2 . u 8 1 1 . 7 1 1 . 4 1 1 1 . 2 1
1 2 . 2 4
0
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
a c t u a l 6 c m E P S 6 c m X P S 8 c m X P S 1 0 c m X P S v e n t i l a t e d
k W
c o o l i n g l o a d h e a t i n g l o a d
7 u . u S
7 u . 9 S 7 u . 8 7
6 S . S S
1 S . 1 9
1 2 . 9 6 1 S . S S 1 S . 2 S
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
a c t u a l a e r a t e d c o n c r e t e 4 c m X P S 6 c m X P S
c o o l i n g l o a d h e a t i n g l o a d


7 1
T h e l i g h t w e i g h t i n s u l a t e d e x t e r n a l w a l l s o f t h e o t h e r a n a l y z e d o b j e c t A H a l r e a d y h a v e t w o
c m E P S b o a r d b e t w e e n t w e l v e c m t h i c k b r i c k l a y e r s , w h i l e p l a s t e r w i t h t w o c m t h i c k n e s s i s
u s e d a s f i n i s h i n g m a t e r i a l o n b o t h s u r f a c e s .

F i g u r e 8 T h e E f f e c t o f T h e r m a l l y I n s u l a t e d E x t e r n a l W a l l s o n t h e C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d o f t h e H H
T h e e x c h a n g e o f b r i c k w i t h a e r a t e d c o n c r e t e d o e s n o t a f f e c t t h e c o o l i n g l o a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y ,
b u t r e d u c e s t h e h e a t i n g l o a d b y 1 9 p e r c e n t . W i t h s e v e n p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n , e i g h t c m X P S
b o a r d s h o w s t h e b e s t p e r f o r m a n c e o n t h e c o o l i n g l o a d f o r t h e H H . T h i s v a r i a t i o n w i t h a U -
V a l u e o f 0 . 3 9 3 W / m K a l s o r e d u c e s t h e h e a t i n g l o a d b y 1 3 p e r c e n t .

F i g u r e 9 I n s u l a t i n g A f f e c t o f t h e B r i c k T y p e o n t h e C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d o f t h e H H

4 2 . S 1
S 4 . 1 S
S S . 1 4 S S . u 1 S 2 . 6 6 S S . u 1
1 6 . 9 8
1 2 . u 8 1 1 . 7 1 1 . 4 1 1 1 . 2 1
1 2 . 2 4
0
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
a c t u a l 6 c m E P S 6 c m X P S 8 c m X P S 1 0 c m X P S v e n t i l a t e d
k W
c o o l i n g l o a d h e a t i n g l o a d
7 u . u S
7 u . 9 S 7 u . 8 7
6 S . S S
1 S . 1 9
1 2 . 9 6 1 S . S S 1 S . 2 S
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
a c t u a l a e r a t e d c o n c r e t e 4 c m X P S 6 c m X P S
c o o l i n g l o a d h e a t i n g l o a d


71
The light weight insulated external walls of the other analyzed object AH already have two
cm EPS board between twelve cm thick brick layers, while plaster with two cm thickness is
used as finishing material on both surfaces.

Figure 8 The Effect of Thermally Insulated External Walls on the Cooling and Heating Load of the HH
The exchange of brick with aerated concrete does not affect the cooling load significantly,
but reduces the heating load by 19 per cent. With seven per cent reduction, eight cm XPS
board shows the best performance on the cooling load for the HH. This variation with a U-
Value of 0.393 W/mK also reduces the heating load by 13 per cent.

Figure 9 Insulating Affect of the Brick Type on the Cooling and Heating Load of the HH

42.S1
S4.1S
SS.14 SS.u1 S2.66 SS.u1
16.98
12.u8 11.7 11.41 11.21
12.24
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
actual 6cm EPS 6cm XPS 8cm XPS 10cm XPS ventilated
kW
cooling load heating load
7u.uS
7u.9S 7u.87
6S.SS
1S.19
12.96 1S.SS 1S.2S
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
actual aerated concrete 4 cm XPS 6 cm XPS
cooling load heating load


71
The light weight insulated external walls of the other analyzed object AH already have two
cm EPS board between twelve cm thick brick layers, while plaster with two cm thickness is
used as finishing material on both surfaces.

Figure 8 The Effect of Thermally Insulated External Walls on the Cooling and Heating Load of the HH
The exchange of brick with aerated concrete does not affect the cooling load significantly,
but reduces the heating load by 19 per cent. With seven per cent reduction, eight cm XPS
board shows the best performance on the cooling load for the HH. This variation with a U-
Value of 0.393 W/mK also reduces the heating load by 13 per cent.

Figure 9 Insulating Affect of the Brick Type on the Cooling and Heating Load of the HH

42.S1
S4.1S
SS.14 SS.u1 S2.66 SS.u1
16.98
12.u8 11.7 11.41 11.21
12.24
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
actual 6cm EPS 6cm XPS 8cm XPS 10cm XPS ventilated
kW
cooling load heating load
7u.uS
7u.9S 7u.87
6S.SS
1S.19
12.96 1S.SS 1S.2S
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
actual aerated concrete 4 cm XPS 6 cm XPS
cooling load heating load


72
5.2.4.2 Roof insulation
Roof insulation is one of the most important criteria in regard to energy consumption of a
building, because this surface is exposed through greatest direct solar radiation. As explained
previously, flat roof is the only permitted roof form in Bodrum.
As described in Chapter IV, most of the flat roofs in Bodrum are constructed in a similar
way. The layers of roof materials differ due to the accessibility of the roof. The accessible
ones are tiled with different materials, whereas those, which are not accessible, have a gravel
surface.
XPS rigid boards as insulating material, installed in different layers of the roof are
simulated with two to ten cm thickness. According to the simulation results, six cm XPS rigid
board installed under the accessible surface of the roof has the best performance on cooling
load and reduces it by 15.5 per cent. The heating load can also be reduced by up to 15 per
cent. As can be seen in figure 10, thicker insulation material performs slightly better on the
cooling load, whereas it may increase the heating load. The reduction of the cooling load of
the second floor is 26.5 per cent, whereas it is 1.7 per cent by the first floor. The figure also
shows that there is no significant difference, if two layers of three cm XPS boards are placed
separately between the roof layers. It has almost the same performance with one board, which
has 6 cm thickness.

Figure 10 Effects of Material Thickness of Roof Insulation on the Cooling Load
42.31
41.61
36.09 35.72
36.67
35.74
36.38
16.98 16.67
15.08 14.88 14.76 14.87 14.68
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 2 cm 4 cm 6 cm 8 cm 10 cm 3+3 cm
material thickness
kW
cooling load total heating load total cooling load 1st floor cooling load 2nd floor


72
5.2.4.2 Roof insulation
Roof insulation is one of the most important criteria in regard to energy consumption of a
building, because this surface is exposed through greatest direct solar radiation. As explained
previously, flat roof is the only permitted roof form in Bodrum.
As described in Chapter IV, most of the flat roofs in Bodrum are constructed in a similar
way. The layers of roof materials differ due to the accessibility of the roof. The accessible
ones are tiled with different materials, whereas those, which are not accessible, have a gravel
surface.
XPS rigid boards as insulating material, installed in different layers of the roof are
simulated with two to ten cm thickness. According to the simulation results, six cm XPS rigid
board installed under the accessible surface of the roof has the best performance on cooling
load and reduces it by 15.5 per cent. The heating load can also be reduced by up to 15 per
cent. As can be seen in figure 10, thicker insulation material performs slightly better on the
cooling load, whereas it may increase the heating load. The reduction of the cooling load of
the second floor is 26.5 per cent, whereas it is 1.7 per cent by the first floor. The figure also
shows that there is no significant difference, if two layers of three cm XPS boards are placed
separately between the roof layers. It has almost the same performance with one board, which
has 6 cm thickness.

Figure 10 Effects of Material Thickness of Roof Insulation on the Cooling Load
42.31
41.61
36.09 35.72
36.67
35.74
36.38
16.98 16.67
15.08 14.88 14.76 14.87 14.68
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 2 cm 4 cm 6 cm 8 cm 10 cm 3+3 cm
material thickness
kW
cooling load total heating load total cooling load 1st floor cooling load 2nd floor


7 2
5 . 2 . 4 . 2 R o o f i n s u l a t i o n
R o o f i n s u l a t i o n i s o n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i a i n r e g a r d t o e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n o f a
b u i l d i n g , b e c a u s e t h i s s u r f a c e i s e x p o s e d t h r o u g h g r e a t e s t d i r e c t s o l a r r a d i a t i o n . A s e x p l a i n e d
p r e v i o u s l y , f l a t r o o f i s t h e o n l y p e r m i t t e d r o o f f o r m i n B o d r u m .
A s d e s c r i b e d i n C h a p t e r I V , m o s t o f t h e f l a t r o o f s i n B o d r u m a r e c o n s t r u c t e d i n a s i m i l a r
w a y . T h e l a y e r s o f r o o f m a t e r i a l s d i f f e r d u e t o t h e a c c e s s i b i l i t y o f t h e r o o f . T h e a c c e s s i b l e
o n e s a r e t i l e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t m a t e r i a l s , w h e r e a s t h o s e , w h i c h a r e n o t a c c e s s i b l e , h a v e a g r a v e l
s u r f a c e .
X P S r i g i d b o a r d s a s i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l , i n s t a l l e d i n d i f f e r e n t l a y e r s o f t h e r o o f a r e
s i m u l a t e d w i t h t w o t o t e n c m t h i c k n e s s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s , s i x c m X P S r i g i d
b o a r d i n s t a l l e d u n d e r t h e a c c e s s i b l e s u r f a c e o f t h e r o o f h a s t h e b e s t p e r f o r m a n c e o n c o o l i n g
l o a d a n d r e d u c e s i t b y 1 5 . 5 p e r c e n t . T h e h e a t i n g l o a d c a n a l s o b e r e d u c e d b y u p t o 1 5 p e r
c e n t . A s c a n b e s e e n i n f i g u r e 1 0 , t h i c k e r i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l p e r f o r m s s l i g h t l y b e t t e r o n t h e
c o o l i n g l o a d , w h e r e a s i t m a y i n c r e a s e t h e h e a t i n g l o a d . T h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e c o o l i n g l o a d o f
t h e s e c o n d f l o o r i s 2 6 . 5 p e r c e n t , w h e r e a s i t i s 1 . 7 p e r c e n t b y t h e f i r s t f l o o r . T h e f i g u r e a l s o
s h o w s t h a t t h e r e i s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e , i f t w o l a y e r s o f t h r e e c m X P S b o a r d s a r e p l a c e d
s e p a r a t e l y b e t w e e n t h e r o o f l a y e r s . I t h a s a l m o s t t h e s a m e p e r f o r m a n c e w i t h o n e b o a r d , w h i c h
h a s 6 c m t h i c k n e s s .

F i g u r e 1 0 E f f e c t s o f M a t e r i a l T h i c k n e s s o f R o o f I n s u l a t i o n o n t h e C o o l i n g L o a d
4 2 . 3 1
4 1 . 6 1
3 6 . 0 9 3 5 . 7 2
3 6 . 6 7
3 5 . 7 4
3 6 . 3 8
1 6 . 9 8 1 6 . 6 7
1 5 . 0 8 1 4 . 8 8 1 4 . 7 6 1 4 . 8 7 1 4 . 6 8
0
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
0
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
0 2 c m 4 c m 6 c m 8 c m 1 0 c m 3 + 3 c m
m a t e r i a l t h i c k n e s s
k W
c o o l i n g l o a d t o t a l h e a t i n g l o a d t o t a l c o o l i n g l o a d 1 s t f l o o r c o o l i n g l o a d 2 n d f l o o r


7 2
5 . 2 . 4 . 2 R o o f i n s u l a t i o n
R o o f i n s u l a t i o n i s o n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i a i n r e g a r d t o e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n o f a
b u i l d i n g , b e c a u s e t h i s s u r f a c e i s e x p o s e d t h r o u g h g r e a t e s t d i r e c t s o l a r r a d i a t i o n . A s e x p l a i n e d
p r e v i o u s l y , f l a t r o o f i s t h e o n l y p e r m i t t e d r o o f f o r m i n B o d r u m .
A s d e s c r i b e d i n C h a p t e r I V , m o s t o f t h e f l a t r o o f s i n B o d r u m a r e c o n s t r u c t e d i n a s i m i l a r
w a y . T h e l a y e r s o f r o o f m a t e r i a l s d i f f e r d u e t o t h e a c c e s s i b i l i t y o f t h e r o o f . T h e a c c e s s i b l e
o n e s a r e t i l e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t m a t e r i a l s , w h e r e a s t h o s e , w h i c h a r e n o t a c c e s s i b l e , h a v e a g r a v e l
s u r f a c e .
X P S r i g i d b o a r d s a s i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l , i n s t a l l e d i n d i f f e r e n t l a y e r s o f t h e r o o f a r e
s i m u l a t e d w i t h t w o t o t e n c m t h i c k n e s s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s , s i x c m X P S r i g i d
b o a r d i n s t a l l e d u n d e r t h e a c c e s s i b l e s u r f a c e o f t h e r o o f h a s t h e b e s t p e r f o r m a n c e o n c o o l i n g
l o a d a n d r e d u c e s i t b y 1 5 . 5 p e r c e n t . T h e h e a t i n g l o a d c a n a l s o b e r e d u c e d b y u p t o 1 5 p e r
c e n t . A s c a n b e s e e n i n f i g u r e 1 0 , t h i c k e r i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l p e r f o r m s s l i g h t l y b e t t e r o n t h e
c o o l i n g l o a d , w h e r e a s i t m a y i n c r e a s e t h e h e a t i n g l o a d . T h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e c o o l i n g l o a d o f
t h e s e c o n d f l o o r i s 2 6 . 5 p e r c e n t , w h e r e a s i t i s 1 . 7 p e r c e n t b y t h e f i r s t f l o o r . T h e f i g u r e a l s o
s h o w s t h a t t h e r e i s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e , i f t w o l a y e r s o f t h r e e c m X P S b o a r d s a r e p l a c e d
s e p a r a t e l y b e t w e e n t h e r o o f l a y e r s . I t h a s a l m o s t t h e s a m e p e r f o r m a n c e w i t h o n e b o a r d , w h i c h
h a s 6 c m t h i c k n e s s .

F i g u r e 1 0 E f f e c t s o f M a t e r i a l T h i c k n e s s o f R o o f I n s u l a t i o n o n t h e C o o l i n g L o a d
4 2 . 3 1
4 1 . 6 1
3 6 . 0 9 3 5 . 7 2
3 6 . 6 7
3 5 . 7 4
3 6 . 3 8
1 6 . 9 8 1 6 . 6 7
1 5 . 0 8 1 4 . 8 8 1 4 . 7 6 1 4 . 8 7 1 4 . 6 8
0
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
0
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
0 2 c m 4 c m 6 c m 8 c m 1 0 c m 3 + 3 c m
m a t e r i a l t h i c k n e s s
k W
c o o l i n g l o a d t o t a l h e a t i n g l o a d t o t a l c o o l i n g l o a d 1 s t f l o o r c o o l i n g l o a d 2 n d f l o o r


7 3
5 . 2 . 5 S h a d i n g E l e m e n t
T h e s o l a r h e a t g a i n c a n b e s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e d b y a r c h i t e c t u r a l s h a d i n g
1 1 7
. T h e r e f o r e , a s
i n t h e c a s e o f B o d r u m , o r i n o t h e r r e g i o n s w i t h h o t s u m m e r p e r i o d s , s h a d i n g s t r a t e g y p l a y s a n
i m p o r t a n t r o l e b y t h e m e a n s o f e n e r g y s a v i n g a n d r e d u c i n g c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d . S h a d i n g
e l e m e n t s o f o p e n i n g s a n d t h e r o o f c h a n g e t h e a m o u n t o f d i f f u s e a n d r e f l e c t e d r a d i a t i o n
s t r i k i n g t h e o p e n i n g s a n d t h e r o o f , w h i c h a r e t h e m a i n t y p e s o f r a d i a t i o n i n t h e s u m m e r .
S i m u l a t i o n s s h o w e d t h a t , s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s c a n a l s o p e r m i t s o l a r p e n e t r a t i o n i n w i n t e r , w h e n
c o r r e c t l y d e s i g n e d a n d u s e d o n s o u t h f a c a d e s .
S i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n f o r t h r e e a r c h i t e c t u r a l e l e m e n t s s e p a r a t e l y : w i n d o w s h a d i n g , l o c a l
s h a d i n g , a n d r o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s . E a c h o f t h e s e e l e m e n t s i s s i m u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r
o w n s h a d i n g s t r a t e g y , w h i c h i s d i s c u s s e d b e l o w .
5 . 2 . 5 . 1 L o c a l s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t s
O p a q u e e x t e r i o r s h a d e s , w h i c h b l o c k b e a m r a d i a t i o n f r o m e n t e r i n g w i n d o w s , a r e s i m u l a t e d
i n t e r m s o f f o r m , p o s i t i o n , a n d t h i c k n e s s . P a i n t e d l i g h t w e i g h t c o n c r e t e , t h e c h o s e n m a t e r i a l , i s
w i d e l y u s e d i n B o d r u m . T h e c o n c r e t e i s p a i n t e d w i t h a l i g h t c o l o r a n d h a s a b r u s h e d s u r f a c e .
T h e t e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y o f t h i s m a t e r i a l i s 0 . 3 W / m K .
T h e w i d t h o f t h e s i m u l a t e d
c o m p o n e n t s v a r i e s b e t w e e n e i g h t
a n d 1 5 c m a s w e l l a s t h e l e n g t h
b e t w e e n 1 5 a n d 4 5 c m . O t h e r
d i m e n s i o n s a r e n e i t h e r
a r c h i t e c t u r a l n o r i n t e r m s o f
e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y r e l e v a n t . T h e
s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t i s d i v i d e d
i n t o f o u r s e g m e n t s a n d e a c h o f
t h e s e s e g m e n t s a r e s i m u l a t e d
s e p a r a t e l y a n d c o m b i n e d . T h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e s e g m e n t s 1 , 2 , a n d 3 w i t h 4 5 c m l e n g t h a n d
1 5 c m w i d t h h a s t h e b e s t p e r f o r m a n c e o n c o o l i n g l o a d ( s e e f i g u r e 1 2 ) . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e
c o m b i n a t i o n o f s e g m e n t 1 a n d 2 w i t h 3 0 c m l e n g t h a n d 1 5 c m w i d t h h a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y s a m e
v a l u e s a s t h e c o m b i n a t i o n m e n t i o n e d a b o v e . B o t h o f t h e s e v a r i a t i o n s r e d u c e t h e c o o l i n g l o a d
F i g u r e 1 0 I l l u s t r a t i o n o f W i n d o w S h a d i n g E l e m e n t s


7 3
5 . 2 . 5 S h a d i n g E l e m e n t
T h e s o l a r h e a t g a i n c a n b e s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e d b y a r c h i t e c t u r a l s h a d i n g
1 1 7
. T h e r e f o r e , a s
i n t h e c a s e o f B o d r u m , o r i n o t h e r r e g i o n s w i t h h o t s u m m e r p e r i o d s , s h a d i n g s t r a t e g y p l a y s a n
i m p o r t a n t r o l e b y t h e m e a n s o f e n e r g y s a v i n g a n d r e d u c i n g c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d . S h a d i n g
e l e m e n t s o f o p e n i n g s a n d t h e r o o f c h a n g e t h e a m o u n t o f d i f f u s e a n d r e f l e c t e d r a d i a t i o n
s t r i k i n g t h e o p e n i n g s a n d t h e r o o f , w h i c h a r e t h e m a i n t y p e s o f r a d i a t i o n i n t h e s u m m e r .
S i m u l a t i o n s s h o w e d t h a t , s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s c a n a l s o p e r m i t s o l a r p e n e t r a t i o n i n w i n t e r , w h e n
c o r r e c t l y d e s i g n e d a n d u s e d o n s o u t h f a c a d e s .
S i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n f o r t h r e e a r c h i t e c t u r a l e l e m e n t s s e p a r a t e l y : w i n d o w s h a d i n g , l o c a l
s h a d i n g , a n d r o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s . E a c h o f t h e s e e l e m e n t s i s s i m u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r
o w n s h a d i n g s t r a t e g y , w h i c h i s d i s c u s s e d b e l o w .
5 . 2 . 5 . 1 L o c a l s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t s
O p a q u e e x t e r i o r s h a d e s , w h i c h b l o c k b e a m r a d i a t i o n f r o m e n t e r i n g w i n d o w s , a r e s i m u l a t e d
i n t e r m s o f f o r m , p o s i t i o n , a n d t h i c k n e s s . P a i n t e d l i g h t w e i g h t c o n c r e t e , t h e c h o s e n m a t e r i a l , i s
w i d e l y u s e d i n B o d r u m . T h e c o n c r e t e i s p a i n t e d w i t h a l i g h t c o l o r a n d h a s a b r u s h e d s u r f a c e .
T h e t e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y o f t h i s m a t e r i a l i s 0 . 3 W / m K .
T h e w i d t h o f t h e s i m u l a t e d
c o m p o n e n t s v a r i e s b e t w e e n e i g h t
a n d 1 5 c m a s w e l l a s t h e l e n g t h
b e t w e e n 1 5 a n d 4 5 c m . O t h e r
d i m e n s i o n s a r e n e i t h e r
a r c h i t e c t u r a l n o r i n t e r m s o f
e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y r e l e v a n t . T h e
s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t i s d i v i d e d
i n t o f o u r s e g m e n t s a n d e a c h o f
t h e s e s e g m e n t s a r e s i m u l a t e d
s e p a r a t e l y a n d c o m b i n e d . T h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e s e g m e n t s 1 , 2 , a n d 3 w i t h 4 5 c m l e n g t h a n d
1 5 c m w i d t h h a s t h e b e s t p e r f o r m a n c e o n c o o l i n g l o a d ( s e e f i g u r e 1 2 ) . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e
c o m b i n a t i o n o f s e g m e n t 1 a n d 2 w i t h 3 0 c m l e n g t h a n d 1 5 c m w i d t h h a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y s a m e
v a l u e s a s t h e c o m b i n a t i o n m e n t i o n e d a b o v e . B o t h o f t h e s e v a r i a t i o n s r e d u c e t h e c o o l i n g l o a d
F i g u r e 1 0 I l l u s t r a t i o n o f W i n d o w S h a d i n g E l e m e n t s


73
5.2.5 Shading Element
The solar heat gain can be significantly reduced by architectural shading
117
. Therefore, as
in the case of Bodrum, or in other regions with hot summer periods, shading strategy plays an
important role by the means of energy saving and reducing cooling energy demand. Shading
elements of openings and the roof change the amount of diffuse and reflected radiation
striking the openings and the roof, which are the main types of radiation in the summer.
Simulations showed that, shading elements can also permit solar penetration in winter, when
correctly designed and used on south facades.
Simulations are run for three architectural elements separately: window shading, local
shading, and roof shading elements. Each of these elements is simulated according to their
own shading strategy, which is discussed below.
5.2.5.1 Local shading components
Opaque exterior shades, which block beam radiation from entering windows, are simulated
in terms of form, position, and thickness. Painted lightweight concrete, the chosen material, is
widely used in Bodrum. The concrete is painted with a light color and has a brushed surface.
The termal conductivity of this material is 0.3 W/mK.
The width of the simulated
components varies between eight
and 15 cm as well as the length
between 15 and 45 cm. Other
dimensions are neither
architectural nor in terms of
energy efficiency relevant. The
shading component is divided
into four segments and each of
these segments are simulated
separately and combined. The combination of the segments 1, 2, and 3 with 45 cm length and
15 cm width has the best performance on cooling load (see figure 12). On the other hand, the
combination of segment 1 and 2 with 30 cm length and 15 cm width has approximately same
values as the combination mentioned above. Both of these variations reduce the cooling load
Figure 10 Illustration of Window Shading Elements


73
5.2.5 Shading Element
The solar heat gain can be significantly reduced by architectural shading
117
. Therefore, as
in the case of Bodrum, or in other regions with hot summer periods, shading strategy plays an
important role by the means of energy saving and reducing cooling energy demand. Shading
elements of openings and the roof change the amount of diffuse and reflected radiation
striking the openings and the roof, which are the main types of radiation in the summer.
Simulations showed that, shading elements can also permit solar penetration in winter, when
correctly designed and used on south facades.
Simulations are run for three architectural elements separately: window shading, local
shading, and roof shading elements. Each of these elements is simulated according to their
own shading strategy, which is discussed below.
5.2.5.1 Local shading components
Opaque exterior shades, which block beam radiation from entering windows, are simulated
in terms of form, position, and thickness. Painted lightweight concrete, the chosen material, is
widely used in Bodrum. The concrete is painted with a light color and has a brushed surface.
The termal conductivity of this material is 0.3 W/mK.
The width of the simulated
components varies between eight
and 15 cm as well as the length
between 15 and 45 cm. Other
dimensions are neither
architectural nor in terms of
energy efficiency relevant. The
shading component is divided
into four segments and each of
these segments are simulated
separately and combined. The combination of the segments 1, 2, and 3 with 45 cm length and
15 cm width has the best performance on cooling load (see figure 12). On the other hand, the
combination of segment 1 and 2 with 30 cm length and 15 cm width has approximately same
values as the combination mentioned above. Both of these variations reduce the cooling load
Figure 10 Illustration of Window Shading Elements


74
by up to 12 per cent (-5 kW). The traditional quadrate form of shading elements in Bodrum
shows a similar performance as the above mentioned variations.
5.2.5.2 Window shading components
According to existing research, internal shading elements such as Venetian blinds or
curtains, are thermally ineffective for the summer case
118
. Nevertheless, simulations are run to
determine their impact on the cooling load of dwellings in Bodrum. Window shading
elements like blinds and rolls are also simulated for both the inside and outside location of
window. The choices for shading control types are as follows:
For summer: shading is used at night and during the day, when the solar radiation
incident on the window exceed the set-point (120 W/m).
For winter: shading is used at night, when the heating is on, and off during the day.
Simulation results show that shading elements in the form of Venetian blinds reduce the
cooling load 0.5 per cent if they are placed inside, and 1.5 per cent outside the window. As
can be seen in figure 12, a combination of local shading and window shading elements has the
most energy efficiency.

Figure 11 Cooling Load Performances of the Simulated Window Shading Elements
42.31
37.33 37.41 37.45
42.13
37.12
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
no segments segments
1+2+3
segments 1+2 segments
1+2+3+4
venetian blind seg. 1+2 and
ven. blind
local shading window
shading
combination
c
o
o
l
i
n
g

l
o
a
u

k
W



74
by up to 12 per cent (-5 kW). The traditional quadrate form of shading elements in Bodrum
shows a similar performance as the above mentioned variations.
5.2.5.2 Window shading components
According to existing research, internal shading elements such as Venetian blinds or
curtains, are thermally ineffective for the summer case
118
. Nevertheless, simulations are run to
determine their impact on the cooling load of dwellings in Bodrum. Window shading
elements like blinds and rolls are also simulated for both the inside and outside location of
window. The choices for shading control types are as follows:
For summer: shading is used at night and during the day, when the solar radiation
incident on the window exceed the set-point (120 W/m).
For winter: shading is used at night, when the heating is on, and off during the day.
Simulation results show that shading elements in the form of Venetian blinds reduce the
cooling load 0.5 per cent if they are placed inside, and 1.5 per cent outside the window. As
can be seen in figure 12, a combination of local shading and window shading elements has the
most energy efficiency.

Figure 11 Cooling Load Performances of the Simulated Window Shading Elements
42.31
37.33 37.41 37.45
42.13
37.12
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
no segments segments
1+2+3
segments 1+2 segments
1+2+3+4
venetian blind seg. 1+2 and
ven. blind
local shading window
shading
combination
c
o
o
l
i
n
g

l
o
a
u

k
W



7 4
b y u p t o 1 2 p e r c e n t ( - 5 k W ) . T h e t r a d i t i o n a l q u a d r a t e f o r m o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m
s h o w s a s i m i l a r p e r f o r m a n c e a s t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e d v a r i a t i o n s .
5 . 2 . 5 . 2 W i n d o w s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t s
A c c o r d i n g t o e x i s t i n g r e s e a r c h , i n t e r n a l s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s s u c h a s V e n e t i a n b l i n d s o r
c u r t a i n s , a r e t h e r m a l l y i n e f f e c t i v e f o r t h e s u m m e r c a s e
1 1 8
. N e v e r t h e l e s s , s i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n t o
d e t e r m i n e t h e i r i m p a c t o n t h e c o o l i n g l o a d o f d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m . W i n d o w s h a d i n g
e l e m e n t s l i k e b l i n d s a n d r o l l s a r e a l s o s i m u l a t e d f o r b o t h t h e i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d e l o c a t i o n o f
w i n d o w . T h e c h o i c e s f o r s h a d i n g c o n t r o l t y p e s a r e a s f o l l o w s :
F o r s u m m e r : s h a d i n g i s u s e d a t n i g h t a n d d u r i n g t h e d a y , w h e n t h e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n
i n c i d e n t o n t h e w i n d o w e x c e e d t h e s e t - p o i n t ( 1 2 0 W / m ) .
F o r w i n t e r : s h a d i n g i s u s e d a t n i g h t , w h e n t h e h e a t i n g i s o n , a n d o f f d u r i n g t h e d a y .
S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s i n t h e f o r m o f V e n e t i a n b l i n d s r e d u c e t h e
c o o l i n g l o a d 0 . 5 p e r c e n t i f t h e y a r e p l a c e d i n s i d e , a n d 1 . 5 p e r c e n t o u t s i d e t h e w i n d o w . A s
c a n b e s e e n i n f i g u r e 1 2 , a c o m b i n a t i o n o f l o c a l s h a d i n g a n d w i n d o w s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s h a s t h e
m o s t e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y .

F i g u r e 1 1 C o o l i n g L o a d P e r f o r m a n c e s o f t h e S i m u l a t e d W i n d o w S h a d i n g E l e m e n t s
4 2 . 3 1
3 7 . 3 3 3 7 . 4 1 3 7 . 4 5
4 2 . 1 3
3 7 . 1 2
3 0
3 2
3 4
3 6
3 8
4 0
4 2
4 4
n o s e g m e n t s s e g m e n t s
1 + 2 + 3
s e g m e n t s 1 + 2 s e g m e n t s
1 + 2 + 3 + 4
v e n e t i a n b l i n d s e g . 1 + 2 a n d
v e n . b l i n d
l o c a l s h a d i n g w i n d o w
s h a d i n g
c o m b i n a t i o n
c
o
o
l
i
n
g

l
o
a
u

k
W



7 4
b y u p t o 1 2 p e r c e n t ( - 5 k W ) . T h e t r a d i t i o n a l q u a d r a t e f o r m o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m
s h o w s a s i m i l a r p e r f o r m a n c e a s t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e d v a r i a t i o n s .
5 . 2 . 5 . 2 W i n d o w s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t s
A c c o r d i n g t o e x i s t i n g r e s e a r c h , i n t e r n a l s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s s u c h a s V e n e t i a n b l i n d s o r
c u r t a i n s , a r e t h e r m a l l y i n e f f e c t i v e f o r t h e s u m m e r c a s e
1 1 8
. N e v e r t h e l e s s , s i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n t o
d e t e r m i n e t h e i r i m p a c t o n t h e c o o l i n g l o a d o f d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m . W i n d o w s h a d i n g
e l e m e n t s l i k e b l i n d s a n d r o l l s a r e a l s o s i m u l a t e d f o r b o t h t h e i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d e l o c a t i o n o f
w i n d o w . T h e c h o i c e s f o r s h a d i n g c o n t r o l t y p e s a r e a s f o l l o w s :
F o r s u m m e r : s h a d i n g i s u s e d a t n i g h t a n d d u r i n g t h e d a y , w h e n t h e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n
i n c i d e n t o n t h e w i n d o w e x c e e d t h e s e t - p o i n t ( 1 2 0 W / m ) .
F o r w i n t e r : s h a d i n g i s u s e d a t n i g h t , w h e n t h e h e a t i n g i s o n , a n d o f f d u r i n g t h e d a y .
S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s i n t h e f o r m o f V e n e t i a n b l i n d s r e d u c e t h e
c o o l i n g l o a d 0 . 5 p e r c e n t i f t h e y a r e p l a c e d i n s i d e , a n d 1 . 5 p e r c e n t o u t s i d e t h e w i n d o w . A s
c a n b e s e e n i n f i g u r e 1 2 , a c o m b i n a t i o n o f l o c a l s h a d i n g a n d w i n d o w s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s h a s t h e
m o s t e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y .

F i g u r e 1 1 C o o l i n g L o a d P e r f o r m a n c e s o f t h e S i m u l a t e d W i n d o w S h a d i n g E l e m e n t s
4 2 . 3 1
3 7 . 3 3 3 7 . 4 1 3 7 . 4 5
4 2 . 1 3
3 7 . 1 2
3 0
3 2
3 4
3 6
3 8
4 0
4 2
4 4
n o s e g m e n t s s e g m e n t s
1 + 2 + 3
s e g m e n t s 1 + 2 s e g m e n t s
1 + 2 + 3 + 4
v e n e t i a n b l i n d s e g . 1 + 2 a n d
v e n . b l i n d
l o c a l s h a d i n g w i n d o w
s h a d i n g
c o m b i n a t i o n
c
o
o
l
i
n
g

l
o
a
u

k
W



7 5
5 . 2 . 5 . 3 R o o f s h a d i n g
T h e o t h e r i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r , w h i c h h a s n o t b e e n c o n s i d e r e d y e t , i s r o o f s h a d i n g . I n t h i s p a r t ,
r o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s w i l l b e s i m u l a t e d t o e v a l u a t e t h e i r b e n e f i t . D u e t o t h e a n t i c i p a t e d
p o s i t i v e e f f e c t s o f r o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s , d e s i g n s t u d i e s o n t h e s e e l e m e n t s a r e r u n i n t h i s
s e c t i o n .
S i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n o n r o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s i n o r d e r t o p r o v e t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o
r e d u c i n g t h e c o o l i n g l o a d . S e v e r a l d e s i g n s a r e t e s t e d d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y t h e i r s h a p e a n d
c o v e r a g e a r e a . F u r t h e r m o r e , o p e r a t i v e r o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s , w h i c h m a y b e b e n e f i c i a l , a r e
t e s t e d a s w e l l .
C a n v a s a n d t r e l l i s w i t h g r o w i n g v e g e t a t i o n a r e c h o s e n a s c o v e r i n g m a t e r i a l s b e c a u s e o f
t h e i r w i d e s p r e a d u s e i n B o d r u m . A n a v e r a g e t r a n s m i t t a n c e v a l u e o f a b o u t 5 0 p e r c e n t f o r
t r e l l i s w i t h v e g e t a t i o n s a n d 8 0 p e r c e n t f o r c a n v a s , i s u s e d b y t h e s i m u l a t i o n s .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s , t h e r o o f s h a d i n g o f a h o u s e i n B o d r u m c a n r e d u c e t h e
c o o l i n g l o a d b y u p t o 1 5 p e r c e n t . A s c a n b e s e e n i n f i g u r e 1 3 , t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e c o o l i n g
l o a d o f t h e s e c o n d f l o o r i s u p t o 2 5 p e r c e n t , w h e r e a s i t i s t w o p e r c e n t f o r t h e f i r s t f l o o r . T h e
h e a t i n g l o a d c a n b e r e d u c e d b y u p t o t e n p e r c e n t a s w e l l .

F i g u r e 1 2 E f f e c t s o f t h e R o o f S h a d i n g M a t e r i a l o n t h e C o o l i n g L o a d
1 8 . 1 9 1 8 . 2 8
2 0 . 4 1
1 8 . 2 5
1 7 . 8 2
1 8 . 5 1
1 9 . 9 3
1 8 . 4 7
3 6 . 0 1
3 6 . 7 9
4 0 . 3 4
3 6 . 7 2
0
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
c a n v a s o p a q u e c a n v a s o p e r a t i o n a l w o o d v e g e t a t i o n
c
o
o
l
i
n
g

l
o
a
d

k
W

m a t e r i a l
1 s t f l o o r 2 n d f l o o r t o t a l


7 5
5 . 2 . 5 . 3 R o o f s h a d i n g
T h e o t h e r i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r , w h i c h h a s n o t b e e n c o n s i d e r e d y e t , i s r o o f s h a d i n g . I n t h i s p a r t ,
r o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s w i l l b e s i m u l a t e d t o e v a l u a t e t h e i r b e n e f i t . D u e t o t h e a n t i c i p a t e d
p o s i t i v e e f f e c t s o f r o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s , d e s i g n s t u d i e s o n t h e s e e l e m e n t s a r e r u n i n t h i s
s e c t i o n .
S i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n o n r o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s i n o r d e r t o p r o v e t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o
r e d u c i n g t h e c o o l i n g l o a d . S e v e r a l d e s i g n s a r e t e s t e d d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y t h e i r s h a p e a n d
c o v e r a g e a r e a . F u r t h e r m o r e , o p e r a t i v e r o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s , w h i c h m a y b e b e n e f i c i a l , a r e
t e s t e d a s w e l l .
C a n v a s a n d t r e l l i s w i t h g r o w i n g v e g e t a t i o n a r e c h o s e n a s c o v e r i n g m a t e r i a l s b e c a u s e o f
t h e i r w i d e s p r e a d u s e i n B o d r u m . A n a v e r a g e t r a n s m i t t a n c e v a l u e o f a b o u t 5 0 p e r c e n t f o r
t r e l l i s w i t h v e g e t a t i o n s a n d 8 0 p e r c e n t f o r c a n v a s , i s u s e d b y t h e s i m u l a t i o n s .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s , t h e r o o f s h a d i n g o f a h o u s e i n B o d r u m c a n r e d u c e t h e
c o o l i n g l o a d b y u p t o 1 5 p e r c e n t . A s c a n b e s e e n i n f i g u r e 1 3 , t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e c o o l i n g
l o a d o f t h e s e c o n d f l o o r i s u p t o 2 5 p e r c e n t , w h e r e a s i t i s t w o p e r c e n t f o r t h e f i r s t f l o o r . T h e
h e a t i n g l o a d c a n b e r e d u c e d b y u p t o t e n p e r c e n t a s w e l l .

F i g u r e 1 2 E f f e c t s o f t h e R o o f S h a d i n g M a t e r i a l o n t h e C o o l i n g L o a d
1 8 . 1 9 1 8 . 2 8
2 0 . 4 1
1 8 . 2 5
1 7 . 8 2
1 8 . 5 1
1 9 . 9 3
1 8 . 4 7
3 6 . 0 1
3 6 . 7 9
4 0 . 3 4
3 6 . 7 2
0
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
c a n v a s o p a q u e c a n v a s o p e r a t i o n a l w o o d v e g e t a t i o n
c
o
o
l
i
n
g

l
o
a
d

k
W

m a t e r i a l
1 s t f l o o r 2 n d f l o o r t o t a l


75
5.2.5.3 Roof shading
The other important factor, which has not been considered yet, is roof shading. In this part,
roof shading elements will be simulated to evaluate their benefit. Due to the anticipated
positive effects of roof shading elements, design studies on these elements are run in this
section.
Simulations are run on roof shading elements in order to prove their contribution to
reducing the cooling load. Several designs are tested distinguished by their shape and
coverage area. Furthermore, operative roof shading elements, which may be beneficial, are
tested as well.
Canvas and trellis with growing vegetation are chosen as covering materials because of
their widespread use in Bodrum. An average transmittance value of about 50 per cent for
trellis with vegetations and 80 per cent for canvas, is used by the simulations.
According to the simulation results, the roof shading of a house in Bodrum can reduce the
cooling load by up to 15 per cent. As can be seen in figure 13, the reduction of the cooling
load of the second floor is up to 25 per cent, whereas it is two per cent for the first floor. The
heating load can be reduced by up to ten per cent as well.

Figure 12 Effects of the Roof Shading Material on the Cooling Load
18.19 18.28
20.41
18.25
17.82
18.51
19.93
18.47
36.01
36.79
40.34
36.72
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
canvas opaque canvas operational wood vegetation
c
o
o
l
i
n
g

l
o
a
d

k
W

material
1st floor 2nd floor total


75
5.2.5.3 Roof shading
The other important factor, which has not been considered yet, is roof shading. In this part,
roof shading elements will be simulated to evaluate their benefit. Due to the anticipated
positive effects of roof shading elements, design studies on these elements are run in this
section.
Simulations are run on roof shading elements in order to prove their contribution to
reducing the cooling load. Several designs are tested distinguished by their shape and
coverage area. Furthermore, operative roof shading elements, which may be beneficial, are
tested as well.
Canvas and trellis with growing vegetation are chosen as covering materials because of
their widespread use in Bodrum. An average transmittance value of about 50 per cent for
trellis with vegetations and 80 per cent for canvas, is used by the simulations.
According to the simulation results, the roof shading of a house in Bodrum can reduce the
cooling load by up to 15 per cent. As can be seen in figure 13, the reduction of the cooling
load of the second floor is up to 25 per cent, whereas it is two per cent for the first floor. The
heating load can be reduced by up to ten per cent as well.

Figure 12 Effects of the Roof Shading Material on the Cooling Load
18.19 18.28
20.41
18.25
17.82
18.51
19.93
18.47
36.01
36.79
40.34
36.72
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
canvas opaque canvas operational wood vegetation
c
o
o
l
i
n
g

l
o
a
d

k
W

material
1st floor 2nd floor total


76
Moreover, opaque shading elements perform two per cent better than operational systems.
Furthermore, simulation results show that area-wide shading elements have the greatest
energy efficiency. In terms of material, lightweight elements such as canvas and natural
vegetation perform up to ten per cent better than wooden elements. Heavy weight elements
are not recommended due to their high thermal mass character.
5.2.6 Natural air ventilation study
Due to heat gain and loss through air exchange, natural air ventilation is one of the critical
elements relating to energy consumption in buildings. In this section, the influence of natural
ventilation on the cooling load is analyzed.
Buildings with natural air ventilation utilize naturally occurring wind pressure to drive air
flows admitting cool night air into buildings
119
and to purge day time heat, accumulated in
structural elements, into the outdoor environment. This may avoid the usage of mechanical
ventilation in regions with a hot climate or at least reduce the cooling load significantly
120
.
But natural night cooling is an unreliable method for air quality and quantity within comfort
standards. Its effect depends largely on the magnitude of the heat gains and ventilation
rates
121
.
The natural air ventilation with different air change rates between zero to 10
-h
are utilised
by controlling the windows. For the hot summer period, high ventilation rates like 5
-h
are used
to exhaust warm indoor temperature through cool night ambient temperature.
The hygienic ventilation rate 0.9
-h
, which is calculated according to DIN 1946
122
, is used
for the cold winter period to provide a minimum healthy and comfortable atmosphere for the
occupants in the dwelling, and in order to minimize the influence of warm ambient
temperature in hot periods in Bodrum.
The ventilation strategy has a great impact on the cooling load of a dwelling. There are
different strategies applied by simulations depending on the outdoor temperature and inputs of
CDD (cooling degree day) and HDD (heating degree day) supplied by the Turkish
Meteorology Institute
123
. Figure 14 shows the strategies with their impacts on the cooling load
of the analyzed object HH. As can be seen, the windows are open during the time mentioned


76
Moreover, opaque shading elements perform two per cent better than operational systems.
Furthermore, simulation results show that area-wide shading elements have the greatest
energy efficiency. In terms of material, lightweight elements such as canvas and natural
vegetation perform up to ten per cent better than wooden elements. Heavy weight elements
are not recommended due to their high thermal mass character.
5.2.6 Natural air ventilation study
Due to heat gain and loss through air exchange, natural air ventilation is one of the critical
elements relating to energy consumption in buildings. In this section, the influence of natural
ventilation on the cooling load is analyzed.
Buildings with natural air ventilation utilize naturally occurring wind pressure to drive air
flows admitting cool night air into buildings
119
and to purge day time heat, accumulated in
structural elements, into the outdoor environment. This may avoid the usage of mechanical
ventilation in regions with a hot climate or at least reduce the cooling load significantly
120
.
But natural night cooling is an unreliable method for air quality and quantity within comfort
standards. Its effect depends largely on the magnitude of the heat gains and ventilation
rates
121
.
The natural air ventilation with different air change rates between zero to 10
-h
are utilised
by controlling the windows. For the hot summer period, high ventilation rates like 5
-h
are used
to exhaust warm indoor temperature through cool night ambient temperature.
The hygienic ventilation rate 0.9
-h
, which is calculated according to DIN 1946
122
, is used
for the cold winter period to provide a minimum healthy and comfortable atmosphere for the
occupants in the dwelling, and in order to minimize the influence of warm ambient
temperature in hot periods in Bodrum.
The ventilation strategy has a great impact on the cooling load of a dwelling. There are
different strategies applied by simulations depending on the outdoor temperature and inputs of
CDD (cooling degree day) and HDD (heating degree day) supplied by the Turkish
Meteorology Institute
123
. Figure 14 shows the strategies with their impacts on the cooling load
of the analyzed object HH. As can be seen, the windows are open during the time mentioned


7 6
M o r e o v e r , o p a q u e s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s p e r f o r m t w o p e r c e n t b e t t e r t h a n o p e r a t i o n a l s y s t e m s .
F u r t h e r m o r e , s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t a r e a - w i d e s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s h a v e t h e g r e a t e s t
e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y . I n t e r m s o f m a t e r i a l , l i g h t w e i g h t e l e m e n t s s u c h a s c a n v a s a n d n a t u r a l
v e g e t a t i o n p e r f o r m u p t o t e n p e r c e n t b e t t e r t h a n w o o d e n e l e m e n t s . H e a v y w e i g h t e l e m e n t s
a r e n o t r e c o m m e n d e d d u e t o t h e i r h i g h t h e r m a l m a s s c h a r a c t e r .
5 . 2 . 6 N a t u r a l a i r v e n t i l a t i o n s t u d y
D u e t o h e a t g a i n a n d l o s s t h r o u g h a i r e x c h a n g e , n a t u r a l a i r v e n t i l a t i o n i s o n e o f t h e c r i t i c a l
e l e m e n t s r e l a t i n g t o e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n i n b u i l d i n g s . I n t h i s s e c t i o n , t h e i n f l u e n c e o f n a t u r a l
v e n t i l a t i o n o n t h e c o o l i n g l o a d i s a n a l y z e d .
B u i l d i n g s w i t h n a t u r a l a i r v e n t i l a t i o n u t i l i z e n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g w i n d p r e s s u r e t o d r i v e a i r
f l o w s a d m i t t i n g c o o l n i g h t a i r i n t o b u i l d i n g s
1 1 9
a n d t o p u r g e d a y t i m e h e a t , a c c u m u l a t e d i n
s t r u c t u r a l e l e m e n t s , i n t o t h e o u t d o o r e n v i r o n m e n t . T h i s m a y a v o i d t h e u s a g e o f m e c h a n i c a l
v e n t i l a t i o n i n r e g i o n s w i t h a h o t c l i m a t e o r a t l e a s t r e d u c e t h e c o o l i n g l o a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y
1 2 0
.
B u t n a t u r a l n i g h t c o o l i n g i s a n u n r e l i a b l e m e t h o d f o r a i r q u a l i t y a n d q u a n t i t y w i t h i n c o m f o r t
s t a n d a r d s . I t s e f f e c t d e p e n d s l a r g e l y o n t h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e h e a t g a i n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
r a t e s
1 2 1
.
T h e n a t u r a l a i r v e n t i l a t i o n w i t h d i f f e r e n t a i r c h a n g e r a t e s b e t w e e n z e r o t o 1 0
- h
a r e u t i l i s e d
b y c o n t r o l l i n g t h e w i n d o w s . F o r t h e h o t s u m m e r p e r i o d , h i g h v e n t i l a t i o n r a t e s l i k e 5
- h
a r e u s e d
t o e x h a u s t w a r m i n d o o r t e m p e r a t u r e t h r o u g h c o o l n i g h t a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e .
T h e h y g i e n i c v e n t i l a t i o n r a t e 0 . 9
- h
, w h i c h i s c a l c u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o D I N 1 9 4 6
1 2 2
, i s u s e d
f o r t h e c o l d w i n t e r p e r i o d t o p r o v i d e a m i n i m u m h e a l t h y a n d c o m f o r t a b l e a t m o s p h e r e f o r t h e
o c c u p a n t s i n t h e d w e l l i n g , a n d i n o r d e r t o m i n i m i z e t h e i n f l u e n c e o f w a r m a m b i e n t
t e m p e r a t u r e i n h o t p e r i o d s i n B o d r u m .
T h e v e n t i l a t i o n s t r a t e g y h a s a g r e a t i m p a c t o n t h e c o o l i n g l o a d o f a d w e l l i n g . T h e r e a r e
d i f f e r e n t s t r a t e g i e s a p p l i e d b y s i m u l a t i o n s d e p e n d i n g o n t h e o u t d o o r t e m p e r a t u r e a n d i n p u t s o f
C D D ( c o o l i n g d e g r e e d a y ) a n d H D D ( h e a t i n g d e g r e e d a y ) s u p p l i e d b y t h e T u r k i s h
M e t e o r o l o g y I n s t i t u t e
1 2 3
. F i g u r e 1 4 s h o w s t h e s t r a t e g i e s w i t h t h e i r i m p a c t s o n t h e c o o l i n g l o a d
o f t h e a n a l y z e d o b j e c t H H . A s c a n b e s e e n , t h e w i n d o w s a r e o p e n d u r i n g t h e t i m e m e n t i o n e d


7 6
M o r e o v e r , o p a q u e s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s p e r f o r m t w o p e r c e n t b e t t e r t h a n o p e r a t i o n a l s y s t e m s .
F u r t h e r m o r e , s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t a r e a - w i d e s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s h a v e t h e g r e a t e s t
e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y . I n t e r m s o f m a t e r i a l , l i g h t w e i g h t e l e m e n t s s u c h a s c a n v a s a n d n a t u r a l
v e g e t a t i o n p e r f o r m u p t o t e n p e r c e n t b e t t e r t h a n w o o d e n e l e m e n t s . H e a v y w e i g h t e l e m e n t s
a r e n o t r e c o m m e n d e d d u e t o t h e i r h i g h t h e r m a l m a s s c h a r a c t e r .
5 . 2 . 6 N a t u r a l a i r v e n t i l a t i o n s t u d y
D u e t o h e a t g a i n a n d l o s s t h r o u g h a i r e x c h a n g e , n a t u r a l a i r v e n t i l a t i o n i s o n e o f t h e c r i t i c a l
e l e m e n t s r e l a t i n g t o e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n i n b u i l d i n g s . I n t h i s s e c t i o n , t h e i n f l u e n c e o f n a t u r a l
v e n t i l a t i o n o n t h e c o o l i n g l o a d i s a n a l y z e d .
B u i l d i n g s w i t h n a t u r a l a i r v e n t i l a t i o n u t i l i z e n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g w i n d p r e s s u r e t o d r i v e a i r
f l o w s a d m i t t i n g c o o l n i g h t a i r i n t o b u i l d i n g s
1 1 9
a n d t o p u r g e d a y t i m e h e a t , a c c u m u l a t e d i n
s t r u c t u r a l e l e m e n t s , i n t o t h e o u t d o o r e n v i r o n m e n t . T h i s m a y a v o i d t h e u s a g e o f m e c h a n i c a l
v e n t i l a t i o n i n r e g i o n s w i t h a h o t c l i m a t e o r a t l e a s t r e d u c e t h e c o o l i n g l o a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y
1 2 0
.
B u t n a t u r a l n i g h t c o o l i n g i s a n u n r e l i a b l e m e t h o d f o r a i r q u a l i t y a n d q u a n t i t y w i t h i n c o m f o r t
s t a n d a r d s . I t s e f f e c t d e p e n d s l a r g e l y o n t h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e h e a t g a i n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
r a t e s
1 2 1
.
T h e n a t u r a l a i r v e n t i l a t i o n w i t h d i f f e r e n t a i r c h a n g e r a t e s b e t w e e n z e r o t o 1 0
- h
a r e u t i l i s e d
b y c o n t r o l l i n g t h e w i n d o w s . F o r t h e h o t s u m m e r p e r i o d , h i g h v e n t i l a t i o n r a t e s l i k e 5
- h
a r e u s e d
t o e x h a u s t w a r m i n d o o r t e m p e r a t u r e t h r o u g h c o o l n i g h t a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e .
T h e h y g i e n i c v e n t i l a t i o n r a t e 0 . 9
- h
, w h i c h i s c a l c u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o D I N 1 9 4 6
1 2 2
, i s u s e d
f o r t h e c o l d w i n t e r p e r i o d t o p r o v i d e a m i n i m u m h e a l t h y a n d c o m f o r t a b l e a t m o s p h e r e f o r t h e
o c c u p a n t s i n t h e d w e l l i n g , a n d i n o r d e r t o m i n i m i z e t h e i n f l u e n c e o f w a r m a m b i e n t
t e m p e r a t u r e i n h o t p e r i o d s i n B o d r u m .
T h e v e n t i l a t i o n s t r a t e g y h a s a g r e a t i m p a c t o n t h e c o o l i n g l o a d o f a d w e l l i n g . T h e r e a r e
d i f f e r e n t s t r a t e g i e s a p p l i e d b y s i m u l a t i o n s d e p e n d i n g o n t h e o u t d o o r t e m p e r a t u r e a n d i n p u t s o f
C D D ( c o o l i n g d e g r e e d a y ) a n d H D D ( h e a t i n g d e g r e e d a y ) s u p p l i e d b y t h e T u r k i s h
M e t e o r o l o g y I n s t i t u t e
1 2 3
. F i g u r e 1 4 s h o w s t h e s t r a t e g i e s w i t h t h e i r i m p a c t s o n t h e c o o l i n g l o a d
o f t h e a n a l y z e d o b j e c t H H . A s c a n b e s e e n , t h e w i n d o w s a r e o p e n d u r i n g t h e t i m e m e n t i o n e d


7 7
i n f i g u r e 1 4 t o r e a c h t h e m a x i m u m a i r c h a n g e r a t e . T h e y a r e c l o s e d d u r i n g t h e r e s t o f t i m e d u e
t o t h e h i g h s o l a r r a d i a t i o n a l l o w i n g a m i n i m u m h y g i e n i c a i r c h a n g e r a t e 0 . 9
- h
.
O u t s i d e d r y - b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e a n d o p e r a t i v e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e h o t t e s t p e r i o d i n B o d r u m
a r e a n a l y z e d i n o r d e r t o d e v e l o p t h i s t i m e s c h e d u l e f o r n i g h t v e n t i l a t i o n . A n a l y s i s s h o w t h a t
t h e o u t s i d e d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e i s l o w e r a t t h e l a t e n i g h t h o u r s c o m p a r e d w i t h d a y t i m e
t e m p e r a t u r e s . T h e r e f o r e , a t i m e s c h e d u l e b e t w e e n 2 3 - 0 5 o c l o c k i s s e t a s i n p u t t o t h e
s i m u l a t i o n s . D u r i n g t h e e n t i r e s u m m e r p e r i o d , t h i s t i m e s c h e d u l e c a n d i f f e r . T o c o n s i d e r t h e s e
c h a n g e s , a n o t h e r s e t p o i n t T 4 C i s u s e d b y t h e s i m u l a t i o n s . I t m e a n s , i f t h e o u t s i d e d r y -
b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e i s 4 C l o w e r t h a n t h e o p e r a t i v e t e m p e r a t u r e , n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n w i l l b e
a c t i v a t e d .
S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t t h e r e i s n o s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n o n t h e c o o l i n g l o a d . J u s t o n e
p e r c e n t c a n b e a c h i e v e d w i t h a 5
- h
a i r c h a n g e r a t e . T h e r e a s o n i s h i g h o u t s i d e d r y - b u l b
t e m p e r a t u r e i n s u m m e r s e a s o n , w h i c h i s s p e c i f i c f o r B o d r u m .

F i g u r e 1 3 N a t u r a l A i r V e n t i l a t i o n R e s u l t s D e p e n d i n g o n D i f f e r e n t A i r C h a n g e R a t e s
Z i m m e r m a n n s t a t e s t h a t d a i l y c o o l i n g l o a d s s h o u l d n o t e x c e e d 1 5 0 W h / m f o r n i g h t
v e n t i l a t i o n t o b e e f f i c i e n t a n d a l s o n i g h t t i m e a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s h o u l d b e a t l e a s t 5 K b e l o w
r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e f o r m o r e t h e n s i x h o u r s a t a n a i r c h a n g e r a t e o f 5
- h

1 2 4
. S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s
s h o w t h a t n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n a t n i g h t i n c r e a s e s t h e c o o l i n g l o a d b y w e l l - i n s u l a t e d d w e l l i n g s
d u e t o t h e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e .
4 2 . 3 1
4 2 . 0 7
4 1 . 9 5
4 1 . 9 4
4 2 . 0 6
4 1 . 5
4 1 . 6
4 1 . 7
4 1 . 8
4 1 . 9
4 2
4 2 . 1
4 2 . 2
4 2 . 3
4 2 . 4
4 2 . 5
0 1 . 5 3 5 1 0
c
o
o
l
i
n
g

l
o
a
d

k
W

A i r c h a n g e r a t e ( o p e n b e t w e e n 2 3 - 0 5 a n d i f T 4 )


7 7
i n f i g u r e 1 4 t o r e a c h t h e m a x i m u m a i r c h a n g e r a t e . T h e y a r e c l o s e d d u r i n g t h e r e s t o f t i m e d u e
t o t h e h i g h s o l a r r a d i a t i o n a l l o w i n g a m i n i m u m h y g i e n i c a i r c h a n g e r a t e 0 . 9
- h
.
O u t s i d e d r y - b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e a n d o p e r a t i v e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e h o t t e s t p e r i o d i n B o d r u m
a r e a n a l y z e d i n o r d e r t o d e v e l o p t h i s t i m e s c h e d u l e f o r n i g h t v e n t i l a t i o n . A n a l y s i s s h o w t h a t
t h e o u t s i d e d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e i s l o w e r a t t h e l a t e n i g h t h o u r s c o m p a r e d w i t h d a y t i m e
t e m p e r a t u r e s . T h e r e f o r e , a t i m e s c h e d u l e b e t w e e n 2 3 - 0 5 o c l o c k i s s e t a s i n p u t t o t h e
s i m u l a t i o n s . D u r i n g t h e e n t i r e s u m m e r p e r i o d , t h i s t i m e s c h e d u l e c a n d i f f e r . T o c o n s i d e r t h e s e
c h a n g e s , a n o t h e r s e t p o i n t T 4 C i s u s e d b y t h e s i m u l a t i o n s . I t m e a n s , i f t h e o u t s i d e d r y -
b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e i s 4 C l o w e r t h a n t h e o p e r a t i v e t e m p e r a t u r e , n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n w i l l b e
a c t i v a t e d .
S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t t h e r e i s n o s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n o n t h e c o o l i n g l o a d . J u s t o n e
p e r c e n t c a n b e a c h i e v e d w i t h a 5
- h
a i r c h a n g e r a t e . T h e r e a s o n i s h i g h o u t s i d e d r y - b u l b
t e m p e r a t u r e i n s u m m e r s e a s o n , w h i c h i s s p e c i f i c f o r B o d r u m .

F i g u r e 1 3 N a t u r a l A i r V e n t i l a t i o n R e s u l t s D e p e n d i n g o n D i f f e r e n t A i r C h a n g e R a t e s
Z i m m e r m a n n s t a t e s t h a t d a i l y c o o l i n g l o a d s s h o u l d n o t e x c e e d 1 5 0 W h / m f o r n i g h t
v e n t i l a t i o n t o b e e f f i c i e n t a n d a l s o n i g h t t i m e a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s h o u l d b e a t l e a s t 5 K b e l o w
r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e f o r m o r e t h e n s i x h o u r s a t a n a i r c h a n g e r a t e o f 5
- h

1 2 4
. S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s
s h o w t h a t n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n a t n i g h t i n c r e a s e s t h e c o o l i n g l o a d b y w e l l - i n s u l a t e d d w e l l i n g s
d u e t o t h e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e .
4 2 . 3 1
4 2 . 0 7
4 1 . 9 5
4 1 . 9 4
4 2 . 0 6
4 1 . 5
4 1 . 6
4 1 . 7
4 1 . 8
4 1 . 9
4 2
4 2 . 1
4 2 . 2
4 2 . 3
4 2 . 4
4 2 . 5
0 1 . 5 3 5 1 0
c
o
o
l
i
n
g

l
o
a
d

k
W

A i r c h a n g e r a t e ( o p e n b e t w e e n 2 3 - 0 5 a n d i f T 4 )


77
in figure 14 to reach the maximum air change rate. They are closed during the rest of time due
to the high solar radiation allowing a minimum hygienic air change rate 0.9
-h
.
Outside dry-bulb temperature and operative temperature of the hottest period in Bodrum
are analyzed in order to develop this time schedule for night ventilation. Analysis show that
the outside dry bulb temperature is lower at the late night hours compared with daytime
temperatures. Therefore, a time schedule between 23-05 oclock is set as input to the
simulations. During the entire summer period, this time schedule can differ. To consider these
changes, another set point T 4 C is used by the simulations. It means, if the outside dry-
bulb temperature is 4 C lower than the operative temperature, natural ventilation will be
activated.
Simulation results show that there is no significant reduction on the cooling load. Just one
per cent can be achieved with a 5
-h
air change rate. The reason is high outside dry-bulb
temperature in summer season, which is specific for Bodrum.

Figure 13 Natural Air Ventilation Results Depending on Different Air Change Rates
Zimmermann states that daily cooling loads should not exceed 150 Wh/m for night
ventilation to be efficient and also night time ambient temperature should be at least 5K below
room temperature for more then six hours at an air change rate of 5
-h

124
. Simulation results
show that natural ventilation at night increases the cooling load by well-insulated dwellings
due to the significantly higher ambient temperature.
42.31
42.07
41.95
41.94
42.06
41.5
41.6
41.7
41.8
41.9
42
42.1
42.2
42.3
42.4
42.5
0 1.5 3 5 10
c
o
o
l
i
n
g

l
o
a
d

k
W

Air change rate (open between 23-05 and if T 4)


77
in figure 14 to reach the maximum air change rate. They are closed during the rest of time due
to the high solar radiation allowing a minimum hygienic air change rate 0.9
-h
.
Outside dry-bulb temperature and operative temperature of the hottest period in Bodrum
are analyzed in order to develop this time schedule for night ventilation. Analysis show that
the outside dry bulb temperature is lower at the late night hours compared with daytime
temperatures. Therefore, a time schedule between 23-05 oclock is set as input to the
simulations. During the entire summer period, this time schedule can differ. To consider these
changes, another set point T 4 C is used by the simulations. It means, if the outside dry-
bulb temperature is 4 C lower than the operative temperature, natural ventilation will be
activated.
Simulation results show that there is no significant reduction on the cooling load. Just one
per cent can be achieved with a 5
-h
air change rate. The reason is high outside dry-bulb
temperature in summer season, which is specific for Bodrum.

Figure 13 Natural Air Ventilation Results Depending on Different Air Change Rates
Zimmermann states that daily cooling loads should not exceed 150 Wh/m for night
ventilation to be efficient and also night time ambient temperature should be at least 5K below
room temperature for more then six hours at an air change rate of 5
-h

124
. Simulation results
show that natural ventilation at night increases the cooling load by well-insulated dwellings
due to the significantly higher ambient temperature.
42.31
42.07
41.95
41.94
42.06
41.5
41.6
41.7
41.8
41.9
42
42.1
42.2
42.3
42.4
42.5
0 1.5 3 5 10
c
o
o
l
i
n
g

l
o
a
d

k
W

Air change rate (open between 23-05 and if T 4)


78
5.3 Implementations
At the first phase, simulations are done for actual conditions of chosen analyzed objects
Holiday House and Attached House to evaluate the difference of the measures by
subsequent simulations. Each criterion mentioned in section 5.2 is simulated separately to
identify their influence on energy efficiency by excluding the effects of any other measure
installed in the building.
During the next step, combinations of optimum results are developed based on the results
of the above mentioned simulations. This best practice version combines all measures. In
this chapter, actual and best practice versions will be compared. The overall comparison can
be seen in tables 15 and 17 at the end of this chapter.
5.3.1 Simulations of Holiday House (HH)
5.3.1.1 Simulation of actual condition
The actual uninsulated condition of the
holiday house is analysed for the hottest and
coolest day as well as per annum. The 15
th
July
as the typically hottest summer day has been
chosen for cooling load simulations. The
cooling load of the HH is 42.31 kW (18.51 kW
for the 1
st
floor and 23.81 kW for the 2
nd
floor).
The higher cooling load of the 2
nd
floor is the
result of solar heat gain through the unshaded
roof. Zone 4 and 9 as the largest spaces have
the biggest cooling load compared with smaller zones. The most solar heat gain occurs
through glazing during the day time due to high solar radiation on NE-SW oriented dwelling.
The operative temperature is over 29 C for 20 h a day and rises to 35.4 C.
The heating design simulations have been run on the 15
th
of January. The heating load
resulting from this simulation is 16.94 kW (7.41 kW 1
st
floor, 9.53 kW 2
nd
floor).
Simulation results show that in April and September, both cooling and heating energy are
necessary. In the rest of the summer period, the cooling energy demand is extremely high due
Figure 14 Zones of the Holiday House


78
5.3 Implementations
At the first phase, simulations are done for actual conditions of chosen analyzed objects
Holiday House and Attached House to evaluate the difference of the measures by
subsequent simulations. Each criterion mentioned in section 5.2 is simulated separately to
identify their influence on energy efficiency by excluding the effects of any other measure
installed in the building.
During the next step, combinations of optimum results are developed based on the results
of the above mentioned simulations. This best practice version combines all measures. In
this chapter, actual and best practice versions will be compared. The overall comparison can
be seen in tables 15 and 17 at the end of this chapter.
5.3.1 Simulations of Holiday House (HH)
5.3.1.1 Simulation of actual condition
The actual uninsulated condition of the
holiday house is analysed for the hottest and
coolest day as well as per annum. The 15
th
July
as the typically hottest summer day has been
chosen for cooling load simulations. The
cooling load of the HH is 42.31 kW (18.51 kW
for the 1
st
floor and 23.81 kW for the 2
nd
floor).
The higher cooling load of the 2
nd
floor is the
result of solar heat gain through the unshaded
roof. Zone 4 and 9 as the largest spaces have
the biggest cooling load compared with smaller zones. The most solar heat gain occurs
through glazing during the day time due to high solar radiation on NE-SW oriented dwelling.
The operative temperature is over 29 C for 20 h a day and rises to 35.4 C.
The heating design simulations have been run on the 15
th
of January. The heating load
resulting from this simulation is 16.94 kW (7.41 kW 1
st
floor, 9.53 kW 2
nd
floor).
Simulation results show that in April and September, both cooling and heating energy are
necessary. In the rest of the summer period, the cooling energy demand is extremely high due
Figure 14 Zones of the Holiday House


7 8
5 . 3 I m p l e m e n t a t i o n s
A t t h e f i r s t p h a s e , s i m u l a t i o n s a r e d o n e f o r a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s o f c h o s e n a n a l y z e d o b j e c t s
H o l i d a y H o u s e a n d A t t a c h e d H o u s e t o e v a l u a t e t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f t h e m e a s u r e s b y
s u b s e q u e n t s i m u l a t i o n s . E a c h c r i t e r i o n m e n t i o n e d i n s e c t i o n 5 . 2 i s s i m u l a t e d s e p a r a t e l y t o
i d e n t i f y t h e i r i n f l u e n c e o n e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y b y e x c l u d i n g t h e e f f e c t s o f a n y o t h e r m e a s u r e
i n s t a l l e d i n t h e b u i l d i n g .
D u r i n g t h e n e x t s t e p , c o m b i n a t i o n s o f o p t i m u m r e s u l t s a r e d e v e l o p e d b a s e d o n t h e r e s u l t s
o f t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e d s i m u l a t i o n s . T h i s b e s t p r a c t i c e v e r s i o n c o m b i n e s a l l m e a s u r e s . I n
t h i s c h a p t e r , a c t u a l a n d b e s t p r a c t i c e v e r s i o n s w i l l b e c o m p a r e d . T h e o v e r a l l c o m p a r i s o n c a n
b e s e e n i n t a b l e s 1 5 a n d 1 7 a t t h e e n d o f t h i s c h a p t e r .
5 . 3 . 1 S i m u l a t i o n s o f H o l i d a y H o u s e ( H H )
5 . 3 . 1 . 1 S i m u l a t i o n o f a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n
T h e a c t u a l u n i n s u l a t e d c o n d i t i o n o f t h e
h o l i d a y h o u s e i s a n a l y s e d f o r t h e h o t t e s t a n d
c o o l e s t d a y a s w e l l a s p e r a n n u m . T h e 1 5
t h
J u l y
a s t h e t y p i c a l l y h o t t e s t s u m m e r d a y h a s b e e n
c h o s e n f o r c o o l i n g l o a d s i m u l a t i o n s . T h e
c o o l i n g l o a d o f t h e H H i s 4 2 . 3 1 k W ( 1 8 . 5 1 k W
f o r t h e 1
s t
f l o o r a n d 2 3 . 8 1 k W f o r t h e 2
n d
f l o o r ) .
T h e h i g h e r c o o l i n g l o a d o f t h e 2
n d
f l o o r i s t h e
r e s u l t o f s o l a r h e a t g a i n t h r o u g h t h e u n s h a d e d
r o o f . Z o n e 4 a n d 9 a s t h e l a r g e s t s p a c e s h a v e
t h e b i g g e s t c o o l i n g l o a d c o m p a r e d w i t h s m a l l e r z o n e s . T h e m o s t s o l a r h e a t g a i n o c c u r s
t h r o u g h g l a z i n g d u r i n g t h e d a y t i m e d u e t o h i g h s o l a r r a d i a t i o n o n N E - S W o r i e n t e d d w e l l i n g .
T h e o p e r a t i v e t e m p e r a t u r e i s o v e r 2 9 C f o r 2 0 h a d a y a n d r i s e s t o 3 5 . 4 C .
T h e h e a t i n g d e s i g n s i m u l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n r u n o n t h e 1 5
t h
o f J a n u a r y . T h e h e a t i n g l o a d
r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h i s s i m u l a t i o n i s 1 6 . 9 4 k W ( 7 . 4 1 k W 1
s t
f l o o r , 9 . 5 3 k W 2
n d
f l o o r ) .
S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t i n A p r i l a n d S e p t e m b e r , b o t h c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g e n e r g y a r e
n e c e s s a r y . I n t h e r e s t o f t h e s u m m e r p e r i o d , t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d i s e x t r e m e l y h i g h d u e
F i g u r e 1 4 Z o n e s o f t h e H o l i d a y H o u s e


7 8
5 . 3 I m p l e m e n t a t i o n s
A t t h e f i r s t p h a s e , s i m u l a t i o n s a r e d o n e f o r a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s o f c h o s e n a n a l y z e d o b j e c t s
H o l i d a y H o u s e a n d A t t a c h e d H o u s e t o e v a l u a t e t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f t h e m e a s u r e s b y
s u b s e q u e n t s i m u l a t i o n s . E a c h c r i t e r i o n m e n t i o n e d i n s e c t i o n 5 . 2 i s s i m u l a t e d s e p a r a t e l y t o
i d e n t i f y t h e i r i n f l u e n c e o n e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y b y e x c l u d i n g t h e e f f e c t s o f a n y o t h e r m e a s u r e
i n s t a l l e d i n t h e b u i l d i n g .
D u r i n g t h e n e x t s t e p , c o m b i n a t i o n s o f o p t i m u m r e s u l t s a r e d e v e l o p e d b a s e d o n t h e r e s u l t s
o f t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e d s i m u l a t i o n s . T h i s b e s t p r a c t i c e v e r s i o n c o m b i n e s a l l m e a s u r e s . I n
t h i s c h a p t e r , a c t u a l a n d b e s t p r a c t i c e v e r s i o n s w i l l b e c o m p a r e d . T h e o v e r a l l c o m p a r i s o n c a n
b e s e e n i n t a b l e s 1 5 a n d 1 7 a t t h e e n d o f t h i s c h a p t e r .
5 . 3 . 1 S i m u l a t i o n s o f H o l i d a y H o u s e ( H H )
5 . 3 . 1 . 1 S i m u l a t i o n o f a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n
T h e a c t u a l u n i n s u l a t e d c o n d i t i o n o f t h e
h o l i d a y h o u s e i s a n a l y s e d f o r t h e h o t t e s t a n d
c o o l e s t d a y a s w e l l a s p e r a n n u m . T h e 1 5
t h
J u l y
a s t h e t y p i c a l l y h o t t e s t s u m m e r d a y h a s b e e n
c h o s e n f o r c o o l i n g l o a d s i m u l a t i o n s . T h e
c o o l i n g l o a d o f t h e H H i s 4 2 . 3 1 k W ( 1 8 . 5 1 k W
f o r t h e 1
s t
f l o o r a n d 2 3 . 8 1 k W f o r t h e 2
n d
f l o o r ) .
T h e h i g h e r c o o l i n g l o a d o f t h e 2
n d
f l o o r i s t h e
r e s u l t o f s o l a r h e a t g a i n t h r o u g h t h e u n s h a d e d
r o o f . Z o n e 4 a n d 9 a s t h e l a r g e s t s p a c e s h a v e
t h e b i g g e s t c o o l i n g l o a d c o m p a r e d w i t h s m a l l e r z o n e s . T h e m o s t s o l a r h e a t g a i n o c c u r s
t h r o u g h g l a z i n g d u r i n g t h e d a y t i m e d u e t o h i g h s o l a r r a d i a t i o n o n N E - S W o r i e n t e d d w e l l i n g .
T h e o p e r a t i v e t e m p e r a t u r e i s o v e r 2 9 C f o r 2 0 h a d a y a n d r i s e s t o 3 5 . 4 C .
T h e h e a t i n g d e s i g n s i m u l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n r u n o n t h e 1 5
t h
o f J a n u a r y . T h e h e a t i n g l o a d
r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h i s s i m u l a t i o n i s 1 6 . 9 4 k W ( 7 . 4 1 k W 1
s t
f l o o r , 9 . 5 3 k W 2
n d
f l o o r ) .
S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t i n A p r i l a n d S e p t e m b e r , b o t h c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g e n e r g y a r e
n e c e s s a r y . I n t h e r e s t o f t h e s u m m e r p e r i o d , t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d i s e x t r e m e l y h i g h d u e
F i g u r e 1 4 Z o n e s o f t h e H o l i d a y H o u s e


7 9
t o h i g h s o l a r r a d i a t i o n t h r o u g h g l a z i n g ( 7 . 5 k W h / m i n J u l y ) . T o t a l h e a t g a i n t h r o u g h g l a z i n g
i s 3 7 . 2 0 k W h / m a . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d i n c r e a s e s i n t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d
b e c a u s e o f h e a t l o s s e s t h r o u g h e x t e r n a l w a l l s ( 5 7 . 2 8 k W h / m a ) .
T h e b u i l d i n g i s h e a t e d a n d c o o l e d w i t h a i r c o n d i t i o n e r s g a i n i n g t h e i r e n e r g y f r o m t h e g r i d .
T h e r e f o r e , t h e t o t a l e n e r g y d e m a n d o f t h e H H i s h i g h , 2 4 8 . 1 7 k W h / m a , a n d 3 4 , 2 4 1 k g C O
2
a r e p r o d u c e d a n n u a l l y .
5 . 3 . 1 . 2 B e s t P r a c t i c e C o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e o p t i m u m r e s u l t s
A l l o f t h e s i m u l a t i o n c r i t e r i a , w h i c h p r o v i d e d f o r s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n o n t h e c o o l i n g a n d
h e a t i n g l o a d o f t h e h o l i d a y h o u s e , a r e a p p l i e d i n t h e b e s t - p r a c t i c e s i m u l a t i o n :
6 c m X P S r i g i d b o a r d a s
e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n
6 c m X P S r i g i d b o a r d f o r r o o f
i n s u l a t i o n
3 0 / 1 5 l o c a l s h a d i n g
c o m p o n e n t w i t h s e g m e n t s 1 + 2 a n d
v e n e t i a n b l i n d s .
D o u b l e g l a z i n g : 6 c m c l e a r
g l a s s / 1 3 c m a i r / 6 c m s p e c t r a l l y
s e l e c t i v e g l a s s
R o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t w i t h
h u n d r e d p e r c e n t c o v e r a g e
T h e c o o l i n g l o a d o f t h e H H d e c r e a s e s b y 5 1 p e r c e n t f r o m 4 2 . 3 1 k W t o 2 0 . 8 6 k W a n d t h e
h e a t i n g l o a d b y 5 4 p e r c e n t f r o m 1 6 . 9 4 k W t o 7 . 8 3 k W . A s a r e s u l t o f r o o f s h a d i n g a n d
i n s u l a t i n g m e a s u r e s , t h e c o o l i n g l o a d o f t h e 2
n d
f l o o r d e c r e a s e s b y 5 9 p e r c e n t . T h e m a x i m u m
o p e r a t i v e t e m p e r a t u r e d e c r e a s e s f r o m 3 5 . 4 C t o 2 7 . 8 C . T h e o p e r a t i v e t e m p e r a t u r e s t a y s
b e l o w 2 7 C f o r 1 3 h o u r s a d a y . E x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n d e c r e a s e s t h e h e a t l o s s b y 1 4 . 4
k W h / m a , w h i c h a p p r o x i m a t e s t o a 7 5 p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n . S o l a r h e a t g a i n t h r o u g h w i n d o w s i s
a l s o r e d u c e d b y 5 5 p e r c e n t t o 1 6 . 6 5 k W h / m a . T h e e n e r g y d e m a n d o f t h e o p t i m i s e d v a r i a t i o n
i s r e d u c e d t o 1 3 2 . 4 3 k W h / m a w i t h 4 7 p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n . C O
2
p r o d u c t i o n i s a l s o r e d u c e d b y
1 4 , 8 6 7 k g .
F i g u r e 1 5 V i s u a l i s a t i o n o f t h e O p t i m i s e d V e r s i o n o f t h e H H


7 9
t o h i g h s o l a r r a d i a t i o n t h r o u g h g l a z i n g ( 7 . 5 k W h / m i n J u l y ) . T o t a l h e a t g a i n t h r o u g h g l a z i n g
i s 3 7 . 2 0 k W h / m a . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d i n c r e a s e s i n t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d
b e c a u s e o f h e a t l o s s e s t h r o u g h e x t e r n a l w a l l s ( 5 7 . 2 8 k W h / m a ) .
T h e b u i l d i n g i s h e a t e d a n d c o o l e d w i t h a i r c o n d i t i o n e r s g a i n i n g t h e i r e n e r g y f r o m t h e g r i d .
T h e r e f o r e , t h e t o t a l e n e r g y d e m a n d o f t h e H H i s h i g h , 2 4 8 . 1 7 k W h / m a , a n d 3 4 , 2 4 1 k g C O
2
a r e p r o d u c e d a n n u a l l y .
5 . 3 . 1 . 2 B e s t P r a c t i c e C o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e o p t i m u m r e s u l t s
A l l o f t h e s i m u l a t i o n c r i t e r i a , w h i c h p r o v i d e d f o r s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n o n t h e c o o l i n g a n d
h e a t i n g l o a d o f t h e h o l i d a y h o u s e , a r e a p p l i e d i n t h e b e s t - p r a c t i c e s i m u l a t i o n :
6 c m X P S r i g i d b o a r d a s
e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n
6 c m X P S r i g i d b o a r d f o r r o o f
i n s u l a t i o n
3 0 / 1 5 l o c a l s h a d i n g
c o m p o n e n t w i t h s e g m e n t s 1 + 2 a n d
v e n e t i a n b l i n d s .
D o u b l e g l a z i n g : 6 c m c l e a r
g l a s s / 1 3 c m a i r / 6 c m s p e c t r a l l y
s e l e c t i v e g l a s s
R o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t w i t h
h u n d r e d p e r c e n t c o v e r a g e
T h e c o o l i n g l o a d o f t h e H H d e c r e a s e s b y 5 1 p e r c e n t f r o m 4 2 . 3 1 k W t o 2 0 . 8 6 k W a n d t h e
h e a t i n g l o a d b y 5 4 p e r c e n t f r o m 1 6 . 9 4 k W t o 7 . 8 3 k W . A s a r e s u l t o f r o o f s h a d i n g a n d
i n s u l a t i n g m e a s u r e s , t h e c o o l i n g l o a d o f t h e 2
n d
f l o o r d e c r e a s e s b y 5 9 p e r c e n t . T h e m a x i m u m
o p e r a t i v e t e m p e r a t u r e d e c r e a s e s f r o m 3 5 . 4 C t o 2 7 . 8 C . T h e o p e r a t i v e t e m p e r a t u r e s t a y s
b e l o w 2 7 C f o r 1 3 h o u r s a d a y . E x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n d e c r e a s e s t h e h e a t l o s s b y 1 4 . 4
k W h / m a , w h i c h a p p r o x i m a t e s t o a 7 5 p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n . S o l a r h e a t g a i n t h r o u g h w i n d o w s i s
a l s o r e d u c e d b y 5 5 p e r c e n t t o 1 6 . 6 5 k W h / m a . T h e e n e r g y d e m a n d o f t h e o p t i m i s e d v a r i a t i o n
i s r e d u c e d t o 1 3 2 . 4 3 k W h / m a w i t h 4 7 p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n . C O
2
p r o d u c t i o n i s a l s o r e d u c e d b y
1 4 , 8 6 7 k g .
F i g u r e 1 5 V i s u a l i s a t i o n o f t h e O p t i m i s e d V e r s i o n o f t h e H H


79
to high solar radiation through glazing (7.5 kWh/m in July). Total heat gain through glazing
is 37.20 kWh/ma. On the other hand, heating energy demand increases in the winter period
because of heat losses through external walls (57.28 kWh/ma).
The building is heated and cooled with air conditioners gaining their energy from the grid.
Therefore, the total energy demand of the HH is high, 248.17 kWh/ma, and 34,241 kg CO
2
are produced annually.
5.3.1.2 Best Practice Combination of the optimum results
All of the simulation criteria, which provided for significant reduction on the cooling and
heating load of the holiday house, are applied in the best-practice simulation:
6 cm XPS rigid board as
external wall insulation
6 cm XPS rigid board for roof
insulation
30 / 15 local shading
component with segments 1+2 and
venetian blinds.
Double glazing: 6 cm clear
glass / 13cm air / 6cm spectrally
selective glass
Roof shading element with
hundred per cent coverage
The cooling load of the HH decreases by 51 per cent from 42.31 kW to 20.86 kW and the
heating load by 54 per cent from 16.94 kW to 7.83 kW. As a result of roof shading and
insulating measures, the cooling load of the 2
nd
floor decreases by 59 per cent. The maximum
operative temperature decreases from 35.4 C to 27.8 C. The operative temperature stays
below 27 C for 13 hours a day. External wall insulation decreases the heat loss by 14.4
kWh/ma, which approximates to a 75 per cent reduction. Solar heat gain through windows is
also reduced by 55 per cent to 16.65 kWh/ma. The energy demand of the optimised variation
is reduced to 132.43 kWh/ma with 47 per cent reduction. CO
2
production is also reduced by
14,867 kg.
Figure 15 Visualisation of the Optimised Version of the HH


79
to high solar radiation through glazing (7.5 kWh/m in July). Total heat gain through glazing
is 37.20 kWh/ma. On the other hand, heating energy demand increases in the winter period
because of heat losses through external walls (57.28 kWh/ma).
The building is heated and cooled with air conditioners gaining their energy from the grid.
Therefore, the total energy demand of the HH is high, 248.17 kWh/ma, and 34,241 kg CO
2
are produced annually.
5.3.1.2 Best Practice Combination of the optimum results
All of the simulation criteria, which provided for significant reduction on the cooling and
heating load of the holiday house, are applied in the best-practice simulation:
6 cm XPS rigid board as
external wall insulation
6 cm XPS rigid board for roof
insulation
30 / 15 local shading
component with segments 1+2 and
venetian blinds.
Double glazing: 6 cm clear
glass / 13cm air / 6cm spectrally
selective glass
Roof shading element with
hundred per cent coverage
The cooling load of the HH decreases by 51 per cent from 42.31 kW to 20.86 kW and the
heating load by 54 per cent from 16.94 kW to 7.83 kW. As a result of roof shading and
insulating measures, the cooling load of the 2
nd
floor decreases by 59 per cent. The maximum
operative temperature decreases from 35.4 C to 27.8 C. The operative temperature stays
below 27 C for 13 hours a day. External wall insulation decreases the heat loss by 14.4
kWh/ma, which approximates to a 75 per cent reduction. Solar heat gain through windows is
also reduced by 55 per cent to 16.65 kWh/ma. The energy demand of the optimised variation
is reduced to 132.43 kWh/ma with 47 per cent reduction. CO
2
production is also reduced by
14,867 kg.
Figure 15 Visualisation of the Optimised Version of the HH


80
5.3.2 Simulations of Attached House (AH)
5.3.2.1 Simulation of actual condition
In this simulation, the actual condition of the attached house is evaluated for the coolest
and hottest day as well as per annum. As in the case of the holiday house, the AH is also not
oriented towards the best possible direction. Due to a West-East orientation, the AH has a
high cooling (95.82 kW) and heating load (23.88 kW).
The great window to wall ratio at the
western faade increases the cooling load
significantly and should be optimised.
Solar heat gain through all external
glazing is 82.6 kWh/ma.
The absence of roof and local shading
increases the solar heat gain extremely.
The higher cooling load of the 2
nd
floor
compared with the 1
st
floor results from
solar heat gain through the unshaded
roof. Zone 9 and 10 as the largest spaces
have the biggest cooling load compared with the smaller zones. As a result of all of these heat
gains the operative temperature rises to 34.63 C and it is over 27 C for 20h a day.
As in most of the dwellings in Bodrum, the AH is also both heated and cooled by air
conditioners. Due to high electrical energy consumption, the energy demand of the AH is
263.15 kWh/ma. By producing this amount of energy 31,347 kg CO
2
is released to the
atmosphere annually.
5.3.2.2 Best Practice Combination of the optimum results
All the simulation criteria, which provide for significant reduction of the cooling and
heating load according to the simulations, are applied in the best-practice simulation of
attached house:
Figure 16 Zones of the Attached House


80
5.3.2 Simulations of Attached House (AH)
5.3.2.1 Simulation of actual condition
In this simulation, the actual condition of the attached house is evaluated for the coolest
and hottest day as well as per annum. As in the case of the holiday house, the AH is also not
oriented towards the best possible direction. Due to a West-East orientation, the AH has a
high cooling (95.82 kW) and heating load (23.88 kW).
The great window to wall ratio at the
western faade increases the cooling load
significantly and should be optimised.
Solar heat gain through all external
glazing is 82.6 kWh/ma.
The absence of roof and local shading
increases the solar heat gain extremely.
The higher cooling load of the 2
nd
floor
compared with the 1
st
floor results from
solar heat gain through the unshaded
roof. Zone 9 and 10 as the largest spaces
have the biggest cooling load compared with the smaller zones. As a result of all of these heat
gains the operative temperature rises to 34.63 C and it is over 27 C for 20h a day.
As in most of the dwellings in Bodrum, the AH is also both heated and cooled by air
conditioners. Due to high electrical energy consumption, the energy demand of the AH is
263.15 kWh/ma. By producing this amount of energy 31,347 kg CO
2
is released to the
atmosphere annually.
5.3.2.2 Best Practice Combination of the optimum results
All the simulation criteria, which provide for significant reduction of the cooling and
heating load according to the simulations, are applied in the best-practice simulation of
attached house:
Figure 16 Zones of the Attached House


8 0
5 . 3 . 2 S i m u l a t i o n s o f A t t a c h e d H o u s e ( A H )
5 . 3 . 2 . 1 S i m u l a t i o n o f a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n
I n t h i s s i m u l a t i o n , t h e a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n o f t h e a t t a c h e d h o u s e i s e v a l u a t e d f o r t h e c o o l e s t
a n d h o t t e s t d a y a s w e l l a s p e r a n n u m . A s i n t h e c a s e o f t h e h o l i d a y h o u s e , t h e A H i s a l s o n o t
o r i e n t e d t o w a r d s t h e b e s t p o s s i b l e d i r e c t i o n . D u e t o a W e s t - E a s t o r i e n t a t i o n , t h e A H h a s a
h i g h c o o l i n g ( 9 5 . 8 2 k W ) a n d h e a t i n g l o a d ( 2 3 . 8 8 k W ) .
T h e g r e a t w i n d o w t o w a l l r a t i o a t t h e
w e s t e r n f a a d e i n c r e a s e s t h e c o o l i n g l o a d
s i g n i f i c a n t l y a n d s h o u l d b e o p t i m i s e d .
S o l a r h e a t g a i n t h r o u g h a l l e x t e r n a l
g l a z i n g i s 8 2 . 6 k W h / m a .
T h e a b s e n c e o f r o o f a n d l o c a l s h a d i n g
i n c r e a s e s t h e s o l a r h e a t g a i n e x t r e m e l y .
T h e h i g h e r c o o l i n g l o a d o f t h e 2
n d
f l o o r
c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e 1
s t
f l o o r r e s u l t s f r o m
s o l a r h e a t g a i n t h r o u g h t h e u n s h a d e d
r o o f . Z o n e 9 a n d 1 0 a s t h e l a r g e s t s p a c e s
h a v e t h e b i g g e s t c o o l i n g l o a d c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e s m a l l e r z o n e s . A s a r e s u l t o f a l l o f t h e s e h e a t
g a i n s t h e o p e r a t i v e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e s t o 3 4 . 6 3 C a n d i t i s o v e r 2 7 C f o r 2 0 h a d a y .
A s i n m o s t o f t h e d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m , t h e A H i s a l s o b o t h h e a t e d a n d c o o l e d b y a i r
c o n d i t i o n e r s . D u e t o h i g h e l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n , t h e e n e r g y d e m a n d o f t h e A H i s
2 6 3 . 1 5 k W h / m a . B y p r o d u c i n g t h i s a m o u n t o f e n e r g y 3 1 , 3 4 7 k g C O
2
i s r e l e a s e d t o t h e
a t m o s p h e r e a n n u a l l y .
5 . 3 . 2 . 2 B e s t P r a c t i c e C o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e o p t i m u m r e s u l t s
A l l t h e s i m u l a t i o n c r i t e r i a , w h i c h p r o v i d e f o r s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n o f t h e c o o l i n g a n d
h e a t i n g l o a d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n s , a r e a p p l i e d i n t h e b e s t - p r a c t i c e s i m u l a t i o n o f
a t t a c h e d h o u s e :
F i g u r e 1 6 Z o n e s o f t h e A t t a c h e d H o u s e


8 0
5 . 3 . 2 S i m u l a t i o n s o f A t t a c h e d H o u s e ( A H )
5 . 3 . 2 . 1 S i m u l a t i o n o f a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n
I n t h i s s i m u l a t i o n , t h e a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n o f t h e a t t a c h e d h o u s e i s e v a l u a t e d f o r t h e c o o l e s t
a n d h o t t e s t d a y a s w e l l a s p e r a n n u m . A s i n t h e c a s e o f t h e h o l i d a y h o u s e , t h e A H i s a l s o n o t
o r i e n t e d t o w a r d s t h e b e s t p o s s i b l e d i r e c t i o n . D u e t o a W e s t - E a s t o r i e n t a t i o n , t h e A H h a s a
h i g h c o o l i n g ( 9 5 . 8 2 k W ) a n d h e a t i n g l o a d ( 2 3 . 8 8 k W ) .
T h e g r e a t w i n d o w t o w a l l r a t i o a t t h e
w e s t e r n f a a d e i n c r e a s e s t h e c o o l i n g l o a d
s i g n i f i c a n t l y a n d s h o u l d b e o p t i m i s e d .
S o l a r h e a t g a i n t h r o u g h a l l e x t e r n a l
g l a z i n g i s 8 2 . 6 k W h / m a .
T h e a b s e n c e o f r o o f a n d l o c a l s h a d i n g
i n c r e a s e s t h e s o l a r h e a t g a i n e x t r e m e l y .
T h e h i g h e r c o o l i n g l o a d o f t h e 2
n d
f l o o r
c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e 1
s t
f l o o r r e s u l t s f r o m
s o l a r h e a t g a i n t h r o u g h t h e u n s h a d e d
r o o f . Z o n e 9 a n d 1 0 a s t h e l a r g e s t s p a c e s
h a v e t h e b i g g e s t c o o l i n g l o a d c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e s m a l l e r z o n e s . A s a r e s u l t o f a l l o f t h e s e h e a t
g a i n s t h e o p e r a t i v e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e s t o 3 4 . 6 3 C a n d i t i s o v e r 2 7 C f o r 2 0 h a d a y .
A s i n m o s t o f t h e d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m , t h e A H i s a l s o b o t h h e a t e d a n d c o o l e d b y a i r
c o n d i t i o n e r s . D u e t o h i g h e l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n , t h e e n e r g y d e m a n d o f t h e A H i s
2 6 3 . 1 5 k W h / m a . B y p r o d u c i n g t h i s a m o u n t o f e n e r g y 3 1 , 3 4 7 k g C O
2
i s r e l e a s e d t o t h e
a t m o s p h e r e a n n u a l l y .
5 . 3 . 2 . 2 B e s t P r a c t i c e C o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e o p t i m u m r e s u l t s
A l l t h e s i m u l a t i o n c r i t e r i a , w h i c h p r o v i d e f o r s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n o f t h e c o o l i n g a n d
h e a t i n g l o a d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n s , a r e a p p l i e d i n t h e b e s t - p r a c t i c e s i m u l a t i o n o f
a t t a c h e d h o u s e :
F i g u r e 1 6 Z o n e s o f t h e A t t a c h e d H o u s e


8 1
8 c m X P S r i g i d b o a r d a s e x t e r n a l w a l l
i n s u l a t i o n
8 c m X P S r i g i d b o a r d f o r r o o f
i n s u l a t i o n
3 0 / 1 5 l o c a l s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t w i t h
s e g m e n t s 1 + 2 a n d V e n e t i a n b l i n d s .
D o u b l e g l a z i n g : 6 c m c l e a r g l a s s /
1 3 c m a i r / 6 c m s p e c t r a l l y s e l e c t i v e g l a s s
R o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t w i t h h u n d r e d
p e r c e n t c o v e r a g e
T h e c o o l i n g l o a d o f t h e A H d e c r e a s e s b y 6 5
p e r c e n t f r o m 9 5 . 8 2 k W t o 3 4 . 1 2 k W a n d t h e h e a t i n g l o a d b y 3 3 p e r c e n t f r o m 2 3 . 8 8 k W t o
1 0 . 3 1 k W . D u e t o r o o f s h a d i n g a n d i n s u l a t i n g m e a s u r e s , t h e c o o l i n g l o a d o f t h e 2
n d
f l o o r
d e c r e a s e s b y 4 9 p e r c e n t . T h e h i g h e s t o p e r a t i v e t e m p e r a t u r e d e c r e a s e s f r o m 3 4 . 6 3 C t o 3 0 . 3
C a s w e l l . T h e o p e r a t i v e t e m p e r a t u r e r e m a i n s b e l o w 2 8 C 1 7 h o u r s a d a y . I n s u l a t i o n o f
e x t e r n a l w a l l s d e c r e a s e s t h e h e a t l o s s t o 1 0 . 4 3 k W h / m a b y a r e d u c t i o n o f 8 8 p e r c e n t . S o l a r
h e a t g a i n t h r o u g h w i n d o w s i s r e d u c e d b y 8 7 p e r c e n t t o 1 8 . 3 2 k W h / m a a s w e l l . T h e e n e r g y
d e m a n d o f t h e o p t i m i s e d v a r i a t i o n i s r e d u c e d t o 1 2 6 . 9 k W h / m a . C O
2
e m i s s i o n i s a l s o r e d u c e d
t o 2 4 , 8 8 0 K g .

F i g u r e 1 8 C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d i n C o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e H H
o p t
a n d A H
o p t


4 2 . 3 1
2 0 . 8 6
7 0 . 0 3
3 8 . 6 2
1 6 . 9 8
7 . 8 7
1 5 . 1 9
1 0 . 2 6
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
H H a c t u a l H H o p t i m i s e d A H a c t u a l A H o p t i m i s e d
k W
c o o l i n g l o a d h e a t i n g l o a d
F i g u r e 1 7 I l l u s t r a t i o n o f B e s t - P r a c t i c e o f t h e
A t t a c h e d H o u s e


8 1
8 c m X P S r i g i d b o a r d a s e x t e r n a l w a l l
i n s u l a t i o n
8 c m X P S r i g i d b o a r d f o r r o o f
i n s u l a t i o n
3 0 / 1 5 l o c a l s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t w i t h
s e g m e n t s 1 + 2 a n d V e n e t i a n b l i n d s .
D o u b l e g l a z i n g : 6 c m c l e a r g l a s s /
1 3 c m a i r / 6 c m s p e c t r a l l y s e l e c t i v e g l a s s
R o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t w i t h h u n d r e d
p e r c e n t c o v e r a g e
T h e c o o l i n g l o a d o f t h e A H d e c r e a s e s b y 6 5
p e r c e n t f r o m 9 5 . 8 2 k W t o 3 4 . 1 2 k W a n d t h e h e a t i n g l o a d b y 3 3 p e r c e n t f r o m 2 3 . 8 8 k W t o
1 0 . 3 1 k W . D u e t o r o o f s h a d i n g a n d i n s u l a t i n g m e a s u r e s , t h e c o o l i n g l o a d o f t h e 2
n d
f l o o r
d e c r e a s e s b y 4 9 p e r c e n t . T h e h i g h e s t o p e r a t i v e t e m p e r a t u r e d e c r e a s e s f r o m 3 4 . 6 3 C t o 3 0 . 3
C a s w e l l . T h e o p e r a t i v e t e m p e r a t u r e r e m a i n s b e l o w 2 8 C 1 7 h o u r s a d a y . I n s u l a t i o n o f
e x t e r n a l w a l l s d e c r e a s e s t h e h e a t l o s s t o 1 0 . 4 3 k W h / m a b y a r e d u c t i o n o f 8 8 p e r c e n t . S o l a r
h e a t g a i n t h r o u g h w i n d o w s i s r e d u c e d b y 8 7 p e r c e n t t o 1 8 . 3 2 k W h / m a a s w e l l . T h e e n e r g y
d e m a n d o f t h e o p t i m i s e d v a r i a t i o n i s r e d u c e d t o 1 2 6 . 9 k W h / m a . C O
2
e m i s s i o n i s a l s o r e d u c e d
t o 2 4 , 8 8 0 K g .

F i g u r e 1 8 C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d i n C o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e H H
o p t
a n d A H
o p t


4 2 . 3 1
2 0 . 8 6
7 0 . 0 3
3 8 . 6 2
1 6 . 9 8
7 . 8 7
1 5 . 1 9
1 0 . 2 6
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
H H a c t u a l H H o p t i m i s e d A H a c t u a l A H o p t i m i s e d
k W
c o o l i n g l o a d h e a t i n g l o a d
F i g u r e 1 7 I l l u s t r a t i o n o f B e s t - P r a c t i c e o f t h e
A t t a c h e d H o u s e


81
8 cm XPS rigid board as external wall
insulation
8 cm XPS rigid board for roof
insulation
30 / 15 local shading component with
segments 1+2 and Venetian blinds.
Double glazing: 6cm clear glass /
13cm air / 6cm spectrally selective glass
Roof shading element with hundred
per cent coverage
The cooling load of the AH decreases by 65
per cent from 95.82 kW to 34.12 kW and the heating load by 33 per cent from 23.88 kW to
10.31 kW. Due to roof shading and insulating measures, the cooling load of the 2
nd
floor
decreases by 49 per cent. The highest operative temperature decreases from 34.63 C to 30.3
C as well. The operative temperature remains below 28 C 17 hours a day. Insulation of
external walls decreases the heat loss to 10.43 kWh/ma by a reduction of 88 per cent. Solar
heat gain through windows is reduced by 87 per cent to 18.32 kWh/ma as well. The energy
demand of the optimised variation is reduced to 126.9 kWh/ma. CO
2
emission is also reduced
to 24,880 Kg.

Figure 18 Cooling and Heating Load in Comparison with the HH
opt
and AH
opt


42.31
20.86
70.03
38.62
16.98
7.87
15.19
10.26
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
HH actual HH optimised AH actual AH optimised
kW
cooling load heating load
Figure 17 Illustration of Best-Practice of the
Attached House


81
8 cm XPS rigid board as external wall
insulation
8 cm XPS rigid board for roof
insulation
30 / 15 local shading component with
segments 1+2 and Venetian blinds.
Double glazing: 6cm clear glass /
13cm air / 6cm spectrally selective glass
Roof shading element with hundred
per cent coverage
The cooling load of the AH decreases by 65
per cent from 95.82 kW to 34.12 kW and the heating load by 33 per cent from 23.88 kW to
10.31 kW. Due to roof shading and insulating measures, the cooling load of the 2
nd
floor
decreases by 49 per cent. The highest operative temperature decreases from 34.63 C to 30.3
C as well. The operative temperature remains below 28 C 17 hours a day. Insulation of
external walls decreases the heat loss to 10.43 kWh/ma by a reduction of 88 per cent. Solar
heat gain through windows is reduced by 87 per cent to 18.32 kWh/ma as well. The energy
demand of the optimised variation is reduced to 126.9 kWh/ma. CO
2
emission is also reduced
to 24,880 Kg.

Figure 18 Cooling and Heating Load in Comparison with the HH
opt
and AH
opt


42.31
20.86
70.03
38.62
16.98
7.87
15.19
10.26
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
HH actual HH optimised AH actual AH optimised
kW
cooling load heating load
Figure 17 Illustration of Best-Practice of the
Attached House

82
5.4 Simulations for the architectural concepts:
Some of the criteria, which are mentioned in Chapter V are analysed for the prototype
house. Criteria such as large scale vegetation and water body are difficult to implement in
existing settlements. Other criteria in this section, for example the form and thermal zoning,
also cannot be adjusted for the purpose of existing buildings. Accordingly, such criteria are
analysed in the prototype house BBH and BC.
5.4.1 Appropriate use of natural elements: vegetation and water body
Landscaping can influence the microclimate for both summer and winter periods providing
shading and evaporative cooling. Therefore, simulations are run to define the size and position
of vegetations and water body around the dwellings in Bodrum.
Vegetation:
In addition to its latent cooling effect in terms of shading, vegetation provokes natural
cooling through evaporation. According to published reviews, the reduction of ambient air
temperature lies between 2-3C
125
.
Trees are simulated with three main characteristics by DesignBuilder: orientation, height,
and distance to the building. The results show that, trees on the eastern and western side of the
buildings in Bodrum provide the most effective protection from solar gain during overheated
season. The height and the distance to the building also play an important role by this
protection. According to the simulations results, trees should be placed three to four m away
from the building and the height should reach over the top of the building (usually 6 to 6.5m).
As a conclusion, the distance should be around a half of the building height and the height of
the three higher than the building.

82
5.4 Simulations for the architectural concepts:
Some of the criteria, which are mentioned in Chapter V are analysed for the prototype
house. Criteria such as large scale vegetation and water body are difficult to implement in
existing settlements. Other criteria in this section, for example the form and thermal zoning,
also cannot be adjusted for the purpose of existing buildings. Accordingly, such criteria are
analysed in the prototype house BBH and BC.
5.4.1 Appropriate use of natural elements: vegetation and water body
Landscaping can influence the microclimate for both summer and winter periods providing
shading and evaporative cooling. Therefore, simulations are run to define the size and position
of vegetations and water body around the dwellings in Bodrum.
Vegetation:
In addition to its latent cooling effect in terms of shading, vegetation provokes natural
cooling through evaporation. According to published reviews, the reduction of ambient air
temperature lies between 2-3C
125
.
Trees are simulated with three main characteristics by DesignBuilder: orientation, height,
and distance to the building. The results show that, trees on the eastern and western side of the
buildings in Bodrum provide the most effective protection from solar gain during overheated
season. The height and the distance to the building also play an important role by this
protection. According to the simulations results, trees should be placed three to four m away
from the building and the height should reach over the top of the building (usually 6 to 6.5m).
As a conclusion, the distance should be around a half of the building height and the height of
the three higher than the building.

8 2
5 . 4 S i m u l a t i o n s f o r t h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l c o n c e p t s :
S o m e o f t h e c r i t e r i a , w h i c h a r e m e n t i o n e d i n C h a p t e r V a r e a n a l y s e d f o r t h e p r o t o t y p e
h o u s e . C r i t e r i a s u c h a s l a r g e s c a l e v e g e t a t i o n a n d w a t e r b o d y a r e d i f f i c u l t t o i m p l e m e n t i n
e x i s t i n g s e t t l e m e n t s . O t h e r c r i t e r i a i n t h i s s e c t i o n , f o r e x a m p l e t h e f o r m a n d t h e r m a l z o n i n g ,
a l s o c a n n o t b e a d j u s t e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g s . A c c o r d i n g l y , s u c h c r i t e r i a a r e
a n a l y s e d i n t h e p r o t o t y p e h o u s e B B H a n d B C .
5 . 4 . 1 A p p r o p r i a t e u s e o f n a t u r a l e l e m e n t s : v e g e t a t i o n a n d w a t e r b o d y
L a n d s c a p i n g c a n i n f l u e n c e t h e m i c r o c l i m a t e f o r b o t h s u m m e r a n d w i n t e r p e r i o d s p r o v i d i n g
s h a d i n g a n d e v a p o r a t i v e c o o l i n g . T h e r e f o r e , s i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n t o d e f i n e t h e s i z e a n d p o s i t i o n
o f v e g e t a t i o n s a n d w a t e r b o d y a r o u n d t h e d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m .
V e g e t a t i o n :
I n a d d i t i o n t o i t s l a t e n t c o o l i n g e f f e c t i n t e r m s o f s h a d i n g , v e g e t a t i o n p r o v o k e s n a t u r a l
c o o l i n g t h r o u g h e v a p o r a t i o n . A c c o r d i n g t o p u b l i s h e d r e v i e w s , t h e r e d u c t i o n o f a m b i e n t a i r
t e m p e r a t u r e l i e s b e t w e e n 2 - 3 C
1 2 5
.
T r e e s a r e s i m u l a t e d w i t h t h r e e m a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y D e s i g n B u i l d e r : o r i e n t a t i o n , h e i g h t ,
a n d d i s t a n c e t o t h e b u i l d i n g . T h e r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t , t r e e s o n t h e e a s t e r n a n d w e s t e r n s i d e o f t h e
b u i l d i n g s i n B o d r u m p r o v i d e t h e m o s t e f f e c t i v e p r o t e c t i o n f r o m s o l a r g a i n d u r i n g o v e r h e a t e d
s e a s o n . T h e h e i g h t a n d t h e d i s t a n c e t o t h e b u i l d i n g a l s o p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e b y t h i s
p r o t e c t i o n . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n s r e s u l t s , t r e e s s h o u l d b e p l a c e d t h r e e t o f o u r m a w a y
f r o m t h e b u i l d i n g a n d t h e h e i g h t s h o u l d r e a c h o v e r t h e t o p o f t h e b u i l d i n g ( u s u a l l y 6 t o 6 . 5 m ) .
A s a c o n c l u s i o n , t h e d i s t a n c e s h o u l d b e a r o u n d a h a l f o f t h e b u i l d i n g h e i g h t a n d t h e h e i g h t o f
t h e t h r e e h i g h e r t h a n t h e b u i l d i n g .

8 2
5 . 4 S i m u l a t i o n s f o r t h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l c o n c e p t s :
S o m e o f t h e c r i t e r i a , w h i c h a r e m e n t i o n e d i n C h a p t e r V a r e a n a l y s e d f o r t h e p r o t o t y p e
h o u s e . C r i t e r i a s u c h a s l a r g e s c a l e v e g e t a t i o n a n d w a t e r b o d y a r e d i f f i c u l t t o i m p l e m e n t i n
e x i s t i n g s e t t l e m e n t s . O t h e r c r i t e r i a i n t h i s s e c t i o n , f o r e x a m p l e t h e f o r m a n d t h e r m a l z o n i n g ,
a l s o c a n n o t b e a d j u s t e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g s . A c c o r d i n g l y , s u c h c r i t e r i a a r e
a n a l y s e d i n t h e p r o t o t y p e h o u s e B B H a n d B C .
5 . 4 . 1 A p p r o p r i a t e u s e o f n a t u r a l e l e m e n t s : v e g e t a t i o n a n d w a t e r b o d y
L a n d s c a p i n g c a n i n f l u e n c e t h e m i c r o c l i m a t e f o r b o t h s u m m e r a n d w i n t e r p e r i o d s p r o v i d i n g
s h a d i n g a n d e v a p o r a t i v e c o o l i n g . T h e r e f o r e , s i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n t o d e f i n e t h e s i z e a n d p o s i t i o n
o f v e g e t a t i o n s a n d w a t e r b o d y a r o u n d t h e d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m .
V e g e t a t i o n :
I n a d d i t i o n t o i t s l a t e n t c o o l i n g e f f e c t i n t e r m s o f s h a d i n g , v e g e t a t i o n p r o v o k e s n a t u r a l
c o o l i n g t h r o u g h e v a p o r a t i o n . A c c o r d i n g t o p u b l i s h e d r e v i e w s , t h e r e d u c t i o n o f a m b i e n t a i r
t e m p e r a t u r e l i e s b e t w e e n 2 - 3 C
1 2 5
.
T r e e s a r e s i m u l a t e d w i t h t h r e e m a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y D e s i g n B u i l d e r : o r i e n t a t i o n , h e i g h t ,
a n d d i s t a n c e t o t h e b u i l d i n g . T h e r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t , t r e e s o n t h e e a s t e r n a n d w e s t e r n s i d e o f t h e
b u i l d i n g s i n B o d r u m p r o v i d e t h e m o s t e f f e c t i v e p r o t e c t i o n f r o m s o l a r g a i n d u r i n g o v e r h e a t e d
s e a s o n . T h e h e i g h t a n d t h e d i s t a n c e t o t h e b u i l d i n g a l s o p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e b y t h i s
p r o t e c t i o n . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n s r e s u l t s , t r e e s s h o u l d b e p l a c e d t h r e e t o f o u r m a w a y
f r o m t h e b u i l d i n g a n d t h e h e i g h t s h o u l d r e a c h o v e r t h e t o p o f t h e b u i l d i n g ( u s u a l l y 6 t o 6 . 5 m ) .
A s a c o n c l u s i o n , t h e d i s t a n c e s h o u l d b e a r o u n d a h a l f o f t h e b u i l d i n g h e i g h t a n d t h e h e i g h t o f
t h e t h r e e h i g h e r t h a n t h e b u i l d i n g .

8 3

F i g u r e 1 9 E f f e c t s o f T r e e s o n t h e C o o l i n g L o a d
M o r e o v e r , c r o w n s h a p e a n d s e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n s i n f o l i a g e a n d b r a n c h d e n s i t y s h o u l d b e
t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t
1 2 6
. C o n s e q u e n t l y , d e c i d u o u s t r e e s m a y b e u s e d t o s h a d e t h e w i n d o w s i n t h e
s u m m e r p e r i o d , w h i l e t h e y a l l o w s o l a r a c c e s s i n w i n t e r
1 2 7
. A s M o n t g o m e r y a s s e r t s , s o m e c a r e
i n t h e c h o i c e a n d p l a c e m e n t o f t h e v e g e t a t i o n o n o r n e a r t h e b u i l d i n g s h o u l d b e t a k e n t o a v o i d
s t r u c t u r a l d a m a g e
1 2 8
.
I t i s n o t o n l y h i g h t r e e s a s s h a d i n g o b j e c t s , b u t a l s o g r o u n d c o v e r i n g p l a n t s l i k e g r a s s t h a t
c a n i n f l u e n c e t h e m i c r o c l i m a t e . I t k e e p s t h e g r o u n d t e m p e r a t u r e b e l o w t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e
h a r d s u r f a c e s a s a r e s u l t o f e v a p o r a t i o n . T h e y a l s o r e d u c e t h e i m p a c t o f s o l a r r a d i a t i o n . T h e
t e m p e r a t u r e o f a n a s p h a l t s u r f a c e m a y r e a c h o v e r 6 0 C . T h i s c a n b e r e d u c e d t o 3 8 C b y g r a s s
c o v e r a g e
1 2 9
.
W a t e r B o d y :
W a t e r b o d i e s , l i k e v e g e t a t i o n , h e l p e v a p o r a t i v e c o o l i n g a s w e l l . D u r i n g t h e p h a s e c h a n g e
o f w a t e r f r o m l i q u i d t o v a p o u r , s e n s i b l e h e a t i s e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e a i r . T h i s r e d u c e s t h e d r y
b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h i s t y p e o f e v a p o r a t i o n d e p e n d s o n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s o f
t h e w a t e r a n d t h e a i r . S i m u l a t i o n s r u n f o r t h e s e c r i t e r i a s h o w t h a t , a s m a l l r e d u c t i o n o f t h e
1 6 . 2
1 6 . 3
1 6 . 4
1 6 . 5
1 6 . 6
1 6 . 7
1 6 . 8
1 6 . 9
1 7
1 7 . 1
1 7 . 2
1 7 . 3
3 m 4 m 5 m 6 m 7 m
c
o
o
l
i
n
g

l
o
a
d

k
W

d i s t a n c e t o t h e b u i l d i n g
h e i g h t = b u i l d i n g h e i g h t b u i l d i n g h e i g h t b u i l d i n g

8 3

F i g u r e 1 9 E f f e c t s o f T r e e s o n t h e C o o l i n g L o a d
M o r e o v e r , c r o w n s h a p e a n d s e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n s i n f o l i a g e a n d b r a n c h d e n s i t y s h o u l d b e
t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t
1 2 6
. C o n s e q u e n t l y , d e c i d u o u s t r e e s m a y b e u s e d t o s h a d e t h e w i n d o w s i n t h e
s u m m e r p e r i o d , w h i l e t h e y a l l o w s o l a r a c c e s s i n w i n t e r
1 2 7
. A s M o n t g o m e r y a s s e r t s , s o m e c a r e
i n t h e c h o i c e a n d p l a c e m e n t o f t h e v e g e t a t i o n o n o r n e a r t h e b u i l d i n g s h o u l d b e t a k e n t o a v o i d
s t r u c t u r a l d a m a g e
1 2 8
.
I t i s n o t o n l y h i g h t r e e s a s s h a d i n g o b j e c t s , b u t a l s o g r o u n d c o v e r i n g p l a n t s l i k e g r a s s t h a t
c a n i n f l u e n c e t h e m i c r o c l i m a t e . I t k e e p s t h e g r o u n d t e m p e r a t u r e b e l o w t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e
h a r d s u r f a c e s a s a r e s u l t o f e v a p o r a t i o n . T h e y a l s o r e d u c e t h e i m p a c t o f s o l a r r a d i a t i o n . T h e
t e m p e r a t u r e o f a n a s p h a l t s u r f a c e m a y r e a c h o v e r 6 0 C . T h i s c a n b e r e d u c e d t o 3 8 C b y g r a s s
c o v e r a g e
1 2 9
.
W a t e r B o d y :
W a t e r b o d i e s , l i k e v e g e t a t i o n , h e l p e v a p o r a t i v e c o o l i n g a s w e l l . D u r i n g t h e p h a s e c h a n g e
o f w a t e r f r o m l i q u i d t o v a p o u r , s e n s i b l e h e a t i s e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e a i r . T h i s r e d u c e s t h e d r y
b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h i s t y p e o f e v a p o r a t i o n d e p e n d s o n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s o f
t h e w a t e r a n d t h e a i r . S i m u l a t i o n s r u n f o r t h e s e c r i t e r i a s h o w t h a t , a s m a l l r e d u c t i o n o f t h e
1 6 . 2
1 6 . 3
1 6 . 4
1 6 . 5
1 6 . 6
1 6 . 7
1 6 . 8
1 6 . 9
1 7
1 7 . 1
1 7 . 2
1 7 . 3
3 m 4 m 5 m 6 m 7 m
c
o
o
l
i
n
g

l
o
a
d

k
W

d i s t a n c e t o t h e b u i l d i n g
h e i g h t = b u i l d i n g h e i g h t b u i l d i n g h e i g h t b u i l d i n g

83

Figure 19 Effects of Trees on the Cooling Load
Moreover, crown shape and seasonal variations in foliage and branch density should be
taken into account
126
. Consequently, deciduous trees may be used to shade the windows in the
summer period, while they allow solar access in winter
127
. As Montgomery asserts, some care
in the choice and placement of the vegetation on or near the building should be taken to avoid
structural damage
128
.
It is not only high trees as shading objects, but also ground covering plants like grass that
can influence the microclimate. It keeps the ground temperature below the temperature of the
hard surfaces as a result of evaporation. They also reduce the impact of solar radiation. The
temperature of an asphalt surface may reach over 60 C. This can be reduced to 38 C by grass
coverage
129
.
Water Body:
Water bodies, like vegetation, help evaporative cooling as well. During the phase change
of water from liquid to vapour, sensible heat is extracted from the air. This reduces the dry
bulb temperature. The efficiency of this type of evaporation depends on the temperatures of
the water and the air. Simulations run for these criteria show that, a small reduction of the
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
17
17.1
17.2
17.3
3m 4m 5m 6m 7m
c
o
o
l
i
n
g

l
o
a
d

k
W

distance to the building
height = building height building height building

83

Figure 19 Effects of Trees on the Cooling Load
Moreover, crown shape and seasonal variations in foliage and branch density should be
taken into account
126
. Consequently, deciduous trees may be used to shade the windows in the
summer period, while they allow solar access in winter
127
. As Montgomery asserts, some care
in the choice and placement of the vegetation on or near the building should be taken to avoid
structural damage
128
.
It is not only high trees as shading objects, but also ground covering plants like grass that
can influence the microclimate. It keeps the ground temperature below the temperature of the
hard surfaces as a result of evaporation. They also reduce the impact of solar radiation. The
temperature of an asphalt surface may reach over 60 C. This can be reduced to 38 C by grass
coverage
129
.
Water Body:
Water bodies, like vegetation, help evaporative cooling as well. During the phase change
of water from liquid to vapour, sensible heat is extracted from the air. This reduces the dry
bulb temperature. The efficiency of this type of evaporation depends on the temperatures of
the water and the air. Simulations run for these criteria show that, a small reduction of the
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
17
17.1
17.2
17.3
3m 4m 5m 6m 7m
c
o
o
l
i
n
g

l
o
a
d

k
W

distance to the building
height = building height building height building

84
cooling load can be achieved through placing a water body on the site. The amount of this is
not significant due to high temperatures especially in the summer period.
Furthermore, the orientation of the water body is another important criterion. If it is
possible, it should be placed on the west side of the buildings in Bodrum in order to enhance
efficiency. Simulation results show that about a 0.2 kW additional reduction of the cooling
load can be achieved, if it is placed on the western side.
5.4.2 Choosing the right form
One of the most important factors, which influence the energy efficiency of a building, is
the form of the building. Several simulations are run in regard to the building form. From
square to oblong shapes, various alternatives are simulated to identify an optimum form for
housing settlements in Bodrum.
A typical two-story ( 100 m) house is used as an analysed object. The height of this
house is six meters in all variations. Simulations are run for different length/width
combinations starting with a square shaped form (10 m / 10 m). The width of the house,
South-North axis, is reduced in 0.5 m steps until reaching seven meters. The surface to
volume ratio 0.5 is kept constant, while the width to length ratio varies between one and two.
Simulations show that the best result on cooling loads can be achieved with a width to
length ratio between 1.1 to 1.2. The square plan form has the worst performance in regard to
the cooling load. This situation also proves Olgays
130
conclusions for basic building forms:
The square building is not the optimum form for any location. Even an elongated building
with the length to width ratio two performs better than a square building.
Nevertheless, elongated shapes increase the heating load by up to five per cent. But as
mentioned above, ratios between 1.1 to 1.2 lead to a balance for both summer and winter
periods. If we consider design issues as well, elongated forms with a ratio of two can also be
chosen as alternatives.

84
cooling load can be achieved through placing a water body on the site. The amount of this is
not significant due to high temperatures especially in the summer period.
Furthermore, the orientation of the water body is another important criterion. If it is
possible, it should be placed on the west side of the buildings in Bodrum in order to enhance
efficiency. Simulation results show that about a 0.2 kW additional reduction of the cooling
load can be achieved, if it is placed on the western side.
5.4.2 Choosing the right form
One of the most important factors, which influence the energy efficiency of a building, is
the form of the building. Several simulations are run in regard to the building form. From
square to oblong shapes, various alternatives are simulated to identify an optimum form for
housing settlements in Bodrum.
A typical two-story ( 100 m) house is used as an analysed object. The height of this
house is six meters in all variations. Simulations are run for different length/width
combinations starting with a square shaped form (10 m / 10 m). The width of the house,
South-North axis, is reduced in 0.5 m steps until reaching seven meters. The surface to
volume ratio 0.5 is kept constant, while the width to length ratio varies between one and two.
Simulations show that the best result on cooling loads can be achieved with a width to
length ratio between 1.1 to 1.2. The square plan form has the worst performance in regard to
the cooling load. This situation also proves Olgays
130
conclusions for basic building forms:
The square building is not the optimum form for any location. Even an elongated building
with the length to width ratio two performs better than a square building.
Nevertheless, elongated shapes increase the heating load by up to five per cent. But as
mentioned above, ratios between 1.1 to 1.2 lead to a balance for both summer and winter
periods. If we consider design issues as well, elongated forms with a ratio of two can also be
chosen as alternatives.

8 4
c o o l i n g l o a d c a n b e a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h p l a c i n g a w a t e r b o d y o n t h e s i t e . T h e a m o u n t o f t h i s i s
n o t s i g n i f i c a n t d u e t o h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e s u m m e r p e r i o d .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e w a t e r b o d y i s a n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i o n . I f i t i s
p o s s i b l e , i t s h o u l d b e p l a c e d o n t h e w e s t s i d e o f t h e b u i l d i n g s i n B o d r u m i n o r d e r t o e n h a n c e
e f f i c i e n c y . S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t a b o u t a 0 . 2 k W a d d i t i o n a l r e d u c t i o n o f t h e c o o l i n g
l o a d c a n b e a c h i e v e d , i f i t i s p l a c e d o n t h e w e s t e r n s i d e .
5 . 4 . 2 C h o o s i n g t h e r i g h t f o r m
O n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s , w h i c h i n f l u e n c e t h e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y o f a b u i l d i n g , i s
t h e f o r m o f t h e b u i l d i n g . S e v e r a l s i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n i n r e g a r d t o t h e b u i l d i n g f o r m . F r o m
s q u a r e t o o b l o n g s h a p e s , v a r i o u s a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e s i m u l a t e d t o i d e n t i f y a n o p t i m u m f o r m f o r
h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m .
A t y p i c a l t w o - s t o r y ( 1 0 0 m ) h o u s e i s u s e d a s a n a n a l y s e d o b j e c t . T h e h e i g h t o f t h i s
h o u s e i s s i x m e t e r s i n a l l v a r i a t i o n s . S i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n f o r d i f f e r e n t l e n g t h / w i d t h
c o m b i n a t i o n s s t a r t i n g w i t h a s q u a r e s h a p e d f o r m ( 1 0 m / 1 0 m ) . T h e w i d t h o f t h e h o u s e ,
S o u t h - N o r t h a x i s , i s r e d u c e d i n 0 . 5 m s t e p s u n t i l r e a c h i n g s e v e n m e t e r s . T h e s u r f a c e t o
v o l u m e r a t i o 0 . 5 i s k e p t c o n s t a n t , w h i l e t h e w i d t h t o l e n g t h r a t i o v a r i e s b e t w e e n o n e a n d t w o .
S i m u l a t i o n s s h o w t h a t t h e b e s t r e s u l t o n c o o l i n g l o a d s c a n b e a c h i e v e d w i t h a w i d t h t o
l e n g t h r a t i o b e t w e e n 1 . 1 t o 1 . 2 . T h e s q u a r e p l a n f o r m h a s t h e w o r s t p e r f o r m a n c e i n r e g a r d t o
t h e c o o l i n g l o a d . T h i s s i t u a t i o n a l s o p r o v e s O l g a y s
1 3 0
c o n c l u s i o n s f o r b a s i c b u i l d i n g f o r m s :
T h e s q u a r e b u i l d i n g i s n o t t h e o p t i m u m f o r m f o r a n y l o c a t i o n . E v e n a n e l o n g a t e d b u i l d i n g
w i t h t h e l e n g t h t o w i d t h r a t i o t w o p e r f o r m s b e t t e r t h a n a s q u a r e b u i l d i n g .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , e l o n g a t e d s h a p e s i n c r e a s e t h e h e a t i n g l o a d b y u p t o f i v e p e r c e n t . B u t a s
m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , r a t i o s b e t w e e n 1 . 1 t o 1 . 2 l e a d t o a b a l a n c e f o r b o t h s u m m e r a n d w i n t e r
p e r i o d s . I f w e c o n s i d e r d e s i g n i s s u e s a s w e l l , e l o n g a t e d f o r m s w i t h a r a t i o o f t w o c a n a l s o b e
c h o s e n a s a l t e r n a t i v e s .

8 4
c o o l i n g l o a d c a n b e a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h p l a c i n g a w a t e r b o d y o n t h e s i t e . T h e a m o u n t o f t h i s i s
n o t s i g n i f i c a n t d u e t o h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e s u m m e r p e r i o d .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e w a t e r b o d y i s a n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i o n . I f i t i s
p o s s i b l e , i t s h o u l d b e p l a c e d o n t h e w e s t s i d e o f t h e b u i l d i n g s i n B o d r u m i n o r d e r t o e n h a n c e
e f f i c i e n c y . S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t a b o u t a 0 . 2 k W a d d i t i o n a l r e d u c t i o n o f t h e c o o l i n g
l o a d c a n b e a c h i e v e d , i f i t i s p l a c e d o n t h e w e s t e r n s i d e .
5 . 4 . 2 C h o o s i n g t h e r i g h t f o r m
O n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s , w h i c h i n f l u e n c e t h e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y o f a b u i l d i n g , i s
t h e f o r m o f t h e b u i l d i n g . S e v e r a l s i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n i n r e g a r d t o t h e b u i l d i n g f o r m . F r o m
s q u a r e t o o b l o n g s h a p e s , v a r i o u s a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e s i m u l a t e d t o i d e n t i f y a n o p t i m u m f o r m f o r
h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m .
A t y p i c a l t w o - s t o r y ( 1 0 0 m ) h o u s e i s u s e d a s a n a n a l y s e d o b j e c t . T h e h e i g h t o f t h i s
h o u s e i s s i x m e t e r s i n a l l v a r i a t i o n s . S i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n f o r d i f f e r e n t l e n g t h / w i d t h
c o m b i n a t i o n s s t a r t i n g w i t h a s q u a r e s h a p e d f o r m ( 1 0 m / 1 0 m ) . T h e w i d t h o f t h e h o u s e ,
S o u t h - N o r t h a x i s , i s r e d u c e d i n 0 . 5 m s t e p s u n t i l r e a c h i n g s e v e n m e t e r s . T h e s u r f a c e t o
v o l u m e r a t i o 0 . 5 i s k e p t c o n s t a n t , w h i l e t h e w i d t h t o l e n g t h r a t i o v a r i e s b e t w e e n o n e a n d t w o .
S i m u l a t i o n s s h o w t h a t t h e b e s t r e s u l t o n c o o l i n g l o a d s c a n b e a c h i e v e d w i t h a w i d t h t o
l e n g t h r a t i o b e t w e e n 1 . 1 t o 1 . 2 . T h e s q u a r e p l a n f o r m h a s t h e w o r s t p e r f o r m a n c e i n r e g a r d t o
t h e c o o l i n g l o a d . T h i s s i t u a t i o n a l s o p r o v e s O l g a y s
1 3 0
c o n c l u s i o n s f o r b a s i c b u i l d i n g f o r m s :
T h e s q u a r e b u i l d i n g i s n o t t h e o p t i m u m f o r m f o r a n y l o c a t i o n . E v e n a n e l o n g a t e d b u i l d i n g
w i t h t h e l e n g t h t o w i d t h r a t i o t w o p e r f o r m s b e t t e r t h a n a s q u a r e b u i l d i n g .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , e l o n g a t e d s h a p e s i n c r e a s e t h e h e a t i n g l o a d b y u p t o f i v e p e r c e n t . B u t a s
m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , r a t i o s b e t w e e n 1 . 1 t o 1 . 2 l e a d t o a b a l a n c e f o r b o t h s u m m e r a n d w i n t e r
p e r i o d s . I f w e c o n s i d e r d e s i g n i s s u e s a s w e l l , e l o n g a t e d f o r m s w i t h a r a t i o o f t w o c a n a l s o b e
c h o s e n a s a l t e r n a t i v e s .

8 5

F i g u r e 2 0 E f f e c t o f t h e W i d t h t o L e n g t h R a t i o o n t h e C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d
A c c o r d i n g t o T r e b e r s p u r g , g r o u p i n g t h e b u i l d i n g w i t h s e v e r a l o f f s e t s b a c k w a r d a n d
f o r w a r d m a y i n c r e a s e t h e a r e a o f t h e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e a n d h e r e b y , t h e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n g a i n
f o u r f o l d s i n i n t e n s i t y
1 3 1
. P o k o r n y s p r o j e c t g r a d i n g f a c t o r s ( E G Z - E n t w u r f s g t e z a h l i n
G e r m a n ) f o r s o l a r h o u s e s p r o v e t h i s s t a t e m e n t a s w e l l
1 3 2
. T h e r a t i o o f F
s o u t h
( a c t i v e s u r f a c e s
f o r s o l a r r a d i a t i o n o n t h e s o u t h f a a d e ) t o A
t o t a l
( t o t a l a r e a o f t h e b u i l d i n g ) s h o u l d b e a s l o w a s
p o s s i b l e . T h e F / A r a t i o o f t h e b u i l d i n g w i t h t h e o p t i m u m s h a p e i s 0 . 1 , w h i c h c a n b e a n
o p t i m u m v a l u e f o r l o c a t i o n s w i t h h o t c l i m a t e .
5 . 4 . 3 T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e r m a l z o n i n g
T h e r m a l z o n i n g c a n b e d e f i n e d a s a n a p p r o a c h t o m a x i m i z e t h e e f f e c t i v e u s e o f e n e r g y b y
l o c a t i n g r o o m s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r c o o l i n g o r h e a t i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , u s e r s m a y
h a v e o t h e r p r e f e r e n c e s s u c h a s v i e w e t c . , w h i c h r e q u i r e s a r t i f i c i a l a i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g o f t h e
i n t e r i o r s p a c e s i n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e c o m f o r t l e v e l s
1 3 3
. F o r e x a m p l e , b u i l d i n g s a r e n o r m a l l y
o r i e n t e d t o w a r d t h e s c e n e r y c r e a t e d b y n a t u r a l e l e m e n t s s u c h a s p r o x i m i t y t o t h e s e a
1 3 4
.
T h e r e f o r e , a r c h i t e c t s s h o u l d c o m p r o m i s e b e t w e e n e n e r g e t i c i s s u e s a n d u s e r s p r e f e r e n c e s ,
w h e r e i t m a y b e d i f f i c u l t t o e s t a b l i s h a n o p t i m u m s o l u t i o n .
U s u a l l y , r o o m s r e q u i r i n g h i g h c o o l i n g d e m a n d s h o u l d b e p l a c e d o n t h e n o r t h s i d e o f t h e
b u i l d i n g . T h i s a r r a n g e m e n t s h o u l d b e r e v e r s e d f o r r o o m s w i t h h e a t i n g d e m a n d
1 3 5
. S i m u l a t i o n s
2 9 . 4
2 9 . 6
2 9 . 8
3 0
3 0 . 2
3 0 . 4
3 0 . 6
1 4 . 1
1 4 . 2
1 4 . 3
1 4 . 4
1 4 . 5
1 4 . 6
1 4 . 7
1 4 . 8
1 4 . 9
1 5
1 5 . 1
1 5 . 2
1 0 , 0 - 1 0 , 0 9 , 5 - 1 0 , 5 9 , 0 - 1 1 , 1 8 , 5 - 1 1 , 8 8 , 0 - 1 2 , 5 7 , 5 - 1 3 , 3 7 , 0 - 1 4 , 2
1 1 . 1 1 . 2 3 1 . 3 8 1 . 5 6 1 . 7 7 2




H
e
a
t
i
n
g

L
o
a
d

k
W
C
o
o
l
i
n
g

L
o
a
d

k
W

L e n g t h / W i d t h r a t i o
o p t i m i s e d a c t u a l

8 5

F i g u r e 2 0 E f f e c t o f t h e W i d t h t o L e n g t h R a t i o o n t h e C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g L o a d
A c c o r d i n g t o T r e b e r s p u r g , g r o u p i n g t h e b u i l d i n g w i t h s e v e r a l o f f s e t s b a c k w a r d a n d
f o r w a r d m a y i n c r e a s e t h e a r e a o f t h e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e a n d h e r e b y , t h e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n g a i n
f o u r f o l d s i n i n t e n s i t y
1 3 1
. P o k o r n y s p r o j e c t g r a d i n g f a c t o r s ( E G Z - E n t w u r f s g t e z a h l i n
G e r m a n ) f o r s o l a r h o u s e s p r o v e t h i s s t a t e m e n t a s w e l l
1 3 2
. T h e r a t i o o f F
s o u t h
( a c t i v e s u r f a c e s
f o r s o l a r r a d i a t i o n o n t h e s o u t h f a a d e ) t o A
t o t a l
( t o t a l a r e a o f t h e b u i l d i n g ) s h o u l d b e a s l o w a s
p o s s i b l e . T h e F / A r a t i o o f t h e b u i l d i n g w i t h t h e o p t i m u m s h a p e i s 0 . 1 , w h i c h c a n b e a n
o p t i m u m v a l u e f o r l o c a t i o n s w i t h h o t c l i m a t e .
5 . 4 . 3 T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e r m a l z o n i n g
T h e r m a l z o n i n g c a n b e d e f i n e d a s a n a p p r o a c h t o m a x i m i z e t h e e f f e c t i v e u s e o f e n e r g y b y
l o c a t i n g r o o m s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r c o o l i n g o r h e a t i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , u s e r s m a y
h a v e o t h e r p r e f e r e n c e s s u c h a s v i e w e t c . , w h i c h r e q u i r e s a r t i f i c i a l a i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g o f t h e
i n t e r i o r s p a c e s i n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e c o m f o r t l e v e l s
1 3 3
. F o r e x a m p l e , b u i l d i n g s a r e n o r m a l l y
o r i e n t e d t o w a r d t h e s c e n e r y c r e a t e d b y n a t u r a l e l e m e n t s s u c h a s p r o x i m i t y t o t h e s e a
1 3 4
.
T h e r e f o r e , a r c h i t e c t s s h o u l d c o m p r o m i s e b e t w e e n e n e r g e t i c i s s u e s a n d u s e r s p r e f e r e n c e s ,
w h e r e i t m a y b e d i f f i c u l t t o e s t a b l i s h a n o p t i m u m s o l u t i o n .
U s u a l l y , r o o m s r e q u i r i n g h i g h c o o l i n g d e m a n d s h o u l d b e p l a c e d o n t h e n o r t h s i d e o f t h e
b u i l d i n g . T h i s a r r a n g e m e n t s h o u l d b e r e v e r s e d f o r r o o m s w i t h h e a t i n g d e m a n d
1 3 5
. S i m u l a t i o n s
2 9 . 4
2 9 . 6
2 9 . 8
3 0
3 0 . 2
3 0 . 4
3 0 . 6
1 4 . 1
1 4 . 2
1 4 . 3
1 4 . 4
1 4 . 5
1 4 . 6
1 4 . 7
1 4 . 8
1 4 . 9
1 5
1 5 . 1
1 5 . 2
1 0 , 0 - 1 0 , 0 9 , 5 - 1 0 , 5 9 , 0 - 1 1 , 1 8 , 5 - 1 1 , 8 8 , 0 - 1 2 , 5 7 , 5 - 1 3 , 3 7 , 0 - 1 4 , 2
1 1 . 1 1 . 2 3 1 . 3 8 1 . 5 6 1 . 7 7 2




H
e
a
t
i
n
g

L
o
a
d

k
W
C
o
o
l
i
n
g

L
o
a
d

k
W

L e n g t h / W i d t h r a t i o
o p t i m i s e d a c t u a l

85

Figure 20 Effect of the Width to Length Ratio on the Cooling and Heating Load
According to Treberspurg, grouping the building with several offsets backward and
forward may increase the area of the building envelope and hereby, the solar radiation gain
fourfolds in intensity
131
. Pokornys project grading factors (EGZ- Entwurfsgtezahl in
German) for solar houses prove this statement as well
132
. The ratio of F
south
(active surfaces
for solar radiation on the south faade) to A
total
(total area of the building) should be as low as
possible. The F/A ratio of the building with the optimum shape is 0.1, which can be an
optimum value for locations with hot climate.
5.4.3 The importance of thermal zoning
Thermal zoning can be defined as an approach to maximize the effective use of energy by
locating rooms according to their cooling or heating requirements. Nevertheless, users may
have other preferences such as view etc., which requires artificial air-conditioning of the
interior spaces in order to achieve comfort levels
133
. For example, buildings are normally
oriented toward the scenery created by natural elements such as proximity to the sea
134
.
Therefore, architects should compromise between energetic issues and users preferences,
where it may be difficult to establish an optimum solution.
Usually, rooms requiring high cooling demand should be placed on the north side of the
building. This arrangement should be reversed for rooms with heating demand
135
. Simulations
29.4
29.6
29.8
30
30.2
30.4
30.6
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
15
15.1
15.2
10,0 - 10,0 9,5 - 10,5 9,0 - 11,1 8,5 - 11,8 8,0 - 12,5 7,5 - 13,3 7,0 - 14,2
1 1.1 1.23 1.38 1.56 1.77 2




H
e
a
t
i
n
g

L
o
a
d

k
W
C
o
o
l
i
n
g

L
o
a
d

k
W

Length/Width ratio
optimised actual

85

Figure 20 Effect of the Width to Length Ratio on the Cooling and Heating Load
According to Treberspurg, grouping the building with several offsets backward and
forward may increase the area of the building envelope and hereby, the solar radiation gain
fourfolds in intensity
131
. Pokornys project grading factors (EGZ- Entwurfsgtezahl in
German) for solar houses prove this statement as well
132
. The ratio of F
south
(active surfaces
for solar radiation on the south faade) to A
total
(total area of the building) should be as low as
possible. The F/A ratio of the building with the optimum shape is 0.1, which can be an
optimum value for locations with hot climate.
5.4.3 The importance of thermal zoning
Thermal zoning can be defined as an approach to maximize the effective use of energy by
locating rooms according to their cooling or heating requirements. Nevertheless, users may
have other preferences such as view etc., which requires artificial air-conditioning of the
interior spaces in order to achieve comfort levels
133
. For example, buildings are normally
oriented toward the scenery created by natural elements such as proximity to the sea
134
.
Therefore, architects should compromise between energetic issues and users preferences,
where it may be difficult to establish an optimum solution.
Usually, rooms requiring high cooling demand should be placed on the north side of the
building. This arrangement should be reversed for rooms with heating demand
135
. Simulations
29.4
29.6
29.8
30
30.2
30.4
30.6
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
15
15.1
15.2
10,0 - 10,0 9,5 - 10,5 9,0 - 11,1 8,5 - 11,8 8,0 - 12,5 7,5 - 13,3 7,0 - 14,2
1 1.1 1.23 1.38 1.56 1.77 2




H
e
a
t
i
n
g

L
o
a
d

k
W
C
o
o
l
i
n
g

L
o
a
d

k
W

Length/Width ratio
optimised actual


86
are run with several combinations to find an optimum solution. The combination, living
spaces on the south side and sleeping spaces etc on the north side, has the best performance
on energy efficiency according to the simulation results. The cooling load is up to 33 per cent
below the one required when the arrangement is reversed. The reduction of the heating load
by north facing zoning is not significant either.
If we compare the operative room temperatures of the south faced living rooms with the
northern arrangement: to increase the faade area on the western and eastern wall of these
living rooms may increase the operative room temperature by up to 2 C. This leads to an
approximately 4 kW increased cooling load. Consequently, the cooling load of the analysed
object will increase from 17.26 kW to 20.3 kW.
Other rooms such as the bathroom and WC, which do not have a significant cooling or
heating demand, and rooms used for sleeping may be placed on the northern or southern side
of the building. If the placement of these rooms on the south causes an increase of the cooling
load of the living room, they should be placed on the northern side.
5.5 Prototype dwelling for Bodrum according researched architectural
criteria
As Otto
136
has noted, a prototype is a representation of a design idea, which is taken
through an improvement process. Prototypes increase the quality and efficiency of the
designed object. The aims of the prototypes for Bodrums settlements can be divided into two
categories. The first category is concerned with the built environment. The second category
has a wider range, which is concerned with the effects of the prototype. The aims of the
Prototype Bodrum Basic House are as follow:
To define design standards for dwellings in Bodrum
To define performance standards of building systems for Bodrum.
Overarching Aims:
To construct a high-visibility project to arouse public opinion.
To make the public aware of energy efficiency in the housing sector through such media
as publications, television programs, and exhibitions.
To establish a network between academicians, governmental authorities, and industrial
collaborators working in this area through the organisation of a symposium,
Additional goals may be defined by authorities and sponsors.


86
are run with several combinations to find an optimum solution. The combination, living
spaces on the south side and sleeping spaces etc on the north side, has the best performance
on energy efficiency according to the simulation results. The cooling load is up to 33 per cent
below the one required when the arrangement is reversed. The reduction of the heating load
by north facing zoning is not significant either.
If we compare the operative room temperatures of the south faced living rooms with the
northern arrangement: to increase the faade area on the western and eastern wall of these
living rooms may increase the operative room temperature by up to 2 C. This leads to an
approximately 4 kW increased cooling load. Consequently, the cooling load of the analysed
object will increase from 17.26 kW to 20.3 kW.
Other rooms such as the bathroom and WC, which do not have a significant cooling or
heating demand, and rooms used for sleeping may be placed on the northern or southern side
of the building. If the placement of these rooms on the south causes an increase of the cooling
load of the living room, they should be placed on the northern side.
5.5 Prototype dwelling for Bodrum according researched architectural
criteria
As Otto
136
has noted, a prototype is a representation of a design idea, which is taken
through an improvement process. Prototypes increase the quality and efficiency of the
designed object. The aims of the prototypes for Bodrums settlements can be divided into two
categories. The first category is concerned with the built environment. The second category
has a wider range, which is concerned with the effects of the prototype. The aims of the
Prototype Bodrum Basic House are as follow:
To define design standards for dwellings in Bodrum
To define performance standards of building systems for Bodrum.
Overarching Aims:
To construct a high-visibility project to arouse public opinion.
To make the public aware of energy efficiency in the housing sector through such media
as publications, television programs, and exhibitions.
To establish a network between academicians, governmental authorities, and industrial
collaborators working in this area through the organisation of a symposium,
Additional goals may be defined by authorities and sponsors.


8 6
a r e r u n w i t h s e v e r a l c o m b i n a t i o n s t o f i n d a n o p t i m u m s o l u t i o n . T h e c o m b i n a t i o n , l i v i n g
s p a c e s o n t h e s o u t h s i d e a n d s l e e p i n g s p a c e s e t c o n t h e n o r t h s i d e , h a s t h e b e s t p e r f o r m a n c e
o n e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s . T h e c o o l i n g l o a d i s u p t o 3 3 p e r c e n t
b e l o w t h e o n e r e q u i r e d w h e n t h e a r r a n g e m e n t i s r e v e r s e d . T h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e h e a t i n g l o a d
b y n o r t h f a c i n g z o n i n g i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t e i t h e r .
I f w e c o m p a r e t h e o p e r a t i v e r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e s o f t h e s o u t h f a c e d l i v i n g r o o m s w i t h t h e
n o r t h e r n a r r a n g e m e n t : t o i n c r e a s e t h e f a a d e a r e a o n t h e w e s t e r n a n d e a s t e r n w a l l o f t h e s e
l i v i n g r o o m s m a y i n c r e a s e t h e o p e r a t i v e r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e b y u p t o 2 C . T h i s l e a d s t o a n
a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 k W i n c r e a s e d c o o l i n g l o a d . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e c o o l i n g l o a d o f t h e a n a l y s e d
o b j e c t w i l l i n c r e a s e f r o m 1 7 . 2 6 k W t o 2 0 . 3 k W .
O t h e r r o o m s s u c h a s t h e b a t h r o o m a n d W C , w h i c h d o n o t h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t c o o l i n g o r
h e a t i n g d e m a n d , a n d r o o m s u s e d f o r s l e e p i n g m a y b e p l a c e d o n t h e n o r t h e r n o r s o u t h e r n s i d e
o f t h e b u i l d i n g . I f t h e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e s e r o o m s o n t h e s o u t h c a u s e s a n i n c r e a s e o f t h e c o o l i n g
l o a d o f t h e l i v i n g r o o m , t h e y s h o u l d b e p l a c e d o n t h e n o r t h e r n s i d e .
5 . 5 P r o t o t y p e d w e l l i n g f o r B o d r u m a c c o r d i n g r e s e a r c h e d a r c h i t e c t u r a l
c r i t e r i a
A s O t t o
1 3 6
h a s n o t e d , a p r o t o t y p e i s a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a d e s i g n i d e a , w h i c h i s t a k e n
t h r o u g h a n i m p r o v e m e n t p r o c e s s . P r o t o t y p e s i n c r e a s e t h e q u a l i t y a n d e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
d e s i g n e d o b j e c t . T h e a i m s o f t h e p r o t o t y p e s f o r B o d r u m s s e t t l e m e n t s c a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o t w o
c a t e g o r i e s . T h e f i r s t c a t e g o r y i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t . T h e s e c o n d c a t e g o r y
h a s a w i d e r r a n g e , w h i c h i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e p r o t o t y p e . T h e a i m s o f t h e
P r o t o t y p e B o d r u m B a s i c H o u s e a r e a s f o l l o w :
T o d e f i n e d e s i g n s t a n d a r d s f o r d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m
T o d e f i n e p e r f o r m a n c e s t a n d a r d s o f b u i l d i n g s y s t e m s f o r B o d r u m .
O v e r a r c h i n g A i m s :
T o c o n s t r u c t a h i g h - v i s i b i l i t y p r o j e c t t o a r o u s e p u b l i c o p i n i o n .
T o m a k e t h e p u b l i c a w a r e o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y i n t h e h o u s i n g s e c t o r t h r o u g h s u c h m e d i a
a s p u b l i c a t i o n s , t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m s , a n d e x h i b i t i o n s .
T o e s t a b l i s h a n e t w o r k b e t w e e n a c a d e m i c i a n s , g o v e r n m e n t a l a u t h o r i t i e s , a n d i n d u s t r i a l
c o l l a b o r a t o r s w o r k i n g i n t h i s a r e a t h r o u g h t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n o f a s y m p o s i u m ,
A d d i t i o n a l g o a l s m a y b e d e f i n e d b y a u t h o r i t i e s a n d s p o n s o r s .


8 6
a r e r u n w i t h s e v e r a l c o m b i n a t i o n s t o f i n d a n o p t i m u m s o l u t i o n . T h e c o m b i n a t i o n , l i v i n g
s p a c e s o n t h e s o u t h s i d e a n d s l e e p i n g s p a c e s e t c o n t h e n o r t h s i d e , h a s t h e b e s t p e r f o r m a n c e
o n e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s . T h e c o o l i n g l o a d i s u p t o 3 3 p e r c e n t
b e l o w t h e o n e r e q u i r e d w h e n t h e a r r a n g e m e n t i s r e v e r s e d . T h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e h e a t i n g l o a d
b y n o r t h f a c i n g z o n i n g i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t e i t h e r .
I f w e c o m p a r e t h e o p e r a t i v e r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e s o f t h e s o u t h f a c e d l i v i n g r o o m s w i t h t h e
n o r t h e r n a r r a n g e m e n t : t o i n c r e a s e t h e f a a d e a r e a o n t h e w e s t e r n a n d e a s t e r n w a l l o f t h e s e
l i v i n g r o o m s m a y i n c r e a s e t h e o p e r a t i v e r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e b y u p t o 2 C . T h i s l e a d s t o a n
a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 k W i n c r e a s e d c o o l i n g l o a d . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e c o o l i n g l o a d o f t h e a n a l y s e d
o b j e c t w i l l i n c r e a s e f r o m 1 7 . 2 6 k W t o 2 0 . 3 k W .
O t h e r r o o m s s u c h a s t h e b a t h r o o m a n d W C , w h i c h d o n o t h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t c o o l i n g o r
h e a t i n g d e m a n d , a n d r o o m s u s e d f o r s l e e p i n g m a y b e p l a c e d o n t h e n o r t h e r n o r s o u t h e r n s i d e
o f t h e b u i l d i n g . I f t h e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e s e r o o m s o n t h e s o u t h c a u s e s a n i n c r e a s e o f t h e c o o l i n g
l o a d o f t h e l i v i n g r o o m , t h e y s h o u l d b e p l a c e d o n t h e n o r t h e r n s i d e .
5 . 5 P r o t o t y p e d w e l l i n g f o r B o d r u m a c c o r d i n g r e s e a r c h e d a r c h i t e c t u r a l
c r i t e r i a
A s O t t o
1 3 6
h a s n o t e d , a p r o t o t y p e i s a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a d e s i g n i d e a , w h i c h i s t a k e n
t h r o u g h a n i m p r o v e m e n t p r o c e s s . P r o t o t y p e s i n c r e a s e t h e q u a l i t y a n d e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
d e s i g n e d o b j e c t . T h e a i m s o f t h e p r o t o t y p e s f o r B o d r u m s s e t t l e m e n t s c a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o t w o
c a t e g o r i e s . T h e f i r s t c a t e g o r y i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t . T h e s e c o n d c a t e g o r y
h a s a w i d e r r a n g e , w h i c h i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e p r o t o t y p e . T h e a i m s o f t h e
P r o t o t y p e B o d r u m B a s i c H o u s e a r e a s f o l l o w :
T o d e f i n e d e s i g n s t a n d a r d s f o r d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m
T o d e f i n e p e r f o r m a n c e s t a n d a r d s o f b u i l d i n g s y s t e m s f o r B o d r u m .
O v e r a r c h i n g A i m s :
T o c o n s t r u c t a h i g h - v i s i b i l i t y p r o j e c t t o a r o u s e p u b l i c o p i n i o n .
T o m a k e t h e p u b l i c a w a r e o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y i n t h e h o u s i n g s e c t o r t h r o u g h s u c h m e d i a
a s p u b l i c a t i o n s , t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m s , a n d e x h i b i t i o n s .
T o e s t a b l i s h a n e t w o r k b e t w e e n a c a d e m i c i a n s , g o v e r n m e n t a l a u t h o r i t i e s , a n d i n d u s t r i a l
c o l l a b o r a t o r s w o r k i n g i n t h i s a r e a t h r o u g h t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n o f a s y m p o s i u m ,
A d d i t i o n a l g o a l s m a y b e d e f i n e d b y a u t h o r i t i e s a n d s p o n s o r s .


8 7
B a s i c B o d r u m H o u s e
I n t h e p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r s , m a n y a r c h i t e c t u r a l c r i t e r i a h a v e b e e n a n a l y z e d f r o m t h e m a c r o
l e v e l t o t h e m i c r o l e v e l . A l l t h e s e a n a l y s e s p r o v e d t h e n e c e s s i t y o f a p r o t o t y p e ( P T ) t h a t
a c c o r d s w i t h b a s i c d e s i g n p r i n c i p l e s f o r d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m . T h e e x p l o r a t i v e d e s i g n b a s e s
o n t h e r e q u i r e m e n t a n a l y s i s , w h i c h i s c a l l e d t h e B a s i c B o d r u m H o u s e ( B B H ) , r e p r e s e n t s a n
o p t i m u m o f a h o u s e i n B o d r u m a n d m a y a l s o b e a p p l i c a b l e t o h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n t h e s a m e
c l i m a t i c z o n e w i t h i n t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n R e g i o n .
A P T i s u t i l i s e d w h e n d e s i g n i n g f u t u r e d w e l l i n g s o r o p t i m i z i n g e x i s t i n g o n e s . T h e y a r e
c o m m u n i c a t i o n m e d i u m s f o r f e a s i b i l i t y a n d a s s i s t n e w d e s i g n s . W i t h s u c h a f u n c t i o n a l P T t h e
a i m i s n o t t o s h o w t h e f i n a l d e s i g n . T h i s P T i s d e s i g n e d i n d i v i d u a l l y d e v e l o p a b l e t o a v o i d
m o n o t o n y . A c c o r d i n g t o O t t o ( s o u r c e 1 3 6 ) , t h e m a i n c r i t e r i a a r e a d e q u a t e f u n c t i o n a l i t y ,
a d a p t a b i l i t y , a n d e x t e n s i b i l i t y . T h e y a l l a r e c o n s i d e r e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e B B H .
F u r t h e r i n i t i a t i v e s i n t h i s a r e a m a y b r i n g t o g e t h e r a d v a n c e d a c a d e m i c r e s e a r c h , c o m m e r c i a l
d e s i g n , a n d p r o d u c t i o n . T h e r e s e a r c h c o n d u c t e d o n t h e B B H m a y a l l o w i n d u s t r i a l p a r t n e r s a n d
g o v e r n m e n t a l a u t h o r i t i e s t o c o l l a b o r a t e b y d e v e l o p i n g t h i s p r o t o t y p e a s w e l l a s r e l a t e d
s y s t e m s , m a t e r i a l , e t c . T h i s a p p r o a c h i s o b v i o u s l y n e c e s s a r y t o r e m o v e b a r r i e r s t o i n n o v a t i o n ,
w h i c h c r e a t e o p p o r t u n i t i e s r e l a t e d t o e n e r g y e f f i c i e n t h o u s i n g .
5 . 5 . 1 A r c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e B a s i c B o d r u m H o u s e
A s m e n t i o n e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r s , a t t a c h e d h o u s e s a r e t y p i c a l f o r B o d r u m . T h e r e f o r e ,
a n a t t a c h e d h o u s e w i t h h u n d r e d m p e r u n i t h a s b e e n d e s i g n e d a s t h e p r o t o t y p e . B a s e d o n t h e
m u n i c i p a l r e g u l a t i o n s f o r B o d r u m , t h e B B H h a s t w o s t o r i e s . E v e r y u n i t h a s 5 0 m o n e a c h
s t o r y , w h i c h m a k e s 2 0 0 m o f t o t a l a r e a . A t f i r s t s i g h t t h i s p r o j e c t m i g h t s e e m b a n a l w i t h i t s
b o x y f o r m s a n d s t a n d a r d i z e d e l e m e n t s . B u t a d d i t i o n a l n e w e l e m e n t s , s u c h a s r o o f s h a d i n g ,
a n d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r i n d i v i d u a l a d j u s t m e n t s w i t h i n s t a n d a r d s m a k e t h i s b u i l d i n g f l e x i b l e
a n d a c c o r d i n g l y m o r e c h a l l e n g i n g f o r f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t s i n t h i s a r e a .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r e a r e t w o d e s i g n a l t e r n a t i v e s r e f e r r i n g t o t h e i s s u e o f s e a s o n a l o c c u p a t i o n .
A s m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e , t h e m a j o r i t y o f d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m a r e o c c u p i e d o n l y d u r i n g t h e
s u m m e r p e r i o d , a n d c o m m o n l y o n l y f o r s h o r t p e r i o d s o f t i m e l i k e t w o w e e k s . T h e r e s t o f t h e
d w e l l i n g s , w h i c h a r e o c c u p i e d d u r i n g t h e w h o l e y e a r , c o n s t i t u t e a s m a l l m i n o r i t y . D u e t o t h i s
r e a s o n , a n a l t e r n a t i v e p r o t o t y p e h a s a l s o b e e n d e s i g n e d f o r b u i l d i n g s t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r . T h i s
P T h a s a w i n t e r g a r d e n a t t a c h e d t o t h e s o u t h e r n f a a d e . I n t h i s c a s e , t h e b a l c o n y w o r k s a s a


8 7
B a s i c B o d r u m H o u s e
I n t h e p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r s , m a n y a r c h i t e c t u r a l c r i t e r i a h a v e b e e n a n a l y z e d f r o m t h e m a c r o
l e v e l t o t h e m i c r o l e v e l . A l l t h e s e a n a l y s e s p r o v e d t h e n e c e s s i t y o f a p r o t o t y p e ( P T ) t h a t
a c c o r d s w i t h b a s i c d e s i g n p r i n c i p l e s f o r d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m . T h e e x p l o r a t i v e d e s i g n b a s e s
o n t h e r e q u i r e m e n t a n a l y s i s , w h i c h i s c a l l e d t h e B a s i c B o d r u m H o u s e ( B B H ) , r e p r e s e n t s a n
o p t i m u m o f a h o u s e i n B o d r u m a n d m a y a l s o b e a p p l i c a b l e t o h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n t h e s a m e
c l i m a t i c z o n e w i t h i n t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n R e g i o n .
A P T i s u t i l i s e d w h e n d e s i g n i n g f u t u r e d w e l l i n g s o r o p t i m i z i n g e x i s t i n g o n e s . T h e y a r e
c o m m u n i c a t i o n m e d i u m s f o r f e a s i b i l i t y a n d a s s i s t n e w d e s i g n s . W i t h s u c h a f u n c t i o n a l P T t h e
a i m i s n o t t o s h o w t h e f i n a l d e s i g n . T h i s P T i s d e s i g n e d i n d i v i d u a l l y d e v e l o p a b l e t o a v o i d
m o n o t o n y . A c c o r d i n g t o O t t o ( s o u r c e 1 3 6 ) , t h e m a i n c r i t e r i a a r e a d e q u a t e f u n c t i o n a l i t y ,
a d a p t a b i l i t y , a n d e x t e n s i b i l i t y . T h e y a l l a r e c o n s i d e r e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e B B H .
F u r t h e r i n i t i a t i v e s i n t h i s a r e a m a y b r i n g t o g e t h e r a d v a n c e d a c a d e m i c r e s e a r c h , c o m m e r c i a l
d e s i g n , a n d p r o d u c t i o n . T h e r e s e a r c h c o n d u c t e d o n t h e B B H m a y a l l o w i n d u s t r i a l p a r t n e r s a n d
g o v e r n m e n t a l a u t h o r i t i e s t o c o l l a b o r a t e b y d e v e l o p i n g t h i s p r o t o t y p e a s w e l l a s r e l a t e d
s y s t e m s , m a t e r i a l , e t c . T h i s a p p r o a c h i s o b v i o u s l y n e c e s s a r y t o r e m o v e b a r r i e r s t o i n n o v a t i o n ,
w h i c h c r e a t e o p p o r t u n i t i e s r e l a t e d t o e n e r g y e f f i c i e n t h o u s i n g .
5 . 5 . 1 A r c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e B a s i c B o d r u m H o u s e
A s m e n t i o n e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r s , a t t a c h e d h o u s e s a r e t y p i c a l f o r B o d r u m . T h e r e f o r e ,
a n a t t a c h e d h o u s e w i t h h u n d r e d m p e r u n i t h a s b e e n d e s i g n e d a s t h e p r o t o t y p e . B a s e d o n t h e
m u n i c i p a l r e g u l a t i o n s f o r B o d r u m , t h e B B H h a s t w o s t o r i e s . E v e r y u n i t h a s 5 0 m o n e a c h
s t o r y , w h i c h m a k e s 2 0 0 m o f t o t a l a r e a . A t f i r s t s i g h t t h i s p r o j e c t m i g h t s e e m b a n a l w i t h i t s
b o x y f o r m s a n d s t a n d a r d i z e d e l e m e n t s . B u t a d d i t i o n a l n e w e l e m e n t s , s u c h a s r o o f s h a d i n g ,
a n d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r i n d i v i d u a l a d j u s t m e n t s w i t h i n s t a n d a r d s m a k e t h i s b u i l d i n g f l e x i b l e
a n d a c c o r d i n g l y m o r e c h a l l e n g i n g f o r f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t s i n t h i s a r e a .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r e a r e t w o d e s i g n a l t e r n a t i v e s r e f e r r i n g t o t h e i s s u e o f s e a s o n a l o c c u p a t i o n .
A s m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e , t h e m a j o r i t y o f d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m a r e o c c u p i e d o n l y d u r i n g t h e
s u m m e r p e r i o d , a n d c o m m o n l y o n l y f o r s h o r t p e r i o d s o f t i m e l i k e t w o w e e k s . T h e r e s t o f t h e
d w e l l i n g s , w h i c h a r e o c c u p i e d d u r i n g t h e w h o l e y e a r , c o n s t i t u t e a s m a l l m i n o r i t y . D u e t o t h i s
r e a s o n , a n a l t e r n a t i v e p r o t o t y p e h a s a l s o b e e n d e s i g n e d f o r b u i l d i n g s t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r . T h i s
P T h a s a w i n t e r g a r d e n a t t a c h e d t o t h e s o u t h e r n f a a d e . I n t h i s c a s e , t h e b a l c o n y w o r k s a s a


87
Basic Bodrum House
In the previous chapters, many architectural criteria have been analyzed from the macro
level to the micro level. All these analyses proved the necessity of a prototype (PT) that
accords with basic design principles for dwellings in Bodrum. The explorative design bases
on the requirement analysis, which is called the Basic Bodrum House (BBH), represents an
optimum of a house in Bodrum and may also be applicable to housing settlements in the same
climatic zone within the Mediterranean Region.
A PT is utilised when designing future dwellings or optimizing existing ones. They are
communication mediums for feasibility and assist new designs. With such a functional PT the
aim is not to show the final design. This PT is designed individually developable to avoid
monotony. According to Otto (source 136), the main criteria are adequate functionality,
adaptability, and extensibility. They all are considered with respect to the BBH.
Further initiatives in this area may bring together advanced academic research, commercial
design, and production. The research conducted on the BBH may allow industrial partners and
governmental authorities to collaborate by developing this prototype as well as related
systems, material, etc. This approach is obviously necessary to remove barriers to innovation,
which create opportunities related to energy efficient housing.
5.5.1 Architectural Characteristics of the Basic Bodrum House
As mentioned in the previous chapters, attached houses are typical for Bodrum. Therefore,
an attached house with hundred m per unit has been designed as the prototype. Based on the
municipal regulations for Bodrum, the BBH has two stories. Every unit has 50 m on each
story, which makes 200 m of total area. At first sight this project might seem banal with its
boxy forms and standardized elements. But additional new elements, such as roof shading,
and the opportunity for individual adjustments within standards make this building flexible
and accordingly more challenging for further developments in this area.
Furthermore, there are two design alternatives referring to the issue of seasonal occupation.
As mentioned before, the majority of dwellings in Bodrum are occupied only during the
summer period, and commonly only for short periods of time like two weeks. The rest of the
dwellings, which are occupied during the whole year, constitute a small minority. Due to this
reason, an alternative prototype has also been designed for buildings throughout the year. This
PT has a winter garden attached to the southern faade. In this case, the balcony works as a


87
Basic Bodrum House
In the previous chapters, many architectural criteria have been analyzed from the macro
level to the micro level. All these analyses proved the necessity of a prototype (PT) that
accords with basic design principles for dwellings in Bodrum. The explorative design bases
on the requirement analysis, which is called the Basic Bodrum House (BBH), represents an
optimum of a house in Bodrum and may also be applicable to housing settlements in the same
climatic zone within the Mediterranean Region.
A PT is utilised when designing future dwellings or optimizing existing ones. They are
communication mediums for feasibility and assist new designs. With such a functional PT the
aim is not to show the final design. This PT is designed individually developable to avoid
monotony. According to Otto (source 136), the main criteria are adequate functionality,
adaptability, and extensibility. They all are considered with respect to the BBH.
Further initiatives in this area may bring together advanced academic research, commercial
design, and production. The research conducted on the BBH may allow industrial partners and
governmental authorities to collaborate by developing this prototype as well as related
systems, material, etc. This approach is obviously necessary to remove barriers to innovation,
which create opportunities related to energy efficient housing.
5.5.1 Architectural Characteristics of the Basic Bodrum House
As mentioned in the previous chapters, attached houses are typical for Bodrum. Therefore,
an attached house with hundred m per unit has been designed as the prototype. Based on the
municipal regulations for Bodrum, the BBH has two stories. Every unit has 50 m on each
story, which makes 200 m of total area. At first sight this project might seem banal with its
boxy forms and standardized elements. But additional new elements, such as roof shading,
and the opportunity for individual adjustments within standards make this building flexible
and accordingly more challenging for further developments in this area.
Furthermore, there are two design alternatives referring to the issue of seasonal occupation.
As mentioned before, the majority of dwellings in Bodrum are occupied only during the
summer period, and commonly only for short periods of time like two weeks. The rest of the
dwellings, which are occupied during the whole year, constitute a small minority. Due to this
reason, an alternative prototype has also been designed for buildings throughout the year. This
PT has a winter garden attached to the southern faade. In this case, the balcony works as a


88
solar dynamic buffer zone similar to a double skin faade. Further information can be taken
from section 5.5.3.

Figure 21 Illustrations of the BBHw and BBH
5.5.1.1 Combination of the Units
Units each having 50 m can be combined in different ways. The whole construction body
enables fifteen alternatives. There are several alternatives with two units on each story as well
as one unit on one story and two at the other story. The suggested alternative both in terms of
energy efficiency and design considerations, is the 2-2, 2 combined units on the first floor and
two on the ground floor. This alternative delivers the most equitable energy consumption for
both combined units. Moreover, architectural disadvantages like orientation solely to eastern
or western directions can be prevented with this alternative. The second alternative for
combined units with each 100 m is using the two combined units side by side. The design
alternatives are given in the appendix, including detailed floor plan and unit combinations.
5.5.1.2 Form and Zoning
Maintaining the length to depth ratio of two, which has been proven to be an optimum
solution, is the main criterion. Therefore the longitudinal axis of the Basic Bodrum House is
14 m and the cross axis is seven m. Considering the simulation results and architectural
design issues, alternatives with this form achieve optimum results in energy consumption for
both summer and winter period.
Living areas are placed in the southern part of the dwelling as shown in the floor plan (see
Appendix). Large openings allow sufficient natural illumination in winter as well as in
summer. A longitudinal lounge provides many furnishing possibilities. Furthermore, some
combinations provide for additional flexibility. For instance, the lounge can be divided into


88
solar dynamic buffer zone similar to a double skin faade. Further information can be taken
from section 5.5.3.

Figure 21 Illustrations of the BBHw and BBH
5.5.1.1 Combination of the Units
Units each having 50 m can be combined in different ways. The whole construction body
enables fifteen alternatives. There are several alternatives with two units on each story as well
as one unit on one story and two at the other story. The suggested alternative both in terms of
energy efficiency and design considerations, is the 2-2, 2 combined units on the first floor and
two on the ground floor. This alternative delivers the most equitable energy consumption for
both combined units. Moreover, architectural disadvantages like orientation solely to eastern
or western directions can be prevented with this alternative. The second alternative for
combined units with each 100 m is using the two combined units side by side. The design
alternatives are given in the appendix, including detailed floor plan and unit combinations.
5.5.1.2 Form and Zoning
Maintaining the length to depth ratio of two, which has been proven to be an optimum
solution, is the main criterion. Therefore the longitudinal axis of the Basic Bodrum House is
14 m and the cross axis is seven m. Considering the simulation results and architectural
design issues, alternatives with this form achieve optimum results in energy consumption for
both summer and winter period.
Living areas are placed in the southern part of the dwelling as shown in the floor plan (see
Appendix). Large openings allow sufficient natural illumination in winter as well as in
summer. A longitudinal lounge provides many furnishing possibilities. Furthermore, some
combinations provide for additional flexibility. For instance, the lounge can be divided into


8 8
s o l a r d y n a m i c b u f f e r z o n e s i m i l a r t o a d o u b l e s k i n f a a d e . F u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n c a n b e t a k e n
f r o m s e c t i o n 5 . 5 . 3 .

F i g u r e 2 1 I l l u s t r a t i o n s o f t h e B B H w a n d B B H
5 . 5 . 1 . 1 C o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e U n i t s
U n i t s e a c h h a v i n g 5 0 m c a n b e c o m b i n e d i n d i f f e r e n t w a y s . T h e w h o l e c o n s t r u c t i o n b o d y
e n a b l e s f i f t e e n a l t e r n a t i v e s . T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l a l t e r n a t i v e s w i t h t w o u n i t s o n e a c h s t o r y a s w e l l
a s o n e u n i t o n o n e s t o r y a n d t w o a t t h e o t h e r s t o r y . T h e s u g g e s t e d a l t e r n a t i v e b o t h i n t e r m s o f
e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y a n d d e s i g n c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , i s t h e 2 - 2 , 2 c o m b i n e d u n i t s o n t h e f i r s t f l o o r a n d
t w o o n t h e g r o u n d f l o o r . T h i s a l t e r n a t i v e d e l i v e r s t h e m o s t e q u i t a b l e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n f o r
b o t h c o m b i n e d u n i t s . M o r e o v e r , a r c h i t e c t u r a l d i s a d v a n t a g e s l i k e o r i e n t a t i o n s o l e l y t o e a s t e r n
o r w e s t e r n d i r e c t i o n s c a n b e p r e v e n t e d w i t h t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e . T h e s e c o n d a l t e r n a t i v e f o r
c o m b i n e d u n i t s w i t h e a c h 1 0 0 m i s u s i n g t h e t w o c o m b i n e d u n i t s s i d e b y s i d e . T h e d e s i g n
a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e g i v e n i n t h e a p p e n d i x , i n c l u d i n g d e t a i l e d f l o o r p l a n a n d u n i t c o m b i n a t i o n s .
5 . 5 . 1 . 2 F o r m a n d Z o n i n g
M a i n t a i n i n g t h e l e n g t h t o d e p t h r a t i o o f t w o , w h i c h h a s b e e n p r o v e n t o b e a n o p t i m u m
s o l u t i o n , i s t h e m a i n c r i t e r i o n . T h e r e f o r e t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l a x i s o f t h e B a s i c B o d r u m H o u s e i s
1 4 m a n d t h e c r o s s a x i s i s s e v e n m . C o n s i d e r i n g t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l
d e s i g n i s s u e s , a l t e r n a t i v e s w i t h t h i s f o r m a c h i e v e o p t i m u m r e s u l t s i n e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n f o r
b o t h s u m m e r a n d w i n t e r p e r i o d .
L i v i n g a r e a s a r e p l a c e d i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e d w e l l i n g a s s h o w n i n t h e f l o o r p l a n ( s e e
A p p e n d i x ) . L a r g e o p e n i n g s a l l o w s u f f i c i e n t n a t u r a l i l l u m i n a t i o n i n w i n t e r a s w e l l a s i n
s u m m e r . A l o n g i t u d i n a l l o u n g e p r o v i d e s m a n y f u r n i s h i n g p o s s i b i l i t i e s . F u r t h e r m o r e , s o m e
c o m b i n a t i o n s p r o v i d e f o r a d d i t i o n a l f l e x i b i l i t y . F o r i n s t a n c e , t h e l o u n g e c a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o


8 8
s o l a r d y n a m i c b u f f e r z o n e s i m i l a r t o a d o u b l e s k i n f a a d e . F u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n c a n b e t a k e n
f r o m s e c t i o n 5 . 5 . 3 .

F i g u r e 2 1 I l l u s t r a t i o n s o f t h e B B H w a n d B B H
5 . 5 . 1 . 1 C o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e U n i t s
U n i t s e a c h h a v i n g 5 0 m c a n b e c o m b i n e d i n d i f f e r e n t w a y s . T h e w h o l e c o n s t r u c t i o n b o d y
e n a b l e s f i f t e e n a l t e r n a t i v e s . T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l a l t e r n a t i v e s w i t h t w o u n i t s o n e a c h s t o r y a s w e l l
a s o n e u n i t o n o n e s t o r y a n d t w o a t t h e o t h e r s t o r y . T h e s u g g e s t e d a l t e r n a t i v e b o t h i n t e r m s o f
e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y a n d d e s i g n c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , i s t h e 2 - 2 , 2 c o m b i n e d u n i t s o n t h e f i r s t f l o o r a n d
t w o o n t h e g r o u n d f l o o r . T h i s a l t e r n a t i v e d e l i v e r s t h e m o s t e q u i t a b l e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n f o r
b o t h c o m b i n e d u n i t s . M o r e o v e r , a r c h i t e c t u r a l d i s a d v a n t a g e s l i k e o r i e n t a t i o n s o l e l y t o e a s t e r n
o r w e s t e r n d i r e c t i o n s c a n b e p r e v e n t e d w i t h t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e . T h e s e c o n d a l t e r n a t i v e f o r
c o m b i n e d u n i t s w i t h e a c h 1 0 0 m i s u s i n g t h e t w o c o m b i n e d u n i t s s i d e b y s i d e . T h e d e s i g n
a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e g i v e n i n t h e a p p e n d i x , i n c l u d i n g d e t a i l e d f l o o r p l a n a n d u n i t c o m b i n a t i o n s .
5 . 5 . 1 . 2 F o r m a n d Z o n i n g
M a i n t a i n i n g t h e l e n g t h t o d e p t h r a t i o o f t w o , w h i c h h a s b e e n p r o v e n t o b e a n o p t i m u m
s o l u t i o n , i s t h e m a i n c r i t e r i o n . T h e r e f o r e t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l a x i s o f t h e B a s i c B o d r u m H o u s e i s
1 4 m a n d t h e c r o s s a x i s i s s e v e n m . C o n s i d e r i n g t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l
d e s i g n i s s u e s , a l t e r n a t i v e s w i t h t h i s f o r m a c h i e v e o p t i m u m r e s u l t s i n e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n f o r
b o t h s u m m e r a n d w i n t e r p e r i o d .
L i v i n g a r e a s a r e p l a c e d i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e d w e l l i n g a s s h o w n i n t h e f l o o r p l a n ( s e e
A p p e n d i x ) . L a r g e o p e n i n g s a l l o w s u f f i c i e n t n a t u r a l i l l u m i n a t i o n i n w i n t e r a s w e l l a s i n
s u m m e r . A l o n g i t u d i n a l l o u n g e p r o v i d e s m a n y f u r n i s h i n g p o s s i b i l i t i e s . F u r t h e r m o r e , s o m e
c o m b i n a t i o n s p r o v i d e f o r a d d i t i o n a l f l e x i b i l i t y . F o r i n s t a n c e , t h e l o u n g e c a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o


8 9
t w o p a r t s a n d u s e d a s a d d i t i o n a l s l e e p i n g r o o m s . S l e e p i n g r o o m s a n d w e t r o o m s , w h i c h
r e q u i r e l e s s i l l u m i n a t i o n , a r e p l a c e d a t t h e n o r t h e r n s i d e o f t h e h o u s e . D e p e n d i n g o n t h e
c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s , e a c h u n i t h a s a t l e a s t o n s l e e p i n g r o o m a n d o n e b a t h r o o m .
C i r c u l a t i o n e l e m e n t s a r e p l a c e d o u t s i d e a s w e l l a s i n s i d e t h e d w e l l i n g .
5 . 5 . 2 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e P r o t o t y p e s
T h e p r o t o t y p e s a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o a d e d w i t h
n e w t e c h n o l o g i e s , w h i c h h a v e s o f a r n o t r e a c h e d t h e
s t a g e o f m a t u r i t y o r a r e e x t r e m e l y e x p e n s i v e . T h e
c o n c e p t i s t o u s e e x i s t i n g m a t e r i a l s i n t h e r e g i o n w i t h
e x i s t i n g o r n e w c o n c e p t s . O t h e r w i s e , t h e i n v e s t m e n t
c o s t s w o u l d m a n i f o l d c o m p a r e d w i t h s t a n d a r d
c o n s t r u c t i o n m e t h o d s .
T h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o p r o t o t y p e s i s t h e
s o u t h f a a d e . T h e t e r r a c e b y B B H i s c o n s t r u c t e d o f
l i g h t m a t e r i a l s l i k e w o o d e n . T h e w i n t e r g a r d e n b y
B B H
w
h a s r a t h e r a r o b u s t c o n s t r u c t i o n r e q u i r e d b y t h e
g l a s s c u r t a i n w a l l .
M o r e o v e r , t h e c h o i c e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s i s
b a s e d o n p r e v i o u s s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s . M a t e r i a l s u s e d
f o r H H
o p t
a r e a p p l i e d f o r t h e s e p r o t o t y p e s a s w e l l . T h e
m a t e r i a l s a r e m e n t i o n e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n .
A d e n s i t y o f 0 . 0 4 p e o p l e / m i s c h o s e n f o r s i m u l a t i o n s , w h i c h e q u a l s t w o p e o p l e p e r u n i t o f
e i g h t p e o p l e i n t o t a l . T h i s n u m b e r s o u n d s r e a l i s t i c f o r a 5 0 m u n i t c o n s i d e r i n g T u r k i s h
s o c i a l - c u l t u r a l c o n d i t i o n s . T o a c h i e v e m o r e r e a l i s t i c r e s u l t s , s i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n w i t h f u l l y
o c c u p i e d b u i l d i n g s . T h i s n u m b e r i n f l u e n c e s t h e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n d u e t o o c c u p a n c y .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e e n e r g y d e m a n d f o r d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r a l s o d e p e n d s o n t h e n u m b e r o f
o c c u p a n t s . T h e d e l i v e r y t e m p e r a t u r e s e t p o i n t o f D H W i s 7 0 C .
5 . 5 . 3 G l a s s C u r t a i n W a l l a n d i t s E f f e c t s
G l a s s c u r t a i n s a r e a l s o k n o w n a s g l a s s t e r r a c e e n c l o s u r e s o r a s g l a s s b a l c o n y e n c l o s u r e s .
T h e y h a v e b e e n u s e d f o r a f e w y e a r s i n T u r k e y . D u e t o t h e i r p l e a s i n g a e s t h e t i c s , t h e y h a v e
b e e n e m b r a c e d v e r y q u i c k l y b y t h e b u i l d i n g s e c t o r a s i n m a n y o t h e r M e d i t e r r a n e a n
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e P r o t o t y p e
D i m e n s i o n s m
2

t o t a l f l o o r a r e a 1 1 4 . 7
c o n d i t i o n e d a r e a 9 9 . 7
c o n d i t i o n e d v o l u m e 2 7 9 . 1 6
r o o f a r e a 9 9 . 7
w i n d o w a r e a E / S / W / N 1 . 5 / 1 6 . 8 / 1 . 5 / 3 . 6
E n v e l o p e U : W / m
2
K
W i n d o w ( S H G C 0 . 4 4 ) 1 . 3 1
e x t e r n a l w a l l 0 . 3 9
i n t e r n a l f l o o r 1 . 1 1
r o o f 0 . 4 3
T a b l e 9 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e B B H


8 9
t w o p a r t s a n d u s e d a s a d d i t i o n a l s l e e p i n g r o o m s . S l e e p i n g r o o m s a n d w e t r o o m s , w h i c h
r e q u i r e l e s s i l l u m i n a t i o n , a r e p l a c e d a t t h e n o r t h e r n s i d e o f t h e h o u s e . D e p e n d i n g o n t h e
c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s , e a c h u n i t h a s a t l e a s t o n s l e e p i n g r o o m a n d o n e b a t h r o o m .
C i r c u l a t i o n e l e m e n t s a r e p l a c e d o u t s i d e a s w e l l a s i n s i d e t h e d w e l l i n g .
5 . 5 . 2 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e P r o t o t y p e s
T h e p r o t o t y p e s a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o a d e d w i t h
n e w t e c h n o l o g i e s , w h i c h h a v e s o f a r n o t r e a c h e d t h e
s t a g e o f m a t u r i t y o r a r e e x t r e m e l y e x p e n s i v e . T h e
c o n c e p t i s t o u s e e x i s t i n g m a t e r i a l s i n t h e r e g i o n w i t h
e x i s t i n g o r n e w c o n c e p t s . O t h e r w i s e , t h e i n v e s t m e n t
c o s t s w o u l d m a n i f o l d c o m p a r e d w i t h s t a n d a r d
c o n s t r u c t i o n m e t h o d s .
T h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o p r o t o t y p e s i s t h e
s o u t h f a a d e . T h e t e r r a c e b y B B H i s c o n s t r u c t e d o f
l i g h t m a t e r i a l s l i k e w o o d e n . T h e w i n t e r g a r d e n b y
B B H
w
h a s r a t h e r a r o b u s t c o n s t r u c t i o n r e q u i r e d b y t h e
g l a s s c u r t a i n w a l l .
M o r e o v e r , t h e c h o i c e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s i s
b a s e d o n p r e v i o u s s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s . M a t e r i a l s u s e d
f o r H H
o p t
a r e a p p l i e d f o r t h e s e p r o t o t y p e s a s w e l l . T h e
m a t e r i a l s a r e m e n t i o n e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n .
A d e n s i t y o f 0 . 0 4 p e o p l e / m i s c h o s e n f o r s i m u l a t i o n s , w h i c h e q u a l s t w o p e o p l e p e r u n i t o f
e i g h t p e o p l e i n t o t a l . T h i s n u m b e r s o u n d s r e a l i s t i c f o r a 5 0 m u n i t c o n s i d e r i n g T u r k i s h
s o c i a l - c u l t u r a l c o n d i t i o n s . T o a c h i e v e m o r e r e a l i s t i c r e s u l t s , s i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n w i t h f u l l y
o c c u p i e d b u i l d i n g s . T h i s n u m b e r i n f l u e n c e s t h e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n d u e t o o c c u p a n c y .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e e n e r g y d e m a n d f o r d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r a l s o d e p e n d s o n t h e n u m b e r o f
o c c u p a n t s . T h e d e l i v e r y t e m p e r a t u r e s e t p o i n t o f D H W i s 7 0 C .
5 . 5 . 3 G l a s s C u r t a i n W a l l a n d i t s E f f e c t s
G l a s s c u r t a i n s a r e a l s o k n o w n a s g l a s s t e r r a c e e n c l o s u r e s o r a s g l a s s b a l c o n y e n c l o s u r e s .
T h e y h a v e b e e n u s e d f o r a f e w y e a r s i n T u r k e y . D u e t o t h e i r p l e a s i n g a e s t h e t i c s , t h e y h a v e
b e e n e m b r a c e d v e r y q u i c k l y b y t h e b u i l d i n g s e c t o r a s i n m a n y o t h e r M e d i t e r r a n e a n
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e P r o t o t y p e
D i m e n s i o n s m
2

t o t a l f l o o r a r e a 1 1 4 . 7
c o n d i t i o n e d a r e a 9 9 . 7
c o n d i t i o n e d v o l u m e 2 7 9 . 1 6
r o o f a r e a 9 9 . 7
w i n d o w a r e a E / S / W / N 1 . 5 / 1 6 . 8 / 1 . 5 / 3 . 6
E n v e l o p e U : W / m
2
K
W i n d o w ( S H G C 0 . 4 4 ) 1 . 3 1
e x t e r n a l w a l l 0 . 3 9
i n t e r n a l f l o o r 1 . 1 1
r o o f 0 . 4 3
T a b l e 9 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e B B H


89
two parts and used as additional sleeping rooms. Sleeping rooms and wet rooms, which
require less illumination, are placed at the northern side of the house. Depending on the
combination of the alternatives, each unit has at least on sleeping room and one bathroom.
Circulation elements are placed outside as well as inside the dwelling.
5.5.2 Characteristics of the Prototypes
The prototypes are not significantly loaded with
new technologies, which have so far not reached the
stage of maturity or are extremely expensive. The
concept is to use existing materials in the region with
existing or new concepts. Otherwise, the investment
costs would manifold compared with standard
construction methods.
The difference between the two prototypes is the
south faade. The terrace by BBH is constructed of
light materials like wooden. The winter garden by
BBH
w
has rather a robust construction required by the
glass curtain wall.
Moreover, the choice of construction materials is
based on previous simulation results. Materials used
for HH
opt
are applied for these prototypes as well. The
materials are mentioned in the previous section.
A density of 0.04 people/m is chosen for simulations, which equals two people per unit of
eight people in total. This number sounds realistic for a 50 m unit considering Turkish
social-cultural conditions. To achieve more realistic results, simulations are run with fully
occupied buildings. This number influences the energy consumption due to occupancy.
Furthermore, the energy demand for domestic hot water also depends on the number of
occupants. The delivery temperature set point of DHW is 70 C.
5.5.3 Glass Curtain Wall and its Effects
Glass curtains are also known as glass terrace enclosures or as glass balcony enclosures.
They have been used for a few years in Turkey. Due to their pleasing aesthetics, they have
been embraced very quickly by the building sector as in many other Mediterranean
Characteristics of the Prototype
Dimensions m
2

total floor area 114.7
conditioned area 99.7
conditioned volume 279.16
roof area 99.7
window area E/S/W/N 1.5/16.8/1.5/3.6
Envelope U: W/m
2
K
Window (SHGC 0.44) 1.31
external wall 0.39
internal floor 1.11
roof 0.43
Table 9 Characteristics of the BBH


89
two parts and used as additional sleeping rooms. Sleeping rooms and wet rooms, which
require less illumination, are placed at the northern side of the house. Depending on the
combination of the alternatives, each unit has at least on sleeping room and one bathroom.
Circulation elements are placed outside as well as inside the dwelling.
5.5.2 Characteristics of the Prototypes
The prototypes are not significantly loaded with
new technologies, which have so far not reached the
stage of maturity or are extremely expensive. The
concept is to use existing materials in the region with
existing or new concepts. Otherwise, the investment
costs would manifold compared with standard
construction methods.
The difference between the two prototypes is the
south faade. The terrace by BBH is constructed of
light materials like wooden. The winter garden by
BBH
w
has rather a robust construction required by the
glass curtain wall.
Moreover, the choice of construction materials is
based on previous simulation results. Materials used
for HH
opt
are applied for these prototypes as well. The
materials are mentioned in the previous section.
A density of 0.04 people/m is chosen for simulations, which equals two people per unit of
eight people in total. This number sounds realistic for a 50 m unit considering Turkish
social-cultural conditions. To achieve more realistic results, simulations are run with fully
occupied buildings. This number influences the energy consumption due to occupancy.
Furthermore, the energy demand for domestic hot water also depends on the number of
occupants. The delivery temperature set point of DHW is 70 C.
5.5.3 Glass Curtain Wall and its Effects
Glass curtains are also known as glass terrace enclosures or as glass balcony enclosures.
They have been used for a few years in Turkey. Due to their pleasing aesthetics, they have
been embraced very quickly by the building sector as in many other Mediterranean
Characteristics of the Prototype
Dimensions m
2

total floor area 114.7
conditioned area 99.7
conditioned volume 279.16
roof area 99.7
window area E/S/W/N 1.5/16.8/1.5/3.6
Envelope U: W/m
2
K
Window (SHGC 0.44) 1.31
external wall 0.39
internal floor 1.11
roof 0.43
Table 9 Characteristics of the BBH


90
countries
137
. Therefore, their compatibility to the dwellings in Bodrum is researched in this
work.
They have some obvious benefits, which do not need to be simulated. First of all, they are
easy to install. Therefore, they are not only applicable for planned houses but also for existing
buildings. The only requirement is a structure to which the upper aluminium profile can be
attached. The advantage of this system is its adaptability to the building. It is unobtrusive if
the glare factor is not considered. Moreover, its appearance is nearly unrecognizable due to
the thin horizontal frames solely on the top and bottom of the glass pane. They are referred to
as frameless due to this specification. In addition to its function as temperature buffer zone, it
allows the terrace or balcony to be utilized nearly the whole year. It expands the living area
and reduces exterior noise. Based on the form and size of the winter garden and the
specification of the glass, -20 db noise reduction can be achieved in indoor environment
138
.
All these benefits increase the indoor comfort conditions.
Nevertheless, simulations run by DesignBuilder show that they may have also negative
effects. Manz asserts that, the air gap temperature between the two glass panes can reach
temperatures as high as 80 C by for double skin facades and hence the interior thermal
comfort decreases because of the thermal radiation caused by the glazing
139
. Simulations
prove that the terrace with glass curtain acts like a double skin faade. The indoor temperature
in this area increases to above 60 C in the summer period. Therefore, the panels should not
be kept open in order to avoid thermal radiation.

Figure 22 Illustration of the Natural Illumination Conditions of the Winter Garden
As can be seen in figure 23, a wooden panel structure with a tilt angle of 30 as terrace
ceiling provides full shading during summer period. Shading simulations show that, two cm
thick plates with 20 cm width allow also sun exposure of the adjacent wall. Nevertheless, a
glass structure between the wooden panels should be installed by the prototype with winter
garden. This type of ceiling element should be preferred in terms of better natural
illumination.


90
countries
137
. Therefore, their compatibility to the dwellings in Bodrum is researched in this
work.
They have some obvious benefits, which do not need to be simulated. First of all, they are
easy to install. Therefore, they are not only applicable for planned houses but also for existing
buildings. The only requirement is a structure to which the upper aluminium profile can be
attached. The advantage of this system is its adaptability to the building. It is unobtrusive if
the glare factor is not considered. Moreover, its appearance is nearly unrecognizable due to
the thin horizontal frames solely on the top and bottom of the glass pane. They are referred to
as frameless due to this specification. In addition to its function as temperature buffer zone, it
allows the terrace or balcony to be utilized nearly the whole year. It expands the living area
and reduces exterior noise. Based on the form and size of the winter garden and the
specification of the glass, -20 db noise reduction can be achieved in indoor environment
138
.
All these benefits increase the indoor comfort conditions.
Nevertheless, simulations run by DesignBuilder show that they may have also negative
effects. Manz asserts that, the air gap temperature between the two glass panes can reach
temperatures as high as 80 C by for double skin facades and hence the interior thermal
comfort decreases because of the thermal radiation caused by the glazing
139
. Simulations
prove that the terrace with glass curtain acts like a double skin faade. The indoor temperature
in this area increases to above 60 C in the summer period. Therefore, the panels should not
be kept open in order to avoid thermal radiation.

Figure 22 Illustration of the Natural Illumination Conditions of the Winter Garden
As can be seen in figure 23, a wooden panel structure with a tilt angle of 30 as terrace
ceiling provides full shading during summer period. Shading simulations show that, two cm
thick plates with 20 cm width allow also sun exposure of the adjacent wall. Nevertheless, a
glass structure between the wooden panels should be installed by the prototype with winter
garden. This type of ceiling element should be preferred in terms of better natural
illumination.


9 0
c o u n t r i e s
1 3 7
. T h e r e f o r e , t h e i r c o m p a t i b i l i t y t o t h e d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m i s r e s e a r c h e d i n t h i s
w o r k .
T h e y h a v e s o m e o b v i o u s b e n e f i t s , w h i c h d o n o t n e e d t o b e s i m u l a t e d . F i r s t o f a l l , t h e y a r e
e a s y t o i n s t a l l . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y a r e n o t o n l y a p p l i c a b l e f o r p l a n n e d h o u s e s b u t a l s o f o r e x i s t i n g
b u i l d i n g s . T h e o n l y r e q u i r e m e n t i s a s t r u c t u r e t o w h i c h t h e u p p e r a l u m i n i u m p r o f i l e c a n b e
a t t a c h e d . T h e a d v a n t a g e o f t h i s s y s t e m i s i t s a d a p t a b i l i t y t o t h e b u i l d i n g . I t i s u n o b t r u s i v e i f
t h e g l a r e f a c t o r i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d . M o r e o v e r , i t s a p p e a r a n c e i s n e a r l y u n r e c o g n i z a b l e d u e t o
t h e t h i n h o r i z o n t a l f r a m e s s o l e l y o n t h e t o p a n d b o t t o m o f t h e g l a s s p a n e . T h e y a r e r e f e r r e d t o
a s f r a m e l e s s d u e t o t h i s s p e c i f i c a t i o n . I n a d d i t i o n t o i t s f u n c t i o n a s t e m p e r a t u r e b u f f e r z o n e , i t
a l l o w s t h e t e r r a c e o r b a l c o n y t o b e u t i l i z e d n e a r l y t h e w h o l e y e a r . I t e x p a n d s t h e l i v i n g a r e a
a n d r e d u c e s e x t e r i o r n o i s e . B a s e d o n t h e f o r m a n d s i z e o f t h e w i n t e r g a r d e n a n d t h e
s p e c i f i c a t i o n o f t h e g l a s s , - 2 0 d b n o i s e r e d u c t i o n c a n b e a c h i e v e d i n i n d o o r e n v i r o n m e n t
1 3 8
.
A l l t h e s e b e n e f i t s i n c r e a s e t h e i n d o o r c o m f o r t c o n d i t i o n s .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , s i m u l a t i o n s r u n b y D e s i g n B u i l d e r s h o w t h a t t h e y m a y h a v e a l s o n e g a t i v e
e f f e c t s . M a n z a s s e r t s t h a t , t h e a i r g a p t e m p e r a t u r e b e t w e e n t h e t w o g l a s s p a n e s c a n r e a c h
t e m p e r a t u r e s a s h i g h a s 8 0 C b y f o r d o u b l e s k i n f a c a d e s a n d h e n c e t h e i n t e r i o r t h e r m a l
c o m f o r t d e c r e a s e s b e c a u s e o f t h e t h e r m a l r a d i a t i o n c a u s e d b y t h e g l a z i n g
1 3 9
. S i m u l a t i o n s
p r o v e t h a t t h e t e r r a c e w i t h g l a s s c u r t a i n a c t s l i k e a d o u b l e s k i n f a a d e . T h e i n d o o r t e m p e r a t u r e
i n t h i s a r e a i n c r e a s e s t o a b o v e 6 0 C i n t h e s u m m e r p e r i o d . T h e r e f o r e , t h e p a n e l s s h o u l d n o t
b e k e p t o p e n i n o r d e r t o a v o i d t h e r m a l r a d i a t i o n .

F i g u r e 2 2 I l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e N a t u r a l I l l u m i n a t i o n C o n d i t i o n s o f t h e W i n t e r G a r d e n
A s c a n b e s e e n i n f i g u r e 2 3 , a w o o d e n p a n e l s t r u c t u r e w i t h a t i l t a n g l e o f 3 0 a s t e r r a c e
c e i l i n g p r o v i d e s f u l l s h a d i n g d u r i n g s u m m e r p e r i o d . S h a d i n g s i m u l a t i o n s s h o w t h a t , t w o c m
t h i c k p l a t e s w i t h 2 0 c m w i d t h a l l o w a l s o s u n e x p o s u r e o f t h e a d j a c e n t w a l l . N e v e r t h e l e s s , a
g l a s s s t r u c t u r e b e t w e e n t h e w o o d e n p a n e l s s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d b y t h e p r o t o t y p e w i t h w i n t e r
g a r d e n . T h i s t y p e o f c e i l i n g e l e m e n t s h o u l d b e p r e f e r r e d i n t e r m s o f b e t t e r n a t u r a l
i l l u m i n a t i o n .


9 0
c o u n t r i e s
1 3 7
. T h e r e f o r e , t h e i r c o m p a t i b i l i t y t o t h e d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m i s r e s e a r c h e d i n t h i s
w o r k .
T h e y h a v e s o m e o b v i o u s b e n e f i t s , w h i c h d o n o t n e e d t o b e s i m u l a t e d . F i r s t o f a l l , t h e y a r e
e a s y t o i n s t a l l . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y a r e n o t o n l y a p p l i c a b l e f o r p l a n n e d h o u s e s b u t a l s o f o r e x i s t i n g
b u i l d i n g s . T h e o n l y r e q u i r e m e n t i s a s t r u c t u r e t o w h i c h t h e u p p e r a l u m i n i u m p r o f i l e c a n b e
a t t a c h e d . T h e a d v a n t a g e o f t h i s s y s t e m i s i t s a d a p t a b i l i t y t o t h e b u i l d i n g . I t i s u n o b t r u s i v e i f
t h e g l a r e f a c t o r i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d . M o r e o v e r , i t s a p p e a r a n c e i s n e a r l y u n r e c o g n i z a b l e d u e t o
t h e t h i n h o r i z o n t a l f r a m e s s o l e l y o n t h e t o p a n d b o t t o m o f t h e g l a s s p a n e . T h e y a r e r e f e r r e d t o
a s f r a m e l e s s d u e t o t h i s s p e c i f i c a t i o n . I n a d d i t i o n t o i t s f u n c t i o n a s t e m p e r a t u r e b u f f e r z o n e , i t
a l l o w s t h e t e r r a c e o r b a l c o n y t o b e u t i l i z e d n e a r l y t h e w h o l e y e a r . I t e x p a n d s t h e l i v i n g a r e a
a n d r e d u c e s e x t e r i o r n o i s e . B a s e d o n t h e f o r m a n d s i z e o f t h e w i n t e r g a r d e n a n d t h e
s p e c i f i c a t i o n o f t h e g l a s s , - 2 0 d b n o i s e r e d u c t i o n c a n b e a c h i e v e d i n i n d o o r e n v i r o n m e n t
1 3 8
.
A l l t h e s e b e n e f i t s i n c r e a s e t h e i n d o o r c o m f o r t c o n d i t i o n s .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , s i m u l a t i o n s r u n b y D e s i g n B u i l d e r s h o w t h a t t h e y m a y h a v e a l s o n e g a t i v e
e f f e c t s . M a n z a s s e r t s t h a t , t h e a i r g a p t e m p e r a t u r e b e t w e e n t h e t w o g l a s s p a n e s c a n r e a c h
t e m p e r a t u r e s a s h i g h a s 8 0 C b y f o r d o u b l e s k i n f a c a d e s a n d h e n c e t h e i n t e r i o r t h e r m a l
c o m f o r t d e c r e a s e s b e c a u s e o f t h e t h e r m a l r a d i a t i o n c a u s e d b y t h e g l a z i n g
1 3 9
. S i m u l a t i o n s
p r o v e t h a t t h e t e r r a c e w i t h g l a s s c u r t a i n a c t s l i k e a d o u b l e s k i n f a a d e . T h e i n d o o r t e m p e r a t u r e
i n t h i s a r e a i n c r e a s e s t o a b o v e 6 0 C i n t h e s u m m e r p e r i o d . T h e r e f o r e , t h e p a n e l s s h o u l d n o t
b e k e p t o p e n i n o r d e r t o a v o i d t h e r m a l r a d i a t i o n .

F i g u r e 2 2 I l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e N a t u r a l I l l u m i n a t i o n C o n d i t i o n s o f t h e W i n t e r G a r d e n
A s c a n b e s e e n i n f i g u r e 2 3 , a w o o d e n p a n e l s t r u c t u r e w i t h a t i l t a n g l e o f 3 0 a s t e r r a c e
c e i l i n g p r o v i d e s f u l l s h a d i n g d u r i n g s u m m e r p e r i o d . S h a d i n g s i m u l a t i o n s s h o w t h a t , t w o c m
t h i c k p l a t e s w i t h 2 0 c m w i d t h a l l o w a l s o s u n e x p o s u r e o f t h e a d j a c e n t w a l l . N e v e r t h e l e s s , a
g l a s s s t r u c t u r e b e t w e e n t h e w o o d e n p a n e l s s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d b y t h e p r o t o t y p e w i t h w i n t e r
g a r d e n . T h i s t y p e o f c e i l i n g e l e m e n t s h o u l d b e p r e f e r r e d i n t e r m s o f b e t t e r n a t u r a l
i l l u m i n a t i o n .


9 1
A c c o r d i n g t o T r e b e r s p u r g ( s o u r c e 1 3 1 ) , t h e w i d t h t o l e n g t h r a t i o o f t h e w i n t e r g a r d e n
s h o u l d b e 1 / 3 , w h i c h p r e s e n t s a b a l a n c e b e t w e e n e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y a n d c o m f o r t c o n d i t i o n s . I n
t h e c a s e o f t h e B B H
w
, i f w e c o n s i d e r o n e h a l f o f t h e w h o l e a t t a c h e d h o u s e a s t h e l e n g t h o f o n e
u n i t , t h e w i d t h t o l e n g t h r a t i o w i l l b e 2 / 7 . T h i s r a t i o i s o p t i m i z e d f o r b o t h w i n t e r a n d s u m m e r
c o n d i t i o n s i n B o d r u m . T h i s s y s t e m i s s i m u l a t e d b a s e d o n t h e p r o t o t y p e w i t h w i n t e r g a r d e n ,
c a l l e d B B H
w
. T h i s w i n t e r g a r d e n f e a t u r e s r e m o v a b l e w i n d o w s . T h e s o u t h e r n f a a d e o f t h i s
w i n t e r g a r d e n i s c o v e r e d w i t h s i n g l e g l a z e d w i n d o w s . W h i t e c o l o u r e d a l u m i n i u m f r a m e s a n d
t e n m m t e m p e r e d g l a s s m a n u f a c t u r e d a c c o r d i n g t o D I N 1 2 4 9 i s u s e d w i t h i n t h e s i m u l a t i o n s .
T r e b e r s p u r g ( s o u r c e 1 3 1 ) s t a t e s a l s o , t h a t d o u b l e g l a z e d w i n d o w s a r e r e q u i r e d t o e n h a n c e
e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y . T h e r e f o r e , i t i s a c c e p t a b l e t o f o c u s s o l e l y o n w i n t e r c o n d i t i o n s . O n t h e
o t h e r h a n d , w i n t e r c o n d i t i o n s i n B o d r u m a r e m i l d a n d c o n d e n s a t i o n p r o b l e m s , w h i c h m a y
o c c u r r a r e l y , c a n b e s o l v e d w i t h e f f e c t i v e v e n t i l a t i o n . N e v e r t h e l e s s , d o u b l e g l a z e d w i n d o w s
w i l l b e r e l a t i v e l y h e a v y t o m o v e , i f w e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e y s h o u l d b e m o v e d i n s u m m e r .
A s a c o n c l u s i o n , g l a s s c u r t a i n w a l l s c a n b e a d o p t e d b y d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m . M o r e o v e r ,
t h e y s h o u l d b e r e m o v a b l e .
5 . 6 C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s
T h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s o f t h e B B H a r e e v a l u a t e d i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e H H .
T h e y a r e c o m p a r a b l e d u e t o t h e s i m i l a r i t y o f t h e i r f o r m a n d d i m e n s i o n s . T h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e
o p t i m i z e d v e r s i o n o f t h e H H a l r e a d y s h o w s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s f o r t h e p o s s i b l e m e a s u r e s .
D u r i n g t h e n e x t s t e p , t h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e B B H a r e f u r t h e r a n a l y z e d a n d m o d i f i e d i n o r d e r t o
i d e n t i f y a c h i e v a b l e l i m i t s f o r e a c h c r i t e r i a . T h e p o s s i b l e i m p r o v e m e n t s b e t w e e n t h e o p t i m i z e d
v e r s i o n o f t h e H H ( H H
o p t
) a n d B B H v e r s i o n s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t .
T h e s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l o f i m p r o v e m e n t c a n b e f o l l o w e d i n t a b l e 1 0 . A r e d u c t i o n i n C O
2

e m i s s i o n o f u p t o 6 4 p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n c a n b e a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h o p t i m i z a t i o n . T h e e n e r g y
c o n s u m p t i o n o f t h e H H p r o d u c e s 3 4 . 2 t o n s C O
2
u n d e r a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s . T h e p r o t o t y p e
i m p r o v e d f o r s u m m e r c o n d i t i o n s w i l l p r o d u c e 1 2 . 5 t o n s C O
2
, i f i t i s o c c u p i e d t h e w h o l e y e a r .
T h e e m i s s i o n i s v e r y l o w b e t w e e n J u n e a n d S e p t e m b e r a s w e l l . M o r e o v e r , t h e C O
2
e m i s s i o n
o f t h e p r o t o t y p e , w h i c h i s d e s i g n e d f o r o c c u p a n c y d u r i n g t h e w h o l e y e a r , i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y
l o w e r t h a n t h e v a l u e o f t h e p r o t o t y p e d e s i g n e d f o r s u m m e r o c c u p a n c y o n l y . A r e d u c t i o n o f
m o r e t h a n 1 . 6 t o n e s o f C O
2
e m i s s i o n c a n b e a s c r i b e d t o t h e i n s t a l l e d w i n t e r g a r d e n . T h e
w i n t e r g a r d e n f u n c t i o n s a s a t h e r m a l b u f f e r z o n e . I t i n c r e a s e s t h e i n d o o r a i r t e m p e r a t u r e a n d
c o n s e q u e n t l y , r e d u c e s t h e h e a t i n g d e m a n d . H e r e b y , C O
2
p r o d u c t i o n i s r e d u c e d a s w e l l .


9 1
A c c o r d i n g t o T r e b e r s p u r g ( s o u r c e 1 3 1 ) , t h e w i d t h t o l e n g t h r a t i o o f t h e w i n t e r g a r d e n
s h o u l d b e 1 / 3 , w h i c h p r e s e n t s a b a l a n c e b e t w e e n e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y a n d c o m f o r t c o n d i t i o n s . I n
t h e c a s e o f t h e B B H
w
, i f w e c o n s i d e r o n e h a l f o f t h e w h o l e a t t a c h e d h o u s e a s t h e l e n g t h o f o n e
u n i t , t h e w i d t h t o l e n g t h r a t i o w i l l b e 2 / 7 . T h i s r a t i o i s o p t i m i z e d f o r b o t h w i n t e r a n d s u m m e r
c o n d i t i o n s i n B o d r u m . T h i s s y s t e m i s s i m u l a t e d b a s e d o n t h e p r o t o t y p e w i t h w i n t e r g a r d e n ,
c a l l e d B B H
w
. T h i s w i n t e r g a r d e n f e a t u r e s r e m o v a b l e w i n d o w s . T h e s o u t h e r n f a a d e o f t h i s
w i n t e r g a r d e n i s c o v e r e d w i t h s i n g l e g l a z e d w i n d o w s . W h i t e c o l o u r e d a l u m i n i u m f r a m e s a n d
t e n m m t e m p e r e d g l a s s m a n u f a c t u r e d a c c o r d i n g t o D I N 1 2 4 9 i s u s e d w i t h i n t h e s i m u l a t i o n s .
T r e b e r s p u r g ( s o u r c e 1 3 1 ) s t a t e s a l s o , t h a t d o u b l e g l a z e d w i n d o w s a r e r e q u i r e d t o e n h a n c e
e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y . T h e r e f o r e , i t i s a c c e p t a b l e t o f o c u s s o l e l y o n w i n t e r c o n d i t i o n s . O n t h e
o t h e r h a n d , w i n t e r c o n d i t i o n s i n B o d r u m a r e m i l d a n d c o n d e n s a t i o n p r o b l e m s , w h i c h m a y
o c c u r r a r e l y , c a n b e s o l v e d w i t h e f f e c t i v e v e n t i l a t i o n . N e v e r t h e l e s s , d o u b l e g l a z e d w i n d o w s
w i l l b e r e l a t i v e l y h e a v y t o m o v e , i f w e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e y s h o u l d b e m o v e d i n s u m m e r .
A s a c o n c l u s i o n , g l a s s c u r t a i n w a l l s c a n b e a d o p t e d b y d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m . M o r e o v e r ,
t h e y s h o u l d b e r e m o v a b l e .
5 . 6 C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s
T h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s o f t h e B B H a r e e v a l u a t e d i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e H H .
T h e y a r e c o m p a r a b l e d u e t o t h e s i m i l a r i t y o f t h e i r f o r m a n d d i m e n s i o n s . T h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e
o p t i m i z e d v e r s i o n o f t h e H H a l r e a d y s h o w s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s f o r t h e p o s s i b l e m e a s u r e s .
D u r i n g t h e n e x t s t e p , t h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e B B H a r e f u r t h e r a n a l y z e d a n d m o d i f i e d i n o r d e r t o
i d e n t i f y a c h i e v a b l e l i m i t s f o r e a c h c r i t e r i a . T h e p o s s i b l e i m p r o v e m e n t s b e t w e e n t h e o p t i m i z e d
v e r s i o n o f t h e H H ( H H
o p t
) a n d B B H v e r s i o n s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t .
T h e s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l o f i m p r o v e m e n t c a n b e f o l l o w e d i n t a b l e 1 0 . A r e d u c t i o n i n C O
2

e m i s s i o n o f u p t o 6 4 p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n c a n b e a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h o p t i m i z a t i o n . T h e e n e r g y
c o n s u m p t i o n o f t h e H H p r o d u c e s 3 4 . 2 t o n s C O
2
u n d e r a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s . T h e p r o t o t y p e
i m p r o v e d f o r s u m m e r c o n d i t i o n s w i l l p r o d u c e 1 2 . 5 t o n s C O
2
, i f i t i s o c c u p i e d t h e w h o l e y e a r .
T h e e m i s s i o n i s v e r y l o w b e t w e e n J u n e a n d S e p t e m b e r a s w e l l . M o r e o v e r , t h e C O
2
e m i s s i o n
o f t h e p r o t o t y p e , w h i c h i s d e s i g n e d f o r o c c u p a n c y d u r i n g t h e w h o l e y e a r , i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y
l o w e r t h a n t h e v a l u e o f t h e p r o t o t y p e d e s i g n e d f o r s u m m e r o c c u p a n c y o n l y . A r e d u c t i o n o f
m o r e t h a n 1 . 6 t o n e s o f C O
2
e m i s s i o n c a n b e a s c r i b e d t o t h e i n s t a l l e d w i n t e r g a r d e n . T h e
w i n t e r g a r d e n f u n c t i o n s a s a t h e r m a l b u f f e r z o n e . I t i n c r e a s e s t h e i n d o o r a i r t e m p e r a t u r e a n d
c o n s e q u e n t l y , r e d u c e s t h e h e a t i n g d e m a n d . H e r e b y , C O
2
p r o d u c t i o n i s r e d u c e d a s w e l l .


91
According to Treberspurg (source 131), the width to length ratio of the winter garden
should be 1/3, which presents a balance between energy efficiency and comfort conditions. In
the case of the BBH
w
, if we consider one half of the whole attached house as the length of one
unit, the width to length ratio will be 2/7. This ratio is optimized for both winter and summer
conditions in Bodrum. This system is simulated based on the prototype with winter garden,
called BBH
w
. This winter garden features removable windows. The southern faade of this
winter garden is covered with single glazed windows. White coloured aluminium frames and
ten mm tempered glass manufactured according to DIN 1249 is used within the simulations.
Treberspurg (source 131) states also, that double glazed windows are required to enhance
energy efficiency. Therefore, it is acceptable to focus solely on winter conditions. On the
other hand, winter conditions in Bodrum are mild and condensation problems, which may
occur rarely, can be solved with effective ventilation. Nevertheless, double glazed windows
will be relatively heavy to move, if we consider that they should be moved in summer.
As a conclusion, glass curtain walls can be adopted by dwellings in Bodrum. Moreover,
they should be removable.
5.6 Comparison of the Simulation Results
The simulation results of the BBH are evaluated in comparison with the results of the HH.
They are comparable due to the similarity of their form and dimensions. The results for the
optimized version of the HH already show significant differences for the possible measures.
During the next step, the results for the BBH are further analyzed and modified in order to
identify achievable limits for each criteria. The possible improvements between the optimized
version of the HH (HH
opt
) and BBH versions are significant.
The significant level of improvement can be followed in table 10. A reduction in CO
2

emission of up to 64 per cent reduction can be achieved through optimization. The energy
consumption of the HH produces 34.2 tons CO
2
under actual conditions. The prototype
improved for summer conditions will produce 12.5 tons CO
2
, if it is occupied the whole year.
The emission is very low between June and September as well. Moreover, the CO
2
emission
of the prototype, which is designed for occupancy during the whole year, is significantly
lower than the value of the prototype designed for summer occupancy only. A reduction of
more than 1.6 tones of CO
2
emission can be ascribed to the installed winter garden. The
winter garden functions as a thermal buffer zone. It increases the indoor air temperature and
consequently, reduces the heating demand. Hereby, CO
2
production is reduced as well.


91
According to Treberspurg (source 131), the width to length ratio of the winter garden
should be 1/3, which presents a balance between energy efficiency and comfort conditions. In
the case of the BBH
w
, if we consider one half of the whole attached house as the length of one
unit, the width to length ratio will be 2/7. This ratio is optimized for both winter and summer
conditions in Bodrum. This system is simulated based on the prototype with winter garden,
called BBH
w
. This winter garden features removable windows. The southern faade of this
winter garden is covered with single glazed windows. White coloured aluminium frames and
ten mm tempered glass manufactured according to DIN 1249 is used within the simulations.
Treberspurg (source 131) states also, that double glazed windows are required to enhance
energy efficiency. Therefore, it is acceptable to focus solely on winter conditions. On the
other hand, winter conditions in Bodrum are mild and condensation problems, which may
occur rarely, can be solved with effective ventilation. Nevertheless, double glazed windows
will be relatively heavy to move, if we consider that they should be moved in summer.
As a conclusion, glass curtain walls can be adopted by dwellings in Bodrum. Moreover,
they should be removable.
5.6 Comparison of the Simulation Results
The simulation results of the BBH are evaluated in comparison with the results of the HH.
They are comparable due to the similarity of their form and dimensions. The results for the
optimized version of the HH already show significant differences for the possible measures.
During the next step, the results for the BBH are further analyzed and modified in order to
identify achievable limits for each criteria. The possible improvements between the optimized
version of the HH (HH
opt
) and BBH versions are significant.
The significant level of improvement can be followed in table 10. A reduction in CO
2

emission of up to 64 per cent reduction can be achieved through optimization. The energy
consumption of the HH produces 34.2 tons CO
2
under actual conditions. The prototype
improved for summer conditions will produce 12.5 tons CO
2
, if it is occupied the whole year.
The emission is very low between June and September as well. Moreover, the CO
2
emission
of the prototype, which is designed for occupancy during the whole year, is significantly
lower than the value of the prototype designed for summer occupancy only. A reduction of
more than 1.6 tones of CO
2
emission can be ascribed to the installed winter garden. The
winter garden functions as a thermal buffer zone. It increases the indoor air temperature and
consequently, reduces the heating demand. Hereby, CO
2
production is reduced as well.


92
Nevertheless, the CO
2
emission values are below optimum due to the usage of electrical
systems for heating and cooling. An exchange with renewable systems could decrease the
CO
2
production down to zero values.

Cooling Energy
Demand
Heating Energy
Demand
Total Energy Demand
Heat.
Load
Cool.
Load
Operative Temp. C CO2
MWh/a kWh/m
2
a MWh/a kWh/m
2
a MWh/a kWh/m
2
a kW kW
max.
summer
min.
winter
kg/a
BBH 4.44 22.35 7.85 39.51 16.5 82.88 7.85 16.98 27.5 19.07 12,557
BBH w / / 6.37 32.07 13.39 67.35 7.78 / / 19.97 10,891
HH opt 4.77 24 10.8 54.3 22.68 90 7.83 20.86 27.8 18.3 14,867
HH act 8.4 42.72 23.25 118.18 41.6 165 16.94 42.31 35.4 17.4 34,241
Table 10 Comparison of Energy Values of the BBH and HH
CO
2
emission is caused mainly by the heating and cooling requirement. In the case of
Bodrum, these requirements should be evaluated separately. The occupation periods of
dwellings in Bodrum make an evaluation for the entire year difficult. Unfortunately no
database on occupancy periods of dwellings in Bodrum exists. As mentioned before, two
prototypes have been developed to make up for this lack of reliable data. The solution for
occupancy during the entire year appears most suitable due to observable tendencies in the
behaviour of the occupants. If the dwelling were just occupied for a couple weeks during
summer period, owners would not invest for measurements for winter period. Nevertheless,
this does not lead to the conclusion, that the prototypes are not efficient during the other
period, which they are not optimized for. Both prototypes allow usage during the entire year.
Nevertheless, during the optimisation process, the focus is placed on selected periods.
It is obvious that the cooling demand of a dwelling is more relevant in the case of
occupancy solely during the summer period. The demand can be almost cut in half through
optimisation with values of the HH
act
. The BBH has a yearly cooling energy demand of 4.44
MWh. This is even below the value of the HH
opt
and half of the one of the HH
act
.
The situation for the winter period is naturally vice versa. If we compare both prototypes,
the one with winter garden (BBH
w
) will show significantly better performance during winter
period. The BBH
w
has 1.48 MWh less heating energy demand than the BBH. Derived from
table 10, the BBH
w
has almost three times lower heating energy demand when compared with
the HH
act
.


92
Nevertheless, the CO
2
emission values are below optimum due to the usage of electrical
systems for heating and cooling. An exchange with renewable systems could decrease the
CO
2
production down to zero values.

Cooling Energy
Demand
Heating Energy
Demand
Total Energy Demand
Heat.
Load
Cool.
Load
Operative Temp. C CO2
MWh/a kWh/m
2
a MWh/a kWh/m
2
a MWh/a kWh/m
2
a kW kW
max.
summer
min.
winter
kg/a
BBH 4.44 22.35 7.85 39.51 16.5 82.88 7.85 16.98 27.5 19.07 12,557
BBH w / / 6.37 32.07 13.39 67.35 7.78 / / 19.97 10,891
HH opt 4.77 24 10.8 54.3 22.68 90 7.83 20.86 27.8 18.3 14,867
HH act 8.4 42.72 23.25 118.18 41.6 165 16.94 42.31 35.4 17.4 34,241
Table 10 Comparison of Energy Values of the BBH and HH
CO
2
emission is caused mainly by the heating and cooling requirement. In the case of
Bodrum, these requirements should be evaluated separately. The occupation periods of
dwellings in Bodrum make an evaluation for the entire year difficult. Unfortunately no
database on occupancy periods of dwellings in Bodrum exists. As mentioned before, two
prototypes have been developed to make up for this lack of reliable data. The solution for
occupancy during the entire year appears most suitable due to observable tendencies in the
behaviour of the occupants. If the dwelling were just occupied for a couple weeks during
summer period, owners would not invest for measurements for winter period. Nevertheless,
this does not lead to the conclusion, that the prototypes are not efficient during the other
period, which they are not optimized for. Both prototypes allow usage during the entire year.
Nevertheless, during the optimisation process, the focus is placed on selected periods.
It is obvious that the cooling demand of a dwelling is more relevant in the case of
occupancy solely during the summer period. The demand can be almost cut in half through
optimisation with values of the HH
act
. The BBH has a yearly cooling energy demand of 4.44
MWh. This is even below the value of the HH
opt
and half of the one of the HH
act
.
The situation for the winter period is naturally vice versa. If we compare both prototypes,
the one with winter garden (BBH
w
) will show significantly better performance during winter
period. The BBH
w
has 1.48 MWh less heating energy demand than the BBH. Derived from
table 10, the BBH
w
has almost three times lower heating energy demand when compared with
the HH
act
.


9 2
N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e C O
2
e m i s s i o n v a l u e s a r e b e l o w o p t i m u m d u e t o t h e u s a g e o f e l e c t r i c a l
s y s t e m s f o r h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g . A n e x c h a n g e w i t h r e n e w a b l e s y s t e m s c o u l d d e c r e a s e t h e
C O
2
p r o d u c t i o n d o w n t o z e r o v a l u e s .

C o o l i n g E n e r g y
D e m a n d
H e a t i n g E n e r g y
D e m a n d
T o t a l E n e r g y D e m a n d
H e a t .
L o a d
C o o l .
L o a d
O p e r a t i v e T e m p . C C O 2
M W h / a k W h / m
2
a M W h / a k W h / m
2
a M W h / a k W h / m
2
a k W k W
m a x .
s u m m e r
m i n .
w i n t e r
k g / a
B B H 4 . 4 4 2 2 . 3 5 7 . 8 5 3 9 . 5 1 1 6 . 5 8 2 . 8 8 7 . 8 5 1 6 . 9 8 2 7 . 5 1 9 . 0 7 1 2 , 5 5 7
B B H w / / 6 . 3 7 3 2 . 0 7 1 3 . 3 9 6 7 . 3 5 7 . 7 8 / / 1 9 . 9 7 1 0 , 8 9 1
H H o p t 4 . 7 7 2 4 1 0 . 8 5 4 . 3 2 2 . 6 8 9 0 7 . 8 3 2 0 . 8 6 2 7 . 8 1 8 . 3 1 4 , 8 6 7
H H a c t 8 . 4 4 2 . 7 2 2 3 . 2 5 1 1 8 . 1 8 4 1 . 6 1 6 5 1 6 . 9 4 4 2 . 3 1 3 5 . 4 1 7 . 4 3 4 , 2 4 1
T a b l e 1 0 C o m p a r i s o n o f E n e r g y V a l u e s o f t h e B B H a n d H H
C O
2
e m i s s i o n i s c a u s e d m a i n l y b y t h e h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g r e q u i r e m e n t . I n t h e c a s e o f
B o d r u m , t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s s h o u l d b e e v a l u a t e d s e p a r a t e l y . T h e o c c u p a t i o n p e r i o d s o f
d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m m a k e a n e v a l u a t i o n f o r t h e e n t i r e y e a r d i f f i c u l t . U n f o r t u n a t e l y n o
d a t a b a s e o n o c c u p a n c y p e r i o d s o f d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m e x i s t s . A s m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e , t w o
p r o t o t y p e s h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p e d t o m a k e u p f o r t h i s l a c k o f r e l i a b l e d a t a . T h e s o l u t i o n f o r
o c c u p a n c y d u r i n g t h e e n t i r e y e a r a p p e a r s m o s t s u i t a b l e d u e t o o b s e r v a b l e t e n d e n c i e s i n t h e
b e h a v i o u r o f t h e o c c u p a n t s . I f t h e d w e l l i n g w e r e j u s t o c c u p i e d f o r a c o u p l e w e e k s d u r i n g
s u m m e r p e r i o d , o w n e r s w o u l d n o t i n v e s t f o r m e a s u r e m e n t s f o r w i n t e r p e r i o d . N e v e r t h e l e s s ,
t h i s d o e s n o t l e a d t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n , t h a t t h e p r o t o t y p e s a r e n o t e f f i c i e n t d u r i n g t h e o t h e r
p e r i o d , w h i c h t h e y a r e n o t o p t i m i z e d f o r . B o t h p r o t o t y p e s a l l o w u s a g e d u r i n g t h e e n t i r e y e a r .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , d u r i n g t h e o p t i m i s a t i o n p r o c e s s , t h e f o c u s i s p l a c e d o n s e l e c t e d p e r i o d s .
I t i s o b v i o u s t h a t t h e c o o l i n g d e m a n d o f a d w e l l i n g i s m o r e r e l e v a n t i n t h e c a s e o f
o c c u p a n c y s o l e l y d u r i n g t h e s u m m e r p e r i o d . T h e d e m a n d c a n b e a l m o s t c u t i n h a l f t h r o u g h
o p t i m i s a t i o n w i t h v a l u e s o f t h e H H
a c t
. T h e B B H h a s a y e a r l y c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d o f 4 . 4 4
M W h . T h i s i s e v e n b e l o w t h e v a l u e o f t h e H H
o p t
a n d h a l f o f t h e o n e o f t h e H H
a c t
.
T h e s i t u a t i o n f o r t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d i s n a t u r a l l y v i c e v e r s a . I f w e c o m p a r e b o t h p r o t o t y p e s ,
t h e o n e w i t h w i n t e r g a r d e n ( B B H
w
) w i l l s h o w s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r p e r f o r m a n c e d u r i n g w i n t e r
p e r i o d . T h e B B H
w
h a s 1 . 4 8 M W h l e s s h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d t h a n t h e B B H . D e r i v e d f r o m
t a b l e 1 0 , t h e B B H
w
h a s a l m o s t t h r e e t i m e s l o w e r h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d w h e n c o m p a r e d w i t h
t h e H H
a c t
.


9 2
N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e C O
2
e m i s s i o n v a l u e s a r e b e l o w o p t i m u m d u e t o t h e u s a g e o f e l e c t r i c a l
s y s t e m s f o r h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g . A n e x c h a n g e w i t h r e n e w a b l e s y s t e m s c o u l d d e c r e a s e t h e
C O
2
p r o d u c t i o n d o w n t o z e r o v a l u e s .

C o o l i n g E n e r g y
D e m a n d
H e a t i n g E n e r g y
D e m a n d
T o t a l E n e r g y D e m a n d
H e a t .
L o a d
C o o l .
L o a d
O p e r a t i v e T e m p . C C O 2
M W h / a k W h / m
2
a M W h / a k W h / m
2
a M W h / a k W h / m
2
a k W k W
m a x .
s u m m e r
m i n .
w i n t e r
k g / a
B B H 4 . 4 4 2 2 . 3 5 7 . 8 5 3 9 . 5 1 1 6 . 5 8 2 . 8 8 7 . 8 5 1 6 . 9 8 2 7 . 5 1 9 . 0 7 1 2 , 5 5 7
B B H w / / 6 . 3 7 3 2 . 0 7 1 3 . 3 9 6 7 . 3 5 7 . 7 8 / / 1 9 . 9 7 1 0 , 8 9 1
H H o p t 4 . 7 7 2 4 1 0 . 8 5 4 . 3 2 2 . 6 8 9 0 7 . 8 3 2 0 . 8 6 2 7 . 8 1 8 . 3 1 4 , 8 6 7
H H a c t 8 . 4 4 2 . 7 2 2 3 . 2 5 1 1 8 . 1 8 4 1 . 6 1 6 5 1 6 . 9 4 4 2 . 3 1 3 5 . 4 1 7 . 4 3 4 , 2 4 1
T a b l e 1 0 C o m p a r i s o n o f E n e r g y V a l u e s o f t h e B B H a n d H H
C O
2
e m i s s i o n i s c a u s e d m a i n l y b y t h e h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g r e q u i r e m e n t . I n t h e c a s e o f
B o d r u m , t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s s h o u l d b e e v a l u a t e d s e p a r a t e l y . T h e o c c u p a t i o n p e r i o d s o f
d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m m a k e a n e v a l u a t i o n f o r t h e e n t i r e y e a r d i f f i c u l t . U n f o r t u n a t e l y n o
d a t a b a s e o n o c c u p a n c y p e r i o d s o f d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m e x i s t s . A s m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e , t w o
p r o t o t y p e s h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p e d t o m a k e u p f o r t h i s l a c k o f r e l i a b l e d a t a . T h e s o l u t i o n f o r
o c c u p a n c y d u r i n g t h e e n t i r e y e a r a p p e a r s m o s t s u i t a b l e d u e t o o b s e r v a b l e t e n d e n c i e s i n t h e
b e h a v i o u r o f t h e o c c u p a n t s . I f t h e d w e l l i n g w e r e j u s t o c c u p i e d f o r a c o u p l e w e e k s d u r i n g
s u m m e r p e r i o d , o w n e r s w o u l d n o t i n v e s t f o r m e a s u r e m e n t s f o r w i n t e r p e r i o d . N e v e r t h e l e s s ,
t h i s d o e s n o t l e a d t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n , t h a t t h e p r o t o t y p e s a r e n o t e f f i c i e n t d u r i n g t h e o t h e r
p e r i o d , w h i c h t h e y a r e n o t o p t i m i z e d f o r . B o t h p r o t o t y p e s a l l o w u s a g e d u r i n g t h e e n t i r e y e a r .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , d u r i n g t h e o p t i m i s a t i o n p r o c e s s , t h e f o c u s i s p l a c e d o n s e l e c t e d p e r i o d s .
I t i s o b v i o u s t h a t t h e c o o l i n g d e m a n d o f a d w e l l i n g i s m o r e r e l e v a n t i n t h e c a s e o f
o c c u p a n c y s o l e l y d u r i n g t h e s u m m e r p e r i o d . T h e d e m a n d c a n b e a l m o s t c u t i n h a l f t h r o u g h
o p t i m i s a t i o n w i t h v a l u e s o f t h e H H
a c t
. T h e B B H h a s a y e a r l y c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d o f 4 . 4 4
M W h . T h i s i s e v e n b e l o w t h e v a l u e o f t h e H H
o p t
a n d h a l f o f t h e o n e o f t h e H H
a c t
.
T h e s i t u a t i o n f o r t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d i s n a t u r a l l y v i c e v e r s a . I f w e c o m p a r e b o t h p r o t o t y p e s ,
t h e o n e w i t h w i n t e r g a r d e n ( B B H
w
) w i l l s h o w s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r p e r f o r m a n c e d u r i n g w i n t e r
p e r i o d . T h e B B H
w
h a s 1 . 4 8 M W h l e s s h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d t h a n t h e B B H . D e r i v e d f r o m
t a b l e 1 0 , t h e B B H
w
h a s a l m o s t t h r e e t i m e s l o w e r h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d w h e n c o m p a r e d w i t h
t h e H H
a c t
.


9 3
I n r e g a r d t o t h e t o t a l e n e r g y d e m a n d d e r i v e d f r o m t a b l e 1 0 , t h e B B H
w
r a t e s 6 0 p e r c e n t l e s s
t h a n t h e H H
a c t
. T h e B B H
w
n e e d s a n n u a l l y 3 . 1 1 M W h l e s s e n e r g y c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e B B H .
T h e s e a r e s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n s e s p e c i a l l y f o r s i z i n g r e n e w a b l e s y s t e m s .
5 . 7 B e s t C a s e S i m u l a t i o n s
C o m m e r c i a l c o m p o n e n t s a r e
f a v o u r e d b y t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e
p r o t o t y p e h o u s e . C o m p o n e n t s , w h i c h
a r e m o r e e x p e n s i v e o r l e a d t o
s i g n i f i c a n t b e n e f i t s a c c o r d i n g t o
p r e v i o u s s i m u l a t i o n s , a r e n o t
c o n s i d e r e d .
T h e m a i n d i f f e r e n c e c a n b e r e a l i s e d
t h r o u g h a n o p t i m i s e d b u i l d i n g
e n v e l o p e . B u i l d i n g e l e m e n t s w i t h
i m p r o v e d U - V a l u e s c o n t r i b u t e
s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o e n h a n c e d e n e r g y s a v i n g
l e v e l s . A d d i t i o n a l i n s u l a t i o n o f t w o c m
m o r e i n s u l a t i o n i s a p p l i e d t o e x t e r n a l
w a l l s a n d t h e r o o f o f t h e B C . P r e v i o u s
s i m u l a t i o n s p r o v e t h a t , a d d i n g m o r e
t h a n t w o c m t o t h e o p t i m a l t h i c k n e s s o f
i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l h a s m i n i m a l i n f l u e n c e o n t o t a l e n e r g y r e d u c t i o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e b r i c k s
a r e r e p l a c e d w i t h a e r a t e d c o n c r e t e b l o c k s , w h i c h h a v e a b e t t e r t h e r m a l p e r f o r m a n c e . M o r e
s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e c a n b e r e a l i z e d t h r o u g h a d o p t e d g l a z i n g . I n s t e a d o f a i r f i l l e d d o u b l e -
g l a z i n g w i n d o w , a r g o n f i l l e d t r i p l e g l a z i n g w i n d o w s w i t h L o w - E c o a t i n g a r e u s e d a n d l e a d t o
t h e b e s t r e s u l t s . T h e S H G C v a l u e i s s i m i l a r f o r b o t h f o r m s o f g l a z i n g . T h e l i g h t t r a n s m i s s i o n
o f t h e b e s t - c a s e g l a z i n g i s 6 6 p e r c e n t , w h i c h i s o n l y t w o p e r c e n t l o w e r t h a n t h e d o u b l e -
g l a z i n g b y t h e B B H . T h e s e m e a s u r e s c a n r e d u c e t h e h e a t t r a n s m i s s i o n t h r o u g h b u i l d i n g
e n v e l o p e b y a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 0 p e r c e n t .
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s B B H B e s t C a s e
D i m e n s i o n s m
2

t o t a l f l o o r a r e a 1 1 4 . 7 x 2 1 1 4 . 7 x 3
c o n d i t i o n e d a r e a 9 9 . 7 x 2 9 9 . 7 x 2
c o n d i t i o n e d v o l u m e 2 7 9 . 1 6 2 7 9 . 1 6
r o o f a r e a 9 9 . 7 9 9 . 7
W i n d o w a r e a E / S / W / N 1 . 5 / 1 6 . 8 / 1 . 5 / 3 . 6 1 . 5 / 1 6 . 8 / 1 . 5 / 3 . 6
E n v e l o p e U : W / m
2
K
w i n d o w U g 1 . 3 1 0 . 7 8
S H G C 0 . 4 5 0 . 4 7
e x t e r n a l w a l l U w 0 . 3 9 0 . 2 0
r o o f U r 0 . 4 3 0 . 3 3
A i r t h i g h t n e s s a c / h
a i r l a c k a g e 0 . 8 0 . 6
T a b l e 1 1 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e B B H a n d B C


9 3
I n r e g a r d t o t h e t o t a l e n e r g y d e m a n d d e r i v e d f r o m t a b l e 1 0 , t h e B B H
w
r a t e s 6 0 p e r c e n t l e s s
t h a n t h e H H
a c t
. T h e B B H
w
n e e d s a n n u a l l y 3 . 1 1 M W h l e s s e n e r g y c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e B B H .
T h e s e a r e s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n s e s p e c i a l l y f o r s i z i n g r e n e w a b l e s y s t e m s .
5 . 7 B e s t C a s e S i m u l a t i o n s
C o m m e r c i a l c o m p o n e n t s a r e
f a v o u r e d b y t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e
p r o t o t y p e h o u s e . C o m p o n e n t s , w h i c h
a r e m o r e e x p e n s i v e o r l e a d t o
s i g n i f i c a n t b e n e f i t s a c c o r d i n g t o
p r e v i o u s s i m u l a t i o n s , a r e n o t
c o n s i d e r e d .
T h e m a i n d i f f e r e n c e c a n b e r e a l i s e d
t h r o u g h a n o p t i m i s e d b u i l d i n g
e n v e l o p e . B u i l d i n g e l e m e n t s w i t h
i m p r o v e d U - V a l u e s c o n t r i b u t e
s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o e n h a n c e d e n e r g y s a v i n g
l e v e l s . A d d i t i o n a l i n s u l a t i o n o f t w o c m
m o r e i n s u l a t i o n i s a p p l i e d t o e x t e r n a l
w a l l s a n d t h e r o o f o f t h e B C . P r e v i o u s
s i m u l a t i o n s p r o v e t h a t , a d d i n g m o r e
t h a n t w o c m t o t h e o p t i m a l t h i c k n e s s o f
i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l h a s m i n i m a l i n f l u e n c e o n t o t a l e n e r g y r e d u c t i o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e b r i c k s
a r e r e p l a c e d w i t h a e r a t e d c o n c r e t e b l o c k s , w h i c h h a v e a b e t t e r t h e r m a l p e r f o r m a n c e . M o r e
s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e c a n b e r e a l i z e d t h r o u g h a d o p t e d g l a z i n g . I n s t e a d o f a i r f i l l e d d o u b l e -
g l a z i n g w i n d o w , a r g o n f i l l e d t r i p l e g l a z i n g w i n d o w s w i t h L o w - E c o a t i n g a r e u s e d a n d l e a d t o
t h e b e s t r e s u l t s . T h e S H G C v a l u e i s s i m i l a r f o r b o t h f o r m s o f g l a z i n g . T h e l i g h t t r a n s m i s s i o n
o f t h e b e s t - c a s e g l a z i n g i s 6 6 p e r c e n t , w h i c h i s o n l y t w o p e r c e n t l o w e r t h a n t h e d o u b l e -
g l a z i n g b y t h e B B H . T h e s e m e a s u r e s c a n r e d u c e t h e h e a t t r a n s m i s s i o n t h r o u g h b u i l d i n g
e n v e l o p e b y a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 0 p e r c e n t .
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s B B H B e s t C a s e
D i m e n s i o n s m
2

t o t a l f l o o r a r e a 1 1 4 . 7 x 2 1 1 4 . 7 x 3
c o n d i t i o n e d a r e a 9 9 . 7 x 2 9 9 . 7 x 2
c o n d i t i o n e d v o l u m e 2 7 9 . 1 6 2 7 9 . 1 6
r o o f a r e a 9 9 . 7 9 9 . 7
W i n d o w a r e a E / S / W / N 1 . 5 / 1 6 . 8 / 1 . 5 / 3 . 6 1 . 5 / 1 6 . 8 / 1 . 5 / 3 . 6
E n v e l o p e U : W / m
2
K
w i n d o w U g 1 . 3 1 0 . 7 8
S H G C 0 . 4 5 0 . 4 7
e x t e r n a l w a l l U w 0 . 3 9 0 . 2 0
r o o f U r 0 . 4 3 0 . 3 3
A i r t h i g h t n e s s a c / h
a i r l a c k a g e 0 . 8 0 . 6
T a b l e 1 1 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e B B H a n d B C


93
In regard to the total energy demand derived from table 10, the BBH
w
rates 60 per cent less
than the HH
act
. The BBH
w
needs annually 3.11 MWh less energy compared with the BBH.
These are significant reductions especially for sizing renewable systems.
5.7 Best Case Simulations
Commercial components are
favoured by the development of the
prototype house. Components, which
are more expensive or lead to
significant benefits according to
previous simulations, are not
considered.
The main difference can be realised
through an optimised building
envelope. Building elements with
improved U-Values contribute
significantly to enhanced energy saving
levels. Additional insulation of two cm
more insulation is applied to external
walls and the roof of the BC. Previous
simulations prove that, adding more
than two cm to the optimal thickness of
insulation material has minimal influence on total energy reduction. Furthermore, the bricks
are replaced with aerated concrete blocks, which have a better thermal performance. More
significant change can be realized through adopted glazing. Instead of air filled double-
glazing window, argon filled triple glazing windows with Low-E coating are used and lead to
the best results. The SHGC value is similar for both forms of glazing. The light transmission
of the best-case glazing is 66 per cent, which is only two per cent lower than the double-
glazing by the BBH. These measures can reduce the heat transmission through building
envelope by approximately 50 per cent.
Characteristics BBH Best Case
Dimensions m
2

total floor area 114.7x2 114.7x3
conditioned area 99.7x2 99.7x2
conditioned volume 279.16 279.16
roof area 99.7 99.7
Window area E/S/W/N 1.5/16.8/1.5/3.6 1.5/16.8/1.5/3.6
Envelope U: W/m
2
K
window Ug 1.31 0.78
SHGC 0.45 0.47
external wall Uw 0.39 0.20
roof Ur 0.43 0.33
Air thightness ac/h
air lackage 0.8 0.6
Table 11 Characteristics of the BBH and BC


93
In regard to the total energy demand derived from table 10, the BBH
w
rates 60 per cent less
than the HH
act
. The BBH
w
needs annually 3.11 MWh less energy compared with the BBH.
These are significant reductions especially for sizing renewable systems.
5.7 Best Case Simulations
Commercial components are
favoured by the development of the
prototype house. Components, which
are more expensive or lead to
significant benefits according to
previous simulations, are not
considered.
The main difference can be realised
through an optimised building
envelope. Building elements with
improved U-Values contribute
significantly to enhanced energy saving
levels. Additional insulation of two cm
more insulation is applied to external
walls and the roof of the BC. Previous
simulations prove that, adding more
than two cm to the optimal thickness of
insulation material has minimal influence on total energy reduction. Furthermore, the bricks
are replaced with aerated concrete blocks, which have a better thermal performance. More
significant change can be realized through adopted glazing. Instead of air filled double-
glazing window, argon filled triple glazing windows with Low-E coating are used and lead to
the best results. The SHGC value is similar for both forms of glazing. The light transmission
of the best-case glazing is 66 per cent, which is only two per cent lower than the double-
glazing by the BBH. These measures can reduce the heat transmission through building
envelope by approximately 50 per cent.
Characteristics BBH Best Case
Dimensions m
2

total floor area 114.7x2 114.7x3
conditioned area 99.7x2 99.7x2
conditioned volume 279.16 279.16
roof area 99.7 99.7
Window area E/S/W/N 1.5/16.8/1.5/3.6 1.5/16.8/1.5/3.6
Envelope U: W/m
2
K
window Ug 1.31 0.78
SHGC 0.45 0.47
external wall Uw 0.39 0.20
roof Ur 0.43 0.33
Air thightness ac/h
air lackage 0.8 0.6
Table 11 Characteristics of the BBH and BC


94
Furthermore, air tightness is kept at Passivhaus

standards, 0,6 1
-h
. Better air tightness
values contribute to significantly better results in regard to energy consumption. Further
details will be given below.
Additional impacts in regard to reduction of energy consumption can be caused by the
addition of a basement floor. Although there are no regulations against their construction their
construction has been disregarded in Bodrum due to additional costs. In this chapter, housing
types with and without basements will be compared in order to identify possible energy
savings of a basement.
The influence of varying story levels will be analysed as well. Even though only two story
buildings are permitted, simulation will also be run on multi-story houses up to five stories to
evaluate the impact of number of stories on energy consumption.
5.7.1 Evaluation of the Simulation Results
Simulations are evaluated in regard to three main aspects: building envelope, the usage of
basement, and air tightness. These measures are added or improved in order to enhance the
energy performance.
5.7.1.1 Envelope
Using building components with better thermal quality does influence cooling energy
demand in a significant way. All improvements of building envelope and openings of the BC
contribute by 28 per cent to the total advancement compared with the BBH. In other words,
the cooling energy demand can be reduced by above 6 kWh/m per annum. Furthermore, they
contribute significantly to the reduction of heating energy demand as well. The reduction
approximates 55 per cent, which equals 4.31 MWh energy saving per annum. BC performs
better than the BBH
w
as well. The BC with winter garden does not have a better energy
performance neither. In contradiction, it has even a greater energy demand both for cooling
and heating. Therefore, winter garden should be avoided by the BC.


The term passive house (Passivhaus in German) refers to the rigorous, voluntary, Passivhaus standard for energy efficiency in buildings. It results in ultra-low energy
buildings that require little energy for space heating or cooling. With other words, A Passive House ist a building, for which thermal comfort (ISO 7730) can be achived
solely by postheating or postcooling of the fresh air mass, which is required to fullfill sufficient indoor air quality conditions (DIN 1946) - without a need for re-circulated air.
For further informations please the website, www.passiv.de.



94
Furthermore, air tightness is kept at Passivhaus

standards, 0,6 1
-h
. Better air tightness
values contribute to significantly better results in regard to energy consumption. Further
details will be given below.
Additional impacts in regard to reduction of energy consumption can be caused by the
addition of a basement floor. Although there are no regulations against their construction their
construction has been disregarded in Bodrum due to additional costs. In this chapter, housing
types with and without basements will be compared in order to identify possible energy
savings of a basement.
The influence of varying story levels will be analysed as well. Even though only two story
buildings are permitted, simulation will also be run on multi-story houses up to five stories to
evaluate the impact of number of stories on energy consumption.
5.7.1 Evaluation of the Simulation Results
Simulations are evaluated in regard to three main aspects: building envelope, the usage of
basement, and air tightness. These measures are added or improved in order to enhance the
energy performance.
5.7.1.1 Envelope
Using building components with better thermal quality does influence cooling energy
demand in a significant way. All improvements of building envelope and openings of the BC
contribute by 28 per cent to the total advancement compared with the BBH. In other words,
the cooling energy demand can be reduced by above 6 kWh/m per annum. Furthermore, they
contribute significantly to the reduction of heating energy demand as well. The reduction
approximates 55 per cent, which equals 4.31 MWh energy saving per annum. BC performs
better than the BBH
w
as well. The BC with winter garden does not have a better energy
performance neither. In contradiction, it has even a greater energy demand both for cooling
and heating. Therefore, winter garden should be avoided by the BC.


The term passive house (Passivhaus in German) refers to the rigorous, voluntary, Passivhaus standard for energy efficiency in buildings. It results in ultra-low energy
buildings that require little energy for space heating or cooling. With other words, A Passive House ist a building, for which thermal comfort (ISO 7730) can be achived
solely by postheating or postcooling of the fresh air mass, which is required to fullfill sufficient indoor air quality conditions (DIN 1946) - without a need for re-circulated air.
For further informations please the website, www.passiv.de.



9 4
F u r t h e r m o r e , a i r t i g h t n e s s i s k e p t a t P a s s i v h a u s

s t a n d a r d s , 0 , 6 1
- h
. B e t t e r a i r t i g h t n e s s
v a l u e s c o n t r i b u t e t o s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r r e s u l t s i n r e g a r d t o e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n . F u r t h e r
d e t a i l s w i l l b e g i v e n b e l o w .
A d d i t i o n a l i m p a c t s i n r e g a r d t o r e d u c t i o n o f e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n c a n b e c a u s e d b y t h e
a d d i t i o n o f a b a s e m e n t f l o o r . A l t h o u g h t h e r e a r e n o r e g u l a t i o n s a g a i n s t t h e i r c o n s t r u c t i o n t h e i r
c o n s t r u c t i o n h a s b e e n d i s r e g a r d e d i n B o d r u m d u e t o a d d i t i o n a l c o s t s . I n t h i s c h a p t e r , h o u s i n g
t y p e s w i t h a n d w i t h o u t b a s e m e n t s w i l l b e c o m p a r e d i n o r d e r t o i d e n t i f y p o s s i b l e e n e r g y
s a v i n g s o f a b a s e m e n t .
T h e i n f l u e n c e o f v a r y i n g s t o r y l e v e l s w i l l b e a n a l y s e d a s w e l l . E v e n t h o u g h o n l y t w o s t o r y
b u i l d i n g s a r e p e r m i t t e d , s i m u l a t i o n w i l l a l s o b e r u n o n m u l t i - s t o r y h o u s e s u p t o f i v e s t o r i e s t o
e v a l u a t e t h e i m p a c t o f n u m b e r o f s t o r i e s o n e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n .
5 . 7 . 1 E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s
S i m u l a t i o n s a r e e v a l u a t e d i n r e g a r d t o t h r e e m a i n a s p e c t s : b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e , t h e u s a g e o f
b a s e m e n t , a n d a i r t i g h t n e s s . T h e s e m e a s u r e s a r e a d d e d o r i m p r o v e d i n o r d e r t o e n h a n c e t h e
e n e r g y p e r f o r m a n c e .
5 . 7 . 1 . 1 E n v e l o p e
U s i n g b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s w i t h b e t t e r t h e r m a l q u a l i t y d o e s i n f l u e n c e c o o l i n g e n e r g y
d e m a n d i n a s i g n i f i c a n t w a y . A l l i m p r o v e m e n t s o f b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e a n d o p e n i n g s o f t h e B C
c o n t r i b u t e b y 2 8 p e r c e n t t o t h e t o t a l a d v a n c e m e n t c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e B B H . I n o t h e r w o r d s ,
t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d c a n b e r e d u c e d b y a b o v e 6 k W h / m p e r a n n u m . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e y
c o n t r i b u t e s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o t h e r e d u c t i o n o f h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d a s w e l l . T h e r e d u c t i o n
a p p r o x i m a t e s 5 5 p e r c e n t , w h i c h e q u a l s 4 . 3 1 M W h e n e r g y s a v i n g p e r a n n u m . B C p e r f o r m s
b e t t e r t h a n t h e B B H
w
a s w e l l . T h e B C w i t h w i n t e r g a r d e n d o e s n o t h a v e a b e t t e r e n e r g y
p e r f o r m a n c e n e i t h e r . I n c o n t r a d i c t i o n , i t h a s e v e n a g r e a t e r e n e r g y d e m a n d b o t h f o r c o o l i n g
a n d h e a t i n g . T h e r e f o r e , w i n t e r g a r d e n s h o u l d b e a v o i d e d b y t h e B C .


T h e t e r m p a s s i v e h o u s e ( P a s s i v h a u s i n G e r m a n ) r e f e r s t o t h e r i g o r o u s , v o l u n t a r y , P a s s i v h a u s s t a n d a r d f o r e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y i n b u i l d i n g s . I t r e s u l t s i n u l t r a - l o w e n e r g y
b u i l d i n g s t h a t r e q u i r e l i t t l e e n e r g y f o r s p a c e h e a t i n g o r c o o l i n g . W i t h o t h e r w o r d s , A P a s s i v e H o u s e i s t a b u i l d i n g , f o r w h i c h t h e r m a l c o m f o r t ( I S O 7 7 3 0 ) c a n b e a c h i v e d
s o l e l y b y p o s t h e a t i n g o r p o s t c o o l i n g o f t h e f r e s h a i r m a s s , w h i c h i s r e q u i r e d t o f u l l f i l l s u f f i c i e n t i n d o o r a i r q u a l i t y c o n d i t i o n s ( D I N 1 9 4 6 ) - w i t h o u t a n e e d f o r r e - c i r c u l a t e d a i r .
F o r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n s p l e a s e t h e w e b s i t e , w w w . p a s s i v . d e .



9 4
F u r t h e r m o r e , a i r t i g h t n e s s i s k e p t a t P a s s i v h a u s

s t a n d a r d s , 0 , 6 1
- h
. B e t t e r a i r t i g h t n e s s
v a l u e s c o n t r i b u t e t o s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r r e s u l t s i n r e g a r d t o e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n . F u r t h e r
d e t a i l s w i l l b e g i v e n b e l o w .
A d d i t i o n a l i m p a c t s i n r e g a r d t o r e d u c t i o n o f e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n c a n b e c a u s e d b y t h e
a d d i t i o n o f a b a s e m e n t f l o o r . A l t h o u g h t h e r e a r e n o r e g u l a t i o n s a g a i n s t t h e i r c o n s t r u c t i o n t h e i r
c o n s t r u c t i o n h a s b e e n d i s r e g a r d e d i n B o d r u m d u e t o a d d i t i o n a l c o s t s . I n t h i s c h a p t e r , h o u s i n g
t y p e s w i t h a n d w i t h o u t b a s e m e n t s w i l l b e c o m p a r e d i n o r d e r t o i d e n t i f y p o s s i b l e e n e r g y
s a v i n g s o f a b a s e m e n t .
T h e i n f l u e n c e o f v a r y i n g s t o r y l e v e l s w i l l b e a n a l y s e d a s w e l l . E v e n t h o u g h o n l y t w o s t o r y
b u i l d i n g s a r e p e r m i t t e d , s i m u l a t i o n w i l l a l s o b e r u n o n m u l t i - s t o r y h o u s e s u p t o f i v e s t o r i e s t o
e v a l u a t e t h e i m p a c t o f n u m b e r o f s t o r i e s o n e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n .
5 . 7 . 1 E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s
S i m u l a t i o n s a r e e v a l u a t e d i n r e g a r d t o t h r e e m a i n a s p e c t s : b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e , t h e u s a g e o f
b a s e m e n t , a n d a i r t i g h t n e s s . T h e s e m e a s u r e s a r e a d d e d o r i m p r o v e d i n o r d e r t o e n h a n c e t h e
e n e r g y p e r f o r m a n c e .
5 . 7 . 1 . 1 E n v e l o p e
U s i n g b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s w i t h b e t t e r t h e r m a l q u a l i t y d o e s i n f l u e n c e c o o l i n g e n e r g y
d e m a n d i n a s i g n i f i c a n t w a y . A l l i m p r o v e m e n t s o f b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e a n d o p e n i n g s o f t h e B C
c o n t r i b u t e b y 2 8 p e r c e n t t o t h e t o t a l a d v a n c e m e n t c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e B B H . I n o t h e r w o r d s ,
t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d c a n b e r e d u c e d b y a b o v e 6 k W h / m p e r a n n u m . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e y
c o n t r i b u t e s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o t h e r e d u c t i o n o f h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d a s w e l l . T h e r e d u c t i o n
a p p r o x i m a t e s 5 5 p e r c e n t , w h i c h e q u a l s 4 . 3 1 M W h e n e r g y s a v i n g p e r a n n u m . B C p e r f o r m s
b e t t e r t h a n t h e B B H
w
a s w e l l . T h e B C w i t h w i n t e r g a r d e n d o e s n o t h a v e a b e t t e r e n e r g y
p e r f o r m a n c e n e i t h e r . I n c o n t r a d i c t i o n , i t h a s e v e n a g r e a t e r e n e r g y d e m a n d b o t h f o r c o o l i n g
a n d h e a t i n g . T h e r e f o r e , w i n t e r g a r d e n s h o u l d b e a v o i d e d b y t h e B C .


T h e t e r m p a s s i v e h o u s e ( P a s s i v h a u s i n G e r m a n ) r e f e r s t o t h e r i g o r o u s , v o l u n t a r y , P a s s i v h a u s s t a n d a r d f o r e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y i n b u i l d i n g s . I t r e s u l t s i n u l t r a - l o w e n e r g y
b u i l d i n g s t h a t r e q u i r e l i t t l e e n e r g y f o r s p a c e h e a t i n g o r c o o l i n g . W i t h o t h e r w o r d s , A P a s s i v e H o u s e i s t a b u i l d i n g , f o r w h i c h t h e r m a l c o m f o r t ( I S O 7 7 3 0 ) c a n b e a c h i v e d
s o l e l y b y p o s t h e a t i n g o r p o s t c o o l i n g o f t h e f r e s h a i r m a s s , w h i c h i s r e q u i r e d t o f u l l f i l l s u f f i c i e n t i n d o o r a i r q u a l i t y c o n d i t i o n s ( D I N 1 9 4 6 ) - w i t h o u t a n e e d f o r r e - c i r c u l a t e d a i r .
F o r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n s p l e a s e t h e w e b s i t e , w w w . p a s s i v . d e .



9 5
H o u s e B a s e m e n t
W i n t e r
G a r d e n C o o l i n g E n e r g y D e m a n d
H e a t i n g E n e r g y
D e m a n d
H e a t .
L o a d
C o o l .
L o a d C O 2

M W h / a
k W h / m a
M W h / a
k W h / m a
k W k W k g / a
k g / m a
B e s t C a s e 3 . 2 1 1 6 . 1 7 3 . 5 4 1 7 . 2 8 4 . 7 7 1 4 . 6 3 6 , 5 2 0 3 2 . 8 2
B e s t C a s e 3 . 3 7 1 1 . 3 2 3 . 9 0 1 3 . 1 1 4 . 6 1 1 2 . 7 9 6 , 5 9 0 2 2 . 1 1
B e s t C a s e 5 . 0 9 1 8 . 2 0 4 . 7 1 6 . 7 8 6 . 2 5 1 8 . 3 1 8 , 2 2 8 2 9 . 3 8
B e s t C a s e 5 . 8 3 2 3 . 7 4 . 5 1 1 8 . 5 4 6 . 4 3 1 9 . 3 4 8 , 1 7 6 3 3 . 5 7
B B H 4 . 4 4 2 2 . 3 5 7 . 8 5 3 9 . 5 1 7 . 8 5 1 6 . 9 8 1 2 , 5 5 7 6 3 . 2 7
T a b l e 1 2 E n e r g y C o m p a r i s o n T a b l e o f t h e B C a n d B B H
5 . 7 . 1 . 2 B a s e m e n t
H o u s e s i n B o d r u m h a v e r a r e l y b a s e m e n t s a s
m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e . A c c o r d i n g t o p r a c t i c a l
e x p e r i e n c e s , h o u s e s a r e c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h o u t
b a s e m e n t d u e t o h i g h i n v e s t m e n t c o s t s . T h i s o p t i o n
i s o n l y c h o s e n t o b u i l d t h r e e s t o r i e s i n c a s e o f l e v e l
d i f f e r e n c e . T h e y a r e u s e d a s a 3
r d
s t o r y i n s t e a d o f
a n a c t u a l b a s e m e n t . A c c o r d i n g l y , j u s t o n e f a a d e o f
s u c h m o d i f i e d b a s e m e n t s a r e a t t a c h e d t o t h e
g r o u n d . I n t h i s c a s e , t h e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r
t y p i c a l f o r a n u n d e r g r o u n d b a s e m e n t c a n n o t b e
a c h i e v e d . I n t h i s c h a p t e r , b a s e m e n t s , w h i c h a r e
c o m p l e t e l y u n d e r g r o u n d , a r e s i m u l a t e d . T h e r e s u l t s r e p r e s e n t s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s b o t h o n
c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d .
H o u s e B a s e m e n t
C o o l i n g E n e r g y
D e m a n d
H e a t i n g E n e r g y
D e m a n d
H e a t .
L o a d
C o o l .
L o a d C O 2
M W h / a k W h / m a M W h / a k W h / m a k W k W k g / a k g / m a
B B H 4 . 4 4 2 2 . 3 5 7 . 8 5 3 9 . 5 1 7 . 8 5 1 6 . 9 8 1 2 , 5 5 7 6 3 . 2 7
B B H 3 . 5 8 1 5 . 2 4 8 . 2 4 3 5 . 0 3 7 . 7 6 1 5 . 1 9 1 2 , 8 8 8 5 4 . 7 7
B e s t C a s e 3 . 3 7 1 1 . 3 2 3 . 9 0 1 3 . 1 1 4 . 6 1 1 2 . 7 9 6 , 5 9 0 2 2 . 1 1
T a b l e 1 3 E f f e c t s o f B a s e m e n t U s a g e
C o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d c a n b e r e d u c e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y e v e n i n t h e c a s e o f t h e
B B H a s c a n b e t a k e n f r o m t a b l e 1 3 . R e d u c t i o n o f t h e a n n u a l c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d b y a p p .
F i g u r e 2 2 C r o s s S e c t i o n o f t h e B B H
w



9 5
H o u s e B a s e m e n t
W i n t e r
G a r d e n C o o l i n g E n e r g y D e m a n d
H e a t i n g E n e r g y
D e m a n d
H e a t .
L o a d
C o o l .
L o a d C O 2

M W h / a
k W h / m a
M W h / a
k W h / m a
k W k W k g / a
k g / m a
B e s t C a s e 3 . 2 1 1 6 . 1 7 3 . 5 4 1 7 . 2 8 4 . 7 7 1 4 . 6 3 6 , 5 2 0 3 2 . 8 2
B e s t C a s e 3 . 3 7 1 1 . 3 2 3 . 9 0 1 3 . 1 1 4 . 6 1 1 2 . 7 9 6 , 5 9 0 2 2 . 1 1
B e s t C a s e 5 . 0 9 1 8 . 2 0 4 . 7 1 6 . 7 8 6 . 2 5 1 8 . 3 1 8 , 2 2 8 2 9 . 3 8
B e s t C a s e 5 . 8 3 2 3 . 7 4 . 5 1 1 8 . 5 4 6 . 4 3 1 9 . 3 4 8 , 1 7 6 3 3 . 5 7
B B H 4 . 4 4 2 2 . 3 5 7 . 8 5 3 9 . 5 1 7 . 8 5 1 6 . 9 8 1 2 , 5 5 7 6 3 . 2 7
T a b l e 1 2 E n e r g y C o m p a r i s o n T a b l e o f t h e B C a n d B B H
5 . 7 . 1 . 2 B a s e m e n t
H o u s e s i n B o d r u m h a v e r a r e l y b a s e m e n t s a s
m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e . A c c o r d i n g t o p r a c t i c a l
e x p e r i e n c e s , h o u s e s a r e c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h o u t
b a s e m e n t d u e t o h i g h i n v e s t m e n t c o s t s . T h i s o p t i o n
i s o n l y c h o s e n t o b u i l d t h r e e s t o r i e s i n c a s e o f l e v e l
d i f f e r e n c e . T h e y a r e u s e d a s a 3
r d
s t o r y i n s t e a d o f
a n a c t u a l b a s e m e n t . A c c o r d i n g l y , j u s t o n e f a a d e o f
s u c h m o d i f i e d b a s e m e n t s a r e a t t a c h e d t o t h e
g r o u n d . I n t h i s c a s e , t h e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r
t y p i c a l f o r a n u n d e r g r o u n d b a s e m e n t c a n n o t b e
a c h i e v e d . I n t h i s c h a p t e r , b a s e m e n t s , w h i c h a r e
c o m p l e t e l y u n d e r g r o u n d , a r e s i m u l a t e d . T h e r e s u l t s r e p r e s e n t s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s b o t h o n
c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d .
H o u s e B a s e m e n t
C o o l i n g E n e r g y
D e m a n d
H e a t i n g E n e r g y
D e m a n d
H e a t .
L o a d
C o o l .
L o a d C O 2
M W h / a k W h / m a M W h / a k W h / m a k W k W k g / a k g / m a
B B H 4 . 4 4 2 2 . 3 5 7 . 8 5 3 9 . 5 1 7 . 8 5 1 6 . 9 8 1 2 , 5 5 7 6 3 . 2 7
B B H 3 . 5 8 1 5 . 2 4 8 . 2 4 3 5 . 0 3 7 . 7 6 1 5 . 1 9 1 2 , 8 8 8 5 4 . 7 7
B e s t C a s e 3 . 3 7 1 1 . 3 2 3 . 9 0 1 3 . 1 1 4 . 6 1 1 2 . 7 9 6 , 5 9 0 2 2 . 1 1
T a b l e 1 3 E f f e c t s o f B a s e m e n t U s a g e
C o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d c a n b e r e d u c e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y e v e n i n t h e c a s e o f t h e
B B H a s c a n b e t a k e n f r o m t a b l e 1 3 . R e d u c t i o n o f t h e a n n u a l c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d b y a p p .
F i g u r e 2 2 C r o s s S e c t i o n o f t h e B B H
w



95
House Basement
Winter
Garden Cooling Energy Demand
Heating Energy
Demand
Heat.
Load
Cool.
Load CO2

MWh/a
kWh/ma
MWh/a
kWh/ma
kW kW kg/a
kg/ma
Best Case 3.21 16.17 3.54 17.28 4.77 14.63 6,520 32.82
Best Case 3.37 11.32 3.90 13.11 4.61 12.79 6,590 22.11
Best Case 5.09 18.20 4.7 16.78 6.25 18.31 8,228 29.38
Best Case 5.83 23.7 4.51 18.54 6.43 19.34 8,176 33.57
BBH 4.44 22.35 7.85 39.51 7.85 16.98 12,557 63.27
Table 12 Energy Comparison Table of the BC and BBH
5.7.1.2 Basement
Houses in Bodrum have rarely basements as
mentioned before. According to practical
experiences, houses are constructed without
basement due to high investment costs. This option
is only chosen to build three stories in case of level
difference. They are used as a 3
rd
story instead of
an actual basement. Accordingly, just one faade of
such modified basements are attached to the
ground. In this case, the energy efficiency factor
typical for an underground basement cannot be
achieved. In this chapter, basements, which are
completely underground, are simulated. The results represent significant effects both on
cooling and heating energy demand.
House Basement
Cooling Energy
Demand
Heating Energy
Demand
Heat.
Load
Cool.
Load CO2
MWh/a kWh/ma MWh/a kWh/ma kW kW kg/a kg/ma
BBH 4.44 22.35 7.85 39.51 7.85 16.98 12,557 63.27
BBH 3.58 15.24 8.24 35.03 7.76 15.19 12,888 54.77
Best Case 3.37 11.32 3.90 13.11 4.61 12.79 6,590 22.11
Table 13 Effects of Basement Usage
Cooling and heating energy demand can be reduced significantly even in the case of the
BBH as can be taken from table 13. Reduction of the annual cooling energy demand by app.
Figure 22 Cross Section of the BBH
w



95
House Basement
Winter
Garden Cooling Energy Demand
Heating Energy
Demand
Heat.
Load
Cool.
Load CO2

MWh/a
kWh/ma
MWh/a
kWh/ma
kW kW kg/a
kg/ma
Best Case 3.21 16.17 3.54 17.28 4.77 14.63 6,520 32.82
Best Case 3.37 11.32 3.90 13.11 4.61 12.79 6,590 22.11
Best Case 5.09 18.20 4.7 16.78 6.25 18.31 8,228 29.38
Best Case 5.83 23.7 4.51 18.54 6.43 19.34 8,176 33.57
BBH 4.44 22.35 7.85 39.51 7.85 16.98 12,557 63.27
Table 12 Energy Comparison Table of the BC and BBH
5.7.1.2 Basement
Houses in Bodrum have rarely basements as
mentioned before. According to practical
experiences, houses are constructed without
basement due to high investment costs. This option
is only chosen to build three stories in case of level
difference. They are used as a 3
rd
story instead of
an actual basement. Accordingly, just one faade of
such modified basements are attached to the
ground. In this case, the energy efficiency factor
typical for an underground basement cannot be
achieved. In this chapter, basements, which are
completely underground, are simulated. The results represent significant effects both on
cooling and heating energy demand.
House Basement
Cooling Energy
Demand
Heating Energy
Demand
Heat.
Load
Cool.
Load CO2
MWh/a kWh/ma MWh/a kWh/ma kW kW kg/a kg/ma
BBH 4.44 22.35 7.85 39.51 7.85 16.98 12,557 63.27
BBH 3.58 15.24 8.24 35.03 7.76 15.19 12,888 54.77
Best Case 3.37 11.32 3.90 13.11 4.61 12.79 6,590 22.11
Table 13 Effects of Basement Usage
Cooling and heating energy demand can be reduced significantly even in the case of the
BBH as can be taken from table 13. Reduction of the annual cooling energy demand by app.
Figure 22 Cross Section of the BBH
w



96
0.9 MW can be realized by adding a basement to the BBH. In regard to the BC, the heating
energy demand per square meter can be reduced to 30 per cent and the cooling energy
demand to 50 per cent compared with the BBH. The annual reduction of both cooling and
heating energy demand equals about five MW. The major contribution to this reduction, 3.75
MW, is achieved through optimized annual heating energy demand of the BC. Furthermore,
the CO
2
emission of the BC with basement is nearly the half of the one of the BBH. If we
consider that the BBH is already an improved house type for Bodrum is, the contribution of
best-case variations in terms of energy saving factors will be enormous.
5.7.1.3 Air tightness
Air tightness, or in other words providing air lacks, is another important factor
significantly influencing the thermal behaviour of buildings.
The requirements of the buildings air tightness are opposed to the hygienically necessary
minimum air exchange or the fresh air supply. The required air tightness of the building
results from the building design aspects in order to avoid damage. Other reasons are the
demand for energy conservation and the avoidance of an uncomfortable air draft.
Nevertheless, sufficient fresh air supply to the buildings is required due to following reasons:
to exhaust indoor pollutants from the building,
to keep the air humidity within the comfort zone,
to protect the building material from condensation water,
and to keep the CO
2
concentration within the comfort zone.
For example in Germany, all buildings have to be executed according to the valid energy
saving regulation (EnEV) and with respect to the rules of the technique hermetically

. In
regard to this work, energy savings will be anticipated since enhanced air tightness limits the
ventilation heat losses.
The EnEV determines the air tightness according to precisely measurable values. A
maximum ventilation with a pressure difference between building inside and environment of
ACH
50
3 (50 Pa by n50=3
-h
: Air changes per hour at a pressure difference of 50 pascal) is

The Energy Savings Directive: Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV The German Energy Saving Ordinance) has been in force since 2002 and was amended in 2007. The
EnEV envisages a holistic view of the building envelope, systems engineering and the preparation and conversion losses of the fuels used. A further planned amendment of
the EnEV aims to cut energy consumption in buildings by an additional 30 % by 2009. www.efficiency-from-germany.info


96
0.9 MW can be realized by adding a basement to the BBH. In regard to the BC, the heating
energy demand per square meter can be reduced to 30 per cent and the cooling energy
demand to 50 per cent compared with the BBH. The annual reduction of both cooling and
heating energy demand equals about five MW. The major contribution to this reduction, 3.75
MW, is achieved through optimized annual heating energy demand of the BC. Furthermore,
the CO
2
emission of the BC with basement is nearly the half of the one of the BBH. If we
consider that the BBH is already an improved house type for Bodrum is, the contribution of
best-case variations in terms of energy saving factors will be enormous.
5.7.1.3 Air tightness
Air tightness, or in other words providing air lacks, is another important factor
significantly influencing the thermal behaviour of buildings.
The requirements of the buildings air tightness are opposed to the hygienically necessary
minimum air exchange or the fresh air supply. The required air tightness of the building
results from the building design aspects in order to avoid damage. Other reasons are the
demand for energy conservation and the avoidance of an uncomfortable air draft.
Nevertheless, sufficient fresh air supply to the buildings is required due to following reasons:
to exhaust indoor pollutants from the building,
to keep the air humidity within the comfort zone,
to protect the building material from condensation water,
and to keep the CO
2
concentration within the comfort zone.
For example in Germany, all buildings have to be executed according to the valid energy
saving regulation (EnEV) and with respect to the rules of the technique hermetically

. In
regard to this work, energy savings will be anticipated since enhanced air tightness limits the
ventilation heat losses.
The EnEV determines the air tightness according to precisely measurable values. A
maximum ventilation with a pressure difference between building inside and environment of
ACH
50
3 (50 Pa by n50=3
-h
: Air changes per hour at a pressure difference of 50 pascal) is

The Energy Savings Directive: Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV The German Energy Saving Ordinance) has been in force since 2002 and was amended in 2007. The
EnEV envisages a holistic view of the building envelope, systems engineering and the preparation and conversion losses of the fuels used. A further planned amendment of
the EnEV aims to cut energy consumption in buildings by an additional 30 % by 2009. www.efficiency-from-germany.info


9 6
0 . 9 M W c a n b e r e a l i z e d b y a d d i n g a b a s e m e n t t o t h e B B H . I n r e g a r d t o t h e B C , t h e h e a t i n g
e n e r g y d e m a n d p e r s q u a r e m e t e r c a n b e r e d u c e d t o 3 0 p e r c e n t a n d t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y
d e m a n d t o 5 0 p e r c e n t c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e B B H . T h e a n n u a l r e d u c t i o n o f b o t h c o o l i n g a n d
h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d e q u a l s a b o u t f i v e M W . T h e m a j o r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h i s r e d u c t i o n , 3 . 7 5
M W , i s a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h o p t i m i z e d a n n u a l h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d o f t h e B C . F u r t h e r m o r e ,
t h e C O
2
e m i s s i o n o f t h e B C w i t h b a s e m e n t i s n e a r l y t h e h a l f o f t h e o n e o f t h e B B H . I f w e
c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e B B H i s a l r e a d y a n i m p r o v e d h o u s e t y p e f o r B o d r u m i s , t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f
b e s t - c a s e v a r i a t i o n s i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y s a v i n g f a c t o r s w i l l b e e n o r m o u s .
5 . 7 . 1 . 3 A i r t i g h t n e s s
A i r t i g h t n e s s , o r i n o t h e r w o r d s p r o v i d i n g a i r l a c k s , i s a n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r
s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f l u e n c i n g t h e t h e r m a l b e h a v i o u r o f b u i l d i n g s .
T h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e b u i l d i n g s a i r t i g h t n e s s a r e o p p o s e d t o t h e h y g i e n i c a l l y n e c e s s a r y
m i n i m u m a i r e x c h a n g e o r t h e f r e s h a i r s u p p l y . T h e r e q u i r e d a i r t i g h t n e s s o f t h e b u i l d i n g
r e s u l t s f r o m t h e b u i l d i n g d e s i g n a s p e c t s i n o r d e r t o a v o i d d a m a g e . O t h e r r e a s o n s a r e t h e
d e m a n d f o r e n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n a n d t h e a v o i d a n c e o f a n u n c o m f o r t a b l e a i r d r a f t .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , s u f f i c i e n t f r e s h a i r s u p p l y t o t h e b u i l d i n g s i s r e q u i r e d d u e t o f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s :
t o e x h a u s t i n d o o r p o l l u t a n t s f r o m t h e b u i l d i n g ,
t o k e e p t h e a i r h u m i d i t y w i t h i n t h e c o m f o r t z o n e ,
t o p r o t e c t t h e b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l f r o m c o n d e n s a t i o n w a t e r ,
a n d t o k e e p t h e C O
2
c o n c e n t r a t i o n w i t h i n t h e c o m f o r t z o n e .
F o r e x a m p l e i n G e r m a n y , a l l b u i l d i n g s h a v e t o b e e x e c u t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e v a l i d e n e r g y
s a v i n g r e g u l a t i o n ( E n E V ) a n d w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e r u l e s o f t h e t e c h n i q u e h e r m e t i c a l l y

. I n
r e g a r d t o t h i s w o r k , e n e r g y s a v i n g s w i l l b e a n t i c i p a t e d s i n c e e n h a n c e d a i r t i g h t n e s s l i m i t s t h e
v e n t i l a t i o n h e a t l o s s e s .
T h e E n E V d e t e r m i n e s t h e a i r t i g h t n e s s a c c o r d i n g t o p r e c i s e l y m e a s u r a b l e v a l u e s . A
m a x i m u m v e n t i l a t i o n w i t h a p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n b u i l d i n g i n s i d e a n d e n v i r o n m e n t o f
A C H
5 0
3 ( 5 0 P a b y n 5 0 = 3
- h
: A i r c h a n g e s p e r h o u r a t a p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e o f 5 0 p a s c a l ) i s

T h e E n e r g y S a v i n g s D i r e c t i v e : E n e r g i e e i n s p a r v e r o r d n u n g ( E n E V T h e G e r m a n E n e r g y S a v i n g O r d i n a n c e ) h a s b e e n i n f o r c e s i n c e 2 0 0 2 a n d w a s a m e n d e d i n 2 0 0 7 . T h e
E n E V e n v i s a g e s a h o l i s t i c v i e w o f t h e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e , s y s t e m s e n g i n e e r i n g a n d t h e p r e p a r a t i o n a n d c o n v e r s i o n l o s s e s o f t h e f u e l s u s e d . A f u r t h e r p l a n n e d a m e n d m e n t o f
t h e E n E V a i m s t o c u t e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n i n b u i l d i n g s b y a n a d d i t i o n a l 3 0 % b y 2 0 0 9 . w w w . e f f i c i e n c y - f r o m - g e r m a n y . i n f o


9 6
0 . 9 M W c a n b e r e a l i z e d b y a d d i n g a b a s e m e n t t o t h e B B H . I n r e g a r d t o t h e B C , t h e h e a t i n g
e n e r g y d e m a n d p e r s q u a r e m e t e r c a n b e r e d u c e d t o 3 0 p e r c e n t a n d t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y
d e m a n d t o 5 0 p e r c e n t c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e B B H . T h e a n n u a l r e d u c t i o n o f b o t h c o o l i n g a n d
h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d e q u a l s a b o u t f i v e M W . T h e m a j o r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h i s r e d u c t i o n , 3 . 7 5
M W , i s a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h o p t i m i z e d a n n u a l h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d o f t h e B C . F u r t h e r m o r e ,
t h e C O
2
e m i s s i o n o f t h e B C w i t h b a s e m e n t i s n e a r l y t h e h a l f o f t h e o n e o f t h e B B H . I f w e
c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e B B H i s a l r e a d y a n i m p r o v e d h o u s e t y p e f o r B o d r u m i s , t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f
b e s t - c a s e v a r i a t i o n s i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y s a v i n g f a c t o r s w i l l b e e n o r m o u s .
5 . 7 . 1 . 3 A i r t i g h t n e s s
A i r t i g h t n e s s , o r i n o t h e r w o r d s p r o v i d i n g a i r l a c k s , i s a n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r
s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f l u e n c i n g t h e t h e r m a l b e h a v i o u r o f b u i l d i n g s .
T h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e b u i l d i n g s a i r t i g h t n e s s a r e o p p o s e d t o t h e h y g i e n i c a l l y n e c e s s a r y
m i n i m u m a i r e x c h a n g e o r t h e f r e s h a i r s u p p l y . T h e r e q u i r e d a i r t i g h t n e s s o f t h e b u i l d i n g
r e s u l t s f r o m t h e b u i l d i n g d e s i g n a s p e c t s i n o r d e r t o a v o i d d a m a g e . O t h e r r e a s o n s a r e t h e
d e m a n d f o r e n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n a n d t h e a v o i d a n c e o f a n u n c o m f o r t a b l e a i r d r a f t .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , s u f f i c i e n t f r e s h a i r s u p p l y t o t h e b u i l d i n g s i s r e q u i r e d d u e t o f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s :
t o e x h a u s t i n d o o r p o l l u t a n t s f r o m t h e b u i l d i n g ,
t o k e e p t h e a i r h u m i d i t y w i t h i n t h e c o m f o r t z o n e ,
t o p r o t e c t t h e b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l f r o m c o n d e n s a t i o n w a t e r ,
a n d t o k e e p t h e C O
2
c o n c e n t r a t i o n w i t h i n t h e c o m f o r t z o n e .
F o r e x a m p l e i n G e r m a n y , a l l b u i l d i n g s h a v e t o b e e x e c u t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e v a l i d e n e r g y
s a v i n g r e g u l a t i o n ( E n E V ) a n d w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e r u l e s o f t h e t e c h n i q u e h e r m e t i c a l l y

. I n
r e g a r d t o t h i s w o r k , e n e r g y s a v i n g s w i l l b e a n t i c i p a t e d s i n c e e n h a n c e d a i r t i g h t n e s s l i m i t s t h e
v e n t i l a t i o n h e a t l o s s e s .
T h e E n E V d e t e r m i n e s t h e a i r t i g h t n e s s a c c o r d i n g t o p r e c i s e l y m e a s u r a b l e v a l u e s . A
m a x i m u m v e n t i l a t i o n w i t h a p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n b u i l d i n g i n s i d e a n d e n v i r o n m e n t o f
A C H
5 0
3 ( 5 0 P a b y n 5 0 = 3
- h
: A i r c h a n g e s p e r h o u r a t a p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e o f 5 0 p a s c a l ) i s

T h e E n e r g y S a v i n g s D i r e c t i v e : E n e r g i e e i n s p a r v e r o r d n u n g ( E n E V T h e G e r m a n E n e r g y S a v i n g O r d i n a n c e ) h a s b e e n i n f o r c e s i n c e 2 0 0 2 a n d w a s a m e n d e d i n 2 0 0 7 . T h e
E n E V e n v i s a g e s a h o l i s t i c v i e w o f t h e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e , s y s t e m s e n g i n e e r i n g a n d t h e p r e p a r a t i o n a n d c o n v e r s i o n l o s s e s o f t h e f u e l s u s e d . A f u r t h e r p l a n n e d a m e n d m e n t o f
t h e E n E V a i m s t o c u t e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n i n b u i l d i n g s b y a n a d d i t i o n a l 3 0 % b y 2 0 0 9 . w w w . e f f i c i e n c y - f r o m - g e r m a n y . i n f o


9 7
r e q u i r e d t o e x e c u t e B l o w e r D o o r T e s t

. T h i s v a l u e i s 1 . 5
- h
f o r d w e l l i n g s w i t h v e n t i l a t i o n
s y s t e m s a n d 0 . 6
- h
f o r p a s s i v e h o u s e s
1 4 0
. A s c a n b e s e e n f r o m t a b l e 1 5 , A C H
5 0
0 . 6
- h
a n d 1
- h
a r e
u s e d b y t h e s i m u l a t i o n s .
H o u s e B a s e m e n t
A i r
T h i g h t n e s s
C o o l i n g E n e r g y
D e m a n d
H e a t i n g E n e r g y
D e m a n d
H e a t .
L o a d
C o o l .
L o a d C O 2

a c / h M W h / a k W h / m
2
a M W h / a k W h / m
2
a k W k W k g / a k g / m
2
a
B B H 1 3 . 5 8 1 5 . 2 4 8 . 2 4 3 5 . 0 3 7 . 7 6 1 5 . 1 9 1 2 , 8 8 8 5 4 . 7 7
B B H 0 . 6 3 . 1 4 1 4 . 9 4 5 . 8 6 2 4 . 8 5 6 . 2 4 1 4 . 7 6 9 , 4 2 1 4 0 . 0 4
B e s t C a s e 0 , 6 3 . 3 7 1 1 . 3 2 3 . 9 0 1 3 . 1 1 4 . 6 1 1 2 . 7 9 6 , 5 9 0 2 2 . 1 1
T a b l e 1 4 E f f e c t o f A i r T i g h t n e s s
N a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n s h o u l d n o t b e t a k e n f o r g r a n t e d i n b u i l d i n g s w i t h h i g h r a t e s o f a i r
l a c k a g e . H e n c e , a s u i t a b l e a n d a p p l i c a b l e v e n t i l a t i o n c o n c e p t i s r e q u i r e d . F o r e x a m p l e i n
B o d r u m , t h e o c c u p a n t s o f t h e h o u s e s t a k e c a r e o f n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n . T h i s i s n o t r e l i a b l e a n d
c a n n o t b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a f u n c t i o n a l v e n t i l a t i o n c o n c e p t . M o r e o v e r , l o w r a t e s o f a i r t i g h t n e s s
s h o u l d b e a c h i e v e d b e f o r e d e s i g n i n g a v e n t i l a t i o n c o n c e p t .
T h e t a b l e a b o v e s h o w s t h e s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n o f a b e t t e r a i r t i g h t n e s s r a t i o o n e n e r g y
d e m a n d . T h e h e a t i n g d e m a n d p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f t h e B B H d e c r e a s e s b y a p p . 2 9 . 1 p e r c e n t ,
w h i c h r e l a t e s t o 2 . 3 8 M W p e r a n n u m . T h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d
a p p r o x i m a t e s 5 0 0 k W a n n u a l l y . F u r t h e r m o r e , m o r e t h a n t h r e e t o n s o f C O
2
e m i s s i o n c a n b e
s a v e d t h r o u g h a b e t t e r a i r t i g h t n e s s o f t h e h o u s e s i n B o d r u m .
5 . 7 . 1 . 4 H o w t o a c h i e v e l o w r a t e s o f a i r l a c k a g e
A c o n t i n u o u s b a r r i e r i n s i d e t h e i n t e r i o r w a l l a n d c e i l i n g f i n i s h o f t h e e n t i r e b u i l d i n g i s
n e c e s s a r y t o s o l v e t h e a i r t i g h t n e s s i s s u e . A l l b r e a k s s u c h a s j o i n t s b e t w e e n b u i l d i n g
c o m p o n e n t s , e . g . b e t w e e n o p e n i n g s a n d w a l l s , s h o u l d b e s e a l e d . C a u l k i n g f o r s m a l l g a p s a n d
s p r a y - o n f o a m s a r e a p p r o p r i a t e m a t e r i a l s f o r s e a l i n g
1 4 1
. T h e q u a l i t y o f t h e s e a l i n g d e p e n d s
r a t h e r o n t h e c o n s t r u c t o r s s k i l l s t h a n o n t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e m a t e r i a l . T h e r e f o r e , w o r k i n g w i t h
e x p e r i e n c e d s t a f f i n B o d r u m i s r e c o m m e n d e d .

A b l o w e r d o o r i s a d i a g n o s t i c t o o l d e s i g n e d t o m e a s u r e t h e a i r t i g h t n e s s o f b u i l d i n g s a n d t o h e l p l o c a t e a i r l e a k a g e s i t e s . A b l o w e r d o o r c o n s i s t s o f a c a l i b r a t e d f a n f o r
m e a s u r i n g a n a i r f l o w r a t e , a n d a p r e s s u r e - s e n s i n g d e v i c e t o m e a s u r e t h e a i r p r e s s u r e c r e a t e d b y t h e f a n f l o w . T h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f p r e s s u r e a n d f a n - f l o w m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e
u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e b u i l d i n g a i r t i g h t n e s s . T h e a i r t i g h t n e s s o f a b u i l d i n g i s u s e f u l k n o w l e d g e w h e n t r y i n g t o i n c r e a s e e n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n o r d e c r e a s e i n d o o r a i r p o l l u t i o n ,
o r c o n t r o l b u i l d i n g p r e s s u r e s .



9 7
r e q u i r e d t o e x e c u t e B l o w e r D o o r T e s t

. T h i s v a l u e i s 1 . 5
- h
f o r d w e l l i n g s w i t h v e n t i l a t i o n
s y s t e m s a n d 0 . 6
- h
f o r p a s s i v e h o u s e s
1 4 0
. A s c a n b e s e e n f r o m t a b l e 1 5 , A C H
5 0
0 . 6
- h
a n d 1
- h
a r e
u s e d b y t h e s i m u l a t i o n s .
H o u s e B a s e m e n t
A i r
T h i g h t n e s s
C o o l i n g E n e r g y
D e m a n d
H e a t i n g E n e r g y
D e m a n d
H e a t .
L o a d
C o o l .
L o a d C O 2

a c / h M W h / a k W h / m
2
a M W h / a k W h / m
2
a k W k W k g / a k g / m
2
a
B B H 1 3 . 5 8 1 5 . 2 4 8 . 2 4 3 5 . 0 3 7 . 7 6 1 5 . 1 9 1 2 , 8 8 8 5 4 . 7 7
B B H 0 . 6 3 . 1 4 1 4 . 9 4 5 . 8 6 2 4 . 8 5 6 . 2 4 1 4 . 7 6 9 , 4 2 1 4 0 . 0 4
B e s t C a s e 0 , 6 3 . 3 7 1 1 . 3 2 3 . 9 0 1 3 . 1 1 4 . 6 1 1 2 . 7 9 6 , 5 9 0 2 2 . 1 1
T a b l e 1 4 E f f e c t o f A i r T i g h t n e s s
N a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n s h o u l d n o t b e t a k e n f o r g r a n t e d i n b u i l d i n g s w i t h h i g h r a t e s o f a i r
l a c k a g e . H e n c e , a s u i t a b l e a n d a p p l i c a b l e v e n t i l a t i o n c o n c e p t i s r e q u i r e d . F o r e x a m p l e i n
B o d r u m , t h e o c c u p a n t s o f t h e h o u s e s t a k e c a r e o f n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n . T h i s i s n o t r e l i a b l e a n d
c a n n o t b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a f u n c t i o n a l v e n t i l a t i o n c o n c e p t . M o r e o v e r , l o w r a t e s o f a i r t i g h t n e s s
s h o u l d b e a c h i e v e d b e f o r e d e s i g n i n g a v e n t i l a t i o n c o n c e p t .
T h e t a b l e a b o v e s h o w s t h e s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n o f a b e t t e r a i r t i g h t n e s s r a t i o o n e n e r g y
d e m a n d . T h e h e a t i n g d e m a n d p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f t h e B B H d e c r e a s e s b y a p p . 2 9 . 1 p e r c e n t ,
w h i c h r e l a t e s t o 2 . 3 8 M W p e r a n n u m . T h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d
a p p r o x i m a t e s 5 0 0 k W a n n u a l l y . F u r t h e r m o r e , m o r e t h a n t h r e e t o n s o f C O
2
e m i s s i o n c a n b e
s a v e d t h r o u g h a b e t t e r a i r t i g h t n e s s o f t h e h o u s e s i n B o d r u m .
5 . 7 . 1 . 4 H o w t o a c h i e v e l o w r a t e s o f a i r l a c k a g e
A c o n t i n u o u s b a r r i e r i n s i d e t h e i n t e r i o r w a l l a n d c e i l i n g f i n i s h o f t h e e n t i r e b u i l d i n g i s
n e c e s s a r y t o s o l v e t h e a i r t i g h t n e s s i s s u e . A l l b r e a k s s u c h a s j o i n t s b e t w e e n b u i l d i n g
c o m p o n e n t s , e . g . b e t w e e n o p e n i n g s a n d w a l l s , s h o u l d b e s e a l e d . C a u l k i n g f o r s m a l l g a p s a n d
s p r a y - o n f o a m s a r e a p p r o p r i a t e m a t e r i a l s f o r s e a l i n g
1 4 1
. T h e q u a l i t y o f t h e s e a l i n g d e p e n d s
r a t h e r o n t h e c o n s t r u c t o r s s k i l l s t h a n o n t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e m a t e r i a l . T h e r e f o r e , w o r k i n g w i t h
e x p e r i e n c e d s t a f f i n B o d r u m i s r e c o m m e n d e d .

A b l o w e r d o o r i s a d i a g n o s t i c t o o l d e s i g n e d t o m e a s u r e t h e a i r t i g h t n e s s o f b u i l d i n g s a n d t o h e l p l o c a t e a i r l e a k a g e s i t e s . A b l o w e r d o o r c o n s i s t s o f a c a l i b r a t e d f a n f o r
m e a s u r i n g a n a i r f l o w r a t e , a n d a p r e s s u r e - s e n s i n g d e v i c e t o m e a s u r e t h e a i r p r e s s u r e c r e a t e d b y t h e f a n f l o w . T h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f p r e s s u r e a n d f a n - f l o w m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e
u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e b u i l d i n g a i r t i g h t n e s s . T h e a i r t i g h t n e s s o f a b u i l d i n g i s u s e f u l k n o w l e d g e w h e n t r y i n g t o i n c r e a s e e n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n o r d e c r e a s e i n d o o r a i r p o l l u t i o n ,
o r c o n t r o l b u i l d i n g p r e s s u r e s .



97
required to execute Blower Door Test

. This value is 1.5


-h
for dwellings with ventilation
systems and 0.6
-h
for passive houses
140
. As can be seen from table 15, ACH
50
0.6
-h
and 1
-h
are
used by the simulations.
House Basement
Air
Thightness
Cooling Energy
Demand
Heating Energy
Demand
Heat.
Load
Cool.
Load CO2

ac/h MWh/a kWh/m
2
a MWh/a kWh/m
2
a kW kW kg/a kg/m
2
a
BBH 1 3.58 15.24 8.24 35.03 7.76 15.19 12,888 54.77
BBH 0.6 3.14 14.94 5.86 24.85 6.24 14.76 9,421 40.04
Best Case 0,6 3.37 11.32 3.90 13.11 4.61 12.79 6,590 22.11
Table 14 Effect of Air Tightness
Natural ventilation should not be taken for granted in buildings with high rates of air
lackage. Hence, a suitable and applicable ventilation concept is required. For example in
Bodrum, the occupants of the houses take care of natural ventilation. This is not reliable and
cannot be considered as a functional ventilation concept. Moreover, low rates of air tightness
should be achieved before designing a ventilation concept.
The table above shows the significant contribution of a better air tightness ratio on energy
demand. The heating demand per square meter of the BBH decreases by app. 29.1 per cent,
which relates to 2.38 MW per annum. The reduction of the cooling energy demand
approximates 500 kW annually. Furthermore, more than three tons of CO
2
emission can be
saved through a better air tightness of the houses in Bodrum.
5.7.1.4 How to achieve low rates of air lackage
A continuous barrier inside the interior wall and ceiling finish of the entire building is
necessary to solve the air tightness issue. All breaks such as joints between building
components, e.g. between openings and walls, should be sealed. Caulking for small gaps and
spray-on foams are appropriate materials for sealing
141
. The quality of the sealing depends
rather on the constructors skills than on the quality of the material. Therefore, working with
experienced staff in Bodrum is recommended.

A blower door is a diagnostic tool designed to measure the air tightness of buildings and to help locate air leakage sites. A blower door consists of a calibrated fan for
measuring an airflow rate, and a pressure-sensing device to measure the air pressure created by the fan flow. The combination of pressure and fan-flow measurements are
used to determine the building air tightness. The air tightness of a building is useful knowledge when trying to increase energy conservation or decrease indoor air pollution,
or control building pressures.



97
required to execute Blower Door Test

. This value is 1.5


-h
for dwellings with ventilation
systems and 0.6
-h
for passive houses
140
. As can be seen from table 15, ACH
50
0.6
-h
and 1
-h
are
used by the simulations.
House Basement
Air
Thightness
Cooling Energy
Demand
Heating Energy
Demand
Heat.
Load
Cool.
Load CO2

ac/h MWh/a kWh/m
2
a MWh/a kWh/m
2
a kW kW kg/a kg/m
2
a
BBH 1 3.58 15.24 8.24 35.03 7.76 15.19 12,888 54.77
BBH 0.6 3.14 14.94 5.86 24.85 6.24 14.76 9,421 40.04
Best Case 0,6 3.37 11.32 3.90 13.11 4.61 12.79 6,590 22.11
Table 14 Effect of Air Tightness
Natural ventilation should not be taken for granted in buildings with high rates of air
lackage. Hence, a suitable and applicable ventilation concept is required. For example in
Bodrum, the occupants of the houses take care of natural ventilation. This is not reliable and
cannot be considered as a functional ventilation concept. Moreover, low rates of air tightness
should be achieved before designing a ventilation concept.
The table above shows the significant contribution of a better air tightness ratio on energy
demand. The heating demand per square meter of the BBH decreases by app. 29.1 per cent,
which relates to 2.38 MW per annum. The reduction of the cooling energy demand
approximates 500 kW annually. Furthermore, more than three tons of CO
2
emission can be
saved through a better air tightness of the houses in Bodrum.
5.7.1.4 How to achieve low rates of air lackage
A continuous barrier inside the interior wall and ceiling finish of the entire building is
necessary to solve the air tightness issue. All breaks such as joints between building
components, e.g. between openings and walls, should be sealed. Caulking for small gaps and
spray-on foams are appropriate materials for sealing
141
. The quality of the sealing depends
rather on the constructors skills than on the quality of the material. Therefore, working with
experienced staff in Bodrum is recommended.

A blower door is a diagnostic tool designed to measure the air tightness of buildings and to help locate air leakage sites. A blower door consists of a calibrated fan for
measuring an airflow rate, and a pressure-sensing device to measure the air pressure created by the fan flow. The combination of pressure and fan-flow measurements are
used to determine the building air tightness. The air tightness of a building is useful knowledge when trying to increase energy conservation or decrease indoor air pollution,
or control building pressures.



98
5.8 Energetic evaluation of single architectural parameters
In this section, energetic evaluations are performed for existing houses (HH), developed
prototypes (BBH) and the Best-Case (BC) option. Actual conditions of the objects refer to the
situation without any architectural measures. Parameters, which are chosen for comparison,
are thermal insulation of the roof and external walls, glazing as well as shading component on
the roof and windows. According to previous simulations, they contribute most significantly
to the reduction of the energy demand of houses in Bodrum.
The BBH and BC are architecturally optimized compared with the HH. It means that
criteria like orientation, form, WWR, thermal glazing, etc. are optimized based on previous
simulation results. Furthermore, the BC has a better air tightness value than the BBH. The
characteristic differences between compared variants are also given in table 15.
5.8.1 Evaluation for Existing Houses by means of Holiday House
It is possible to halve the heating energy demand of existing houses in Bodrum. Cooling
energy demand can also be reduced by more than 44 per cent. These reductions can increase
in worse cases than the analyzed object.
Thermal insulation of the external walls contributes most significantly in terms of energy
saving. Roof insulation enhances efficiency more than window upgrades. If the building
envelope is completely insulated, the savings will approximate to 40 per cent in terms of
heating and 30 per cent in terms of cooling energy.
The contribution of thermal glazing is not as great as the one of insulation. Combined with
thermal insulation, it leads to additional enhancement of 7-8 per cent by energy savings. The
building envelope should be insulated properly before upgrading the windows. In this case,
heating energy demand can be reduced in total nearly by 50 per cent.
Roof shading elements contribute more than 15 per cent to the reduction of cooling energy
required. Roof shading is more effective in regard to heating energy savings, whereas window
shading with respect to cooling energy. Shading elements, especially roof shading
components, perform better combined with insulation and thermal glazing measures.


98
5.8 Energetic evaluation of single architectural parameters
In this section, energetic evaluations are performed for existing houses (HH), developed
prototypes (BBH) and the Best-Case (BC) option. Actual conditions of the objects refer to the
situation without any architectural measures. Parameters, which are chosen for comparison,
are thermal insulation of the roof and external walls, glazing as well as shading component on
the roof and windows. According to previous simulations, they contribute most significantly
to the reduction of the energy demand of houses in Bodrum.
The BBH and BC are architecturally optimized compared with the HH. It means that
criteria like orientation, form, WWR, thermal glazing, etc. are optimized based on previous
simulation results. Furthermore, the BC has a better air tightness value than the BBH. The
characteristic differences between compared variants are also given in table 15.
5.8.1 Evaluation for Existing Houses by means of Holiday House
It is possible to halve the heating energy demand of existing houses in Bodrum. Cooling
energy demand can also be reduced by more than 44 per cent. These reductions can increase
in worse cases than the analyzed object.
Thermal insulation of the external walls contributes most significantly in terms of energy
saving. Roof insulation enhances efficiency more than window upgrades. If the building
envelope is completely insulated, the savings will approximate to 40 per cent in terms of
heating and 30 per cent in terms of cooling energy.
The contribution of thermal glazing is not as great as the one of insulation. Combined with
thermal insulation, it leads to additional enhancement of 7-8 per cent by energy savings. The
building envelope should be insulated properly before upgrading the windows. In this case,
heating energy demand can be reduced in total nearly by 50 per cent.
Roof shading elements contribute more than 15 per cent to the reduction of cooling energy
required. Roof shading is more effective in regard to heating energy savings, whereas window
shading with respect to cooling energy. Shading elements, especially roof shading
components, perform better combined with insulation and thermal glazing measures.


9 8
5 . 8 E n e r g e t i c e v a l u a t i o n o f s i n g l e a r c h i t e c t u r a l p a r a m e t e r s
I n t h i s s e c t i o n , e n e r g e t i c e v a l u a t i o n s a r e p e r f o r m e d f o r e x i s t i n g h o u s e s ( H H ) , d e v e l o p e d
p r o t o t y p e s ( B B H ) a n d t h e B e s t - C a s e ( B C ) o p t i o n . A c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e o b j e c t s r e f e r t o t h e
s i t u a t i o n w i t h o u t a n y a r c h i t e c t u r a l m e a s u r e s . P a r a m e t e r s , w h i c h a r e c h o s e n f o r c o m p a r i s o n ,
a r e t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n o f t h e r o o f a n d e x t e r n a l w a l l s , g l a z i n g a s w e l l a s s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t o n
t h e r o o f a n d w i n d o w s . A c c o r d i n g t o p r e v i o u s s i m u l a t i o n s , t h e y c o n t r i b u t e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t l y
t o t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e e n e r g y d e m a n d o f h o u s e s i n B o d r u m .
T h e B B H a n d B C a r e a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y o p t i m i z e d c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e H H . I t m e a n s t h a t
c r i t e r i a l i k e o r i e n t a t i o n , f o r m , W W R , t h e r m a l g l a z i n g , e t c . a r e o p t i m i z e d b a s e d o n p r e v i o u s
s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e B C h a s a b e t t e r a i r t i g h t n e s s v a l u e t h a n t h e B B H . T h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n c o m p a r e d v a r i a n t s a r e a l s o g i v e n i n t a b l e 1 5 .
5 . 8 . 1 E v a l u a t i o n f o r E x i s t i n g H o u s e s b y m e a n s o f H o l i d a y H o u s e
I t i s p o s s i b l e t o h a l v e t h e h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d o f e x i s t i n g h o u s e s i n B o d r u m . C o o l i n g
e n e r g y d e m a n d c a n a l s o b e r e d u c e d b y m o r e t h a n 4 4 p e r c e n t . T h e s e r e d u c t i o n s c a n i n c r e a s e
i n w o r s e c a s e s t h a n t h e a n a l y z e d o b j e c t .
T h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n o f t h e e x t e r n a l w a l l s c o n t r i b u t e s m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y
s a v i n g . R o o f i n s u l a t i o n e n h a n c e s e f f i c i e n c y m o r e t h a n w i n d o w u p g r a d e s . I f t h e b u i l d i n g
e n v e l o p e i s c o m p l e t e l y i n s u l a t e d , t h e s a v i n g s w i l l a p p r o x i m a t e t o 4 0 p e r c e n t i n t e r m s o f
h e a t i n g a n d 3 0 p e r c e n t i n t e r m s o f c o o l i n g e n e r g y .
T h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f t h e r m a l g l a z i n g i s n o t a s g r e a t a s t h e o n e o f i n s u l a t i o n . C o m b i n e d w i t h
t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n , i t l e a d s t o a d d i t i o n a l e n h a n c e m e n t o f 7 - 8 p e r c e n t b y e n e r g y s a v i n g s . T h e
b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e s h o u l d b e i n s u l a t e d p r o p e r l y b e f o r e u p g r a d i n g t h e w i n d o w s . I n t h i s c a s e ,
h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d c a n b e r e d u c e d i n t o t a l n e a r l y b y 5 0 p e r c e n t .
R o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s c o n t r i b u t e m o r e t h a n 1 5 p e r c e n t t o t h e r e d u c t i o n o f c o o l i n g e n e r g y
r e q u i r e d . R o o f s h a d i n g i s m o r e e f f e c t i v e i n r e g a r d t o h e a t i n g e n e r g y s a v i n g s , w h e r e a s w i n d o w
s h a d i n g w i t h r e s p e c t t o c o o l i n g e n e r g y . S h a d i n g e l e m e n t s , e s p e c i a l l y r o o f s h a d i n g
c o m p o n e n t s , p e r f o r m b e t t e r c o m b i n e d w i t h i n s u l a t i o n a n d t h e r m a l g l a z i n g m e a s u r e s .


9 8
5 . 8 E n e r g e t i c e v a l u a t i o n o f s i n g l e a r c h i t e c t u r a l p a r a m e t e r s
I n t h i s s e c t i o n , e n e r g e t i c e v a l u a t i o n s a r e p e r f o r m e d f o r e x i s t i n g h o u s e s ( H H ) , d e v e l o p e d
p r o t o t y p e s ( B B H ) a n d t h e B e s t - C a s e ( B C ) o p t i o n . A c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e o b j e c t s r e f e r t o t h e
s i t u a t i o n w i t h o u t a n y a r c h i t e c t u r a l m e a s u r e s . P a r a m e t e r s , w h i c h a r e c h o s e n f o r c o m p a r i s o n ,
a r e t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n o f t h e r o o f a n d e x t e r n a l w a l l s , g l a z i n g a s w e l l a s s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t o n
t h e r o o f a n d w i n d o w s . A c c o r d i n g t o p r e v i o u s s i m u l a t i o n s , t h e y c o n t r i b u t e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t l y
t o t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e e n e r g y d e m a n d o f h o u s e s i n B o d r u m .
T h e B B H a n d B C a r e a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y o p t i m i z e d c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e H H . I t m e a n s t h a t
c r i t e r i a l i k e o r i e n t a t i o n , f o r m , W W R , t h e r m a l g l a z i n g , e t c . a r e o p t i m i z e d b a s e d o n p r e v i o u s
s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e B C h a s a b e t t e r a i r t i g h t n e s s v a l u e t h a n t h e B B H . T h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n c o m p a r e d v a r i a n t s a r e a l s o g i v e n i n t a b l e 1 5 .
5 . 8 . 1 E v a l u a t i o n f o r E x i s t i n g H o u s e s b y m e a n s o f H o l i d a y H o u s e
I t i s p o s s i b l e t o h a l v e t h e h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d o f e x i s t i n g h o u s e s i n B o d r u m . C o o l i n g
e n e r g y d e m a n d c a n a l s o b e r e d u c e d b y m o r e t h a n 4 4 p e r c e n t . T h e s e r e d u c t i o n s c a n i n c r e a s e
i n w o r s e c a s e s t h a n t h e a n a l y z e d o b j e c t .
T h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n o f t h e e x t e r n a l w a l l s c o n t r i b u t e s m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y
s a v i n g . R o o f i n s u l a t i o n e n h a n c e s e f f i c i e n c y m o r e t h a n w i n d o w u p g r a d e s . I f t h e b u i l d i n g
e n v e l o p e i s c o m p l e t e l y i n s u l a t e d , t h e s a v i n g s w i l l a p p r o x i m a t e t o 4 0 p e r c e n t i n t e r m s o f
h e a t i n g a n d 3 0 p e r c e n t i n t e r m s o f c o o l i n g e n e r g y .
T h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f t h e r m a l g l a z i n g i s n o t a s g r e a t a s t h e o n e o f i n s u l a t i o n . C o m b i n e d w i t h
t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n , i t l e a d s t o a d d i t i o n a l e n h a n c e m e n t o f 7 - 8 p e r c e n t b y e n e r g y s a v i n g s . T h e
b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e s h o u l d b e i n s u l a t e d p r o p e r l y b e f o r e u p g r a d i n g t h e w i n d o w s . I n t h i s c a s e ,
h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d c a n b e r e d u c e d i n t o t a l n e a r l y b y 5 0 p e r c e n t .
R o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s c o n t r i b u t e m o r e t h a n 1 5 p e r c e n t t o t h e r e d u c t i o n o f c o o l i n g e n e r g y
r e q u i r e d . R o o f s h a d i n g i s m o r e e f f e c t i v e i n r e g a r d t o h e a t i n g e n e r g y s a v i n g s , w h e r e a s w i n d o w
s h a d i n g w i t h r e s p e c t t o c o o l i n g e n e r g y . S h a d i n g e l e m e n t s , e s p e c i a l l y r o o f s h a d i n g
c o m p o n e n t s , p e r f o r m b e t t e r c o m b i n e d w i t h i n s u l a t i o n a n d t h e r m a l g l a z i n g m e a s u r e s .


9 9
5 . 8 . 2 E v a l u a t i o n f o r E x i s t i n g H o u s e s b y m e a n s o f B o d r u m B a s i c H o u s e
E v e n w i t h o u t a n y p a s s i v e m e a s u r e , t h e B B H h a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r h e a t i n g e n e r g y
d e m a n d t h a n t h e H H . T h i s i s d u e t o o p t i m i z e d a r c h i t e c t u r a l p a r a m e t e r s a s m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e .
T h e f o r m a n d t h e W W R a r e a d j u s t e d a c c o r d i n g t o h i g h t h e r m a l q u a l i t i e s o f t h e h o u s e . I n t h i s
c a s e , a h i g h W W R r a t i o l e a d s t o h i g h e r c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d t h a n t h e H H .
I n s u l a t i o n o f t h e r o o f s o l e l y r e d u c e s t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d s i g n i f i c a n t l y , b u t
s i m u l t a n e o u s l y i n c r e a s e s t h e h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d s l i g h t l y . C o m b i n e d w i t h e x t e r n a l w a l l
i n s u l a t i o n , t h e y l e a d t o 3 0 t o 4 0 p e r c e n t e n e r g y s a v i n g s b y h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g . T h e r o o f
i n s u l a t i o n d o u b l e s t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n . T h e s a v i n g s i n c r e a s e f r o m
1 6 . 1 p e r c e n t t o 3 8 . 4 p e r c e n t .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r m a l g l a z i n g r e d u c e s t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d b y u p t o 3 4 p e r c e n t i n
c a s e o f l a c k i n g i n s u l a t i o n . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e h e a t i n g d e m a n d i n c r e a s e s i n t h i s c a s e . T h i s
i n c r e a s e c a n b e a v o i d e d t h r o u g h c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h i s m e a s u r e w i t h t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n .
M o r e o v e r , t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d i n c r e a s e s b y 1 3 p e r c e n t c o m p a r e d
w i t h t h e H H .
S h a d i n g e l e m e n t s a l o n e h a l v e t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d a n d i n c r e a s e t h e h e a t i n g e n e r g y
d e m a n d b y 5 0 p e r c e n t . I f t h e y a r e i n s t a l l e d c o m b i n e d w i t h o t h e r m e a s u r e s , a d d i t i o n a l 1 8 p e r
c e n t r e d u c t i o n c a n b e a c h i e v e d i n r e g a r d t o t h e c o o l i n g l o a d . T h e s a v i n g a p p r o x i m a t e s 6 5 p e r
c e n t , w h e r e a s , t h e h e a t i n g d e m a n d i n c r e a s e s s l i g h t l y .
A n a d d i t i o n a l b a s e m e n t f l o o r d e c r e a s e s t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d b y a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 0
p e r c e n t . T h e r e i s a s m a l l i n c r e a s e b y t h e h e a t i n g d e m a n d d u e t o t h e l o w a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e
o f t h e u n h e a t e d b a s e m e n t . I f o t h e r m e a s u r e s a r e a p p l i e d i n a d d i t i o n , t h e B B H p e r f o r m s m o r e
e f f i c i e n t l y i n r e g a r d t o b o t h c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g . E n e r g y s a v i n g s c a n b e i n c r e a s e d b y 9 t o 1 0
p e r c e n t .
5 . 8 . 3 E v a l u a t i o n f o r E x i s t i n g H o u s e s b y m e a n s o f B e s t - C a s e
T h e a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n o f t h e B C h a s a l r e a d y a b e t t e r a i r t i g h t n e s s v a l u e o f 0 . 6
- h
t h a n B B H s
a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n . E n h a n c e d a i r t i g h t n e s s c o n t r i b u t e s 2 2 p e r c e n t t o t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e c o o l i n g
e n e r g y d e m a n d , w h i c h a p p r o x i m a t e s 1 3 . 7 5 k W h / m
2
a .


9 9
5 . 8 . 2 E v a l u a t i o n f o r E x i s t i n g H o u s e s b y m e a n s o f B o d r u m B a s i c H o u s e
E v e n w i t h o u t a n y p a s s i v e m e a s u r e , t h e B B H h a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r h e a t i n g e n e r g y
d e m a n d t h a n t h e H H . T h i s i s d u e t o o p t i m i z e d a r c h i t e c t u r a l p a r a m e t e r s a s m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e .
T h e f o r m a n d t h e W W R a r e a d j u s t e d a c c o r d i n g t o h i g h t h e r m a l q u a l i t i e s o f t h e h o u s e . I n t h i s
c a s e , a h i g h W W R r a t i o l e a d s t o h i g h e r c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d t h a n t h e H H .
I n s u l a t i o n o f t h e r o o f s o l e l y r e d u c e s t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d s i g n i f i c a n t l y , b u t
s i m u l t a n e o u s l y i n c r e a s e s t h e h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d s l i g h t l y . C o m b i n e d w i t h e x t e r n a l w a l l
i n s u l a t i o n , t h e y l e a d t o 3 0 t o 4 0 p e r c e n t e n e r g y s a v i n g s b y h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g . T h e r o o f
i n s u l a t i o n d o u b l e s t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n . T h e s a v i n g s i n c r e a s e f r o m
1 6 . 1 p e r c e n t t o 3 8 . 4 p e r c e n t .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r m a l g l a z i n g r e d u c e s t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d b y u p t o 3 4 p e r c e n t i n
c a s e o f l a c k i n g i n s u l a t i o n . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e h e a t i n g d e m a n d i n c r e a s e s i n t h i s c a s e . T h i s
i n c r e a s e c a n b e a v o i d e d t h r o u g h c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h i s m e a s u r e w i t h t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n .
M o r e o v e r , t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d i n c r e a s e s b y 1 3 p e r c e n t c o m p a r e d
w i t h t h e H H .
S h a d i n g e l e m e n t s a l o n e h a l v e t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d a n d i n c r e a s e t h e h e a t i n g e n e r g y
d e m a n d b y 5 0 p e r c e n t . I f t h e y a r e i n s t a l l e d c o m b i n e d w i t h o t h e r m e a s u r e s , a d d i t i o n a l 1 8 p e r
c e n t r e d u c t i o n c a n b e a c h i e v e d i n r e g a r d t o t h e c o o l i n g l o a d . T h e s a v i n g a p p r o x i m a t e s 6 5 p e r
c e n t , w h e r e a s , t h e h e a t i n g d e m a n d i n c r e a s e s s l i g h t l y .
A n a d d i t i o n a l b a s e m e n t f l o o r d e c r e a s e s t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d b y a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 0
p e r c e n t . T h e r e i s a s m a l l i n c r e a s e b y t h e h e a t i n g d e m a n d d u e t o t h e l o w a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e
o f t h e u n h e a t e d b a s e m e n t . I f o t h e r m e a s u r e s a r e a p p l i e d i n a d d i t i o n , t h e B B H p e r f o r m s m o r e
e f f i c i e n t l y i n r e g a r d t o b o t h c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g . E n e r g y s a v i n g s c a n b e i n c r e a s e d b y 9 t o 1 0
p e r c e n t .
5 . 8 . 3 E v a l u a t i o n f o r E x i s t i n g H o u s e s b y m e a n s o f B e s t - C a s e
T h e a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n o f t h e B C h a s a l r e a d y a b e t t e r a i r t i g h t n e s s v a l u e o f 0 . 6
- h
t h a n B B H s
a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n . E n h a n c e d a i r t i g h t n e s s c o n t r i b u t e s 2 2 p e r c e n t t o t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e c o o l i n g
e n e r g y d e m a n d , w h i c h a p p r o x i m a t e s 1 3 . 7 5 k W h / m
2
a .


99
5.8.2 Evaluation for Existing Houses by means of Bodrum Basic House
Even without any passive measure, the BBH has significantly lower heating energy
demand than the HH. This is due to optimized architectural parameters as mentioned before.
The form and the WWR are adjusted according to high thermal qualities of the house. In this
case, a high WWR ratio leads to higher cooling energy demand than the HH.
Insulation of the roof solely reduces the cooling energy demand significantly, but
simultaneously increases the heating energy demand slightly. Combined with external wall
insulation, they lead to 30 to 40 per cent energy savings by heating and cooling. The roof
insulation doubles the effectiveness of external wall insulation. The savings increase from
16.1 per cent to 38.4 per cent.
Furthermore, thermal glazing reduces the cooling energy demand by up to 34 per cent in
case of lacking insulation. Nevertheless, the heating demand increases in this case. This
increase can be avoided through combination of this measure with thermal insulation.
Moreover, the reduction of the cooling energy demand increases by 13 per cent compared
with the HH.
Shading elements alone halve the cooling energy demand and increase the heating energy
demand by 50 per cent. If they are installed combined with other measures, additional 18 per
cent reduction can be achieved in regard to the cooling load. The saving approximates 65 per
cent, whereas, the heating demand increases slightly.
An additional basement floor decreases the cooling energy demand by approximately 40
per cent. There is a small increase by the heating demand due to the low ambient temperature
of the unheated basement. If other measures are applied in addition, the BBH performs more
efficiently in regard to both cooling and heating. Energy savings can be increased by 9 to 10
per cent.
5.8.3 Evaluation for Existing Houses by means of Best-Case
The actual condition of the BC has already a better air tightness value of 0.6
-h
than BBHs
actual condition. Enhanced air tightness contributes 22 per cent to the reduction of the cooling
energy demand, which approximates 13.75 kWh/m
2
a.


99
5.8.2 Evaluation for Existing Houses by means of Bodrum Basic House
Even without any passive measure, the BBH has significantly lower heating energy
demand than the HH. This is due to optimized architectural parameters as mentioned before.
The form and the WWR are adjusted according to high thermal qualities of the house. In this
case, a high WWR ratio leads to higher cooling energy demand than the HH.
Insulation of the roof solely reduces the cooling energy demand significantly, but
simultaneously increases the heating energy demand slightly. Combined with external wall
insulation, they lead to 30 to 40 per cent energy savings by heating and cooling. The roof
insulation doubles the effectiveness of external wall insulation. The savings increase from
16.1 per cent to 38.4 per cent.
Furthermore, thermal glazing reduces the cooling energy demand by up to 34 per cent in
case of lacking insulation. Nevertheless, the heating demand increases in this case. This
increase can be avoided through combination of this measure with thermal insulation.
Moreover, the reduction of the cooling energy demand increases by 13 per cent compared
with the HH.
Shading elements alone halve the cooling energy demand and increase the heating energy
demand by 50 per cent. If they are installed combined with other measures, additional 18 per
cent reduction can be achieved in regard to the cooling load. The saving approximates 65 per
cent, whereas, the heating demand increases slightly.
An additional basement floor decreases the cooling energy demand by approximately 40
per cent. There is a small increase by the heating demand due to the low ambient temperature
of the unheated basement. If other measures are applied in addition, the BBH performs more
efficiently in regard to both cooling and heating. Energy savings can be increased by 9 to 10
per cent.
5.8.3 Evaluation for Existing Houses by means of Best-Case
The actual condition of the BC has already a better air tightness value of 0.6
-h
than BBHs
actual condition. Enhanced air tightness contributes 22 per cent to the reduction of the cooling
energy demand, which approximates 13.75 kWh/m
2
a.


100
Moreover, having a better air tightness influences the performance of the thermal
insulation positively. The external wall insulation alone reduces the heating energy demand
by more than 43 per cent. Combined with roof insulation, the house requires 64 per cent less
heating energy and 16.6 per cent less cooling energy. Furthermore, 13 cm thick XPS
insulation on the subfloor enhances the energy performance by about 4 to 5 per cent. To use
subfloor insulation as a single measure increases both heating and cooling energy demand.
Nevertheless, installing it in addition to external wall and roof insulation is beneficial.
Thermal glazing does not have such a significant effect as thermal insulation. Nevertheless,
the cooling energy can be reduced by 17 per cent. Combined with insulation, their overall
contribution to the energy saving reaches 80 per cent in regard to heating energy.
Furthermore, the cooling energy can be halved under this condition.
Roof shading elements alone increase the heating energy demand like by the BBH,
whereas they reduce the cooling energy demand significantly. Together with window shading
components, their contribution to energy saving is greater than 35 per cent. Together with
thermal insulation and upgraded glazing, it reaches 77 per cent both in regard to cooling and
heating. As can be seen in table 15, using shading elements combined with insulation and
thermal glazing, reduces the savings by heating energy by seven per cent. Nevertheless, the
increase of savings by cooling energy will be approximately 27 per cent.

Figure 23 Results of Architectural Optimisations (cooling / heating energy demand in kWh/m
2
a)


100
Moreover, having a better air tightness influences the performance of the thermal
insulation positively. The external wall insulation alone reduces the heating energy demand
by more than 43 per cent. Combined with roof insulation, the house requires 64 per cent less
heating energy and 16.6 per cent less cooling energy. Furthermore, 13 cm thick XPS
insulation on the subfloor enhances the energy performance by about 4 to 5 per cent. To use
subfloor insulation as a single measure increases both heating and cooling energy demand.
Nevertheless, installing it in addition to external wall and roof insulation is beneficial.
Thermal glazing does not have such a significant effect as thermal insulation. Nevertheless,
the cooling energy can be reduced by 17 per cent. Combined with insulation, their overall
contribution to the energy saving reaches 80 per cent in regard to heating energy.
Furthermore, the cooling energy can be halved under this condition.
Roof shading elements alone increase the heating energy demand like by the BBH,
whereas they reduce the cooling energy demand significantly. Together with window shading
components, their contribution to energy saving is greater than 35 per cent. Together with
thermal insulation and upgraded glazing, it reaches 77 per cent both in regard to cooling and
heating. As can be seen in table 15, using shading elements combined with insulation and
thermal glazing, reduces the savings by heating energy by seven per cent. Nevertheless, the
increase of savings by cooling energy will be approximately 27 per cent.

Figure 23 Results of Architectural Optimisations (cooling / heating energy demand in kWh/m
2
a)


1 0 0
M o r e o v e r , h a v i n g a b e t t e r a i r t i g h t n e s s i n f l u e n c e s t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e t h e r m a l
i n s u l a t i o n p o s i t i v e l y . T h e e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n a l o n e r e d u c e s t h e h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d
b y m o r e t h a n 4 3 p e r c e n t . C o m b i n e d w i t h r o o f i n s u l a t i o n , t h e h o u s e r e q u i r e s 6 4 p e r c e n t l e s s
h e a t i n g e n e r g y a n d 1 6 . 6 p e r c e n t l e s s c o o l i n g e n e r g y . F u r t h e r m o r e , 1 3 c m t h i c k X P S
i n s u l a t i o n o n t h e s u b f l o o r e n h a n c e s t h e e n e r g y p e r f o r m a n c e b y a b o u t 4 t o 5 p e r c e n t . T o u s e
s u b f l o o r i n s u l a t i o n a s a s i n g l e m e a s u r e i n c r e a s e s b o t h h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , i n s t a l l i n g i t i n a d d i t i o n t o e x t e r n a l w a l l a n d r o o f i n s u l a t i o n i s b e n e f i c i a l .
T h e r m a l g l a z i n g d o e s n o t h a v e s u c h a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t a s t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n . N e v e r t h e l e s s ,
t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y c a n b e r e d u c e d b y 1 7 p e r c e n t . C o m b i n e d w i t h i n s u l a t i o n , t h e i r o v e r a l l
c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e e n e r g y s a v i n g r e a c h e s 8 0 p e r c e n t i n r e g a r d t o h e a t i n g e n e r g y .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y c a n b e h a l v e d u n d e r t h i s c o n d i t i o n .
R o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s a l o n e i n c r e a s e t h e h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d l i k e b y t h e B B H ,
w h e r e a s t h e y r e d u c e t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d s i g n i f i c a n t l y . T o g e t h e r w i t h w i n d o w s h a d i n g
c o m p o n e n t s , t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o e n e r g y s a v i n g i s g r e a t e r t h a n 3 5 p e r c e n t . T o g e t h e r w i t h
t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n a n d u p g r a d e d g l a z i n g , i t r e a c h e s 7 7 p e r c e n t b o t h i n r e g a r d t o c o o l i n g a n d
h e a t i n g . A s c a n b e s e e n i n t a b l e 1 5 , u s i n g s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s c o m b i n e d w i t h i n s u l a t i o n a n d
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g , r e d u c e s t h e s a v i n g s b y h e a t i n g e n e r g y b y s e v e n p e r c e n t . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e
i n c r e a s e o f s a v i n g s b y c o o l i n g e n e r g y w i l l b e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 7 p e r c e n t .

F i g u r e 2 3 R e s u l t s o f A r c h i t e c t u r a l O p t i m i s a t i o n s ( c o o l i n g / h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d i n k W h / m
2
a )


1 0 0
M o r e o v e r , h a v i n g a b e t t e r a i r t i g h t n e s s i n f l u e n c e s t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e t h e r m a l
i n s u l a t i o n p o s i t i v e l y . T h e e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n a l o n e r e d u c e s t h e h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d
b y m o r e t h a n 4 3 p e r c e n t . C o m b i n e d w i t h r o o f i n s u l a t i o n , t h e h o u s e r e q u i r e s 6 4 p e r c e n t l e s s
h e a t i n g e n e r g y a n d 1 6 . 6 p e r c e n t l e s s c o o l i n g e n e r g y . F u r t h e r m o r e , 1 3 c m t h i c k X P S
i n s u l a t i o n o n t h e s u b f l o o r e n h a n c e s t h e e n e r g y p e r f o r m a n c e b y a b o u t 4 t o 5 p e r c e n t . T o u s e
s u b f l o o r i n s u l a t i o n a s a s i n g l e m e a s u r e i n c r e a s e s b o t h h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , i n s t a l l i n g i t i n a d d i t i o n t o e x t e r n a l w a l l a n d r o o f i n s u l a t i o n i s b e n e f i c i a l .
T h e r m a l g l a z i n g d o e s n o t h a v e s u c h a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t a s t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n . N e v e r t h e l e s s ,
t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y c a n b e r e d u c e d b y 1 7 p e r c e n t . C o m b i n e d w i t h i n s u l a t i o n , t h e i r o v e r a l l
c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e e n e r g y s a v i n g r e a c h e s 8 0 p e r c e n t i n r e g a r d t o h e a t i n g e n e r g y .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y c a n b e h a l v e d u n d e r t h i s c o n d i t i o n .
R o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s a l o n e i n c r e a s e t h e h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d l i k e b y t h e B B H ,
w h e r e a s t h e y r e d u c e t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d s i g n i f i c a n t l y . T o g e t h e r w i t h w i n d o w s h a d i n g
c o m p o n e n t s , t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o e n e r g y s a v i n g i s g r e a t e r t h a n 3 5 p e r c e n t . T o g e t h e r w i t h
t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n a n d u p g r a d e d g l a z i n g , i t r e a c h e s 7 7 p e r c e n t b o t h i n r e g a r d t o c o o l i n g a n d
h e a t i n g . A s c a n b e s e e n i n t a b l e 1 5 , u s i n g s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s c o m b i n e d w i t h i n s u l a t i o n a n d
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g , r e d u c e s t h e s a v i n g s b y h e a t i n g e n e r g y b y s e v e n p e r c e n t . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e
i n c r e a s e o f s a v i n g s b y c o o l i n g e n e r g y w i l l b e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 7 p e r c e n t .

F i g u r e 2 3 R e s u l t s o f A r c h i t e c t u r a l O p t i m i s a t i o n s ( c o o l i n g / h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d i n k W h / m
2
a )

1 0 1
A n a d d i t i o n a l b a s e m e n t f l o o r r e d u c e s t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d b y m o r e t h a n 2 2 p e r c e n t .
T h e r e d u c t i o n b y h e a t i n g e n e r g y a p p r o x i m a t e s n i n e p e r c e n t . I n t h e c a s e o f t h e r m a l l y
i m p r o v e d v e r s i o n o f t h e B C , t h e b a s e m e n t c o n t r i b u t e s a d d i t i o n a l l y 1 5 p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n o f
e n e r g y d e m a n d . T h e t o t a l s a v i n g s r e a c h 7 7 p e r c e n t b y c o o l i n g a n d 7 6 p e r c e n t b y h e a t i n g
e n e r g y d e m a n d . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i n s u l a t i n g t h e s u b f l o o r o f t h e b a s e m e n t w i l l i n c r e a s e t h e
h e a t i n g l o a d , w h e r e a s i t w i l l r e d u c e t h e c o o l i n g l o a d . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e a n n u a l e n e r g y s a v i n g
i s e q u a l t o t h e c a s e w i t h a b a s e m e n t , w h i c h h a s a n u n i n s u l a t e d s u b f l o o r .
I f w e c o m p a r e t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n o f t h e H H a n d B C w i t h a l l m e a s u r e s ,
h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d w i l l b e r e d u c e d b y 8 9 p e r c e n t . T h i s r e d u c t i o n i s m o r e t h a n 1 1 5
k W h / m
2
p e r a n n u m . T h e r e d u c t i o n b y c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h a s w e l l . 7 4
p e r c e n t s a v i n g r e l a t e s t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 2 k W h / m
2
r e d u c t i o n p e r a n n u m .

1 0 1
A n a d d i t i o n a l b a s e m e n t f l o o r r e d u c e s t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d b y m o r e t h a n 2 2 p e r c e n t .
T h e r e d u c t i o n b y h e a t i n g e n e r g y a p p r o x i m a t e s n i n e p e r c e n t . I n t h e c a s e o f t h e r m a l l y
i m p r o v e d v e r s i o n o f t h e B C , t h e b a s e m e n t c o n t r i b u t e s a d d i t i o n a l l y 1 5 p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n o f
e n e r g y d e m a n d . T h e t o t a l s a v i n g s r e a c h 7 7 p e r c e n t b y c o o l i n g a n d 7 6 p e r c e n t b y h e a t i n g
e n e r g y d e m a n d . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i n s u l a t i n g t h e s u b f l o o r o f t h e b a s e m e n t w i l l i n c r e a s e t h e
h e a t i n g l o a d , w h e r e a s i t w i l l r e d u c e t h e c o o l i n g l o a d . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e a n n u a l e n e r g y s a v i n g
i s e q u a l t o t h e c a s e w i t h a b a s e m e n t , w h i c h h a s a n u n i n s u l a t e d s u b f l o o r .
I f w e c o m p a r e t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n o f t h e H H a n d B C w i t h a l l m e a s u r e s ,
h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d w i l l b e r e d u c e d b y 8 9 p e r c e n t . T h i s r e d u c t i o n i s m o r e t h a n 1 1 5
k W h / m
2
p e r a n n u m . T h e r e d u c t i o n b y c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h a s w e l l . 7 4
p e r c e n t s a v i n g r e l a t e s t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 2 k W h / m
2
r e d u c t i o n p e r a n n u m .

101
An additional basement floor reduces the cooling energy demand by more than 22 per cent.
The reduction by heating energy approximates nine per cent. In the case of thermally
improved version of the BC, the basement contributes additionally 15 per cent reduction of
energy demand. The total savings reach 77 per cent by cooling and 76 per cent by heating
energy demand. On the other hand, insulating the subfloor of the basement will increase the
heating load, whereas it will reduce the cooling load. Nevertheless, the annual energy saving
is equal to the case with a basement, which has an uninsulated subfloor.
If we compare the results of the actual condition of the HH and BC with all measures,
heating energy demand will be reduced by 89 per cent. This reduction is more than 115
kWh/m
2
per annum. The reduction by cooling energy demand is significantly high as well. 74
per cent saving relates to approximately 32 kWh/m
2
reduction per annum.

101
An additional basement floor reduces the cooling energy demand by more than 22 per cent.
The reduction by heating energy approximates nine per cent. In the case of thermally
improved version of the BC, the basement contributes additionally 15 per cent reduction of
energy demand. The total savings reach 77 per cent by cooling and 76 per cent by heating
energy demand. On the other hand, insulating the subfloor of the basement will increase the
heating load, whereas it will reduce the cooling load. Nevertheless, the annual energy saving
is equal to the case with a basement, which has an uninsulated subfloor.
If we compare the results of the actual condition of the HH and BC with all measures,
heating energy demand will be reduced by 89 per cent. This reduction is more than 115
kWh/m
2
per annum. The reduction by cooling energy demand is significantly high as well. 74
per cent saving relates to approximately 32 kWh/m
2
reduction per annum.


102

House
Heating
demand
Cooling
demand
Energy Savings Characteristics
kWh/m
2
a kWh/m
2
a Heating Cooling
Holiday House

actual 118.18 42.79 / /
roof insulation 108.77 36.49 8 14.7
external wall insulation 84.14 38.7 18.8 9.6
71.03 30.82 39.7 29.7
thermal glazing 112.59 39.85 4.7 6.9
thermal glazing and
insulation
62.71 26.47 47 38.1
roof shading 105.91 42.38 10.4 1
window shading 111.72 37.09 5.5 13.4
104.7 35.7 11.5 16.6
all measures 54.3 24 53.1 44
-Not insulated
-Single glazing
-No shading
-No optimized building
orientation
-No optimized form
-No optimized WWR
-Air Tightness 1
-h

Bodrum Basic House

actual 50.2 62.67 / /
basement 58.05 39.04 / 37.7
roof insulation 53.68 45.79 / 27
external wall insulation 42.11 49.51 16.1 21
30.77 44.32 38.5 29.3
thermal glazing 63.58 41.62 / 33.6
thermal glazing and
insulation
30.91 32.75 38.5 46.4
roof shading 66.54 46.83 / 25.3
window shading 71.28 38.51 / 38.6
75.19 31.7 / 49.4
all measures - basement 39.51 22.35 21.3 64.4
all measures + basement 35.3 15.24 30.2 75.7
-insulated
-thermal glazing
-shaded
-optimized building
-orientation
-optimized form
-optimized WWR
-Air Tightness 1
-h


Best Case

actual 54.25 48.93 / 22
*1

basement 50.47 38 8.6 22.3
roof insulation 44.29 44.27 19.8 9.5
external wall insulation 31.34 48.06 43.3 1.8
subfloor insulation 55.44 49.83 / /
17.15 39.1 68.4 20.1
thermal glazing 50.76 40.49 8.1 17.2
thermal glazing and
insulation
11.55 25.40 79.7 49.1
roof shading 57.72 41.95 / 14.2
window shading 61.78 37.97 / 22.4
65.64 31.13 / 36.4
all measures - basement 17.28 16.17 68.2 77

Additional to BBH:
-Higher thermal
-insulation
-Subfloor insulation
-Triple glazing
-Air Tightness 0.6
-h


1 compared with
BBH
all measures + basement
2
13.9 10.4 74.4 78.8
all measures + basement 13.11 11.32 76.3 76.9
2 subfloor of the
basement is insulated
Table 15 Energetic Evaluation of Architectural Parameters


102

House
Heating
demand
Cooling
demand
Energy Savings Characteristics
kWh/m
2
a kWh/m
2
a Heating Cooling
Holiday House

actual 118.18 42.79 / /
roof insulation 108.77 36.49 8 14.7
external wall insulation 84.14 38.7 18.8 9.6
71.03 30.82 39.7 29.7
thermal glazing 112.59 39.85 4.7 6.9
thermal glazing and
insulation
62.71 26.47 47 38.1
roof shading 105.91 42.38 10.4 1
window shading 111.72 37.09 5.5 13.4
104.7 35.7 11.5 16.6
all measures 54.3 24 53.1 44
-Not insulated
-Single glazing
-No shading
-No optimized building
orientation
-No optimized form
-No optimized WWR
-Air Tightness 1
-h

Bodrum Basic House

actual 50.2 62.67 / /
basement 58.05 39.04 / 37.7
roof insulation 53.68 45.79 / 27
external wall insulation 42.11 49.51 16.1 21
30.77 44.32 38.5 29.3
thermal glazing 63.58 41.62 / 33.6
thermal glazing and
insulation
30.91 32.75 38.5 46.4
roof shading 66.54 46.83 / 25.3
window shading 71.28 38.51 / 38.6
75.19 31.7 / 49.4
all measures - basement 39.51 22.35 21.3 64.4
all measures + basement 35.3 15.24 30.2 75.7
-insulated
-thermal glazing
-shaded
-optimized building
-orientation
-optimized form
-optimized WWR
-Air Tightness 1
-h


Best Case

actual 54.25 48.93 / 22
*1

basement 50.47 38 8.6 22.3
roof insulation 44.29 44.27 19.8 9.5
external wall insulation 31.34 48.06 43.3 1.8
subfloor insulation 55.44 49.83 / /
17.15 39.1 68.4 20.1
thermal glazing 50.76 40.49 8.1 17.2
thermal glazing and
insulation
11.55 25.40 79.7 49.1
roof shading 57.72 41.95 / 14.2
window shading 61.78 37.97 / 22.4
65.64 31.13 / 36.4
all measures - basement 17.28 16.17 68.2 77

Additional to BBH:
-Higher thermal
-insulation
-Subfloor insulation
-Triple glazing
-Air Tightness 0.6
-h


1 compared with
BBH
all measures + basement
2
13.9 10.4 74.4 78.8
all measures + basement 13.11 11.32 76.3 76.9
2 subfloor of the
basement is insulated
Table 15 Energetic Evaluation of Architectural Parameters


1 0 2

H o u s e
H e a t i n g
d e m a n d
C o o l i n g
d e m a n d
E n e r g y S a v i n g s C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
k W h / m
2
a k W h / m
2
a H e a t i n g C o o l i n g
H o l i d a y H o u s e

a c t u a l 1 1 8 . 1 8 4 2 . 7 9 / /
r o o f i n s u l a t i o n 1 0 8 . 7 7 3 6 . 4 9 8 1 4 . 7
e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n 8 4 . 1 4 3 8 . 7 1 8 . 8 9 . 6
7 1 . 0 3 3 0 . 8 2 3 9 . 7 2 9 . 7
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g 1 1 2 . 5 9 3 9 . 8 5 4 . 7 6 . 9
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g a n d
i n s u l a t i o n
6 2 . 7 1 2 6 . 4 7 4 7 3 8 . 1
r o o f s h a d i n g 1 0 5 . 9 1 4 2 . 3 8 1 0 . 4 1
w i n d o w s h a d i n g 1 1 1 . 7 2 3 7 . 0 9 5 . 5 1 3 . 4
1 0 4 . 7 3 5 . 7 1 1 . 5 1 6 . 6
a l l m e a s u r e s 5 4 . 3 2 4 5 3 . 1 4 4
- N o t i n s u l a t e d
- S i n g l e g l a z i n g
- N o s h a d i n g
- N o o p t i m i z e d b u i l d i n g
o r i e n t a t i o n
- N o o p t i m i z e d f o r m
- N o o p t i m i z e d W W R
- A i r T i g h t n e s s 1
- h

B o d r u m B a s i c H o u s e

a c t u a l 5 0 . 2 6 2 . 6 7 / /
b a s e m e n t 5 8 . 0 5 3 9 . 0 4 / 3 7 . 7
r o o f i n s u l a t i o n 5 3 . 6 8 4 5 . 7 9 / 2 7
e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n 4 2 . 1 1 4 9 . 5 1 1 6 . 1 2 1
3 0 . 7 7 4 4 . 3 2 3 8 . 5 2 9 . 3
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g 6 3 . 5 8 4 1 . 6 2 / 3 3 . 6
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g a n d
i n s u l a t i o n
3 0 . 9 1 3 2 . 7 5 3 8 . 5 4 6 . 4
r o o f s h a d i n g 6 6 . 5 4 4 6 . 8 3 / 2 5 . 3
w i n d o w s h a d i n g 7 1 . 2 8 3 8 . 5 1 / 3 8 . 6
7 5 . 1 9 3 1 . 7 / 4 9 . 4
a l l m e a s u r e s - b a s e m e n t 3 9 . 5 1 2 2 . 3 5 2 1 . 3 6 4 . 4
a l l m e a s u r e s + b a s e m e n t 3 5 . 3 1 5 . 2 4 3 0 . 2 7 5 . 7
- i n s u l a t e d
- t h e r m a l g l a z i n g
- s h a d e d
- o p t i m i z e d b u i l d i n g
- o r i e n t a t i o n
- o p t i m i z e d f o r m
- o p t i m i z e d W W R
- A i r T i g h t n e s s 1
- h


B e s t C a s e

a c t u a l 5 4 . 2 5 4 8 . 9 3 / 2 2
* 1

b a s e m e n t 5 0 . 4 7 3 8 8 . 6 2 2 . 3
r o o f i n s u l a t i o n 4 4 . 2 9 4 4 . 2 7 1 9 . 8 9 . 5
e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n 3 1 . 3 4 4 8 . 0 6 4 3 . 3 1 . 8
s u b f l o o r i n s u l a t i o n 5 5 . 4 4 4 9 . 8 3 / /
1 7 . 1 5 3 9 . 1 6 8 . 4 2 0 . 1
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g 5 0 . 7 6 4 0 . 4 9 8 . 1 1 7 . 2
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g a n d
i n s u l a t i o n
1 1 . 5 5 2 5 . 4 0 7 9 . 7 4 9 . 1
r o o f s h a d i n g 5 7 . 7 2 4 1 . 9 5 / 1 4 . 2
w i n d o w s h a d i n g 6 1 . 7 8 3 7 . 9 7 / 2 2 . 4
6 5 . 6 4 3 1 . 1 3 / 3 6 . 4
a l l m e a s u r e s - b a s e m e n t 1 7 . 2 8 1 6 . 1 7 6 8 . 2 7 7

A d d i t i o n a l t o B B H :
- H i g h e r t h e r m a l
- i n s u l a t i o n
- S u b f l o o r i n s u l a t i o n
- T r i p l e g l a z i n g
- A i r T i g h t n e s s 0 . 6
- h


1 c o m p a r e d w i t h
B B H
a l l m e a s u r e s + b a s e m e n t
2
1 3 . 9 1 0 . 4 7 4 . 4 7 8 . 8
a l l m e a s u r e s + b a s e m e n t 1 3 . 1 1 1 1 . 3 2 7 6 . 3 7 6 . 9
2 s u b f l o o r o f t h e
b a s e m e n t i s i n s u l a t e d
T a b l e 1 5 E n e r g e t i c E v a l u a t i o n o f A r c h i t e c t u r a l P a r a m e t e r s


1 0 2

H o u s e
H e a t i n g
d e m a n d
C o o l i n g
d e m a n d
E n e r g y S a v i n g s C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
k W h / m
2
a k W h / m
2
a H e a t i n g C o o l i n g
H o l i d a y H o u s e

a c t u a l 1 1 8 . 1 8 4 2 . 7 9 / /
r o o f i n s u l a t i o n 1 0 8 . 7 7 3 6 . 4 9 8 1 4 . 7
e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n 8 4 . 1 4 3 8 . 7 1 8 . 8 9 . 6
7 1 . 0 3 3 0 . 8 2 3 9 . 7 2 9 . 7
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g 1 1 2 . 5 9 3 9 . 8 5 4 . 7 6 . 9
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g a n d
i n s u l a t i o n
6 2 . 7 1 2 6 . 4 7 4 7 3 8 . 1
r o o f s h a d i n g 1 0 5 . 9 1 4 2 . 3 8 1 0 . 4 1
w i n d o w s h a d i n g 1 1 1 . 7 2 3 7 . 0 9 5 . 5 1 3 . 4
1 0 4 . 7 3 5 . 7 1 1 . 5 1 6 . 6
a l l m e a s u r e s 5 4 . 3 2 4 5 3 . 1 4 4
- N o t i n s u l a t e d
- S i n g l e g l a z i n g
- N o s h a d i n g
- N o o p t i m i z e d b u i l d i n g
o r i e n t a t i o n
- N o o p t i m i z e d f o r m
- N o o p t i m i z e d W W R
- A i r T i g h t n e s s 1
- h

B o d r u m B a s i c H o u s e

a c t u a l 5 0 . 2 6 2 . 6 7 / /
b a s e m e n t 5 8 . 0 5 3 9 . 0 4 / 3 7 . 7
r o o f i n s u l a t i o n 5 3 . 6 8 4 5 . 7 9 / 2 7
e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n 4 2 . 1 1 4 9 . 5 1 1 6 . 1 2 1
3 0 . 7 7 4 4 . 3 2 3 8 . 5 2 9 . 3
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g 6 3 . 5 8 4 1 . 6 2 / 3 3 . 6
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g a n d
i n s u l a t i o n
3 0 . 9 1 3 2 . 7 5 3 8 . 5 4 6 . 4
r o o f s h a d i n g 6 6 . 5 4 4 6 . 8 3 / 2 5 . 3
w i n d o w s h a d i n g 7 1 . 2 8 3 8 . 5 1 / 3 8 . 6
7 5 . 1 9 3 1 . 7 / 4 9 . 4
a l l m e a s u r e s - b a s e m e n t 3 9 . 5 1 2 2 . 3 5 2 1 . 3 6 4 . 4
a l l m e a s u r e s + b a s e m e n t 3 5 . 3 1 5 . 2 4 3 0 . 2 7 5 . 7
- i n s u l a t e d
- t h e r m a l g l a z i n g
- s h a d e d
- o p t i m i z e d b u i l d i n g
- o r i e n t a t i o n
- o p t i m i z e d f o r m
- o p t i m i z e d W W R
- A i r T i g h t n e s s 1
- h


B e s t C a s e

a c t u a l 5 4 . 2 5 4 8 . 9 3 / 2 2
* 1

b a s e m e n t 5 0 . 4 7 3 8 8 . 6 2 2 . 3
r o o f i n s u l a t i o n 4 4 . 2 9 4 4 . 2 7 1 9 . 8 9 . 5
e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n 3 1 . 3 4 4 8 . 0 6 4 3 . 3 1 . 8
s u b f l o o r i n s u l a t i o n 5 5 . 4 4 4 9 . 8 3 / /
1 7 . 1 5 3 9 . 1 6 8 . 4 2 0 . 1
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g 5 0 . 7 6 4 0 . 4 9 8 . 1 1 7 . 2
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g a n d
i n s u l a t i o n
1 1 . 5 5 2 5 . 4 0 7 9 . 7 4 9 . 1
r o o f s h a d i n g 5 7 . 7 2 4 1 . 9 5 / 1 4 . 2
w i n d o w s h a d i n g 6 1 . 7 8 3 7 . 9 7 / 2 2 . 4
6 5 . 6 4 3 1 . 1 3 / 3 6 . 4
a l l m e a s u r e s - b a s e m e n t 1 7 . 2 8 1 6 . 1 7 6 8 . 2 7 7

A d d i t i o n a l t o B B H :
- H i g h e r t h e r m a l
- i n s u l a t i o n
- S u b f l o o r i n s u l a t i o n
- T r i p l e g l a z i n g
- A i r T i g h t n e s s 0 . 6
- h


1 c o m p a r e d w i t h
B B H
a l l m e a s u r e s + b a s e m e n t
2
1 3 . 9 1 0 . 4 7 4 . 4 7 8 . 8
a l l m e a s u r e s + b a s e m e n t 1 3 . 1 1 1 1 . 3 2 7 6 . 3 7 6 . 9
2 s u b f l o o r o f t h e
b a s e m e n t i s i n s u l a t e d
T a b l e 1 5 E n e r g e t i c E v a l u a t i o n o f A r c h i t e c t u r a l P a r a m e t e r s


1 0 3
5 . 9 E n e r g e t i c E v a l u a t i o n o f M e z z a n i n e H o u s e s a s a n A l t e r n a t i v e
T h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f M e z z a n i n e H o u s e s
( M H ) a r e d e s c r i b e d i n s e c t i o n 4 . 2 . 1 . I n t h i s s e c t i o n , t h e
s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s o f M H w i l l b e e v a l u a t e d t o d e t e r m i n e i f
t h i s t r a d i t i o n a l t y p e o f d w e l l i n g s c a n b e a n a l t e r n a t i v e f o r
d e v e l o p e d p r o t o t y p e s . F i r s t , i t i s s i m u l a t e d i n t h e a c t u a l
c o n d i t i o n a n d t h e n w i t h o p t i m i s e d a r c h i t e c t u r a l
p a r a m e t e r s .
T h e e x t e r n a l w a l l s o f t h e M H , w h i c h h a s a f l o o r a r e a o f
3 5 m , a r e c o n s t r u c t e d o f 8 0 c m t h i c k s t o n e s t r u c t u r e . I n
t h e o p t i m i s e d v e r s i o n , 8 c m X P S i n s u l a t i o n i s a p p l i e d
w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e f i n i s h i n g m a t e r i a l t o t h e i n s i d e o f t h e
w a l l . I t w a s d e c i d e d t o a p p l y i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l t o t h e
i n t e r i o r , b e c a u s e t h e s t o n e t e x t u r e v i e w f r o m o u t s i d e s h o u l d b e k e p t i n t e r m s o f a r c h i t e c t u r a l
t r a d i t i o n s . A M e z z a n i n e H o u s e t r a d i t i o n a l l y h a s a w o o d e n f l o o r a n d r o o f s t r u c t u r e . B o t h
a c t u a l a n d o p t i m i s e d v e r s i o n s h a v e t h e s a m e i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l p l a c e d o n t h e r o o f ; g l a s s w o o l
w i t h a t h i c k n e s s o f 1 5 c m .
F u r t h e r m o r e , s i n g l e g l a z e d w i n d o w s w i t h s i x c m t h i c k c l e a r p a n e s , a r e e x c h a n g e d f o r t r i p l e
g l a z e d w i n d o w s . I t s h o u l d a l s o b e c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h e s e t r a d i t i o n a l h o u s e s h a v e a s m a l l W W R
r a t i o . T h e W W R a p p r o x i m a t e s t o f o u r p e r c e n t f o r e a s t e r n a n d w e s t e r n w a l l s , a n d t h r e e p e r
c e n t f o r t h e s o u t h w a l l . T h e n o r t h w a l l h a s n o o p e n i n g . T h e s e s m a l l r a t i o s a f f e c t t h e h e a t l o s s -
g a i n t h r o u g h g l a z i n g s i g n i f i c a n t l y . T h e y a r e b e n e f i c i a l i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y s a v i n g t h r o u g h
d e c r e a s e d h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e m a n d . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a r t i f i c i a l l i g h t s r e q u i r e d d u e t o
i n s u f f i c i e n t n a t u r a l i l l u m i n a t i o n w i l l i n c r e a s e t h e e n e r g y d e m a n d .
H o u s e C o o l i n g E n e r g y D e m a n d H e a t i n g E n e r g y D e m a n d T o t a l E n e r g y D e m a n d H e a t . L o a d C o o l . L o a d
M W h / a k W h / m
2
a M W h / a k W h / m
2
a M W h / a k W h / m
2
a k W k W
M Z
a c t
2 . 3 6 3 3 . 1 1 6 . 2 2 8 6 . 9 8 1 3 . 6 8 1 8 2 . 8 6 6 . 3 3 1 2 . 0
M Z
o p t
1 . 5 9 2 2 . 2 7 2 . 6 3 6 . 8 5 5 . 5 7 7 . 3 8 2 . 2 3 6 . 1 6
T a b l e 1 6 E n e r g y V a l u e s o f t h e M e z z a n i n e H o u s e
P i c t u r e 5 M e z z a n i n e H o u s e ( A u t h o r )


1 0 3
5 . 9 E n e r g e t i c E v a l u a t i o n o f M e z z a n i n e H o u s e s a s a n A l t e r n a t i v e
T h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f M e z z a n i n e H o u s e s
( M H ) a r e d e s c r i b e d i n s e c t i o n 4 . 2 . 1 . I n t h i s s e c t i o n , t h e
s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s o f M H w i l l b e e v a l u a t e d t o d e t e r m i n e i f
t h i s t r a d i t i o n a l t y p e o f d w e l l i n g s c a n b e a n a l t e r n a t i v e f o r
d e v e l o p e d p r o t o t y p e s . F i r s t , i t i s s i m u l a t e d i n t h e a c t u a l
c o n d i t i o n a n d t h e n w i t h o p t i m i s e d a r c h i t e c t u r a l
p a r a m e t e r s .
T h e e x t e r n a l w a l l s o f t h e M H , w h i c h h a s a f l o o r a r e a o f
3 5 m , a r e c o n s t r u c t e d o f 8 0 c m t h i c k s t o n e s t r u c t u r e . I n
t h e o p t i m i s e d v e r s i o n , 8 c m X P S i n s u l a t i o n i s a p p l i e d
w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e f i n i s h i n g m a t e r i a l t o t h e i n s i d e o f t h e
w a l l . I t w a s d e c i d e d t o a p p l y i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l t o t h e
i n t e r i o r , b e c a u s e t h e s t o n e t e x t u r e v i e w f r o m o u t s i d e s h o u l d b e k e p t i n t e r m s o f a r c h i t e c t u r a l
t r a d i t i o n s . A M e z z a n i n e H o u s e t r a d i t i o n a l l y h a s a w o o d e n f l o o r a n d r o o f s t r u c t u r e . B o t h
a c t u a l a n d o p t i m i s e d v e r s i o n s h a v e t h e s a m e i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l p l a c e d o n t h e r o o f ; g l a s s w o o l
w i t h a t h i c k n e s s o f 1 5 c m .
F u r t h e r m o r e , s i n g l e g l a z e d w i n d o w s w i t h s i x c m t h i c k c l e a r p a n e s , a r e e x c h a n g e d f o r t r i p l e
g l a z e d w i n d o w s . I t s h o u l d a l s o b e c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h e s e t r a d i t i o n a l h o u s e s h a v e a s m a l l W W R
r a t i o . T h e W W R a p p r o x i m a t e s t o f o u r p e r c e n t f o r e a s t e r n a n d w e s t e r n w a l l s , a n d t h r e e p e r
c e n t f o r t h e s o u t h w a l l . T h e n o r t h w a l l h a s n o o p e n i n g . T h e s e s m a l l r a t i o s a f f e c t t h e h e a t l o s s -
g a i n t h r o u g h g l a z i n g s i g n i f i c a n t l y . T h e y a r e b e n e f i c i a l i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y s a v i n g t h r o u g h
d e c r e a s e d h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e m a n d . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a r t i f i c i a l l i g h t s r e q u i r e d d u e t o
i n s u f f i c i e n t n a t u r a l i l l u m i n a t i o n w i l l i n c r e a s e t h e e n e r g y d e m a n d .
H o u s e C o o l i n g E n e r g y D e m a n d H e a t i n g E n e r g y D e m a n d T o t a l E n e r g y D e m a n d H e a t . L o a d C o o l . L o a d
M W h / a k W h / m
2
a M W h / a k W h / m
2
a M W h / a k W h / m
2
a k W k W
M Z
a c t
2 . 3 6 3 3 . 1 1 6 . 2 2 8 6 . 9 8 1 3 . 6 8 1 8 2 . 8 6 6 . 3 3 1 2 . 0
M Z
o p t
1 . 5 9 2 2 . 2 7 2 . 6 3 6 . 8 5 5 . 5 7 7 . 3 8 2 . 2 3 6 . 1 6
T a b l e 1 6 E n e r g y V a l u e s o f t h e M e z z a n i n e H o u s e
P i c t u r e 5 M e z z a n i n e H o u s e ( A u t h o r )


103
5.9 Energetic Evaluation of Mezzanine Houses as an Alternative
The architectural characteristics of Mezzanine Houses
(MH) are described in section 4.2.1. In this section, the
simulation results of MH will be evaluated to determine if
this traditional type of dwellings can be an alternative for
developed prototypes. First, it is simulated in the actual
condition and then with optimised architectural
parameters.
The external walls of the MH, which has a floor area of
35 m, are constructed of 80 cm thick stone structure. In
the optimised version, 8 cm XPS insulation is applied
with appropriate finishing material to the inside of the
wall. It was decided to apply insulation material to the
interior, because the stone texture view from outside should be kept in terms of architectural
traditions. A Mezzanine House traditionally has a wooden floor and roof structure. Both
actual and optimised versions have the same insulation material placed on the roof; glass wool
with a thickness of 15 cm.
Furthermore, single glazed windows with six cm thick clear panes, are exchanged for triple
glazed windows. It should also be considered that these traditional houses have a small WWR
ratio. The WWR approximates to four per cent for eastern and western walls, and three per
cent for the south wall. The north wall has no opening. These small ratios affect the heat loss-
gain through glazing significantly. They are beneficial in terms of energy saving through
decreased heating and cooling demand. On the other hand, artificial lights required due to
insufficient natural illumination will increase the energy demand.
House Cooling Energy Demand Heating Energy Demand Total Energy Demand Heat. Load Cool. Load
MWh/a kWh/m
2
a MWh/a kWh/m
2
a MWh/a kWh/m
2
a kW kW
MZ
act
2.36 33.11 6.22 86.98 13.68 182.86 6.33 12.0
MZ
opt
1.59 22.27 2.6 36.85 5.5 77.38 2.23 6.16
Table 16 Energy Values of the Mezzanine House
Picture 5 Mezzanine House (Author)


103
5.9 Energetic Evaluation of Mezzanine Houses as an Alternative
The architectural characteristics of Mezzanine Houses
(MH) are described in section 4.2.1. In this section, the
simulation results of MH will be evaluated to determine if
this traditional type of dwellings can be an alternative for
developed prototypes. First, it is simulated in the actual
condition and then with optimised architectural
parameters.
The external walls of the MH, which has a floor area of
35 m, are constructed of 80 cm thick stone structure. In
the optimised version, 8 cm XPS insulation is applied
with appropriate finishing material to the inside of the
wall. It was decided to apply insulation material to the
interior, because the stone texture view from outside should be kept in terms of architectural
traditions. A Mezzanine House traditionally has a wooden floor and roof structure. Both
actual and optimised versions have the same insulation material placed on the roof; glass wool
with a thickness of 15 cm.
Furthermore, single glazed windows with six cm thick clear panes, are exchanged for triple
glazed windows. It should also be considered that these traditional houses have a small WWR
ratio. The WWR approximates to four per cent for eastern and western walls, and three per
cent for the south wall. The north wall has no opening. These small ratios affect the heat loss-
gain through glazing significantly. They are beneficial in terms of energy saving through
decreased heating and cooling demand. On the other hand, artificial lights required due to
insufficient natural illumination will increase the energy demand.
House Cooling Energy Demand Heating Energy Demand Total Energy Demand Heat. Load Cool. Load
MWh/a kWh/m
2
a MWh/a kWh/m
2
a MWh/a kWh/m
2
a kW kW
MZ
act
2.36 33.11 6.22 86.98 13.68 182.86 6.33 12.0
MZ
opt
1.59 22.27 2.6 36.85 5.5 77.38 2.23 6.16
Table 16 Energy Values of the Mezzanine House
Picture 5 Mezzanine House (Author)


104
The MZ
opt
is comparable with the BBH as shown in table 17. The energy demand values
are similar. Actual conditions will be also more energy efficient if compared with actual
conditions of recent housing types like the HH.
Section Type
Cooling
Energy
Demand
Heating
Energy
Demand
Heating
Load
Cooling
Load CO2 Type Section
kWh/m
2
a kWh/m
2
a kW kW kg/m
2
a

HH
act
42.79 118.18 16.98 42.31 182.3

24.00 54.30 7.87 20.06 79.15 HH
opt


AH
act
60.75 125.31 28.88 95.82 197.73

24.48 60.42 10.31 34.12 93.96 AH
opt


MEZ
act
33.11 86.98 6.33 12.00 134.65

22.27 36.85 2.23 6.16 59.41 MEZ
opt


BBH 22.35 39.51 7.85 16.98 63.27

30.30 32.07 7.78 13.72 54.46 BBH
w


BBH
k
15.24 35.03 7.76 15.19 54.77

18.20 16.78 6.25 18.31 29.38 BBH
wk


BC 16.17 17.28 4.77 14.63 32.82

23.97 18.54 6.43 19.34 33.57 BC
w


BC
k
11.32 13.11 4.61 12.79 22.11


18.20 16.78 6.25 18.31 29.38 BC
wk


Table 17 Comparison of the Existing and Designed Houses ( With insulated subfloor: Heating energy
demand is 13.9 kWh/m
2
a, and the cooling energy demand is 10.4 kWh)


104
The MZ
opt
is comparable with the BBH as shown in table 17. The energy demand values
are similar. Actual conditions will be also more energy efficient if compared with actual
conditions of recent housing types like the HH.
Section Type
Cooling
Energy
Demand
Heating
Energy
Demand
Heating
Load
Cooling
Load CO2 Type Section
kWh/m
2
a kWh/m
2
a kW kW kg/m
2
a

HH
act
42.79 118.18 16.98 42.31 182.3

24.00 54.30 7.87 20.06 79.15 HH
opt


AH
act
60.75 125.31 28.88 95.82 197.73

24.48 60.42 10.31 34.12 93.96 AH
opt


MEZ
act
33.11 86.98 6.33 12.00 134.65

22.27 36.85 2.23 6.16 59.41 MEZ
opt


BBH 22.35 39.51 7.85 16.98 63.27

30.30 32.07 7.78 13.72 54.46 BBH
w


BBH
k
15.24 35.03 7.76 15.19 54.77

18.20 16.78 6.25 18.31 29.38 BBH
wk


BC 16.17 17.28 4.77 14.63 32.82

23.97 18.54 6.43 19.34 33.57 BC
w


BC
k
11.32 13.11 4.61 12.79 22.11


18.20 16.78 6.25 18.31 29.38 BC
wk


Table 17 Comparison of the Existing and Designed Houses ( With insulated subfloor: Heating energy
demand is 13.9 kWh/m
2
a, and the cooling energy demand is 10.4 kWh)


1 0 4
T h e M Z
o p t
i s c o m p a r a b l e w i t h t h e B B H a s s h o w n i n t a b l e 1 7 . T h e e n e r g y d e m a n d v a l u e s
a r e s i m i l a r . A c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s w i l l b e a l s o m o r e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n t i f c o m p a r e d w i t h a c t u a l
c o n d i t i o n s o f r e c e n t h o u s i n g t y p e s l i k e t h e H H .
S e c t i o n T y p e
C o o l i n g
E n e r g y
D e m a n d
H e a t i n g
E n e r g y
D e m a n d
H e a t i n g
L o a d
C o o l i n g
L o a d C O 2 T y p e S e c t i o n
k W h / m
2
a k W h / m
2
a k W k W k g / m
2
a

H H
a c t
4 2 . 7 9 1 1 8 . 1 8 1 6 . 9 8 4 2 . 3 1 1 8 2 . 3

2 4 . 0 0 5 4 . 3 0 7 . 8 7 2 0 . 0 6 7 9 . 1 5 H H
o p t


A H
a c t
6 0 . 7 5 1 2 5 . 3 1 2 8 . 8 8 9 5 . 8 2 1 9 7 . 7 3

2 4 . 4 8 6 0 . 4 2 1 0 . 3 1 3 4 . 1 2 9 3 . 9 6 A H
o p t


M E Z
a c t
3 3 . 1 1 8 6 . 9 8 6 . 3 3 1 2 . 0 0 1 3 4 . 6 5

2 2 . 2 7 3 6 . 8 5 2 . 2 3 6 . 1 6 5 9 . 4 1 M E Z
o p t


B B H 2 2 . 3 5 3 9 . 5 1 7 . 8 5 1 6 . 9 8 6 3 . 2 7

3 0 . 3 0 3 2 . 0 7 7 . 7 8 1 3 . 7 2 5 4 . 4 6 B B H
w


B B H
k
1 5 . 2 4 3 5 . 0 3 7 . 7 6 1 5 . 1 9 5 4 . 7 7

1 8 . 2 0 1 6 . 7 8 6 . 2 5 1 8 . 3 1 2 9 . 3 8 B B H
w k


B C 1 6 . 1 7 1 7 . 2 8 4 . 7 7 1 4 . 6 3 3 2 . 8 2

2 3 . 9 7 1 8 . 5 4 6 . 4 3 1 9 . 3 4 3 3 . 5 7 B C
w


B C
k
1 1 . 3 2 1 3 . 1 1 4 . 6 1 1 2 . 7 9 2 2 . 1 1


1 8 . 2 0 1 6 . 7 8 6 . 2 5 1 8 . 3 1 2 9 . 3 8 B C
w k


T a b l e 1 7 C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e E x i s t i n g a n d D e s i g n e d H o u s e s ( W i t h i n s u l a t e d s u b f l o o r : H e a t i n g e n e r g y
d e m a n d i s 1 3 . 9 k W h / m
2
a , a n d t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d i s 1 0 . 4 k W h )


1 0 4
T h e M Z
o p t
i s c o m p a r a b l e w i t h t h e B B H a s s h o w n i n t a b l e 1 7 . T h e e n e r g y d e m a n d v a l u e s
a r e s i m i l a r . A c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s w i l l b e a l s o m o r e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n t i f c o m p a r e d w i t h a c t u a l
c o n d i t i o n s o f r e c e n t h o u s i n g t y p e s l i k e t h e H H .
S e c t i o n T y p e
C o o l i n g
E n e r g y
D e m a n d
H e a t i n g
E n e r g y
D e m a n d
H e a t i n g
L o a d
C o o l i n g
L o a d C O 2 T y p e S e c t i o n
k W h / m
2
a k W h / m
2
a k W k W k g / m
2
a

H H
a c t
4 2 . 7 9 1 1 8 . 1 8 1 6 . 9 8 4 2 . 3 1 1 8 2 . 3

2 4 . 0 0 5 4 . 3 0 7 . 8 7 2 0 . 0 6 7 9 . 1 5 H H
o p t


A H
a c t
6 0 . 7 5 1 2 5 . 3 1 2 8 . 8 8 9 5 . 8 2 1 9 7 . 7 3

2 4 . 4 8 6 0 . 4 2 1 0 . 3 1 3 4 . 1 2 9 3 . 9 6 A H
o p t


M E Z
a c t
3 3 . 1 1 8 6 . 9 8 6 . 3 3 1 2 . 0 0 1 3 4 . 6 5

2 2 . 2 7 3 6 . 8 5 2 . 2 3 6 . 1 6 5 9 . 4 1 M E Z
o p t


B B H 2 2 . 3 5 3 9 . 5 1 7 . 8 5 1 6 . 9 8 6 3 . 2 7

3 0 . 3 0 3 2 . 0 7 7 . 7 8 1 3 . 7 2 5 4 . 4 6 B B H
w


B B H
k
1 5 . 2 4 3 5 . 0 3 7 . 7 6 1 5 . 1 9 5 4 . 7 7

1 8 . 2 0 1 6 . 7 8 6 . 2 5 1 8 . 3 1 2 9 . 3 8 B B H
w k


B C 1 6 . 1 7 1 7 . 2 8 4 . 7 7 1 4 . 6 3 3 2 . 8 2

2 3 . 9 7 1 8 . 5 4 6 . 4 3 1 9 . 3 4 3 3 . 5 7 B C
w


B C
k
1 1 . 3 2 1 3 . 1 1 4 . 6 1 1 2 . 7 9 2 2 . 1 1


1 8 . 2 0 1 6 . 7 8 6 . 2 5 1 8 . 3 1 2 9 . 3 8 B C
w k


T a b l e 1 7 C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e E x i s t i n g a n d D e s i g n e d H o u s e s ( W i t h i n s u l a t e d s u b f l o o r : H e a t i n g e n e r g y
d e m a n d i s 1 3 . 9 k W h / m
2
a , a n d t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d i s 1 0 . 4 k W h )


1 0 5
C h a p t e r V I
A n a l y s i s o f a c t i v e a n d h y b r i d s y s t e m s u s i n g r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y
6 . 1 A c t i v e s y s t e m s u s i n g s o l a r e n e r g y
D u r i n g t h e f i r s t p h a s e , t h e a i m w a s t o r e d u c e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n b y p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s
i n c l u d i n g v a r i o u s o p t i m i s a t i o n s o f e n v e l o p e , s h a p e , a n d o r i e n t a t i o n . T h e f o l l o w i n g f u r t h e r
c u t s o f h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g l o a d s h a l l b e r e a l i s e d t h r o u g h u s a g e o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y
r e s o u r c e s . N u m e r o u s s i m u l a t i o n s s h o w t h a t i t i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o r e a c h c o m f o r t s t a n d a r d s
w i t h o u t a u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g o r c o o l i n g s y s t e m s . T h e n e c e s s i t y a n d t h e p o t e n t i a l o f a c t i v e
s y s t e m s , w h i c h u s e s o l a r e n e r g y a s a r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e , p r e s e n t h e r e b y a n i n t e r e s t i n g
r e s e a r c h a r e a f o r t h e r e g i o n .
T h e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n p o t e n t i a l i n B o d r u m w i l l b e e x a m i n e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s . A d u a l
u s a g e o f t h e p o t e n t i a l i s p r o p o s e d t h r o u g h c o m b i n e d i n s t a l m e n t o f p h o t o v o l t a i c a n d s o l a r
t h e r m a l s y s t e m s . T h e y a r e c a p a b l e o f s u p p l y i n g t h e r e q u i r e d e n e r g y f o r h e a t i n g , c o o l i n g a s
w e l l a s d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r d e m a n d o f d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m . M a t u r e s y s t e m s a r e f a v o u r e d d u e
t o a d v a n t a g e s i n r e g a r d t o a c c e s s i b i l i t y a n d p r o c u r e m e n t .

P i c t u r e 6 P h o t o v o l t a i c U s a g e o f S o l a r E n e r g y ( v a l e n t i n e . d e )
A v a r i e t y o f h e a t d r i v e n c o o l i n g e q u i p m e n t s a r e a l s o a v a i l a b l e , i n c l u d i n g a b s o r p t i o n ,
a d s o r p t i o n a n d , d e s i c c a n t a i r c o n d i t i o n e r s , w h i c h c a n u t i l i s e s o l a r h e a t . T h e y a r e a l l


1 0 5
C h a p t e r V I
A n a l y s i s o f a c t i v e a n d h y b r i d s y s t e m s u s i n g r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y
6 . 1 A c t i v e s y s t e m s u s i n g s o l a r e n e r g y
D u r i n g t h e f i r s t p h a s e , t h e a i m w a s t o r e d u c e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n b y p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s
i n c l u d i n g v a r i o u s o p t i m i s a t i o n s o f e n v e l o p e , s h a p e , a n d o r i e n t a t i o n . T h e f o l l o w i n g f u r t h e r
c u t s o f h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g l o a d s h a l l b e r e a l i s e d t h r o u g h u s a g e o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y
r e s o u r c e s . N u m e r o u s s i m u l a t i o n s s h o w t h a t i t i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o r e a c h c o m f o r t s t a n d a r d s
w i t h o u t a u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g o r c o o l i n g s y s t e m s . T h e n e c e s s i t y a n d t h e p o t e n t i a l o f a c t i v e
s y s t e m s , w h i c h u s e s o l a r e n e r g y a s a r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e , p r e s e n t h e r e b y a n i n t e r e s t i n g
r e s e a r c h a r e a f o r t h e r e g i o n .
T h e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n p o t e n t i a l i n B o d r u m w i l l b e e x a m i n e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s . A d u a l
u s a g e o f t h e p o t e n t i a l i s p r o p o s e d t h r o u g h c o m b i n e d i n s t a l m e n t o f p h o t o v o l t a i c a n d s o l a r
t h e r m a l s y s t e m s . T h e y a r e c a p a b l e o f s u p p l y i n g t h e r e q u i r e d e n e r g y f o r h e a t i n g , c o o l i n g a s
w e l l a s d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r d e m a n d o f d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m . M a t u r e s y s t e m s a r e f a v o u r e d d u e
t o a d v a n t a g e s i n r e g a r d t o a c c e s s i b i l i t y a n d p r o c u r e m e n t .

P i c t u r e 6 P h o t o v o l t a i c U s a g e o f S o l a r E n e r g y ( v a l e n t i n e . d e )
A v a r i e t y o f h e a t d r i v e n c o o l i n g e q u i p m e n t s a r e a l s o a v a i l a b l e , i n c l u d i n g a b s o r p t i o n ,
a d s o r p t i o n a n d , d e s i c c a n t a i r c o n d i t i o n e r s , w h i c h c a n u t i l i s e s o l a r h e a t . T h e y a r e a l l


105
Chapter VI
Analysis of active and hybrid systems using renewable energy
6.1 Active systems using solar energy
During the first phase, the aim was to reduce energy consumption by passive measures
including various optimisations of envelope, shape, and orientation. The following further
cuts of heating and cooling load shall be realised through usage of renewable energy
resources. Numerous simulations show that it is not possible to reach comfort standards
without auxiliary heating or cooling systems. The necessity and the potential of active
systems, which use solar energy as a renewable energy source, present hereby an interesting
research area for the region.
The solar radiation potential in Bodrum will be examined in the following sections. A dual
usage of the potential is proposed through combined instalment of photovoltaic and solar
thermal systems. They are capable of supplying the required energy for heating, cooling as
well as domestic hot water demand of dwellings in Bodrum. Mature systems are favoured due
to advantages in regard to accessibility and procurement.

Picture 6 Photovoltaic Usage of Solar Energy (valentine.de)
A variety of heat driven cooling equipments are also available, including absorption,
adsorption and, desiccant air conditioners, which can utilise solar heat. They are all


105
Chapter VI
Analysis of active and hybrid systems using renewable energy
6.1 Active systems using solar energy
During the first phase, the aim was to reduce energy consumption by passive measures
including various optimisations of envelope, shape, and orientation. The following further
cuts of heating and cooling load shall be realised through usage of renewable energy
resources. Numerous simulations show that it is not possible to reach comfort standards
without auxiliary heating or cooling systems. The necessity and the potential of active
systems, which use solar energy as a renewable energy source, present hereby an interesting
research area for the region.
The solar radiation potential in Bodrum will be examined in the following sections. A dual
usage of the potential is proposed through combined instalment of photovoltaic and solar
thermal systems. They are capable of supplying the required energy for heating, cooling as
well as domestic hot water demand of dwellings in Bodrum. Mature systems are favoured due
to advantages in regard to accessibility and procurement.

Picture 6 Photovoltaic Usage of Solar Energy (valentine.de)
A variety of heat driven cooling equipments are also available, including absorption,
adsorption and, desiccant air conditioners, which can utilise solar heat. They are all

106
commercially available, but only with high capacities. Residential use of such systems has not
been commercially developed yet. Therefore, they have not been taken into account in this
work.
6.1.1 Photovoltaic Use of Solar Radiation in Dwellings of Bodrum
The production of electricity based on solar radiation is growing rapidly throughout the
entire world. In addition to their local environmental benefits, they have many attractive
features in terms of technical and architectural aspects. As mentioned in the first chapter, it
represents one of the most important energy resources of the future. They also offer socio-
economic benefits including new employment opportunities and enhanced corporate social
responsibility (CSR) through energy efficiency.
High initial costs are their only disadvantage, which are likely to decrease in the future. An
approach towards this problem may be the replacement of conventional building components
such as shading components with PV panels. This integrated concept may reduce overall
investment costs of the building.
6.1.1.1 Brief Definition and Principles
The term photovoltaic derives from the Greek word phos, photos (light) and the Italian
physicist Volta, the eponym for the unit of the electrical voltage. It describes the process of
generation of direct current from sunlight. The discovery of the photovoltaic concept goes
back to the work of the physicist Becquarel in the 19
th
century. Building integrated pilot plants
were first installed in the 1970s
142
.
As mentioned above, solar energy can be converted into direct current (DC) electricity
using photovoltaic panels. A PV module consists of a number of PV cells in serial connection
usually supported by a metal frame and a glass cover. Silica is a common semiconductor,
which is used within PV panels. Solar cells can be made from a single crystal of silicon, from
multiple crystals as well as amorphous silicon. Further materials are under development.
Cell Technology of the PV Collectors
Solar cells generally consist of amorphous or crystalline silicon cells. Individual cell types
differ both in terms of appearance and efficiency. Monocrystalline cells deliver the highest

106
commercially available, but only with high capacities. Residential use of such systems has not
been commercially developed yet. Therefore, they have not been taken into account in this
work.
6.1.1 Photovoltaic Use of Solar Radiation in Dwellings of Bodrum
The production of electricity based on solar radiation is growing rapidly throughout the
entire world. In addition to their local environmental benefits, they have many attractive
features in terms of technical and architectural aspects. As mentioned in the first chapter, it
represents one of the most important energy resources of the future. They also offer socio-
economic benefits including new employment opportunities and enhanced corporate social
responsibility (CSR) through energy efficiency.
High initial costs are their only disadvantage, which are likely to decrease in the future. An
approach towards this problem may be the replacement of conventional building components
such as shading components with PV panels. This integrated concept may reduce overall
investment costs of the building.
6.1.1.1 Brief Definition and Principles
The term photovoltaic derives from the Greek word phos, photos (light) and the Italian
physicist Volta, the eponym for the unit of the electrical voltage. It describes the process of
generation of direct current from sunlight. The discovery of the photovoltaic concept goes
back to the work of the physicist Becquarel in the 19
th
century. Building integrated pilot plants
were first installed in the 1970s
142
.
As mentioned above, solar energy can be converted into direct current (DC) electricity
using photovoltaic panels. A PV module consists of a number of PV cells in serial connection
usually supported by a metal frame and a glass cover. Silica is a common semiconductor,
which is used within PV panels. Solar cells can be made from a single crystal of silicon, from
multiple crystals as well as amorphous silicon. Further materials are under development.
Cell Technology of the PV Collectors
Solar cells generally consist of amorphous or crystalline silicon cells. Individual cell types
differ both in terms of appearance and efficiency. Monocrystalline cells deliver the highest

1 0 6
c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e , b u t o n l y w i t h h i g h c a p a c i t i e s . R e s i d e n t i a l u s e o f s u c h s y s t e m s h a s n o t
b e e n c o m m e r c i a l l y d e v e l o p e d y e t . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y h a v e n o t b e e n t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t i n t h i s
w o r k .
6 . 1 . 1 P h o t o v o l t a i c U s e o f S o l a r R a d i a t i o n i n D w e l l i n g s o f B o d r u m
T h e p r o d u c t i o n o f e l e c t r i c i t y b a s e d o n s o l a r r a d i a t i o n i s g r o w i n g r a p i d l y t h r o u g h o u t t h e
e n t i r e w o r l d . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e i r l o c a l e n v i r o n m e n t a l b e n e f i t s , t h e y h a v e m a n y a t t r a c t i v e
f e a t u r e s i n t e r m s o f t e c h n i c a l a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l a s p e c t s . A s m e n t i o n e d i n t h e f i r s t c h a p t e r , i t
r e p r e s e n t s o n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s o f t h e f u t u r e . T h e y a l s o o f f e r s o c i o -
e c o n o m i c b e n e f i t s i n c l u d i n g n e w e m p l o y m e n t o p p o r t u n i t i e s a n d e n h a n c e d c o r p o r a t e s o c i a l
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y ( C S R ) t h r o u g h e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y .
H i g h i n i t i a l c o s t s a r e t h e i r o n l y d i s a d v a n t a g e , w h i c h a r e l i k e l y t o d e c r e a s e i n t h e f u t u r e . A n
a p p r o a c h t o w a r d s t h i s p r o b l e m m a y b e t h e r e p l a c e m e n t o f c o n v e n t i o n a l b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s
s u c h a s s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t s w i t h P V p a n e l s . T h i s i n t e g r a t e d c o n c e p t m a y r e d u c e o v e r a l l
i n v e s t m e n t c o s t s o f t h e b u i l d i n g .
6 . 1 . 1 . 1 B r i e f D e f i n i t i o n a n d P r i n c i p l e s
T h e t e r m p h o t o v o l t a i c d e r i v e s f r o m t h e G r e e k w o r d p h o s , p h o t o s ( l i g h t ) a n d t h e I t a l i a n
p h y s i c i s t V o l t a , t h e e p o n y m f o r t h e u n i t o f t h e e l e c t r i c a l v o l t a g e . I t d e s c r i b e s t h e p r o c e s s o f
g e n e r a t i o n o f d i r e c t c u r r e n t f r o m s u n l i g h t . T h e d i s c o v e r y o f t h e p h o t o v o l t a i c c o n c e p t g o e s
b a c k t o t h e w o r k o f t h e p h y s i c i s t B e c q u a r e l i n t h e 1 9
t h
c e n t u r y . B u i l d i n g i n t e g r a t e d p i l o t p l a n t s
w e r e f i r s t i n s t a l l e d i n t h e 1 9 7 0 s
1 4 2
.
A s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , s o l a r e n e r g y c a n b e c o n v e r t e d i n t o d i r e c t c u r r e n t ( D C ) e l e c t r i c i t y
u s i n g p h o t o v o l t a i c p a n e l s . A P V m o d u l e c o n s i s t s o f a n u m b e r o f P V c e l l s i n s e r i a l c o n n e c t i o n
u s u a l l y s u p p o r t e d b y a m e t a l f r a m e a n d a g l a s s c o v e r . S i l i c a i s a c o m m o n s e m i c o n d u c t o r ,
w h i c h i s u s e d w i t h i n P V p a n e l s . S o l a r c e l l s c a n b e m a d e f r o m a s i n g l e c r y s t a l o f s i l i c o n , f r o m
m u l t i p l e c r y s t a l s a s w e l l a s a m o r p h o u s s i l i c o n . F u r t h e r m a t e r i a l s a r e u n d e r d e v e l o p m e n t .
C e l l T e c h n o l o g y o f t h e P V C o l l e c t o r s
S o l a r c e l l s g e n e r a l l y c o n s i s t o f a m o r p h o u s o r c r y s t a l l i n e s i l i c o n c e l l s . I n d i v i d u a l c e l l t y p e s
d i f f e r b o t h i n t e r m s o f a p p e a r a n c e a n d e f f i c i e n c y . M o n o c r y s t a l l i n e c e l l s d e l i v e r t h e h i g h e s t

1 0 6
c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e , b u t o n l y w i t h h i g h c a p a c i t i e s . R e s i d e n t i a l u s e o f s u c h s y s t e m s h a s n o t
b e e n c o m m e r c i a l l y d e v e l o p e d y e t . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y h a v e n o t b e e n t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t i n t h i s
w o r k .
6 . 1 . 1 P h o t o v o l t a i c U s e o f S o l a r R a d i a t i o n i n D w e l l i n g s o f B o d r u m
T h e p r o d u c t i o n o f e l e c t r i c i t y b a s e d o n s o l a r r a d i a t i o n i s g r o w i n g r a p i d l y t h r o u g h o u t t h e
e n t i r e w o r l d . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e i r l o c a l e n v i r o n m e n t a l b e n e f i t s , t h e y h a v e m a n y a t t r a c t i v e
f e a t u r e s i n t e r m s o f t e c h n i c a l a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l a s p e c t s . A s m e n t i o n e d i n t h e f i r s t c h a p t e r , i t
r e p r e s e n t s o n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s o f t h e f u t u r e . T h e y a l s o o f f e r s o c i o -
e c o n o m i c b e n e f i t s i n c l u d i n g n e w e m p l o y m e n t o p p o r t u n i t i e s a n d e n h a n c e d c o r p o r a t e s o c i a l
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y ( C S R ) t h r o u g h e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y .
H i g h i n i t i a l c o s t s a r e t h e i r o n l y d i s a d v a n t a g e , w h i c h a r e l i k e l y t o d e c r e a s e i n t h e f u t u r e . A n
a p p r o a c h t o w a r d s t h i s p r o b l e m m a y b e t h e r e p l a c e m e n t o f c o n v e n t i o n a l b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s
s u c h a s s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t s w i t h P V p a n e l s . T h i s i n t e g r a t e d c o n c e p t m a y r e d u c e o v e r a l l
i n v e s t m e n t c o s t s o f t h e b u i l d i n g .
6 . 1 . 1 . 1 B r i e f D e f i n i t i o n a n d P r i n c i p l e s
T h e t e r m p h o t o v o l t a i c d e r i v e s f r o m t h e G r e e k w o r d p h o s , p h o t o s ( l i g h t ) a n d t h e I t a l i a n
p h y s i c i s t V o l t a , t h e e p o n y m f o r t h e u n i t o f t h e e l e c t r i c a l v o l t a g e . I t d e s c r i b e s t h e p r o c e s s o f
g e n e r a t i o n o f d i r e c t c u r r e n t f r o m s u n l i g h t . T h e d i s c o v e r y o f t h e p h o t o v o l t a i c c o n c e p t g o e s
b a c k t o t h e w o r k o f t h e p h y s i c i s t B e c q u a r e l i n t h e 1 9
t h
c e n t u r y . B u i l d i n g i n t e g r a t e d p i l o t p l a n t s
w e r e f i r s t i n s t a l l e d i n t h e 1 9 7 0 s
1 4 2
.
A s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , s o l a r e n e r g y c a n b e c o n v e r t e d i n t o d i r e c t c u r r e n t ( D C ) e l e c t r i c i t y
u s i n g p h o t o v o l t a i c p a n e l s . A P V m o d u l e c o n s i s t s o f a n u m b e r o f P V c e l l s i n s e r i a l c o n n e c t i o n
u s u a l l y s u p p o r t e d b y a m e t a l f r a m e a n d a g l a s s c o v e r . S i l i c a i s a c o m m o n s e m i c o n d u c t o r ,
w h i c h i s u s e d w i t h i n P V p a n e l s . S o l a r c e l l s c a n b e m a d e f r o m a s i n g l e c r y s t a l o f s i l i c o n , f r o m
m u l t i p l e c r y s t a l s a s w e l l a s a m o r p h o u s s i l i c o n . F u r t h e r m a t e r i a l s a r e u n d e r d e v e l o p m e n t .
C e l l T e c h n o l o g y o f t h e P V C o l l e c t o r s
S o l a r c e l l s g e n e r a l l y c o n s i s t o f a m o r p h o u s o r c r y s t a l l i n e s i l i c o n c e l l s . I n d i v i d u a l c e l l t y p e s
d i f f e r b o t h i n t e r m s o f a p p e a r a n c e a n d e f f i c i e n c y . M o n o c r y s t a l l i n e c e l l s d e l i v e r t h e h i g h e s t


1 0 7
e f f i c i e n c y r a t i o n w i t h 1 8 p e r c e n t . T h e s e e f f i c i e n c y q u o t i e n t s a r e b e i n g o p t i m i z e d c o n s t a n t l y .
I n t e n s i v e r e s e a r c h i s b e i n g u n d e r t a k e n i n t o n e w t e c h n o l o g i e s
1 4 3
. A s H a s e l h u h n h a s m e n t i o n e d ,
t h i n - f i l m t e c h n o l o g i e s h a s t r e m e n d o u s t e c h n i c a l a n d a e s t h e t i c p o t e n t i a l . T h e s e c e l l t y p e s a r e
a l s o e c o n o m i c i n t e r m s o f p r o d u c t i o n
1 4 4
.
M o r e o v e r , g r i d - c o n n e c t e d a n d s t a n d - a l o n e s y s t e m s c a n b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d . S t a n d - a l o n e
s y s t e m s a p p e a r m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m . T h i s a p p r o a c h w i l l b e a n a l y s e d i n
t h i s c h a p t e r . I t i s p o s s i b l e t o r e a l i z e a n e n e r g y s u r p l u s i n m a n y h o u s e h o l d s , w h i c h c a n b e
f u s e d t o t h e n e t w o r k . C u r r e n t l y , t h e s a l e o f s u r p l u s e l e c t r i c i t y i s n o t p o s s i b l e f o r p r i v a t e
p r o d u c e r s i n T u r k e y . L e g i s l a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g s t a n d - a l o n e a c t i v e s y s t e m s i s i n a p l a n n i n g p h a s e
a t t h e m o m e n t . T h e g r a n t i n g o f a f r e e l i c e n s e t o p r i v a t e p r o d u c e r s w i t h a c a p a c i t y u p t o
5 0 0 k W i s b e i n g e n v i s a g e d .
P h o t o v o l t a i c s y s t e m s c a n e n h a n c e t h e e c o n o m i c p o s i t i o n o f h o u s e h o l d s a n d e n t i r e r e g i o n s .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e y p r o v i d e a l t e r n a t i v e s t o r a t i o n a l c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s . I n a d d i t i o n , m a n y
a p p l i c a t i o n s o f P V p a n e l s a r e p o s s i b l e . P V p a n e l s c a n b e i n t e g r a t e d i n t o f a c a d e s , r o o f s , a n d
s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s . T h e y h a v e b e e n e v a l u a t e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s .
6 . 1 . 2 U s e o f S o l a r T h e r m a l S y s t e m s i n B o d r u m
S o l a r t h e r m a l e n e r g y c a n b e c o l l e c t e d , s t o r e d i n h o t - w a t e r t a n k s , a n d u s e d f o r d o m e s t i c h o t
w a t e r p r o d u c t i o n o r s p a c e h e a t i n g . M o r e o v e r , n e w t e c h n o l o g i e s a l l o w a p p l y i n g t h e m f o r
c o o l i n g n e e d s a s w e l l . C u r r e n t l y , t h e y a r e s o l e l y u s e d f o r d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r i n T u r k e y .
A c c o r d i n g t o H a r v e y
1 4 5
, t h e r e w e r e o v e r 9 . 5 m i l l i o n f l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s o n t h e r o o f s o f
T u r k i s h b u i l d i n g s i n 2 0 0 3 . I t i s a s s u m e d t h a t t h i s n u m b e r i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r i n 2 0 0 8 . A f t e r
t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d C h i n a , T u r k e y a n d J a p a n a r e m a r k e t l e a d e r s i n t h i s a r e a . T h e r e i s a
c e r t a i n l a c k o f a e s t h e t i c s t o s o l a r t h e r m a l e n e r g y a p p l i c a t i o n s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e b u i l d i n g
i n t e g r a t e d u s a g e o f s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m s i s p o s s i b l e .
A s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , s o l a r t h e r m a l e n e r g y c a n b e d i r e c t l y u s e d f o r c o o l i n g . T a s k 2 5

o f t h e
I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n e r g y A g e n c y s S o l a r H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g P r o g r a m m e i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h i s
i s s u e . T h e c a p a c i t i e s o f t h e s y s t e m s r e s e a r c h e d w i t h i n t h i s p r o g r a m w e r e a t l e a s t 1 5 k W .
T h e r m a l c o o l i n g s y s t e m s o f f e r i n t e r e s t i n g a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r r e d u c i n g p r i m a r y e n e r g y


T a s k 2 5 ' S o l a r A s s i s t e d A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g o f B u i l d i n g s ' o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n e r g y A g e n c y S o l a r H e a t i n g & C o o l i n g P r o g r a m m e a d r e s s e s p r o b l e m s c a u s e d b y r a t i o n a l a i r
c o n d i t i o n i n g s y s t e m s . F o r t h i s p u r p o s e t h e u s e o f s o l a r e n e r g y f o r a i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g o f b u i l d i n g s h a s b e e n c o v e r e d b y r e s e a r c h , d e v e l o p m e n t a n d d e m o n s t r a t i o n w o r k . T h e m a i n
o b j e c t i v e o f t h e T a s k w a s t o i m p r o v e c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e m a r k e t e n t r y o f s o l a r a s s i s t e d c o o l i n g s y s t e m s . h t t p : / / w w w . i e a - s h c - t a s k 2 5 . o r g /


1 0 7
e f f i c i e n c y r a t i o n w i t h 1 8 p e r c e n t . T h e s e e f f i c i e n c y q u o t i e n t s a r e b e i n g o p t i m i z e d c o n s t a n t l y .
I n t e n s i v e r e s e a r c h i s b e i n g u n d e r t a k e n i n t o n e w t e c h n o l o g i e s
1 4 3
. A s H a s e l h u h n h a s m e n t i o n e d ,
t h i n - f i l m t e c h n o l o g i e s h a s t r e m e n d o u s t e c h n i c a l a n d a e s t h e t i c p o t e n t i a l . T h e s e c e l l t y p e s a r e
a l s o e c o n o m i c i n t e r m s o f p r o d u c t i o n
1 4 4
.
M o r e o v e r , g r i d - c o n n e c t e d a n d s t a n d - a l o n e s y s t e m s c a n b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d . S t a n d - a l o n e
s y s t e m s a p p e a r m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m . T h i s a p p r o a c h w i l l b e a n a l y s e d i n
t h i s c h a p t e r . I t i s p o s s i b l e t o r e a l i z e a n e n e r g y s u r p l u s i n m a n y h o u s e h o l d s , w h i c h c a n b e
f u s e d t o t h e n e t w o r k . C u r r e n t l y , t h e s a l e o f s u r p l u s e l e c t r i c i t y i s n o t p o s s i b l e f o r p r i v a t e
p r o d u c e r s i n T u r k e y . L e g i s l a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g s t a n d - a l o n e a c t i v e s y s t e m s i s i n a p l a n n i n g p h a s e
a t t h e m o m e n t . T h e g r a n t i n g o f a f r e e l i c e n s e t o p r i v a t e p r o d u c e r s w i t h a c a p a c i t y u p t o
5 0 0 k W i s b e i n g e n v i s a g e d .
P h o t o v o l t a i c s y s t e m s c a n e n h a n c e t h e e c o n o m i c p o s i t i o n o f h o u s e h o l d s a n d e n t i r e r e g i o n s .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e y p r o v i d e a l t e r n a t i v e s t o r a t i o n a l c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s . I n a d d i t i o n , m a n y
a p p l i c a t i o n s o f P V p a n e l s a r e p o s s i b l e . P V p a n e l s c a n b e i n t e g r a t e d i n t o f a c a d e s , r o o f s , a n d
s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s . T h e y h a v e b e e n e v a l u a t e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s .
6 . 1 . 2 U s e o f S o l a r T h e r m a l S y s t e m s i n B o d r u m
S o l a r t h e r m a l e n e r g y c a n b e c o l l e c t e d , s t o r e d i n h o t - w a t e r t a n k s , a n d u s e d f o r d o m e s t i c h o t
w a t e r p r o d u c t i o n o r s p a c e h e a t i n g . M o r e o v e r , n e w t e c h n o l o g i e s a l l o w a p p l y i n g t h e m f o r
c o o l i n g n e e d s a s w e l l . C u r r e n t l y , t h e y a r e s o l e l y u s e d f o r d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r i n T u r k e y .
A c c o r d i n g t o H a r v e y
1 4 5
, t h e r e w e r e o v e r 9 . 5 m i l l i o n f l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s o n t h e r o o f s o f
T u r k i s h b u i l d i n g s i n 2 0 0 3 . I t i s a s s u m e d t h a t t h i s n u m b e r i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r i n 2 0 0 8 . A f t e r
t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d C h i n a , T u r k e y a n d J a p a n a r e m a r k e t l e a d e r s i n t h i s a r e a . T h e r e i s a
c e r t a i n l a c k o f a e s t h e t i c s t o s o l a r t h e r m a l e n e r g y a p p l i c a t i o n s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e b u i l d i n g
i n t e g r a t e d u s a g e o f s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m s i s p o s s i b l e .
A s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , s o l a r t h e r m a l e n e r g y c a n b e d i r e c t l y u s e d f o r c o o l i n g . T a s k 2 5

o f t h e
I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n e r g y A g e n c y s S o l a r H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g P r o g r a m m e i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h i s
i s s u e . T h e c a p a c i t i e s o f t h e s y s t e m s r e s e a r c h e d w i t h i n t h i s p r o g r a m w e r e a t l e a s t 1 5 k W .
T h e r m a l c o o l i n g s y s t e m s o f f e r i n t e r e s t i n g a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r r e d u c i n g p r i m a r y e n e r g y


T a s k 2 5 ' S o l a r A s s i s t e d A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g o f B u i l d i n g s ' o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n e r g y A g e n c y S o l a r H e a t i n g & C o o l i n g P r o g r a m m e a d r e s s e s p r o b l e m s c a u s e d b y r a t i o n a l a i r
c o n d i t i o n i n g s y s t e m s . F o r t h i s p u r p o s e t h e u s e o f s o l a r e n e r g y f o r a i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g o f b u i l d i n g s h a s b e e n c o v e r e d b y r e s e a r c h , d e v e l o p m e n t a n d d e m o n s t r a t i o n w o r k . T h e m a i n
o b j e c t i v e o f t h e T a s k w a s t o i m p r o v e c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e m a r k e t e n t r y o f s o l a r a s s i s t e d c o o l i n g s y s t e m s . h t t p : / / w w w . i e a - s h c - t a s k 2 5 . o r g /


107
efficiency ration with 18 per cent. These efficiency quotients are being optimized constantly.
Intensive research is being undertaken into new technologies
143
. As Haselhuhn has mentioned,
thin-film technologies has tremendous technical and aesthetic potential. These cell types are
also economic in terms of production
144
.
Moreover, grid-connected and stand-alone systems can be distinguished. Stand-alone
systems appear most appropriate for dwellings in Bodrum. This approach will be analysed in
this chapter. It is possible to realize an energy surplus in many households, which can be
fused to the network. Currently, the sale of surplus electricity is not possible for private
producers in Turkey. Legislation concerning stand-alone active systems is in a planning phase
at the moment. The granting of a free license to private producers with a capacity up to
500kW is being envisaged.
Photovoltaic systems can enhance the economic position of households and entire regions.
Furthermore, they provide alternatives to rational construction materials. In addition, many
applications of PV panels are possible. PV panels can be integrated into facades, roofs, and
shading elements. They have been evaluated in the following sections.
6.1.2 Use of Solar Thermal Systems in Bodrum
Solar thermal energy can be collected, stored in hot-water tanks, and used for domestic hot
water production or space heating. Moreover, new technologies allow applying them for
cooling needs as well. Currently, they are solely used for domestic hot water in Turkey.
According to Harvey
145
, there were over 9.5 million flat-plate collectors on the roofs of
Turkish buildings in 2003. It is assumed that this number is significantly higher in 2008. After
the United States and China, Turkey and Japan are market leaders in this area. There is a
certain lack of aesthetics to solar thermal energy applications. Nevertheless, the building
integrated usage of solar thermal systems is possible.
As mentioned above, solar thermal energy can be directly used for cooling. Task 25

of the
International Energy Agencys Solar Heating and Cooling Programme is concerned with this
issue. The capacities of the systems researched within this program were at least 15 kW.
Thermal cooling systems offer interesting alternatives for reducing primary energy


Task 25 'Solar Assisted Air Conditioning of Buildings' of the International Energy Agency Solar Heating & Cooling Programme adresses problems caused by rational air
conditioning systems. For this purpose the use of solar energy for air-conditioning of buildings has been covered by research, development and demonstration work.The main
objective of the Task was to improve conditions for the market entry of solar assisted cooling systems. http://www.iea-shc-task25.org/


107
efficiency ration with 18 per cent. These efficiency quotients are being optimized constantly.
Intensive research is being undertaken into new technologies
143
. As Haselhuhn has mentioned,
thin-film technologies has tremendous technical and aesthetic potential. These cell types are
also economic in terms of production
144
.
Moreover, grid-connected and stand-alone systems can be distinguished. Stand-alone
systems appear most appropriate for dwellings in Bodrum. This approach will be analysed in
this chapter. It is possible to realize an energy surplus in many households, which can be
fused to the network. Currently, the sale of surplus electricity is not possible for private
producers in Turkey. Legislation concerning stand-alone active systems is in a planning phase
at the moment. The granting of a free license to private producers with a capacity up to
500kW is being envisaged.
Photovoltaic systems can enhance the economic position of households and entire regions.
Furthermore, they provide alternatives to rational construction materials. In addition, many
applications of PV panels are possible. PV panels can be integrated into facades, roofs, and
shading elements. They have been evaluated in the following sections.
6.1.2 Use of Solar Thermal Systems in Bodrum
Solar thermal energy can be collected, stored in hot-water tanks, and used for domestic hot
water production or space heating. Moreover, new technologies allow applying them for
cooling needs as well. Currently, they are solely used for domestic hot water in Turkey.
According to Harvey
145
, there were over 9.5 million flat-plate collectors on the roofs of
Turkish buildings in 2003. It is assumed that this number is significantly higher in 2008. After
the United States and China, Turkey and Japan are market leaders in this area. There is a
certain lack of aesthetics to solar thermal energy applications. Nevertheless, the building
integrated usage of solar thermal systems is possible.
As mentioned above, solar thermal energy can be directly used for cooling. Task 25

of the
International Energy Agencys Solar Heating and Cooling Programme is concerned with this
issue. The capacities of the systems researched within this program were at least 15 kW.
Thermal cooling systems offer interesting alternatives for reducing primary energy


Task 25 'Solar Assisted Air Conditioning of Buildings' of the International Energy Agency Solar Heating & Cooling Programme adresses problems caused by rational air
conditioning systems. For this purpose the use of solar energy for air-conditioning of buildings has been covered by research, development and demonstration work.The main
objective of the Task was to improve conditions for the market entry of solar assisted cooling systems. http://www.iea-shc-task25.org/


108
consumption of small scale electrical chillers, which dominate the market. Nevertheless,
Jakob has stated that, no thermally driven cooling machines are currently available on the
market, which provide sufficient cold at low temperatures especially for residential use with
small and medium cooling performance ranging between a 1 kW and 15 kW cooling
capacity
146
. Higher capacity systems are available in Turkey, even though they are mainly
used in public or touristic buildings with high cooling demand. Dwellings in Bodrum require
systems with a capacity below ten kW. Such systems, e.g. Ziegler from Berlin Institute of
Technology, are still in the development phase
147
.
6.1.2.1 Definition and principles
A typical solar collector, which is used in Turkey, consists of a translucent cover, an
absorption plate, and a heat transfer system, which involves hot water pipes or hot air. This
system is sufficient for supplying domestic hot water. Further types are, for example,
evacuated-tube collectors and compound parabolic collectors. Systems such as thermo-active
building components are required for heating. Furthermore, systems like absorption and
adsorption chillers, desiccant dehumidification, etc. need to be integrated to the cooling
system if possible. Technical details for hot water, heating and cooling through thermal solar
systems are provided by Peuser
148
, et al. and Henning
149
.
Furthermore, solar air collectors can be used as hybrid systems: collectors as active part
and the ventilation as passive part of the system. They can be integrated into the structure of a
building as a part of the building envelope. Hasting and Morck
150
have discussed such basic
systems, which use solar air collectors for heating. The hot air gained by solar collectors can
be driven through or into the room with natural or mechanical ventilation. The efficiency of
these systems ranges between 30 to 70 per cent, which is sufficient to meet up to 80 per cent
of the annual heating demand of high-insulated buildings. Given the weather conditions in
Bodrum, it is reasonable to argue that this percentage might be even higher.
In the same way as PV systems, flat-plate collectors can be used as building components.
In addition to the aesthetic approach, such integrative usage of solar thermal collectors
minimizes the potential of water leakage at transition points between different roofing
materials.
Flat-plate and evacuated tube collectors are simulated in this work. The results are given in


108
consumption of small scale electrical chillers, which dominate the market. Nevertheless,
Jakob has stated that, no thermally driven cooling machines are currently available on the
market, which provide sufficient cold at low temperatures especially for residential use with
small and medium cooling performance ranging between a 1 kW and 15 kW cooling
capacity
146
. Higher capacity systems are available in Turkey, even though they are mainly
used in public or touristic buildings with high cooling demand. Dwellings in Bodrum require
systems with a capacity below ten kW. Such systems, e.g. Ziegler from Berlin Institute of
Technology, are still in the development phase
147
.
6.1.2.1 Definition and principles
A typical solar collector, which is used in Turkey, consists of a translucent cover, an
absorption plate, and a heat transfer system, which involves hot water pipes or hot air. This
system is sufficient for supplying domestic hot water. Further types are, for example,
evacuated-tube collectors and compound parabolic collectors. Systems such as thermo-active
building components are required for heating. Furthermore, systems like absorption and
adsorption chillers, desiccant dehumidification, etc. need to be integrated to the cooling
system if possible. Technical details for hot water, heating and cooling through thermal solar
systems are provided by Peuser
148
, et al. and Henning
149
.
Furthermore, solar air collectors can be used as hybrid systems: collectors as active part
and the ventilation as passive part of the system. They can be integrated into the structure of a
building as a part of the building envelope. Hasting and Morck
150
have discussed such basic
systems, which use solar air collectors for heating. The hot air gained by solar collectors can
be driven through or into the room with natural or mechanical ventilation. The efficiency of
these systems ranges between 30 to 70 per cent, which is sufficient to meet up to 80 per cent
of the annual heating demand of high-insulated buildings. Given the weather conditions in
Bodrum, it is reasonable to argue that this percentage might be even higher.
In the same way as PV systems, flat-plate collectors can be used as building components.
In addition to the aesthetic approach, such integrative usage of solar thermal collectors
minimizes the potential of water leakage at transition points between different roofing
materials.
Flat-plate and evacuated tube collectors are simulated in this work. The results are given in


1 0 8
c o n s u m p t i o n o f s m a l l s c a l e e l e c t r i c a l c h i l l e r s , w h i c h d o m i n a t e t h e m a r k e t . N e v e r t h e l e s s ,
J a k o b h a s s t a t e d t h a t , n o t h e r m a l l y d r i v e n c o o l i n g m a c h i n e s a r e c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e o n t h e
m a r k e t , w h i c h p r o v i d e s u f f i c i e n t c o l d a t l o w t e m p e r a t u r e s e s p e c i a l l y f o r r e s i d e n t i a l u s e w i t h
s m a l l a n d m e d i u m c o o l i n g p e r f o r m a n c e r a n g i n g b e t w e e n a 1 k W a n d 1 5 k W c o o l i n g
c a p a c i t y
1 4 6
. H i g h e r c a p a c i t y s y s t e m s a r e a v a i l a b l e i n T u r k e y , e v e n t h o u g h t h e y a r e m a i n l y
u s e d i n p u b l i c o r t o u r i s t i c b u i l d i n g s w i t h h i g h c o o l i n g d e m a n d . D w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m r e q u i r e
s y s t e m s w i t h a c a p a c i t y b e l o w t e n k W . S u c h s y s t e m s , e . g . Z i e g l e r f r o m B e r l i n I n s t i t u t e o f
T e c h n o l o g y , a r e s t i l l i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t p h a s e
1 4 7
.
6 . 1 . 2 . 1 D e f i n i t i o n a n d p r i n c i p l e s
A t y p i c a l s o l a r c o l l e c t o r , w h i c h i s u s e d i n T u r k e y , c o n s i s t s o f a t r a n s l u c e n t c o v e r , a n
a b s o r p t i o n p l a t e , a n d a h e a t t r a n s f e r s y s t e m , w h i c h i n v o l v e s h o t w a t e r p i p e s o r h o t a i r . T h i s
s y s t e m i s s u f f i c i e n t f o r s u p p l y i n g d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r . F u r t h e r t y p e s a r e , f o r e x a m p l e ,
e v a c u a t e d - t u b e c o l l e c t o r s a n d c o m p o u n d p a r a b o l i c c o l l e c t o r s . S y s t e m s s u c h a s t h e r m o - a c t i v e
b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s a r e r e q u i r e d f o r h e a t i n g . F u r t h e r m o r e , s y s t e m s l i k e a b s o r p t i o n a n d
a d s o r p t i o n c h i l l e r s , d e s i c c a n t d e h u m i d i f i c a t i o n , e t c . n e e d t o b e i n t e g r a t e d t o t h e c o o l i n g
s y s t e m i f p o s s i b l e . T e c h n i c a l d e t a i l s f o r h o t w a t e r , h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g t h r o u g h t h e r m a l s o l a r
s y s t e m s a r e p r o v i d e d b y P e u s e r
1 4 8
, e t a l . a n d H e n n i n g
1 4 9
.
F u r t h e r m o r e , s o l a r a i r c o l l e c t o r s c a n b e u s e d a s h y b r i d s y s t e m s : c o l l e c t o r s a s a c t i v e p a r t
a n d t h e v e n t i l a t i o n a s p a s s i v e p a r t o f t h e s y s t e m . T h e y c a n b e i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e s t r u c t u r e o f a
b u i l d i n g a s a p a r t o f t h e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e . H a s t i n g a n d M o r c k
1 5 0
h a v e d i s c u s s e d s u c h b a s i c
s y s t e m s , w h i c h u s e s o l a r a i r c o l l e c t o r s f o r h e a t i n g . T h e h o t a i r g a i n e d b y s o l a r c o l l e c t o r s c a n
b e d r i v e n t h r o u g h o r i n t o t h e r o o m w i t h n a t u r a l o r m e c h a n i c a l v e n t i l a t i o n . T h e e f f i c i e n c y o f
t h e s e s y s t e m s r a n g e s b e t w e e n 3 0 t o 7 0 p e r c e n t , w h i c h i s s u f f i c i e n t t o m e e t u p t o 8 0 p e r c e n t
o f t h e a n n u a l h e a t i n g d e m a n d o f h i g h - i n s u l a t e d b u i l d i n g s . G i v e n t h e w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s i n
B o d r u m , i t i s r e a s o n a b l e t o a r g u e t h a t t h i s p e r c e n t a g e m i g h t b e e v e n h i g h e r .
I n t h e s a m e w a y a s P V s y s t e m s , f l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s c a n b e u s e d a s b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s .
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e a e s t h e t i c a p p r o a c h , s u c h i n t e g r a t i v e u s a g e o f s o l a r t h e r m a l c o l l e c t o r s
m i n i m i z e s t h e p o t e n t i a l o f w a t e r l e a k a g e a t t r a n s i t i o n p o i n t s b e t w e e n d i f f e r e n t r o o f i n g
m a t e r i a l s .
F l a t - p l a t e a n d e v a c u a t e d t u b e c o l l e c t o r s a r e s i m u l a t e d i n t h i s w o r k . T h e r e s u l t s a r e g i v e n i n


1 0 8
c o n s u m p t i o n o f s m a l l s c a l e e l e c t r i c a l c h i l l e r s , w h i c h d o m i n a t e t h e m a r k e t . N e v e r t h e l e s s ,
J a k o b h a s s t a t e d t h a t , n o t h e r m a l l y d r i v e n c o o l i n g m a c h i n e s a r e c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e o n t h e
m a r k e t , w h i c h p r o v i d e s u f f i c i e n t c o l d a t l o w t e m p e r a t u r e s e s p e c i a l l y f o r r e s i d e n t i a l u s e w i t h
s m a l l a n d m e d i u m c o o l i n g p e r f o r m a n c e r a n g i n g b e t w e e n a 1 k W a n d 1 5 k W c o o l i n g
c a p a c i t y
1 4 6
. H i g h e r c a p a c i t y s y s t e m s a r e a v a i l a b l e i n T u r k e y , e v e n t h o u g h t h e y a r e m a i n l y
u s e d i n p u b l i c o r t o u r i s t i c b u i l d i n g s w i t h h i g h c o o l i n g d e m a n d . D w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m r e q u i r e
s y s t e m s w i t h a c a p a c i t y b e l o w t e n k W . S u c h s y s t e m s , e . g . Z i e g l e r f r o m B e r l i n I n s t i t u t e o f
T e c h n o l o g y , a r e s t i l l i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t p h a s e
1 4 7
.
6 . 1 . 2 . 1 D e f i n i t i o n a n d p r i n c i p l e s
A t y p i c a l s o l a r c o l l e c t o r , w h i c h i s u s e d i n T u r k e y , c o n s i s t s o f a t r a n s l u c e n t c o v e r , a n
a b s o r p t i o n p l a t e , a n d a h e a t t r a n s f e r s y s t e m , w h i c h i n v o l v e s h o t w a t e r p i p e s o r h o t a i r . T h i s
s y s t e m i s s u f f i c i e n t f o r s u p p l y i n g d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r . F u r t h e r t y p e s a r e , f o r e x a m p l e ,
e v a c u a t e d - t u b e c o l l e c t o r s a n d c o m p o u n d p a r a b o l i c c o l l e c t o r s . S y s t e m s s u c h a s t h e r m o - a c t i v e
b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s a r e r e q u i r e d f o r h e a t i n g . F u r t h e r m o r e , s y s t e m s l i k e a b s o r p t i o n a n d
a d s o r p t i o n c h i l l e r s , d e s i c c a n t d e h u m i d i f i c a t i o n , e t c . n e e d t o b e i n t e g r a t e d t o t h e c o o l i n g
s y s t e m i f p o s s i b l e . T e c h n i c a l d e t a i l s f o r h o t w a t e r , h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g t h r o u g h t h e r m a l s o l a r
s y s t e m s a r e p r o v i d e d b y P e u s e r
1 4 8
, e t a l . a n d H e n n i n g
1 4 9
.
F u r t h e r m o r e , s o l a r a i r c o l l e c t o r s c a n b e u s e d a s h y b r i d s y s t e m s : c o l l e c t o r s a s a c t i v e p a r t
a n d t h e v e n t i l a t i o n a s p a s s i v e p a r t o f t h e s y s t e m . T h e y c a n b e i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e s t r u c t u r e o f a
b u i l d i n g a s a p a r t o f t h e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e . H a s t i n g a n d M o r c k
1 5 0
h a v e d i s c u s s e d s u c h b a s i c
s y s t e m s , w h i c h u s e s o l a r a i r c o l l e c t o r s f o r h e a t i n g . T h e h o t a i r g a i n e d b y s o l a r c o l l e c t o r s c a n
b e d r i v e n t h r o u g h o r i n t o t h e r o o m w i t h n a t u r a l o r m e c h a n i c a l v e n t i l a t i o n . T h e e f f i c i e n c y o f
t h e s e s y s t e m s r a n g e s b e t w e e n 3 0 t o 7 0 p e r c e n t , w h i c h i s s u f f i c i e n t t o m e e t u p t o 8 0 p e r c e n t
o f t h e a n n u a l h e a t i n g d e m a n d o f h i g h - i n s u l a t e d b u i l d i n g s . G i v e n t h e w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s i n
B o d r u m , i t i s r e a s o n a b l e t o a r g u e t h a t t h i s p e r c e n t a g e m i g h t b e e v e n h i g h e r .
I n t h e s a m e w a y a s P V s y s t e m s , f l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s c a n b e u s e d a s b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s .
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e a e s t h e t i c a p p r o a c h , s u c h i n t e g r a t i v e u s a g e o f s o l a r t h e r m a l c o l l e c t o r s
m i n i m i z e s t h e p o t e n t i a l o f w a t e r l e a k a g e a t t r a n s i t i o n p o i n t s b e t w e e n d i f f e r e n t r o o f i n g
m a t e r i a l s .
F l a t - p l a t e a n d e v a c u a t e d t u b e c o l l e c t o r s a r e s i m u l a t e d i n t h i s w o r k . T h e r e s u l t s a r e g i v e n i n


1 0 9
t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s . A b r i e f d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e s e c o l l e c t o r s i s p r o v i d e d b e l o w :
a ) F l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s :
A f l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r c o n s i s t s o f a t r a n s p a r e n t g l a s s c o v e r , w h i c h c o n v e r t s t h e s h o r t - w a v e
U V - R a d i a t i o n i n t o l o n g - w a v e h e a t r a d i a t i o n . T h e b l a c k a b s o r b e r p a n e l , w h i c h l i e s b e h i n d t h e
g l a s s c o v e r , i s u s e d f o r h e a t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n . H e a t d i s t r i b u t i o n m e d i u m t u b e s , i n w h i c h a h e a t
t r a n s f e r l i q u i d i s w a r m e d u p a n d w h i c h l e a d s h e a t t o t h e h e a t d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m , a r e d i r e c t e d
t o t h e a b s o r b e r p a n e l . F l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s a r e c o m m o n l y u s e d s i n c e t h e y a r e u n d e r a n
e c o n o m i c a l v i e w p o i n t c o n s t r u c t e d .
b ) E v a c u a t e d t u b e c o l l e c t o r s :
E v a c u a t e d t u b e c o l l e c t o r s o p e r a t e e i t h e r a c c o r d i n g t h e c o n c e p t o f d i r e c t f l o w t h r o u g h t u b e s
o r t h e H e a t P i p e p r i n c i p l e . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e H e a t P i p e p r i n c i p l e , a l i q u i d c i r c u l a t e s i n t h e
t u b e s . I t e v a p o r a t e s , r i s e s u p d u e t o g a i n e d h e a t e v a p o r a t e d t h r o u g h s o l a r r a d i a t i o n , a n d
r e a c h e s a h e a t e x c h a n g e r . F i n a l l y , t h e h e a t , w h i c h i s r e a l i z e d d u r i n g t h i s c o n d e n s a t i o n p r o c e s s ,
i s d e l i v e r e d t o t h e h e a t i n g m e d i u m .
T h e a n n u a l c o l l e c t o r y i e l d o f f l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s l i e s b e t w e e n 4 0 0 a n d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 8 0
k W h / m
2
. I t i s b e t w e e n 4 8 0 t o 5 8 0 k W h / m
2
a w i t h r e g a r d t o e v a c u a t e d t u b e c o l l e c t o r s . B o t h o f
t h e s e t y p e s a r e q u a l i f i e d f o r r e s i d e n t i a l s p a c e h e a t i n g a n d d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r s u p p l y .
M a x i m u m o p e r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s v a r y b e t w e e n 6 0 - 9 0 C f o r f l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s a n d 8 0 - 1 5 0
C f o r e v a c u a t e d t u b e c o l l e c t o r s
1 5 1
.
P i c t u r e 7 F l a t - p l a t e C o l l e c t o r ( e z i n c . c o m . t r )
P i c t u r e 8 E v a c u a t e d T u b e C o l l e c t o r ( p o c o - s o l a r . d e )


1 0 9
t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s . A b r i e f d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e s e c o l l e c t o r s i s p r o v i d e d b e l o w :
a ) F l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s :
A f l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r c o n s i s t s o f a t r a n s p a r e n t g l a s s c o v e r , w h i c h c o n v e r t s t h e s h o r t - w a v e
U V - R a d i a t i o n i n t o l o n g - w a v e h e a t r a d i a t i o n . T h e b l a c k a b s o r b e r p a n e l , w h i c h l i e s b e h i n d t h e
g l a s s c o v e r , i s u s e d f o r h e a t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n . H e a t d i s t r i b u t i o n m e d i u m t u b e s , i n w h i c h a h e a t
t r a n s f e r l i q u i d i s w a r m e d u p a n d w h i c h l e a d s h e a t t o t h e h e a t d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m , a r e d i r e c t e d
t o t h e a b s o r b e r p a n e l . F l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s a r e c o m m o n l y u s e d s i n c e t h e y a r e u n d e r a n
e c o n o m i c a l v i e w p o i n t c o n s t r u c t e d .
b ) E v a c u a t e d t u b e c o l l e c t o r s :
E v a c u a t e d t u b e c o l l e c t o r s o p e r a t e e i t h e r a c c o r d i n g t h e c o n c e p t o f d i r e c t f l o w t h r o u g h t u b e s
o r t h e H e a t P i p e p r i n c i p l e . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e H e a t P i p e p r i n c i p l e , a l i q u i d c i r c u l a t e s i n t h e
t u b e s . I t e v a p o r a t e s , r i s e s u p d u e t o g a i n e d h e a t e v a p o r a t e d t h r o u g h s o l a r r a d i a t i o n , a n d
r e a c h e s a h e a t e x c h a n g e r . F i n a l l y , t h e h e a t , w h i c h i s r e a l i z e d d u r i n g t h i s c o n d e n s a t i o n p r o c e s s ,
i s d e l i v e r e d t o t h e h e a t i n g m e d i u m .
T h e a n n u a l c o l l e c t o r y i e l d o f f l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s l i e s b e t w e e n 4 0 0 a n d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 8 0
k W h / m
2
. I t i s b e t w e e n 4 8 0 t o 5 8 0 k W h / m
2
a w i t h r e g a r d t o e v a c u a t e d t u b e c o l l e c t o r s . B o t h o f
t h e s e t y p e s a r e q u a l i f i e d f o r r e s i d e n t i a l s p a c e h e a t i n g a n d d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r s u p p l y .
M a x i m u m o p e r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s v a r y b e t w e e n 6 0 - 9 0 C f o r f l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s a n d 8 0 - 1 5 0
C f o r e v a c u a t e d t u b e c o l l e c t o r s
1 5 1
.
P i c t u r e 7 F l a t - p l a t e C o l l e c t o r ( e z i n c . c o m . t r )
P i c t u r e 8 E v a c u a t e d T u b e C o l l e c t o r ( p o c o - s o l a r . d e )


109
the following sections. A brief definition of these collectors is provided below:
a) Flat-plate collectors:
A flat-plate collector consists of a transparent glass cover, which converts the short-wave
UV-Radiation into long-wave heat radiation. The black absorber panel, which lies behind the
glass cover, is used for heat transformation. Heat distribution medium tubes, in which a heat
transfer liquid is warmed up and which leads heat to the heat distribution system, are directed
to the absorber panel. Flat-plate collectors are commonly used since they are under an
economical viewpoint constructed.
b) Evacuated tube collectors:
Evacuated tube collectors operate either according the concept of direct flow through tubes
or the Heat Pipe principle. According to the Heat Pipe principle, a liquid circulates in the
tubes. It evaporates, rises up due to gained heat evaporated through solar radiation, and
reaches a heat exchanger. Finally, the heat, which is realized during this condensation process,
is delivered to the heating medium.
The annual collector yield of flat-plate collectors lies between 400 and approximately 480
kWh/m
2
. It is between 480 to 580 kWh/m
2
a with regard to evacuated tube collectors. Both of
these types are qualified for residential space heating and domestic hot water supply.
Maximum operating temperatures vary between 60-90 C for flat-plate collectors and 80-150
C for evacuated tube collectors
151
.
Picture 7 Flat-plate Collector (ezinc.com.tr)
Picture 8 Evacuated Tube Collector (poco-solar.de)


109
the following sections. A brief definition of these collectors is provided below:
a) Flat-plate collectors:
A flat-plate collector consists of a transparent glass cover, which converts the short-wave
UV-Radiation into long-wave heat radiation. The black absorber panel, which lies behind the
glass cover, is used for heat transformation. Heat distribution medium tubes, in which a heat
transfer liquid is warmed up and which leads heat to the heat distribution system, are directed
to the absorber panel. Flat-plate collectors are commonly used since they are under an
economical viewpoint constructed.
b) Evacuated tube collectors:
Evacuated tube collectors operate either according the concept of direct flow through tubes
or the Heat Pipe principle. According to the Heat Pipe principle, a liquid circulates in the
tubes. It evaporates, rises up due to gained heat evaporated through solar radiation, and
reaches a heat exchanger. Finally, the heat, which is realized during this condensation process,
is delivered to the heating medium.
The annual collector yield of flat-plate collectors lies between 400 and approximately 480
kWh/m
2
. It is between 480 to 580 kWh/m
2
a with regard to evacuated tube collectors. Both of
these types are qualified for residential space heating and domestic hot water supply.
Maximum operating temperatures vary between 60-90 C for flat-plate collectors and 80-150
C for evacuated tube collectors
151
.
Picture 7 Flat-plate Collector (ezinc.com.tr)
Picture 8 Evacuated Tube Collector (poco-solar.de)


110
c) Heat transfer medium:
Generally gases or liquids are used as heat transfer mediums. There are many heat transfer
mediums, but water is used in a very widespread way. The collector circuit is normally
separated from the process water circuit in order to avoid the risk of frost. A glycol water
mixture is used
152
. This separation is not necessary in Bodrum, since there is no frost risk.
Consequently, one hundred per cent water can be used as heat transfer medium. This option is
used in the simulations.
d) Cover and frame:
The absorber in the collector is protected by a transparent cover (generally glass) in order
to reduce convective and radiative heat losses. The cover has to be permeable for short-wave
radiation and avoid long-wave reflection. For increasing performance during the thermal
conduction, vacuum can be produced in the space between absorber and cover. Some glass
covers have a special coating to increase performance. These are also considered by the
simulations.
Furthermore, the components of the collectors are generally protected with an alu-minium
frame. The frame also provides thermal insulation on the sides and backside. In terms of
building integration, they can be adapted to the building construction.
e) Storage of thermal energy:
They play a central role in the system. Thermal heat storage tanks are mainly used by solar
thermal systems. They can be placed inside or outside a building. Furthermore, the time
period of the heat storage is decisive for the practical application of the solar thermal systems.
Short-term heat storage tanks are the most common types. These are thermally insulated
storage tanks with up to ten m
3
volume, which are usually used by residential buildings. Long-
term heat storage facilities, which have larger capacities, are not considered by this work.
They are uneconomical and insufficient in regard to single households.
6.1.3 Solar Related Air Conditioning: Heat Pumps
Certain components of the systems installed for the heating purpose can also be used for
cooling without using solar energy directly. For this purpose, heat pumps can be combined


110
c) Heat transfer medium:
Generally gases or liquids are used as heat transfer mediums. There are many heat transfer
mediums, but water is used in a very widespread way. The collector circuit is normally
separated from the process water circuit in order to avoid the risk of frost. A glycol water
mixture is used
152
. This separation is not necessary in Bodrum, since there is no frost risk.
Consequently, one hundred per cent water can be used as heat transfer medium. This option is
used in the simulations.
d) Cover and frame:
The absorber in the collector is protected by a transparent cover (generally glass) in order
to reduce convective and radiative heat losses. The cover has to be permeable for short-wave
radiation and avoid long-wave reflection. For increasing performance during the thermal
conduction, vacuum can be produced in the space between absorber and cover. Some glass
covers have a special coating to increase performance. These are also considered by the
simulations.
Furthermore, the components of the collectors are generally protected with an alu-minium
frame. The frame also provides thermal insulation on the sides and backside. In terms of
building integration, they can be adapted to the building construction.
e) Storage of thermal energy:
They play a central role in the system. Thermal heat storage tanks are mainly used by solar
thermal systems. They can be placed inside or outside a building. Furthermore, the time
period of the heat storage is decisive for the practical application of the solar thermal systems.
Short-term heat storage tanks are the most common types. These are thermally insulated
storage tanks with up to ten m
3
volume, which are usually used by residential buildings. Long-
term heat storage facilities, which have larger capacities, are not considered by this work.
They are uneconomical and insufficient in regard to single households.
6.1.3 Solar Related Air Conditioning: Heat Pumps
Certain components of the systems installed for the heating purpose can also be used for
cooling without using solar energy directly. For this purpose, heat pumps can be combined


1 1 0
c ) H e a t t r a n s f e r m e d i u m :
G e n e r a l l y g a s e s o r l i q u i d s a r e u s e d a s h e a t t r a n s f e r m e d i u m s . T h e r e a r e m a n y h e a t t r a n s f e r
m e d i u m s , b u t w a t e r i s u s e d i n a v e r y w i d e s p r e a d w a y . T h e c o l l e c t o r c i r c u i t i s n o r m a l l y
s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e p r o c e s s w a t e r c i r c u i t i n o r d e r t o a v o i d t h e r i s k o f f r o s t . A g l y c o l w a t e r
m i x t u r e i s u s e d
1 5 2
. T h i s s e p a r a t i o n i s n o t n e c e s s a r y i n B o d r u m , s i n c e t h e r e i s n o f r o s t r i s k .
C o n s e q u e n t l y , o n e h u n d r e d p e r c e n t w a t e r c a n b e u s e d a s h e a t t r a n s f e r m e d i u m . T h i s o p t i o n i s
u s e d i n t h e s i m u l a t i o n s .
d ) C o v e r a n d f r a m e :
T h e a b s o r b e r i n t h e c o l l e c t o r i s p r o t e c t e d b y a t r a n s p a r e n t c o v e r ( g e n e r a l l y g l a s s ) i n o r d e r
t o r e d u c e c o n v e c t i v e a n d r a d i a t i v e h e a t l o s s e s . T h e c o v e r h a s t o b e p e r m e a b l e f o r s h o r t - w a v e
r a d i a t i o n a n d a v o i d l o n g - w a v e r e f l e c t i o n . F o r i n c r e a s i n g p e r f o r m a n c e d u r i n g t h e t h e r m a l
c o n d u c t i o n , v a c u u m c a n b e p r o d u c e d i n t h e s p a c e b e t w e e n a b s o r b e r a n d c o v e r . S o m e g l a s s
c o v e r s h a v e a s p e c i a l c o a t i n g t o i n c r e a s e p e r f o r m a n c e . T h e s e a r e a l s o c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e
s i m u l a t i o n s .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e c o l l e c t o r s a r e g e n e r a l l y p r o t e c t e d w i t h a n a l u - m i n i u m
f r a m e . T h e f r a m e a l s o p r o v i d e s t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n o n t h e s i d e s a n d b a c k s i d e . I n t e r m s o f
b u i l d i n g i n t e g r a t i o n , t h e y c a n b e a d a p t e d t o t h e b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n .
e ) S t o r a g e o f t h e r m a l e n e r g y :
T h e y p l a y a c e n t r a l r o l e i n t h e s y s t e m . T h e r m a l h e a t s t o r a g e t a n k s a r e m a i n l y u s e d b y s o l a r
t h e r m a l s y s t e m s . T h e y c a n b e p l a c e d i n s i d e o r o u t s i d e a b u i l d i n g . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e t i m e
p e r i o d o f t h e h e a t s t o r a g e i s d e c i s i v e f o r t h e p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m s .
S h o r t - t e r m h e a t s t o r a g e t a n k s a r e t h e m o s t c o m m o n t y p e s . T h e s e a r e t h e r m a l l y i n s u l a t e d
s t o r a g e t a n k s w i t h u p t o t e n m
3
v o l u m e , w h i c h a r e u s u a l l y u s e d b y r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s . L o n g -
t e r m h e a t s t o r a g e f a c i l i t i e s , w h i c h h a v e l a r g e r c a p a c i t i e s , a r e n o t c o n s i d e r e d b y t h i s w o r k .
T h e y a r e u n e c o n o m i c a l a n d i n s u f f i c i e n t i n r e g a r d t o s i n g l e h o u s e h o l d s .
6 . 1 . 3 S o l a r R e l a t e d A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g : H e a t P u m p s
C e r t a i n c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e s y s t e m s i n s t a l l e d f o r t h e h e a t i n g p u r p o s e c a n a l s o b e u s e d f o r
c o o l i n g w i t h o u t u s i n g s o l a r e n e r g y d i r e c t l y . F o r t h i s p u r p o s e , h e a t p u m p s c a n b e c o m b i n e d


1 1 0
c ) H e a t t r a n s f e r m e d i u m :
G e n e r a l l y g a s e s o r l i q u i d s a r e u s e d a s h e a t t r a n s f e r m e d i u m s . T h e r e a r e m a n y h e a t t r a n s f e r
m e d i u m s , b u t w a t e r i s u s e d i n a v e r y w i d e s p r e a d w a y . T h e c o l l e c t o r c i r c u i t i s n o r m a l l y
s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e p r o c e s s w a t e r c i r c u i t i n o r d e r t o a v o i d t h e r i s k o f f r o s t . A g l y c o l w a t e r
m i x t u r e i s u s e d
1 5 2
. T h i s s e p a r a t i o n i s n o t n e c e s s a r y i n B o d r u m , s i n c e t h e r e i s n o f r o s t r i s k .
C o n s e q u e n t l y , o n e h u n d r e d p e r c e n t w a t e r c a n b e u s e d a s h e a t t r a n s f e r m e d i u m . T h i s o p t i o n i s
u s e d i n t h e s i m u l a t i o n s .
d ) C o v e r a n d f r a m e :
T h e a b s o r b e r i n t h e c o l l e c t o r i s p r o t e c t e d b y a t r a n s p a r e n t c o v e r ( g e n e r a l l y g l a s s ) i n o r d e r
t o r e d u c e c o n v e c t i v e a n d r a d i a t i v e h e a t l o s s e s . T h e c o v e r h a s t o b e p e r m e a b l e f o r s h o r t - w a v e
r a d i a t i o n a n d a v o i d l o n g - w a v e r e f l e c t i o n . F o r i n c r e a s i n g p e r f o r m a n c e d u r i n g t h e t h e r m a l
c o n d u c t i o n , v a c u u m c a n b e p r o d u c e d i n t h e s p a c e b e t w e e n a b s o r b e r a n d c o v e r . S o m e g l a s s
c o v e r s h a v e a s p e c i a l c o a t i n g t o i n c r e a s e p e r f o r m a n c e . T h e s e a r e a l s o c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e
s i m u l a t i o n s .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e c o l l e c t o r s a r e g e n e r a l l y p r o t e c t e d w i t h a n a l u - m i n i u m
f r a m e . T h e f r a m e a l s o p r o v i d e s t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n o n t h e s i d e s a n d b a c k s i d e . I n t e r m s o f
b u i l d i n g i n t e g r a t i o n , t h e y c a n b e a d a p t e d t o t h e b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n .
e ) S t o r a g e o f t h e r m a l e n e r g y :
T h e y p l a y a c e n t r a l r o l e i n t h e s y s t e m . T h e r m a l h e a t s t o r a g e t a n k s a r e m a i n l y u s e d b y s o l a r
t h e r m a l s y s t e m s . T h e y c a n b e p l a c e d i n s i d e o r o u t s i d e a b u i l d i n g . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e t i m e
p e r i o d o f t h e h e a t s t o r a g e i s d e c i s i v e f o r t h e p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m s .
S h o r t - t e r m h e a t s t o r a g e t a n k s a r e t h e m o s t c o m m o n t y p e s . T h e s e a r e t h e r m a l l y i n s u l a t e d
s t o r a g e t a n k s w i t h u p t o t e n m
3
v o l u m e , w h i c h a r e u s u a l l y u s e d b y r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s . L o n g -
t e r m h e a t s t o r a g e f a c i l i t i e s , w h i c h h a v e l a r g e r c a p a c i t i e s , a r e n o t c o n s i d e r e d b y t h i s w o r k .
T h e y a r e u n e c o n o m i c a l a n d i n s u f f i c i e n t i n r e g a r d t o s i n g l e h o u s e h o l d s .
6 . 1 . 3 S o l a r R e l a t e d A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g : H e a t P u m p s
C e r t a i n c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e s y s t e m s i n s t a l l e d f o r t h e h e a t i n g p u r p o s e c a n a l s o b e u s e d f o r
c o o l i n g w i t h o u t u s i n g s o l a r e n e r g y d i r e c t l y . F o r t h i s p u r p o s e , h e a t p u m p s c a n b e c o m b i n e d


1 1 1
w i t h s o l a r s y s t e m s i n o r d e r t o s u p p l y t h e c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e d w e l l i n g s i n
t h e r e g i o n .
T h e a c t i v e u s e o f s o l a r e n e r g y c a n b e a s s i s t e d b y
h e a t p u m p s . C o m b i n e d a p p r o a c h e s m a y p r o v i d e a
s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n o f h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g e n e r g y
d e m a n d . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e y c a n b e u s e d f o r D H W .
F o r i n s t a n c e , r a t i o n a l a i r c o n d i t i o n e r s i n d w e l l i n g s
c a n a l s o b e c o n s i d e r e d a s h e a t p u m p s .
T h e r e a r e g e n e r a l l y t w o t y p e s o f h e a t p u m p s .
V a p o u r c o m p r e s s i o n b a s e d h e a t p u m p s a r e o p e r a t e d
w i t h e l e c t r i c i t y . A b s o r p t i o n h e a t p u m p s u s e h e a t a s
e n e r g y i n p u t . P V o r r e s p e c t i v e l y s o l a r t h e r m a l p a n e l s
c a n s u p p l y t h i s i n p u t e n e r g y .
T h e e f f i c i e n c y o f h e a t p u m p s d e c r e a s e s w h e n t h e
t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n o u t s i d e a n d i n d o o r i n c r e a s e s . C o n s i d e r i n g w i n t e r w e a t h e r
c o n d i t i o n s i n B o d r u m , t h e e f f i c i e n c y m i g h t n o t b e a f f e c t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y . T h e h e a t p u m p
s y s t e m m a y n o t d e l i v e r s u f f i c i e n t c o o l i n g t o t h e d w e l l i n g w h e n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e i s
l e s s t h e n 5 C d u r i n g s u m m e r p e r i o d . M o r e o v e r , t h e r e a r e t w o t y p e s o f h e a t p u m p s
d i f f e r e n t i a t e d b y t h e s o u r c e o f e n e r g y u s e d f o r c o o l i n g o r h e a t i n g : a i r a n d g r o u n d c o u p l e d .
6 . 1 . 4 E c o l o g i c a l a n d E n e r g e t i c R e v i e w
A c t i v e s y s t e m s f o r c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g n e e d t o b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a n i n t e g r a l p a r t o f t h e
e n e r g y s t r a t e g y i n r e g a r d t o b u i l d i n g s a s w e l l a s t o w h o l e r e g i o n s . T h e y r e d u c e t h e c a r b o n
f o o t p r i n t a n d i n t h i s w a y c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . O n e o f t h e g r e a t e s t
b e n e f i t s o f u s i n g a c t i v e s y s t e m s r e s u l t s f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t i t i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r n e a r l y z e r o C O
2

p r o d u c t i o n .
S i m u l a t i o n s i n f u r t h e r s e c t i o n s w i l l s h o w t h a t e v e n a n e n e r g e t i c a l l y o p t i m i s e d h o u s e
p r o d u c e s a m o d e r a t e a m o u n t o f C O
2
. N e v e r t h e l e s s , p r o d u c t i o n o f a b o u t t w e n t y t o n s o f C O
2

c a n b e a v o i d e d c o m p a r e d w i t h a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e h o u s e s . B o d r u m h a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y
1 5 0 , 0 0 0 d w e l l i n g s . I f w e a s s u m e t h a t o n l y f i v e p e r c e n t o f t h e s e d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m u s e
P i c t u r e 9 H e a t P u m p ( s o l i t h e r m . c h )


1 1 1
w i t h s o l a r s y s t e m s i n o r d e r t o s u p p l y t h e c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e d w e l l i n g s i n
t h e r e g i o n .
T h e a c t i v e u s e o f s o l a r e n e r g y c a n b e a s s i s t e d b y
h e a t p u m p s . C o m b i n e d a p p r o a c h e s m a y p r o v i d e a
s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n o f h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g e n e r g y
d e m a n d . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e y c a n b e u s e d f o r D H W .
F o r i n s t a n c e , r a t i o n a l a i r c o n d i t i o n e r s i n d w e l l i n g s
c a n a l s o b e c o n s i d e r e d a s h e a t p u m p s .
T h e r e a r e g e n e r a l l y t w o t y p e s o f h e a t p u m p s .
V a p o u r c o m p r e s s i o n b a s e d h e a t p u m p s a r e o p e r a t e d
w i t h e l e c t r i c i t y . A b s o r p t i o n h e a t p u m p s u s e h e a t a s
e n e r g y i n p u t . P V o r r e s p e c t i v e l y s o l a r t h e r m a l p a n e l s
c a n s u p p l y t h i s i n p u t e n e r g y .
T h e e f f i c i e n c y o f h e a t p u m p s d e c r e a s e s w h e n t h e
t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n o u t s i d e a n d i n d o o r i n c r e a s e s . C o n s i d e r i n g w i n t e r w e a t h e r
c o n d i t i o n s i n B o d r u m , t h e e f f i c i e n c y m i g h t n o t b e a f f e c t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y . T h e h e a t p u m p
s y s t e m m a y n o t d e l i v e r s u f f i c i e n t c o o l i n g t o t h e d w e l l i n g w h e n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e i s
l e s s t h e n 5 C d u r i n g s u m m e r p e r i o d . M o r e o v e r , t h e r e a r e t w o t y p e s o f h e a t p u m p s
d i f f e r e n t i a t e d b y t h e s o u r c e o f e n e r g y u s e d f o r c o o l i n g o r h e a t i n g : a i r a n d g r o u n d c o u p l e d .
6 . 1 . 4 E c o l o g i c a l a n d E n e r g e t i c R e v i e w
A c t i v e s y s t e m s f o r c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g n e e d t o b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a n i n t e g r a l p a r t o f t h e
e n e r g y s t r a t e g y i n r e g a r d t o b u i l d i n g s a s w e l l a s t o w h o l e r e g i o n s . T h e y r e d u c e t h e c a r b o n
f o o t p r i n t a n d i n t h i s w a y c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . O n e o f t h e g r e a t e s t
b e n e f i t s o f u s i n g a c t i v e s y s t e m s r e s u l t s f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t i t i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r n e a r l y z e r o C O
2

p r o d u c t i o n .
S i m u l a t i o n s i n f u r t h e r s e c t i o n s w i l l s h o w t h a t e v e n a n e n e r g e t i c a l l y o p t i m i s e d h o u s e
p r o d u c e s a m o d e r a t e a m o u n t o f C O
2
. N e v e r t h e l e s s , p r o d u c t i o n o f a b o u t t w e n t y t o n s o f C O
2

c a n b e a v o i d e d c o m p a r e d w i t h a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e h o u s e s . B o d r u m h a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y
1 5 0 , 0 0 0 d w e l l i n g s . I f w e a s s u m e t h a t o n l y f i v e p e r c e n t o f t h e s e d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m u s e
P i c t u r e 9 H e a t P u m p ( s o l i t h e r m . c h )


111
with solar systems in order to supply the cooling and heating requirement of the dwellings in
the region.
The active use of solar energy can be assisted by
heat pumps. Combined approaches may provide a
significant reduction of heating and cooling energy
demand. Additionally, they can be used for DHW.
For instance, rational air conditioners in dwellings
can also be considered as heat pumps.
There are generally two types of heat pumps.
Vapour compression based heat pumps are operated
with electricity. Absorption heat pumps use heat as
energy input. PV or respectively solar thermal panels
can supply this input energy.
The efficiency of heat pumps decreases when the
temperature difference between outside and indoor increases. Considering winter weather
conditions in Bodrum, the efficiency might not be affected significantly. The heat pump
system may not deliver sufficient cooling to the dwelling when the temperature difference is
less then 5 C during summer period. Moreover, there are two types of heat pumps
differentiated by the source of energy used for cooling or heating: air and ground coupled.
6.1.4 Ecological and Energetic Review
Active systems for cooling and heating need to be considered as an integral part of the
energy strategy in regard to buildings as well as to whole regions. They reduce the carbon
footprint and in this way contribute to the protection of the environment. One of the greatest
benefits of using active systems results from the fact that it is responsible for nearly zero CO
2

production.
Simulations in further sections will show that even an energetically optimised house
produces a moderate amount of CO
2
. Nevertheless, production of about twenty tons of CO
2

can be avoided compared with actual conditions of the houses. Bodrum has approximately
150,000 dwellings. If we assume that only five per cent of these dwellings in Bodrum use
Picture 9 Heat Pump (solitherm.ch)


111
with solar systems in order to supply the cooling and heating requirement of the dwellings in
the region.
The active use of solar energy can be assisted by
heat pumps. Combined approaches may provide a
significant reduction of heating and cooling energy
demand. Additionally, they can be used for DHW.
For instance, rational air conditioners in dwellings
can also be considered as heat pumps.
There are generally two types of heat pumps.
Vapour compression based heat pumps are operated
with electricity. Absorption heat pumps use heat as
energy input. PV or respectively solar thermal panels
can supply this input energy.
The efficiency of heat pumps decreases when the
temperature difference between outside and indoor increases. Considering winter weather
conditions in Bodrum, the efficiency might not be affected significantly. The heat pump
system may not deliver sufficient cooling to the dwelling when the temperature difference is
less then 5 C during summer period. Moreover, there are two types of heat pumps
differentiated by the source of energy used for cooling or heating: air and ground coupled.
6.1.4 Ecological and Energetic Review
Active systems for cooling and heating need to be considered as an integral part of the
energy strategy in regard to buildings as well as to whole regions. They reduce the carbon
footprint and in this way contribute to the protection of the environment. One of the greatest
benefits of using active systems results from the fact that it is responsible for nearly zero CO
2

production.
Simulations in further sections will show that even an energetically optimised house
produces a moderate amount of CO
2
. Nevertheless, production of about twenty tons of CO
2

can be avoided compared with actual conditions of the houses. Bodrum has approximately
150,000 dwellings. If we assume that only five per cent of these dwellings in Bodrum use
Picture 9 Heat Pump (solitherm.ch)


112
these active systems, this will correspond to more than 273 Mtons less CO
2
production
realized by 7,500 buildings. If the energy consumption was optimized, the reduction of their
annual energy demand would approximate 30 GW. Moreover, if they were using active
systems, an additional 36 GW energy could be saved in the region per annum. In the best case
of one hundred per cent implementation, CO
2
reduction equals about 5,460 Mtons leading to
energy savings of 600 GW in the whole region.
6.2 Hybrid Alternatives for Active Cooling and Heating Systems
As Santamouris has stated
153
and has been proven by various simulations, not even the
most succesful architectural design can achieve summer comfort levels in the Mediterranean
region, unless measures employing hybrid and active systems are implemented.
Alternatives to active cooling and heatings systems are apllications with low energy
requirements. They can either focus on the cooling energy source or on the delivery of the
heat to the treated space. Passive and hybrid systems belong to the first group. They use
natural sources such as ambient air, ground water, etc. for cooling and heating. Fans and
pumps are often required in all of these systems to deliver their effect, excepting passive
systems. Systems in the other group deliver the cooling or heating effect to the room in an
efficient manner. Thermo active building systems like slab cooling belong to this group. Most
of these systems mentioned below can be combined with each other or conventional forms of
HVAC.
6.2.1 Ground-coupled and air-coupled systems for Bodrum
Natural elements like air, water and
ground are ideal energy sources for both
heating and cooling. Air is one of the best
sources due to its availability.
Nevertheless, the variation of air
temperature is disadvantageous. The use
of water as energy resource is restricted
due to its accessibility. For dwellings at
the seaside, water presents an alternative.
Picture 10 Ground-coupled Piping (Author)


112
these active systems, this will correspond to more than 273 Mtons less CO
2
production
realized by 7,500 buildings. If the energy consumption was optimized, the reduction of their
annual energy demand would approximate 30 GW. Moreover, if they were using active
systems, an additional 36 GW energy could be saved in the region per annum. In the best case
of one hundred per cent implementation, CO
2
reduction equals about 5,460 Mtons leading to
energy savings of 600 GW in the whole region.
6.2 Hybrid Alternatives for Active Cooling and Heating Systems
As Santamouris has stated
153
and has been proven by various simulations, not even the
most succesful architectural design can achieve summer comfort levels in the Mediterranean
region, unless measures employing hybrid and active systems are implemented.
Alternatives to active cooling and heatings systems are apllications with low energy
requirements. They can either focus on the cooling energy source or on the delivery of the
heat to the treated space. Passive and hybrid systems belong to the first group. They use
natural sources such as ambient air, ground water, etc. for cooling and heating. Fans and
pumps are often required in all of these systems to deliver their effect, excepting passive
systems. Systems in the other group deliver the cooling or heating effect to the room in an
efficient manner. Thermo active building systems like slab cooling belong to this group. Most
of these systems mentioned below can be combined with each other or conventional forms of
HVAC.
6.2.1 Ground-coupled and air-coupled systems for Bodrum
Natural elements like air, water and
ground are ideal energy sources for both
heating and cooling. Air is one of the best
sources due to its availability.
Nevertheless, the variation of air
temperature is disadvantageous. The use
of water as energy resource is restricted
due to its accessibility. For dwellings at
the seaside, water presents an alternative.
Picture 10 Ground-coupled Piping (Author)


1 1 2
t h e s e a c t i v e s y s t e m s , t h i s w i l l c o r r e s p o n d t o m o r e t h a n 2 7 3 M t o n s l e s s C O
2
p r o d u c t i o n
r e a l i z e d b y 7 , 5 0 0 b u i l d i n g s . I f t h e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n w a s o p t i m i z e d , t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e i r
a n n u a l e n e r g y d e m a n d w o u l d a p p r o x i m a t e 3 0 G W . M o r e o v e r , i f t h e y w e r e u s i n g a c t i v e
s y s t e m s , a n a d d i t i o n a l 3 6 G W e n e r g y c o u l d b e s a v e d i n t h e r e g i o n p e r a n n u m . I n t h e b e s t c a s e
o f o n e h u n d r e d p e r c e n t i m p l e m e n t a t i o n , C O
2
r e d u c t i o n e q u a l s a b o u t 5 , 4 6 0 M t o n s l e a d i n g t o
e n e r g y s a v i n g s o f 6 0 0 G W i n t h e w h o l e r e g i o n .
6 . 2 H y b r i d A l t e r n a t i v e s f o r A c t i v e C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g S y s t e m s
A s S a n t a m o u r i s h a s s t a t e d
1 5 3
a n d h a s b e e n p r o v e n b y v a r i o u s s i m u l a t i o n s , n o t e v e n t h e
m o s t s u c c e s f u l a r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s i g n c a n a c h i e v e s u m m e r c o m f o r t l e v e l s i n t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n
r e g i o n , u n l e s s m e a s u r e s e m p l o y i n g h y b r i d a n d a c t i v e s y s t e m s a r e i m p l e m e n t e d .
A l t e r n a t i v e s t o a c t i v e c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g s s y s t e m s a r e a p l l i c a t i o n s w i t h l o w e n e r g y
r e q u i r e m e n t s . T h e y c a n e i t h e r f o c u s o n t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y s o u r c e o r o n t h e d e l i v e r y o f t h e
h e a t t o t h e t r e a t e d s p a c e . P a s s i v e a n d h y b r i d s y s t e m s b e l o n g t o t h e f i r s t g r o u p . T h e y u s e
n a t u r a l s o u r c e s s u c h a s a m b i e n t a i r , g r o u n d w a t e r , e t c . f o r c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g . F a n s a n d
p u m p s a r e o f t e n r e q u i r e d i n a l l o f t h e s e s y s t e m s t o d e l i v e r t h e i r e f f e c t , e x c e p t i n g p a s s i v e
s y s t e m s . S y s t e m s i n t h e o t h e r g r o u p d e l i v e r t h e c o o l i n g o r h e a t i n g e f f e c t t o t h e r o o m i n a n
e f f i c i e n t m a n n e r . T h e r m o a c t i v e b u i l d i n g s y s t e m s l i k e s l a b c o o l i n g b e l o n g t o t h i s g r o u p . M o s t
o f t h e s e s y s t e m s m e n t i o n e d b e l o w c a n b e c o m b i n e d w i t h e a c h o t h e r o r c o n v e n t i o n a l f o r m s o f
H V A C .
6 . 2 . 1 G r o u n d - c o u p l e d a n d a i r - c o u p l e d s y s t e m s f o r B o d r u m
N a t u r a l e l e m e n t s l i k e a i r , w a t e r a n d
g r o u n d a r e i d e a l e n e r g y s o u r c e s f o r b o t h
h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g . A i r i s o n e o f t h e b e s t
s o u r c e s d u e t o i t s a v a i l a b i l i t y .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e v a r i a t i o n o f a i r
t e m p e r a t u r e i s d i s a d v a n t a g e o u s . T h e u s e
o f w a t e r a s e n e r g y r e s o u r c e i s r e s t r i c t e d
d u e t o i t s a c c e s s i b i l i t y . F o r d w e l l i n g s a t
t h e s e a s i d e , w a t e r p r e s e n t s a n a l t e r n a t i v e .
P i c t u r e 1 0 G r o u n d - c o u p l e d P i p i n g ( A u t h o r )


1 1 2
t h e s e a c t i v e s y s t e m s , t h i s w i l l c o r r e s p o n d t o m o r e t h a n 2 7 3 M t o n s l e s s C O
2
p r o d u c t i o n
r e a l i z e d b y 7 , 5 0 0 b u i l d i n g s . I f t h e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n w a s o p t i m i z e d , t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e i r
a n n u a l e n e r g y d e m a n d w o u l d a p p r o x i m a t e 3 0 G W . M o r e o v e r , i f t h e y w e r e u s i n g a c t i v e
s y s t e m s , a n a d d i t i o n a l 3 6 G W e n e r g y c o u l d b e s a v e d i n t h e r e g i o n p e r a n n u m . I n t h e b e s t c a s e
o f o n e h u n d r e d p e r c e n t i m p l e m e n t a t i o n , C O
2
r e d u c t i o n e q u a l s a b o u t 5 , 4 6 0 M t o n s l e a d i n g t o
e n e r g y s a v i n g s o f 6 0 0 G W i n t h e w h o l e r e g i o n .
6 . 2 H y b r i d A l t e r n a t i v e s f o r A c t i v e C o o l i n g a n d H e a t i n g S y s t e m s
A s S a n t a m o u r i s h a s s t a t e d
1 5 3
a n d h a s b e e n p r o v e n b y v a r i o u s s i m u l a t i o n s , n o t e v e n t h e
m o s t s u c c e s f u l a r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s i g n c a n a c h i e v e s u m m e r c o m f o r t l e v e l s i n t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n
r e g i o n , u n l e s s m e a s u r e s e m p l o y i n g h y b r i d a n d a c t i v e s y s t e m s a r e i m p l e m e n t e d .
A l t e r n a t i v e s t o a c t i v e c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g s s y s t e m s a r e a p l l i c a t i o n s w i t h l o w e n e r g y
r e q u i r e m e n t s . T h e y c a n e i t h e r f o c u s o n t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y s o u r c e o r o n t h e d e l i v e r y o f t h e
h e a t t o t h e t r e a t e d s p a c e . P a s s i v e a n d h y b r i d s y s t e m s b e l o n g t o t h e f i r s t g r o u p . T h e y u s e
n a t u r a l s o u r c e s s u c h a s a m b i e n t a i r , g r o u n d w a t e r , e t c . f o r c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g . F a n s a n d
p u m p s a r e o f t e n r e q u i r e d i n a l l o f t h e s e s y s t e m s t o d e l i v e r t h e i r e f f e c t , e x c e p t i n g p a s s i v e
s y s t e m s . S y s t e m s i n t h e o t h e r g r o u p d e l i v e r t h e c o o l i n g o r h e a t i n g e f f e c t t o t h e r o o m i n a n
e f f i c i e n t m a n n e r . T h e r m o a c t i v e b u i l d i n g s y s t e m s l i k e s l a b c o o l i n g b e l o n g t o t h i s g r o u p . M o s t
o f t h e s e s y s t e m s m e n t i o n e d b e l o w c a n b e c o m b i n e d w i t h e a c h o t h e r o r c o n v e n t i o n a l f o r m s o f
H V A C .
6 . 2 . 1 G r o u n d - c o u p l e d a n d a i r - c o u p l e d s y s t e m s f o r B o d r u m
N a t u r a l e l e m e n t s l i k e a i r , w a t e r a n d
g r o u n d a r e i d e a l e n e r g y s o u r c e s f o r b o t h
h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g . A i r i s o n e o f t h e b e s t
s o u r c e s d u e t o i t s a v a i l a b i l i t y .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e v a r i a t i o n o f a i r
t e m p e r a t u r e i s d i s a d v a n t a g e o u s . T h e u s e
o f w a t e r a s e n e r g y r e s o u r c e i s r e s t r i c t e d
d u e t o i t s a c c e s s i b i l i t y . F o r d w e l l i n g s a t
t h e s e a s i d e , w a t e r p r e s e n t s a n a l t e r n a t i v e .
P i c t u r e 1 0 G r o u n d - c o u p l e d P i p i n g ( A u t h o r )


1 1 3
B o h n e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t , s e a t e m p e r a t u r e s e s p e c i a l l y a f t e r a d e p t h o f t e n m e t e r s a r e u s u a l l y
c o n s t a n t a n d n o t a f f e c t e d b y t h e s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h i s s o u r c e i s n o t
e c o n o m i c a l f o r s m a l l s i z e d s y s t e m s
1 5 4
.
T h e r e a r e a l s o g r o u n d - c o u p l e d s y s t e m s . U s i n g t h e E a r t h a s a h e a t s o u r c e o r s i n k , a s e r i e s o f
p i p e s , c a l l e d " l o o p " , i s b u r i e d i n t h e g r o u n d n e a r t h e b u i l d i n g . T h e l o o p c a n b e b u r i e d e i t h e r
v e r t i c a l l y o r h o r i z o n t a l l y . T h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e g r o u n d p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e .
U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e r e i s n o w r i t t e n d a t a a b o u t t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e g r o u n d i n B o d r u m .
P r e d i c t i o n s a b o u t t h e t y p e o f t h e g r o u n d a r e b a s e d o n t h e d e c l a r a t i o n s o f s e v e r a l
a c a d e m i c i a n s , w h o a r e w o r k i n g a t u n i v e r s i t i e s i n t h e A e g e a n r e g i o n o f T u r k e y . A c c o r d i n g t o
l o c a l c o n s t r u c t i o n e x p e r i e n c e , B o d r u m h a s a r o c k y g r o u n d . T h e r e f o r e , v e r t i c a l l o o p s , w h i c h
p e n e t r a t e o n e h u n d r e d m e t e r d e p t h , a r e n o t a p p r o p r i a t e i n B o d r u m . G r o u n d a n a l y s i s s h o u l d
a l s o b e d o n e f o r h o r i z o n t a l l o o p s , w h i c h s h o u l d b e p l a c e d a t a p p . - 1 . 5 m e t e r g r o u n d l e v e l .
T h e r e s h o u l d a l s o b e e n o u g h p l a c e s f o r h o r i z o n t a l l o o p s , b e c a u s e t h e y s h o u l d n o t b e o v e r b u i l t .
6 . 2 . 2 E v a p o r a t i v e c o o l i n g f o r B o d r u m s d w e l l i n g s
I n e v a p o r a t i v e c o o l i n g s y s t e m s , t h e e v a p o r a t i o n o f w a t e r i s u s e d t o d e c r e a s e t h e d r y b u l b
t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e a i r . I t c a n b e a c h i e v e d d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y . I n d i r e c t s y s t e m s , w a t e r i s
e v a p o r a t e d d i r e c t l y t o t h e t r e a t e d r o o m , w h i c h i n c r e a s e s t h e h u m i d i t y s i g n i f i c a n t l y . B y
i n d i r e c t s y s t e m s , t w o a i r s t r e a m s a r e u s e d t o a v o i d a n i n c r e a s e o f i n d o o r h u m i d i t y . T h e
e v a p o r a t i o n o c c u r s i n s i d e a h e a t e x c h a n g e r a n d t h e w a t e r c o n t e n t o f t h e c o o l e d a i r r e m a i n s
u n c h a n g e d . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h i s a f f e c t s t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e s y s t e m l e a d i n g t o a l i m i t e d c o o l i n g
c a p a c i t y . D e p e n d i n g u p o n t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s y s t e m u s e d , o p e r a t i n g c o s t s c a n b e r e d u c e d
b y u p t o 6 0 p e r c e n t c o m p a r e d w i t h c o n v e n t i o n a l a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g s y s t e m s . B u t t h e
t e m p e r a t u r e b y e v a p o r a t i v e c o o l i n g i s h i g h e r a n d v a r i a b l e u n l i k e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e p r o d u c e d b y
c o n v e n t i o n a l s y s t e m s .
T h e r e a r e t w o m a i n p r o b l e m s c o n c e r n i n g t h e u s a g e o f e v a p o r a t i v e s y s t e m s i n B o d r u m . T h e
f i r s t o n e i s t h e n e c e s s i t y o f w a t e r f o r o p e r a t i n g s u c h s y s t e m s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r
B o d r u m s c o n d i t i o n s , 1 5 0 l w a t e r w o u l d b e c o n s u m e d f o r g e n e r a t i n g t e n k W / d a y . E s p e c i a l l y
i n t h e s u m m e r p e r i o d , i t m i g h t b e i m p o s s i b l e t o o p e r a t e s u c h s y s t e m s i n t h e r e g i o n , i f w e
c o n s i d e r t h e c u r r e n t w a t e r p r o b l e m i n B o d r u m .


1 1 3
B o h n e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t , s e a t e m p e r a t u r e s e s p e c i a l l y a f t e r a d e p t h o f t e n m e t e r s a r e u s u a l l y
c o n s t a n t a n d n o t a f f e c t e d b y t h e s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h i s s o u r c e i s n o t
e c o n o m i c a l f o r s m a l l s i z e d s y s t e m s
1 5 4
.
T h e r e a r e a l s o g r o u n d - c o u p l e d s y s t e m s . U s i n g t h e E a r t h a s a h e a t s o u r c e o r s i n k , a s e r i e s o f
p i p e s , c a l l e d " l o o p " , i s b u r i e d i n t h e g r o u n d n e a r t h e b u i l d i n g . T h e l o o p c a n b e b u r i e d e i t h e r
v e r t i c a l l y o r h o r i z o n t a l l y . T h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e g r o u n d p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e .
U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e r e i s n o w r i t t e n d a t a a b o u t t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e g r o u n d i n B o d r u m .
P r e d i c t i o n s a b o u t t h e t y p e o f t h e g r o u n d a r e b a s e d o n t h e d e c l a r a t i o n s o f s e v e r a l
a c a d e m i c i a n s , w h o a r e w o r k i n g a t u n i v e r s i t i e s i n t h e A e g e a n r e g i o n o f T u r k e y . A c c o r d i n g t o
l o c a l c o n s t r u c t i o n e x p e r i e n c e , B o d r u m h a s a r o c k y g r o u n d . T h e r e f o r e , v e r t i c a l l o o p s , w h i c h
p e n e t r a t e o n e h u n d r e d m e t e r d e p t h , a r e n o t a p p r o p r i a t e i n B o d r u m . G r o u n d a n a l y s i s s h o u l d
a l s o b e d o n e f o r h o r i z o n t a l l o o p s , w h i c h s h o u l d b e p l a c e d a t a p p . - 1 . 5 m e t e r g r o u n d l e v e l .
T h e r e s h o u l d a l s o b e e n o u g h p l a c e s f o r h o r i z o n t a l l o o p s , b e c a u s e t h e y s h o u l d n o t b e o v e r b u i l t .
6 . 2 . 2 E v a p o r a t i v e c o o l i n g f o r B o d r u m s d w e l l i n g s
I n e v a p o r a t i v e c o o l i n g s y s t e m s , t h e e v a p o r a t i o n o f w a t e r i s u s e d t o d e c r e a s e t h e d r y b u l b
t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e a i r . I t c a n b e a c h i e v e d d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y . I n d i r e c t s y s t e m s , w a t e r i s
e v a p o r a t e d d i r e c t l y t o t h e t r e a t e d r o o m , w h i c h i n c r e a s e s t h e h u m i d i t y s i g n i f i c a n t l y . B y
i n d i r e c t s y s t e m s , t w o a i r s t r e a m s a r e u s e d t o a v o i d a n i n c r e a s e o f i n d o o r h u m i d i t y . T h e
e v a p o r a t i o n o c c u r s i n s i d e a h e a t e x c h a n g e r a n d t h e w a t e r c o n t e n t o f t h e c o o l e d a i r r e m a i n s
u n c h a n g e d . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h i s a f f e c t s t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e s y s t e m l e a d i n g t o a l i m i t e d c o o l i n g
c a p a c i t y . D e p e n d i n g u p o n t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s y s t e m u s e d , o p e r a t i n g c o s t s c a n b e r e d u c e d
b y u p t o 6 0 p e r c e n t c o m p a r e d w i t h c o n v e n t i o n a l a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g s y s t e m s . B u t t h e
t e m p e r a t u r e b y e v a p o r a t i v e c o o l i n g i s h i g h e r a n d v a r i a b l e u n l i k e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e p r o d u c e d b y
c o n v e n t i o n a l s y s t e m s .
T h e r e a r e t w o m a i n p r o b l e m s c o n c e r n i n g t h e u s a g e o f e v a p o r a t i v e s y s t e m s i n B o d r u m . T h e
f i r s t o n e i s t h e n e c e s s i t y o f w a t e r f o r o p e r a t i n g s u c h s y s t e m s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r
B o d r u m s c o n d i t i o n s , 1 5 0 l w a t e r w o u l d b e c o n s u m e d f o r g e n e r a t i n g t e n k W / d a y . E s p e c i a l l y
i n t h e s u m m e r p e r i o d , i t m i g h t b e i m p o s s i b l e t o o p e r a t e s u c h s y s t e m s i n t h e r e g i o n , i f w e
c o n s i d e r t h e c u r r e n t w a t e r p r o b l e m i n B o d r u m .


113
Bohne pointed out that, sea temperatures especially after a depth of ten meters are usually
constant and not affected by the surface temperature. Nevertheless, this source is not
economical for small sized systems
154
.
There are also ground-coupled systems. Using the Earth as a heat source or sink, a series of
pipes, called "loop", is buried in the ground near the building. The loop can be buried either
vertically or horizontally. The character of the ground plays an important role.
Unfortunately, there is no written data about the character of the ground in Bodrum.
Predictions about the type of the ground are based on the declarations of several
academicians, who are working at universities in the Aegean region of Turkey. According to
local construction experience, Bodrum has a rocky ground. Therefore, vertical loops, which
penetrate one hundred meter depth, are not appropriate in Bodrum. Ground analysis should
also be done for horizontal loops, which should be placed at app. -1.5 meter ground level.
There should also be enough places for horizontal loops, because they should not be overbuilt.
6.2.2 Evaporative cooling for Bodrums dwellings
In evaporative cooling systems, the evaporation of water is used to decrease the dry bulb
temperature of the air. It can be achieved directly or indirectly. In direct systems, water is
evaporated directly to the treated room, which increases the humidity significantly. By
indirect systems, two air streams are used to avoid an increase of indoor humidity. The
evaporation occurs inside a heat exchanger and the water content of the cooled air remains
unchanged. Nevertheless, this affects the efficiency of the system leading to a limited cooling
capacity. Depending upon the performance of the system used, operating costs can be reduced
by up to 60 per cent compared with conventional air conditioning systems. But the
temperature by evaporative cooling is higher and variable unlike the temperature produced by
conventional systems.
There are two main problems concerning the usage of evaporative systems in Bodrum. The
first one is the necessity of water for operating such systems. According to the calculations for
Bodrums conditions, 150 l water would be consumed for generating ten kW/day. Especially
in the summer period, it might be impossible to operate such systems in the region, if we
consider the current water problem in Bodrum.


113
Bohne pointed out that, sea temperatures especially after a depth of ten meters are usually
constant and not affected by the surface temperature. Nevertheless, this source is not
economical for small sized systems
154
.
There are also ground-coupled systems. Using the Earth as a heat source or sink, a series of
pipes, called "loop", is buried in the ground near the building. The loop can be buried either
vertically or horizontally. The character of the ground plays an important role.
Unfortunately, there is no written data about the character of the ground in Bodrum.
Predictions about the type of the ground are based on the declarations of several
academicians, who are working at universities in the Aegean region of Turkey. According to
local construction experience, Bodrum has a rocky ground. Therefore, vertical loops, which
penetrate one hundred meter depth, are not appropriate in Bodrum. Ground analysis should
also be done for horizontal loops, which should be placed at app. -1.5 meter ground level.
There should also be enough places for horizontal loops, because they should not be overbuilt.
6.2.2 Evaporative cooling for Bodrums dwellings
In evaporative cooling systems, the evaporation of water is used to decrease the dry bulb
temperature of the air. It can be achieved directly or indirectly. In direct systems, water is
evaporated directly to the treated room, which increases the humidity significantly. By
indirect systems, two air streams are used to avoid an increase of indoor humidity. The
evaporation occurs inside a heat exchanger and the water content of the cooled air remains
unchanged. Nevertheless, this affects the efficiency of the system leading to a limited cooling
capacity. Depending upon the performance of the system used, operating costs can be reduced
by up to 60 per cent compared with conventional air conditioning systems. But the
temperature by evaporative cooling is higher and variable unlike the temperature produced by
conventional systems.
There are two main problems concerning the usage of evaporative systems in Bodrum. The
first one is the necessity of water for operating such systems. According to the calculations for
Bodrums conditions, 150 l water would be consumed for generating ten kW/day. Especially
in the summer period, it might be impossible to operate such systems in the region, if we
consider the current water problem in Bodrum.


114

Figure 24 Evaporative Cooling for Bodrum
The second problem is the lowest temperature, which can be reached through using
evaporative system in Bodrum. The Mollier Diagram and Psychrometric Chart

are used to
identify the respective wet-bulb temperatures. The wet-bulb temperature is defined as the
lowest temperature to which an air mixture can be cooled solely by the addition of water. The
process of cooling an air mixture with the addition of water and without removal of heat is
called "evaporative cooling". The following inputs are used for reading these charts:
Relative humidity: 50 to 60 per cent, outside dry bulb temperature 30 to 40 C. As it can be
seen in the figure, there are three zones marked with blue colour. The first zone shows that
wet bulb temperatures under 25 C can be achieved if the outside dry bulb temperature does
not exceed 30 C and the relative humidity is between 50 to 60 per cent. The temperatures rise
up to 40 to 45 C. Accordingly, the second zone shows more realistic values in regard to the
last years. Wet bulb temperatures between 26 to 28 C can be achieved under the same
conditions. If the outside dry bulb temperature rises up to 40 C or more, it will not be

This chart shows the relationship between air temperature, moisture content and enthalpy. It is such a way developed that the 0C are parallel to the enthalpies. With 0C
and 0 g water the enthalpy is 0 kJ/kg which leads to ranges with negative enthalpies. The over area is, depending upon process dynamics, meta stable to non stable and is
treated to that extent that process ending points in this area are transferred into process ending points with 100 per cent relative humidity with appropriate water separation
and continuous enthalpy.


114

Figure 24 Evaporative Cooling for Bodrum
The second problem is the lowest temperature, which can be reached through using
evaporative system in Bodrum. The Mollier Diagram and Psychrometric Chart

are used to
identify the respective wet-bulb temperatures. The wet-bulb temperature is defined as the
lowest temperature to which an air mixture can be cooled solely by the addition of water. The
process of cooling an air mixture with the addition of water and without removal of heat is
called "evaporative cooling". The following inputs are used for reading these charts:
Relative humidity: 50 to 60 per cent, outside dry bulb temperature 30 to 40 C. As it can be
seen in the figure, there are three zones marked with blue colour. The first zone shows that
wet bulb temperatures under 25 C can be achieved if the outside dry bulb temperature does
not exceed 30 C and the relative humidity is between 50 to 60 per cent. The temperatures rise
up to 40 to 45 C. Accordingly, the second zone shows more realistic values in regard to the
last years. Wet bulb temperatures between 26 to 28 C can be achieved under the same
conditions. If the outside dry bulb temperature rises up to 40 C or more, it will not be

This chart shows the relationship between air temperature, moisture content and enthalpy. It is such a way developed that the 0C are parallel to the enthalpies. With 0C
and 0 g water the enthalpy is 0 kJ/kg which leads to ranges with negative enthalpies. The over area is, depending upon process dynamics, meta stable to non stable and is
treated to that extent that process ending points in this area are transferred into process ending points with 100 per cent relative humidity with appropriate water separation
and continuous enthalpy.


1 1 4

F i g u r e 2 4 E v a p o r a t i v e C o o l i n g f o r B o d r u m
T h e s e c o n d p r o b l e m i s t h e l o w e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , w h i c h c a n b e r e a c h e d t h r o u g h u s i n g
e v a p o r a t i v e s y s t e m i n B o d r u m . T h e M o l l i e r D i a g r a m a n d P s y c h r o m e t r i c C h a r t

a r e u s e d t o
i d e n t i f y t h e r e s p e c t i v e w e t - b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e s . T h e w e t - b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e i s d e f i n e d a s t h e
l o w e s t t e m p e r a t u r e t o w h i c h a n a i r m i x t u r e c a n b e c o o l e d s o l e l y b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f w a t e r . T h e
p r o c e s s o f c o o l i n g a n a i r m i x t u r e w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n o f w a t e r a n d w i t h o u t r e m o v a l o f h e a t i s
c a l l e d " e v a p o r a t i v e c o o l i n g " . T h e f o l l o w i n g i n p u t s a r e u s e d f o r r e a d i n g t h e s e c h a r t s :
R e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y : 5 0 t o 6 0 p e r c e n t , o u t s i d e d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e 3 0 t o 4 0 C . A s i t c a n b e
s e e n i n t h e f i g u r e , t h e r e a r e t h r e e z o n e s m a r k e d w i t h b l u e c o l o u r . T h e f i r s t z o n e s h o w s t h a t
w e t b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e s u n d e r 2 5 C c a n b e a c h i e v e d i f t h e o u t s i d e d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e d o e s
n o t e x c e e d 3 0 C a n d t h e r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y i s b e t w e e n 5 0 t o 6 0 p e r c e n t . T h e t e m p e r a t u r e s r i s e
u p t o 4 0 t o 4 5 C . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e s e c o n d z o n e s h o w s m o r e r e a l i s t i c v a l u e s i n r e g a r d t o t h e
l a s t y e a r s . W e t b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e s b e t w e e n 2 6 t o 2 8 C c a n b e a c h i e v e d u n d e r t h e s a m e
c o n d i t i o n s . I f t h e o u t s i d e d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e s u p t o 4 0 C o r m o r e , i t w i l l n o t b e

T h i s c h a r t s h o w s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n a i r t e m p e r a t u r e , m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t a n d e n t h a l p y . I t i s s u c h a w a y d e v e l o p e d t h a t t h e 0 C a r e p a r a l l e l t o t h e e n t h a l p i e s . W i t h 0 C
a n d 0 g w a t e r t h e e n t h a l p y i s 0 k J / k g w h i c h l e a d s t o r a n g e s w i t h n e g a t i v e e n t h a l p i e s . T h e o v e r a r e a i s , d e p e n d i n g u p o n p r o c e s s d y n a m i c s , m e t a s t a b l e t o n o n s t a b l e a n d i s
t r e a t e d t o t h a t e x t e n t t h a t p r o c e s s e n d i n g p o i n t s i n t h i s a r e a a r e t r a n s f e r r e d i n t o p r o c e s s e n d i n g p o i n t s w i t h 1 0 0 p e r c e n t r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e w a t e r s e p a r a t i o n
a n d c o n t i n u o u s e n t h a l p y .


1 1 4

F i g u r e 2 4 E v a p o r a t i v e C o o l i n g f o r B o d r u m
T h e s e c o n d p r o b l e m i s t h e l o w e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , w h i c h c a n b e r e a c h e d t h r o u g h u s i n g
e v a p o r a t i v e s y s t e m i n B o d r u m . T h e M o l l i e r D i a g r a m a n d P s y c h r o m e t r i c C h a r t

a r e u s e d t o
i d e n t i f y t h e r e s p e c t i v e w e t - b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e s . T h e w e t - b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e i s d e f i n e d a s t h e
l o w e s t t e m p e r a t u r e t o w h i c h a n a i r m i x t u r e c a n b e c o o l e d s o l e l y b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f w a t e r . T h e
p r o c e s s o f c o o l i n g a n a i r m i x t u r e w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n o f w a t e r a n d w i t h o u t r e m o v a l o f h e a t i s
c a l l e d " e v a p o r a t i v e c o o l i n g " . T h e f o l l o w i n g i n p u t s a r e u s e d f o r r e a d i n g t h e s e c h a r t s :
R e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y : 5 0 t o 6 0 p e r c e n t , o u t s i d e d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e 3 0 t o 4 0 C . A s i t c a n b e
s e e n i n t h e f i g u r e , t h e r e a r e t h r e e z o n e s m a r k e d w i t h b l u e c o l o u r . T h e f i r s t z o n e s h o w s t h a t
w e t b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e s u n d e r 2 5 C c a n b e a c h i e v e d i f t h e o u t s i d e d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e d o e s
n o t e x c e e d 3 0 C a n d t h e r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y i s b e t w e e n 5 0 t o 6 0 p e r c e n t . T h e t e m p e r a t u r e s r i s e
u p t o 4 0 t o 4 5 C . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e s e c o n d z o n e s h o w s m o r e r e a l i s t i c v a l u e s i n r e g a r d t o t h e
l a s t y e a r s . W e t b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e s b e t w e e n 2 6 t o 2 8 C c a n b e a c h i e v e d u n d e r t h e s a m e
c o n d i t i o n s . I f t h e o u t s i d e d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e s u p t o 4 0 C o r m o r e , i t w i l l n o t b e

T h i s c h a r t s h o w s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n a i r t e m p e r a t u r e , m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t a n d e n t h a l p y . I t i s s u c h a w a y d e v e l o p e d t h a t t h e 0 C a r e p a r a l l e l t o t h e e n t h a l p i e s . W i t h 0 C
a n d 0 g w a t e r t h e e n t h a l p y i s 0 k J / k g w h i c h l e a d s t o r a n g e s w i t h n e g a t i v e e n t h a l p i e s . T h e o v e r a r e a i s , d e p e n d i n g u p o n p r o c e s s d y n a m i c s , m e t a s t a b l e t o n o n s t a b l e a n d i s
t r e a t e d t o t h a t e x t e n t t h a t p r o c e s s e n d i n g p o i n t s i n t h i s a r e a a r e t r a n s f e r r e d i n t o p r o c e s s e n d i n g p o i n t s w i t h 1 0 0 p e r c e n t r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e w a t e r s e p a r a t i o n
a n d c o n t i n u o u s e n t h a l p y .

1 1 5
p o s s i b l e t o r e a c h l e s s t h a n 3 1 C w e t b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e . I f w e c o n s i d e r t h a t a b o u t 2 7 C
o p e r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i s a c h i e v a b l e t h r o u g h p a s s i v e o p t i m i z a t i o n s , e v a p o r a t i v e c o o l i n g
c a n n o t b e s u g g e s t e d f o r d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m .
6 . 2 . 3 T h e r m o - a c t i v e B u i l d i n g C o m p o n e n t s
T h e r m o - a c t i v e b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s a r e e f f i c i e n t s y s t e m s f o r t e m p e r i n g t h e b u i l d i n g a s
s t a n d a l o n e o r a s s i s t e d s o l u t i o n s . T h e y h a v e b e e n u s e d f o r a l o n g t i m e b u t w i t h o u t a g r e a t
a c c e p t a n c e . G r o u n d o r a i r - c o u p l e d i n t e r n a l t u b e r e g i s t e r s , w h i c h a r e f i l l e d w i t h l i q u i d ,
g e n e r a l l y w a t e r , a r e i n s t a l l e d w i t h i n b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s . T h e t e n d e n c y g o e s t o w a r d g r o u n d -
c o u p l e d l o o p s w i t h w a t e r a s a n e n e r g y - t r a n s p o r t i n g m e d i u m . M o r e o v e r , a n o c c u p a n t o f t h e
r o o m a b s o r b s h e a t i n t w o w a y s d u r i n g t h e u s a g e o f t h e s e s y s t e m s : f r o m t h e i n f r a r e d r a d i a t i o n
e m i t t e d b y t h e w a l l s , c e i l i n g a n d f l o o r o f t h e r o o m ; a n d b y t h e c o n v e c t i v e e x c h a n g e o f
s e n s i b l e a n d l a t e n t h e a t w i t h t h e a i r . T h e s e s y s t e m s a r e e x a m i n e d b r i e f l y b e l o w .
6 . 2 . 3 . 1 C o n c r e t e c o r e a c t i v a t i o n
H e a v y c o n c r e t e f l o o r s l a b s h a v e t h e a b i l i t y t o s t o r e e x c e s s h e a t , a n d i f n e c e s s a r y , t o
p r o v i d e c o o l i n g e n e r g y . B u i l d i n g s w i t h t h i s t y p e o f s y s t e m r e q u i r e v e r y l o w i n s t a l m e n t c o s t s ,
b e c a u s e e x p e n s i v e i n s t a l l a t i o n s a r e n o t n e c e s s a r y . U p t o 4 0 p e r c e n t e n e r g y s a v i n g s c a n b e
a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h c o n c r e t e c o r e a c t i v a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o s i m u l a t i o n s o f a i r c o n d i t i o n e d
b u i l d i n g s w i t h s u c h s y s t e m s , w h i c h w e r e c a r r i e d o u t b y S t e t i u a n d F e u s t e l
1 5 5
.
T h e d i s a d v a n t a g e o f t h i s s y s t e m i s i t s r e a c t i o n t i m e . U n l i k e a i r c o n d i t i o n e r s , t h i s s y s t e m
d o e s n o t s u p p l y r a p i d c o o l i n g o r h e a t i n g . T h e r e f o r e , i t i s u s e d a s a n a d d i t i o n a l s y s t e m f o r
b a s i c c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g l o a d . C o r r o s i o n a n d e r o s i o n p r o b l e m s a r e s e r i o u s d r a w b a c k s o f t h i s
m e t h o d .
M o r e o v e r , t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f h e a t i n g o r c o o l i n g m e d i u m a n d i n d o o r a i r
t e m p e r a t u r e s h o u l d b e l o w . D u e t o s t r u c t u r a l a n d p h y s i c a l n e e d s , t h e h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g l o a d
o f t h e b u i l d i n g s h o u l d b e k e p t a s l o w a s p o s s i b l e i n o r d e r t o u s e s u c h a s y s t e m . F u r t h e r m o r e ,
t h e y a r e o n l y a p p l i c a b l e t o n e w b u i l d i n g s . T h e s e c o n d i s s u e i s t h a t t h e y s h o u l d n o t b e c l a d d e d ,
o r s u s p e n d e d r o o f s s h o u l d n o t b e u s e d , w h i c h m e a n s t o u s e f a i r - f a c e d c o n c r e t e . I t i s a n
e x p e n s i v e m a t e r i a l c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e u s u a l c o n s t r u c t i o n m e t h o d s i n B o d r u m .

1 1 5
p o s s i b l e t o r e a c h l e s s t h a n 3 1 C w e t b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e . I f w e c o n s i d e r t h a t a b o u t 2 7 C
o p e r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i s a c h i e v a b l e t h r o u g h p a s s i v e o p t i m i z a t i o n s , e v a p o r a t i v e c o o l i n g
c a n n o t b e s u g g e s t e d f o r d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m .
6 . 2 . 3 T h e r m o - a c t i v e B u i l d i n g C o m p o n e n t s
T h e r m o - a c t i v e b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s a r e e f f i c i e n t s y s t e m s f o r t e m p e r i n g t h e b u i l d i n g a s
s t a n d a l o n e o r a s s i s t e d s o l u t i o n s . T h e y h a v e b e e n u s e d f o r a l o n g t i m e b u t w i t h o u t a g r e a t
a c c e p t a n c e . G r o u n d o r a i r - c o u p l e d i n t e r n a l t u b e r e g i s t e r s , w h i c h a r e f i l l e d w i t h l i q u i d ,
g e n e r a l l y w a t e r , a r e i n s t a l l e d w i t h i n b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s . T h e t e n d e n c y g o e s t o w a r d g r o u n d -
c o u p l e d l o o p s w i t h w a t e r a s a n e n e r g y - t r a n s p o r t i n g m e d i u m . M o r e o v e r , a n o c c u p a n t o f t h e
r o o m a b s o r b s h e a t i n t w o w a y s d u r i n g t h e u s a g e o f t h e s e s y s t e m s : f r o m t h e i n f r a r e d r a d i a t i o n
e m i t t e d b y t h e w a l l s , c e i l i n g a n d f l o o r o f t h e r o o m ; a n d b y t h e c o n v e c t i v e e x c h a n g e o f
s e n s i b l e a n d l a t e n t h e a t w i t h t h e a i r . T h e s e s y s t e m s a r e e x a m i n e d b r i e f l y b e l o w .
6 . 2 . 3 . 1 C o n c r e t e c o r e a c t i v a t i o n
H e a v y c o n c r e t e f l o o r s l a b s h a v e t h e a b i l i t y t o s t o r e e x c e s s h e a t , a n d i f n e c e s s a r y , t o
p r o v i d e c o o l i n g e n e r g y . B u i l d i n g s w i t h t h i s t y p e o f s y s t e m r e q u i r e v e r y l o w i n s t a l m e n t c o s t s ,
b e c a u s e e x p e n s i v e i n s t a l l a t i o n s a r e n o t n e c e s s a r y . U p t o 4 0 p e r c e n t e n e r g y s a v i n g s c a n b e
a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h c o n c r e t e c o r e a c t i v a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o s i m u l a t i o n s o f a i r c o n d i t i o n e d
b u i l d i n g s w i t h s u c h s y s t e m s , w h i c h w e r e c a r r i e d o u t b y S t e t i u a n d F e u s t e l
1 5 5
.
T h e d i s a d v a n t a g e o f t h i s s y s t e m i s i t s r e a c t i o n t i m e . U n l i k e a i r c o n d i t i o n e r s , t h i s s y s t e m
d o e s n o t s u p p l y r a p i d c o o l i n g o r h e a t i n g . T h e r e f o r e , i t i s u s e d a s a n a d d i t i o n a l s y s t e m f o r
b a s i c c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g l o a d . C o r r o s i o n a n d e r o s i o n p r o b l e m s a r e s e r i o u s d r a w b a c k s o f t h i s
m e t h o d .
M o r e o v e r , t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f h e a t i n g o r c o o l i n g m e d i u m a n d i n d o o r a i r
t e m p e r a t u r e s h o u l d b e l o w . D u e t o s t r u c t u r a l a n d p h y s i c a l n e e d s , t h e h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g l o a d
o f t h e b u i l d i n g s h o u l d b e k e p t a s l o w a s p o s s i b l e i n o r d e r t o u s e s u c h a s y s t e m . F u r t h e r m o r e ,
t h e y a r e o n l y a p p l i c a b l e t o n e w b u i l d i n g s . T h e s e c o n d i s s u e i s t h a t t h e y s h o u l d n o t b e c l a d d e d ,
o r s u s p e n d e d r o o f s s h o u l d n o t b e u s e d , w h i c h m e a n s t o u s e f a i r - f a c e d c o n c r e t e . I t i s a n
e x p e n s i v e m a t e r i a l c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e u s u a l c o n s t r u c t i o n m e t h o d s i n B o d r u m .

115
possible to reach less than 31 C wet bulb temperature. If we consider that about 27 C
operation temperature is achievable through passive optimizations, evaporative cooling
cannot be suggested for dwellings in Bodrum.
6.2.3 Thermo-active Building Components
Thermo-active building components are efficient systems for tempering the building as
stand alone or assisted solutions. They have been used for a long time but without a great
acceptance. Ground or air-coupled internal tube registers, which are filled with liquid,
generally water, are installed within building components. The tendency goes toward ground-
coupled loops with water as an energy-transporting medium. Moreover, an occupant of the
room absorbs heat in two ways during the usage of these systems: from the infrared radiation
emitted by the walls, ceiling and floor of the room; and by the convective exchange of
sensible and latent heat with the air. These systems are examined briefly below.
6.2.3.1 Concrete core activation
Heavy concrete floor slabs have the ability to store excess heat, and if necessary, to
provide cooling energy. Buildings with this type of system require very low instalment costs,
because expensive installations are not necessary. Up to 40 per cent energy savings can be
achieved through concrete core activation according to simulations of air conditioned
buildings with such systems, which were carried out by Stetiu and Feustel
155
.
The disadvantage of this system is its reaction time. Unlike air conditioners, this system
does not supply rapid cooling or heating. Therefore, it is used as an additional system for
basic cooling and heating load. Corrosion and erosion problems are serious drawbacks of this
method.
Moreover, the difference of the temperature of heating or cooling medium and indoor air
temperature should be low. Due to structural and physical needs, the heating and cooling load
of the building should be kept as low as possible in order to use such a system. Furthermore,
they are only applicable to new buildings. The second issue is that they should not be cladded,
or suspended roofs should not be used, which means to use fair-faced concrete. It is an
expensive material compared with the usual construction methods in Bodrum.

115
possible to reach less than 31 C wet bulb temperature. If we consider that about 27 C
operation temperature is achievable through passive optimizations, evaporative cooling
cannot be suggested for dwellings in Bodrum.
6.2.3 Thermo-active Building Components
Thermo-active building components are efficient systems for tempering the building as
stand alone or assisted solutions. They have been used for a long time but without a great
acceptance. Ground or air-coupled internal tube registers, which are filled with liquid,
generally water, are installed within building components. The tendency goes toward ground-
coupled loops with water as an energy-transporting medium. Moreover, an occupant of the
room absorbs heat in two ways during the usage of these systems: from the infrared radiation
emitted by the walls, ceiling and floor of the room; and by the convective exchange of
sensible and latent heat with the air. These systems are examined briefly below.
6.2.3.1 Concrete core activation
Heavy concrete floor slabs have the ability to store excess heat, and if necessary, to
provide cooling energy. Buildings with this type of system require very low instalment costs,
because expensive installations are not necessary. Up to 40 per cent energy savings can be
achieved through concrete core activation according to simulations of air conditioned
buildings with such systems, which were carried out by Stetiu and Feustel
155
.
The disadvantage of this system is its reaction time. Unlike air conditioners, this system
does not supply rapid cooling or heating. Therefore, it is used as an additional system for
basic cooling and heating load. Corrosion and erosion problems are serious drawbacks of this
method.
Moreover, the difference of the temperature of heating or cooling medium and indoor air
temperature should be low. Due to structural and physical needs, the heating and cooling load
of the building should be kept as low as possible in order to use such a system. Furthermore,
they are only applicable to new buildings. The second issue is that they should not be cladded,
or suspended roofs should not be used, which means to use fair-faced concrete. It is an
expensive material compared with the usual construction methods in Bodrum.


116

Drawing 7 Applications Examples of Thermo-active Systems: Section and Details (Author)
6.2.3.2 Floor heating technology
The floor is thermally activated using plastic pipelines, which have been embedded in it.
These are quite mature systems. Ninety per cent of the houses in Korea have floor-heating
systems and the Romans already used these systems approximately. 2,000 years ago
156
. For
example, heating can be achieved with low supply temperatures like 35 C. The advantage of
this system is that the material of the floor cover does not influence the heat-exchange
significantly
157
. They also reduce conductive heat loss by about 10 to 30 per cent by avoiding
excess heat escaping through walls and windows. Using this system for cooling may cause to
cause condensation water on the floor. Depending on the material, the surface may become
slippery or the material can rot
158
.
6.2.3.3 Radiant ceiling panel
Ceiling radiant cooling has been used in Europe since the 1970s
159
. Cooling and heating
are carried out by chilled water circulation within the ceiling. Air distribution systems control
ventilation and humidity. The surfaces of the ceiling may take any forms. They are classified
into radiant panels, convective panels, and chilled beams. The architectural integration
possibilities make these systems interesting. However, lower capacity of these systems when
compared with rational systems presents a handicap. For seasons with low heating or cooling
demand, like April, May, or September, they might present an alternative for the dwellings in
Bodrum.


116

Drawing 7 Applications Examples of Thermo-active Systems: Section and Details (Author)
6.2.3.2 Floor heating technology
The floor is thermally activated using plastic pipelines, which have been embedded in it.
These are quite mature systems. Ninety per cent of the houses in Korea have floor-heating
systems and the Romans already used these systems approximately. 2,000 years ago
156
. For
example, heating can be achieved with low supply temperatures like 35 C. The advantage of
this system is that the material of the floor cover does not influence the heat-exchange
significantly
157
. They also reduce conductive heat loss by about 10 to 30 per cent by avoiding
excess heat escaping through walls and windows. Using this system for cooling may cause to
cause condensation water on the floor. Depending on the material, the surface may become
slippery or the material can rot
158
.
6.2.3.3 Radiant ceiling panel
Ceiling radiant cooling has been used in Europe since the 1970s
159
. Cooling and heating
are carried out by chilled water circulation within the ceiling. Air distribution systems control
ventilation and humidity. The surfaces of the ceiling may take any forms. They are classified
into radiant panels, convective panels, and chilled beams. The architectural integration
possibilities make these systems interesting. However, lower capacity of these systems when
compared with rational systems presents a handicap. For seasons with low heating or cooling
demand, like April, May, or September, they might present an alternative for the dwellings in
Bodrum.


1 1 6

D r a w i n g 7 A p p l i c a t i o n s E x a m p l e s o f T h e r m o - a c t i v e S y s t e m s : S e c t i o n a n d D e t a i l s ( A u t h o r )
6 . 2 . 3 . 2 F l o o r h e a t i n g t e c h n o l o g y
T h e f l o o r i s t h e r m a l l y a c t i v a t e d u s i n g p l a s t i c p i p e l i n e s , w h i c h h a v e b e e n e m b e d d e d i n i t .
T h e s e a r e q u i t e m a t u r e s y s t e m s . N i n e t y p e r c e n t o f t h e h o u s e s i n K o r e a h a v e f l o o r - h e a t i n g
s y s t e m s a n d t h e R o m a n s a l r e a d y u s e d t h e s e s y s t e m s a p p r o x i m a t e l y . 2 , 0 0 0 y e a r s a g o
1 5 6
. F o r
e x a m p l e , h e a t i n g c a n b e a c h i e v e d w i t h l o w s u p p l y t e m p e r a t u r e s l i k e 3 5 C . T h e a d v a n t a g e o f
t h i s s y s t e m i s t h a t t h e m a t e r i a l o f t h e f l o o r c o v e r d o e s n o t i n f l u e n c e t h e h e a t - e x c h a n g e
s i g n i f i c a n t l y
1 5 7
. T h e y a l s o r e d u c e c o n d u c t i v e h e a t l o s s b y a b o u t 1 0 t o 3 0 p e r c e n t b y a v o i d i n g
e x c e s s h e a t e s c a p i n g t h r o u g h w a l l s a n d w i n d o w s . U s i n g t h i s s y s t e m f o r c o o l i n g m a y c a u s e t o
c a u s e c o n d e n s a t i o n w a t e r o n t h e f l o o r . D e p e n d i n g o n t h e m a t e r i a l , t h e s u r f a c e m a y b e c o m e
s l i p p e r y o r t h e m a t e r i a l c a n r o t
1 5 8
.
6 . 2 . 3 . 3 R a d i a n t c e i l i n g p a n e l
C e i l i n g r a d i a n t c o o l i n g h a s b e e n u s e d i n E u r o p e s i n c e t h e 1 9 7 0 s
1 5 9
. C o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g
a r e c a r r i e d o u t b y c h i l l e d w a t e r c i r c u l a t i o n w i t h i n t h e c e i l i n g . A i r d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m s c o n t r o l
v e n t i l a t i o n a n d h u m i d i t y . T h e s u r f a c e s o f t h e c e i l i n g m a y t a k e a n y f o r m s . T h e y a r e c l a s s i f i e d
i n t o r a d i a n t p a n e l s , c o n v e c t i v e p a n e l s , a n d c h i l l e d b e a m s . T h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l i n t e g r a t i o n
p o s s i b i l i t i e s m a k e t h e s e s y s t e m s i n t e r e s t i n g . H o w e v e r , l o w e r c a p a c i t y o f t h e s e s y s t e m s w h e n
c o m p a r e d w i t h r a t i o n a l s y s t e m s p r e s e n t s a h a n d i c a p . F o r s e a s o n s w i t h l o w h e a t i n g o r c o o l i n g
d e m a n d , l i k e A p r i l , M a y , o r S e p t e m b e r , t h e y m i g h t p r e s e n t a n a l t e r n a t i v e f o r t h e d w e l l i n g s i n
B o d r u m .


1 1 6

D r a w i n g 7 A p p l i c a t i o n s E x a m p l e s o f T h e r m o - a c t i v e S y s t e m s : S e c t i o n a n d D e t a i l s ( A u t h o r )
6 . 2 . 3 . 2 F l o o r h e a t i n g t e c h n o l o g y
T h e f l o o r i s t h e r m a l l y a c t i v a t e d u s i n g p l a s t i c p i p e l i n e s , w h i c h h a v e b e e n e m b e d d e d i n i t .
T h e s e a r e q u i t e m a t u r e s y s t e m s . N i n e t y p e r c e n t o f t h e h o u s e s i n K o r e a h a v e f l o o r - h e a t i n g
s y s t e m s a n d t h e R o m a n s a l r e a d y u s e d t h e s e s y s t e m s a p p r o x i m a t e l y . 2 , 0 0 0 y e a r s a g o
1 5 6
. F o r
e x a m p l e , h e a t i n g c a n b e a c h i e v e d w i t h l o w s u p p l y t e m p e r a t u r e s l i k e 3 5 C . T h e a d v a n t a g e o f
t h i s s y s t e m i s t h a t t h e m a t e r i a l o f t h e f l o o r c o v e r d o e s n o t i n f l u e n c e t h e h e a t - e x c h a n g e
s i g n i f i c a n t l y
1 5 7
. T h e y a l s o r e d u c e c o n d u c t i v e h e a t l o s s b y a b o u t 1 0 t o 3 0 p e r c e n t b y a v o i d i n g
e x c e s s h e a t e s c a p i n g t h r o u g h w a l l s a n d w i n d o w s . U s i n g t h i s s y s t e m f o r c o o l i n g m a y c a u s e t o
c a u s e c o n d e n s a t i o n w a t e r o n t h e f l o o r . D e p e n d i n g o n t h e m a t e r i a l , t h e s u r f a c e m a y b e c o m e
s l i p p e r y o r t h e m a t e r i a l c a n r o t
1 5 8
.
6 . 2 . 3 . 3 R a d i a n t c e i l i n g p a n e l
C e i l i n g r a d i a n t c o o l i n g h a s b e e n u s e d i n E u r o p e s i n c e t h e 1 9 7 0 s
1 5 9
. C o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g
a r e c a r r i e d o u t b y c h i l l e d w a t e r c i r c u l a t i o n w i t h i n t h e c e i l i n g . A i r d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m s c o n t r o l
v e n t i l a t i o n a n d h u m i d i t y . T h e s u r f a c e s o f t h e c e i l i n g m a y t a k e a n y f o r m s . T h e y a r e c l a s s i f i e d
i n t o r a d i a n t p a n e l s , c o n v e c t i v e p a n e l s , a n d c h i l l e d b e a m s . T h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l i n t e g r a t i o n
p o s s i b i l i t i e s m a k e t h e s e s y s t e m s i n t e r e s t i n g . H o w e v e r , l o w e r c a p a c i t y o f t h e s e s y s t e m s w h e n
c o m p a r e d w i t h r a t i o n a l s y s t e m s p r e s e n t s a h a n d i c a p . F o r s e a s o n s w i t h l o w h e a t i n g o r c o o l i n g
d e m a n d , l i k e A p r i l , M a y , o r S e p t e m b e r , t h e y m i g h t p r e s e n t a n a l t e r n a t i v e f o r t h e d w e l l i n g s i n
B o d r u m .


1 1 7
6 . 2 . 3 . 4 C a p i l l a r y t u b e s y s t e m - W a l l
A s H e g g e r e t a l h a v e m e n t i o n e d ( s o u r c e 1 5 7 ) , t h e o c c u p a n t s a c c e p t u s i n g t h e w a l l s f o r
t e m p e r a t u r e e x c h a n g e . T h i s s y s t e m i s a v a r i a t i o n o f f l o o r h e a t i n g t e c h n o l o g i e s . V e r y t h i n
p i p e s , n a m e d c a p i l l a r y t u b e s , a r e b u r i e d i n t h e p l a s t e r o f t h e w a l l .
6 . 2 . 4 E v a l u a t i o n o f H y b r i d S y s t e m s
H y b r i d s y s t e m s , a s l o w e n e r g y t e c h n i q u e s , m a y d e c r e a s e b o t h t h e h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g l o a d
s i g n i f i c a n t l y . T h e i r e f f e c t i v e n e s s m a y n o t b e s u f f i c i e n t t o m e e t b o t h c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g
d e m a n d . N e v e r t h e l e s s , s o m e s y s t e m s a r e f u l l y s u f f i c i e n t f o r p a r t i c u l a r l y h e a t i n g o r c o o l i n g .
I n r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s , t h e a i m s h o u l d b e t o p l a c e p a s s i v e o r h y b r i d s y s t e m s w i t h i n t h e
a r e a , w h i c h s h o u l d b e c o o l e d o r h e a t e d . T h e r e i s c o n s i d e r a b l e r e s e a r c h t o s h o w t h a t u s i n g
g r o u n d - c o u p l e d s y s t e m s a r e m o r e e f f i c i e n t a n d e c o n o m i c a l l y a d v a n t a g e o u s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y
s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d i n b u i l d i n g s , i f t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s a r e a d e q u a t e i n i n d i v i d u a l c a s e s .
I f t h e s e s y s t e m s w e r e a l s o t o b e u s e d f o r c o o l i n g , s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e s s h o u l d b e
p e r m a n e n t l y o v e r t h e d e w p o i n t o f t h e i n d o o r a i r t e m p e r a t u r e . M e c h a n i c a l v e n t i l a t i o n s h o u l d
b e i n s t a l l e d i n t h e b u i l d i n g t o a v o i d c o n d e n s a t i o n w a s w e l l .
C o n s i d e r i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s s u e s , a l l t h e s e s y s t e m s a r e m o r e e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y f r i e n d l y
c o m p a r e d t o r a t i o n a l s y s t e m s , w h i c h u s e f o s s i l f u e l s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e e c o n o m i c
d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f t h e s e s y s t e m s p r e v e n t t h e i r w i d e s p r e a d a p p l i c a t i o n .
6 . 3 A r c h i t e c t u r a l a n a l y s i s a n d c o m p u t e r s i m u l a t i o n s o f a c t i v e s y s t e m s
S o l a r r a d i a t i o n i s o n e s o u r c e o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y . T h e u s e o f d i r e c t s o l a r r a d i a t i o n f o r
c o o l i n g , h e a t i n g , a n d d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r h a s t h e g r e a t e s t i m p o r t a n c e i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y
e f f i c i e n c y a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s i g n f o r s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m .
I n r e g a r d t o t h e a c t i v e u s e o f d i r e c t s o l a r r a d i a t i o n , c o m p u t e r b a s e d s i m u l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n
r u n i n o r d e r t o a n a l y s e t h e s u r f a c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e e n e r g e t i c a l l y o p t i m i s e d h o u s e t y p e s i n
t h i s c h a p t e r . T h e o p t i m i s e d h o u s e i s d e v e l o p e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s i n p r e v i o u s
c h a p t e r , a n d r e f e r s t o t h e m a j o r i t y o f d w e l l i n g u n i t s i n B o d r u m . A n a l y s e s s h o u l d n o r m a l l y b e


1 1 7
6 . 2 . 3 . 4 C a p i l l a r y t u b e s y s t e m - W a l l
A s H e g g e r e t a l h a v e m e n t i o n e d ( s o u r c e 1 5 7 ) , t h e o c c u p a n t s a c c e p t u s i n g t h e w a l l s f o r
t e m p e r a t u r e e x c h a n g e . T h i s s y s t e m i s a v a r i a t i o n o f f l o o r h e a t i n g t e c h n o l o g i e s . V e r y t h i n
p i p e s , n a m e d c a p i l l a r y t u b e s , a r e b u r i e d i n t h e p l a s t e r o f t h e w a l l .
6 . 2 . 4 E v a l u a t i o n o f H y b r i d S y s t e m s
H y b r i d s y s t e m s , a s l o w e n e r g y t e c h n i q u e s , m a y d e c r e a s e b o t h t h e h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g l o a d
s i g n i f i c a n t l y . T h e i r e f f e c t i v e n e s s m a y n o t b e s u f f i c i e n t t o m e e t b o t h c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g
d e m a n d . N e v e r t h e l e s s , s o m e s y s t e m s a r e f u l l y s u f f i c i e n t f o r p a r t i c u l a r l y h e a t i n g o r c o o l i n g .
I n r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s , t h e a i m s h o u l d b e t o p l a c e p a s s i v e o r h y b r i d s y s t e m s w i t h i n t h e
a r e a , w h i c h s h o u l d b e c o o l e d o r h e a t e d . T h e r e i s c o n s i d e r a b l e r e s e a r c h t o s h o w t h a t u s i n g
g r o u n d - c o u p l e d s y s t e m s a r e m o r e e f f i c i e n t a n d e c o n o m i c a l l y a d v a n t a g e o u s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y
s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d i n b u i l d i n g s , i f t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s a r e a d e q u a t e i n i n d i v i d u a l c a s e s .
I f t h e s e s y s t e m s w e r e a l s o t o b e u s e d f o r c o o l i n g , s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e s s h o u l d b e
p e r m a n e n t l y o v e r t h e d e w p o i n t o f t h e i n d o o r a i r t e m p e r a t u r e . M e c h a n i c a l v e n t i l a t i o n s h o u l d
b e i n s t a l l e d i n t h e b u i l d i n g t o a v o i d c o n d e n s a t i o n w a s w e l l .
C o n s i d e r i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s s u e s , a l l t h e s e s y s t e m s a r e m o r e e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y f r i e n d l y
c o m p a r e d t o r a t i o n a l s y s t e m s , w h i c h u s e f o s s i l f u e l s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e e c o n o m i c
d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f t h e s e s y s t e m s p r e v e n t t h e i r w i d e s p r e a d a p p l i c a t i o n .
6 . 3 A r c h i t e c t u r a l a n a l y s i s a n d c o m p u t e r s i m u l a t i o n s o f a c t i v e s y s t e m s
S o l a r r a d i a t i o n i s o n e s o u r c e o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y . T h e u s e o f d i r e c t s o l a r r a d i a t i o n f o r
c o o l i n g , h e a t i n g , a n d d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r h a s t h e g r e a t e s t i m p o r t a n c e i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y
e f f i c i e n c y a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s i g n f o r s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m .
I n r e g a r d t o t h e a c t i v e u s e o f d i r e c t s o l a r r a d i a t i o n , c o m p u t e r b a s e d s i m u l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n
r u n i n o r d e r t o a n a l y s e t h e s u r f a c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e e n e r g e t i c a l l y o p t i m i s e d h o u s e t y p e s i n
t h i s c h a p t e r . T h e o p t i m i s e d h o u s e i s d e v e l o p e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s i n p r e v i o u s
c h a p t e r , a n d r e f e r s t o t h e m a j o r i t y o f d w e l l i n g u n i t s i n B o d r u m . A n a l y s e s s h o u l d n o r m a l l y b e


117
6.2.3.4 Capillary tube system - Wall
As Hegger et al have mentioned (source 157), the occupants accept using the walls for
temperature exchange. This system is a variation of floor heating technologies. Very thin
pipes, named capillary tubes, are buried in the plaster of the wall.
6.2.4 Evaluation of Hybrid Systems
Hybrid systems, as low energy techniques, may decrease both the heating and cooling load
significantly. Their effectiveness may not be sufficient to meet both cooling and heating
demand. Nevertheless, some systems are fully sufficient for particularly heating or cooling.
In residential buildings, the aim should be to place passive or hybrid systems within the
area, which should be cooled or heated. There is considerable research to show that using
ground-coupled systems are more efficient and economically advantageous. Therefore, they
should be installed in buildings, if the circumstances are adequate in individual cases.
If these systems were also to be used for cooling, surface temperatures should be
permanently over the dew point of the indoor air temperature. Mechanical ventilation should
be installed in the building to avoid condensation was well.
Considering environmental issues, all these systems are more environmentally friendly
compared to rational systems, which use fossil fuels. Nevertheless, the economic
disadvantages of these systems prevent their widespread application.
6.3 Architectural analysis and computer simulations of active systems
Solar radiation is one source of renewable energy. The use of direct solar radiation for
cooling, heating, and domestic hot water has the greatest importance in terms of energy
efficiency and architectural design for settlements in Bodrum.
In regard to the active use of direct solar radiation, computer based simulations have been
run in order to analyse the surface characteristics of the energetically optimised house types in
this chapter. The optimised house is developed according to the simulation results in previous
chapter, and refers to the majority of dwelling units in Bodrum. Analyses should normally be


117
6.2.3.4 Capillary tube system - Wall
As Hegger et al have mentioned (source 157), the occupants accept using the walls for
temperature exchange. This system is a variation of floor heating technologies. Very thin
pipes, named capillary tubes, are buried in the plaster of the wall.
6.2.4 Evaluation of Hybrid Systems
Hybrid systems, as low energy techniques, may decrease both the heating and cooling load
significantly. Their effectiveness may not be sufficient to meet both cooling and heating
demand. Nevertheless, some systems are fully sufficient for particularly heating or cooling.
In residential buildings, the aim should be to place passive or hybrid systems within the
area, which should be cooled or heated. There is considerable research to show that using
ground-coupled systems are more efficient and economically advantageous. Therefore, they
should be installed in buildings, if the circumstances are adequate in individual cases.
If these systems were also to be used for cooling, surface temperatures should be
permanently over the dew point of the indoor air temperature. Mechanical ventilation should
be installed in the building to avoid condensation was well.
Considering environmental issues, all these systems are more environmentally friendly
compared to rational systems, which use fossil fuels. Nevertheless, the economic
disadvantages of these systems prevent their widespread application.
6.3 Architectural analysis and computer simulations of active systems
Solar radiation is one source of renewable energy. The use of direct solar radiation for
cooling, heating, and domestic hot water has the greatest importance in terms of energy
efficiency and architectural design for settlements in Bodrum.
In regard to the active use of direct solar radiation, computer based simulations have been
run in order to analyse the surface characteristics of the energetically optimised house types in
this chapter. The optimised house is developed according to the simulation results in previous
chapter, and refers to the majority of dwelling units in Bodrum. Analyses should normally be


118
run for each individual case. Therefore, the results should be considered as guidelines, not as
concrete solutions or restrictions for settlements in the region.
6.3.1 Architectural integration of the solar active components
Nowadays, the diversity of the building envelopes is not only a result of conventional
building components. Opportunities such as energy production become a function of the
building envelope due to environmental problems. This situation also enlarges the number of
the participants involved in building design. Not only architects but also faade planners and
energy consultants participate in the design phase of a building. This is a direct consequence
of the integration of solar active components. The integrated approach brings together energy
conservation, energy efficiency, and building envelope design.
6.3.1.1 Integration possibilities
Solar active systems, which are currently available on the market, can be grouped into
three main categories: faade systems, building component systems, and roofing systems.
These categories can be applied for both photovoltaic and solar thermal systems. A brief
explanation of the opportunities provided by these systems can be found below followed by
in-depth analysis of these opportunities in further sections.
Faades have significant potential as an approach for integrating solar active components.
Numerous design options are available. Faade systems include curtain wall products and
spandrel panels. They can also be easily integrated into a glazing system. Moreover, an
approach for installing the solar active system is to leave an air space between the panel and
faade. This space can be incorporated within the insulation of the faade.
Furthermore, roof integration of solar active systems is possible. Roofs have two
advantages in terms of using solar active systems: they are often free from shading, and the
inclination of the panels can be adjusted for enhancing efficiency. For flat roofs like those in
Bodrum, standard panels are suitable.
Shading elements and components with large surfaces on the roof or faades are the third
option for using solar active systems. The adjustability of the panels may provide greater
effectiveness.


118
run for each individual case. Therefore, the results should be considered as guidelines, not as
concrete solutions or restrictions for settlements in the region.
6.3.1 Architectural integration of the solar active components
Nowadays, the diversity of the building envelopes is not only a result of conventional
building components. Opportunities such as energy production become a function of the
building envelope due to environmental problems. This situation also enlarges the number of
the participants involved in building design. Not only architects but also faade planners and
energy consultants participate in the design phase of a building. This is a direct consequence
of the integration of solar active components. The integrated approach brings together energy
conservation, energy efficiency, and building envelope design.
6.3.1.1 Integration possibilities
Solar active systems, which are currently available on the market, can be grouped into
three main categories: faade systems, building component systems, and roofing systems.
These categories can be applied for both photovoltaic and solar thermal systems. A brief
explanation of the opportunities provided by these systems can be found below followed by
in-depth analysis of these opportunities in further sections.
Faades have significant potential as an approach for integrating solar active components.
Numerous design options are available. Faade systems include curtain wall products and
spandrel panels. They can also be easily integrated into a glazing system. Moreover, an
approach for installing the solar active system is to leave an air space between the panel and
faade. This space can be incorporated within the insulation of the faade.
Furthermore, roof integration of solar active systems is possible. Roofs have two
advantages in terms of using solar active systems: they are often free from shading, and the
inclination of the panels can be adjusted for enhancing efficiency. For flat roofs like those in
Bodrum, standard panels are suitable.
Shading elements and components with large surfaces on the roof or faades are the third
option for using solar active systems. The adjustability of the panels may provide greater
effectiveness.


1 1 8
r u n f o r e a c h i n d i v i d u a l c a s e . T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e s u l t s s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d a s g u i d e l i n e s , n o t a s
c o n c r e t e s o l u t i o n s o r r e s t r i c t i o n s f o r s e t t l e m e n t s i n t h e r e g i o n .
6 . 3 . 1 A r c h i t e c t u r a l i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e s o l a r a c t i v e c o m p o n e n t s
N o w a d a y s , t h e d i v e r s i t y o f t h e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e s i s n o t o n l y a r e s u l t o f c o n v e n t i o n a l
b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s . O p p o r t u n i t i e s s u c h a s e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n b e c o m e a f u n c t i o n o f t h e
b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e d u e t o e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s . T h i s s i t u a t i o n a l s o e n l a r g e s t h e n u m b e r o f
t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s i n v o l v e d i n b u i l d i n g d e s i g n . N o t o n l y a r c h i t e c t s b u t a l s o f a a d e p l a n n e r s a n d
e n e r g y c o n s u l t a n t s p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e d e s i g n p h a s e o f a b u i l d i n g . T h i s i s a d i r e c t c o n s e q u e n c e
o f t h e i n t e g r a t i o n o f s o l a r a c t i v e c o m p o n e n t s . T h e i n t e g r a t e d a p p r o a c h b r i n g s t o g e t h e r e n e r g y
c o n s e r v a t i o n , e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y , a n d b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e d e s i g n .
6 . 3 . 1 . 1 I n t e g r a t i o n p o s s i b i l i t i e s
S o l a r a c t i v e s y s t e m s , w h i c h a r e c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e o n t h e m a r k e t , c a n b e g r o u p e d i n t o
t h r e e m a i n c a t e g o r i e s : f a a d e s y s t e m s , b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s y s t e m s , a n d r o o f i n g s y s t e m s .
T h e s e c a t e g o r i e s c a n b e a p p l i e d f o r b o t h p h o t o v o l t a i c a n d s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m s . A b r i e f
e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e o p p o r t u n i t i e s p r o v i d e d b y t h e s e s y s t e m s c a n b e f o u n d b e l o w f o l l o w e d b y
i n - d e p t h a n a l y s i s o f t h e s e o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n f u r t h e r s e c t i o n s .
F a a d e s h a v e s i g n i f i c a n t p o t e n t i a l a s a n a p p r o a c h f o r i n t e g r a t i n g s o l a r a c t i v e c o m p o n e n t s .
N u m e r o u s d e s i g n o p t i o n s a r e a v a i l a b l e . F a a d e s y s t e m s i n c l u d e c u r t a i n w a l l p r o d u c t s a n d
s p a n d r e l p a n e l s . T h e y c a n a l s o b e e a s i l y i n t e g r a t e d i n t o a g l a z i n g s y s t e m . M o r e o v e r , a n
a p p r o a c h f o r i n s t a l l i n g t h e s o l a r a c t i v e s y s t e m i s t o l e a v e a n a i r s p a c e b e t w e e n t h e p a n e l a n d
f a a d e . T h i s s p a c e c a n b e i n c o r p o r a t e d w i t h i n t h e i n s u l a t i o n o f t h e f a a d e .
F u r t h e r m o r e , r o o f i n t e g r a t i o n o f s o l a r a c t i v e s y s t e m s i s p o s s i b l e . R o o f s h a v e t w o
a d v a n t a g e s i n t e r m s o f u s i n g s o l a r a c t i v e s y s t e m s : t h e y a r e o f t e n f r e e f r o m s h a d i n g , a n d t h e
i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e p a n e l s c a n b e a d j u s t e d f o r e n h a n c i n g e f f i c i e n c y . F o r f l a t r o o f s l i k e t h o s e i n
B o d r u m , s t a n d a r d p a n e l s a r e s u i t a b l e .
S h a d i n g e l e m e n t s a n d c o m p o n e n t s w i t h l a r g e s u r f a c e s o n t h e r o o f o r f a a d e s a r e t h e t h i r d
o p t i o n f o r u s i n g s o l a r a c t i v e s y s t e m s . T h e a d j u s t a b i l i t y o f t h e p a n e l s m a y p r o v i d e g r e a t e r
e f f e c t i v e n e s s .


1 1 8
r u n f o r e a c h i n d i v i d u a l c a s e . T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e s u l t s s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d a s g u i d e l i n e s , n o t a s
c o n c r e t e s o l u t i o n s o r r e s t r i c t i o n s f o r s e t t l e m e n t s i n t h e r e g i o n .
6 . 3 . 1 A r c h i t e c t u r a l i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e s o l a r a c t i v e c o m p o n e n t s
N o w a d a y s , t h e d i v e r s i t y o f t h e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e s i s n o t o n l y a r e s u l t o f c o n v e n t i o n a l
b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s . O p p o r t u n i t i e s s u c h a s e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n b e c o m e a f u n c t i o n o f t h e
b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e d u e t o e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s . T h i s s i t u a t i o n a l s o e n l a r g e s t h e n u m b e r o f
t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s i n v o l v e d i n b u i l d i n g d e s i g n . N o t o n l y a r c h i t e c t s b u t a l s o f a a d e p l a n n e r s a n d
e n e r g y c o n s u l t a n t s p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e d e s i g n p h a s e o f a b u i l d i n g . T h i s i s a d i r e c t c o n s e q u e n c e
o f t h e i n t e g r a t i o n o f s o l a r a c t i v e c o m p o n e n t s . T h e i n t e g r a t e d a p p r o a c h b r i n g s t o g e t h e r e n e r g y
c o n s e r v a t i o n , e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y , a n d b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e d e s i g n .
6 . 3 . 1 . 1 I n t e g r a t i o n p o s s i b i l i t i e s
S o l a r a c t i v e s y s t e m s , w h i c h a r e c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e o n t h e m a r k e t , c a n b e g r o u p e d i n t o
t h r e e m a i n c a t e g o r i e s : f a a d e s y s t e m s , b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s y s t e m s , a n d r o o f i n g s y s t e m s .
T h e s e c a t e g o r i e s c a n b e a p p l i e d f o r b o t h p h o t o v o l t a i c a n d s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m s . A b r i e f
e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e o p p o r t u n i t i e s p r o v i d e d b y t h e s e s y s t e m s c a n b e f o u n d b e l o w f o l l o w e d b y
i n - d e p t h a n a l y s i s o f t h e s e o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n f u r t h e r s e c t i o n s .
F a a d e s h a v e s i g n i f i c a n t p o t e n t i a l a s a n a p p r o a c h f o r i n t e g r a t i n g s o l a r a c t i v e c o m p o n e n t s .
N u m e r o u s d e s i g n o p t i o n s a r e a v a i l a b l e . F a a d e s y s t e m s i n c l u d e c u r t a i n w a l l p r o d u c t s a n d
s p a n d r e l p a n e l s . T h e y c a n a l s o b e e a s i l y i n t e g r a t e d i n t o a g l a z i n g s y s t e m . M o r e o v e r , a n
a p p r o a c h f o r i n s t a l l i n g t h e s o l a r a c t i v e s y s t e m i s t o l e a v e a n a i r s p a c e b e t w e e n t h e p a n e l a n d
f a a d e . T h i s s p a c e c a n b e i n c o r p o r a t e d w i t h i n t h e i n s u l a t i o n o f t h e f a a d e .
F u r t h e r m o r e , r o o f i n t e g r a t i o n o f s o l a r a c t i v e s y s t e m s i s p o s s i b l e . R o o f s h a v e t w o
a d v a n t a g e s i n t e r m s o f u s i n g s o l a r a c t i v e s y s t e m s : t h e y a r e o f t e n f r e e f r o m s h a d i n g , a n d t h e
i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e p a n e l s c a n b e a d j u s t e d f o r e n h a n c i n g e f f i c i e n c y . F o r f l a t r o o f s l i k e t h o s e i n
B o d r u m , s t a n d a r d p a n e l s a r e s u i t a b l e .
S h a d i n g e l e m e n t s a n d c o m p o n e n t s w i t h l a r g e s u r f a c e s o n t h e r o o f o r f a a d e s a r e t h e t h i r d
o p t i o n f o r u s i n g s o l a r a c t i v e s y s t e m s . T h e a d j u s t a b i l i t y o f t h e p a n e l s m a y p r o v i d e g r e a t e r
e f f e c t i v e n e s s .

1 1 9

P i c t u r e 1 1 R o o f I n t e g r a t i o n o f P V A r r a y s ( a r c h . h k u . h k )
6 . 3 . 1 . 2 I n t e g r a t i o n s p r i n c i p l e s o f s o l a r a c t i v e c o m p o n e n t s
T h e p r i n c i p l e s o f b u i l d i n g i n t e g r a t e d s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s c a n b e g r o u p e d i n t o t h r e e m a i n
c a t e g o r i e s : a d d i t i o n , i n t e g r a t i o n , a n d a d o p t i o n .
B y a d d i t i o n , t h e s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s a r e i n s t a l l e d s u b s e q u e n t l y t o t h e b u i l d i n g s . S u c h
c o m p o n e n t s a r e n o t c o n s i d e r e d d u r i n g t h e d e s i g n p h a s e o f t h e b u i l d i n g s . I n t h i s c a s e , b u i l d i n g
e l e m e n t s p r o v i d e a s u b s t r u c t u r e f o r a d d i t i v e s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s . T h e v i s u a l a p p e a r a n c e m a y b e
a f f e c t e d n e g a t i v e l y f o r t h i s r e a s o n . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h i s a l s o i n f l u e n c e s t h e a c c e p t a n c e o f t h e s e
s y s t e m s , w h i c h t e n d t o b e r e g a r d e d a s u n f a v o u r a b l e . S u c h i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s a r e k n o w n a s
s t a m p ( B r i e f m a r k e i n G e r m a n ) . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e r e s u l t s o f s u r v e y s i n G e r m a n y , w h i c h
w e r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e S u n a n d S e n s e c o n f e r e n c e i n B e r l i n i n 2 0 0 8 , s h o w t h a t i n s t a l l i n g t h e
a r r a y s i n a c o l l e c t i v e s u r f a c e i s m o r e e f f i c i e n t c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e s e s t a m p s
1 6 0
.
T h e n e x t p r i n c i p l e i s i n t e g r a t i o n . C o m p a r e d w i t h t h e a d d i t i v e s y s t e m s , i n t e g r a t i v e s y s t e m s
a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y m o r e u n o b t r u s i v e . T o c o n s i d e r t h e i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s a t t h e
d e s i g n p h a s e a l s o d e c r e a s e s t h e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , a r c h i t e c t u r a l c o n s e q u e n c e s
s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d i n r e g a r d t o g r e a t e r e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y .
T h e t h i r d p r i n c i p l e i s a d o p t i o n , w h e r e t h e d e s i g n p r o c e s s i s p r e d o m i n a n t l y a f f e c t e d b y
i n t e g r a t e d s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s . I n t h i s c a s e , b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e s a r e d e s i g n e d i n o r d e r t o e n h a n c e
t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s . H o w e v e r , t h e f o r m o f t h e b u i l d i n g m a y s e e m
u n c o n v e n t i o n a l w h e n t h e s o l a r a c t i v e c o m p o n e n t s a r e d i s m a n t l e d .

1 1 9

P i c t u r e 1 1 R o o f I n t e g r a t i o n o f P V A r r a y s ( a r c h . h k u . h k )
6 . 3 . 1 . 2 I n t e g r a t i o n s p r i n c i p l e s o f s o l a r a c t i v e c o m p o n e n t s
T h e p r i n c i p l e s o f b u i l d i n g i n t e g r a t e d s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s c a n b e g r o u p e d i n t o t h r e e m a i n
c a t e g o r i e s : a d d i t i o n , i n t e g r a t i o n , a n d a d o p t i o n .
B y a d d i t i o n , t h e s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s a r e i n s t a l l e d s u b s e q u e n t l y t o t h e b u i l d i n g s . S u c h
c o m p o n e n t s a r e n o t c o n s i d e r e d d u r i n g t h e d e s i g n p h a s e o f t h e b u i l d i n g s . I n t h i s c a s e , b u i l d i n g
e l e m e n t s p r o v i d e a s u b s t r u c t u r e f o r a d d i t i v e s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s . T h e v i s u a l a p p e a r a n c e m a y b e
a f f e c t e d n e g a t i v e l y f o r t h i s r e a s o n . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h i s a l s o i n f l u e n c e s t h e a c c e p t a n c e o f t h e s e
s y s t e m s , w h i c h t e n d t o b e r e g a r d e d a s u n f a v o u r a b l e . S u c h i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s a r e k n o w n a s
s t a m p ( B r i e f m a r k e i n G e r m a n ) . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e r e s u l t s o f s u r v e y s i n G e r m a n y , w h i c h
w e r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e S u n a n d S e n s e c o n f e r e n c e i n B e r l i n i n 2 0 0 8 , s h o w t h a t i n s t a l l i n g t h e
a r r a y s i n a c o l l e c t i v e s u r f a c e i s m o r e e f f i c i e n t c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e s e s t a m p s
1 6 0
.
T h e n e x t p r i n c i p l e i s i n t e g r a t i o n . C o m p a r e d w i t h t h e a d d i t i v e s y s t e m s , i n t e g r a t i v e s y s t e m s
a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y m o r e u n o b t r u s i v e . T o c o n s i d e r t h e i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s a t t h e
d e s i g n p h a s e a l s o d e c r e a s e s t h e e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , a r c h i t e c t u r a l c o n s e q u e n c e s
s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d i n r e g a r d t o g r e a t e r e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y .
T h e t h i r d p r i n c i p l e i s a d o p t i o n , w h e r e t h e d e s i g n p r o c e s s i s p r e d o m i n a n t l y a f f e c t e d b y
i n t e g r a t e d s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s . I n t h i s c a s e , b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e s a r e d e s i g n e d i n o r d e r t o e n h a n c e
t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s . H o w e v e r , t h e f o r m o f t h e b u i l d i n g m a y s e e m
u n c o n v e n t i o n a l w h e n t h e s o l a r a c t i v e c o m p o n e n t s a r e d i s m a n t l e d .

119

Picture 11 Roof Integration of PV Arrays (arch.hku.hk)
6.3.1.2 Integrations principles of solar active components
The principles of building integrated solar components can be grouped into three main
categories: addition, integration, and adoption.
By addition, the solar components are installed subsequently to the buildings. Such
components are not considered during the design phase of the buildings. In this case, building
elements provide a substructure for additive solar components. The visual appearance may be
affected negatively for this reason. Consequently, this also influences the acceptance of these
systems, which tend to be regarded as unfavourable. Such implementations are known as
stamp (Briefmarke in German). Nevertheless, the results of surveys in Germany, which
were presented in the Sun and Sense conference in Berlin in 2008, show that installing the
arrays in a collective surface is more efficient compared with these stamps
160
.
The next principle is integration. Compared with the additive systems, integrative systems
are significantly more unobtrusive. To consider the integration of the solar components at the
design phase also decreases the energy consumption. Therefore, architectural consequences
should be considered in regard to greater energy efficiency.
The third principle is adoption, where the design process is predominantly affected by
integrated solar components. In this case, building envelopes are designed in order to enhance
the efficiency of solar components. However, the form of the building may seem
unconventional when the solar active components are dismantled.

119

Picture 11 Roof Integration of PV Arrays (arch.hku.hk)
6.3.1.2 Integrations principles of solar active components
The principles of building integrated solar components can be grouped into three main
categories: addition, integration, and adoption.
By addition, the solar components are installed subsequently to the buildings. Such
components are not considered during the design phase of the buildings. In this case, building
elements provide a substructure for additive solar components. The visual appearance may be
affected negatively for this reason. Consequently, this also influences the acceptance of these
systems, which tend to be regarded as unfavourable. Such implementations are known as
stamp (Briefmarke in German). Nevertheless, the results of surveys in Germany, which
were presented in the Sun and Sense conference in Berlin in 2008, show that installing the
arrays in a collective surface is more efficient compared with these stamps
160
.
The next principle is integration. Compared with the additive systems, integrative systems
are significantly more unobtrusive. To consider the integration of the solar components at the
design phase also decreases the energy consumption. Therefore, architectural consequences
should be considered in regard to greater energy efficiency.
The third principle is adoption, where the design process is predominantly affected by
integrated solar components. In this case, building envelopes are designed in order to enhance
the efficiency of solar components. However, the form of the building may seem
unconventional when the solar active components are dismantled.


120
If we compare all these principles considering climatic and architectural circumstances in
Bodrum, integration seems to be the optimal principle for use in this region. Adoption may
conflict with the vernacular architecture in Bodrum. Addition, which is already used as a
principle for domestic hot water production, causes architectural pollution. Therefore, the
integrative principle of solar active components should be the favored implementation type.
6.3.2 Potential of solar radiation of the optimum house
6.3.2.1 Roof, faade, and shading elements
Appropriate surfaces of dwellings in Bodrum for active use of solar radiation are faades
and flat roof. Furthermore, the shading elements, which are proposed in this work, can be
used as another potential surface.
Faade:
The simulation results in the previous chapter show that the transparency of the western
and eastern faades should be kept low, which increases the percentage of opaque surfaces.
This enables a greater implementation surface for active solar components. The northern
faade is not considered due to the low radiation value of 428 kWh/m, which leads to about
78 per cent energy loss. Consequently, the south faade is the most suitable faade for active
use of solar radiation. It is simulated for unshaded conditions as well, although this faade
should be strongly shaded in Bodrum.
The use of faades may not always be preferable in Bodrum, especially for existing
buildings. The shading factor due to the urban density may decrease the efficiency of the
arrays. This situation will be analyzed more in detail in further sections. Moreover, the eastern
and western faades should also be shaded by means of vegetation according to the simulation
results. All these aspects complicate the faade integration of active solar components.
Roof:
The flat roofs of the houses in Bodrum allow an optimum elevation and alignment for
active use of solar components. Therefore, they present an optimal alternative for the
placement of solar components. The roof area of the analysed object is one hundred m and
herewith presents a significant implementation area.


120
If we compare all these principles considering climatic and architectural circumstances in
Bodrum, integration seems to be the optimal principle for use in this region. Adoption may
conflict with the vernacular architecture in Bodrum. Addition, which is already used as a
principle for domestic hot water production, causes architectural pollution. Therefore, the
integrative principle of solar active components should be the favored implementation type.
6.3.2 Potential of solar radiation of the optimum house
6.3.2.1 Roof, faade, and shading elements
Appropriate surfaces of dwellings in Bodrum for active use of solar radiation are faades
and flat roof. Furthermore, the shading elements, which are proposed in this work, can be
used as another potential surface.
Faade:
The simulation results in the previous chapter show that the transparency of the western
and eastern faades should be kept low, which increases the percentage of opaque surfaces.
This enables a greater implementation surface for active solar components. The northern
faade is not considered due to the low radiation value of 428 kWh/m, which leads to about
78 per cent energy loss. Consequently, the south faade is the most suitable faade for active
use of solar radiation. It is simulated for unshaded conditions as well, although this faade
should be strongly shaded in Bodrum.
The use of faades may not always be preferable in Bodrum, especially for existing
buildings. The shading factor due to the urban density may decrease the efficiency of the
arrays. This situation will be analyzed more in detail in further sections. Moreover, the eastern
and western faades should also be shaded by means of vegetation according to the simulation
results. All these aspects complicate the faade integration of active solar components.
Roof:
The flat roofs of the houses in Bodrum allow an optimum elevation and alignment for
active use of solar components. Therefore, they present an optimal alternative for the
placement of solar components. The roof area of the analysed object is one hundred m and
herewith presents a significant implementation area.


1 2 0
I f w e c o m p a r e a l l t h e s e p r i n c i p l e s c o n s i d e r i n g c l i m a t i c a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n
B o d r u m , i n t e g r a t i o n s e e m s t o b e t h e o p t i m a l p r i n c i p l e f o r u s e i n t h i s r e g i o n . A d o p t i o n m a y
c o n f l i c t w i t h t h e v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e i n B o d r u m . A d d i t i o n , w h i c h i s a l r e a d y u s e d a s a
p r i n c i p l e f o r d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r p r o d u c t i o n , c a u s e s a r c h i t e c t u r a l p o l l u t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , t h e
i n t e g r a t i v e p r i n c i p l e o f s o l a r a c t i v e c o m p o n e n t s s h o u l d b e t h e f a v o r e d i m p l e m e n t a t i o n t y p e .
6 . 3 . 2 P o t e n t i a l o f s o l a r r a d i a t i o n o f t h e o p t i m u m h o u s e
6 . 3 . 2 . 1 R o o f , f a a d e , a n d s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s
A p p r o p r i a t e s u r f a c e s o f d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m f o r a c t i v e u s e o f s o l a r r a d i a t i o n a r e f a a d e s
a n d f l a t r o o f . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s , w h i c h a r e p r o p o s e d i n t h i s w o r k , c a n b e
u s e d a s a n o t h e r p o t e n t i a l s u r f a c e .
F a a d e :
T h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s i n t h e p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r s h o w t h a t t h e t r a n s p a r e n c y o f t h e w e s t e r n
a n d e a s t e r n f a a d e s s h o u l d b e k e p t l o w , w h i c h i n c r e a s e s t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f o p a q u e s u r f a c e s .
T h i s e n a b l e s a g r e a t e r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s u r f a c e f o r a c t i v e s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s . T h e n o r t h e r n
f a a d e i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d d u e t o t h e l o w r a d i a t i o n v a l u e o f 4 2 8 k W h / m , w h i c h l e a d s t o a b o u t
7 8 p e r c e n t e n e r g y l o s s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e s o u t h f a a d e i s t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e f a a d e f o r a c t i v e
u s e o f s o l a r r a d i a t i o n . I t i s s i m u l a t e d f o r u n s h a d e d c o n d i t i o n s a s w e l l , a l t h o u g h t h i s f a a d e
s h o u l d b e s t r o n g l y s h a d e d i n B o d r u m .
T h e u s e o f f a a d e s m a y n o t a l w a y s b e p r e f e r a b l e i n B o d r u m , e s p e c i a l l y f o r e x i s t i n g
b u i l d i n g s . T h e s h a d i n g f a c t o r d u e t o t h e u r b a n d e n s i t y m a y d e c r e a s e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
a r r a y s . T h i s s i t u a t i o n w i l l b e a n a l y z e d m o r e i n d e t a i l i n f u r t h e r s e c t i o n s . M o r e o v e r , t h e e a s t e r n
a n d w e s t e r n f a a d e s s h o u l d a l s o b e s h a d e d b y m e a n s o f v e g e t a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n
r e s u l t s . A l l t h e s e a s p e c t s c o m p l i c a t e t h e f a a d e i n t e g r a t i o n o f a c t i v e s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s .
R o o f :
T h e f l a t r o o f s o f t h e h o u s e s i n B o d r u m a l l o w a n o p t i m u m e l e v a t i o n a n d a l i g n m e n t f o r
a c t i v e u s e o f s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y p r e s e n t a n o p t i m a l a l t e r n a t i v e f o r t h e
p l a c e m e n t o f s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s . T h e r o o f a r e a o f t h e a n a l y s e d o b j e c t i s o n e h u n d r e d m a n d
h e r e w i t h p r e s e n t s a s i g n i f i c a n t i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a r e a .


1 2 0
I f w e c o m p a r e a l l t h e s e p r i n c i p l e s c o n s i d e r i n g c l i m a t i c a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n
B o d r u m , i n t e g r a t i o n s e e m s t o b e t h e o p t i m a l p r i n c i p l e f o r u s e i n t h i s r e g i o n . A d o p t i o n m a y
c o n f l i c t w i t h t h e v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e i n B o d r u m . A d d i t i o n , w h i c h i s a l r e a d y u s e d a s a
p r i n c i p l e f o r d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r p r o d u c t i o n , c a u s e s a r c h i t e c t u r a l p o l l u t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , t h e
i n t e g r a t i v e p r i n c i p l e o f s o l a r a c t i v e c o m p o n e n t s s h o u l d b e t h e f a v o r e d i m p l e m e n t a t i o n t y p e .
6 . 3 . 2 P o t e n t i a l o f s o l a r r a d i a t i o n o f t h e o p t i m u m h o u s e
6 . 3 . 2 . 1 R o o f , f a a d e , a n d s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s
A p p r o p r i a t e s u r f a c e s o f d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m f o r a c t i v e u s e o f s o l a r r a d i a t i o n a r e f a a d e s
a n d f l a t r o o f . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s , w h i c h a r e p r o p o s e d i n t h i s w o r k , c a n b e
u s e d a s a n o t h e r p o t e n t i a l s u r f a c e .
F a a d e :
T h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s i n t h e p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r s h o w t h a t t h e t r a n s p a r e n c y o f t h e w e s t e r n
a n d e a s t e r n f a a d e s s h o u l d b e k e p t l o w , w h i c h i n c r e a s e s t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f o p a q u e s u r f a c e s .
T h i s e n a b l e s a g r e a t e r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s u r f a c e f o r a c t i v e s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s . T h e n o r t h e r n
f a a d e i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d d u e t o t h e l o w r a d i a t i o n v a l u e o f 4 2 8 k W h / m , w h i c h l e a d s t o a b o u t
7 8 p e r c e n t e n e r g y l o s s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e s o u t h f a a d e i s t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e f a a d e f o r a c t i v e
u s e o f s o l a r r a d i a t i o n . I t i s s i m u l a t e d f o r u n s h a d e d c o n d i t i o n s a s w e l l , a l t h o u g h t h i s f a a d e
s h o u l d b e s t r o n g l y s h a d e d i n B o d r u m .
T h e u s e o f f a a d e s m a y n o t a l w a y s b e p r e f e r a b l e i n B o d r u m , e s p e c i a l l y f o r e x i s t i n g
b u i l d i n g s . T h e s h a d i n g f a c t o r d u e t o t h e u r b a n d e n s i t y m a y d e c r e a s e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
a r r a y s . T h i s s i t u a t i o n w i l l b e a n a l y z e d m o r e i n d e t a i l i n f u r t h e r s e c t i o n s . M o r e o v e r , t h e e a s t e r n
a n d w e s t e r n f a a d e s s h o u l d a l s o b e s h a d e d b y m e a n s o f v e g e t a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n
r e s u l t s . A l l t h e s e a s p e c t s c o m p l i c a t e t h e f a a d e i n t e g r a t i o n o f a c t i v e s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s .
R o o f :
T h e f l a t r o o f s o f t h e h o u s e s i n B o d r u m a l l o w a n o p t i m u m e l e v a t i o n a n d a l i g n m e n t f o r
a c t i v e u s e o f s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y p r e s e n t a n o p t i m a l a l t e r n a t i v e f o r t h e
p l a c e m e n t o f s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s . T h e r o o f a r e a o f t h e a n a l y s e d o b j e c t i s o n e h u n d r e d m a n d
h e r e w i t h p r e s e n t s a s i g n i f i c a n t i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a r e a .


1 2 1
S h a d i n g E l e m e n t s :
S i m u l a t i o n s s h o w t h a t u s i n g l a r g e d i m e n s i o n e d s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s o n t h e s o u t h f a a d e a n d
r o o f i s p r a c t i c a l i n B o d r u m , w h i c h p r e s e n t a s i g n i f i c a n t p o t e n t i a l f o r t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f
s o l a r a c t i v e c o m p o n e n t s . I f t h e r o o f i s t o t a l l y s h a d e d , a 1 0 0 m s u r f a c e i s a v a i l a b l e f o r s o l a r
c o m p o n e n t s . T h i s i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a r e a s h o u l d n o t b e m i x e d w i t h t h e r o o f a r e a . T h e s h a d i n g
c o m p o n e n t o n t h e s o u t h f a a d e o f 4 6 m p r e s e n t s t h e s e c o n d l a r g e s t i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a r e a .
H o w e v e r , t h e s h a d i n g e l e m e n t o v e r t h e f i r s t f l o o r o n t h e s o u t h f a a d e c a n n o t b e u s e d a s a n
a c t i v e a r e a d u e t o i t s a c c e s s i b i l i t y .
I n s t e a d o f u s i n g t h e w i n d o w - s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s o n t h e s e c o n d f l o o r , c a n t i l e v e r i n g t h e r o o f
s h a d i n g t o w a r d s s o u t h f a a d e m i g h t b e a n o t h e r s o l u t i o n t o i n c r e a s e t h e p o t e n t i a l s u r f a c e . B u t
t h i s s i t u a t i o n i n c r e a s e s t h e b u i l d i n g v o l u m e v i r t u a l l y , w h i c h h a s a n a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y n e g a t i v e
e f f e c t . T h e r e f o r e , t w o s e p a r a t e e l e m e n t s a r e u s e d a s a c t i v e s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s w h e n
c o n s i d e r i n g a e s t h e t i c a l i s s u e s .
A s c a n b e s e e n o n t a b l e 1 8 , t h e a n n u a l g l o b a l r a d i a t i o n o n s u r f a c e i s v e r y h i g h . A b o u t
3 0 0 , 0 0 0 k W h e n e r g y a n n u a l l y i s e q u a l t o a p o t e n t i a l o f 1 , 4 7 9 t o 1 , 6 7 8 k W h / m a b a s e d o n
f l o o r a r e a .
6 . 3 . 2 . 2 B u i l d i n g f o r m a n d s o l a r r a d i a t i o n
A s c a n b e r e a d f r o m t a b l e 1 8 , t h e f l a t r o o f a n d f a a d e s h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t p o t e n t i a l f o r u s i n g
s o l a r r a d i a t i o n i n r e g a r d t o e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , o p t i m i s i n g t h e i n c l i n a t i o n o f
t h e s e b u i l d i n g e l e m e n t s s h o u l d a l s o b e a n a l y s e d .
C h a n g i n g t h e i n c l i n a t i o n o f S , E , a n d W f a a d e s i n c r e a s e s c o n s e q u e n t l y t h e a r e a e x p o s e d
t o s o l a r r a d i a t i o n . H e r e b y , t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f g l o b a l r a d i a t i o n o n t h e a r r a y s i n c r e a s e s , t o o .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h i s a d v a n c e d f a a d e a r e a h a s a n e g a t i v e i m p a c t o n t h e A / V r a t i o . I f w e
c o m p a r e t h e b e n e f i t s a n d e f f i c i e n c y o f b o t h c r i t e r i a a g a i n s t e a c h o t h e r , h o r i z o n t a l f a a d e s w i l l
l e a d t o t h e o p t i m u m o u t c o m e i n r e g a r d t o b o t h c o n c e p t s .
T h e r o o f h a s t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t p o t e n t i a l f o r t h e a n n u a l y i e l d a s w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n
g r e a t e r d e t a i l i n s e c t i o n 6 . 3 . 4 . 1 . F u r t h e r s i m u l a t i o n s p r o v e t h a t c h a n g i n g t h e i n c l i n a t i o n b y
c o n s t a n t s o l a r a r e a i n c r e a s e s t h e a n n u a l y i e l d a c c o r d i n g t o i n c r e a s e d s o l a r r a d i a t i o n v a l u e s .


1 2 1
S h a d i n g E l e m e n t s :
S i m u l a t i o n s s h o w t h a t u s i n g l a r g e d i m e n s i o n e d s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s o n t h e s o u t h f a a d e a n d
r o o f i s p r a c t i c a l i n B o d r u m , w h i c h p r e s e n t a s i g n i f i c a n t p o t e n t i a l f o r t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f
s o l a r a c t i v e c o m p o n e n t s . I f t h e r o o f i s t o t a l l y s h a d e d , a 1 0 0 m s u r f a c e i s a v a i l a b l e f o r s o l a r
c o m p o n e n t s . T h i s i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a r e a s h o u l d n o t b e m i x e d w i t h t h e r o o f a r e a . T h e s h a d i n g
c o m p o n e n t o n t h e s o u t h f a a d e o f 4 6 m p r e s e n t s t h e s e c o n d l a r g e s t i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a r e a .
H o w e v e r , t h e s h a d i n g e l e m e n t o v e r t h e f i r s t f l o o r o n t h e s o u t h f a a d e c a n n o t b e u s e d a s a n
a c t i v e a r e a d u e t o i t s a c c e s s i b i l i t y .
I n s t e a d o f u s i n g t h e w i n d o w - s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s o n t h e s e c o n d f l o o r , c a n t i l e v e r i n g t h e r o o f
s h a d i n g t o w a r d s s o u t h f a a d e m i g h t b e a n o t h e r s o l u t i o n t o i n c r e a s e t h e p o t e n t i a l s u r f a c e . B u t
t h i s s i t u a t i o n i n c r e a s e s t h e b u i l d i n g v o l u m e v i r t u a l l y , w h i c h h a s a n a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y n e g a t i v e
e f f e c t . T h e r e f o r e , t w o s e p a r a t e e l e m e n t s a r e u s e d a s a c t i v e s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s w h e n
c o n s i d e r i n g a e s t h e t i c a l i s s u e s .
A s c a n b e s e e n o n t a b l e 1 8 , t h e a n n u a l g l o b a l r a d i a t i o n o n s u r f a c e i s v e r y h i g h . A b o u t
3 0 0 , 0 0 0 k W h e n e r g y a n n u a l l y i s e q u a l t o a p o t e n t i a l o f 1 , 4 7 9 t o 1 , 6 7 8 k W h / m a b a s e d o n
f l o o r a r e a .
6 . 3 . 2 . 2 B u i l d i n g f o r m a n d s o l a r r a d i a t i o n
A s c a n b e r e a d f r o m t a b l e 1 8 , t h e f l a t r o o f a n d f a a d e s h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t p o t e n t i a l f o r u s i n g
s o l a r r a d i a t i o n i n r e g a r d t o e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , o p t i m i s i n g t h e i n c l i n a t i o n o f
t h e s e b u i l d i n g e l e m e n t s s h o u l d a l s o b e a n a l y s e d .
C h a n g i n g t h e i n c l i n a t i o n o f S , E , a n d W f a a d e s i n c r e a s e s c o n s e q u e n t l y t h e a r e a e x p o s e d
t o s o l a r r a d i a t i o n . H e r e b y , t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f g l o b a l r a d i a t i o n o n t h e a r r a y s i n c r e a s e s , t o o .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h i s a d v a n c e d f a a d e a r e a h a s a n e g a t i v e i m p a c t o n t h e A / V r a t i o . I f w e
c o m p a r e t h e b e n e f i t s a n d e f f i c i e n c y o f b o t h c r i t e r i a a g a i n s t e a c h o t h e r , h o r i z o n t a l f a a d e s w i l l
l e a d t o t h e o p t i m u m o u t c o m e i n r e g a r d t o b o t h c o n c e p t s .
T h e r o o f h a s t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t p o t e n t i a l f o r t h e a n n u a l y i e l d a s w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n
g r e a t e r d e t a i l i n s e c t i o n 6 . 3 . 4 . 1 . F u r t h e r s i m u l a t i o n s p r o v e t h a t c h a n g i n g t h e i n c l i n a t i o n b y
c o n s t a n t s o l a r a r e a i n c r e a s e s t h e a n n u a l y i e l d a c c o r d i n g t o i n c r e a s e d s o l a r r a d i a t i o n v a l u e s .


121
Shading Elements:
Simulations show that using large dimensioned shading elements on the south faade and
roof is practical in Bodrum, which present a significant potential for the implementation of
solar active components. If the roof is totally shaded, a 100m surface is available for solar
components. This implementation area should not be mixed with the roof area. The shading
component on the south faade of 46 m presents the second largest implementation area.
However, the shading element over the first floor on the south faade cannot be used as an
active area due to its accessibility.
Instead of using the window-shading elements on the second floor, cantilevering the roof
shading towards south faade might be another solution to increase the potential surface. But
this situation increases the building volume virtually, which has an architecturally negative
effect. Therefore, two separate elements are used as active solar components when
considering aesthetical issues.
As can be seen on table 18, the annual global radiation on surface is very high. About
300,000 kWh energy annually is equal to a potential of 1,479 to 1,678 kWh/ma based on
floor area.
6.3.2.2 Building form and solar radiation
As can be read from table 18, the flat roof and faades have a significant potential for using
solar radiation in regard to energy production. Furthermore, optimising the inclination of
these building elements should also be analysed.
Changing the inclination of S, E, and W faades increases consequently the area exposed
to solar radiation. Hereby, the efficiency of global radiation on the arrays increases, too.
Nevertheless, this advanced faade area has a negative impact on the A/V ratio. If we
compare the benefits and efficiency of both criteria against each other, horizontal faades will
lead to the optimum outcome in regard to both concepts.
The roof has the most significant potential for the annual yield as will be discussed in
greater detail in section 6.3.4.1. Further simulations prove that changing the inclination by
constant solar area increases the annual yield according to increased solar radiation values.


121
Shading Elements:
Simulations show that using large dimensioned shading elements on the south faade and
roof is practical in Bodrum, which present a significant potential for the implementation of
solar active components. If the roof is totally shaded, a 100m surface is available for solar
components. This implementation area should not be mixed with the roof area. The shading
component on the south faade of 46 m presents the second largest implementation area.
However, the shading element over the first floor on the south faade cannot be used as an
active area due to its accessibility.
Instead of using the window-shading elements on the second floor, cantilevering the roof
shading towards south faade might be another solution to increase the potential surface. But
this situation increases the building volume virtually, which has an architecturally negative
effect. Therefore, two separate elements are used as active solar components when
considering aesthetical issues.
As can be seen on table 18, the annual global radiation on surface is very high. About
300,000 kWh energy annually is equal to a potential of 1,479 to 1,678 kWh/ma based on
floor area.
6.3.2.2 Building form and solar radiation
As can be read from table 18, the flat roof and faades have a significant potential for using
solar radiation in regard to energy production. Furthermore, optimising the inclination of
these building elements should also be analysed.
Changing the inclination of S, E, and W faades increases consequently the area exposed
to solar radiation. Hereby, the efficiency of global radiation on the arrays increases, too.
Nevertheless, this advanced faade area has a negative impact on the A/V ratio. If we
compare the benefits and efficiency of both criteria against each other, horizontal faades will
lead to the optimum outcome in regard to both concepts.
The roof has the most significant potential for the annual yield as will be discussed in
greater detail in section 6.3.4.1. Further simulations prove that changing the inclination by
constant solar area increases the annual yield according to increased solar radiation values.


122
Simulations are run for three and six degrees inclination of the roof. A roof with more than
six degrees inclination digresses significantly from a flat roof. The important factor created by
changing the inclination is its effect on the cooling load. A compromise can be accepted, if
the inclined surface does not cause significantly more cooling load. Stand-alone arrays present
another option for inclined installation. Architectural integration also plays an important role.


Solar
Area
Potential
Global
Radiation on
Collective Plane
Potential of
Annual Yield
Potential Based
on Floor Space
m kWh/ma kWh/a kWh/ma

flat roof 100 1,739 173,900 869

south facade 35 1,200 42,000 210

west-east facade 41x2 976 80,032 400

roof shading 100 1,739 173,900 869

window shading 46 1,739 79,994 400
Variation 1 Roof &facades 217 295,932 1,479
Variation 2
shading elements &
s-w facade 229 335,665 1,678
Table 18 Potential of Solar Radiation for the Optimum Surfaces
Simulation results show that, a six degrees inclination of the roof may increase the cooling
load by up to 60 per cent. It is unacceptable due to this reason. Furthermore, a roof with a
three degrees inclination increases the annual yield by up to 2.5 per cent, whereas the cooling
load increases by approximately ten per cent. These results prove that an inclination of the
roof cannot be accepted due to its negative effect on the cooling load. Hence, other
alternatives including stand-alone systems or roof shading elements should be considered.


122
Simulations are run for three and six degrees inclination of the roof. A roof with more than
six degrees inclination digresses significantly from a flat roof. The important factor created by
changing the inclination is its effect on the cooling load. A compromise can be accepted, if
the inclined surface does not cause significantly more cooling load. Stand-alone arrays present
another option for inclined installation. Architectural integration also plays an important role.


Solar
Area
Potential
Global
Radiation on
Collective Plane
Potential of
Annual Yield
Potential Based
on Floor Space
m kWh/ma kWh/a kWh/ma

flat roof 100 1,739 173,900 869

south facade 35 1,200 42,000 210

west-east facade 41x2 976 80,032 400

roof shading 100 1,739 173,900 869

window shading 46 1,739 79,994 400
Variation 1 Roof &facades 217 295,932 1,479
Variation 2
shading elements &
s-w facade 229 335,665 1,678
Table 18 Potential of Solar Radiation for the Optimum Surfaces
Simulation results show that, a six degrees inclination of the roof may increase the cooling
load by up to 60 per cent. It is unacceptable due to this reason. Furthermore, a roof with a
three degrees inclination increases the annual yield by up to 2.5 per cent, whereas the cooling
load increases by approximately ten per cent. These results prove that an inclination of the
roof cannot be accepted due to its negative effect on the cooling load. Hence, other
alternatives including stand-alone systems or roof shading elements should be considered.


1 2 2
S i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n f o r t h r e e a n d s i x d e g r e e s i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e r o o f . A r o o f w i t h m o r e t h a n
s i x d e g r e e s i n c l i n a t i o n d i g r e s s e s s i g n i f i c a n t l y f r o m a f l a t r o o f . T h e i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r c r e a t e d b y
c h a n g i n g t h e i n c l i n a t i o n i s i t s e f f e c t o n t h e c o o l i n g l o a d . A c o m p r o m i s e c a n b e a c c e p t e d , i f
t h e i n c l i n e d s u r f a c e d o e s n o t c a u s e s i g n i f i c a n t l y m o r e c o o l i n g l o a d . S t a n d - a l o n e a r r a y s p r e s e n t
a n o t h e r o p t i o n f o r i n c l i n e d i n s t a l l a t i o n . A r c h i t e c t u r a l i n t e g r a t i o n a l s o p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e .


S o l a r
A r e a
P o t e n t i a l
G l o b a l
R a d i a t i o n o n
C o l l e c t i v e P l a n e
P o t e n t i a l o f
A n n u a l Y i e l d
P o t e n t i a l B a s e d
o n F l o o r S p a c e
m k W h / m a k W h / a k W h / m a

f l a t r o o f 1 0 0 1 , 7 3 9 1 7 3 , 9 0 0 8 6 9

s o u t h f a c a d e 3 5 1 , 2 0 0 4 2 , 0 0 0 2 1 0

w e s t - e a s t f a c a d e 4 1 x 2 9 7 6 8 0 , 0 3 2 4 0 0

r o o f s h a d i n g 1 0 0 1 , 7 3 9 1 7 3 , 9 0 0 8 6 9

w i n d o w s h a d i n g 4 6 1 , 7 3 9 7 9 , 9 9 4 4 0 0
V a r i a t i o n 1 R o o f & f a c a d e s 2 1 7 2 9 5 , 9 3 2 1 , 4 7 9
V a r i a t i o n 2
s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s &
s - w f a c a d e 2 2 9 3 3 5 , 6 6 5 1 , 6 7 8
T a b l e 1 8 P o t e n t i a l o f S o l a r R a d i a t i o n f o r t h e O p t i m u m S u r f a c e s
S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t , a s i x d e g r e e s i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e r o o f m a y i n c r e a s e t h e c o o l i n g
l o a d b y u p t o 6 0 p e r c e n t . I t i s u n a c c e p t a b l e d u e t o t h i s r e a s o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , a r o o f w i t h a
t h r e e d e g r e e s i n c l i n a t i o n i n c r e a s e s t h e a n n u a l y i e l d b y u p t o 2 . 5 p e r c e n t , w h e r e a s t h e c o o l i n g
l o a d i n c r e a s e s b y a p p r o x i m a t e l y t e n p e r c e n t . T h e s e r e s u l t s p r o v e t h a t a n i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e
r o o f c a n n o t b e a c c e p t e d d u e t o i t s n e g a t i v e e f f e c t o n t h e c o o l i n g l o a d . H e n c e , o t h e r
a l t e r n a t i v e s i n c l u d i n g s t a n d - a l o n e s y s t e m s o r r o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d .


1 2 2
S i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n f o r t h r e e a n d s i x d e g r e e s i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e r o o f . A r o o f w i t h m o r e t h a n
s i x d e g r e e s i n c l i n a t i o n d i g r e s s e s s i g n i f i c a n t l y f r o m a f l a t r o o f . T h e i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r c r e a t e d b y
c h a n g i n g t h e i n c l i n a t i o n i s i t s e f f e c t o n t h e c o o l i n g l o a d . A c o m p r o m i s e c a n b e a c c e p t e d , i f
t h e i n c l i n e d s u r f a c e d o e s n o t c a u s e s i g n i f i c a n t l y m o r e c o o l i n g l o a d . S t a n d - a l o n e a r r a y s p r e s e n t
a n o t h e r o p t i o n f o r i n c l i n e d i n s t a l l a t i o n . A r c h i t e c t u r a l i n t e g r a t i o n a l s o p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e .


S o l a r
A r e a
P o t e n t i a l
G l o b a l
R a d i a t i o n o n
C o l l e c t i v e P l a n e
P o t e n t i a l o f
A n n u a l Y i e l d
P o t e n t i a l B a s e d
o n F l o o r S p a c e
m k W h / m a k W h / a k W h / m a

f l a t r o o f 1 0 0 1 , 7 3 9 1 7 3 , 9 0 0 8 6 9

s o u t h f a c a d e 3 5 1 , 2 0 0 4 2 , 0 0 0 2 1 0

w e s t - e a s t f a c a d e 4 1 x 2 9 7 6 8 0 , 0 3 2 4 0 0

r o o f s h a d i n g 1 0 0 1 , 7 3 9 1 7 3 , 9 0 0 8 6 9

w i n d o w s h a d i n g 4 6 1 , 7 3 9 7 9 , 9 9 4 4 0 0
V a r i a t i o n 1 R o o f & f a c a d e s 2 1 7 2 9 5 , 9 3 2 1 , 4 7 9
V a r i a t i o n 2
s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s &
s - w f a c a d e 2 2 9 3 3 5 , 6 6 5 1 , 6 7 8
T a b l e 1 8 P o t e n t i a l o f S o l a r R a d i a t i o n f o r t h e O p t i m u m S u r f a c e s
S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t , a s i x d e g r e e s i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e r o o f m a y i n c r e a s e t h e c o o l i n g
l o a d b y u p t o 6 0 p e r c e n t . I t i s u n a c c e p t a b l e d u e t o t h i s r e a s o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , a r o o f w i t h a
t h r e e d e g r e e s i n c l i n a t i o n i n c r e a s e s t h e a n n u a l y i e l d b y u p t o 2 . 5 p e r c e n t , w h e r e a s t h e c o o l i n g
l o a d i n c r e a s e s b y a p p r o x i m a t e l y t e n p e r c e n t . T h e s e r e s u l t s p r o v e t h a t a n i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e
r o o f c a n n o t b e a c c e p t e d d u e t o i t s n e g a t i v e e f f e c t o n t h e c o o l i n g l o a d . H e n c e , o t h e r
a l t e r n a t i v e s i n c l u d i n g s t a n d - a l o n e s y s t e m s o r r o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d .


1 2 3
6 . 3 . 3 A r c h i t e c t u r a l c o n s e q u e n c e s : o r i e n t a t i o n , v e n t i l a t i o n , a n d o b s c u r a t i o n
T h e r e a r e m a n y c o n t r o v e r s i a l r e q u i r e m e n t s i n r e g a r d t o a r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s i g n . F o r t h i s
r e a s o n , i n s t a l l e d a c t i v e s y s t e m s m a y n o t r e a c h o p t i m u m e f f i c i e n c y l e v e l s . T h e a i m i n t h i s
s e c t i o n i s t o s h o w t h e p o s s i b l e t o l e r a n c e s i n t e r m s o f o r i e n t a t i o n , v e n t i l a t i o n , a n d o b s c u r a t i o n .
6 . 3 . 3 . 1 I n f l u e n c e o f o r i e n t a t i o n o n e f f i c i e n c y o f s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s
T h e o r i e n t a t i o n o f s o l a r a c t i v e s u r f a c e s h a s t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e o n t h e e f f i c i e n c y
o f a c t i v e s y s t e m s . S i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n w i t h P V S Y S T 4 . 3 t o i d e n t i f y a n o p t i m u m o r i e n t a t i o n
a n d i n c l i n a t i o n f o r a c t i v e s o l a r s y s t e m s . T h i s s o f t w a r e f o r p h o t o v o l t a i c s y s t e m s w a s
d e v e l o p e d b y t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f G e n e v a . P V S Y S T 4 . 3 i s a P C s o f t w a r e p a c k a g e f o r t h e s t u d y ,
s i z i n g , s i m u l a t i o n a n d d a t a a n a l y s i s o f c o m p l e t e P V s y s t e m s . D e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h i s
s o f t w a r e c a n b e f o u n d i n t h e a p p e n d i x . A n a r r a y s y s t e m i s s i m u l a t e d b e t w e e n a z i m u t h a n g l e s
+ 9 0 w e s t a n d - 9 0 e a s t i n 1 5 s t e p s . T h e i n c l i n a t i o n v a r i e s b e t w e e n 3 0 a n d 9 0 d e g r e e s .
A s c a n b e s e e n i n t h e t a b l e b e l o w , s o u t h e r n o r i e n t a t i o n s w i t h 3 0 i n c l i n a t i o n h a s t h e b e s t
p e r f o r m a n c e o n a n n u a l y i e l d . B u t t h i s v a r i a t i o n m a y n o t b e i m p l e m e n t e d i n e a c h i n d i v i d u a l
c a s e . A l l v a l u e s , w h i c h a r e m a r k e d , a r e a c c e p t a b l e a s t h e o p t i m u m v a l u e .
I n c l i n a t i o n
w e s t
+ 9 0
w e s t
+ 7 5
w e s t
+ 6 0
s w
+ 4 5
s o u t h
+ 3 0
s o u t h
+ 1 5
s o u t h
0
s o u t h
- 1 5
s o u t h
- 3 0
s e
- 4 5
e a s t
- 6 0
e a s t
- 7 5
e a s t
- 9 0
3 0 1 6 0 5 1 6 9 9 1 7 7 7 1 8 4 6 1 8 9 9 1 9 3 1 1 9 4 1 1 9 3 1 1 8 9 9 1 8 4 6 1 7 7 7 1 6 9 6 1 6 0 5
9 0 9 7 6 1 0 6 4 1 1 3 1 1 1 7 4 1 1 9 5 1 1 9 6 1 1 9 2 1 1 9 6 1 1 9 6 1 1 3 1 1 0 6 4 9 7 6
T a b l e 1 9 I n f l u e n c e o n I n c l i n a t i o n o f S o l a r R a d i a t i o n
6 . 3 . 3 . 2 R e l a t i o n b e t w e e n v e n t i l a t i o n a n d e f f i c i e n c y
T h e v e n t i l a t i o n o f t h e e x t e r n a l p a r t s o f t h e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n
r e g a r d t o s o l a r a c t i v e c o m p o n e n t s l i k e p h o t o v o l t a i c a r r a y s . I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e c l i m a t e
c o n d i t i o n s i n B o d r u m m a y r e d u c e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f P V s y s t e m s d u e t o h i g h o p e r a t i n g
t e m p e r a t u r e s . T h i s e f f e c t i s g e n e r a l l y u n d e r e s t i m a t e d a n d t h e r e f o r e s h o u l d b e a n a l y s e d .
A s o u t h o r i e n t e d a r r a y s u r f a c e o f o n e h u n d r e d m w i t h 3 0 t i l t a n g l e i s u s e d b y s i m u l a t i o n s .
V e n t i l a t i o n e f f e c t s o n d i f f e r e n t a r r a y t e c h n o l o g i e s a r e a n a l y s e d w i t h i n t h e s e s i m u l a t i o n s . T h e
t a b l e 2 0 s h o w s t h e e f f i c i e n c y l o s s i n t e r m s o f a n n u a l y i e l d f o r d i f f e r e n t t e c h n o l o g i e s a n d
v e n t i l a t i o n t y p e s . U p t o 0 . 6 M W h l o s s c a n o c c u r d u e t o t h e l a c k o f r e q u i r e d v e n t i l a t i o n .


1 2 3
6 . 3 . 3 A r c h i t e c t u r a l c o n s e q u e n c e s : o r i e n t a t i o n , v e n t i l a t i o n , a n d o b s c u r a t i o n
T h e r e a r e m a n y c o n t r o v e r s i a l r e q u i r e m e n t s i n r e g a r d t o a r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s i g n . F o r t h i s
r e a s o n , i n s t a l l e d a c t i v e s y s t e m s m a y n o t r e a c h o p t i m u m e f f i c i e n c y l e v e l s . T h e a i m i n t h i s
s e c t i o n i s t o s h o w t h e p o s s i b l e t o l e r a n c e s i n t e r m s o f o r i e n t a t i o n , v e n t i l a t i o n , a n d o b s c u r a t i o n .
6 . 3 . 3 . 1 I n f l u e n c e o f o r i e n t a t i o n o n e f f i c i e n c y o f s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s
T h e o r i e n t a t i o n o f s o l a r a c t i v e s u r f a c e s h a s t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e o n t h e e f f i c i e n c y
o f a c t i v e s y s t e m s . S i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n w i t h P V S Y S T 4 . 3 t o i d e n t i f y a n o p t i m u m o r i e n t a t i o n
a n d i n c l i n a t i o n f o r a c t i v e s o l a r s y s t e m s . T h i s s o f t w a r e f o r p h o t o v o l t a i c s y s t e m s w a s
d e v e l o p e d b y t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f G e n e v a . P V S Y S T 4 . 3 i s a P C s o f t w a r e p a c k a g e f o r t h e s t u d y ,
s i z i n g , s i m u l a t i o n a n d d a t a a n a l y s i s o f c o m p l e t e P V s y s t e m s . D e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h i s
s o f t w a r e c a n b e f o u n d i n t h e a p p e n d i x . A n a r r a y s y s t e m i s s i m u l a t e d b e t w e e n a z i m u t h a n g l e s
+ 9 0 w e s t a n d - 9 0 e a s t i n 1 5 s t e p s . T h e i n c l i n a t i o n v a r i e s b e t w e e n 3 0 a n d 9 0 d e g r e e s .
A s c a n b e s e e n i n t h e t a b l e b e l o w , s o u t h e r n o r i e n t a t i o n s w i t h 3 0 i n c l i n a t i o n h a s t h e b e s t
p e r f o r m a n c e o n a n n u a l y i e l d . B u t t h i s v a r i a t i o n m a y n o t b e i m p l e m e n t e d i n e a c h i n d i v i d u a l
c a s e . A l l v a l u e s , w h i c h a r e m a r k e d , a r e a c c e p t a b l e a s t h e o p t i m u m v a l u e .
I n c l i n a t i o n
w e s t
+ 9 0
w e s t
+ 7 5
w e s t
+ 6 0
s w
+ 4 5
s o u t h
+ 3 0
s o u t h
+ 1 5
s o u t h
0
s o u t h
- 1 5
s o u t h
- 3 0
s e
- 4 5
e a s t
- 6 0
e a s t
- 7 5
e a s t
- 9 0
3 0 1 6 0 5 1 6 9 9 1 7 7 7 1 8 4 6 1 8 9 9 1 9 3 1 1 9 4 1 1 9 3 1 1 8 9 9 1 8 4 6 1 7 7 7 1 6 9 6 1 6 0 5
9 0 9 7 6 1 0 6 4 1 1 3 1 1 1 7 4 1 1 9 5 1 1 9 6 1 1 9 2 1 1 9 6 1 1 9 6 1 1 3 1 1 0 6 4 9 7 6
T a b l e 1 9 I n f l u e n c e o n I n c l i n a t i o n o f S o l a r R a d i a t i o n
6 . 3 . 3 . 2 R e l a t i o n b e t w e e n v e n t i l a t i o n a n d e f f i c i e n c y
T h e v e n t i l a t i o n o f t h e e x t e r n a l p a r t s o f t h e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n
r e g a r d t o s o l a r a c t i v e c o m p o n e n t s l i k e p h o t o v o l t a i c a r r a y s . I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e c l i m a t e
c o n d i t i o n s i n B o d r u m m a y r e d u c e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f P V s y s t e m s d u e t o h i g h o p e r a t i n g
t e m p e r a t u r e s . T h i s e f f e c t i s g e n e r a l l y u n d e r e s t i m a t e d a n d t h e r e f o r e s h o u l d b e a n a l y s e d .
A s o u t h o r i e n t e d a r r a y s u r f a c e o f o n e h u n d r e d m w i t h 3 0 t i l t a n g l e i s u s e d b y s i m u l a t i o n s .
V e n t i l a t i o n e f f e c t s o n d i f f e r e n t a r r a y t e c h n o l o g i e s a r e a n a l y s e d w i t h i n t h e s e s i m u l a t i o n s . T h e
t a b l e 2 0 s h o w s t h e e f f i c i e n c y l o s s i n t e r m s o f a n n u a l y i e l d f o r d i f f e r e n t t e c h n o l o g i e s a n d
v e n t i l a t i o n t y p e s . U p t o 0 . 6 M W h l o s s c a n o c c u r d u e t o t h e l a c k o f r e q u i r e d v e n t i l a t i o n .


123
6.3.3 Architectural consequences: orientation, ventilation, and obscuration
There are many controversial requirements in regard to architectural design. For this
reason, installed active systems may not reach optimum efficiency levels. The aim in this
section is to show the possible tolerances in terms of orientation, ventilation, and obscuration.
6.3.3.1 Influence of orientation on efficiency of solar components
The orientation of solar active surfaces has the most significant influence on the efficiency
of active systems. Simulations are run with PVSYST 4.3 to identify an optimum orientation
and inclination for active solar systems. This software for photovoltaic systems was
developed by the University of Geneva. PVSYST 4.3 is a PC software package for the study,
sizing, simulation and data analysis of complete PV systems. Detailed information about this
software can be found in the appendix. An array system is simulated between azimuth angles
+90 west and -90 east in 15 steps. The inclination varies between 30 and 90 degrees.
As can be seen in the table below, southern orientations with 30 inclination has the best
performance on annual yield. But this variation may not be implemented in each individual
case. All values, which are marked, are acceptable as the optimum value.
Inclination
west
+90
west
+75
west
+60
sw
+45
south
+30
south
+15
south
0
south
-15
south
-30
se
-45
east
-60
east
-75
east
-90
30 1605 1699 1777 1846 1899 1931 1941 1931 1899 1846 1777 1696 1605
90 976 1064 1131 1174 1195 1196 1192 1196 1196 1131 1064 976
Table 19 Influence on Inclination of Solar Radiation
6.3.3.2 Relation between ventilation and efficiency
The ventilation of the external parts of the building envelope plays an important role in
regard to solar active components like photovoltaic arrays. In particular, the climate
conditions in Bodrum may reduce the efficiency of PV systems due to high operating
temperatures. This effect is generally underestimated and therefore should be analysed.
A south oriented array surface of one hundred m with 30 tilt angle is used by simulations.
Ventilation effects on different array technologies are analysed within these simulations. The
table 20 shows the efficiency loss in terms of annual yield for different technologies and
ventilation types. Up to 0.6 MWh loss can occur due to the lack of required ventilation.


123
6.3.3 Architectural consequences: orientation, ventilation, and obscuration
There are many controversial requirements in regard to architectural design. For this
reason, installed active systems may not reach optimum efficiency levels. The aim in this
section is to show the possible tolerances in terms of orientation, ventilation, and obscuration.
6.3.3.1 Influence of orientation on efficiency of solar components
The orientation of solar active surfaces has the most significant influence on the efficiency
of active systems. Simulations are run with PVSYST 4.3 to identify an optimum orientation
and inclination for active solar systems. This software for photovoltaic systems was
developed by the University of Geneva. PVSYST 4.3 is a PC software package for the study,
sizing, simulation and data analysis of complete PV systems. Detailed information about this
software can be found in the appendix. An array system is simulated between azimuth angles
+90 west and -90 east in 15 steps. The inclination varies between 30 and 90 degrees.
As can be seen in the table below, southern orientations with 30 inclination has the best
performance on annual yield. But this variation may not be implemented in each individual
case. All values, which are marked, are acceptable as the optimum value.
Inclination
west
+90
west
+75
west
+60
sw
+45
south
+30
south
+15
south
0
south
-15
south
-30
se
-45
east
-60
east
-75
east
-90
30 1605 1699 1777 1846 1899 1931 1941 1931 1899 1846 1777 1696 1605
90 976 1064 1131 1174 1195 1196 1192 1196 1196 1131 1064 976
Table 19 Influence on Inclination of Solar Radiation
6.3.3.2 Relation between ventilation and efficiency
The ventilation of the external parts of the building envelope plays an important role in
regard to solar active components like photovoltaic arrays. In particular, the climate
conditions in Bodrum may reduce the efficiency of PV systems due to high operating
temperatures. This effect is generally underestimated and therefore should be analysed.
A south oriented array surface of one hundred m with 30 tilt angle is used by simulations.
Ventilation effects on different array technologies are analysed within these simulations. The
table 20 shows the efficiency loss in terms of annual yield for different technologies and
ventilation types. Up to 0.6 MWh loss can occur due to the lack of required ventilation.


124
According to the simulation results, ventilation affects all three types in a similar way. The
loss by annual yield approximates three per cent by all technologies. This shows that none of
these systems is advantageous regarding efficiency loss in regard to ventilation.


Monocrystalline Cells Polycrystalline Cells Thin Film
free standing 19 MWh/a 16.6 MWh/a 9.5 MWh/a
ventilated 18.8 MWh/a 16.4 MWh/a 9.4 MWh/a
not ventilated 18.4 MWh/a 16.1 MWh/a 9.2 MWh/a
Table 20 Ventilating Effect on Annual Yield
6.3.3.3 Influence of obscuration
It is especially important that solar-active components are not obscured by shade. This
affects the efficiency of the systems significantly. As Quaschning
161
has pointed out, there are
two types of obscuration: due to location and/or architectural planning.
Location based obscuration according to the location in Bodrum may result from
surrounding buildings. Especially the density of the urban settlements as well as the elevation
may affect the efficiency of faade integration. Gated communities in Bodrum, called Site,
are normally not high-density areas. Nevertheless, it is not accurate to make assumptions
concerning the entire region. Detailed analyses should be conducted for each individual case.
Moreover, self-contained houses rarely face with this problem.
Furthermore, vegetation and trees, which are alternatives for the shading of eastern and
western faades, decrease the efficiency of active solar components. Due to this reason, other
potential surfaces should be evaluated for implementation.
Contamination may also influence the efficiency of the arrays by up to ten per cent
162
.
Other elements, which may lead to obscuration, like lampposts on the streets etc., should also
be considered. Accordingly, on-site inspections play an important role. A sun-path diagram or
appropriate simulation software is helpful when analysing obscuration probabilities of the
site.


124
According to the simulation results, ventilation affects all three types in a similar way. The
loss by annual yield approximates three per cent by all technologies. This shows that none of
these systems is advantageous regarding efficiency loss in regard to ventilation.


Monocrystalline Cells Polycrystalline Cells Thin Film
free standing 19 MWh/a 16.6 MWh/a 9.5 MWh/a
ventilated 18.8 MWh/a 16.4 MWh/a 9.4 MWh/a
not ventilated 18.4 MWh/a 16.1 MWh/a 9.2 MWh/a
Table 20 Ventilating Effect on Annual Yield
6.3.3.3 Influence of obscuration
It is especially important that solar-active components are not obscured by shade. This
affects the efficiency of the systems significantly. As Quaschning
161
has pointed out, there are
two types of obscuration: due to location and/or architectural planning.
Location based obscuration according to the location in Bodrum may result from
surrounding buildings. Especially the density of the urban settlements as well as the elevation
may affect the efficiency of faade integration. Gated communities in Bodrum, called Site,
are normally not high-density areas. Nevertheless, it is not accurate to make assumptions
concerning the entire region. Detailed analyses should be conducted for each individual case.
Moreover, self-contained houses rarely face with this problem.
Furthermore, vegetation and trees, which are alternatives for the shading of eastern and
western faades, decrease the efficiency of active solar components. Due to this reason, other
potential surfaces should be evaluated for implementation.
Contamination may also influence the efficiency of the arrays by up to ten per cent
162
.
Other elements, which may lead to obscuration, like lampposts on the streets etc., should also
be considered. Accordingly, on-site inspections play an important role. A sun-path diagram or
appropriate simulation software is helpful when analysing obscuration probabilities of the
site.


1 2 4
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s , v e n t i l a t i o n a f f e c t s a l l t h r e e t y p e s i n a s i m i l a r w a y . T h e
l o s s b y a n n u a l y i e l d a p p r o x i m a t e s t h r e e p e r c e n t b y a l l t e c h n o l o g i e s . T h i s s h o w s t h a t n o n e o f
t h e s e s y s t e m s i s a d v a n t a g e o u s r e g a r d i n g e f f i c i e n c y l o s s i n r e g a r d t o v e n t i l a t i o n .


M o n o c r y s t a l l i n e C e l l s P o l y c r y s t a l l i n e C e l l s T h i n F i l m
f r e e s t a n d i n g 1 9 M W h / a 1 6 . 6 M W h / a 9 . 5 M W h / a
v e n t i l a t e d 1 8 . 8 M W h / a 1 6 . 4 M W h / a 9 . 4 M W h / a
n o t v e n t i l a t e d 1 8 . 4 M W h / a 1 6 . 1 M W h / a 9 . 2 M W h / a
T a b l e 2 0 V e n t i l a t i n g E f f e c t o n A n n u a l Y i e l d
6 . 3 . 3 . 3 I n f l u e n c e o f o b s c u r a t i o n
I t i s e s p e c i a l l y i m p o r t a n t t h a t s o l a r - a c t i v e c o m p o n e n t s a r e n o t o b s c u r e d b y s h a d e . T h i s
a f f e c t s t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e s y s t e m s s i g n i f i c a n t l y . A s Q u a s c h n i n g
1 6 1
h a s p o i n t e d o u t , t h e r e a r e
t w o t y p e s o f o b s c u r a t i o n : d u e t o l o c a t i o n a n d / o r a r c h i t e c t u r a l p l a n n i n g .
L o c a t i o n b a s e d o b s c u r a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o t h e l o c a t i o n i n B o d r u m m a y r e s u l t f r o m
s u r r o u n d i n g b u i l d i n g s . E s p e c i a l l y t h e d e n s i t y o f t h e u r b a n s e t t l e m e n t s a s w e l l a s t h e e l e v a t i o n
m a y a f f e c t t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f f a a d e i n t e g r a t i o n . G a t e d c o m m u n i t i e s i n B o d r u m , c a l l e d S i t e ,
a r e n o r m a l l y n o t h i g h - d e n s i t y a r e a s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , i t i s n o t a c c u r a t e t o m a k e a s s u m p t i o n s
c o n c e r n i n g t h e e n t i r e r e g i o n . D e t a i l e d a n a l y s e s s h o u l d b e c o n d u c t e d f o r e a c h i n d i v i d u a l c a s e .
M o r e o v e r , s e l f - c o n t a i n e d h o u s e s r a r e l y f a c e w i t h t h i s p r o b l e m .
F u r t h e r m o r e , v e g e t a t i o n a n d t r e e s , w h i c h a r e a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r t h e s h a d i n g o f e a s t e r n a n d
w e s t e r n f a a d e s , d e c r e a s e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f a c t i v e s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s . D u e t o t h i s r e a s o n , o t h e r
p o t e n t i a l s u r f a c e s s h o u l d b e e v a l u a t e d f o r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n .
C o n t a m i n a t i o n m a y a l s o i n f l u e n c e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e a r r a y s b y u p t o t e n p e r c e n t
1 6 2
.
O t h e r e l e m e n t s , w h i c h m a y l e a d t o o b s c u r a t i o n , l i k e l a m p p o s t s o n t h e s t r e e t s e t c . , s h o u l d a l s o
b e c o n s i d e r e d . A c c o r d i n g l y , o n - s i t e i n s p e c t i o n s p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e . A s u n - p a t h d i a g r a m o r
a p p r o p r i a t e s i m u l a t i o n s o f t w a r e i s h e l p f u l w h e n a n a l y s i n g o b s c u r a t i o n p r o b a b i l i t i e s o f t h e
s i t e .


1 2 4
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s , v e n t i l a t i o n a f f e c t s a l l t h r e e t y p e s i n a s i m i l a r w a y . T h e
l o s s b y a n n u a l y i e l d a p p r o x i m a t e s t h r e e p e r c e n t b y a l l t e c h n o l o g i e s . T h i s s h o w s t h a t n o n e o f
t h e s e s y s t e m s i s a d v a n t a g e o u s r e g a r d i n g e f f i c i e n c y l o s s i n r e g a r d t o v e n t i l a t i o n .


M o n o c r y s t a l l i n e C e l l s P o l y c r y s t a l l i n e C e l l s T h i n F i l m
f r e e s t a n d i n g 1 9 M W h / a 1 6 . 6 M W h / a 9 . 5 M W h / a
v e n t i l a t e d 1 8 . 8 M W h / a 1 6 . 4 M W h / a 9 . 4 M W h / a
n o t v e n t i l a t e d 1 8 . 4 M W h / a 1 6 . 1 M W h / a 9 . 2 M W h / a
T a b l e 2 0 V e n t i l a t i n g E f f e c t o n A n n u a l Y i e l d
6 . 3 . 3 . 3 I n f l u e n c e o f o b s c u r a t i o n
I t i s e s p e c i a l l y i m p o r t a n t t h a t s o l a r - a c t i v e c o m p o n e n t s a r e n o t o b s c u r e d b y s h a d e . T h i s
a f f e c t s t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e s y s t e m s s i g n i f i c a n t l y . A s Q u a s c h n i n g
1 6 1
h a s p o i n t e d o u t , t h e r e a r e
t w o t y p e s o f o b s c u r a t i o n : d u e t o l o c a t i o n a n d / o r a r c h i t e c t u r a l p l a n n i n g .
L o c a t i o n b a s e d o b s c u r a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o t h e l o c a t i o n i n B o d r u m m a y r e s u l t f r o m
s u r r o u n d i n g b u i l d i n g s . E s p e c i a l l y t h e d e n s i t y o f t h e u r b a n s e t t l e m e n t s a s w e l l a s t h e e l e v a t i o n
m a y a f f e c t t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f f a a d e i n t e g r a t i o n . G a t e d c o m m u n i t i e s i n B o d r u m , c a l l e d S i t e ,
a r e n o r m a l l y n o t h i g h - d e n s i t y a r e a s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , i t i s n o t a c c u r a t e t o m a k e a s s u m p t i o n s
c o n c e r n i n g t h e e n t i r e r e g i o n . D e t a i l e d a n a l y s e s s h o u l d b e c o n d u c t e d f o r e a c h i n d i v i d u a l c a s e .
M o r e o v e r , s e l f - c o n t a i n e d h o u s e s r a r e l y f a c e w i t h t h i s p r o b l e m .
F u r t h e r m o r e , v e g e t a t i o n a n d t r e e s , w h i c h a r e a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r t h e s h a d i n g o f e a s t e r n a n d
w e s t e r n f a a d e s , d e c r e a s e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f a c t i v e s o l a r c o m p o n e n t s . D u e t o t h i s r e a s o n , o t h e r
p o t e n t i a l s u r f a c e s s h o u l d b e e v a l u a t e d f o r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n .
C o n t a m i n a t i o n m a y a l s o i n f l u e n c e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e a r r a y s b y u p t o t e n p e r c e n t
1 6 2
.
O t h e r e l e m e n t s , w h i c h m a y l e a d t o o b s c u r a t i o n , l i k e l a m p p o s t s o n t h e s t r e e t s e t c . , s h o u l d a l s o
b e c o n s i d e r e d . A c c o r d i n g l y , o n - s i t e i n s p e c t i o n s p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e . A s u n - p a t h d i a g r a m o r
a p p r o p r i a t e s i m u l a t i o n s o f t w a r e i s h e l p f u l w h e n a n a l y s i n g o b s c u r a t i o n p r o b a b i l i t i e s o f t h e
s i t e .


1 2 5
A n o t h e r m a i n g r o u p , w h i c h c a u s e s o b s c u r a t i o n , c o n s i s t o f a r c h i t e c t u r a l e l e m e n t s . S e l f -
s h a d i n g b u i l d i n g f o r m a n d c a n t i l e v e r e d b u i l d i n g p a r t s s h o u l d b e r e l a t e d r e s p e c t i v e l y d u r i n g
t h e o p t i m i z a t i o n p r o c e s s . T h e f o r m o f t h e r o o f i t s e l f o r o t h e r e l e m e n t s o n t h e r o o f s , s u c h a s
t h e c h i m n e y e t c . , m a y c a u s e a d d i t i o n a l o b s c u r a t i o n .
6 . 3 . 4 I n - d e p t h A n a l y s i s o f R o o f a n d S h a d i n g C o m p o n e n t s
C o m p u t e r b a s e d s i m u l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n r u n w i t h t h e p u r p o s e o f p r o d u c i n g a n i n d e p t h
a n a l y s i s o f r o o f a n d s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e d e v e l o p e d p r o t o t y p e h o u s e i n t h i s s e c t i o n .
6 . 3 . 4 . 1 I n - d e p t h a n a l y s i s o f t h e r o o f
B y m e a n s o f t h e p a r a m e t e r s t u d y d o n e w i t h P V S Y S T , y i e l d p o t e n t i a l s a r e s i m u l a t e d
a c c o r d i n g t o t h e t i l t a n g l e . I n o r d e r t o p r e v e n t m u t u a l o b s c u r a t i o n o f t h e a r r a y s , t h e d i s t a n c e
b e t w e e n t h e a r r a y l i n e s a r e c a l c u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m i n i m u m s o l a r r a d i a t i o n a n g l e o f 2 9
f o r B o d r u m . A s c a n b e s e e n i n t a b l e 2 1 , t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n d e c r e a s e s d u e t o
a d d i t i o n a l m e a s u r e s a g a i n s t o b s c u r a t i o n a s w e l l a s d u e t o d e c r e a s i n g t i l t a n g l e o f a r r a y s o n t h e
r o o f . T h e t i l t a n g l e i n f l u e n c e s t h e a r e a u s a b l e f o r a c t i v e s o l a r s y s t e m s a s w e l l a s t h e a c c e s s i b l e
i n t e n s i t y o f s o l a r r a d i a t i o n . A n i n c r e a s e o f t h e t i l t a n g l e b y 4 0 w i l l l e a d t o a r e d u c t i o n o f
a c t i v e s o l a r s u r f a c e m o r e t h a n h a l f c o m p a r e d w i t h i m p l e m e n t a t i o n w i t h 0 . T h e t i l t a n g l e f o r
t h e h i g h e s t g l o b a l r a d i a t i o n o n t h e c o l l e c t i v e p l a n e i s 3 0 a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n s
w h e r e a s t h e p o t e n t i a l s o l a r a r e a d e c r e a s e s b y 4 5 p e r c e n t w i t h i n t h i s c o n s t e l l a t i o n . T h e
p o t e n t i a l a n n u a l y i e l d a l s o d e c r e a s e s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 0 p e r c e n t t o 1 0 6 , 8 6 5 k W h p e r a n n u m .
C o n s e q u e n t l y , d e c r e a s i n g t h e t i l t a n g l e t o a c e r t a i n a n g l e i n f l u e n c e s t h e e f f i c i e n c y
p o s i t i v e l y . B u t t h e r e b y , t h e a c t i v e s o l a r a r e a w i l l b e d e c r e a s e d . S i m u l a t i o n s s h o w t h a t ,
u t i l i z i n g t h e w h o l e p o t e n t i a l o f t h e a r e a i s m o r e e f f e c t i v e o n a n n u a l y i e l d . I t i s p o s s i b l e t o
r e a c h o v e r 1 7 0 , 0 0 0 k W h a n n u a l y i e l d b y u s i n g t h e w h o l e a r e a w i t h h o r i z o n t a l a r r a y s .
6 . 3 . 4 . 2 A n a l y s i s o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s
T h e w i n d o w s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s o n t h e s e c o n d f l o o r a r e n o r m a l l y p l a c e d h o r i z o n t a l l y
( s h a d i n g 2 ) . O t h e r v a r i a t i o n s w i t h d i f f e r e n t t i l t a n g l e s a n d s p l i t f o r m ( s h a d i n g 1 ) a r e a l s o
s i m u l a t e d . T h e s p l i t f o r m w i t h 2 5 c m w i d e a r r a y s h a s t h e s a m e e f f e c t o n s h a d i n g a s h o r i z o n t a l
i m p l e m e n t a t i o n . N e v e r t h e l e s s , i t i s n o t e f f i c i e n t c o m p a r e d w i t h o t h e r v a r i a t i o n s . W i n d o w
s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s w i t h a 4 6 m s u r f a c e , a n d a 3 0 i n c l i n a t i o n a n g l e , l e a d s t o o p t i m u m v a l u e s


1 2 5
A n o t h e r m a i n g r o u p , w h i c h c a u s e s o b s c u r a t i o n , c o n s i s t o f a r c h i t e c t u r a l e l e m e n t s . S e l f -
s h a d i n g b u i l d i n g f o r m a n d c a n t i l e v e r e d b u i l d i n g p a r t s s h o u l d b e r e l a t e d r e s p e c t i v e l y d u r i n g
t h e o p t i m i z a t i o n p r o c e s s . T h e f o r m o f t h e r o o f i t s e l f o r o t h e r e l e m e n t s o n t h e r o o f s , s u c h a s
t h e c h i m n e y e t c . , m a y c a u s e a d d i t i o n a l o b s c u r a t i o n .
6 . 3 . 4 I n - d e p t h A n a l y s i s o f R o o f a n d S h a d i n g C o m p o n e n t s
C o m p u t e r b a s e d s i m u l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n r u n w i t h t h e p u r p o s e o f p r o d u c i n g a n i n d e p t h
a n a l y s i s o f r o o f a n d s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e d e v e l o p e d p r o t o t y p e h o u s e i n t h i s s e c t i o n .
6 . 3 . 4 . 1 I n - d e p t h a n a l y s i s o f t h e r o o f
B y m e a n s o f t h e p a r a m e t e r s t u d y d o n e w i t h P V S Y S T , y i e l d p o t e n t i a l s a r e s i m u l a t e d
a c c o r d i n g t o t h e t i l t a n g l e . I n o r d e r t o p r e v e n t m u t u a l o b s c u r a t i o n o f t h e a r r a y s , t h e d i s t a n c e
b e t w e e n t h e a r r a y l i n e s a r e c a l c u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m i n i m u m s o l a r r a d i a t i o n a n g l e o f 2 9
f o r B o d r u m . A s c a n b e s e e n i n t a b l e 2 1 , t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n d e c r e a s e s d u e t o
a d d i t i o n a l m e a s u r e s a g a i n s t o b s c u r a t i o n a s w e l l a s d u e t o d e c r e a s i n g t i l t a n g l e o f a r r a y s o n t h e
r o o f . T h e t i l t a n g l e i n f l u e n c e s t h e a r e a u s a b l e f o r a c t i v e s o l a r s y s t e m s a s w e l l a s t h e a c c e s s i b l e
i n t e n s i t y o f s o l a r r a d i a t i o n . A n i n c r e a s e o f t h e t i l t a n g l e b y 4 0 w i l l l e a d t o a r e d u c t i o n o f
a c t i v e s o l a r s u r f a c e m o r e t h a n h a l f c o m p a r e d w i t h i m p l e m e n t a t i o n w i t h 0 . T h e t i l t a n g l e f o r
t h e h i g h e s t g l o b a l r a d i a t i o n o n t h e c o l l e c t i v e p l a n e i s 3 0 a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n s
w h e r e a s t h e p o t e n t i a l s o l a r a r e a d e c r e a s e s b y 4 5 p e r c e n t w i t h i n t h i s c o n s t e l l a t i o n . T h e
p o t e n t i a l a n n u a l y i e l d a l s o d e c r e a s e s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 0 p e r c e n t t o 1 0 6 , 8 6 5 k W h p e r a n n u m .
C o n s e q u e n t l y , d e c r e a s i n g t h e t i l t a n g l e t o a c e r t a i n a n g l e i n f l u e n c e s t h e e f f i c i e n c y
p o s i t i v e l y . B u t t h e r e b y , t h e a c t i v e s o l a r a r e a w i l l b e d e c r e a s e d . S i m u l a t i o n s s h o w t h a t ,
u t i l i z i n g t h e w h o l e p o t e n t i a l o f t h e a r e a i s m o r e e f f e c t i v e o n a n n u a l y i e l d . I t i s p o s s i b l e t o
r e a c h o v e r 1 7 0 , 0 0 0 k W h a n n u a l y i e l d b y u s i n g t h e w h o l e a r e a w i t h h o r i z o n t a l a r r a y s .
6 . 3 . 4 . 2 A n a l y s i s o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s
T h e w i n d o w s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s o n t h e s e c o n d f l o o r a r e n o r m a l l y p l a c e d h o r i z o n t a l l y
( s h a d i n g 2 ) . O t h e r v a r i a t i o n s w i t h d i f f e r e n t t i l t a n g l e s a n d s p l i t f o r m ( s h a d i n g 1 ) a r e a l s o
s i m u l a t e d . T h e s p l i t f o r m w i t h 2 5 c m w i d e a r r a y s h a s t h e s a m e e f f e c t o n s h a d i n g a s h o r i z o n t a l
i m p l e m e n t a t i o n . N e v e r t h e l e s s , i t i s n o t e f f i c i e n t c o m p a r e d w i t h o t h e r v a r i a t i o n s . W i n d o w
s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s w i t h a 4 6 m s u r f a c e , a n d a 3 0 i n c l i n a t i o n a n g l e , l e a d s t o o p t i m u m v a l u e s


125
Another main group, which causes obscuration, consist of architectural elements. Self-
shading building form and cantilevered building parts should be related respectively during
the optimization process. The form of the roof itself or other elements on the roofs, such as
the chimney etc., may cause additional obscuration.
6.3.4 In-depth Analysis of Roof and Shading Components
Computer based simulations have been run with the purpose of producing an in depth
analysis of roof and shading components of the developed prototype house in this section.
6.3.4.1 In-depth analysis of the roof
By means of the parameter study done with PVSYST, yield potentials are simulated
according to the tilt angle. In order to prevent mutual obscuration of the arrays, the distance
between the array lines are calculated according to the minimum solar radiation angle of 29
for Bodrum. As can be seen in table 21, the potential implementation decreases due to
additional measures against obscuration as well as due to decreasing tilt angle of arrays on the
roof. The tilt angle influences the area usable for active solar systems as well as the accessible
intensity of solar radiation. An increase of the tilt angle by 40 will lead to a reduction of
active solar surface more than half compared with implementation with 0. The tilt angle for
the highest global radiation on the collective plane is 30 according to the simulations
whereas the potential solar area decreases by 45 per cent within this constellation. The
potential annual yield also decreases approximately 40 per cent to 106,865 kWh per annum.
Consequently, decreasing the tilt angle to a certain angle influences the efficiency
positively. But thereby, the active solar area will be decreased. Simulations show that,
utilizing the whole potential of the area is more effective on annual yield. It is possible to
reach over 170,000 kWh annual yield by using the whole area with horizontal arrays.
6.3.4.2 Analysis of shading elements
The window shading elements on the second floor are normally placed horizontally
(shading 2). Other variations with different tilt angles and split form (shading 1) are also
simulated. The split form with 25 cm wide arrays has the same effect on shading as horizontal
implementation. Nevertheless, it is not efficient compared with other variations. Window
shading elements with a 46 m surface, and a 30 inclination angle, leads to optimum values


125
Another main group, which causes obscuration, consist of architectural elements. Self-
shading building form and cantilevered building parts should be related respectively during
the optimization process. The form of the roof itself or other elements on the roofs, such as
the chimney etc., may cause additional obscuration.
6.3.4 In-depth Analysis of Roof and Shading Components
Computer based simulations have been run with the purpose of producing an in depth
analysis of roof and shading components of the developed prototype house in this section.
6.3.4.1 In-depth analysis of the roof
By means of the parameter study done with PVSYST, yield potentials are simulated
according to the tilt angle. In order to prevent mutual obscuration of the arrays, the distance
between the array lines are calculated according to the minimum solar radiation angle of 29
for Bodrum. As can be seen in table 21, the potential implementation decreases due to
additional measures against obscuration as well as due to decreasing tilt angle of arrays on the
roof. The tilt angle influences the area usable for active solar systems as well as the accessible
intensity of solar radiation. An increase of the tilt angle by 40 will lead to a reduction of
active solar surface more than half compared with implementation with 0. The tilt angle for
the highest global radiation on the collective plane is 30 according to the simulations
whereas the potential solar area decreases by 45 per cent within this constellation. The
potential annual yield also decreases approximately 40 per cent to 106,865 kWh per annum.
Consequently, decreasing the tilt angle to a certain angle influences the efficiency
positively. But thereby, the active solar area will be decreased. Simulations show that,
utilizing the whole potential of the area is more effective on annual yield. It is possible to
reach over 170,000 kWh annual yield by using the whole area with horizontal arrays.
6.3.4.2 Analysis of shading elements
The window shading elements on the second floor are normally placed horizontally
(shading 2). Other variations with different tilt angles and split form (shading 1) are also
simulated. The split form with 25 cm wide arrays has the same effect on shading as horizontal
implementation. Nevertheless, it is not efficient compared with other variations. Window
shading elements with a 46 m surface, and a 30 inclination angle, leads to optimum values


126
of annual yield compared with other combinations. The horizontal version should be used for
appropriate efficiency, if it is architecturally not comprehensible.
As can be seen in table 21, roof shading element principally have similar characteristics
with the arrays placed directly on the roof. The application of shading 2 with 30 tilt angle
leads to the greatest annual yield among this group. Shading 1, the version with split parts of
the shading elements has more efficiency on solar radiation, but the loss of active solar area
affects the annual yield negatively. The highest potential of annual yield by shading 1 is
79,124 kWh/a with a horizontal application. It is ten per cent more by shading 1 with split
arrays.



Tilt Angle
Global
Radiation
on
Collective
Plane
kWh/ma Solar Area Potential m Potential of Annual Yield kWh/a
Roof Shading 1 Shading 2 Roof Shading 1 Shading 2
0 1,739 100 45.5 45.5 173,900 79,124 79,124
5 1,801 85 39 45.5 153,085 70,239 82,035
10 1,851 80 35 45.5 148,080 64,785 84,313
15 1,891 70 31 45.5 132,370 58,621 86,135
20 1,920 60 28.5 45.5 115,200 54,720 87,456
25 1,937 58 25.5 45.5 112,346 49,393 88,230
30 1,943 55 23.5 45.5 106,865 45,660 88,500
35 1,936 52 20.5 45.5 100,672 39,688 88,184
40 1,918 49 19 45.5 93,382 36,442 87,364
Table 21 Effect of Tilt Angle on Annual Yield
6.3.4.3 Sizing the system according to the occupancy and comfort values
The size of the solar active system depends on the energy requirements of the building.
BBH is used as simulation object in this section. The cooling demand of the optimum house is
4 MWh/a and the heating demand 7.8 MWh/a. These values are used for the calculations in
this section. The optimised house with passive measures installed will require 11.8 MWh/a of
energy if it is occupied during the whole year.


126
of annual yield compared with other combinations. The horizontal version should be used for
appropriate efficiency, if it is architecturally not comprehensible.
As can be seen in table 21, roof shading element principally have similar characteristics
with the arrays placed directly on the roof. The application of shading 2 with 30 tilt angle
leads to the greatest annual yield among this group. Shading 1, the version with split parts of
the shading elements has more efficiency on solar radiation, but the loss of active solar area
affects the annual yield negatively. The highest potential of annual yield by shading 1 is
79,124 kWh/a with a horizontal application. It is ten per cent more by shading 1 with split
arrays.



Tilt Angle
Global
Radiation
on
Collective
Plane
kWh/ma Solar Area Potential m Potential of Annual Yield kWh/a
Roof Shading 1 Shading 2 Roof Shading 1 Shading 2
0 1,739 100 45.5 45.5 173,900 79,124 79,124
5 1,801 85 39 45.5 153,085 70,239 82,035
10 1,851 80 35 45.5 148,080 64,785 84,313
15 1,891 70 31 45.5 132,370 58,621 86,135
20 1,920 60 28.5 45.5 115,200 54,720 87,456
25 1,937 58 25.5 45.5 112,346 49,393 88,230
30 1,943 55 23.5 45.5 106,865 45,660 88,500
35 1,936 52 20.5 45.5 100,672 39,688 88,184
40 1,918 49 19 45.5 93,382 36,442 87,364
Table 21 Effect of Tilt Angle on Annual Yield
6.3.4.3 Sizing the system according to the occupancy and comfort values
The size of the solar active system depends on the energy requirements of the building.
BBH is used as simulation object in this section. The cooling demand of the optimum house is
4 MWh/a and the heating demand 7.8 MWh/a. These values are used for the calculations in
this section. The optimised house with passive measures installed will require 11.8 MWh/a of
energy if it is occupied during the whole year.


1 2 6
o f a n n u a l y i e l d c o m p a r e d w i t h o t h e r c o m b i n a t i o n s . T h e h o r i z o n t a l v e r s i o n s h o u l d b e u s e d f o r
a p p r o p r i a t e e f f i c i e n c y , i f i t i s a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y n o t c o m p r e h e n s i b l e .
A s c a n b e s e e n i n t a b l e 2 1 , r o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t p r i n c i p a l l y h a v e s i m i l a r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
w i t h t h e a r r a y s p l a c e d d i r e c t l y o n t h e r o o f . T h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f s h a d i n g 2 w i t h 3 0 t i l t a n g l e
l e a d s t o t h e g r e a t e s t a n n u a l y i e l d a m o n g t h i s g r o u p . S h a d i n g 1 , t h e v e r s i o n w i t h s p l i t p a r t s o f
t h e s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s h a s m o r e e f f i c i e n c y o n s o l a r r a d i a t i o n , b u t t h e l o s s o f a c t i v e s o l a r a r e a
a f f e c t s t h e a n n u a l y i e l d n e g a t i v e l y . T h e h i g h e s t p o t e n t i a l o f a n n u a l y i e l d b y s h a d i n g 1 i s
7 9 , 1 2 4 k W h / a w i t h a h o r i z o n t a l a p p l i c a t i o n . I t i s t e n p e r c e n t m o r e b y s h a d i n g 1 w i t h s p l i t
a r r a y s .



T i l t A n g l e
G l o b a l
R a d i a t i o n
o n
C o l l e c t i v e
P l a n e
k W h / m a S o l a r A r e a P o t e n t i a l m P o t e n t i a l o f A n n u a l Y i e l d k W h / a
R o o f S h a d i n g 1 S h a d i n g 2 R o o f S h a d i n g 1 S h a d i n g 2
0 1 , 7 3 9 1 0 0 4 5 . 5 4 5 . 5 1 7 3 , 9 0 0 7 9 , 1 2 4 7 9 , 1 2 4
5 1 , 8 0 1 8 5 3 9 4 5 . 5 1 5 3 , 0 8 5 7 0 , 2 3 9 8 2 , 0 3 5
1 0 1 , 8 5 1 8 0 3 5 4 5 . 5 1 4 8 , 0 8 0 6 4 , 7 8 5 8 4 , 3 1 3
1 5 1 , 8 9 1 7 0 3 1 4 5 . 5 1 3 2 , 3 7 0 5 8 , 6 2 1 8 6 , 1 3 5
2 0 1 , 9 2 0 6 0 2 8 . 5 4 5 . 5 1 1 5 , 2 0 0 5 4 , 7 2 0 8 7 , 4 5 6
2 5 1 , 9 3 7 5 8 2 5 . 5 4 5 . 5 1 1 2 , 3 4 6 4 9 , 3 9 3 8 8 , 2 3 0
3 0 1 , 9 4 3 5 5 2 3 . 5 4 5 . 5 1 0 6 , 8 6 5 4 5 , 6 6 0 8 8 , 5 0 0
3 5 1 , 9 3 6 5 2 2 0 . 5 4 5 . 5 1 0 0 , 6 7 2 3 9 , 6 8 8 8 8 , 1 8 4
4 0 1 , 9 1 8 4 9 1 9 4 5 . 5 9 3 , 3 8 2 3 6 , 4 4 2 8 7 , 3 6 4
T a b l e 2 1 E f f e c t o f T i l t A n g l e o n A n n u a l Y i e l d
6 . 3 . 4 . 3 S i z i n g t h e s y s t e m a c c o r d i n g t o t h e o c c u p a n c y a n d c o m f o r t v a l u e s
T h e s i z e o f t h e s o l a r a c t i v e s y s t e m d e p e n d s o n t h e e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e b u i l d i n g .
B B H i s u s e d a s s i m u l a t i o n o b j e c t i n t h i s s e c t i o n . T h e c o o l i n g d e m a n d o f t h e o p t i m u m h o u s e i s
4 M W h / a a n d t h e h e a t i n g d e m a n d 7 . 8 M W h / a . T h e s e v a l u e s a r e u s e d f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s i n
t h i s s e c t i o n . T h e o p t i m i s e d h o u s e w i t h p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s i n s t a l l e d w i l l r e q u i r e 1 1 . 8 M W h / a o f
e n e r g y i f i t i s o c c u p i e d d u r i n g t h e w h o l e y e a r .


1 2 6
o f a n n u a l y i e l d c o m p a r e d w i t h o t h e r c o m b i n a t i o n s . T h e h o r i z o n t a l v e r s i o n s h o u l d b e u s e d f o r
a p p r o p r i a t e e f f i c i e n c y , i f i t i s a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y n o t c o m p r e h e n s i b l e .
A s c a n b e s e e n i n t a b l e 2 1 , r o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t p r i n c i p a l l y h a v e s i m i l a r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
w i t h t h e a r r a y s p l a c e d d i r e c t l y o n t h e r o o f . T h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f s h a d i n g 2 w i t h 3 0 t i l t a n g l e
l e a d s t o t h e g r e a t e s t a n n u a l y i e l d a m o n g t h i s g r o u p . S h a d i n g 1 , t h e v e r s i o n w i t h s p l i t p a r t s o f
t h e s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s h a s m o r e e f f i c i e n c y o n s o l a r r a d i a t i o n , b u t t h e l o s s o f a c t i v e s o l a r a r e a
a f f e c t s t h e a n n u a l y i e l d n e g a t i v e l y . T h e h i g h e s t p o t e n t i a l o f a n n u a l y i e l d b y s h a d i n g 1 i s
7 9 , 1 2 4 k W h / a w i t h a h o r i z o n t a l a p p l i c a t i o n . I t i s t e n p e r c e n t m o r e b y s h a d i n g 1 w i t h s p l i t
a r r a y s .



T i l t A n g l e
G l o b a l
R a d i a t i o n
o n
C o l l e c t i v e
P l a n e
k W h / m a S o l a r A r e a P o t e n t i a l m P o t e n t i a l o f A n n u a l Y i e l d k W h / a
R o o f S h a d i n g 1 S h a d i n g 2 R o o f S h a d i n g 1 S h a d i n g 2
0 1 , 7 3 9 1 0 0 4 5 . 5 4 5 . 5 1 7 3 , 9 0 0 7 9 , 1 2 4 7 9 , 1 2 4
5 1 , 8 0 1 8 5 3 9 4 5 . 5 1 5 3 , 0 8 5 7 0 , 2 3 9 8 2 , 0 3 5
1 0 1 , 8 5 1 8 0 3 5 4 5 . 5 1 4 8 , 0 8 0 6 4 , 7 8 5 8 4 , 3 1 3
1 5 1 , 8 9 1 7 0 3 1 4 5 . 5 1 3 2 , 3 7 0 5 8 , 6 2 1 8 6 , 1 3 5
2 0 1 , 9 2 0 6 0 2 8 . 5 4 5 . 5 1 1 5 , 2 0 0 5 4 , 7 2 0 8 7 , 4 5 6
2 5 1 , 9 3 7 5 8 2 5 . 5 4 5 . 5 1 1 2 , 3 4 6 4 9 , 3 9 3 8 8 , 2 3 0
3 0 1 , 9 4 3 5 5 2 3 . 5 4 5 . 5 1 0 6 , 8 6 5 4 5 , 6 6 0 8 8 , 5 0 0
3 5 1 , 9 3 6 5 2 2 0 . 5 4 5 . 5 1 0 0 , 6 7 2 3 9 , 6 8 8 8 8 , 1 8 4
4 0 1 , 9 1 8 4 9 1 9 4 5 . 5 9 3 , 3 8 2 3 6 , 4 4 2 8 7 , 3 6 4
T a b l e 2 1 E f f e c t o f T i l t A n g l e o n A n n u a l Y i e l d
6 . 3 . 4 . 3 S i z i n g t h e s y s t e m a c c o r d i n g t o t h e o c c u p a n c y a n d c o m f o r t v a l u e s
T h e s i z e o f t h e s o l a r a c t i v e s y s t e m d e p e n d s o n t h e e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e b u i l d i n g .
B B H i s u s e d a s s i m u l a t i o n o b j e c t i n t h i s s e c t i o n . T h e c o o l i n g d e m a n d o f t h e o p t i m u m h o u s e i s
4 M W h / a a n d t h e h e a t i n g d e m a n d 7 . 8 M W h / a . T h e s e v a l u e s a r e u s e d f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s i n
t h i s s e c t i o n . T h e o p t i m i s e d h o u s e w i t h p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s i n s t a l l e d w i l l r e q u i r e 1 1 . 8 M W h / a o f
e n e r g y i f i t i s o c c u p i e d d u r i n g t h e w h o l e y e a r .


1 2 7
F u r t h e r t o o t h e r f a c t o r s , w h i c h i n f l u e n c e t h e s i z e o f a n a c t i v e s o l a r s y s t e m , t h e m o s t
i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i o n o f s i z i n g t h e s y s t e m i s b y t h e n u m b e r o f o c c u p a n t s i n a b u i l d i n g .
G e n e r a l i z a t i o n m a y l e a d t o o v e r o r u n d e r s i z i n g . I t i s a c r i t i c a l a s p e c t e s p e c i a l l y f o r B o d r u m .
T h e u n c e r t a i n t y o f t h e o c c u p a n c y p e r i o d o f t h e h o u s e s i n B o d r u m c o m p l i c a t e s t h e s i z i n g
i s s u e . T h e m a j o r i t y o f d w e l l i n g s a r e , a s m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e , h o l i d a y h o u s e s , w h i c h a r e o c c u p i e d
f o r a c e r t a i n p e r i o d i n t h e s u m m e r . T h e t i m e f r a m e m a y v a r y f r o m a w e e k t o m o n t h s . T h e
m i n o r i t y o f t h e d w e l l i n g s a r e o c c u p i e d d u r i n g t h e w h o l e y e a r . T h i s s i t u a t i o n p r e v e n t s a
g e n e r a l o p t i m i s a t i o n s c e n a r i o f o r t h e w h o l e r e g i o n . T h e r e f o r e , s i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n f o r b o t h
a l t e r n a t i v e s : s u m m e r o p t i m i s e d a n d f o r t o t a l o c c u p a n c y o p t i m i s e d .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e s e c o n d f a c t o r , w h i c h i n f l u e n c e s t h e s i z e o f t h e s y s t e m , i s t h e a n t i c i p a t e d
c o m f o r t l e v e l o f t h e o c c u p a n t s . T o s i z e t h e s y s t e m f o r b e s t c o m f o r t c o n d i t i o n s m a y l e a d t o
u n n e c e s s a r y i n v e s t m e n t s . C I B S E
1 6 3
d e s c r i b e s s u m m e r t i m e p e a k t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d o v e r h e a t i n g
c r i t e r i a a s f o l l o w s : n o t m o r e t h a n o n e p e r c e n t o f t h e o c c u p i e d h o u r s o f l i v i n g r o o m s s h o u l d
h a v e a t e m p e r a t u r e o f m o r e t h a n 2 8 C a n d f o r b e d r o o m s , e t c . 2 6 C . A s c a n b e s e e n i n f i g u r e
3 0 , t h e o p e r a t i v e t e m p e r a t u r e i s o n l y f o r f o u r h o u r s a d a y a t a n a v e r a g e n o t i n c o m f o r t z o n e .
S i m u l a t i o n s p r o v e d t h a t t h e s y s t e m w o r k s s e v e n h o u r s a d a y b e l o w t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e , a n d
f o u r h o u r s a d a y w i t h a p e a k p e r f o r m a n c e .

F i g u r e 3 0 D i s c o m f o r t H o u r s f o r t h e O p t i m u m H o u s e i n B o d r u m
6 . 3 . 4 . 4 S i z i n g m e t h o d
F i r s t s i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n b a s e d o n t h e n o m i n a l p o w e r , w h i c h i s n e c e s s a r y f o r c o o l i n g
d u r i n g s u m m e r . T h e c o o l i n g d e m a n d r i s e s u p t o 1 3 k W h d u r i n g t h e d a y . A v e r a g e v a l u e s


1 2 7
F u r t h e r t o o t h e r f a c t o r s , w h i c h i n f l u e n c e t h e s i z e o f a n a c t i v e s o l a r s y s t e m , t h e m o s t
i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i o n o f s i z i n g t h e s y s t e m i s b y t h e n u m b e r o f o c c u p a n t s i n a b u i l d i n g .
G e n e r a l i z a t i o n m a y l e a d t o o v e r o r u n d e r s i z i n g . I t i s a c r i t i c a l a s p e c t e s p e c i a l l y f o r B o d r u m .
T h e u n c e r t a i n t y o f t h e o c c u p a n c y p e r i o d o f t h e h o u s e s i n B o d r u m c o m p l i c a t e s t h e s i z i n g
i s s u e . T h e m a j o r i t y o f d w e l l i n g s a r e , a s m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e , h o l i d a y h o u s e s , w h i c h a r e o c c u p i e d
f o r a c e r t a i n p e r i o d i n t h e s u m m e r . T h e t i m e f r a m e m a y v a r y f r o m a w e e k t o m o n t h s . T h e
m i n o r i t y o f t h e d w e l l i n g s a r e o c c u p i e d d u r i n g t h e w h o l e y e a r . T h i s s i t u a t i o n p r e v e n t s a
g e n e r a l o p t i m i s a t i o n s c e n a r i o f o r t h e w h o l e r e g i o n . T h e r e f o r e , s i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n f o r b o t h
a l t e r n a t i v e s : s u m m e r o p t i m i s e d a n d f o r t o t a l o c c u p a n c y o p t i m i s e d .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e s e c o n d f a c t o r , w h i c h i n f l u e n c e s t h e s i z e o f t h e s y s t e m , i s t h e a n t i c i p a t e d
c o m f o r t l e v e l o f t h e o c c u p a n t s . T o s i z e t h e s y s t e m f o r b e s t c o m f o r t c o n d i t i o n s m a y l e a d t o
u n n e c e s s a r y i n v e s t m e n t s . C I B S E
1 6 3
d e s c r i b e s s u m m e r t i m e p e a k t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d o v e r h e a t i n g
c r i t e r i a a s f o l l o w s : n o t m o r e t h a n o n e p e r c e n t o f t h e o c c u p i e d h o u r s o f l i v i n g r o o m s s h o u l d
h a v e a t e m p e r a t u r e o f m o r e t h a n 2 8 C a n d f o r b e d r o o m s , e t c . 2 6 C . A s c a n b e s e e n i n f i g u r e
3 0 , t h e o p e r a t i v e t e m p e r a t u r e i s o n l y f o r f o u r h o u r s a d a y a t a n a v e r a g e n o t i n c o m f o r t z o n e .
S i m u l a t i o n s p r o v e d t h a t t h e s y s t e m w o r k s s e v e n h o u r s a d a y b e l o w t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e , a n d
f o u r h o u r s a d a y w i t h a p e a k p e r f o r m a n c e .

F i g u r e 3 0 D i s c o m f o r t H o u r s f o r t h e O p t i m u m H o u s e i n B o d r u m
6 . 3 . 4 . 4 S i z i n g m e t h o d
F i r s t s i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n b a s e d o n t h e n o m i n a l p o w e r , w h i c h i s n e c e s s a r y f o r c o o l i n g
d u r i n g s u m m e r . T h e c o o l i n g d e m a n d r i s e s u p t o 1 3 k W h d u r i n g t h e d a y . A v e r a g e v a l u e s


127
Further to other factors, which influence the size of an active solar system, the most
important criterion of sizing the system is by the number of occupants in a building.
Generalization may lead to over or undersizing. It is a critical aspect especially for Bodrum.
The uncertainty of the occupancy period of the houses in Bodrum complicates the sizing
issue. The majority of dwellings are, as mentioned before, holiday houses, which are occupied
for a certain period in the summer. The time frame may vary from a week to months. The
minority of the dwellings are occupied during the whole year. This situation prevents a
general optimisation scenario for the whole region. Therefore, simulations are run for both
alternatives: summer optimised and for total occupancy optimised.
Furthermore, the second factor, which influences the size of the system, is the anticipated
comfort level of the occupants. To size the system for best comfort conditions may lead to
unnecessary investments. CIBSE
163
describes summertime peak temperatures and overheating
criteria as follows: not more than one per cent of the occupied hours of living rooms should
have a temperature of more than 28 C and for bedrooms, etc. 26 C. As can be seen in figure
30, the operative temperature is only for four hours a day at an average not in comfort zone.
Simulations proved that the system works seven hours a day below the average value, and
four hours a day with a peak performance.

Figure 30 Discomfort Hours for the Optimum House in Bodrum
6.3.4.4 Sizing method
First simulations are run based on the nominal power, which is necessary for cooling
during summer. The cooling demand rises up to 13 kWh during the day. Average values


127
Further to other factors, which influence the size of an active solar system, the most
important criterion of sizing the system is by the number of occupants in a building.
Generalization may lead to over or undersizing. It is a critical aspect especially for Bodrum.
The uncertainty of the occupancy period of the houses in Bodrum complicates the sizing
issue. The majority of dwellings are, as mentioned before, holiday houses, which are occupied
for a certain period in the summer. The time frame may vary from a week to months. The
minority of the dwellings are occupied during the whole year. This situation prevents a
general optimisation scenario for the whole region. Therefore, simulations are run for both
alternatives: summer optimised and for total occupancy optimised.
Furthermore, the second factor, which influences the size of the system, is the anticipated
comfort level of the occupants. To size the system for best comfort conditions may lead to
unnecessary investments. CIBSE
163
describes summertime peak temperatures and overheating
criteria as follows: not more than one per cent of the occupied hours of living rooms should
have a temperature of more than 28 C and for bedrooms, etc. 26 C. As can be seen in figure
30, the operative temperature is only for four hours a day at an average not in comfort zone.
Simulations proved that the system works seven hours a day below the average value, and
four hours a day with a peak performance.

Figure 30 Discomfort Hours for the Optimum House in Bodrum
6.3.4.4 Sizing method
First simulations are run based on the nominal power, which is necessary for cooling
during summer. The cooling demand rises up to 13 kWh during the day. Average values


128
during the day are 4 h 3 kW, 8 h 5 kW, 3 h 7 kW, and 1 h 9 kW. More details can be
seen in the appendix. The average value for the whole day is 5 kWh. If we choose 5 kWp as
the nominal power of the system, it may be not sufficient for peak time, and auxiliary cooling
may be necessary. Therefore, 7 kW as an average value is chosen as the nominal power of the
system. To size the system for the highest value above 12 kW makes no sense economically
and environmentally.
The second main criterion for simulations is the annual yield. As mentioned before, 11.8
MWh energy yield is required for the cooling and heating demand of the analysed object. This
value is chosen as the anticipated annual output of the system.
summer - 14 whole year - 30 whole year - 0
Nominal
power
cell
type
area
m
annual
yield
summer
yield
area
m
annual
yield
summer
yield
area
m
annual
yield
summer
yield
7 kWp poly 67 10.7 MWh 5,8 MWh 67 11.1 MWh 5.6 MWh 67 9.9 MWh 5.7 MWh
mono 58 10.7 MWh 5,8 MWh 58 11.1 MWh 5.6 MWh 58 9.9 MWh 5.7 MWh
Annual
yield
cell
type
area
m
nominal
power
summer
yield
area
m
nominal
power
summer
yield
area
m
nominal
power
summer
yield
11,8 MWh poly 73 7.7 kWp 6.4 MWh 71 7.5 kWp 6 MWh 79 8.3 kWp 6.8 MWh
mono 64 7.7 kWp 6.4 MWh 62 7.5 kWp 6 MWh 69 8.3 kWp 6.8 MWh
Table 22 Seasonal and Annual Outputs of the Solar Active System
As can be seen in table 22, three tilt angles are chosen for the simulations: 14 as the
optimum tilt angle for the summer period, 30 for the whole year, and 0 for horizontal
applications like on faades. Both polycrystalline and monocrystalline cells are simulated due
to their significant influence on the size of the array surface.
By all variation with 7 kWp nominal power, the necessary summer yield of 4 MWh is
exceeded. Nevertheless, this is not a reason to reduce the nominal power due to the following
reasons: the monthly cooling demand for the hottest period is about 1.3 MWh, which can be
just compensated with an approximately 7 kWp system. Furthermore, this system meets
nearly the needs of the annual energy demand for cooling and heating. The system with a tilt
angle of 14 has the best performance in regard to summer yield. On the other hand, the
system with 30 tilt angle has the greatest energy output annually. The compactness of the
system plays on the other hand an important role in regard to architectural appearance.


128
during the day are 4 h 3 kW, 8 h 5 kW, 3 h 7 kW, and 1 h 9 kW. More details can be
seen in the appendix. The average value for the whole day is 5 kWh. If we choose 5 kWp as
the nominal power of the system, it may be not sufficient for peak time, and auxiliary cooling
may be necessary. Therefore, 7 kW as an average value is chosen as the nominal power of the
system. To size the system for the highest value above 12 kW makes no sense economically
and environmentally.
The second main criterion for simulations is the annual yield. As mentioned before, 11.8
MWh energy yield is required for the cooling and heating demand of the analysed object. This
value is chosen as the anticipated annual output of the system.
summer - 14 whole year - 30 whole year - 0
Nominal
power
cell
type
area
m
annual
yield
summer
yield
area
m
annual
yield
summer
yield
area
m
annual
yield
summer
yield
7 kWp poly 67 10.7 MWh 5,8 MWh 67 11.1 MWh 5.6 MWh 67 9.9 MWh 5.7 MWh
mono 58 10.7 MWh 5,8 MWh 58 11.1 MWh 5.6 MWh 58 9.9 MWh 5.7 MWh
Annual
yield
cell
type
area
m
nominal
power
summer
yield
area
m
nominal
power
summer
yield
area
m
nominal
power
summer
yield
11,8 MWh poly 73 7.7 kWp 6.4 MWh 71 7.5 kWp 6 MWh 79 8.3 kWp 6.8 MWh
mono 64 7.7 kWp 6.4 MWh 62 7.5 kWp 6 MWh 69 8.3 kWp 6.8 MWh
Table 22 Seasonal and Annual Outputs of the Solar Active System
As can be seen in table 22, three tilt angles are chosen for the simulations: 14 as the
optimum tilt angle for the summer period, 30 for the whole year, and 0 for horizontal
applications like on faades. Both polycrystalline and monocrystalline cells are simulated due
to their significant influence on the size of the array surface.
By all variation with 7 kWp nominal power, the necessary summer yield of 4 MWh is
exceeded. Nevertheless, this is not a reason to reduce the nominal power due to the following
reasons: the monthly cooling demand for the hottest period is about 1.3 MWh, which can be
just compensated with an approximately 7 kWp system. Furthermore, this system meets
nearly the needs of the annual energy demand for cooling and heating. The system with a tilt
angle of 14 has the best performance in regard to summer yield. On the other hand, the
system with 30 tilt angle has the greatest energy output annually. The compactness of the
system plays on the other hand an important role in regard to architectural appearance.


1 2 8
d u r i n g t h e d a y a r e 4 h 3 k W , 8 h 5 k W , 3 h 7 k W , a n d 1 h 9 k W . M o r e d e t a i l s c a n b e
s e e n i n t h e a p p e n d i x . T h e a v e r a g e v a l u e f o r t h e w h o l e d a y i s 5 k W h . I f w e c h o o s e 5 k W p a s
t h e n o m i n a l p o w e r o f t h e s y s t e m , i t m a y b e n o t s u f f i c i e n t f o r p e a k t i m e , a n d a u x i l i a r y c o o l i n g
m a y b e n e c e s s a r y . T h e r e f o r e , 7 k W a s a n a v e r a g e v a l u e i s c h o s e n a s t h e n o m i n a l p o w e r o f t h e
s y s t e m . T o s i z e t h e s y s t e m f o r t h e h i g h e s t v a l u e a b o v e 1 2 k W m a k e s n o s e n s e e c o n o m i c a l l y
a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y .
T h e s e c o n d m a i n c r i t e r i o n f o r s i m u l a t i o n s i s t h e a n n u a l y i e l d . A s m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e , 1 1 . 8
M W h e n e r g y y i e l d i s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g d e m a n d o f t h e a n a l y s e d o b j e c t . T h i s
v a l u e i s c h o s e n a s t h e a n t i c i p a t e d a n n u a l o u t p u t o f t h e s y s t e m .
s u m m e r - 1 4 w h o l e y e a r - 3 0 w h o l e y e a r - 0
N o m i n a l
p o w e r
c e l l
t y p e
a r e a
m
a n n u a l
y i e l d
s u m m e r
y i e l d
a r e a
m
a n n u a l
y i e l d
s u m m e r
y i e l d
a r e a
m
a n n u a l
y i e l d
s u m m e r
y i e l d
7 k W p p o l y 6 7 1 0 . 7 M W h 5 , 8 M W h 6 7 1 1 . 1 M W h 5 . 6 M W h 6 7 9 . 9 M W h 5 . 7 M W h
m o n o 5 8 1 0 . 7 M W h 5 , 8 M W h 5 8 1 1 . 1 M W h 5 . 6 M W h 5 8 9 . 9 M W h 5 . 7 M W h
A n n u a l
y i e l d
c e l l
t y p e
a r e a
m
n o m i n a l
p o w e r
s u m m e r
y i e l d
a r e a
m
n o m i n a l
p o w e r
s u m m e r
y i e l d
a r e a
m
n o m i n a l
p o w e r
s u m m e r
y i e l d
1 1 , 8 M W h p o l y 7 3 7 . 7 k W p 6 . 4 M W h 7 1 7 . 5 k W p 6 M W h 7 9 8 . 3 k W p 6 . 8 M W h
m o n o 6 4 7 . 7 k W p 6 . 4 M W h 6 2 7 . 5 k W p 6 M W h 6 9 8 . 3 k W p 6 . 8 M W h
T a b l e 2 2 S e a s o n a l a n d A n n u a l O u t p u t s o f t h e S o l a r A c t i v e S y s t e m
A s c a n b e s e e n i n t a b l e 2 2 , t h r e e t i l t a n g l e s a r e c h o s e n f o r t h e s i m u l a t i o n s : 1 4 a s t h e
o p t i m u m t i l t a n g l e f o r t h e s u m m e r p e r i o d , 3 0 f o r t h e w h o l e y e a r , a n d 0 f o r h o r i z o n t a l
a p p l i c a t i o n s l i k e o n f a a d e s . B o t h p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e a n d m o n o c r y s t a l l i n e c e l l s a r e s i m u l a t e d d u e
t o t h e i r s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e o n t h e s i z e o f t h e a r r a y s u r f a c e .
B y a l l v a r i a t i o n w i t h 7 k W p n o m i n a l p o w e r , t h e n e c e s s a r y s u m m e r y i e l d o f 4 M W h i s
e x c e e d e d . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h i s i s n o t a r e a s o n t o r e d u c e t h e n o m i n a l p o w e r d u e t o t h e f o l l o w i n g
r e a s o n s : t h e m o n t h l y c o o l i n g d e m a n d f o r t h e h o t t e s t p e r i o d i s a b o u t 1 . 3 M W h , w h i c h c a n b e
j u s t c o m p e n s a t e d w i t h a n a p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 k W p s y s t e m . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h i s s y s t e m m e e t s
n e a r l y t h e n e e d s o f t h e a n n u a l e n e r g y d e m a n d f o r c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g . T h e s y s t e m w i t h a t i l t
a n g l e o f 1 4 h a s t h e b e s t p e r f o r m a n c e i n r e g a r d t o s u m m e r y i e l d . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e
s y s t e m w i t h 3 0 t i l t a n g l e h a s t h e g r e a t e s t e n e r g y o u t p u t a n n u a l l y . T h e c o m p a c t n e s s o f t h e
s y s t e m p l a y s o n t h e o t h e r h a n d a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n r e g a r d t o a r c h i t e c t u r a l a p p e a r a n c e .


1 2 8
d u r i n g t h e d a y a r e 4 h 3 k W , 8 h 5 k W , 3 h 7 k W , a n d 1 h 9 k W . M o r e d e t a i l s c a n b e
s e e n i n t h e a p p e n d i x . T h e a v e r a g e v a l u e f o r t h e w h o l e d a y i s 5 k W h . I f w e c h o o s e 5 k W p a s
t h e n o m i n a l p o w e r o f t h e s y s t e m , i t m a y b e n o t s u f f i c i e n t f o r p e a k t i m e , a n d a u x i l i a r y c o o l i n g
m a y b e n e c e s s a r y . T h e r e f o r e , 7 k W a s a n a v e r a g e v a l u e i s c h o s e n a s t h e n o m i n a l p o w e r o f t h e
s y s t e m . T o s i z e t h e s y s t e m f o r t h e h i g h e s t v a l u e a b o v e 1 2 k W m a k e s n o s e n s e e c o n o m i c a l l y
a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y .
T h e s e c o n d m a i n c r i t e r i o n f o r s i m u l a t i o n s i s t h e a n n u a l y i e l d . A s m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e , 1 1 . 8
M W h e n e r g y y i e l d i s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g d e m a n d o f t h e a n a l y s e d o b j e c t . T h i s
v a l u e i s c h o s e n a s t h e a n t i c i p a t e d a n n u a l o u t p u t o f t h e s y s t e m .
s u m m e r - 1 4 w h o l e y e a r - 3 0 w h o l e y e a r - 0
N o m i n a l
p o w e r
c e l l
t y p e
a r e a
m
a n n u a l
y i e l d
s u m m e r
y i e l d
a r e a
m
a n n u a l
y i e l d
s u m m e r
y i e l d
a r e a
m
a n n u a l
y i e l d
s u m m e r
y i e l d
7 k W p p o l y 6 7 1 0 . 7 M W h 5 , 8 M W h 6 7 1 1 . 1 M W h 5 . 6 M W h 6 7 9 . 9 M W h 5 . 7 M W h
m o n o 5 8 1 0 . 7 M W h 5 , 8 M W h 5 8 1 1 . 1 M W h 5 . 6 M W h 5 8 9 . 9 M W h 5 . 7 M W h
A n n u a l
y i e l d
c e l l
t y p e
a r e a
m
n o m i n a l
p o w e r
s u m m e r
y i e l d
a r e a
m
n o m i n a l
p o w e r
s u m m e r
y i e l d
a r e a
m
n o m i n a l
p o w e r
s u m m e r
y i e l d
1 1 , 8 M W h p o l y 7 3 7 . 7 k W p 6 . 4 M W h 7 1 7 . 5 k W p 6 M W h 7 9 8 . 3 k W p 6 . 8 M W h
m o n o 6 4 7 . 7 k W p 6 . 4 M W h 6 2 7 . 5 k W p 6 M W h 6 9 8 . 3 k W p 6 . 8 M W h
T a b l e 2 2 S e a s o n a l a n d A n n u a l O u t p u t s o f t h e S o l a r A c t i v e S y s t e m
A s c a n b e s e e n i n t a b l e 2 2 , t h r e e t i l t a n g l e s a r e c h o s e n f o r t h e s i m u l a t i o n s : 1 4 a s t h e
o p t i m u m t i l t a n g l e f o r t h e s u m m e r p e r i o d , 3 0 f o r t h e w h o l e y e a r , a n d 0 f o r h o r i z o n t a l
a p p l i c a t i o n s l i k e o n f a a d e s . B o t h p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e a n d m o n o c r y s t a l l i n e c e l l s a r e s i m u l a t e d d u e
t o t h e i r s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e o n t h e s i z e o f t h e a r r a y s u r f a c e .
B y a l l v a r i a t i o n w i t h 7 k W p n o m i n a l p o w e r , t h e n e c e s s a r y s u m m e r y i e l d o f 4 M W h i s
e x c e e d e d . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h i s i s n o t a r e a s o n t o r e d u c e t h e n o m i n a l p o w e r d u e t o t h e f o l l o w i n g
r e a s o n s : t h e m o n t h l y c o o l i n g d e m a n d f o r t h e h o t t e s t p e r i o d i s a b o u t 1 . 3 M W h , w h i c h c a n b e
j u s t c o m p e n s a t e d w i t h a n a p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 k W p s y s t e m . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h i s s y s t e m m e e t s
n e a r l y t h e n e e d s o f t h e a n n u a l e n e r g y d e m a n d f o r c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g . T h e s y s t e m w i t h a t i l t
a n g l e o f 1 4 h a s t h e b e s t p e r f o r m a n c e i n r e g a r d t o s u m m e r y i e l d . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e
s y s t e m w i t h 3 0 t i l t a n g l e h a s t h e g r e a t e s t e n e r g y o u t p u t a n n u a l l y . T h e c o m p a c t n e s s o f t h e
s y s t e m p l a y s o n t h e o t h e r h a n d a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n r e g a r d t o a r c h i t e c t u r a l a p p e a r a n c e .


1 2 9
S y s t e m s w i t h m o n o c r y s t a l l i n e c e l l s h a v e a p p r o x i m a t e l y a 1 3 t o 1 4 p e r c e n t l e s s s u r f a c e
c o m p a r e d t o s y s t e m s w i t h p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e c e l l s .
M o r e o v e r , a s i m u l a t i o n i s r u n w i t h a n a n n u a l y i e l d o f 1 1 . 8 M W h , w h i c h l e a d s t o s i m i l a r
o u t p u t s . T h e n o m i n a l p o w e r b y t h i s s y s t e m i s 7 . 7 k W p . T h e s u m m e r y i e l d i s a b o u t t e n p e r
c e n t h i g h e r c o m p a r e d w i t h 7 k W p s y s t e m . U p t o t e n p e r c e n t m o r e n o m i n a l p o w e r a n d
s u m m e r y i e l d c a n b e a c h i e v e d w i t h z e r o d e g r e e i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e s y s t e m .
6 . 4 U s i n g S o l a r T h e r m a l E n e r g y
L i k e U c a r
1 6 4
e t a l . p o i n t e d o u t , s o l a r e n e r g y i s t h e m o s t p r o m i s i n g s o u r c e o f e n e r g y f o r
T u r k e y b e c a u s e o f i t s c l i m a t e . H o w e v e r , s o l a r t h e r m a l i s o n l y u s e d d i r e c t l y t o a s m a l l e x t e n t
i n T u r k e y . T h e r e f o r e , t h e w i d e r u s a g e o f s o l a r e n e r g y f o r r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g h e a t i n g h a s
b e c o m e m o r e i m p o r t a n t f o r t a c k l i n g e n e r g y i s s u e s . T h i s s t a t e m e n t i s a n a l y z e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n
i n r e g a r d t o t h e B e s t - C a s e h o u s e .
6 . 4 . 1 S p a c e h e a t i n g w i t h s o l a r t h e r m a l e n e r g y
S o l a r t h e r m a l e n e r g y i s g e n e r a l l y a v a i l a b l e u p t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 2 0 C f o r t h e n e e d s b y
l o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e . T h i s m a k e s s u c h s y s t e m s s u i t a b l e f o r s u p p l y i n g h e a t i n g e n e r g y
d e m a n d . U s u a l l y , u p t o 2 5 p e r c e n t o f h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d s h a l l b e c o v e r e d b y s o l a r
a s s i s t e d s y s t e m s
1 6 5
. A o n e h u n d r e d p e r c e n t t o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n i s t h e o r e t i c a l l y p o s s i b l e . T h e
r e a s o n a b l e t a r g e t f o r B o d r u m i s o v e r 9 0 p e r c e n t . L o w o p e r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d h e a t i n g
d e m a n d a r e a d v a n t a g e o u s f o r s y s t e m s w i t h h i g h s o l a r f r a c t i o n r e g a r d i n g e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y a n d
e c o n o m y
1 6 6
.
6 . 4 . 1 . 1 S i m u l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e o f s o l a r a s s i s t e d h e a t i n g s y s t e m s
T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n r e g a r d t o s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m s a r e t h e w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s .
W e a t h e r d a t a i n p u t s u s e d b y t h e s i m u l a t i o n s r u n b y T - S O L P r o 4 . 5 a r e b a s e d o n a n i n t e g r a t e d
s i m u l a t i o n e n v i r o n m e n t I N S E L

. D e t a i l s a b o u t t h e s o f t w a r e c a n b e f o u n d i n t h e a p p e n d i x .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r e a r e n u m e r o u s f a c t o r s , w h i c h i n f l u e n c e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f s o l a r a s s i s t e d
h e a t i n g s y s t e m s . T h e s e a r e g e n e r a l l y r e l a t e d t o m e c h a n i c a l o r p h y s i c a l f a c t o r s . T h e y a r e k e p t


I N S E L i s a s o f t w a r e t o u n d e r s t a n d , p l a n , m o n i t o r , a n d v i s u a l i z e e n e r g y s y s t e m s . F o r t h i s p u r p o s e , I N S E L p r o v i d e s s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t f u n c t i o n s a s b l o c k s f o r t h e s i m u l a t i o n o f
m e t e o r o l o g i c a l d a t a , e l e c t r i c a l a n d t h e r m a l e n e r g y c o m p o n e n t s , w h i c h c a n b e i n t e r c o n n e c t e d t o a c o n c r e t e s o l u t i o n o f a s i m u l a t i o n p r o b l e m .

w w w . i n s e l d i . c o m



1 2 9
S y s t e m s w i t h m o n o c r y s t a l l i n e c e l l s h a v e a p p r o x i m a t e l y a 1 3 t o 1 4 p e r c e n t l e s s s u r f a c e
c o m p a r e d t o s y s t e m s w i t h p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e c e l l s .
M o r e o v e r , a s i m u l a t i o n i s r u n w i t h a n a n n u a l y i e l d o f 1 1 . 8 M W h , w h i c h l e a d s t o s i m i l a r
o u t p u t s . T h e n o m i n a l p o w e r b y t h i s s y s t e m i s 7 . 7 k W p . T h e s u m m e r y i e l d i s a b o u t t e n p e r
c e n t h i g h e r c o m p a r e d w i t h 7 k W p s y s t e m . U p t o t e n p e r c e n t m o r e n o m i n a l p o w e r a n d
s u m m e r y i e l d c a n b e a c h i e v e d w i t h z e r o d e g r e e i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e s y s t e m .
6 . 4 U s i n g S o l a r T h e r m a l E n e r g y
L i k e U c a r
1 6 4
e t a l . p o i n t e d o u t , s o l a r e n e r g y i s t h e m o s t p r o m i s i n g s o u r c e o f e n e r g y f o r
T u r k e y b e c a u s e o f i t s c l i m a t e . H o w e v e r , s o l a r t h e r m a l i s o n l y u s e d d i r e c t l y t o a s m a l l e x t e n t
i n T u r k e y . T h e r e f o r e , t h e w i d e r u s a g e o f s o l a r e n e r g y f o r r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g h e a t i n g h a s
b e c o m e m o r e i m p o r t a n t f o r t a c k l i n g e n e r g y i s s u e s . T h i s s t a t e m e n t i s a n a l y z e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n
i n r e g a r d t o t h e B e s t - C a s e h o u s e .
6 . 4 . 1 S p a c e h e a t i n g w i t h s o l a r t h e r m a l e n e r g y
S o l a r t h e r m a l e n e r g y i s g e n e r a l l y a v a i l a b l e u p t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 2 0 C f o r t h e n e e d s b y
l o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e . T h i s m a k e s s u c h s y s t e m s s u i t a b l e f o r s u p p l y i n g h e a t i n g e n e r g y
d e m a n d . U s u a l l y , u p t o 2 5 p e r c e n t o f h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d s h a l l b e c o v e r e d b y s o l a r
a s s i s t e d s y s t e m s
1 6 5
. A o n e h u n d r e d p e r c e n t t o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n i s t h e o r e t i c a l l y p o s s i b l e . T h e
r e a s o n a b l e t a r g e t f o r B o d r u m i s o v e r 9 0 p e r c e n t . L o w o p e r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d h e a t i n g
d e m a n d a r e a d v a n t a g e o u s f o r s y s t e m s w i t h h i g h s o l a r f r a c t i o n r e g a r d i n g e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y a n d
e c o n o m y
1 6 6
.
6 . 4 . 1 . 1 S i m u l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e o f s o l a r a s s i s t e d h e a t i n g s y s t e m s
T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n r e g a r d t o s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m s a r e t h e w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s .
W e a t h e r d a t a i n p u t s u s e d b y t h e s i m u l a t i o n s r u n b y T - S O L P r o 4 . 5 a r e b a s e d o n a n i n t e g r a t e d
s i m u l a t i o n e n v i r o n m e n t I N S E L

. D e t a i l s a b o u t t h e s o f t w a r e c a n b e f o u n d i n t h e a p p e n d i x .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r e a r e n u m e r o u s f a c t o r s , w h i c h i n f l u e n c e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f s o l a r a s s i s t e d
h e a t i n g s y s t e m s . T h e s e a r e g e n e r a l l y r e l a t e d t o m e c h a n i c a l o r p h y s i c a l f a c t o r s . T h e y a r e k e p t


I N S E L i s a s o f t w a r e t o u n d e r s t a n d , p l a n , m o n i t o r , a n d v i s u a l i z e e n e r g y s y s t e m s . F o r t h i s p u r p o s e , I N S E L p r o v i d e s s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t f u n c t i o n s a s b l o c k s f o r t h e s i m u l a t i o n o f
m e t e o r o l o g i c a l d a t a , e l e c t r i c a l a n d t h e r m a l e n e r g y c o m p o n e n t s , w h i c h c a n b e i n t e r c o n n e c t e d t o a c o n c r e t e s o l u t i o n o f a s i m u l a t i o n p r o b l e m .

w w w . i n s e l d i . c o m



129
Systems with monocrystalline cells have approximately a 13 to 14 per cent less surface
compared to systems with polycrystalline cells.
Moreover, a simulation is run with an annual yield of 11.8 MWh, which leads to similar
outputs. The nominal power by this system is 7.7 kWp. The summer yield is about ten per
cent higher compared with 7 kWp system. Up to ten per cent more nominal power and
summer yield can be achieved with zero degree inclination of the system.
6.4 Using Solar Thermal Energy
Like Ucar
164
et al. pointed out, solar energy is the most promising source of energy for
Turkey because of its climate. However, solar thermal is only used directly to a small extent
in Turkey. Therefore, the wider usage of solar energy for residential building heating has
become more important for tackling energy issues. This statement is analyzed in this section
in regard to the Best-Case house.
6.4.1 Space heating with solar thermal energy
Solar thermal energy is generally available up to approximately 120 C for the needs by
low temperature range. This makes such systems suitable for supplying heating energy
demand. Usually, up to 25 per cent of heating energy demand shall be covered by solar
assisted systems
165
. A one hundred per cent total solar fraction is theoretically possible. The
reasonable target for Bodrum is over 90 per cent. Low operating temperatures and heating
demand are advantageous for systems with high solar fraction regarding energy efficiency and
economy
166
.
6.4.1.1 Simulation procedure of solar assisted heating systems
The most important factor in regard to solar thermal systems are the weather conditions.
Weather data inputs used by the simulations run by T-SOL Pro 4.5 are based on an integrated
simulation environment INSEL

. Details about the software can be found in the appendix.


Furthermore, there are numerous factors, which influence the efficiency of solar assisted
heating systems. These are generally related to mechanical or physical factors. They are kept


INSEL is a software to understand, plan, monitor, and visualize energy systems. For this purpose, INSEL provides state-of-the-art functions as blocks for the simulation of
meteorological data, electrical and thermal energy components, which can be interconnected to a concrete solution of a simulation problem.

www.inseldi.com



129
Systems with monocrystalline cells have approximately a 13 to 14 per cent less surface
compared to systems with polycrystalline cells.
Moreover, a simulation is run with an annual yield of 11.8 MWh, which leads to similar
outputs. The nominal power by this system is 7.7 kWp. The summer yield is about ten per
cent higher compared with 7 kWp system. Up to ten per cent more nominal power and
summer yield can be achieved with zero degree inclination of the system.
6.4 Using Solar Thermal Energy
Like Ucar
164
et al. pointed out, solar energy is the most promising source of energy for
Turkey because of its climate. However, solar thermal is only used directly to a small extent
in Turkey. Therefore, the wider usage of solar energy for residential building heating has
become more important for tackling energy issues. This statement is analyzed in this section
in regard to the Best-Case house.
6.4.1 Space heating with solar thermal energy
Solar thermal energy is generally available up to approximately 120 C for the needs by
low temperature range. This makes such systems suitable for supplying heating energy
demand. Usually, up to 25 per cent of heating energy demand shall be covered by solar
assisted systems
165
. A one hundred per cent total solar fraction is theoretically possible. The
reasonable target for Bodrum is over 90 per cent. Low operating temperatures and heating
demand are advantageous for systems with high solar fraction regarding energy efficiency and
economy
166
.
6.4.1.1 Simulation procedure of solar assisted heating systems
The most important factor in regard to solar thermal systems are the weather conditions.
Weather data inputs used by the simulations run by T-SOL Pro 4.5 are based on an integrated
simulation environment INSEL

. Details about the software can be found in the appendix.


Furthermore, there are numerous factors, which influence the efficiency of solar assisted
heating systems. These are generally related to mechanical or physical factors. They are kept


INSEL is a software to understand, plan, monitor, and visualize energy systems. For this purpose, INSEL provides state-of-the-art functions as blocks for the simulation of
meteorological data, electrical and thermal energy components, which can be interconnected to a concrete solution of a simulation problem.

www.inseldi.com



130
by optimum or standard values within the simulations, since they have no influence on
architectural appearance. Factors related to the array, like inclination, orientation, and size, are
considered as visible factors. They have a significant affect on the visual appearance of the
buildings and simultaneously influence the efficiency and performance of the system.
In addition to technical and visual variations, simulations are run for Best-Case option with
basement (BC
w
) and Bodrum Basic House with basement and winter garden (BBH
wk
). These
examples have different heating loads and consequently heating demands. The cooling loads
of the BC
w
and BBH
wk
are 4.61 kW and 6.25 kW respectively. Heating energy demand of the
BC
k
is 13.11 kWh/m
2
. Whereas, it is 16.78 kWh/m
2
by the BBH
wk
. Other variation such as
Attached House and Holiday House, are not integrated to the heating simulations. To cover
the heating energy through solar thermal system for even an optimized version of these types
is not economically efficient.
6.4.1.2 Technical Parameters
Operation time: Simulation results by DesignBuilder about heating energy demand showed
that no heating energy is required between April and October. The heating system is designed
for the months, when heating energy is required.
Temperature: The design temperature is set to be 22 C. The room temperature is designed
to sink to 20 C at night between 23 p.m. and 08 a.m.
Collector: Southern orientation is used for fixed component by all simulations as azimuth
angle. 90 C for faade, as well as 0 C and 30 C for roof and fixed shading components are
used as inclination options. Flat plate collectors are chosen as collector type due to high solar
radiation rates. Vacuum-tube collectors are also simulated for comparison purposes.
Auxiliary heating: An electrical heater with 3-7 kW capacity is chosen as auxiliary heat
supplier. Depending on the return temperature, the efficiency of the electrical heater is 95 per
cent.


130
by optimum or standard values within the simulations, since they have no influence on
architectural appearance. Factors related to the array, like inclination, orientation, and size, are
considered as visible factors. They have a significant affect on the visual appearance of the
buildings and simultaneously influence the efficiency and performance of the system.
In addition to technical and visual variations, simulations are run for Best-Case option with
basement (BC
w
) and Bodrum Basic House with basement and winter garden (BBH
wk
). These
examples have different heating loads and consequently heating demands. The cooling loads
of the BC
w
and BBH
wk
are 4.61 kW and 6.25 kW respectively. Heating energy demand of the
BC
k
is 13.11 kWh/m
2
. Whereas, it is 16.78 kWh/m
2
by the BBH
wk
. Other variation such as
Attached House and Holiday House, are not integrated to the heating simulations. To cover
the heating energy through solar thermal system for even an optimized version of these types
is not economically efficient.
6.4.1.2 Technical Parameters
Operation time: Simulation results by DesignBuilder about heating energy demand showed
that no heating energy is required between April and October. The heating system is designed
for the months, when heating energy is required.
Temperature: The design temperature is set to be 22 C. The room temperature is designed
to sink to 20 C at night between 23 p.m. and 08 a.m.
Collector: Southern orientation is used for fixed component by all simulations as azimuth
angle. 90 C for faade, as well as 0 C and 30 C for roof and fixed shading components are
used as inclination options. Flat plate collectors are chosen as collector type due to high solar
radiation rates. Vacuum-tube collectors are also simulated for comparison purposes.
Auxiliary heating: An electrical heater with 3-7 kW capacity is chosen as auxiliary heat
supplier. Depending on the return temperature, the efficiency of the electrical heater is 95 per
cent.


1 3 0
b y o p t i m u m o r s t a n d a r d v a l u e s w i t h i n t h e s i m u l a t i o n s , s i n c e t h e y h a v e n o i n f l u e n c e o n
a r c h i t e c t u r a l a p p e a r a n c e . F a c t o r s r e l a t e d t o t h e a r r a y , l i k e i n c l i n a t i o n , o r i e n t a t i o n , a n d s i z e , a r e
c o n s i d e r e d a s v i s i b l e f a c t o r s . T h e y h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t a f f e c t o n t h e v i s u a l a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e
b u i l d i n g s a n d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y i n f l u e n c e t h e e f f i c i e n c y a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s y s t e m .
I n a d d i t i o n t o t e c h n i c a l a n d v i s u a l v a r i a t i o n s , s i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n f o r B e s t - C a s e o p t i o n w i t h
b a s e m e n t ( B C
w
) a n d B o d r u m B a s i c H o u s e w i t h b a s e m e n t a n d w i n t e r g a r d e n ( B B H
w k
) . T h e s e
e x a m p l e s h a v e d i f f e r e n t h e a t i n g l o a d s a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y h e a t i n g d e m a n d s . T h e c o o l i n g l o a d s
o f t h e B C
w
a n d B B H
w k
a r e 4 . 6 1 k W a n d 6 . 2 5 k W r e s p e c t i v e l y . H e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d o f t h e
B C
k
i s 1 3 . 1 1 k W h / m
2
. W h e r e a s , i t i s 1 6 . 7 8 k W h / m
2
b y t h e B B H
w k
. O t h e r v a r i a t i o n s u c h a s
A t t a c h e d H o u s e a n d H o l i d a y H o u s e , a r e n o t i n t e g r a t e d t o t h e h e a t i n g s i m u l a t i o n s . T o c o v e r
t h e h e a t i n g e n e r g y t h r o u g h s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m f o r e v e n a n o p t i m i z e d v e r s i o n o f t h e s e t y p e s
i s n o t e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t .
6 . 4 . 1 . 2 T e c h n i c a l P a r a m e t e r s
O p e r a t i o n t i m e : S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s b y D e s i g n B u i l d e r a b o u t h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d s h o w e d
t h a t n o h e a t i n g e n e r g y i s r e q u i r e d b e t w e e n A p r i l a n d O c t o b e r . T h e h e a t i n g s y s t e m i s d e s i g n e d
f o r t h e m o n t h s , w h e n h e a t i n g e n e r g y i s r e q u i r e d .
T e m p e r a t u r e : T h e d e s i g n t e m p e r a t u r e i s s e t t o b e 2 2 C . T h e r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e i s d e s i g n e d
t o s i n k t o 2 0 C a t n i g h t b e t w e e n 2 3 p . m . a n d 0 8 a . m .
C o l l e c t o r : S o u t h e r n o r i e n t a t i o n i s u s e d f o r f i x e d c o m p o n e n t b y a l l s i m u l a t i o n s a s a z i m u t h
a n g l e . 9 0 C f o r f a a d e , a s w e l l a s 0 C a n d 3 0 C f o r r o o f a n d f i x e d s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t s a r e
u s e d a s i n c l i n a t i o n o p t i o n s . F l a t p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s a r e c h o s e n a s c o l l e c t o r t y p e d u e t o h i g h s o l a r
r a d i a t i o n r a t e s . V a c u u m - t u b e c o l l e c t o r s a r e a l s o s i m u l a t e d f o r c o m p a r i s o n p u r p o s e s .
A u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g : A n e l e c t r i c a l h e a t e r w i t h 3 - 7 k W c a p a c i t y i s c h o s e n a s a u x i l i a r y h e a t
s u p p l i e r . D e p e n d i n g o n t h e r e t u r n t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e e l e c t r i c a l h e a t e r i s 9 5 p e r
c e n t .


1 3 0
b y o p t i m u m o r s t a n d a r d v a l u e s w i t h i n t h e s i m u l a t i o n s , s i n c e t h e y h a v e n o i n f l u e n c e o n
a r c h i t e c t u r a l a p p e a r a n c e . F a c t o r s r e l a t e d t o t h e a r r a y , l i k e i n c l i n a t i o n , o r i e n t a t i o n , a n d s i z e , a r e
c o n s i d e r e d a s v i s i b l e f a c t o r s . T h e y h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t a f f e c t o n t h e v i s u a l a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e
b u i l d i n g s a n d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y i n f l u e n c e t h e e f f i c i e n c y a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s y s t e m .
I n a d d i t i o n t o t e c h n i c a l a n d v i s u a l v a r i a t i o n s , s i m u l a t i o n s a r e r u n f o r B e s t - C a s e o p t i o n w i t h
b a s e m e n t ( B C
w
) a n d B o d r u m B a s i c H o u s e w i t h b a s e m e n t a n d w i n t e r g a r d e n ( B B H
w k
) . T h e s e
e x a m p l e s h a v e d i f f e r e n t h e a t i n g l o a d s a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y h e a t i n g d e m a n d s . T h e c o o l i n g l o a d s
o f t h e B C
w
a n d B B H
w k
a r e 4 . 6 1 k W a n d 6 . 2 5 k W r e s p e c t i v e l y . H e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d o f t h e
B C
k
i s 1 3 . 1 1 k W h / m
2
. W h e r e a s , i t i s 1 6 . 7 8 k W h / m
2
b y t h e B B H
w k
. O t h e r v a r i a t i o n s u c h a s
A t t a c h e d H o u s e a n d H o l i d a y H o u s e , a r e n o t i n t e g r a t e d t o t h e h e a t i n g s i m u l a t i o n s . T o c o v e r
t h e h e a t i n g e n e r g y t h r o u g h s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m f o r e v e n a n o p t i m i z e d v e r s i o n o f t h e s e t y p e s
i s n o t e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t .
6 . 4 . 1 . 2 T e c h n i c a l P a r a m e t e r s
O p e r a t i o n t i m e : S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s b y D e s i g n B u i l d e r a b o u t h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d s h o w e d
t h a t n o h e a t i n g e n e r g y i s r e q u i r e d b e t w e e n A p r i l a n d O c t o b e r . T h e h e a t i n g s y s t e m i s d e s i g n e d
f o r t h e m o n t h s , w h e n h e a t i n g e n e r g y i s r e q u i r e d .
T e m p e r a t u r e : T h e d e s i g n t e m p e r a t u r e i s s e t t o b e 2 2 C . T h e r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e i s d e s i g n e d
t o s i n k t o 2 0 C a t n i g h t b e t w e e n 2 3 p . m . a n d 0 8 a . m .
C o l l e c t o r : S o u t h e r n o r i e n t a t i o n i s u s e d f o r f i x e d c o m p o n e n t b y a l l s i m u l a t i o n s a s a z i m u t h
a n g l e . 9 0 C f o r f a a d e , a s w e l l a s 0 C a n d 3 0 C f o r r o o f a n d f i x e d s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t s a r e
u s e d a s i n c l i n a t i o n o p t i o n s . F l a t p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s a r e c h o s e n a s c o l l e c t o r t y p e d u e t o h i g h s o l a r
r a d i a t i o n r a t e s . V a c u u m - t u b e c o l l e c t o r s a r e a l s o s i m u l a t e d f o r c o m p a r i s o n p u r p o s e s .
A u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g : A n e l e c t r i c a l h e a t e r w i t h 3 - 7 k W c a p a c i t y i s c h o s e n a s a u x i l i a r y h e a t
s u p p l i e r . D e p e n d i n g o n t h e r e t u r n t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e e l e c t r i c a l h e a t e r i s 9 5 p e r
c e n t .

1 3 1

F i g u r e 2 5 H e a t i n g S y s t e m A l t e r n a t i v e f o r B o d r u m
6 . 4 . 2 S i m u l a t i o n e v a l u a t i o n s o f h e a t i n g s y s t e m s f o r B o d r u m
6 . 4 . 2 . 1 D e f i n i t i o n o f c o m p a r e d v a l u e s
T h e d e f i n i t i o n s , w h i c h a r e u s e d b y c o m p a r i s o n s o f t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s , a r e d e s c r i b e d a s
f o l l o w :
G r o s s s u r f a c e a r e a : T h e g r o s s s u r f a c e a r e a i s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e e x t e r n a l m e a s u r e m e n t s
o f t h e c o l l e c t o r .
A c t i v e s o l a r s u r f a c e : T h e s p e c i f i c c o l l e c t o r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e u s u a l l y n o t r e l a t e d t o t h e
g r o s s s u r f a c e a r e a , b u t t o t h e a c t i v e s o l a r s u r f a c e , w h i c h i s t a k e n f r o m t h e t e s t r e p o r t p r o v i d e d
b y a t e s t i n g c e n t r e . F o r f l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s t h e a c t i v e s o l a r s u r f a c e i s , d e p e n d i n g o n t h e
t e s t i n g c e n t r e , e i t h e r t h e a b s o r b e r a r e a o r t h e a p e r t u r e a r e a . I n r e g a r d t o e v a c u a t e d t u b e
c o l l e c t o r s ( e . g . w i t h m i r r o r c o n s t r u c t i o n s w i t h v e r t i c a l l y - s t a n d i n g a b s o r b e r s ) t h e a c t i v e s o l a r
s u r f a c e i s o f t e n a p u r e l y t h e o r e t i c a l v a l u e .

1 3 1

F i g u r e 2 5 H e a t i n g S y s t e m A l t e r n a t i v e f o r B o d r u m
6 . 4 . 2 S i m u l a t i o n e v a l u a t i o n s o f h e a t i n g s y s t e m s f o r B o d r u m
6 . 4 . 2 . 1 D e f i n i t i o n o f c o m p a r e d v a l u e s
T h e d e f i n i t i o n s , w h i c h a r e u s e d b y c o m p a r i s o n s o f t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s , a r e d e s c r i b e d a s
f o l l o w :
G r o s s s u r f a c e a r e a : T h e g r o s s s u r f a c e a r e a i s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e e x t e r n a l m e a s u r e m e n t s
o f t h e c o l l e c t o r .
A c t i v e s o l a r s u r f a c e : T h e s p e c i f i c c o l l e c t o r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e u s u a l l y n o t r e l a t e d t o t h e
g r o s s s u r f a c e a r e a , b u t t o t h e a c t i v e s o l a r s u r f a c e , w h i c h i s t a k e n f r o m t h e t e s t r e p o r t p r o v i d e d
b y a t e s t i n g c e n t r e . F o r f l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s t h e a c t i v e s o l a r s u r f a c e i s , d e p e n d i n g o n t h e
t e s t i n g c e n t r e , e i t h e r t h e a b s o r b e r a r e a o r t h e a p e r t u r e a r e a . I n r e g a r d t o e v a c u a t e d t u b e
c o l l e c t o r s ( e . g . w i t h m i r r o r c o n s t r u c t i o n s w i t h v e r t i c a l l y - s t a n d i n g a b s o r b e r s ) t h e a c t i v e s o l a r
s u r f a c e i s o f t e n a p u r e l y t h e o r e t i c a l v a l u e .

131

Figure 25 Heating System Alternative for Bodrum
6.4.2 Simulation evaluations of heating systems for Bodrum
6.4.2.1 Definition of compared values
The definitions, which are used by comparisons of the simulation results, are described as
follow:
Gross surface area: The gross surface area is calculated from the external measurements
of the collector.
Active solar surface: The specific collector characteristics are usually not related to the
gross surface area, but to the active solar surface, which is taken from the test report provided
by a testing centre. For flat-plate collectors the active solar surface is, depending on the
testing centre, either the absorber area or the aperture area. In regard to evacuated tube
collectors (e.g. with mirror constructions with vertically-standing absorbers) the active solar
surface is often a purely theoretical value.

131

Figure 25 Heating System Alternative for Bodrum
6.4.2 Simulation evaluations of heating systems for Bodrum
6.4.2.1 Definition of compared values
The definitions, which are used by comparisons of the simulation results, are described as
follow:
Gross surface area: The gross surface area is calculated from the external measurements
of the collector.
Active solar surface: The specific collector characteristics are usually not related to the
gross surface area, but to the active solar surface, which is taken from the test report provided
by a testing centre. For flat-plate collectors the active solar surface is, depending on the
testing centre, either the absorber area or the aperture area. In regard to evacuated tube
collectors (e.g. with mirror constructions with vertically-standing absorbers) the active solar
surface is often a purely theoretical value.


132
Total solar fraction: Total solar fraction describes the proportion of energy transmitted by
the solar system to the standby tank against the total amount of energy transmitted to the
standby tank (from the solar system and auxiliary heating).
Fractional energy savings: It describes how the available solar energy is converted, using
the respective auxiliary heating efficiency, to give the corresponding primary energy
equivalent.
Auxiliary heating: Auxiliary heating ensures that even when there is insufficient
irradiation, the desired tank temperature is reached and that, for systems with space heating,
the heating loops receive a sufficient supply. Auxiliary heating usually refers to the boiler,
and consequently describes the non-solar contribution to the load.
CO
2
emissions: This value gives the specific CO
2
emissions for the fuel when burnt. It
allows a direct comparison to be made between fuels, as the emissions are related to the
energy content and not the mass.
6.4.2.2 Collector related parameters
a) Type of the collector:
Both flat-plate and evacuated
tube collectors are simulated to
identify the optimum system
size. Both of the collectors are
from the German company
Wagner &Co. The flat-plate
collector type is the EURO C20
AR and the evacuated tube
collectors are from the type
VACO CP7.
In addition to appearance, the
most important difference
between these two types is the
size of their surface areas. Due to
Collector
flat-plate evacuated tube
Type Euro C20 AR VACO CP7
System surface area m2 5.2 2.6
Gross surface area m2 2.6 1.29
Active solar surface m2 2.37 0.80
Specific heat capacity Ws/m2K 4,677 6.155
Thermal trans. Co. W/m2K 3.37 1.016
Thermal trans. Co. W/m2K2 0.0104 0.002
Coversation factor 85.4 64.5
Modifier 50
o
from vertical 0.97 0.89
Table 23 Comparison of Flat-plate and Evacuated Tube Collector
Characterisics


132
Total solar fraction: Total solar fraction describes the proportion of energy transmitted by
the solar system to the standby tank against the total amount of energy transmitted to the
standby tank (from the solar system and auxiliary heating).
Fractional energy savings: It describes how the available solar energy is converted, using
the respective auxiliary heating efficiency, to give the corresponding primary energy
equivalent.
Auxiliary heating: Auxiliary heating ensures that even when there is insufficient
irradiation, the desired tank temperature is reached and that, for systems with space heating,
the heating loops receive a sufficient supply. Auxiliary heating usually refers to the boiler,
and consequently describes the non-solar contribution to the load.
CO
2
emissions: This value gives the specific CO
2
emissions for the fuel when burnt. It
allows a direct comparison to be made between fuels, as the emissions are related to the
energy content and not the mass.
6.4.2.2 Collector related parameters
a) Type of the collector:
Both flat-plate and evacuated
tube collectors are simulated to
identify the optimum system
size. Both of the collectors are
from the German company
Wagner &Co. The flat-plate
collector type is the EURO C20
AR and the evacuated tube
collectors are from the type
VACO CP7.
In addition to appearance, the
most important difference
between these two types is the
size of their surface areas. Due to
Collector
flat-plate evacuated tube
Type Euro C20 AR VACO CP7
System surface area m2 5.2 2.6
Gross surface area m2 2.6 1.29
Active solar surface m2 2.37 0.80
Specific heat capacity Ws/m2K 4,677 6.155
Thermal trans. Co. W/m2K 3.37 1.016
Thermal trans. Co. W/m2K2 0.0104 0.002
Coversation factor 85.4 64.5
Modifier 50
o
from vertical 0.97 0.89
Table 23 Comparison of Flat-plate and Evacuated Tube Collector
Characterisics


1 3 2
T o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n : T o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n d e s c r i b e s t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f e n e r g y t r a n s m i t t e d b y
t h e s o l a r s y s t e m t o t h e s t a n d b y t a n k a g a i n s t t h e t o t a l a m o u n t o f e n e r g y t r a n s m i t t e d t o t h e
s t a n d b y t a n k ( f r o m t h e s o l a r s y s t e m a n d a u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g ) .
F r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g s : I t d e s c r i b e s h o w t h e a v a i l a b l e s o l a r e n e r g y i s c o n v e r t e d , u s i n g
t h e r e s p e c t i v e a u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y , t o g i v e t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g p r i m a r y e n e r g y
e q u i v a l e n t .
A u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g : A u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g e n s u r e s t h a t e v e n w h e n t h e r e i s i n s u f f i c i e n t
i r r a d i a t i o n , t h e d e s i r e d t a n k t e m p e r a t u r e i s r e a c h e d a n d t h a t , f o r s y s t e m s w i t h s p a c e h e a t i n g ,
t h e h e a t i n g l o o p s r e c e i v e a s u f f i c i e n t s u p p l y . A u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g u s u a l l y r e f e r s t o t h e b o i l e r ,
a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y d e s c r i b e s t h e n o n - s o l a r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e l o a d .
C O
2
e m i s s i o n s : T h i s v a l u e g i v e s t h e s p e c i f i c C O
2
e m i s s i o n s f o r t h e f u e l w h e n b u r n t . I t
a l l o w s a d i r e c t c o m p a r i s o n t o b e m a d e b e t w e e n f u e l s , a s t h e e m i s s i o n s a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e
e n e r g y c o n t e n t a n d n o t t h e m a s s .
6 . 4 . 2 . 2 C o l l e c t o r r e l a t e d p a r a m e t e r s
a ) T y p e o f t h e c o l l e c t o r :
B o t h f l a t - p l a t e a n d e v a c u a t e d
t u b e c o l l e c t o r s a r e s i m u l a t e d t o
i d e n t i f y t h e o p t i m u m s y s t e m
s i z e . B o t h o f t h e c o l l e c t o r s a r e
f r o m t h e G e r m a n c o m p a n y
W a g n e r & C o . T h e f l a t - p l a t e
c o l l e c t o r t y p e i s t h e E U R O C 2 0
A R a n d t h e e v a c u a t e d t u b e
c o l l e c t o r s a r e f r o m t h e t y p e
V A C O C P 7 .
I n a d d i t i o n t o a p p e a r a n c e , t h e
m o s t i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e
b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o t y p e s i s t h e
s i z e o f t h e i r s u r f a c e a r e a s . D u e t o
C o l l e c t o r
f l a t - p l a t e e v a c u a t e d t u b e
T y p e E u r o C 2 0 A R V A C O C P 7
S y s t e m s u r f a c e a r e a m 2 5 . 2 2 . 6
G r o s s s u r f a c e a r e a m 2 2 . 6 1 . 2 9
A c t i v e s o l a r s u r f a c e m 2 2 . 3 7 0 . 8 0
S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y W s / m 2 K 4 , 6 7 7 6 . 1 5 5
T h e r m a l t r a n s . C o . W / m 2 K 3 . 3 7 1 . 0 1 6
T h e r m a l t r a n s . C o . W / m 2 K 2 0 . 0 1 0 4 0 . 0 0 2
C o v e r s a t i o n f a c t o r 8 5 . 4 6 4 . 5
M o d i f i e r 5 0
o
f r o m v e r t i c a l 0 . 9 7 0 . 8 9
T a b l e 2 3 C o m p a r i s o n o f F l a t - p l a t e a n d E v a c u a t e d T u b e C o l l e c t o r
C h a r a c t e r i s i c s


1 3 2
T o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n : T o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n d e s c r i b e s t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f e n e r g y t r a n s m i t t e d b y
t h e s o l a r s y s t e m t o t h e s t a n d b y t a n k a g a i n s t t h e t o t a l a m o u n t o f e n e r g y t r a n s m i t t e d t o t h e
s t a n d b y t a n k ( f r o m t h e s o l a r s y s t e m a n d a u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g ) .
F r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g s : I t d e s c r i b e s h o w t h e a v a i l a b l e s o l a r e n e r g y i s c o n v e r t e d , u s i n g
t h e r e s p e c t i v e a u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y , t o g i v e t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g p r i m a r y e n e r g y
e q u i v a l e n t .
A u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g : A u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g e n s u r e s t h a t e v e n w h e n t h e r e i s i n s u f f i c i e n t
i r r a d i a t i o n , t h e d e s i r e d t a n k t e m p e r a t u r e i s r e a c h e d a n d t h a t , f o r s y s t e m s w i t h s p a c e h e a t i n g ,
t h e h e a t i n g l o o p s r e c e i v e a s u f f i c i e n t s u p p l y . A u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g u s u a l l y r e f e r s t o t h e b o i l e r ,
a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y d e s c r i b e s t h e n o n - s o l a r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e l o a d .
C O
2
e m i s s i o n s : T h i s v a l u e g i v e s t h e s p e c i f i c C O
2
e m i s s i o n s f o r t h e f u e l w h e n b u r n t . I t
a l l o w s a d i r e c t c o m p a r i s o n t o b e m a d e b e t w e e n f u e l s , a s t h e e m i s s i o n s a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e
e n e r g y c o n t e n t a n d n o t t h e m a s s .
6 . 4 . 2 . 2 C o l l e c t o r r e l a t e d p a r a m e t e r s
a ) T y p e o f t h e c o l l e c t o r :
B o t h f l a t - p l a t e a n d e v a c u a t e d
t u b e c o l l e c t o r s a r e s i m u l a t e d t o
i d e n t i f y t h e o p t i m u m s y s t e m
s i z e . B o t h o f t h e c o l l e c t o r s a r e
f r o m t h e G e r m a n c o m p a n y
W a g n e r & C o . T h e f l a t - p l a t e
c o l l e c t o r t y p e i s t h e E U R O C 2 0
A R a n d t h e e v a c u a t e d t u b e
c o l l e c t o r s a r e f r o m t h e t y p e
V A C O C P 7 .
I n a d d i t i o n t o a p p e a r a n c e , t h e
m o s t i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e
b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o t y p e s i s t h e
s i z e o f t h e i r s u r f a c e a r e a s . D u e t o
C o l l e c t o r
f l a t - p l a t e e v a c u a t e d t u b e
T y p e E u r o C 2 0 A R V A C O C P 7
S y s t e m s u r f a c e a r e a m 2 5 . 2 2 . 6
G r o s s s u r f a c e a r e a m 2 2 . 6 1 . 2 9
A c t i v e s o l a r s u r f a c e m 2 2 . 3 7 0 . 8 0
S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y W s / m 2 K 4 , 6 7 7 6 . 1 5 5
T h e r m a l t r a n s . C o . W / m 2 K 3 . 3 7 1 . 0 1 6
T h e r m a l t r a n s . C o . W / m 2 K 2 0 . 0 1 0 4 0 . 0 0 2
C o v e r s a t i o n f a c t o r 8 5 . 4 6 4 . 5
M o d i f i e r 5 0
o
f r o m v e r t i c a l 0 . 9 7 0 . 8 9
T a b l e 2 3 C o m p a r i s o n o f F l a t - p l a t e a n d E v a c u a t e d T u b e C o l l e c t o r
C h a r a c t e r i s i c s


1 3 3
t e c h n i c a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s , s i m i l a r e f f i c i e n c y c a n b e a c h i e v e d w i t h e v a c u a t e d - t u b e s y s t e m w i t h
s m a l l e r c o l l e c t o r a r e a c o m p a r e d w i t h f l a t - p l a t e s y s t e m s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , e v a c u a t e d t u b e
c o l l e c t o r s a r e m o r e e x p e n s i v e t h a n f l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s .
U n i t S y s t e m N u m b e r
1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9
s y s t e m s u r f a c e a r e a m
2
1 8 . 2 1 9 . 5 2 0 . 8 2 2 . 1 2 3 . 4 2 4 . 7
a c t i v e s o l a r s u r f a c e m
2
1 1 . 2 1 2 . 0 1 2 . 8 1 3 . 6 1 4 . 4 1 5 . 2
t o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n % 9 3 . 6 9 4 . 7 9 5 . 7 9 6 . 4 9 7 . 0 9 7 . 5
f r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g % 8 2 . 9 8 5 . 8 8 6 . 4 9 0 . 0 9 1 . 7 9 3 . 0
s y s t e m e f f i c i e n c y % 2 1 . 4 2 0 . 4 1 9 . 4 0 1 8 . 5 1 7 . 8 1 7 . 0
a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y k W 4 5 0 3 7 5 3 0 7 2 6 4 2 1 8 1 8 4
T h e s e l e c t e d e v a c u a t e d t u b e s y s t e m h a s 1 . 5 m
2
l e s s g r o s s s u r f a c e t h a n t h e r e s p e c t i v e f l a t -
p l a t e s y s t e m , w h i c h h a s t h e s a m e o u t p u t . T h e f l a t - p l a t e s y s t e m n e e d s 2 3 . 5 m
2
t o p r o d u c e t h e
s a m e o u t p u t . M o r e d e t a i l s a r e g i v e n i n f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , e v a c u a t e d c o l l e c t o r s
c a n a c h i e v e h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s c o m p a r e d w i t h f l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h i s i s n o t
n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m .
b ) C o l l e c t o r s i z i n g :
T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n t e r m s o f a r c h i t e c t u r a l p a r a m e t e r s i s t h e t o t a l s u r f a c e a r e a o f
t h e c o l l e c t o r a r r a y s . T h e s y s t e m s i z e i s c a l c u l a t e d f o r b o t h B B H a n d B C
k
. T h e t a b l e b e l o w
s h o w s t h e d i f f e r e n c e s f o r s y s t e m s w i t h s i m i l a r e n e r g e t i c v a l u e s . T h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e h e a t i n g
d e m a n d b y t h e B e s t - C a s e h o u s e s h o w s a n e f f e c t o n t h e s y s t e m s i z e . T h e B B H n e e d s a p p .
e i g h t m
2
m o r e c o l l e c t o r a r r a y a r e a c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e B C
k
. T h i s i s a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e , i f
i t i s c o n s i d e r e d f r o m a n a r c h i t e c t u r a l a n d e c o n o m i c a l v i e w p o i n t .
F u r t h e r m o r e , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 9 0 p e r c e n t o f f r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g c a n b e r e a l i z e d b y
m o r e t h a n 9 5 p e r c e n t t o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n . T h e g r o s s s u r f a c e a r e a o f t h o s e c o l l e c t o r a r r a y s i s
a c c e p t a b l e i n r e g a r d t o t h e r e s u l t s . 2 1 - 2 4 m
2
g r o s s s u r f a c e a r e a a c h i e v e s t h e o p t i m u m
e f f i c i e n c y f o r c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n B o d r u m . A c t i v e s o l a r s u r f a c e o f m o r e t h a n 2 6 m
2
d o e s n o t
c h a n g e t h e s o l a r f r a c t i o n s i g n i f i c a n t l y , a n d t h e e f f i c i e n c y i s r e d u c e d w i t h e v e r y a d d e d a r r a y .
T a b l e 2 4 E v a c u a t e d T u b e C o l l e c t o r S i z i n g


1 3 3
t e c h n i c a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s , s i m i l a r e f f i c i e n c y c a n b e a c h i e v e d w i t h e v a c u a t e d - t u b e s y s t e m w i t h
s m a l l e r c o l l e c t o r a r e a c o m p a r e d w i t h f l a t - p l a t e s y s t e m s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , e v a c u a t e d t u b e
c o l l e c t o r s a r e m o r e e x p e n s i v e t h a n f l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s .
U n i t S y s t e m N u m b e r
1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9
s y s t e m s u r f a c e a r e a m
2
1 8 . 2 1 9 . 5 2 0 . 8 2 2 . 1 2 3 . 4 2 4 . 7
a c t i v e s o l a r s u r f a c e m
2
1 1 . 2 1 2 . 0 1 2 . 8 1 3 . 6 1 4 . 4 1 5 . 2
t o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n % 9 3 . 6 9 4 . 7 9 5 . 7 9 6 . 4 9 7 . 0 9 7 . 5
f r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g % 8 2 . 9 8 5 . 8 8 6 . 4 9 0 . 0 9 1 . 7 9 3 . 0
s y s t e m e f f i c i e n c y % 2 1 . 4 2 0 . 4 1 9 . 4 0 1 8 . 5 1 7 . 8 1 7 . 0
a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y k W 4 5 0 3 7 5 3 0 7 2 6 4 2 1 8 1 8 4
T h e s e l e c t e d e v a c u a t e d t u b e s y s t e m h a s 1 . 5 m
2
l e s s g r o s s s u r f a c e t h a n t h e r e s p e c t i v e f l a t -
p l a t e s y s t e m , w h i c h h a s t h e s a m e o u t p u t . T h e f l a t - p l a t e s y s t e m n e e d s 2 3 . 5 m
2
t o p r o d u c e t h e
s a m e o u t p u t . M o r e d e t a i l s a r e g i v e n i n f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , e v a c u a t e d c o l l e c t o r s
c a n a c h i e v e h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s c o m p a r e d w i t h f l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h i s i s n o t
n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m .
b ) C o l l e c t o r s i z i n g :
T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n t e r m s o f a r c h i t e c t u r a l p a r a m e t e r s i s t h e t o t a l s u r f a c e a r e a o f
t h e c o l l e c t o r a r r a y s . T h e s y s t e m s i z e i s c a l c u l a t e d f o r b o t h B B H a n d B C
k
. T h e t a b l e b e l o w
s h o w s t h e d i f f e r e n c e s f o r s y s t e m s w i t h s i m i l a r e n e r g e t i c v a l u e s . T h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e h e a t i n g
d e m a n d b y t h e B e s t - C a s e h o u s e s h o w s a n e f f e c t o n t h e s y s t e m s i z e . T h e B B H n e e d s a p p .
e i g h t m
2
m o r e c o l l e c t o r a r r a y a r e a c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e B C
k
. T h i s i s a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e , i f
i t i s c o n s i d e r e d f r o m a n a r c h i t e c t u r a l a n d e c o n o m i c a l v i e w p o i n t .
F u r t h e r m o r e , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 9 0 p e r c e n t o f f r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g c a n b e r e a l i z e d b y
m o r e t h a n 9 5 p e r c e n t t o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n . T h e g r o s s s u r f a c e a r e a o f t h o s e c o l l e c t o r a r r a y s i s
a c c e p t a b l e i n r e g a r d t o t h e r e s u l t s . 2 1 - 2 4 m
2
g r o s s s u r f a c e a r e a a c h i e v e s t h e o p t i m u m
e f f i c i e n c y f o r c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n B o d r u m . A c t i v e s o l a r s u r f a c e o f m o r e t h a n 2 6 m
2
d o e s n o t
c h a n g e t h e s o l a r f r a c t i o n s i g n i f i c a n t l y , a n d t h e e f f i c i e n c y i s r e d u c e d w i t h e v e r y a d d e d a r r a y .
T a b l e 2 4 E v a c u a t e d T u b e C o l l e c t o r S i z i n g


133
technical specifications, similar efficiency can be achieved with evacuated-tube system with
smaller collector area compared with flat-plate systems. Nevertheless, evacuated tube
collectors are more expensive than flat-plate collectors.
Unit System Number
14 15 16 17 18 19
system surface area m
2
18.2 19.5 20.8 22.1 23.4 24.7
active solar surface m
2
11.2 12.0 12.8 13.6 14.4 15.2
total solar fraction % 93.6 94.7 95.7 96.4 97.0 97.5
fractional energy saving % 82.9 85.8 86.4 90.0 91.7 93.0
system efficiency % 21.4 20.4 19.40 18.5 17.8 17.0
auxiliary energy kW 450 375 307 264 218 184
The selected evacuated tube system has 1.5 m
2
less gross surface than the respective flat-
plate system, which has the same output. The flat-plate system needs 23.5 m
2
to produce the
same output. More details are given in following section. Furthermore, evacuated collectors
can achieve higher temperatures compared with flat-plate collectors. Nevertheless, this is not
necessary for the housing settlements in Bodrum.
b) Collector sizing:
The most important factor in terms of architectural parameters is the total surface area of
the collector arrays. The system size is calculated for both BBH and BC
k
. The table below
shows the differences for systems with similar energetic values. The reduction of the heating
demand by the Best-Case house shows an effect on the system size. The BBH needs app.
eight m
2
more collector array area compared with the BC
k
. This is a significant difference, if
it is considered from an architectural and economical view point.
Furthermore, approximately 90 per cent of fractional energy saving can be realized by
more than 95 per cent total solar fraction. The gross surface area of those collector arrays is
acceptable in regard to the results. 21-24 m
2
gross surface area achieves the optimum
efficiency for circumstances in Bodrum. Active solar surface of more than 26 m
2
does not
change the solar fraction significantly, and the efficiency is reduced with every added array.
Table 24 Evacuated Tube Collector Sizing


133
technical specifications, similar efficiency can be achieved with evacuated-tube system with
smaller collector area compared with flat-plate systems. Nevertheless, evacuated tube
collectors are more expensive than flat-plate collectors.
Unit System Number
14 15 16 17 18 19
system surface area m
2
18.2 19.5 20.8 22.1 23.4 24.7
active solar surface m
2
11.2 12.0 12.8 13.6 14.4 15.2
total solar fraction % 93.6 94.7 95.7 96.4 97.0 97.5
fractional energy saving % 82.9 85.8 86.4 90.0 91.7 93.0
system efficiency % 21.4 20.4 19.40 18.5 17.8 17.0
auxiliary energy kW 450 375 307 264 218 184
The selected evacuated tube system has 1.5 m
2
less gross surface than the respective flat-
plate system, which has the same output. The flat-plate system needs 23.5 m
2
to produce the
same output. More details are given in following section. Furthermore, evacuated collectors
can achieve higher temperatures compared with flat-plate collectors. Nevertheless, this is not
necessary for the housing settlements in Bodrum.
b) Collector sizing:
The most important factor in terms of architectural parameters is the total surface area of
the collector arrays. The system size is calculated for both BBH and BC
k
. The table below
shows the differences for systems with similar energetic values. The reduction of the heating
demand by the Best-Case house shows an effect on the system size. The BBH needs app.
eight m
2
more collector array area compared with the BC
k
. This is a significant difference, if
it is considered from an architectural and economical view point.
Furthermore, approximately 90 per cent of fractional energy saving can be realized by
more than 95 per cent total solar fraction. The gross surface area of those collector arrays is
acceptable in regard to the results. 21-24 m
2
gross surface area achieves the optimum
efficiency for circumstances in Bodrum. Active solar surface of more than 26 m
2
does not
change the solar fraction significantly, and the efficiency is reduced with every added array.
Table 24 Evacuated Tube Collector Sizing


134

System Number

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
gross surface area m
2
18.26 20.84 23.48 26.09 28.70 31.31 33.92 36.52
active solar surf. m
2
16.61 18.98 21.35 23.73 26.10 28.47 30.84 33.22
house type BBH BC BBH BC BBH BC BBH BC BBH BC BBH BC BBH BC BBH BC
tot. solar fract. % / 92.5 / 93.9 92.5 95.1 93.7 96 94.9 96.6 95.7 97 96.2 97.3 96.6 /
fract. energy sav. % / 80.3 / 83.9 82.8 86.9 85.4 89.2 87.8 90.7 89.7 91.8 90.8 92.6 91.9 /
system efficien. % / 19.1 / 17.2 16.8 15.7 15.5 14.3 14.5 13.2 13.5 12.3 12.5 11.4 11.8 /
Aux. energy kW / 520 / 425 582 346 493 287 411 245 349 216 310 197 274 /
Table 25 Comparison of the System Values by the BC and BBH
c) Collector orientation and inclination:
As mentioned before, collector orientation and inclination have both an influence on the
efficiency of collector arrays and architectural appearance. 0, 30, and 90 tilt angles are
used as alternatives resulted from previous simulations. The azimuth angle is kept at 0. The
table above shows that 30 C tilt angle is the best alternative for optimum system efficiency.
Whereas, fractional energy savings of faade application is reduced by 17.5 per cent to 72.6
per cent compared with an inclined use of the collectors. Horizontal use does not affect the
total solar fraction significantly. Furthermore, the system efficiency increases 6.7 per cent by
horizontal applications.
According to the simulation results,
azimuth angles between -15 and +17 have
similar specific radiation values. They are
above 2,000 kWh/m
2
. The best value is
achieved at +4 with 2,012 kWh/m
2
. This
difference has a minimum contribution on
total solar fraction. It decreases 0.1 per cent
by this azimuth angle of 4.

Tilt Angle
Azimuth (by
30 tilt angle)
0 30 90 0
4
total solar fraction % 89.3 96.3 93.6 96.3 96.4
fractional energy saving % 72.6 90.1 84.2 90.1 90.2
system efficiency % 15.4 16.1 22.8 16.1 16.1
auxiliary energy kW 722 262 418 262 260
Table 26 Affect of Inclination and Orientation on
the Heating System


134

System Number

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
gross surface area m
2
18.26 20.84 23.48 26.09 28.70 31.31 33.92 36.52
active solar surf. m
2
16.61 18.98 21.35 23.73 26.10 28.47 30.84 33.22
house type BBH BC BBH BC BBH BC BBH BC BBH BC BBH BC BBH BC BBH BC
tot. solar fract. % / 92.5 / 93.9 92.5 95.1 93.7 96 94.9 96.6 95.7 97 96.2 97.3 96.6 /
fract. energy sav. % / 80.3 / 83.9 82.8 86.9 85.4 89.2 87.8 90.7 89.7 91.8 90.8 92.6 91.9 /
system efficien. % / 19.1 / 17.2 16.8 15.7 15.5 14.3 14.5 13.2 13.5 12.3 12.5 11.4 11.8 /
Aux. energy kW / 520 / 425 582 346 493 287 411 245 349 216 310 197 274 /
Table 25 Comparison of the System Values by the BC and BBH
c) Collector orientation and inclination:
As mentioned before, collector orientation and inclination have both an influence on the
efficiency of collector arrays and architectural appearance. 0, 30, and 90 tilt angles are
used as alternatives resulted from previous simulations. The azimuth angle is kept at 0. The
table above shows that 30 C tilt angle is the best alternative for optimum system efficiency.
Whereas, fractional energy savings of faade application is reduced by 17.5 per cent to 72.6
per cent compared with an inclined use of the collectors. Horizontal use does not affect the
total solar fraction significantly. Furthermore, the system efficiency increases 6.7 per cent by
horizontal applications.
According to the simulation results,
azimuth angles between -15 and +17 have
similar specific radiation values. They are
above 2,000 kWh/m
2
. The best value is
achieved at +4 with 2,012 kWh/m
2
. This
difference has a minimum contribution on
total solar fraction. It decreases 0.1 per cent
by this azimuth angle of 4.

Tilt Angle
Azimuth (by
30 tilt angle)
0 30 90 0
4
total solar fraction % 89.3 96.3 93.6 96.3 96.4
fractional energy saving % 72.6 90.1 84.2 90.1 90.2
system efficiency % 15.4 16.1 22.8 16.1 16.1
auxiliary energy kW 722 262 418 262 260
Table 26 Affect of Inclination and Orientation on
the Heating System


1 3 4

S y s t e m N u m b e r

7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4
g r o s s s u r f a c e a r e a m
2
1 8 . 2 6 2 0 . 8 4 2 3 . 4 8 2 6 . 0 9 2 8 . 7 0 3 1 . 3 1 3 3 . 9 2 3 6 . 5 2
a c t i v e s o l a r s u r f . m
2
1 6 . 6 1 1 8 . 9 8 2 1 . 3 5 2 3 . 7 3 2 6 . 1 0 2 8 . 4 7 3 0 . 8 4 3 3 . 2 2
h o u s e t y p e B B H B C B B H B C B B H B C B B H B C B B H B C B B H B C B B H B C B B H B C
t o t . s o l a r f r a c t . % / 9 2 . 5 / 9 3 . 9 9 2 . 5 9 5 . 1 9 3 . 7 9 6 9 4 . 9 9 6 . 6 9 5 . 7 9 7 9 6 . 2 9 7 . 3 9 6 . 6 /
f r a c t . e n e r g y s a v . % / 8 0 . 3 / 8 3 . 9 8 2 . 8 8 6 . 9 8 5 . 4 8 9 . 2 8 7 . 8 9 0 . 7 8 9 . 7 9 1 . 8 9 0 . 8 9 2 . 6 9 1 . 9 /
s y s t e m e f f i c i e n . % / 1 9 . 1 / 1 7 . 2 1 6 . 8 1 5 . 7 1 5 . 5 1 4 . 3 1 4 . 5 1 3 . 2 1 3 . 5 1 2 . 3 1 2 . 5 1 1 . 4 1 1 . 8 /
A u x . e n e r g y k W / 5 2 0 / 4 2 5 5 8 2 3 4 6 4 9 3 2 8 7 4 1 1 2 4 5 3 4 9 2 1 6 3 1 0 1 9 7 2 7 4 /
T a b l e 2 5 C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e S y s t e m V a l u e s b y t h e B C a n d B B H
c ) C o l l e c t o r o r i e n t a t i o n a n d i n c l i n a t i o n :
A s m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e , c o l l e c t o r o r i e n t a t i o n a n d i n c l i n a t i o n h a v e b o t h a n i n f l u e n c e o n t h e
e f f i c i e n c y o f c o l l e c t o r a r r a y s a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l a p p e a r a n c e . 0 , 3 0 , a n d 9 0 t i l t a n g l e s a r e
u s e d a s a l t e r n a t i v e s r e s u l t e d f r o m p r e v i o u s s i m u l a t i o n s . T h e a z i m u t h a n g l e i s k e p t a t 0 . T h e
t a b l e a b o v e s h o w s t h a t 3 0 C t i l t a n g l e i s t h e b e s t a l t e r n a t i v e f o r o p t i m u m s y s t e m e f f i c i e n c y .
W h e r e a s , f r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g s o f f a a d e a p p l i c a t i o n i s r e d u c e d b y 1 7 . 5 p e r c e n t t o 7 2 . 6
p e r c e n t c o m p a r e d w i t h a n i n c l i n e d u s e o f t h e c o l l e c t o r s . H o r i z o n t a l u s e d o e s n o t a f f e c t t h e
t o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n s i g n i f i c a n t l y . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e s y s t e m e f f i c i e n c y i n c r e a s e s 6 . 7 p e r c e n t b y
h o r i z o n t a l a p p l i c a t i o n s .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s ,
a z i m u t h a n g l e s b e t w e e n - 1 5 a n d + 1 7 h a v e
s i m i l a r s p e c i f i c r a d i a t i o n v a l u e s . T h e y a r e
a b o v e 2 , 0 0 0 k W h / m
2
. T h e b e s t v a l u e i s
a c h i e v e d a t + 4 w i t h 2 , 0 1 2 k W h / m
2
. T h i s
d i f f e r e n c e h a s a m i n i m u m c o n t r i b u t i o n o n
t o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n . I t d e c r e a s e s 0 . 1 p e r c e n t
b y t h i s a z i m u t h a n g l e o f 4 .

T i l t A n g l e
A z i m u t h ( b y
3 0 t i l t a n g l e )
0 3 0 9 0 0
4
t o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n % 8 9 . 3 9 6 . 3 9 3 . 6 9 6 . 3 9 6 . 4
f r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g % 7 2 . 6 9 0 . 1 8 4 . 2 9 0 . 1 9 0 . 2
s y s t e m e f f i c i e n c y % 1 5 . 4 1 6 . 1 2 2 . 8 1 6 . 1 1 6 . 1
a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y k W 7 2 2 2 6 2 4 1 8 2 6 2 2 6 0
T a b l e 2 6 A f f e c t o f I n c l i n a t i o n a n d O r i e n t a t i o n o n
t h e H e a t i n g S y s t e m


1 3 4

S y s t e m N u m b e r

7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4
g r o s s s u r f a c e a r e a m
2
1 8 . 2 6 2 0 . 8 4 2 3 . 4 8 2 6 . 0 9 2 8 . 7 0 3 1 . 3 1 3 3 . 9 2 3 6 . 5 2
a c t i v e s o l a r s u r f . m
2
1 6 . 6 1 1 8 . 9 8 2 1 . 3 5 2 3 . 7 3 2 6 . 1 0 2 8 . 4 7 3 0 . 8 4 3 3 . 2 2
h o u s e t y p e B B H B C B B H B C B B H B C B B H B C B B H B C B B H B C B B H B C B B H B C
t o t . s o l a r f r a c t . % / 9 2 . 5 / 9 3 . 9 9 2 . 5 9 5 . 1 9 3 . 7 9 6 9 4 . 9 9 6 . 6 9 5 . 7 9 7 9 6 . 2 9 7 . 3 9 6 . 6 /
f r a c t . e n e r g y s a v . % / 8 0 . 3 / 8 3 . 9 8 2 . 8 8 6 . 9 8 5 . 4 8 9 . 2 8 7 . 8 9 0 . 7 8 9 . 7 9 1 . 8 9 0 . 8 9 2 . 6 9 1 . 9 /
s y s t e m e f f i c i e n . % / 1 9 . 1 / 1 7 . 2 1 6 . 8 1 5 . 7 1 5 . 5 1 4 . 3 1 4 . 5 1 3 . 2 1 3 . 5 1 2 . 3 1 2 . 5 1 1 . 4 1 1 . 8 /
A u x . e n e r g y k W / 5 2 0 / 4 2 5 5 8 2 3 4 6 4 9 3 2 8 7 4 1 1 2 4 5 3 4 9 2 1 6 3 1 0 1 9 7 2 7 4 /
T a b l e 2 5 C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e S y s t e m V a l u e s b y t h e B C a n d B B H
c ) C o l l e c t o r o r i e n t a t i o n a n d i n c l i n a t i o n :
A s m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e , c o l l e c t o r o r i e n t a t i o n a n d i n c l i n a t i o n h a v e b o t h a n i n f l u e n c e o n t h e
e f f i c i e n c y o f c o l l e c t o r a r r a y s a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l a p p e a r a n c e . 0 , 3 0 , a n d 9 0 t i l t a n g l e s a r e
u s e d a s a l t e r n a t i v e s r e s u l t e d f r o m p r e v i o u s s i m u l a t i o n s . T h e a z i m u t h a n g l e i s k e p t a t 0 . T h e
t a b l e a b o v e s h o w s t h a t 3 0 C t i l t a n g l e i s t h e b e s t a l t e r n a t i v e f o r o p t i m u m s y s t e m e f f i c i e n c y .
W h e r e a s , f r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g s o f f a a d e a p p l i c a t i o n i s r e d u c e d b y 1 7 . 5 p e r c e n t t o 7 2 . 6
p e r c e n t c o m p a r e d w i t h a n i n c l i n e d u s e o f t h e c o l l e c t o r s . H o r i z o n t a l u s e d o e s n o t a f f e c t t h e
t o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n s i g n i f i c a n t l y . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e s y s t e m e f f i c i e n c y i n c r e a s e s 6 . 7 p e r c e n t b y
h o r i z o n t a l a p p l i c a t i o n s .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s ,
a z i m u t h a n g l e s b e t w e e n - 1 5 a n d + 1 7 h a v e
s i m i l a r s p e c i f i c r a d i a t i o n v a l u e s . T h e y a r e
a b o v e 2 , 0 0 0 k W h / m
2
. T h e b e s t v a l u e i s
a c h i e v e d a t + 4 w i t h 2 , 0 1 2 k W h / m
2
. T h i s
d i f f e r e n c e h a s a m i n i m u m c o n t r i b u t i o n o n
t o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n . I t d e c r e a s e s 0 . 1 p e r c e n t
b y t h i s a z i m u t h a n g l e o f 4 .

T i l t A n g l e
A z i m u t h ( b y
3 0 t i l t a n g l e )
0 3 0 9 0 0
4
t o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n % 8 9 . 3 9 6 . 3 9 3 . 6 9 6 . 3 9 6 . 4
f r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g % 7 2 . 6 9 0 . 1 8 4 . 2 9 0 . 1 9 0 . 2
s y s t e m e f f i c i e n c y % 1 5 . 4 1 6 . 1 2 2 . 8 1 6 . 1 1 6 . 1
a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y k W 7 2 2 2 6 2 4 1 8 2 6 2 2 6 0
T a b l e 2 6 A f f e c t o f I n c l i n a t i o n a n d O r i e n t a t i o n o n
t h e H e a t i n g S y s t e m


1 3 5
6 . 4 . 2 . 3 H e a t i n g e l e m e n t : R a d i a t o r U n d e r f l o o r h e a t i n g
S i m u l a t i o n s a r e a l s o r u n f o r d i f f e r e n t h e a t i n g e l e m e n t s . R a d i a t o r s a n d f l o o r h e a t i n g
s y s t e m s a r e c o m p a r e d i n t e r m s o f t h e i r e n e r g e t i c e f f i c i e n c y . T h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f b o t h s y s t e m s
i s a l s o c o n s i d e r e d a s a n a l t e r n a t i v e . T a b l e 2 7 s h o w s , s o l a r a s s i s t e d u n d e r f l o o r s y s t e m s h a v e
t h e h i g h e s t v a l u e i n r e g a r d t o t o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n s . C o n v e n t i o n a l r a d i a t o r s f o r h e a t i n g b y s o l a r
a s s i s t e d s y s t e m s h a s 1 5 . 8 p e r c e n t l e s s f r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g s c o m p a r e d w i t h u n d e r f l o o r
h e a t i n g s y s t e m s . A c o m b i n a t i o n o f b o t h s y s t e m s l e a d t o o p t i m u m f r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g s
a n d t h e g r e a t e s t e f f i c i e n c y r a t e .
H e a t i n g S y s t e m
R a d i a t o r U n d e r f l o o r C o m b i n a t i o n
t o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n % 9 0 . 3 9 6 . 3 9 4 . 6
f r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g % 7 4 . 3 9 0 . 1 9 5 . 9
s y s t e m e f f i c i e n c y % 1 4 . 8 1 6 . 1 2 5 . 3
a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y k W 6 8 0 2 6 2 3 7 4
T a b l e 2 7 E f f i c i e n c y C o m p a r i s o n B e t w e e n R a d i a t o r a n d U n d e r f l o o r H e a t i n g S y s t e m s
6 . 4 . 2 . 4 S t o r a g e t a n k a n d a u x i l i a r y h e a t e r r e l a t e d p a r a m e t e r s
T h e t a n k c a p a c i t y h a s a s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e o n t h e e n e r g e t i c p e r f o r m a n c e o f s o l a r a s s i s t e d
h e a t i n g s y s t e m s . T h e i r p l a c e m e n t i s a l s o a n a r c h i t e c t u r a l i s s u e . S e v e r a l s t o r a g e t a n k s w i t h
d i f f e r e n t c a p a c i t i e s a r e s i m u l a t e d t o i d e n t i f y t h e o p t i m u m s i z e f o r c o n d i t i o n s i n B o d r u m .
T a n k C a p a c i t y
2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0 3 5 0 4 0 0 5 0 0
t a n k n u m b e r l 4 4 4 4 4 2
t o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n % 9 2 . 3 9 4 9 5 . 1 9 6 9 6 . 8 9 3 . 7
f r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g % 8 0 . 2 8 4 . 1 8 6 . 9 8 9 . 1 9 1 . 1 8 7 . 5
s y s t e m e f f i c i e n c y % 1 4 1 5 . 2 1 5 . 7 1 6 . 1 1 6 . 4 1 4 . 4
a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y k W 5 2 3 4 1 9 3 4 6 2 8 6 2 3 4 3 2 9
T a b l e 2 8 I n f l u e n c e o f S t o r a g e T a n k C a p a c i t y o n S o l a r A s s i s t e d H e a t i n g S y s t e m


1 3 5
6 . 4 . 2 . 3 H e a t i n g e l e m e n t : R a d i a t o r U n d e r f l o o r h e a t i n g
S i m u l a t i o n s a r e a l s o r u n f o r d i f f e r e n t h e a t i n g e l e m e n t s . R a d i a t o r s a n d f l o o r h e a t i n g
s y s t e m s a r e c o m p a r e d i n t e r m s o f t h e i r e n e r g e t i c e f f i c i e n c y . T h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f b o t h s y s t e m s
i s a l s o c o n s i d e r e d a s a n a l t e r n a t i v e . T a b l e 2 7 s h o w s , s o l a r a s s i s t e d u n d e r f l o o r s y s t e m s h a v e
t h e h i g h e s t v a l u e i n r e g a r d t o t o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n s . C o n v e n t i o n a l r a d i a t o r s f o r h e a t i n g b y s o l a r
a s s i s t e d s y s t e m s h a s 1 5 . 8 p e r c e n t l e s s f r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g s c o m p a r e d w i t h u n d e r f l o o r
h e a t i n g s y s t e m s . A c o m b i n a t i o n o f b o t h s y s t e m s l e a d t o o p t i m u m f r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g s
a n d t h e g r e a t e s t e f f i c i e n c y r a t e .
H e a t i n g S y s t e m
R a d i a t o r U n d e r f l o o r C o m b i n a t i o n
t o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n % 9 0 . 3 9 6 . 3 9 4 . 6
f r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g % 7 4 . 3 9 0 . 1 9 5 . 9
s y s t e m e f f i c i e n c y % 1 4 . 8 1 6 . 1 2 5 . 3
a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y k W 6 8 0 2 6 2 3 7 4
T a b l e 2 7 E f f i c i e n c y C o m p a r i s o n B e t w e e n R a d i a t o r a n d U n d e r f l o o r H e a t i n g S y s t e m s
6 . 4 . 2 . 4 S t o r a g e t a n k a n d a u x i l i a r y h e a t e r r e l a t e d p a r a m e t e r s
T h e t a n k c a p a c i t y h a s a s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e o n t h e e n e r g e t i c p e r f o r m a n c e o f s o l a r a s s i s t e d
h e a t i n g s y s t e m s . T h e i r p l a c e m e n t i s a l s o a n a r c h i t e c t u r a l i s s u e . S e v e r a l s t o r a g e t a n k s w i t h
d i f f e r e n t c a p a c i t i e s a r e s i m u l a t e d t o i d e n t i f y t h e o p t i m u m s i z e f o r c o n d i t i o n s i n B o d r u m .
T a n k C a p a c i t y
2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0 3 5 0 4 0 0 5 0 0
t a n k n u m b e r l 4 4 4 4 4 2
t o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n % 9 2 . 3 9 4 9 5 . 1 9 6 9 6 . 8 9 3 . 7
f r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g % 8 0 . 2 8 4 . 1 8 6 . 9 8 9 . 1 9 1 . 1 8 7 . 5
s y s t e m e f f i c i e n c y % 1 4 1 5 . 2 1 5 . 7 1 6 . 1 1 6 . 4 1 4 . 4
a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y k W 5 2 3 4 1 9 3 4 6 2 8 6 2 3 4 3 2 9
T a b l e 2 8 I n f l u e n c e o f S t o r a g e T a n k C a p a c i t y o n S o l a r A s s i s t e d H e a t i n g S y s t e m


135
6.4.2.3 Heating element: Radiator Underfloor heating
Simulations are also run for different heating elements. Radiators and floor heating
systems are compared in terms of their energetic efficiency. The combination of both systems
is also considered as an alternative. Table 27 shows, solar assisted underfloor systems have
the highest value in regard to total solar fractions. Conventional radiators for heating by solar
assisted systems has 15.8 per cent less fractional energy savings compared with underfloor
heating systems. A combination of both systems lead to optimum fractional energy savings
and the greatest efficiency rate.
Heating System
Radiator Underfloor Combination
total solar fraction % 90.3 96.3 94.6
fractional energy saving % 74.3 90.1 95.9
system efficiency % 14.8 16.1 25.3
auxiliary energy kW 680 262 374
Table 27 Efficiency Comparison Between Radiator and Underfloor Heating Systems
6.4.2.4 Storage tank and auxiliary heater related parameters
The tank capacity has a significant influence on the energetic performance of solar assisted
heating systems. Their placement is also an architectural issue. Several storage tanks with
different capacities are simulated to identify the optimum size for conditions in Bodrum.
Tank Capacity
200 250 300 350 400 500
tank number l 4 4 4 4 4 2
total solar fraction % 92.3 94 95.1 96 96.8 93.7
fractional energy saving % 80.2 84.1 86.9 89.1 91.1 87.5
system efficiency % 14 15.2 15.7 16.1 16.4 14.4
auxiliary energy kW 523 419 346 286 234 329
Table 28 Influence of Storage Tank Capacity on Solar Assisted Heating System


135
6.4.2.3 Heating element: Radiator Underfloor heating
Simulations are also run for different heating elements. Radiators and floor heating
systems are compared in terms of their energetic efficiency. The combination of both systems
is also considered as an alternative. Table 27 shows, solar assisted underfloor systems have
the highest value in regard to total solar fractions. Conventional radiators for heating by solar
assisted systems has 15.8 per cent less fractional energy savings compared with underfloor
heating systems. A combination of both systems lead to optimum fractional energy savings
and the greatest efficiency rate.
Heating System
Radiator Underfloor Combination
total solar fraction % 90.3 96.3 94.6
fractional energy saving % 74.3 90.1 95.9
system efficiency % 14.8 16.1 25.3
auxiliary energy kW 680 262 374
Table 27 Efficiency Comparison Between Radiator and Underfloor Heating Systems
6.4.2.4 Storage tank and auxiliary heater related parameters
The tank capacity has a significant influence on the energetic performance of solar assisted
heating systems. Their placement is also an architectural issue. Several storage tanks with
different capacities are simulated to identify the optimum size for conditions in Bodrum.
Tank Capacity
200 250 300 350 400 500
tank number l 4 4 4 4 4 2
total solar fraction % 92.3 94 95.1 96 96.8 93.7
fractional energy saving % 80.2 84.1 86.9 89.1 91.1 87.5
system efficiency % 14 15.2 15.7 16.1 16.4 14.4
auxiliary energy kW 523 419 346 286 234 329
Table 28 Influence of Storage Tank Capacity on Solar Assisted Heating System

136
Higher capacities of the storage tanks influence fractional energy savings and system
efficiency positively as shown in table 28. The optimum solution is a 350 liter storage tank.
In order to supple a house with a floor area of 200 m
2
, four of these tanks are required.
Consequently, 7 l/m
2
storage tank is necessary for houses in Bodrum. The capacity may be
slightly increased to 400-liter without any significant improvement of system efficiency. It
increases by only 0.3 per cent. Moreover, the same total capacity with less storage tanks does
affect the system efficiency negatively. In contradiction, two pieces of 500-liter storage tank
has less efficiency than four pieces of 250-liter storage tank.
Furthermore, the auxiliary heater also affects the performance of the solar assisted heating
system. To decrease the capacity of the heater by 50 per cent increases fractional energy
saving by about one per cent. The total solar fraction rises by 0.3 per cent. 24 kW of energy
can be saved per annum. These are no significant contributions. Nevertheless, every
optimization is necessary in order to reach an overall goal of enhanced energy efficiency.
6.4.2.5 Environmental evaluation of solar assisted heating system
Solar assisted heating systems have significant environmental effects as shown in the
graphic. The CO
2
emission avoided annually approximates over 40 tones. Rational air
conditioners or recently infrared heaters are used for heating in Bodrum. Currently they lead
to an enormous primary energy demand, and therefore should be replaced with solar assisted
systems. Electricity based primary energy savings approximates 69.2 MW per annum.
Heating requirement of the analyzed object is supplied to 96 per cent by solar assisted
system. The remaining four per cent are supplied by an auxiliary heating component. The
auxiliary energy demand approximates 260 kW annually. In January, when the heating
demand reaches its peak, the solar fraction approximates 85 per cent. These are relatively high
values.

136
Higher capacities of the storage tanks influence fractional energy savings and system
efficiency positively as shown in table 28. The optimum solution is a 350 liter storage tank.
In order to supple a house with a floor area of 200 m
2
, four of these tanks are required.
Consequently, 7 l/m
2
storage tank is necessary for houses in Bodrum. The capacity may be
slightly increased to 400-liter without any significant improvement of system efficiency. It
increases by only 0.3 per cent. Moreover, the same total capacity with less storage tanks does
affect the system efficiency negatively. In contradiction, two pieces of 500-liter storage tank
has less efficiency than four pieces of 250-liter storage tank.
Furthermore, the auxiliary heater also affects the performance of the solar assisted heating
system. To decrease the capacity of the heater by 50 per cent increases fractional energy
saving by about one per cent. The total solar fraction rises by 0.3 per cent. 24 kW of energy
can be saved per annum. These are no significant contributions. Nevertheless, every
optimization is necessary in order to reach an overall goal of enhanced energy efficiency.
6.4.2.5 Environmental evaluation of solar assisted heating system
Solar assisted heating systems have significant environmental effects as shown in the
graphic. The CO
2
emission avoided annually approximates over 40 tones. Rational air
conditioners or recently infrared heaters are used for heating in Bodrum. Currently they lead
to an enormous primary energy demand, and therefore should be replaced with solar assisted
systems. Electricity based primary energy savings approximates 69.2 MW per annum.
Heating requirement of the analyzed object is supplied to 96 per cent by solar assisted
system. The remaining four per cent are supplied by an auxiliary heating component. The
auxiliary energy demand approximates 260 kW annually. In January, when the heating
demand reaches its peak, the solar fraction approximates 85 per cent. These are relatively high
values.

1 3 6
H i g h e r c a p a c i t i e s o f t h e s t o r a g e t a n k s i n f l u e n c e f r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g s a n d s y s t e m
e f f i c i e n c y p o s i t i v e l y a s s h o w n i n t a b l e 2 8 . T h e o p t i m u m s o l u t i o n i s a 3 5 0 l i t e r s t o r a g e t a n k .
I n o r d e r t o s u p p l e a h o u s e w i t h a f l o o r a r e a o f 2 0 0 m
2
, f o u r o f t h e s e t a n k s a r e r e q u i r e d .
C o n s e q u e n t l y , 7 l / m
2
s t o r a g e t a n k i s n e c e s s a r y f o r h o u s e s i n B o d r u m . T h e c a p a c i t y m a y b e
s l i g h t l y i n c r e a s e d t o 4 0 0 - l i t e r w i t h o u t a n y s i g n i f i c a n t i m p r o v e m e n t o f s y s t e m e f f i c i e n c y . I t
i n c r e a s e s b y o n l y 0 . 3 p e r c e n t . M o r e o v e r , t h e s a m e t o t a l c a p a c i t y w i t h l e s s s t o r a g e t a n k s d o e s
a f f e c t t h e s y s t e m e f f i c i e n c y n e g a t i v e l y . I n c o n t r a d i c t i o n , t w o p i e c e s o f 5 0 0 - l i t e r s t o r a g e t a n k
h a s l e s s e f f i c i e n c y t h a n f o u r p i e c e s o f 2 5 0 - l i t e r s t o r a g e t a n k .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e a u x i l i a r y h e a t e r a l s o a f f e c t s t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s o l a r a s s i s t e d h e a t i n g
s y s t e m . T o d e c r e a s e t h e c a p a c i t y o f t h e h e a t e r b y 5 0 p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e s f r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y
s a v i n g b y a b o u t o n e p e r c e n t . T h e t o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n r i s e s b y 0 . 3 p e r c e n t . 2 4 k W o f e n e r g y
c a n b e s a v e d p e r a n n u m . T h e s e a r e n o s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , e v e r y
o p t i m i z a t i o n i s n e c e s s a r y i n o r d e r t o r e a c h a n o v e r a l l g o a l o f e n h a n c e d e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y .
6 . 4 . 2 . 5 E n v i r o n m e n t a l e v a l u a t i o n o f s o l a r a s s i s t e d h e a t i n g s y s t e m
S o l a r a s s i s t e d h e a t i n g s y s t e m s h a v e s i g n i f i c a n t e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s a s s h o w n i n t h e
g r a p h i c . T h e C O
2
e m i s s i o n a v o i d e d a n n u a l l y a p p r o x i m a t e s o v e r 4 0 t o n e s . R a t i o n a l a i r
c o n d i t i o n e r s o r r e c e n t l y i n f r a r e d h e a t e r s a r e u s e d f o r h e a t i n g i n B o d r u m . C u r r e n t l y t h e y l e a d
t o a n e n o r m o u s p r i m a r y e n e r g y d e m a n d , a n d t h e r e f o r e s h o u l d b e r e p l a c e d w i t h s o l a r a s s i s t e d
s y s t e m s . E l e c t r i c i t y b a s e d p r i m a r y e n e r g y s a v i n g s a p p r o x i m a t e s 6 9 . 2 M W p e r a n n u m .
H e a t i n g r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e a n a l y z e d o b j e c t i s s u p p l i e d t o 9 6 p e r c e n t b y s o l a r a s s i s t e d
s y s t e m . T h e r e m a i n i n g f o u r p e r c e n t a r e s u p p l i e d b y a n a u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g c o m p o n e n t . T h e
a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y d e m a n d a p p r o x i m a t e s 2 6 0 k W a n n u a l l y . I n J a n u a r y , w h e n t h e h e a t i n g
d e m a n d r e a c h e s i t s p e a k , t h e s o l a r f r a c t i o n a p p r o x i m a t e s 8 5 p e r c e n t . T h e s e a r e r e l a t i v e l y h i g h
v a l u e s .

1 3 6
H i g h e r c a p a c i t i e s o f t h e s t o r a g e t a n k s i n f l u e n c e f r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g s a n d s y s t e m
e f f i c i e n c y p o s i t i v e l y a s s h o w n i n t a b l e 2 8 . T h e o p t i m u m s o l u t i o n i s a 3 5 0 l i t e r s t o r a g e t a n k .
I n o r d e r t o s u p p l e a h o u s e w i t h a f l o o r a r e a o f 2 0 0 m
2
, f o u r o f t h e s e t a n k s a r e r e q u i r e d .
C o n s e q u e n t l y , 7 l / m
2
s t o r a g e t a n k i s n e c e s s a r y f o r h o u s e s i n B o d r u m . T h e c a p a c i t y m a y b e
s l i g h t l y i n c r e a s e d t o 4 0 0 - l i t e r w i t h o u t a n y s i g n i f i c a n t i m p r o v e m e n t o f s y s t e m e f f i c i e n c y . I t
i n c r e a s e s b y o n l y 0 . 3 p e r c e n t . M o r e o v e r , t h e s a m e t o t a l c a p a c i t y w i t h l e s s s t o r a g e t a n k s d o e s
a f f e c t t h e s y s t e m e f f i c i e n c y n e g a t i v e l y . I n c o n t r a d i c t i o n , t w o p i e c e s o f 5 0 0 - l i t e r s t o r a g e t a n k
h a s l e s s e f f i c i e n c y t h a n f o u r p i e c e s o f 2 5 0 - l i t e r s t o r a g e t a n k .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e a u x i l i a r y h e a t e r a l s o a f f e c t s t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s o l a r a s s i s t e d h e a t i n g
s y s t e m . T o d e c r e a s e t h e c a p a c i t y o f t h e h e a t e r b y 5 0 p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e s f r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y
s a v i n g b y a b o u t o n e p e r c e n t . T h e t o t a l s o l a r f r a c t i o n r i s e s b y 0 . 3 p e r c e n t . 2 4 k W o f e n e r g y
c a n b e s a v e d p e r a n n u m . T h e s e a r e n o s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , e v e r y
o p t i m i z a t i o n i s n e c e s s a r y i n o r d e r t o r e a c h a n o v e r a l l g o a l o f e n h a n c e d e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y .
6 . 4 . 2 . 5 E n v i r o n m e n t a l e v a l u a t i o n o f s o l a r a s s i s t e d h e a t i n g s y s t e m
S o l a r a s s i s t e d h e a t i n g s y s t e m s h a v e s i g n i f i c a n t e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s a s s h o w n i n t h e
g r a p h i c . T h e C O
2
e m i s s i o n a v o i d e d a n n u a l l y a p p r o x i m a t e s o v e r 4 0 t o n e s . R a t i o n a l a i r
c o n d i t i o n e r s o r r e c e n t l y i n f r a r e d h e a t e r s a r e u s e d f o r h e a t i n g i n B o d r u m . C u r r e n t l y t h e y l e a d
t o a n e n o r m o u s p r i m a r y e n e r g y d e m a n d , a n d t h e r e f o r e s h o u l d b e r e p l a c e d w i t h s o l a r a s s i s t e d
s y s t e m s . E l e c t r i c i t y b a s e d p r i m a r y e n e r g y s a v i n g s a p p r o x i m a t e s 6 9 . 2 M W p e r a n n u m .
H e a t i n g r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e a n a l y z e d o b j e c t i s s u p p l i e d t o 9 6 p e r c e n t b y s o l a r a s s i s t e d
s y s t e m . T h e r e m a i n i n g f o u r p e r c e n t a r e s u p p l i e d b y a n a u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g c o m p o n e n t . T h e
a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y d e m a n d a p p r o x i m a t e s 2 6 0 k W a n n u a l l y . I n J a n u a r y , w h e n t h e h e a t i n g
d e m a n d r e a c h e s i t s p e a k , t h e s o l a r f r a c t i o n a p p r o x i m a t e s 8 5 p e r c e n t . T h e s e a r e r e l a t i v e l y h i g h
v a l u e s .

1 3 7

F i g u r e 2 6 S a v i n g s w i t h S o l a r A s s i s t e d H e a t i n g S y s t e m s ( S c r e e n c a p t u r e )

F i g u r e 2 7 E f f i c i e n c y a n d S o l a r F r a c t i o n o f S e l e c t e d A r r a y S y s t e m f o r H e a t i n g D e m a n d o f t h e B e s t - C a s e
w i t h b a s e m e n t ( S c r e e n c a p t u r e )

1 3 7

F i g u r e 2 6 S a v i n g s w i t h S o l a r A s s i s t e d H e a t i n g S y s t e m s ( S c r e e n c a p t u r e )

F i g u r e 2 7 E f f i c i e n c y a n d S o l a r F r a c t i o n o f S e l e c t e d A r r a y S y s t e m f o r H e a t i n g D e m a n d o f t h e B e s t - C a s e
w i t h b a s e m e n t ( S c r e e n c a p t u r e )

137

Figure 26 Savings with Solar Assisted Heating Systems (Screen capture)

Figure 27 Efficiency and Solar Fraction of Selected Array System for Heating Demand of the Best- Case
with basement (Screen capture)

137

Figure 26 Savings with Solar Assisted Heating Systems (Screen capture)

Figure 27 Efficiency and Solar Fraction of Selected Array System for Heating Demand of the Best- Case
with basement (Screen capture)


138
6.4.3 Domestic hot water
The energy demand for domestic hot water in the Mediterranean climate zone should not
be neglected. An investigation in Spain has shown that the energy demand for DHW is nearly
the same as the energy demand for heating
167
. According to the simulations, an optimized
house in Bodrum

consumes around 3.2 MWh energy for DHW. This approximates to 70 per
cent of the annual cooling energy demand.
Per square meter of conditioned residential space, 16 kWh/m per annum are consumed in
average for DHW in Bodrum. There is no legislation in Turkey with which to compare this
value. Nevertheless, this value is higher than the values given in German legislations, which
have a rather low average value of 12.5 kWh/ma. This can be related to the middle
requirement range considered by the calculations; 30 l/person with 45 C approximates 400
kWh/a. Moreover, it should be considered that, it is estimated that a consumption of one
MWh/a for DHW will be reached soon

. In this case, Turkish calculation methods seem to be


irrelevant. According to EIE

, 50 liter DHW consumption is considered as a standard for


houses. Also, calculations are made for 70 per cent solar fraction in May.
As Hepbasli
168
has summarized, using solar thermal panels for DHW is the most popular
means of utilizing solar energy because of technological feasibility and economic attraction
compared with other kinds of solar energy utilization. They are mature and readily available.
Nevertheless, five types of solar energy systems can be used to heat domestic and service hot
water: thermosyphon, integrated collector storage systems, direct circulation, indirect, and
air
169
. Akinoglu
170
et al. have stated that, thermosyphon-type flat plate collectors have been
widely used in Turkey since the 1950s. It is estimated that more then 30 per cent of the
installed systems are of this type. However, the installations are mainly done on a trial and
error basis.
Research conducted by Akinoglu et al. proves that solar fraction is very close to one
hundred per cent for the summer months in the Mediterranean region. Moreover, solar
fraction values for the rest of the year are also above average and they are only for about three
months below 50 per cent in Bodrum. For the low-efficient system with a 2 m collector area,


The population density of the high insulated house is 0.04 person/ m


Centre national de la recherch scientifique CNSR: Eco-Dev Programme, Revue Plein Soleil


EIE: General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration. www.eie.gov.tr/turkce/gunes/guneskollektor.html



138
6.4.3 Domestic hot water
The energy demand for domestic hot water in the Mediterranean climate zone should not
be neglected. An investigation in Spain has shown that the energy demand for DHW is nearly
the same as the energy demand for heating
167
. According to the simulations, an optimized
house in Bodrum

consumes around 3.2 MWh energy for DHW. This approximates to 70 per
cent of the annual cooling energy demand.
Per square meter of conditioned residential space, 16 kWh/m per annum are consumed in
average for DHW in Bodrum. There is no legislation in Turkey with which to compare this
value. Nevertheless, this value is higher than the values given in German legislations, which
have a rather low average value of 12.5 kWh/ma. This can be related to the middle
requirement range considered by the calculations; 30 l/person with 45 C approximates 400
kWh/a. Moreover, it should be considered that, it is estimated that a consumption of one
MWh/a for DHW will be reached soon

. In this case, Turkish calculation methods seem to be


irrelevant. According to EIE

, 50 liter DHW consumption is considered as a standard for


houses. Also, calculations are made for 70 per cent solar fraction in May.
As Hepbasli
168
has summarized, using solar thermal panels for DHW is the most popular
means of utilizing solar energy because of technological feasibility and economic attraction
compared with other kinds of solar energy utilization. They are mature and readily available.
Nevertheless, five types of solar energy systems can be used to heat domestic and service hot
water: thermosyphon, integrated collector storage systems, direct circulation, indirect, and
air
169
. Akinoglu
170
et al. have stated that, thermosyphon-type flat plate collectors have been
widely used in Turkey since the 1950s. It is estimated that more then 30 per cent of the
installed systems are of this type. However, the installations are mainly done on a trial and
error basis.
Research conducted by Akinoglu et al. proves that solar fraction is very close to one
hundred per cent for the summer months in the Mediterranean region. Moreover, solar
fraction values for the rest of the year are also above average and they are only for about three
months below 50 per cent in Bodrum. For the low-efficient system with a 2 m collector area,


The population density of the high insulated house is 0.04 person/ m


Centre national de la recherch scientifique CNSR: Eco-Dev Programme, Revue Plein Soleil


EIE: General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration. www.eie.gov.tr/turkce/gunes/guneskollektor.html



1 3 8
6 . 4 . 3 D o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r
T h e e n e r g y d e m a n d f o r d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r i n t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e z o n e s h o u l d n o t
b e n e g l e c t e d . A n i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n S p a i n h a s s h o w n t h a t t h e e n e r g y d e m a n d f o r D H W i s n e a r l y
t h e s a m e a s t h e e n e r g y d e m a n d f o r h e a t i n g
1 6 7
. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n s , a n o p t i m i z e d
h o u s e i n B o d r u m

c o n s u m e s a r o u n d 3 . 2 M W h e n e r g y f o r D H W . T h i s a p p r o x i m a t e s t o 7 0 p e r
c e n t o f t h e a n n u a l c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d .
P e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f c o n d i t i o n e d r e s i d e n t i a l s p a c e , 1 6 k W h / m p e r a n n u m a r e c o n s u m e d i n
a v e r a g e f o r D H W i n B o d r u m . T h e r e i s n o l e g i s l a t i o n i n T u r k e y w i t h w h i c h t o c o m p a r e t h i s
v a l u e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h i s v a l u e i s h i g h e r t h a n t h e v a l u e s g i v e n i n G e r m a n l e g i s l a t i o n s , w h i c h
h a v e a r a t h e r l o w a v e r a g e v a l u e o f 1 2 . 5 k W h / m a . T h i s c a n b e r e l a t e d t o t h e m i d d l e
r e q u i r e m e n t r a n g e c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s ; 3 0 l / p e r s o n w i t h 4 5 C a p p r o x i m a t e s 4 0 0
k W h / a . M o r e o v e r , i t s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d t h a t , i t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t a c o n s u m p t i o n o f o n e
M W h / a f o r D H W w i l l b e r e a c h e d s o o n

. I n t h i s c a s e , T u r k i s h c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d s s e e m t o b e
i r r e l e v a n t . A c c o r d i n g t o E I E

, 5 0 l i t e r D H W c o n s u m p t i o n i s c o n s i d e r e d a s a s t a n d a r d f o r
h o u s e s . A l s o , c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e m a d e f o r 7 0 p e r c e n t s o l a r f r a c t i o n i n M a y .
A s H e p b a s l i
1 6 8
h a s s u m m a r i z e d , u s i n g s o l a r t h e r m a l p a n e l s f o r D H W i s t h e m o s t p o p u l a r
m e a n s o f u t i l i z i n g s o l a r e n e r g y b e c a u s e o f t e c h n o l o g i c a l f e a s i b i l i t y a n d e c o n o m i c a t t r a c t i o n
c o m p a r e d w i t h o t h e r k i n d s o f s o l a r e n e r g y u t i l i z a t i o n . T h e y a r e m a t u r e a n d r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , f i v e t y p e s o f s o l a r e n e r g y s y s t e m s c a n b e u s e d t o h e a t d o m e s t i c a n d s e r v i c e h o t
w a t e r : t h e r m o s y p h o n , i n t e g r a t e d c o l l e c t o r s t o r a g e s y s t e m s , d i r e c t c i r c u l a t i o n , i n d i r e c t , a n d
a i r
1 6 9
. A k i n o g l u
1 7 0
e t a l . h a v e s t a t e d t h a t , t h e r m o s y p h o n - t y p e f l a t p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s h a v e b e e n
w i d e l y u s e d i n T u r k e y s i n c e t h e 1 9 5 0 s . I t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t m o r e t h e n 3 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e
i n s t a l l e d s y s t e m s a r e o f t h i s t y p e . H o w e v e r , t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n s a r e m a i n l y d o n e o n a t r i a l a n d
e r r o r b a s i s .
R e s e a r c h c o n d u c t e d b y A k i n o g l u e t a l . p r o v e s t h a t s o l a r f r a c t i o n i s v e r y c l o s e t o o n e
h u n d r e d p e r c e n t f o r t h e s u m m e r m o n t h s i n t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n r e g i o n . M o r e o v e r , s o l a r
f r a c t i o n v a l u e s f o r t h e r e s t o f t h e y e a r a r e a l s o a b o v e a v e r a g e a n d t h e y a r e o n l y f o r a b o u t t h r e e
m o n t h s b e l o w 5 0 p e r c e n t i n B o d r u m . F o r t h e l o w - e f f i c i e n t s y s t e m w i t h a 2 m c o l l e c t o r a r e a ,


T h e p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y o f t h e h i g h i n s u l a t e d h o u s e i s 0 . 0 4 p e r s o n / m


C e n t r e n a t i o n a l d e l a r e c h e r c h s c i e n t i f i q u e C N S R : E c o - D e v P r o g r a m m e , R e v u e P l e i n S o l e i l


E I E : G e n e r a l D i r e c t o r a t e o f E l e c t r i c a l P o w e r R e s o u r c e s S u r v e y a n d D e v e l o p m e n t A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . w w w . e i e . g o v . t r / t u r k c e / g u n e s / g u n e s k o l l e k t o r . h t m l



1 3 8
6 . 4 . 3 D o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r
T h e e n e r g y d e m a n d f o r d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r i n t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e z o n e s h o u l d n o t
b e n e g l e c t e d . A n i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n S p a i n h a s s h o w n t h a t t h e e n e r g y d e m a n d f o r D H W i s n e a r l y
t h e s a m e a s t h e e n e r g y d e m a n d f o r h e a t i n g
1 6 7
. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n s , a n o p t i m i z e d
h o u s e i n B o d r u m

c o n s u m e s a r o u n d 3 . 2 M W h e n e r g y f o r D H W . T h i s a p p r o x i m a t e s t o 7 0 p e r
c e n t o f t h e a n n u a l c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d .
P e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f c o n d i t i o n e d r e s i d e n t i a l s p a c e , 1 6 k W h / m p e r a n n u m a r e c o n s u m e d i n
a v e r a g e f o r D H W i n B o d r u m . T h e r e i s n o l e g i s l a t i o n i n T u r k e y w i t h w h i c h t o c o m p a r e t h i s
v a l u e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h i s v a l u e i s h i g h e r t h a n t h e v a l u e s g i v e n i n G e r m a n l e g i s l a t i o n s , w h i c h
h a v e a r a t h e r l o w a v e r a g e v a l u e o f 1 2 . 5 k W h / m a . T h i s c a n b e r e l a t e d t o t h e m i d d l e
r e q u i r e m e n t r a n g e c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s ; 3 0 l / p e r s o n w i t h 4 5 C a p p r o x i m a t e s 4 0 0
k W h / a . M o r e o v e r , i t s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d t h a t , i t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t a c o n s u m p t i o n o f o n e
M W h / a f o r D H W w i l l b e r e a c h e d s o o n

. I n t h i s c a s e , T u r k i s h c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d s s e e m t o b e
i r r e l e v a n t . A c c o r d i n g t o E I E

, 5 0 l i t e r D H W c o n s u m p t i o n i s c o n s i d e r e d a s a s t a n d a r d f o r
h o u s e s . A l s o , c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e m a d e f o r 7 0 p e r c e n t s o l a r f r a c t i o n i n M a y .
A s H e p b a s l i
1 6 8
h a s s u m m a r i z e d , u s i n g s o l a r t h e r m a l p a n e l s f o r D H W i s t h e m o s t p o p u l a r
m e a n s o f u t i l i z i n g s o l a r e n e r g y b e c a u s e o f t e c h n o l o g i c a l f e a s i b i l i t y a n d e c o n o m i c a t t r a c t i o n
c o m p a r e d w i t h o t h e r k i n d s o f s o l a r e n e r g y u t i l i z a t i o n . T h e y a r e m a t u r e a n d r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , f i v e t y p e s o f s o l a r e n e r g y s y s t e m s c a n b e u s e d t o h e a t d o m e s t i c a n d s e r v i c e h o t
w a t e r : t h e r m o s y p h o n , i n t e g r a t e d c o l l e c t o r s t o r a g e s y s t e m s , d i r e c t c i r c u l a t i o n , i n d i r e c t , a n d
a i r
1 6 9
. A k i n o g l u
1 7 0
e t a l . h a v e s t a t e d t h a t , t h e r m o s y p h o n - t y p e f l a t p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s h a v e b e e n
w i d e l y u s e d i n T u r k e y s i n c e t h e 1 9 5 0 s . I t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t m o r e t h e n 3 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e
i n s t a l l e d s y s t e m s a r e o f t h i s t y p e . H o w e v e r , t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n s a r e m a i n l y d o n e o n a t r i a l a n d
e r r o r b a s i s .
R e s e a r c h c o n d u c t e d b y A k i n o g l u e t a l . p r o v e s t h a t s o l a r f r a c t i o n i s v e r y c l o s e t o o n e
h u n d r e d p e r c e n t f o r t h e s u m m e r m o n t h s i n t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n r e g i o n . M o r e o v e r , s o l a r
f r a c t i o n v a l u e s f o r t h e r e s t o f t h e y e a r a r e a l s o a b o v e a v e r a g e a n d t h e y a r e o n l y f o r a b o u t t h r e e
m o n t h s b e l o w 5 0 p e r c e n t i n B o d r u m . F o r t h e l o w - e f f i c i e n t s y s t e m w i t h a 2 m c o l l e c t o r a r e a ,


T h e p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y o f t h e h i g h i n s u l a t e d h o u s e i s 0 . 0 4 p e r s o n / m


C e n t r e n a t i o n a l d e l a r e c h e r c h s c i e n t i f i q u e C N S R : E c o - D e v P r o g r a m m e , R e v u e P l e i n S o l e i l


E I E : G e n e r a l D i r e c t o r a t e o f E l e c t r i c a l P o w e r R e s o u r c e s S u r v e y a n d D e v e l o p m e n t A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . w w w . e i e . g o v . t r / t u r k c e / g u n e s / g u n e s k o l l e k t o r . h t m l



1 3 9
s o l a r f r a c t i o n v a l u e s a r e q u i t e h i g h , c l o s e t o t h o s e o b t a i n e d f o r t h e s y s t e m w i t h t h r e e a n d 4 m .
F u r t h e r m o r e , f o r h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m , w h i c h a r e o c c u p i e d f o r a s h o r t p e r i o d i n
s u m m e r , t h e l o a d o f s o l a r s y s t e m s c a n b e i n c r e a s e d w i t h o u t i n c r e a s i n g t h e a r e a , j u s t b y p r o p e r
o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e c o l l e c t o r t i l t f o r u s e o n l y i n t h e s u m m e r m o n t h s . B a s e d o n l o c a l m a r k e t
a n a l y s i s d u r i n g t h i s w o r k , t h e p r e s e n t i n s t a l l a t i o n s i n B o d r u m u s u a l l y h a v e a 4 m c o l l e c t o r
a r e a ( m o s t o f t h e m h a v e l o w e f f i c i e n c i e s ) , w h i c h i s c o m p l e t e l y s u f f i c i e n t t o s u p p l y h o t w a t e r
d u r i n g t h e s u m m e r m o n t h s .
M o r e t h a n 9 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e i n s t a l l e d c o l l e c t o r a r e a i s u s e d f o r n a t u r a l c i r c u l a t i o n d o m e s t i c
h o t w a t e r s o l a r s y s t e m s . T h e s e a r e c l o s e d l o o p s y s t e m s ( i n t h e i r v a s t m a j o r i t y ) , u s i n g
a n t i f r e e z e ( g l y c o l s o l u t i o n ) a s a h e a t t r a n s f e r m e d i u m . T h e s t o r a g e t a n k i s p o s i t i o n e d
h o r i z o n t a l l y o r v e r t i c a l l y a b o v e t h e c o l l e c t o r s . T h e a v e r a g e s i z e n a t u r a l c i r c u l a t i o n s y s t e m s
s o l d h a s a 2 . 5 m c o l l e c t o r a r e a a n d a 1 5 0 l i t r e s t o r a g e t a n k . T h e m o s t c o m m o n s y s t e m s h a v e a
c o l l e c t o r a r e a o f 1 . 8 t o 4 m , a n d t h e v o l u m e o f t h e s t o r a g e t a n k r a n g e s b e t w e e n 1 2 0 a n d 2 2 0
l i t r e , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e r e a r e a l s o s e v e r a l t y p e s o f i n t e g r a l c o l l e c t o r s t o r a g e s y s t e m s a n d
c o m p a c t s y s t e m s
1 7 1
.
6 . 4 . 3 . 1 S i m u l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e o f d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r s y s t e m s
T h e r e a r e m a n y f a c t o r s , w h i c h i n f l u e n c e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f s o l a r a s s i s t e d d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r
s y s t e m s . M o s t o f t h e m a r e s y s t e m r e l a t e d t o m e c h a n i c a l o r p h y s i c a l f a c t o r s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e
m e t h o d o l o g i c a l p r i n c i p l e s u s e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s , s u c h f a c t o r s a r e k e p t t o o p t i m u m o r s t a n d a r d
v a l u e s i n t h e s i m u l a t i o n s , s i n c e t h e y d o n o t h a v e a n i n f l u e n c e o n a r c h i t e c t u r a l a p p e a r a n c e .
F a c t o r s r e l a t e d t o t h e a r r a y , l i k e i n c l i n a t i o n , o r i e n t a t i o n a n d s i z e a r e c o n s i d e r e d a s v i s i b l e
f a c t o r s . B e s i d e e f f i c i e n c y a n d p e r f o r m a n c e , t h e y a l s o h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o n v i s u a l
a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e b u i l d i n g s .
I n a d d i t i o n t o t e c h n i c a l a n d v i s u a l v a r i a t i o n s , s e a s o n a l s i m u l a t i o n s a r e a l s o r u n f o r h o u s e s
w i t h d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a n c y t i m e s . S y s t e m s f o r h o u s e s i n B o d r u m , w h i c h a r e o n l y o c c u p i e d f o r a
s h o r t t i m e i n t h e s u m m e r s e a s o n , c a n b e o f m u c h s m a l l e r d e s i g n t h a n a s y s t e m i n u s e f o r t h e
e n t i r e y e a r . T h i s t h e s i s i s a n a l y z e d u s i n g f u r t h e r s i m u l a t i o n s .


1 3 9
s o l a r f r a c t i o n v a l u e s a r e q u i t e h i g h , c l o s e t o t h o s e o b t a i n e d f o r t h e s y s t e m w i t h t h r e e a n d 4 m .
F u r t h e r m o r e , f o r h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m , w h i c h a r e o c c u p i e d f o r a s h o r t p e r i o d i n
s u m m e r , t h e l o a d o f s o l a r s y s t e m s c a n b e i n c r e a s e d w i t h o u t i n c r e a s i n g t h e a r e a , j u s t b y p r o p e r
o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e c o l l e c t o r t i l t f o r u s e o n l y i n t h e s u m m e r m o n t h s . B a s e d o n l o c a l m a r k e t
a n a l y s i s d u r i n g t h i s w o r k , t h e p r e s e n t i n s t a l l a t i o n s i n B o d r u m u s u a l l y h a v e a 4 m c o l l e c t o r
a r e a ( m o s t o f t h e m h a v e l o w e f f i c i e n c i e s ) , w h i c h i s c o m p l e t e l y s u f f i c i e n t t o s u p p l y h o t w a t e r
d u r i n g t h e s u m m e r m o n t h s .
M o r e t h a n 9 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e i n s t a l l e d c o l l e c t o r a r e a i s u s e d f o r n a t u r a l c i r c u l a t i o n d o m e s t i c
h o t w a t e r s o l a r s y s t e m s . T h e s e a r e c l o s e d l o o p s y s t e m s ( i n t h e i r v a s t m a j o r i t y ) , u s i n g
a n t i f r e e z e ( g l y c o l s o l u t i o n ) a s a h e a t t r a n s f e r m e d i u m . T h e s t o r a g e t a n k i s p o s i t i o n e d
h o r i z o n t a l l y o r v e r t i c a l l y a b o v e t h e c o l l e c t o r s . T h e a v e r a g e s i z e n a t u r a l c i r c u l a t i o n s y s t e m s
s o l d h a s a 2 . 5 m c o l l e c t o r a r e a a n d a 1 5 0 l i t r e s t o r a g e t a n k . T h e m o s t c o m m o n s y s t e m s h a v e a
c o l l e c t o r a r e a o f 1 . 8 t o 4 m , a n d t h e v o l u m e o f t h e s t o r a g e t a n k r a n g e s b e t w e e n 1 2 0 a n d 2 2 0
l i t r e , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e r e a r e a l s o s e v e r a l t y p e s o f i n t e g r a l c o l l e c t o r s t o r a g e s y s t e m s a n d
c o m p a c t s y s t e m s
1 7 1
.
6 . 4 . 3 . 1 S i m u l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e o f d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r s y s t e m s
T h e r e a r e m a n y f a c t o r s , w h i c h i n f l u e n c e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f s o l a r a s s i s t e d d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r
s y s t e m s . M o s t o f t h e m a r e s y s t e m r e l a t e d t o m e c h a n i c a l o r p h y s i c a l f a c t o r s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e
m e t h o d o l o g i c a l p r i n c i p l e s u s e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s , s u c h f a c t o r s a r e k e p t t o o p t i m u m o r s t a n d a r d
v a l u e s i n t h e s i m u l a t i o n s , s i n c e t h e y d o n o t h a v e a n i n f l u e n c e o n a r c h i t e c t u r a l a p p e a r a n c e .
F a c t o r s r e l a t e d t o t h e a r r a y , l i k e i n c l i n a t i o n , o r i e n t a t i o n a n d s i z e a r e c o n s i d e r e d a s v i s i b l e
f a c t o r s . B e s i d e e f f i c i e n c y a n d p e r f o r m a n c e , t h e y a l s o h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o n v i s u a l
a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e b u i l d i n g s .
I n a d d i t i o n t o t e c h n i c a l a n d v i s u a l v a r i a t i o n s , s e a s o n a l s i m u l a t i o n s a r e a l s o r u n f o r h o u s e s
w i t h d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a n c y t i m e s . S y s t e m s f o r h o u s e s i n B o d r u m , w h i c h a r e o n l y o c c u p i e d f o r a
s h o r t t i m e i n t h e s u m m e r s e a s o n , c a n b e o f m u c h s m a l l e r d e s i g n t h a n a s y s t e m i n u s e f o r t h e
e n t i r e y e a r . T h i s t h e s i s i s a n a l y z e d u s i n g f u r t h e r s i m u l a t i o n s .


139
solar fraction values are quite high, close to those obtained for the system with three and 4 m.
Furthermore, for housing settlements in Bodrum, which are occupied for a short period in
summer, the load of solar systems can be increased without increasing the area, just by proper
orientation of the collector tilt for use only in the summer months. Based on local market
analysis during this work, the present installations in Bodrum usually have a 4 m collector
area (most of them have low efficiencies), which is completely sufficient to supply hot water
during the summer months.
More than 95 per cent of the installed collector area is used for natural circulation domestic
hot water solar systems. These are closed loop systems (in their vast majority), using
antifreeze (glycol solution) as a heat transfer medium. The storage tank is positioned
horizontally or vertically above the collectors. The average size natural circulation systems
sold has a 2.5 m collector area and a 150 litre storage tank. The most common systems have a
collector area of 1.8 to 4 m, and the volume of the storage tank ranges between 120 and 220
litre, respectively. There are also several types of integral collector storage systems and
compact systems
171
.
6.4.3.1 Simulation procedure of domestic hot water systems
There are many factors, which influence the efficiency of solar assisted domestic hot water
systems. Most of them are system related to mechanical or physical factors. According to the
methodological principles used in the analysis, such factors are kept to optimum or standard
values in the simulations, since they do not have an influence on architectural appearance.
Factors related to the array, like inclination, orientation and size are considered as visible
factors. Beside efficiency and performance, they also have a significant effect on visual
appearance of the buildings.
In addition to technical and visual variations, seasonal simulations are also run for houses
with different occupancy times. Systems for houses in Bodrum, which are only occupied for a
short time in the summer season, can be of much smaller design than a system in use for the
entire year. This thesis is analyzed using further simulations.


139
solar fraction values are quite high, close to those obtained for the system with three and 4 m.
Furthermore, for housing settlements in Bodrum, which are occupied for a short period in
summer, the load of solar systems can be increased without increasing the area, just by proper
orientation of the collector tilt for use only in the summer months. Based on local market
analysis during this work, the present installations in Bodrum usually have a 4 m collector
area (most of them have low efficiencies), which is completely sufficient to supply hot water
during the summer months.
More than 95 per cent of the installed collector area is used for natural circulation domestic
hot water solar systems. These are closed loop systems (in their vast majority), using
antifreeze (glycol solution) as a heat transfer medium. The storage tank is positioned
horizontally or vertically above the collectors. The average size natural circulation systems
sold has a 2.5 m collector area and a 150 litre storage tank. The most common systems have a
collector area of 1.8 to 4 m, and the volume of the storage tank ranges between 120 and 220
litre, respectively. There are also several types of integral collector storage systems and
compact systems
171
.
6.4.3.1 Simulation procedure of domestic hot water systems
There are many factors, which influence the efficiency of solar assisted domestic hot water
systems. Most of them are system related to mechanical or physical factors. According to the
methodological principles used in the analysis, such factors are kept to optimum or standard
values in the simulations, since they do not have an influence on architectural appearance.
Factors related to the array, like inclination, orientation and size are considered as visible
factors. Beside efficiency and performance, they also have a significant effect on visual
appearance of the buildings.
In addition to technical and visual variations, seasonal simulations are also run for houses
with different occupancy times. Systems for houses in Bodrum, which are only occupied for a
short time in the summer season, can be of much smaller design than a system in use for the
entire year. This thesis is analyzed using further simulations.


140
6.4.3.2 Technical Parameters
Consumption: Eight people use 240 l hot water per day as mentioned before. This leads to
3.2 MW energy demand to heat 87.6 m
3
water annually. The aim by the simulations is to
cover this energy demand with solar energy to nearly one hundred per cent.
Temperature: The design temperature, water temperatures in February and August are set
to 45 C, 10 C, and 16 C respectively.
Operation Time: The system is set to work normally during the whole year. Moreover, a
small-scale system is designed for houses, which are occupied only in the summer season.
Collector: Simulations on solar irradiation are already run for PV systems. Similar values
are also used for solar thermal systems. A southern orientation as azimuth angle is used for
fixed components by all simulations. As well as 90 for faade, 0 and 30 for roof and fixed
shading components are used as tilt angle options. Flat-plate collectors are chosen as collector
type due to high solar radiation rates.
6.4.3.3 Simulation evaluations of DHW systems for Bodrum
a) Storage tank related parameters
Storage tank-related parameters are simulated. Although they seem to be solely technical
parameters, they also have architectural affects. Furthermore, the capacity, placement and
thermal insulation of the storage tank are analyzed to identify optimum values. These are
volumetric factors. The placement of the tank outside has negative effect both architecturally
and technically. Moreover, there should be enough space for tanks inside the building.
Capacity of the storage tank
Simulations show that, to increase the capacity of the storage tank has a positive effect on
DHW energy supply. Under specific circumstances, every one hundred litre increase of the
storage tank capacity results in approximately 250 to 300 kW enhanced energy supply. A
storage tank with a 400 litre capacity shows the optimum performance for houses in Bodrum
in regard to the afore mentioned criteria. This is 160 litres more than the daily DHW demand.



140
6.4.3.2 Technical Parameters
Consumption: Eight people use 240 l hot water per day as mentioned before. This leads to
3.2 MW energy demand to heat 87.6 m
3
water annually. The aim by the simulations is to
cover this energy demand with solar energy to nearly one hundred per cent.
Temperature: The design temperature, water temperatures in February and August are set
to 45 C, 10 C, and 16 C respectively.
Operation Time: The system is set to work normally during the whole year. Moreover, a
small-scale system is designed for houses, which are occupied only in the summer season.
Collector: Simulations on solar irradiation are already run for PV systems. Similar values
are also used for solar thermal systems. A southern orientation as azimuth angle is used for
fixed components by all simulations. As well as 90 for faade, 0 and 30 for roof and fixed
shading components are used as tilt angle options. Flat-plate collectors are chosen as collector
type due to high solar radiation rates.
6.4.3.3 Simulation evaluations of DHW systems for Bodrum
a) Storage tank related parameters
Storage tank-related parameters are simulated. Although they seem to be solely technical
parameters, they also have architectural affects. Furthermore, the capacity, placement and
thermal insulation of the storage tank are analyzed to identify optimum values. These are
volumetric factors. The placement of the tank outside has negative effect both architecturally
and technically. Moreover, there should be enough space for tanks inside the building.
Capacity of the storage tank
Simulations show that, to increase the capacity of the storage tank has a positive effect on
DHW energy supply. Under specific circumstances, every one hundred litre increase of the
storage tank capacity results in approximately 250 to 300 kW enhanced energy supply. A
storage tank with a 400 litre capacity shows the optimum performance for houses in Bodrum
in regard to the afore mentioned criteria. This is 160 litres more than the daily DHW demand.



1 4 0
6 . 4 . 3 . 2 T e c h n i c a l P a r a m e t e r s
C o n s u m p t i o n : E i g h t p e o p l e u s e 2 4 0 l h o t w a t e r p e r d a y a s m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e . T h i s l e a d s t o
3 . 2 M W e n e r g y d e m a n d t o h e a t 8 7 . 6 m
3
w a t e r a n n u a l l y . T h e a i m b y t h e s i m u l a t i o n s i s t o
c o v e r t h i s e n e r g y d e m a n d w i t h s o l a r e n e r g y t o n e a r l y o n e h u n d r e d p e r c e n t .
T e m p e r a t u r e : T h e d e s i g n t e m p e r a t u r e , w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e s i n F e b r u a r y a n d A u g u s t a r e s e t
t o 4 5 C , 1 0 C , a n d 1 6 C r e s p e c t i v e l y .
O p e r a t i o n T i m e : T h e s y s t e m i s s e t t o w o r k n o r m a l l y d u r i n g t h e w h o l e y e a r . M o r e o v e r , a
s m a l l - s c a l e s y s t e m i s d e s i g n e d f o r h o u s e s , w h i c h a r e o c c u p i e d o n l y i n t h e s u m m e r s e a s o n .
C o l l e c t o r : S i m u l a t i o n s o n s o l a r i r r a d i a t i o n a r e a l r e a d y r u n f o r P V s y s t e m s . S i m i l a r v a l u e s
a r e a l s o u s e d f o r s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m s . A s o u t h e r n o r i e n t a t i o n a s a z i m u t h a n g l e i s u s e d f o r
f i x e d c o m p o n e n t s b y a l l s i m u l a t i o n s . A s w e l l a s 9 0 f o r f a a d e , 0 a n d 3 0 f o r r o o f a n d f i x e d
s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t s a r e u s e d a s t i l t a n g l e o p t i o n s . F l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s a r e c h o s e n a s c o l l e c t o r
t y p e d u e t o h i g h s o l a r r a d i a t i o n r a t e s .
6 . 4 . 3 . 3 S i m u l a t i o n e v a l u a t i o n s o f D H W s y s t e m s f o r B o d r u m
a ) S t o r a g e t a n k r e l a t e d p a r a m e t e r s
S t o r a g e t a n k - r e l a t e d p a r a m e t e r s a r e s i m u l a t e d . A l t h o u g h t h e y s e e m t o b e s o l e l y t e c h n i c a l
p a r a m e t e r s , t h e y a l s o h a v e a r c h i t e c t u r a l a f f e c t s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e c a p a c i t y , p l a c e m e n t a n d
t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n o f t h e s t o r a g e t a n k a r e a n a l y z e d t o i d e n t i f y o p t i m u m v a l u e s . T h e s e a r e
v o l u m e t r i c f a c t o r s . T h e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e t a n k o u t s i d e h a s n e g a t i v e e f f e c t b o t h a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y
a n d t e c h n i c a l l y . M o r e o v e r , t h e r e s h o u l d b e e n o u g h s p a c e f o r t a n k s i n s i d e t h e b u i l d i n g .
C a p a c i t y o f t h e s t o r a g e t a n k
S i m u l a t i o n s s h o w t h a t , t o i n c r e a s e t h e c a p a c i t y o f t h e s t o r a g e t a n k h a s a p o s i t i v e e f f e c t o n
D H W e n e r g y s u p p l y . U n d e r s p e c i f i c c i r c u m s t a n c e s , e v e r y o n e h u n d r e d l i t r e i n c r e a s e o f t h e
s t o r a g e t a n k c a p a c i t y r e s u l t s i n a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 5 0 t o 3 0 0 k W e n h a n c e d e n e r g y s u p p l y . A
s t o r a g e t a n k w i t h a 4 0 0 l i t r e c a p a c i t y s h o w s t h e o p t i m u m p e r f o r m a n c e f o r h o u s e s i n B o d r u m
i n r e g a r d t o t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d c r i t e r i a . T h i s i s 1 6 0 l i t r e s m o r e t h a n t h e d a i l y D H W d e m a n d .



1 4 0
6 . 4 . 3 . 2 T e c h n i c a l P a r a m e t e r s
C o n s u m p t i o n : E i g h t p e o p l e u s e 2 4 0 l h o t w a t e r p e r d a y a s m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e . T h i s l e a d s t o
3 . 2 M W e n e r g y d e m a n d t o h e a t 8 7 . 6 m
3
w a t e r a n n u a l l y . T h e a i m b y t h e s i m u l a t i o n s i s t o
c o v e r t h i s e n e r g y d e m a n d w i t h s o l a r e n e r g y t o n e a r l y o n e h u n d r e d p e r c e n t .
T e m p e r a t u r e : T h e d e s i g n t e m p e r a t u r e , w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e s i n F e b r u a r y a n d A u g u s t a r e s e t
t o 4 5 C , 1 0 C , a n d 1 6 C r e s p e c t i v e l y .
O p e r a t i o n T i m e : T h e s y s t e m i s s e t t o w o r k n o r m a l l y d u r i n g t h e w h o l e y e a r . M o r e o v e r , a
s m a l l - s c a l e s y s t e m i s d e s i g n e d f o r h o u s e s , w h i c h a r e o c c u p i e d o n l y i n t h e s u m m e r s e a s o n .
C o l l e c t o r : S i m u l a t i o n s o n s o l a r i r r a d i a t i o n a r e a l r e a d y r u n f o r P V s y s t e m s . S i m i l a r v a l u e s
a r e a l s o u s e d f o r s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m s . A s o u t h e r n o r i e n t a t i o n a s a z i m u t h a n g l e i s u s e d f o r
f i x e d c o m p o n e n t s b y a l l s i m u l a t i o n s . A s w e l l a s 9 0 f o r f a a d e , 0 a n d 3 0 f o r r o o f a n d f i x e d
s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t s a r e u s e d a s t i l t a n g l e o p t i o n s . F l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s a r e c h o s e n a s c o l l e c t o r
t y p e d u e t o h i g h s o l a r r a d i a t i o n r a t e s .
6 . 4 . 3 . 3 S i m u l a t i o n e v a l u a t i o n s o f D H W s y s t e m s f o r B o d r u m
a ) S t o r a g e t a n k r e l a t e d p a r a m e t e r s
S t o r a g e t a n k - r e l a t e d p a r a m e t e r s a r e s i m u l a t e d . A l t h o u g h t h e y s e e m t o b e s o l e l y t e c h n i c a l
p a r a m e t e r s , t h e y a l s o h a v e a r c h i t e c t u r a l a f f e c t s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e c a p a c i t y , p l a c e m e n t a n d
t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n o f t h e s t o r a g e t a n k a r e a n a l y z e d t o i d e n t i f y o p t i m u m v a l u e s . T h e s e a r e
v o l u m e t r i c f a c t o r s . T h e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e t a n k o u t s i d e h a s n e g a t i v e e f f e c t b o t h a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y
a n d t e c h n i c a l l y . M o r e o v e r , t h e r e s h o u l d b e e n o u g h s p a c e f o r t a n k s i n s i d e t h e b u i l d i n g .
C a p a c i t y o f t h e s t o r a g e t a n k
S i m u l a t i o n s s h o w t h a t , t o i n c r e a s e t h e c a p a c i t y o f t h e s t o r a g e t a n k h a s a p o s i t i v e e f f e c t o n
D H W e n e r g y s u p p l y . U n d e r s p e c i f i c c i r c u m s t a n c e s , e v e r y o n e h u n d r e d l i t r e i n c r e a s e o f t h e
s t o r a g e t a n k c a p a c i t y r e s u l t s i n a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 5 0 t o 3 0 0 k W e n h a n c e d e n e r g y s u p p l y . A
s t o r a g e t a n k w i t h a 4 0 0 l i t r e c a p a c i t y s h o w s t h e o p t i m u m p e r f o r m a n c e f o r h o u s e s i n B o d r u m
i n r e g a r d t o t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d c r i t e r i a . T h i s i s 1 6 0 l i t r e s m o r e t h a n t h e d a i l y D H W d e m a n d .



1 4 1
I n s u l a t i o n o f t h e s t o r a g e t a n k
T h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n o f t h e s t o r a g e t a n k i s a b s o l u t e l y r e c o m m e n d e d b a s e d o n t h e s i m u l a t i o n
r e s u l t s . O t h e r w i s e , f r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g c a n b e r e d u c e d m o r e t h a n 4 0 p e r c e n t . 1 5 0 m m
i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l w i t h 0 . 0 4 W / m
2
K e f f e c t i v e t h e r m a l c o n d u c t a n c e s h o w s o p t i m u m
p e r f o r m a n c e o n D H W e n e r g y s u p p l y . T h e t h i c k n e s s c a n b e i n c r e a s e d u p t o 2 0 0 m m , i f t h e r e
i s e n o u g h s p a c e . M o r e t h a n 2 0 0 m m t h i c k n e s s d o e s n o t i n c r e a s e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s
s i g n i f i c a n t l y .
P l a c e m e n t o f t h e s t o r a g e t a n k
P l a c i n g t h e s t o r a g e t a n k i n s i d e t h e b u i l d i n g , c l o s e t o c o l l e c t o r a r r a y s , i s m o r e a d v a n t a g e o u s
c o m p a r e d w i t h o u t s i d e p l a c e m e n t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n s . T a n k s p l a c e d i n s i d e a b u i l d i n g
h a v e o n a v e r a g e 3 0 0 k W / a h i g h e r c o n t r i b u t i o n . T h i s i s a l s o l i n k e d t o t h e c a p a c i t y . I n
c o n c l u s i o n , a n i n s u l a t e d ( 1 5 0 m m ) s t o r a g e t a n k w i t h a 4 0 0 l i t r e c a p a c i t y , w h i c h i s p l a c e d
i n s i d e t h e b u i l d i n g , i s u s e d b y f u r t h e r s i m u l a t i o n s .
b ) C o l l e c t o r r e l a t e d p a r a m e t e r s
C o l l e c t o r M a n u f a c t u r e r
D e r y a A . S . F e n t e k F e n i s W a g n e r & C o
T y p e D e r y a D S C 2 5 S o l a r T e k r a 9 0 2 E u r o C 2 0 A R
N u m b e r o f a r r a y 3 3 2
S y s t e m s u r f a c e a r e a m
2
7 . 5 6 . 4 5 . 2
G r o s s s u r f a c e a r e a m
2
2 . 4 9 2 . 1 2 2 . 6
A c t i v e s o l a r s u r f a c e m
2
2 . 2 5 1 . 9 1 2 . 3 7
S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y W s / m
2
K 8 , 0 1 0 1 0 , 0 8 4 4 , 6 7 7
T h e r m a l t r a n s m i t . C o . W / m
2
K 3 . 8 3 3 . 5 9 3 . 3 7
T h e r m a l t r a n s . C o . W / m
2
K
2
0 . 0 1 1 9 0 . 0 1 9 9 0 . 0 1 0 4
C o n v e r s a t i o n f a c t o r 7 6 . 2 7 8 8 5 . 4
M o d i f i e r 5 0 f r o m v e r t i c a l 9 2 . 2 8 6 . 5 9 7
M o d . f o r d i f f u s e i r r a d i a t i o n 8 7 . 6 8 2 . 2 9 4
T a b l e 2 9 C o l l e c t o r C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f D H W S y s t e m


1 4 1
I n s u l a t i o n o f t h e s t o r a g e t a n k
T h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n o f t h e s t o r a g e t a n k i s a b s o l u t e l y r e c o m m e n d e d b a s e d o n t h e s i m u l a t i o n
r e s u l t s . O t h e r w i s e , f r a c t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g c a n b e r e d u c e d m o r e t h a n 4 0 p e r c e n t . 1 5 0 m m
i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l w i t h 0 . 0 4 W / m
2
K e f f e c t i v e t h e r m a l c o n d u c t a n c e s h o w s o p t i m u m
p e r f o r m a n c e o n D H W e n e r g y s u p p l y . T h e t h i c k n e s s c a n b e i n c r e a s e d u p t o 2 0 0 m m , i f t h e r e
i s e n o u g h s p a c e . M o r e t h a n 2 0 0 m m t h i c k n e s s d o e s n o t i n c r e a s e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s
s i g n i f i c a n t l y .
P l a c e m e n t o f t h e s t o r a g e t a n k
P l a c i n g t h e s t o r a g e t a n k i n s i d e t h e b u i l d i n g , c l o s e t o c o l l e c t o r a r r a y s , i s m o r e a d v a n t a g e o u s
c o m p a r e d w i t h o u t s i d e p l a c e m e n t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n s . T a n k s p l a c e d i n s i d e a b u i l d i n g
h a v e o n a v e r a g e 3 0 0 k W / a h i g h e r c o n t r i b u t i o n . T h i s i s a l s o l i n k e d t o t h e c a p a c i t y . I n
c o n c l u s i o n , a n i n s u l a t e d ( 1 5 0 m m ) s t o r a g e t a n k w i t h a 4 0 0 l i t r e c a p a c i t y , w h i c h i s p l a c e d
i n s i d e t h e b u i l d i n g , i s u s e d b y f u r t h e r s i m u l a t i o n s .
b ) C o l l e c t o r r e l a t e d p a r a m e t e r s
C o l l e c t o r M a n u f a c t u r e r
D e r y a A . S . F e n t e k F e n i s W a g n e r & C o
T y p e D e r y a D S C 2 5 S o l a r T e k r a 9 0 2 E u r o C 2 0 A R
N u m b e r o f a r r a y 3 3 2
S y s t e m s u r f a c e a r e a m
2
7 . 5 6 . 4 5 . 2
G r o s s s u r f a c e a r e a m
2
2 . 4 9 2 . 1 2 2 . 6
A c t i v e s o l a r s u r f a c e m
2
2 . 2 5 1 . 9 1 2 . 3 7
S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y W s / m
2
K 8 , 0 1 0 1 0 , 0 8 4 4 , 6 7 7
T h e r m a l t r a n s m i t . C o . W / m
2
K 3 . 8 3 3 . 5 9 3 . 3 7
T h e r m a l t r a n s . C o . W / m
2
K
2
0 . 0 1 1 9 0 . 0 1 9 9 0 . 0 1 0 4
C o n v e r s a t i o n f a c t o r 7 6 . 2 7 8 8 5 . 4
M o d i f i e r 5 0 f r o m v e r t i c a l 9 2 . 2 8 6 . 5 9 7
M o d . f o r d i f f u s e i r r a d i a t i o n 8 7 . 6 8 2 . 2 9 4
T a b l e 2 9 C o l l e c t o r C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f D H W S y s t e m


141
Insulation of the storage tank
Thermal insulation of the storage tank is absolutely recommended based on the simulation
results. Otherwise, fractional energy saving can be reduced more than 40 per cent. 150 mm
insulation material with 0.04 W/m
2
K effective thermal conductance shows optimum
performance on DHW energy supply. The thickness can be increased up to 200 mm, if there
is enough space. More than 200 mm thickness does not increase the effectiveness
significantly.
Placement of the storage tank
Placing the storage tank inside the building, close to collector arrays, is more advantageous
compared with outside placement according to the simulations. Tanks placed inside a building
have on average 300 kW/a higher contribution. This is also linked to the capacity. In
conclusion, an insulated (150 mm) storage tank with a 400 litre capacity, which is placed
inside the building, is used by further simulations.
b) Collector related parameters
Collector Manufacturer
DeryaA.S. Fentek Fenis Wagner&Co
Type Derya DSC25 Solar Tekra 90 2 Euro C20 AR
Number of array 3 3 2
System surface area m
2
7.5 6.4 5.2
Gross surface area m
2
2.49 2.12 2.6
Active solar surface m
2
2.25 1.91 2.37
Specific heat capacity Ws/m
2
K 8,010 10,084 4,677
Thermal transmit. Co. W/m
2
K 3.83 3.59 3.37
Thermal trans. Co. W/m
2
K
2
0.0119 0.0199 0.0104
Conversation factor 76.2 78 85.4
Modifier 50 from vertical 92.2 86.5 97
Mod. for diffuse irradiation 87.6 82.2 94
Table 29 Collector Characteristics of DHW System


141
Insulation of the storage tank
Thermal insulation of the storage tank is absolutely recommended based on the simulation
results. Otherwise, fractional energy saving can be reduced more than 40 per cent. 150 mm
insulation material with 0.04 W/m
2
K effective thermal conductance shows optimum
performance on DHW energy supply. The thickness can be increased up to 200 mm, if there
is enough space. More than 200 mm thickness does not increase the effectiveness
significantly.
Placement of the storage tank
Placing the storage tank inside the building, close to collector arrays, is more advantageous
compared with outside placement according to the simulations. Tanks placed inside a building
have on average 300 kW/a higher contribution. This is also linked to the capacity. In
conclusion, an insulated (150 mm) storage tank with a 400 litre capacity, which is placed
inside the building, is used by further simulations.
b) Collector related parameters
Collector Manufacturer
DeryaA.S. Fentek Fenis Wagner&Co
Type Derya DSC25 Solar Tekra 90 2 Euro C20 AR
Number of array 3 3 2
System surface area m
2
7.5 6.4 5.2
Gross surface area m
2
2.49 2.12 2.6
Active solar surface m
2
2.25 1.91 2.37
Specific heat capacity Ws/m
2
K 8,010 10,084 4,677
Thermal transmit. Co. W/m
2
K 3.83 3.59 3.37
Thermal trans. Co. W/m
2
K
2
0.0119 0.0199 0.0104
Conversation factor 76.2 78 85.4
Modifier 50 from vertical 92.2 86.5 97
Mod. for diffuse irradiation 87.6 82.2 94
Table 29 Collector Characteristics of DHW System


142
Three flat-plate collectors are simulated to identify the optimum size and inclination of the
arrays for DHW energy supply. Two of these collectors are made in Turkey and the third one
is from Germany. Turkish suppliers are chosen because of local sustainability issues. German
supplier is chosen as a best-case alternative. According to Stiftung-Warentest

, this collector
from Wagner& Co has the best performance among other tested collectors
172
. The
characteristics of the collectors are given in table 29.
According to the simulation results, high solar fraction rates of up to 99 per cent are
possible. A flat-plate collector system with a 5 to 7 m
2
active solar surface is sufficient for
DHW contribution depending on the system specifications. Systems with 30 tilt angle have
the best efficiency. If the collectors should be placed on the faades vertically, 4-5 per cent
reduction of the solar fraction should be taken into account.
Horizontal use of the collectors will not change the solar fraction significantly when
compared with vertical implementation. The efficiency of the system from Wagner&Co will
decrease by 15 per cent, if the collectors are installed horizontally. This reduction is ten to
nine per cent respectively by Derya and Fentek.

Figure 28 Efficiency and Solar Fraction of Selected Array System for DHW (Screen capture)


Stiftung Warentest: It is a foundation offering independent and objective support by the comparative tests of goods and services. www.test.de



142
Three flat-plate collectors are simulated to identify the optimum size and inclination of the
arrays for DHW energy supply. Two of these collectors are made in Turkey and the third one
is from Germany. Turkish suppliers are chosen because of local sustainability issues. German
supplier is chosen as a best-case alternative. According to Stiftung-Warentest

, this collector
from Wagner& Co has the best performance among other tested collectors
172
. The
characteristics of the collectors are given in table 29.
According to the simulation results, high solar fraction rates of up to 99 per cent are
possible. A flat-plate collector system with a 5 to 7 m
2
active solar surface is sufficient for
DHW contribution depending on the system specifications. Systems with 30 tilt angle have
the best efficiency. If the collectors should be placed on the faades vertically, 4-5 per cent
reduction of the solar fraction should be taken into account.
Horizontal use of the collectors will not change the solar fraction significantly when
compared with vertical implementation. The efficiency of the system from Wagner&Co will
decrease by 15 per cent, if the collectors are installed horizontally. This reduction is ten to
nine per cent respectively by Derya and Fentek.

Figure 28 Efficiency and Solar Fraction of Selected Array System for DHW (Screen capture)


Stiftung Warentest: It is a foundation offering independent and objective support by the comparative tests of goods and services. www.test.de



1 4 2
T h r e e f l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s a r e s i m u l a t e d t o i d e n t i f y t h e o p t i m u m s i z e a n d i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e
a r r a y s f o r D H W e n e r g y s u p p l y . T w o o f t h e s e c o l l e c t o r s a r e m a d e i n T u r k e y a n d t h e t h i r d o n e
i s f r o m G e r m a n y . T u r k i s h s u p p l i e r s a r e c h o s e n b e c a u s e o f l o c a l s u s t a i n a b i l i t y i s s u e s . G e r m a n
s u p p l i e r i s c h o s e n a s a b e s t - c a s e a l t e r n a t i v e . A c c o r d i n g t o S t i f t u n g - W a r e n t e s t

, t h i s c o l l e c t o r
f r o m W a g n e r & C o h a s t h e b e s t p e r f o r m a n c e a m o n g o t h e r t e s t e d c o l l e c t o r s
1 7 2
. T h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e c o l l e c t o r s a r e g i v e n i n t a b l e 2 9 .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s , h i g h s o l a r f r a c t i o n r a t e s o f u p t o 9 9 p e r c e n t a r e
p o s s i b l e . A f l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s y s t e m w i t h a 5 t o 7 m
2
a c t i v e s o l a r s u r f a c e i s s u f f i c i e n t f o r
D H W c o n t r i b u t i o n d e p e n d i n g o n t h e s y s t e m s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . S y s t e m s w i t h 3 0 t i l t a n g l e h a v e
t h e b e s t e f f i c i e n c y . I f t h e c o l l e c t o r s s h o u l d b e p l a c e d o n t h e f a a d e s v e r t i c a l l y , 4 - 5 p e r c e n t
r e d u c t i o n o f t h e s o l a r f r a c t i o n s h o u l d b e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t .
H o r i z o n t a l u s e o f t h e c o l l e c t o r s w i l l n o t c h a n g e t h e s o l a r f r a c t i o n s i g n i f i c a n t l y w h e n
c o m p a r e d w i t h v e r t i c a l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n . T h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e s y s t e m f r o m W a g n e r & C o w i l l
d e c r e a s e b y 1 5 p e r c e n t , i f t h e c o l l e c t o r s a r e i n s t a l l e d h o r i z o n t a l l y . T h i s r e d u c t i o n i s t e n t o
n i n e p e r c e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y b y D e r y a a n d F e n t e k .

F i g u r e 2 8 E f f i c i e n c y a n d S o l a r F r a c t i o n o f S e l e c t e d A r r a y S y s t e m f o r D H W ( S c r e e n c a p t u r e )


S t i f t u n g W a r e n t e s t : I t i s a f o u n d a t i o n o f f e r i n g i n d e p e n d e n t a n d o b j e c t i v e s u p p o r t b y t h e c o m p a r a t i v e t e s t s o f g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s . w w w . t e s t . d e



1 4 2
T h r e e f l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s a r e s i m u l a t e d t o i d e n t i f y t h e o p t i m u m s i z e a n d i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e
a r r a y s f o r D H W e n e r g y s u p p l y . T w o o f t h e s e c o l l e c t o r s a r e m a d e i n T u r k e y a n d t h e t h i r d o n e
i s f r o m G e r m a n y . T u r k i s h s u p p l i e r s a r e c h o s e n b e c a u s e o f l o c a l s u s t a i n a b i l i t y i s s u e s . G e r m a n
s u p p l i e r i s c h o s e n a s a b e s t - c a s e a l t e r n a t i v e . A c c o r d i n g t o S t i f t u n g - W a r e n t e s t

, t h i s c o l l e c t o r
f r o m W a g n e r & C o h a s t h e b e s t p e r f o r m a n c e a m o n g o t h e r t e s t e d c o l l e c t o r s
1 7 2
. T h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e c o l l e c t o r s a r e g i v e n i n t a b l e 2 9 .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s , h i g h s o l a r f r a c t i o n r a t e s o f u p t o 9 9 p e r c e n t a r e
p o s s i b l e . A f l a t - p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s y s t e m w i t h a 5 t o 7 m
2
a c t i v e s o l a r s u r f a c e i s s u f f i c i e n t f o r
D H W c o n t r i b u t i o n d e p e n d i n g o n t h e s y s t e m s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . S y s t e m s w i t h 3 0 t i l t a n g l e h a v e
t h e b e s t e f f i c i e n c y . I f t h e c o l l e c t o r s s h o u l d b e p l a c e d o n t h e f a a d e s v e r t i c a l l y , 4 - 5 p e r c e n t
r e d u c t i o n o f t h e s o l a r f r a c t i o n s h o u l d b e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t .
H o r i z o n t a l u s e o f t h e c o l l e c t o r s w i l l n o t c h a n g e t h e s o l a r f r a c t i o n s i g n i f i c a n t l y w h e n
c o m p a r e d w i t h v e r t i c a l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n . T h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e s y s t e m f r o m W a g n e r & C o w i l l
d e c r e a s e b y 1 5 p e r c e n t , i f t h e c o l l e c t o r s a r e i n s t a l l e d h o r i z o n t a l l y . T h i s r e d u c t i o n i s t e n t o
n i n e p e r c e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y b y D e r y a a n d F e n t e k .

F i g u r e 2 8 E f f i c i e n c y a n d S o l a r F r a c t i o n o f S e l e c t e d A r r a y S y s t e m f o r D H W ( S c r e e n c a p t u r e )


S t i f t u n g W a r e n t e s t : I t i s a f o u n d a t i o n o f f e r i n g i n d e p e n d e n t a n d o b j e c t i v e s u p p o r t b y t h e c o m p a r a t i v e t e s t s o f g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s . w w w . t e s t . d e



1 4 3


S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t t h e c o l l e c t o r a r e a c a n b e r e d u c e d w h e n s o l e l y s e a s o n a l u s a g e
o f D H W i s a p p l i c a b l e . O w i n g t o h i g h s o l a r r a d i a t i o n , a s m a l l e r c o l l e c t o r a r e a i s s u f f i c i e n t i n
s u m m e r . D e p e n d i n g o n t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e c o l l e c t o r s , a 2 . 5 t o 3 . 5 m
2
a c t i v e s o l a r s u r f a c e
a r e a c a n s u p p l y s u f f i c i e n t h e a t i n g e n e r g y f o r D H W . D e t a i l s o n t h i s s y s t e m c a n b e f o u n d i n t h e
a p p e n d i x .
A s c a n b e s e e n i n f i g u r e 3 0 , s o l a r a s s i s t e d D H W s y s t e m s h a v e s i g n i f i c a n t e n v i r o n m e n t a l
e f f e c t s . F o r i n s t a n c e , 3 , 3 4 1 k g C O
2
e m i s s i o n s c a n b e a v o i d e d a n n u a l l y . M o r e o v e r , e l e c t r i c a l
b o i l e r s a r e u s e d f o r D H W i n B o d r u m a s a r a t i o n a l s y s t e m . F o r 3 . 2 M W / a h e a t i n g e n e r g y f o r
D H W , s u c h b o i l e r s o r i n s t a n t h e a t e r s n e e d m o r e t h e n 5 M W e n e r g y p e r a n n u m . S i m u l a t i o n
r e s u l t s p r o v e t h a t t h i s a m o u n t o f e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n c a n b e a v o i d e d .

F i g u r e 2 9 S a v i n g s w i t h S o l a r A s s i s t e d D H W S y s t e m s ( S c r e e n c a p t u r e )


1 4 3


S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t t h e c o l l e c t o r a r e a c a n b e r e d u c e d w h e n s o l e l y s e a s o n a l u s a g e
o f D H W i s a p p l i c a b l e . O w i n g t o h i g h s o l a r r a d i a t i o n , a s m a l l e r c o l l e c t o r a r e a i s s u f f i c i e n t i n
s u m m e r . D e p e n d i n g o n t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e c o l l e c t o r s , a 2 . 5 t o 3 . 5 m
2
a c t i v e s o l a r s u r f a c e
a r e a c a n s u p p l y s u f f i c i e n t h e a t i n g e n e r g y f o r D H W . D e t a i l s o n t h i s s y s t e m c a n b e f o u n d i n t h e
a p p e n d i x .
A s c a n b e s e e n i n f i g u r e 3 0 , s o l a r a s s i s t e d D H W s y s t e m s h a v e s i g n i f i c a n t e n v i r o n m e n t a l
e f f e c t s . F o r i n s t a n c e , 3 , 3 4 1 k g C O
2
e m i s s i o n s c a n b e a v o i d e d a n n u a l l y . M o r e o v e r , e l e c t r i c a l
b o i l e r s a r e u s e d f o r D H W i n B o d r u m a s a r a t i o n a l s y s t e m . F o r 3 . 2 M W / a h e a t i n g e n e r g y f o r
D H W , s u c h b o i l e r s o r i n s t a n t h e a t e r s n e e d m o r e t h e n 5 M W e n e r g y p e r a n n u m . S i m u l a t i o n
r e s u l t s p r o v e t h a t t h i s a m o u n t o f e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n c a n b e a v o i d e d .

F i g u r e 2 9 S a v i n g s w i t h S o l a r A s s i s t e d D H W S y s t e m s ( S c r e e n c a p t u r e )


143


Simulation results show that the collector area can be reduced when solely seasonal usage
of DHW is applicable. Owing to high solar radiation, a smaller collector area is sufficient in
summer. Depending on the specifications of the collectors, a 2.5 to 3.5 m
2
active solar surface
area can supply sufficient heating energy for DHW. Details on this system can be found in the
appendix.
As can be seen in figure 30, solar assisted DHW systems have significant environmental
effects. For instance, 3,341 kg CO
2
emissions can be avoided annually. Moreover, electrical
boilers are used for DHW in Bodrum as a rational system. For 3.2 MW/a heating energy for
DHW, such boilers or instant heaters need more then 5 MW energy per annum. Simulation
results prove that this amount of energy consumption can be avoided.

Figure 29 Savings with Solar Assisted DHW Systems (Screen capture)


143


Simulation results show that the collector area can be reduced when solely seasonal usage
of DHW is applicable. Owing to high solar radiation, a smaller collector area is sufficient in
summer. Depending on the specifications of the collectors, a 2.5 to 3.5 m
2
active solar surface
area can supply sufficient heating energy for DHW. Details on this system can be found in the
appendix.
As can be seen in figure 30, solar assisted DHW systems have significant environmental
effects. For instance, 3,341 kg CO
2
emissions can be avoided annually. Moreover, electrical
boilers are used for DHW in Bodrum as a rational system. For 3.2 MW/a heating energy for
DHW, such boilers or instant heaters need more then 5 MW energy per annum. Simulation
results prove that this amount of energy consumption can be avoided.

Figure 29 Savings with Solar Assisted DHW Systems (Screen capture)


144
6.4.4 Combined systems
According to Biaou
173
et al., several simulations have been run on combined systems for
cooling, heating, and DHW to represent their effectiveness. Simulations run for this work
prove also that to load the whole energetic demand of a building to a single system is
energetically and economically not efficient. A combination of the systems may enhance
efficiency. Moreover, the investment cost can be reduced significantly. The principle of the
combination used by the simulations is as follows:
The heating demand of the house is supplied by solar thermal systems. Detailed
explanations are given in previous sections. The electrical heater for auxiliary energy demand
will be fed by PV panels. A One hundred percent solar fraction for heating demand can be
achieved by this approach. PV panels are sized also to cover the whole energy demand for
cooling. The domestic hot water demand is supplied by a separate solar thermal system. This
system has its own storage tank. To separate the heating and DHW system increases the total
efficiency. The storage tanks of both systems are placed in the basement. They can be placed
separately for each unit by houses without basement floor.
6.4.3.1 Photovoltaic assistance of the combined system
The necessary cooling energy requirement will be covered by photovoltaic panels. This
approximates to 3.36 MW/a for analysed object. Cooling is necessary between May and
September. The monthly peak demand equals over one MW for August. The lowest value
approximates to 170 kW in May. The system is sized first for annual demand of 3.6 MW.
Nearly 0.3 MW of annual demand results from auxiliary heating, and the rest from the cooling
requirement. To size the system for monthly peak demand is considered as oversizing. As an
alternative for the monthly peak demand, the average value of app. 800 kW monthly is set as
system power. By calculating the average, the energy demand in May is not considered,
which would decrease the average value significantly. Table 30 shows the monthly cooling
energy and auxiliary heating energy demands.
Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
auxiliary heating kW 182 43 16 / / / / / / / / 19
cooling kW / / / / 169 686 1,018 975 521 / / /
Table 30 Monthly Energy Demand Supplied by the PV system


144
6.4.4 Combined systems
According to Biaou
173
et al., several simulations have been run on combined systems for
cooling, heating, and DHW to represent their effectiveness. Simulations run for this work
prove also that to load the whole energetic demand of a building to a single system is
energetically and economically not efficient. A combination of the systems may enhance
efficiency. Moreover, the investment cost can be reduced significantly. The principle of the
combination used by the simulations is as follows:
The heating demand of the house is supplied by solar thermal systems. Detailed
explanations are given in previous sections. The electrical heater for auxiliary energy demand
will be fed by PV panels. A One hundred percent solar fraction for heating demand can be
achieved by this approach. PV panels are sized also to cover the whole energy demand for
cooling. The domestic hot water demand is supplied by a separate solar thermal system. This
system has its own storage tank. To separate the heating and DHW system increases the total
efficiency. The storage tanks of both systems are placed in the basement. They can be placed
separately for each unit by houses without basement floor.
6.4.3.1 Photovoltaic assistance of the combined system
The necessary cooling energy requirement will be covered by photovoltaic panels. This
approximates to 3.36 MW/a for analysed object. Cooling is necessary between May and
September. The monthly peak demand equals over one MW for August. The lowest value
approximates to 170 kW in May. The system is sized first for annual demand of 3.6 MW.
Nearly 0.3 MW of annual demand results from auxiliary heating, and the rest from the cooling
requirement. To size the system for monthly peak demand is considered as oversizing. As an
alternative for the monthly peak demand, the average value of app. 800 kW monthly is set as
system power. By calculating the average, the energy demand in May is not considered,
which would decrease the average value significantly. Table 30 shows the monthly cooling
energy and auxiliary heating energy demands.
Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
auxiliary heating kW 182 43 16 / / / / / / / / 19
cooling kW / / / / 169 686 1,018 975 521 / / /
Table 30 Monthly Energy Demand Supplied by the PV system


1 4 4
6 . 4 . 4 C o m b i n e d s y s t e m s
A c c o r d i n g t o B i a o u
1 7 3
e t a l . , s e v e r a l s i m u l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n r u n o n c o m b i n e d s y s t e m s f o r
c o o l i n g , h e a t i n g , a n d D H W t o r e p r e s e n t t h e i r e f f e c t i v e n e s s . S i m u l a t i o n s r u n f o r t h i s w o r k
p r o v e a l s o t h a t t o l o a d t h e w h o l e e n e r g e t i c d e m a n d o f a b u i l d i n g t o a s i n g l e s y s t e m i s
e n e r g e t i c a l l y a n d e c o n o m i c a l l y n o t e f f i c i e n t . A c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e s y s t e m s m a y e n h a n c e
e f f i c i e n c y . M o r e o v e r , t h e i n v e s t m e n t c o s t c a n b e r e d u c e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y . T h e p r i n c i p l e o f t h e
c o m b i n a t i o n u s e d b y t h e s i m u l a t i o n s i s a s f o l l o w s :
T h e h e a t i n g d e m a n d o f t h e h o u s e i s s u p p l i e d b y s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m s . D e t a i l e d
e x p l a n a t i o n s a r e g i v e n i n p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n s . T h e e l e c t r i c a l h e a t e r f o r a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y d e m a n d
w i l l b e f e d b y P V p a n e l s . A O n e h u n d r e d p e r c e n t s o l a r f r a c t i o n f o r h e a t i n g d e m a n d c a n b e
a c h i e v e d b y t h i s a p p r o a c h . P V p a n e l s a r e s i z e d a l s o t o c o v e r t h e w h o l e e n e r g y d e m a n d f o r
c o o l i n g . T h e d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r d e m a n d i s s u p p l i e d b y a s e p a r a t e s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m . T h i s
s y s t e m h a s i t s o w n s t o r a g e t a n k . T o s e p a r a t e t h e h e a t i n g a n d D H W s y s t e m i n c r e a s e s t h e t o t a l
e f f i c i e n c y . T h e s t o r a g e t a n k s o f b o t h s y s t e m s a r e p l a c e d i n t h e b a s e m e n t . T h e y c a n b e p l a c e d
s e p a r a t e l y f o r e a c h u n i t b y h o u s e s w i t h o u t b a s e m e n t f l o o r .
6 . 4 . 3 . 1 P h o t o v o l t a i c a s s i s t a n c e o f t h e c o m b i n e d s y s t e m
T h e n e c e s s a r y c o o l i n g e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t w i l l b e c o v e r e d b y p h o t o v o l t a i c p a n e l s . T h i s
a p p r o x i m a t e s t o 3 . 3 6 M W / a f o r a n a l y s e d o b j e c t . C o o l i n g i s n e c e s s a r y b e t w e e n M a y a n d
S e p t e m b e r . T h e m o n t h l y p e a k d e m a n d e q u a l s o v e r o n e M W f o r A u g u s t . T h e l o w e s t v a l u e
a p p r o x i m a t e s t o 1 7 0 k W i n M a y . T h e s y s t e m i s s i z e d f i r s t f o r a n n u a l d e m a n d o f 3 . 6 M W .
N e a r l y 0 . 3 M W o f a n n u a l d e m a n d r e s u l t s f r o m a u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g , a n d t h e r e s t f r o m t h e c o o l i n g
r e q u i r e m e n t . T o s i z e t h e s y s t e m f o r m o n t h l y p e a k d e m a n d i s c o n s i d e r e d a s o v e r s i z i n g . A s a n
a l t e r n a t i v e f o r t h e m o n t h l y p e a k d e m a n d , t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e o f a p p . 8 0 0 k W m o n t h l y i s s e t a s
s y s t e m p o w e r . B y c a l c u l a t i n g t h e a v e r a g e , t h e e n e r g y d e m a n d i n M a y i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d ,
w h i c h w o u l d d e c r e a s e t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e s i g n i f i c a n t l y . T a b l e 3 0 s h o w s t h e m o n t h l y c o o l i n g
e n e r g y a n d a u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d s .
M o n t h 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2
a u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g k W 1 8 2 4 3 1 6 / / / / / / / / 1 9
c o o l i n g k W / / / / 1 6 9 6 8 6 1 , 0 1 8 9 7 5 5 2 1 / / /
T a b l e 3 0 M o n t h l y E n e r g y D e m a n d S u p p l i e d b y t h e P V s y s t e m


1 4 4
6 . 4 . 4 C o m b i n e d s y s t e m s
A c c o r d i n g t o B i a o u
1 7 3
e t a l . , s e v e r a l s i m u l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n r u n o n c o m b i n e d s y s t e m s f o r
c o o l i n g , h e a t i n g , a n d D H W t o r e p r e s e n t t h e i r e f f e c t i v e n e s s . S i m u l a t i o n s r u n f o r t h i s w o r k
p r o v e a l s o t h a t t o l o a d t h e w h o l e e n e r g e t i c d e m a n d o f a b u i l d i n g t o a s i n g l e s y s t e m i s
e n e r g e t i c a l l y a n d e c o n o m i c a l l y n o t e f f i c i e n t . A c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e s y s t e m s m a y e n h a n c e
e f f i c i e n c y . M o r e o v e r , t h e i n v e s t m e n t c o s t c a n b e r e d u c e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y . T h e p r i n c i p l e o f t h e
c o m b i n a t i o n u s e d b y t h e s i m u l a t i o n s i s a s f o l l o w s :
T h e h e a t i n g d e m a n d o f t h e h o u s e i s s u p p l i e d b y s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m s . D e t a i l e d
e x p l a n a t i o n s a r e g i v e n i n p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n s . T h e e l e c t r i c a l h e a t e r f o r a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y d e m a n d
w i l l b e f e d b y P V p a n e l s . A O n e h u n d r e d p e r c e n t s o l a r f r a c t i o n f o r h e a t i n g d e m a n d c a n b e
a c h i e v e d b y t h i s a p p r o a c h . P V p a n e l s a r e s i z e d a l s o t o c o v e r t h e w h o l e e n e r g y d e m a n d f o r
c o o l i n g . T h e d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r d e m a n d i s s u p p l i e d b y a s e p a r a t e s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m . T h i s
s y s t e m h a s i t s o w n s t o r a g e t a n k . T o s e p a r a t e t h e h e a t i n g a n d D H W s y s t e m i n c r e a s e s t h e t o t a l
e f f i c i e n c y . T h e s t o r a g e t a n k s o f b o t h s y s t e m s a r e p l a c e d i n t h e b a s e m e n t . T h e y c a n b e p l a c e d
s e p a r a t e l y f o r e a c h u n i t b y h o u s e s w i t h o u t b a s e m e n t f l o o r .
6 . 4 . 3 . 1 P h o t o v o l t a i c a s s i s t a n c e o f t h e c o m b i n e d s y s t e m
T h e n e c e s s a r y c o o l i n g e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t w i l l b e c o v e r e d b y p h o t o v o l t a i c p a n e l s . T h i s
a p p r o x i m a t e s t o 3 . 3 6 M W / a f o r a n a l y s e d o b j e c t . C o o l i n g i s n e c e s s a r y b e t w e e n M a y a n d
S e p t e m b e r . T h e m o n t h l y p e a k d e m a n d e q u a l s o v e r o n e M W f o r A u g u s t . T h e l o w e s t v a l u e
a p p r o x i m a t e s t o 1 7 0 k W i n M a y . T h e s y s t e m i s s i z e d f i r s t f o r a n n u a l d e m a n d o f 3 . 6 M W .
N e a r l y 0 . 3 M W o f a n n u a l d e m a n d r e s u l t s f r o m a u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g , a n d t h e r e s t f r o m t h e c o o l i n g
r e q u i r e m e n t . T o s i z e t h e s y s t e m f o r m o n t h l y p e a k d e m a n d i s c o n s i d e r e d a s o v e r s i z i n g . A s a n
a l t e r n a t i v e f o r t h e m o n t h l y p e a k d e m a n d , t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e o f a p p . 8 0 0 k W m o n t h l y i s s e t a s
s y s t e m p o w e r . B y c a l c u l a t i n g t h e a v e r a g e , t h e e n e r g y d e m a n d i n M a y i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d ,
w h i c h w o u l d d e c r e a s e t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e s i g n i f i c a n t l y . T a b l e 3 0 s h o w s t h e m o n t h l y c o o l i n g
e n e r g y a n d a u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d s .
M o n t h 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2
a u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g k W 1 8 2 4 3 1 6 / / / / / / / / 1 9
c o o l i n g k W / / / / 1 6 9 6 8 6 1 , 0 1 8 9 7 5 5 2 1 / / /
T a b l e 3 0 M o n t h l y E n e r g y D e m a n d S u p p l i e d b y t h e P V s y s t e m


1 4 5
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e a s s i s t i n g P V s y s t e m :
A h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e m o d u l D S - A 1 - 8 0 f r o m D a S o l

i s c h o s e n . 3 0 i n c l i n a t i o n a n d s o u t h
o r i e n t a t i o n a r e u s e d a s s t a n d a r d p a r a m e t e r s . F r e e h o r i z o n a n d n o s h a d i n g s a r e o t h e r i m p o r t a n t
p a r a m e t e r s t a k e n a s g r a n t e d b y t h e s i m u l a t i o n s . T h e n o m i n a l p o w e r o f t h e i n s t a l l e d s y s t e m
w i t h 1 6 . 5 m
2
g r o s s s u r f a c e a r e a i s 2 . 5 6 k W p .
E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e v a r i a n t s :
T h e f i r s t v a r i a t i o n i s b a s e d o n a g r i d c o n n e c t e d s y s t e m . T h e p r i n c i p l e i s t o i d e n t i f y t h e t o t a l
e n e r g y d e m a n d , w h i c h s h o u l d b e s u p p l i e d b y P V p a n e l s , a n d s i z e t h e s y s t e m a c c o r d i n g l y . I t i s
o b v i o u s t h a t s u c h a s y s t e m i s u n d e r s i z e d f o r p e r i o d s w i t h m o n t h l y p e a k d e m a n d w h i l e t h e y
a r e o v e r s i z e d f o r m o n t h s w i t h v e r y l o w a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y d e m a n d . T h e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e g r i d
s y s t e m s i s t h a t s u r p l u s e n e r g y i n w i n t e r m o n t h s c a n b e r e i n j e c t e d t o t h e g r i d , a n d a l s o
a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y i n s u m m e r m o n t h s c a n b e s u p p l i e d f r o m t h e g r i d a s p e r u s u a l .
m o n t h 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2
a u x i l i a r y
e n e r g y d e m a n d
( k W )
1 8 2 4 3 1 6 / 1 6 9 6 8 6 1 , 0 1 8 9 7 5 5 2 1 / / 1 9 3 , 6 2 9
s u p p l i e d
e n e r g y b y P V
( k W )
2 1 0 2 4 2 3 1 7 3 5 2 3 8 2 4 0 9 4 2 3 4 2 4 3 9 6 3 3 8 2 4 7 1 9 7 3 , 9 3 7
s u r p l u s e n e r g y
f r o m P V
2 8 1 9 9 3 0 1 3 5 2 2 1 3 / / / / 3 3 8 2 4 7 1 7 8 1 , 8 5 6
a u x i l i a r y
e n e r g y f r o m
g r i d
/ / / / / 2 7 5 5 9 5 5 5 1 1 2 5 / / / 1 , 5 4 6
T a b l e 3 1 C o m p a r i s o n o f M o n t h l y S u r p l u s a n d A u x i l i a r y E n e r g y
T h e t a b l e a b o v e s h o w s t h e e n e r g e t i c v a l u e s o f a s y s t e m w i t h 3 . 6 M W a n n u a l y i e l d . A s c a n
b e s e e n , t h e s u r p l u s e n e r g y i s m o r e t h a n t h e a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y d e m a n d . I n t h i s c a s e , t h e P V
s y s t e m c o m p e n s a t e s t h e a n n u a l a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y d e m a n d f o r b o t h c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g . D u r i n g
a y e a r , 2 . 0 8 1 k W o f p r o d u c e d e n e r g y i s u s e d d i r e c t l y b y t h e u s e r . 1 , 8 5 6 k W s u r p l u s e n e r g y i s
r e i n j e c t e d t o t h e g r i d f r o m O c t o b e r t o M a y . 1 , 5 4 6 k W e n e r g y i s s u p p l i e d f r o m t h e g r i d
b e t w e e n J u n e a n d S e p t e m b e r .
T h e a r r a y e f f i c i e n c y a p p r o x i m a t e s t o 1 2 . 5 p e r c e n t a n d t h e s y s t e m e f f i c i e n c y t o 1 2 p e r
c e n t . M o n t h l y v a l u e s c a n b e f o u n d i n t h e a p p e n d i x . O n e o f t h e i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s , w h i c h


F u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n s a b o u t t h e m o d u l e a n d s u p p l i e r c a n b e f o u n d o n t h e o f f i c i a l w e b s i t e : h t t p : / / w w w . d a s o l . c n / p r o d u c t _ a . a s p ? c l a s s i d = 1



1 4 5
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e a s s i s t i n g P V s y s t e m :
A h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e m o d u l D S - A 1 - 8 0 f r o m D a S o l

i s c h o s e n . 3 0 i n c l i n a t i o n a n d s o u t h
o r i e n t a t i o n a r e u s e d a s s t a n d a r d p a r a m e t e r s . F r e e h o r i z o n a n d n o s h a d i n g s a r e o t h e r i m p o r t a n t
p a r a m e t e r s t a k e n a s g r a n t e d b y t h e s i m u l a t i o n s . T h e n o m i n a l p o w e r o f t h e i n s t a l l e d s y s t e m
w i t h 1 6 . 5 m
2
g r o s s s u r f a c e a r e a i s 2 . 5 6 k W p .
E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e v a r i a n t s :
T h e f i r s t v a r i a t i o n i s b a s e d o n a g r i d c o n n e c t e d s y s t e m . T h e p r i n c i p l e i s t o i d e n t i f y t h e t o t a l
e n e r g y d e m a n d , w h i c h s h o u l d b e s u p p l i e d b y P V p a n e l s , a n d s i z e t h e s y s t e m a c c o r d i n g l y . I t i s
o b v i o u s t h a t s u c h a s y s t e m i s u n d e r s i z e d f o r p e r i o d s w i t h m o n t h l y p e a k d e m a n d w h i l e t h e y
a r e o v e r s i z e d f o r m o n t h s w i t h v e r y l o w a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y d e m a n d . T h e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e g r i d
s y s t e m s i s t h a t s u r p l u s e n e r g y i n w i n t e r m o n t h s c a n b e r e i n j e c t e d t o t h e g r i d , a n d a l s o
a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y i n s u m m e r m o n t h s c a n b e s u p p l i e d f r o m t h e g r i d a s p e r u s u a l .
m o n t h 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2
a u x i l i a r y
e n e r g y d e m a n d
( k W )
1 8 2 4 3 1 6 / 1 6 9 6 8 6 1 , 0 1 8 9 7 5 5 2 1 / / 1 9 3 , 6 2 9
s u p p l i e d
e n e r g y b y P V
( k W )
2 1 0 2 4 2 3 1 7 3 5 2 3 8 2 4 0 9 4 2 3 4 2 4 3 9 6 3 3 8 2 4 7 1 9 7 3 , 9 3 7
s u r p l u s e n e r g y
f r o m P V
2 8 1 9 9 3 0 1 3 5 2 2 1 3 / / / / 3 3 8 2 4 7 1 7 8 1 , 8 5 6
a u x i l i a r y
e n e r g y f r o m
g r i d
/ / / / / 2 7 5 5 9 5 5 5 1 1 2 5 / / / 1 , 5 4 6
T a b l e 3 1 C o m p a r i s o n o f M o n t h l y S u r p l u s a n d A u x i l i a r y E n e r g y
T h e t a b l e a b o v e s h o w s t h e e n e r g e t i c v a l u e s o f a s y s t e m w i t h 3 . 6 M W a n n u a l y i e l d . A s c a n
b e s e e n , t h e s u r p l u s e n e r g y i s m o r e t h a n t h e a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y d e m a n d . I n t h i s c a s e , t h e P V
s y s t e m c o m p e n s a t e s t h e a n n u a l a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y d e m a n d f o r b o t h c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g . D u r i n g
a y e a r , 2 . 0 8 1 k W o f p r o d u c e d e n e r g y i s u s e d d i r e c t l y b y t h e u s e r . 1 , 8 5 6 k W s u r p l u s e n e r g y i s
r e i n j e c t e d t o t h e g r i d f r o m O c t o b e r t o M a y . 1 , 5 4 6 k W e n e r g y i s s u p p l i e d f r o m t h e g r i d
b e t w e e n J u n e a n d S e p t e m b e r .
T h e a r r a y e f f i c i e n c y a p p r o x i m a t e s t o 1 2 . 5 p e r c e n t a n d t h e s y s t e m e f f i c i e n c y t o 1 2 p e r
c e n t . M o n t h l y v a l u e s c a n b e f o u n d i n t h e a p p e n d i x . O n e o f t h e i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s , w h i c h


F u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n s a b o u t t h e m o d u l e a n d s u p p l i e r c a n b e f o u n d o n t h e o f f i c i a l w e b s i t e : h t t p : / / w w w . d a s o l . c n / p r o d u c t _ a . a s p ? c l a s s i d = 1



145
Characteristics of the assisting PV system:
A high performance modul DS-A1-80 from DaSol

is chosen. 30 inclination and south


orientation are used as standard parameters. Free horizon and no shadings are other important
parameters taken as granted by the simulations. The nominal power of the installed system
with 16.5 m
2
gross surface area is 2.56 kWp.
Evaluation of the variants:
The first variation is based on a grid connected system. The principle is to identify the total
energy demand, which should be supplied by PV panels, and size the system accordingly. It is
obvious that such a system is undersized for periods with monthly peak demand while they
are oversized for months with very low auxiliary energy demand. The advantage of the grid
systems is that surplus energy in winter months can be reinjected to the grid, and also
auxiliary energy in summer months can be supplied from the grid as per usual.
month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
auxiliary
energy demand
(kW)
182 43 16 / 169 686 1,018 975 521 / / 19 3,629
supplied
energy by PV
(kW)
210 242 317 352 382 409 423 424 396 338 247 197 3,937
surplus energy
from PV
28 199 301 352 213 / / / / 338 247 178 1,856
auxiliary
energy from
grid
/ / / / / 275 595 551 125 / / / 1,546
Table 31 Comparison of Monthly Surplus and Auxiliary Energy
The table above shows the energetic values of a system with 3.6 MW annual yield. As can
be seen, the surplus energy is more than the auxiliary energy demand. In this case, the PV
system compensates the annual auxiliary energy demand for both cooling and heating. During
a year, 2.081 kW of produced energy is used directly by the user. 1,856 kW surplus energy is
reinjected to the grid from October to May. 1,546 kW energy is supplied from the grid
between June and September.
The array efficiency approximates to 12.5 per cent and the system efficiency to 12 per
cent. Monthly values can be found in the appendix. One of the important factors, which


Further informations about the module and supplier can be found on the official website: http://www.dasol.cn/product_a.asp?classid=1



145
Characteristics of the assisting PV system:
A high performance modul DS-A1-80 from DaSol

is chosen. 30 inclination and south


orientation are used as standard parameters. Free horizon and no shadings are other important
parameters taken as granted by the simulations. The nominal power of the installed system
with 16.5 m
2
gross surface area is 2.56 kWp.
Evaluation of the variants:
The first variation is based on a grid connected system. The principle is to identify the total
energy demand, which should be supplied by PV panels, and size the system accordingly. It is
obvious that such a system is undersized for periods with monthly peak demand while they
are oversized for months with very low auxiliary energy demand. The advantage of the grid
systems is that surplus energy in winter months can be reinjected to the grid, and also
auxiliary energy in summer months can be supplied from the grid as per usual.
month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
auxiliary
energy demand
(kW)
182 43 16 / 169 686 1,018 975 521 / / 19 3,629
supplied
energy by PV
(kW)
210 242 317 352 382 409 423 424 396 338 247 197 3,937
surplus energy
from PV
28 199 301 352 213 / / / / 338 247 178 1,856
auxiliary
energy from
grid
/ / / / / 275 595 551 125 / / / 1,546
Table 31 Comparison of Monthly Surplus and Auxiliary Energy
The table above shows the energetic values of a system with 3.6 MW annual yield. As can
be seen, the surplus energy is more than the auxiliary energy demand. In this case, the PV
system compensates the annual auxiliary energy demand for both cooling and heating. During
a year, 2.081 kW of produced energy is used directly by the user. 1,856 kW surplus energy is
reinjected to the grid from October to May. 1,546 kW energy is supplied from the grid
between June and September.
The array efficiency approximates to 12.5 per cent and the system efficiency to 12 per
cent. Monthly values can be found in the appendix. One of the important factors, which


Further informations about the module and supplier can be found on the official website: http://www.dasol.cn/product_a.asp?classid=1



146
influence the efficiency of the PV system in Bodrum is the outside temperature. The loss of
the effective irradiance on collectors due to the temperature is 7.8 per cent.
The suggested system for houses in Bodrum is illustrated in figure 31, and the energetic
values are given in the table 32. In conclusion, 99 per cent of DHW can be supplied with the
suggested solar thermal system. Moreover, 90 per cent of the heating energy demand can be
supplied by a separate thermal system. More efficiency is possible with economically
inefficient implementation. Furthermore, the auxiliary energy for heating and cooling energy
demand can be supplied 9 to 9.9 per cent through photovoltaic system. Ground-coupled
storage tanks are also advisable for further investigation.

Figure 30 Solar assisted system for Bodrum
month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
heating
energy
kW solar thermal 1 897 656 489 / / / / / / / 70 514
auxiliary
heating
kW photovoltaic 182 43 16 / / / / / / / / 19
cooling
energy
kW photovoltaic / / / / 169 686 1,018 975 521 / / /
DHW kW solar thermal 2 266 266 266 266 266 266 266 266 266 266 266 266
Table 32 Monthly Energy Demands and Source System


146
influence the efficiency of the PV system in Bodrum is the outside temperature. The loss of
the effective irradiance on collectors due to the temperature is 7.8 per cent.
The suggested system for houses in Bodrum is illustrated in figure 31, and the energetic
values are given in the table 32. In conclusion, 99 per cent of DHW can be supplied with the
suggested solar thermal system. Moreover, 90 per cent of the heating energy demand can be
supplied by a separate thermal system. More efficiency is possible with economically
inefficient implementation. Furthermore, the auxiliary energy for heating and cooling energy
demand can be supplied 9 to 9.9 per cent through photovoltaic system. Ground-coupled
storage tanks are also advisable for further investigation.

Figure 30 Solar assisted system for Bodrum
month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
heating
energy
kW solar thermal 1 897 656 489 / / / / / / / 70 514
auxiliary
heating
kW photovoltaic 182 43 16 / / / / / / / / 19
cooling
energy
kW photovoltaic / / / / 169 686 1,018 975 521 / / /
DHW kW solar thermal 2 266 266 266 266 266 266 266 266 266 266 266 266
Table 32 Monthly Energy Demands and Source System


1 4 6
i n f l u e n c e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e P V s y s t e m i n B o d r u m i s t h e o u t s i d e t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e l o s s o f
t h e e f f e c t i v e i r r a d i a n c e o n c o l l e c t o r s d u e t o t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i s 7 . 8 p e r c e n t .
T h e s u g g e s t e d s y s t e m f o r h o u s e s i n B o d r u m i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n f i g u r e 3 1 , a n d t h e e n e r g e t i c
v a l u e s a r e g i v e n i n t h e t a b l e 3 2 . I n c o n c l u s i o n , 9 9 p e r c e n t o f D H W c a n b e s u p p l i e d w i t h t h e
s u g g e s t e d s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m . M o r e o v e r , 9 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d c a n b e
s u p p l i e d b y a s e p a r a t e t h e r m a l s y s t e m . M o r e e f f i c i e n c y i s p o s s i b l e w i t h e c o n o m i c a l l y
i n e f f i c i e n t i m p l e m e n t a t i o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y f o r h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g e n e r g y
d e m a n d c a n b e s u p p l i e d 9 t o 9 . 9 p e r c e n t t h r o u g h p h o t o v o l t a i c s y s t e m . G r o u n d - c o u p l e d
s t o r a g e t a n k s a r e a l s o a d v i s a b l e f o r f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

F i g u r e 3 0 S o l a r a s s i s t e d s y s t e m f o r B o d r u m
m o n t h 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2
h e a t i n g
e n e r g y
k W s o l a r t h e r m a l 1 8 9 7 6 5 6 4 8 9 / / / / / / / 7 0 5 1 4
a u x i l i a r y
h e a t i n g
k W p h o t o v o l t a i c 1 8 2 4 3 1 6 / / / / / / / / 1 9
c o o l i n g
e n e r g y
k W p h o t o v o l t a i c / / / / 1 6 9 6 8 6 1 , 0 1 8 9 7 5 5 2 1 / / /
D H W k W s o l a r t h e r m a l 2 2 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6
T a b l e 3 2 M o n t h l y E n e r g y D e m a n d s a n d S o u r c e S y s t e m


1 4 6
i n f l u e n c e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e P V s y s t e m i n B o d r u m i s t h e o u t s i d e t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e l o s s o f
t h e e f f e c t i v e i r r a d i a n c e o n c o l l e c t o r s d u e t o t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i s 7 . 8 p e r c e n t .
T h e s u g g e s t e d s y s t e m f o r h o u s e s i n B o d r u m i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n f i g u r e 3 1 , a n d t h e e n e r g e t i c
v a l u e s a r e g i v e n i n t h e t a b l e 3 2 . I n c o n c l u s i o n , 9 9 p e r c e n t o f D H W c a n b e s u p p l i e d w i t h t h e
s u g g e s t e d s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m . M o r e o v e r , 9 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d c a n b e
s u p p l i e d b y a s e p a r a t e t h e r m a l s y s t e m . M o r e e f f i c i e n c y i s p o s s i b l e w i t h e c o n o m i c a l l y
i n e f f i c i e n t i m p l e m e n t a t i o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y f o r h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g e n e r g y
d e m a n d c a n b e s u p p l i e d 9 t o 9 . 9 p e r c e n t t h r o u g h p h o t o v o l t a i c s y s t e m . G r o u n d - c o u p l e d
s t o r a g e t a n k s a r e a l s o a d v i s a b l e f o r f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

F i g u r e 3 0 S o l a r a s s i s t e d s y s t e m f o r B o d r u m
m o n t h 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2
h e a t i n g
e n e r g y
k W s o l a r t h e r m a l 1 8 9 7 6 5 6 4 8 9 / / / / / / / 7 0 5 1 4
a u x i l i a r y
h e a t i n g
k W p h o t o v o l t a i c 1 8 2 4 3 1 6 / / / / / / / / 1 9
c o o l i n g
e n e r g y
k W p h o t o v o l t a i c / / / / 1 6 9 6 8 6 1 , 0 1 8 9 7 5 5 2 1 / / /
D H W k W s o l a r t h e r m a l 2 2 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 6
T a b l e 3 2 M o n t h l y E n e r g y D e m a n d s a n d S o u r c e S y s t e m


1 4 7
C h a p t e r V I I
E c o n o m i c a l A n a l y s i s o f P a s s i v e a n d A c t i v e M e a s u r e s
I n a d d i t i o n t o v a r i o u s t e c h n i c a l a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l p a r a m e t e r s , f i n a n c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a r e
p r i m a r y f a c t o r s i n t h e d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g p r o c e s s c o n c e r n i n g p a s s i v e a n d a c t i v e m e a s u r e s . I t c a n
b e a r g u e d , t h a t m e a s u r e s f o r e c o n o m i c a l a n d r a t i o n a l e n e r g y u s e c a n o n l y b e i m p l e m e n t e d , i f
t h e y a r e c o s t e f f i c i e n t . T h e r e f o r e , a c o m p a r a t i v e a n a l y s i s o f t h e s i m u l a t i o n o b j e c t s - H o l i d a y
H o u s e , B o d r u m B a s i c H o u s e a n d B e s t - C a s e - w i l l b e r u n i n t e r m s o f e c o n o m i c a l p a r a m e t e r s ,
w h i c h a r e b a s e d o n e s t i m a t e d c o s t s .
T h e m a i n a i m i s t o c o m m e n t o n t h e e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y o f a r c h i t e c t u r a l c o m p o n e n t s a n d
a c t i v e s y s t e m s , w h i c h c a n r e d u c e t h e e n e r g y d e m a n d o f t h e h o u s e s i n B o d r u m . F i r s t o f a l l , a n
e c o n o m i c a n a l y s i s w i l l b e r u n o n t h e e n e r g y u n i t p r i c e s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e a m o r t i s a t i o n
c a l c u l a t i o n s . A f t e r w a r d s , e a c h p a s s i v e a n d a c t i v e m e a s u r e , w h i c h a r e e v a l u a t e d i n C h a p t e r s
F i v e a n d S i x , w i l l b e a n a l y s e d i n r e g a r d t o i t s e c o n o m i c c o n t r i b u t i o n . F i n a l l y , t h e y w i l l b e
e v a l u a t e d i n r e s p e c t o f e x i s t i n g a n d f u t u r e s e t t l e m e n t s .
7 . 1 E n e r g y p r i c e c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n O E C D c o u n t r i e s a n d T u r k e y
T h e r e a r e a r g u m e n t s t h a t e n e r g y p r i c e a r e l i k e l y t o i n c r e a s e s i g n i f i c a n t l y a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d
i n t h e l o n g r u n . T h e c o m p a r i s o n o f v a l u e s w i t h o t h e r O E C D ( O r g a n i s a t i o n f o r E c o n o m i c C o -
O p e r a t i o n a n d D e v e l o p m e n t ) c o u n t r i e s c a n e m p h a s i z e t h e s i t u a t i o n i n T u r k e y . A c c o r d i n g t o
t h e C o n s u m e r P r i c e I n d e x ( C P I

) o f t h e O E C D , T u r k e y i s o n e o f t h e c o u n t r i e s w i t h t h e
h i g h e s t e n e r g y p r i c e i n c r e a s e
1 7 4
. A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s i n d e x T u r k e y h a s t h e h i g h e s t i n d e x v a l u e
i n 2 0 0 8 . T h e n e a r e s t v a l u e f r o m S l o v a k i a i s n o t e v e n t h e h a l f o f t h e v a l u e o f T u r k e y . T h e
v a l u e i n 2 0 0 8 ( A u g u s t ) w a s 5 9 6 a n d i t i s m o r e t h a n t h r e e t i m e s t h e O E C D a v e r a g e . D u r i n g t h e
e c o n o m i c c r i s i s i n T u r k e y i n 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 2 e n e r g y p r i c e s i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y . I f w e e x c l u d e
t h i s c r i s i s a n d j u s t e v a l u a t e t h e i n d e x e s a f t e r 2 0 0 7 , T u r k e y i s r i g h t b e h i n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s
a n d I c e l a n d i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y p r i c e i n c r e a s e . I t s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i s
i n a g l o b a l e c o n o m i c c r i s i s , a n d I c e l a n d h a s d e c l a r e d i t s b a n k r u p t c y .


T h e c o n s u m e r p r i c e i n d e x ( C P I ) m e a s u r e s c h a n g e s o v e r t i m e i n t h e g e n e r a l l e v e l o f p r i c e s o f g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s t h a t a r e f e r e n c e p o p u l a t i o n a c q u i r e s , u s e s o r p a y s f o r
c o n s u m p t i o n . A c o n s u m e r p r i c e i n d e x i s e s t i m a t e d a s a s e r i e s o f s u m m a r y m e a s u r e s o f t h e p e r i o d - t o - p e r i o d p r o p o r t i o n a l c h a n g e i n t h e p r i c e s o f a f i x e d s e t o f c o n s u m e r g o o d s
a n d s e r v i c e s o f c o n s t a n t q u a n t i t y a n d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , a c q u i r e d , u s e d o r p a i d f o r b y t h e r e f e r e n c e p o p u l a t i o n . E a c h s u m m a r y m e a s u r e i s c o n s t r u c t e d a s a w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e o f a
l a r g e n u m b e r o f e l e m e n t a r y a g g r e g a t e i n d i c e s . E a c h o f t h e e l e m e n t a r y a g g r e g a t e i n d i c e s i s e s t i m a t e d u s i n g a s a m p l e o f p r i c e s f o r a d e f i n e d s e t o f g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s o b t a i n e d
i n , o r b y r e s i d e n t s o f , a s p e c i f i c r e g i o n f r o m a g i v e n s e t o f o u t l e t s o r o t h e r s o u r c e s o f c o n s u m p t i o n g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s .


1 4 7
C h a p t e r V I I
E c o n o m i c a l A n a l y s i s o f P a s s i v e a n d A c t i v e M e a s u r e s
I n a d d i t i o n t o v a r i o u s t e c h n i c a l a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l p a r a m e t e r s , f i n a n c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a r e
p r i m a r y f a c t o r s i n t h e d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g p r o c e s s c o n c e r n i n g p a s s i v e a n d a c t i v e m e a s u r e s . I t c a n
b e a r g u e d , t h a t m e a s u r e s f o r e c o n o m i c a l a n d r a t i o n a l e n e r g y u s e c a n o n l y b e i m p l e m e n t e d , i f
t h e y a r e c o s t e f f i c i e n t . T h e r e f o r e , a c o m p a r a t i v e a n a l y s i s o f t h e s i m u l a t i o n o b j e c t s - H o l i d a y
H o u s e , B o d r u m B a s i c H o u s e a n d B e s t - C a s e - w i l l b e r u n i n t e r m s o f e c o n o m i c a l p a r a m e t e r s ,
w h i c h a r e b a s e d o n e s t i m a t e d c o s t s .
T h e m a i n a i m i s t o c o m m e n t o n t h e e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y o f a r c h i t e c t u r a l c o m p o n e n t s a n d
a c t i v e s y s t e m s , w h i c h c a n r e d u c e t h e e n e r g y d e m a n d o f t h e h o u s e s i n B o d r u m . F i r s t o f a l l , a n
e c o n o m i c a n a l y s i s w i l l b e r u n o n t h e e n e r g y u n i t p r i c e s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e a m o r t i s a t i o n
c a l c u l a t i o n s . A f t e r w a r d s , e a c h p a s s i v e a n d a c t i v e m e a s u r e , w h i c h a r e e v a l u a t e d i n C h a p t e r s
F i v e a n d S i x , w i l l b e a n a l y s e d i n r e g a r d t o i t s e c o n o m i c c o n t r i b u t i o n . F i n a l l y , t h e y w i l l b e
e v a l u a t e d i n r e s p e c t o f e x i s t i n g a n d f u t u r e s e t t l e m e n t s .
7 . 1 E n e r g y p r i c e c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n O E C D c o u n t r i e s a n d T u r k e y
T h e r e a r e a r g u m e n t s t h a t e n e r g y p r i c e a r e l i k e l y t o i n c r e a s e s i g n i f i c a n t l y a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d
i n t h e l o n g r u n . T h e c o m p a r i s o n o f v a l u e s w i t h o t h e r O E C D ( O r g a n i s a t i o n f o r E c o n o m i c C o -
O p e r a t i o n a n d D e v e l o p m e n t ) c o u n t r i e s c a n e m p h a s i z e t h e s i t u a t i o n i n T u r k e y . A c c o r d i n g t o
t h e C o n s u m e r P r i c e I n d e x ( C P I

) o f t h e O E C D , T u r k e y i s o n e o f t h e c o u n t r i e s w i t h t h e
h i g h e s t e n e r g y p r i c e i n c r e a s e
1 7 4
. A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s i n d e x T u r k e y h a s t h e h i g h e s t i n d e x v a l u e
i n 2 0 0 8 . T h e n e a r e s t v a l u e f r o m S l o v a k i a i s n o t e v e n t h e h a l f o f t h e v a l u e o f T u r k e y . T h e
v a l u e i n 2 0 0 8 ( A u g u s t ) w a s 5 9 6 a n d i t i s m o r e t h a n t h r e e t i m e s t h e O E C D a v e r a g e . D u r i n g t h e
e c o n o m i c c r i s i s i n T u r k e y i n 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 2 e n e r g y p r i c e s i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y . I f w e e x c l u d e
t h i s c r i s i s a n d j u s t e v a l u a t e t h e i n d e x e s a f t e r 2 0 0 7 , T u r k e y i s r i g h t b e h i n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s
a n d I c e l a n d i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y p r i c e i n c r e a s e . I t s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i s
i n a g l o b a l e c o n o m i c c r i s i s , a n d I c e l a n d h a s d e c l a r e d i t s b a n k r u p t c y .


T h e c o n s u m e r p r i c e i n d e x ( C P I ) m e a s u r e s c h a n g e s o v e r t i m e i n t h e g e n e r a l l e v e l o f p r i c e s o f g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s t h a t a r e f e r e n c e p o p u l a t i o n a c q u i r e s , u s e s o r p a y s f o r
c o n s u m p t i o n . A c o n s u m e r p r i c e i n d e x i s e s t i m a t e d a s a s e r i e s o f s u m m a r y m e a s u r e s o f t h e p e r i o d - t o - p e r i o d p r o p o r t i o n a l c h a n g e i n t h e p r i c e s o f a f i x e d s e t o f c o n s u m e r g o o d s
a n d s e r v i c e s o f c o n s t a n t q u a n t i t y a n d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , a c q u i r e d , u s e d o r p a i d f o r b y t h e r e f e r e n c e p o p u l a t i o n . E a c h s u m m a r y m e a s u r e i s c o n s t r u c t e d a s a w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e o f a
l a r g e n u m b e r o f e l e m e n t a r y a g g r e g a t e i n d i c e s . E a c h o f t h e e l e m e n t a r y a g g r e g a t e i n d i c e s i s e s t i m a t e d u s i n g a s a m p l e o f p r i c e s f o r a d e f i n e d s e t o f g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s o b t a i n e d
i n , o r b y r e s i d e n t s o f , a s p e c i f i c r e g i o n f r o m a g i v e n s e t o f o u t l e t s o r o t h e r s o u r c e s o f c o n s u m p t i o n g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s .


147
Chapter VII
Economical Analysis of Passive and Active Measures
In addition to various technical and architectural parameters, financial considerations are
primary factors in the decision-making process concerning passive and active measures. It can
be argued, that measures for economical and rational energy use can only be implemented, if
they are cost efficient. Therefore, a comparative analysis of the simulation objects -Holiday
House, Bodrum Basic House and Best-Case- will be run in terms of economical parameters,
which are based on estimated costs.
The main aim is to comment on the economic efficiency of architectural components and
active systems, which can reduce the energy demand of the houses in Bodrum. First of all, an
economic analysis will be run on the energy unit prices required for the amortisation
calculations. Afterwards, each passive and active measure, which are evaluated in Chapters
Five and Six, will be analysed in regard to its economic contribution. Finally, they will be
evaluated in respect of existing and future settlements.
7.1 Energy price comparison between OECD countries and Turkey
There are arguments that energy price are likely to increase significantly all over the world
in the long run. The comparison of values with other OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-
Operation and Development) countries can emphasize the situation in Turkey. According to
the Consumer Price Index (CPI

) of the OECD, Turkey is one of the countries with the


highest energy price increase
174
. According to this index Turkey has the highest index value
in 2008. The nearest value from Slovakia is not even the half of the value of Turkey. The
value in 2008 (August) was 596 and it is more than three times the OECD average. During the
economic crisis in Turkey in 2001-2002 energy prices increased significantly. If we exclude
this crisis and just evaluate the indexes after 2007, Turkey is right behind the United States
and Iceland in terms of energy price increase. It should be considered that the United States is
in a global economic crisis, and Iceland has declared its bankruptcy.


The consumer price index (CPI) measures changes over time in the general level of prices of goods and services that a reference population acquires, uses or pays for
consumption. A consumer price index is estimated as a series of summary measures of the period-to-period proportional change in the prices of a fixed set of consumer goods
and services of constant quantity and characteristics, acquired, used or paid for by the reference population. Each summary measure is constructed as a weighted average of a
large number of elementary aggregate indices. Each of the elementary aggregate indices is estimated using a sample of prices for a defined set of goods and services obtained
in, or by residents of, a specific region from a given set of outlets or other sources of consumption goods and services.


147
Chapter VII
Economical Analysis of Passive and Active Measures
In addition to various technical and architectural parameters, financial considerations are
primary factors in the decision-making process concerning passive and active measures. It can
be argued, that measures for economical and rational energy use can only be implemented, if
they are cost efficient. Therefore, a comparative analysis of the simulation objects -Holiday
House, Bodrum Basic House and Best-Case- will be run in terms of economical parameters,
which are based on estimated costs.
The main aim is to comment on the economic efficiency of architectural components and
active systems, which can reduce the energy demand of the houses in Bodrum. First of all, an
economic analysis will be run on the energy unit prices required for the amortisation
calculations. Afterwards, each passive and active measure, which are evaluated in Chapters
Five and Six, will be analysed in regard to its economic contribution. Finally, they will be
evaluated in respect of existing and future settlements.
7.1 Energy price comparison between OECD countries and Turkey
There are arguments that energy price are likely to increase significantly all over the world
in the long run. The comparison of values with other OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-
Operation and Development) countries can emphasize the situation in Turkey. According to
the Consumer Price Index (CPI

) of the OECD, Turkey is one of the countries with the


highest energy price increase
174
. According to this index Turkey has the highest index value
in 2008. The nearest value from Slovakia is not even the half of the value of Turkey. The
value in 2008 (August) was 596 and it is more than three times the OECD average. During the
economic crisis in Turkey in 2001-2002 energy prices increased significantly. If we exclude
this crisis and just evaluate the indexes after 2007, Turkey is right behind the United States
and Iceland in terms of energy price increase. It should be considered that the United States is
in a global economic crisis, and Iceland has declared its bankruptcy.


The consumer price index (CPI) measures changes over time in the general level of prices of goods and services that a reference population acquires, uses or pays for
consumption. A consumer price index is estimated as a series of summary measures of the period-to-period proportional change in the prices of a fixed set of consumer goods
and services of constant quantity and characteristics, acquired, used or paid for by the reference population. Each summary measure is constructed as a weighted average of a
large number of elementary aggregate indices. Each of the elementary aggregate indices is estimated using a sample of prices for a defined set of goods and services obtained
in, or by residents of, a specific region from a given set of outlets or other sources of consumption goods and services.


148
Furthermore, energy prices increased 115.7 per cent from 1995 to 2007. Additional change
of more than 27 per cent till the end of 2008 caused crisis situations. During 2008 it reached
its top value due to additional increases of electricity and natural gas prices by about 55 per
cent.
175
.
A closer look at energy prices in Turkey reveals that the most significant value for this
work is the price of electricity. The unit price for electricity decreased exponentially during
2008 and reached 13 cent at the end of the year. At the end of the year the unit price increased
by 55 per cent excluding taxes. The suggested unit price for the first quarter of 2009 is 13.2
cent per kW incl. taxes
2
.
This situation shows that the energy sources should be diversified in order to avoid or limit
the dependence on foreign energy sources. In this regard, renewable energy sources offer an
alternative, which should be considered by governmental authorities.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008*
3 year
Average
Turkey 100 192 279 330 346 397 442 469 596 89.05
EU 27 100 102 104 108 114 125 136 / / 3.71
OECD Avarage 100 104 103 110 118 133 146 152 184 4.49
Table 33 Comparison of CPI for Energy with Base Year 2000 (* the value for August in 2008)
7.2 Pricing and comparison procedure by economical evaluations
The energy price is the most important factor within the economical evaluations. It is
difficult to estimate the energy prices for the future. Due to this reason, the use of speculative
estimations for the calculations is unavoidable.
7.2.1 Estimation of energy prices in the future
One of the economic methods used to estimate dynamic values in the future is the Holt-
Winters

method. This method is used to forecast the unit price of electrical energy, which is
the main source in Bodrum. Simulations have proven that it is unpredictable due to input


The values can be found in the council decisions of the EPDK


This method is the simplest form of exponential smoothing and can be used only for data without any systematic trend or seasonal components. Given such a time series, a
sensible approach is to take a weighted average of past values.


148
Furthermore, energy prices increased 115.7 per cent from 1995 to 2007. Additional change
of more than 27 per cent till the end of 2008 caused crisis situations. During 2008 it reached
its top value due to additional increases of electricity and natural gas prices by about 55 per
cent.
175
.
A closer look at energy prices in Turkey reveals that the most significant value for this
work is the price of electricity. The unit price for electricity decreased exponentially during
2008 and reached 13 cent at the end of the year. At the end of the year the unit price increased
by 55 per cent excluding taxes. The suggested unit price for the first quarter of 2009 is 13.2
cent per kW incl. taxes
2
.
This situation shows that the energy sources should be diversified in order to avoid or limit
the dependence on foreign energy sources. In this regard, renewable energy sources offer an
alternative, which should be considered by governmental authorities.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008*
3 year
Average
Turkey 100 192 279 330 346 397 442 469 596 89.05
EU 27 100 102 104 108 114 125 136 / / 3.71
OECD Avarage 100 104 103 110 118 133 146 152 184 4.49
Table 33 Comparison of CPI for Energy with Base Year 2000 (* the value for August in 2008)
7.2 Pricing and comparison procedure by economical evaluations
The energy price is the most important factor within the economical evaluations. It is
difficult to estimate the energy prices for the future. Due to this reason, the use of speculative
estimations for the calculations is unavoidable.
7.2.1 Estimation of energy prices in the future
One of the economic methods used to estimate dynamic values in the future is the Holt-
Winters

method. This method is used to forecast the unit price of electrical energy, which is
the main source in Bodrum. Simulations have proven that it is unpredictable due to input


The values can be found in the council decisions of the EPDK


This method is the simplest form of exponential smoothing and can be used only for data without any systematic trend or seasonal components. Given such a time series, a
sensible approach is to take a weighted average of past values.


1 4 8
F u r t h e r m o r e , e n e r g y p r i c e s i n c r e a s e d 1 1 5 . 7 p e r c e n t f r o m 1 9 9 5 t o 2 0 0 7 . A d d i t i o n a l c h a n g e
o f m o r e t h a n 2 7 p e r c e n t t i l l t h e e n d o f 2 0 0 8 c a u s e d c r i s i s s i t u a t i o n s . D u r i n g 2 0 0 8 i t r e a c h e d
i t s t o p v a l u e d u e t o a d d i t i o n a l i n c r e a s e s o f e l e c t r i c i t y a n d n a t u r a l g a s p r i c e s b y a b o u t 5 5 p e r
c e n t .
1 7 5
.
A c l o s e r l o o k a t e n e r g y p r i c e s i n T u r k e y r e v e a l s t h a t t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t v a l u e f o r t h i s
w o r k i s t h e p r i c e o f e l e c t r i c i t y . T h e u n i t p r i c e f o r e l e c t r i c i t y d e c r e a s e d e x p o n e n t i a l l y d u r i n g
2 0 0 8 a n d r e a c h e d 1 3 c e n t a t t h e e n d o f t h e y e a r . A t t h e e n d o f t h e y e a r t h e u n i t p r i c e i n c r e a s e d
b y 5 5 p e r c e n t e x c l u d i n g t a x e s . T h e s u g g e s t e d u n i t p r i c e f o r t h e f i r s t q u a r t e r o f 2 0 0 9 i s 1 3 . 2
c e n t p e r k W i n c l . t a x e s
2
.
T h i s s i t u a t i o n s h o w s t h a t t h e e n e r g y s o u r c e s s h o u l d b e d i v e r s i f i e d i n o r d e r t o a v o i d o r l i m i t
t h e d e p e n d e n c e o n f o r e i g n e n e r g y s o u r c e s . I n t h i s r e g a r d , r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s o f f e r a n
a l t e r n a t i v e , w h i c h s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d b y g o v e r n m e n t a l a u t h o r i t i e s .
2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 *
3 y e a r
A v e r a g e
T u r k e y 1 0 0 1 9 2 2 7 9 3 3 0 3 4 6 3 9 7 4 4 2 4 6 9 5 9 6 8 9 . 0 5
E U 2 7 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 4 1 0 8 1 1 4 1 2 5 1 3 6 / / 3 . 7 1
O E C D A v a r a g e 1 0 0 1 0 4 1 0 3 1 1 0 1 1 8 1 3 3 1 4 6 1 5 2 1 8 4 4 . 4 9
T a b l e 3 3 C o m p a r i s o n o f C P I f o r E n e r g y w i t h B a s e Y e a r 2 0 0 0 ( * t h e v a l u e f o r A u g u s t i n 2 0 0 8 )
7 . 2 P r i c i n g a n d c o m p a r i s o n p r o c e d u r e b y e c o n o m i c a l e v a l u a t i o n s
T h e e n e r g y p r i c e i s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r w i t h i n t h e e c o n o m i c a l e v a l u a t i o n s . I t i s
d i f f i c u l t t o e s t i m a t e t h e e n e r g y p r i c e s f o r t h e f u t u r e . D u e t o t h i s r e a s o n , t h e u s e o f s p e c u l a t i v e
e s t i m a t i o n s f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s i s u n a v o i d a b l e .
7 . 2 . 1 E s t i m a t i o n o f e n e r g y p r i c e s i n t h e f u t u r e
O n e o f t h e e c o n o m i c m e t h o d s u s e d t o e s t i m a t e d y n a m i c v a l u e s i n t h e f u t u r e i s t h e H o l t -
W i n t e r s

m e t h o d . T h i s m e t h o d i s u s e d t o f o r e c a s t t h e u n i t p r i c e o f e l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y , w h i c h i s
t h e m a i n s o u r c e i n B o d r u m . S i m u l a t i o n s h a v e p r o v e n t h a t i t i s u n p r e d i c t a b l e d u e t o i n p u t


T h e v a l u e s c a n b e f o u n d i n t h e c o u n c i l d e c i s i o n s o f t h e E P D K


T h i s m e t h o d i s t h e s i m p l e s t f o r m o f e x p o n e n t i a l s m o o t h i n g a n d c a n b e u s e d o n l y f o r d a t a w i t h o u t a n y s y s t e m a t i c t r e n d o r s e a s o n a l c o m p o n e n t s . G i v e n s u c h a t i m e s e r i e s , a
s e n s i b l e a p p r o a c h i s t o t a k e a w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e o f p a s t v a l u e s .


1 4 8
F u r t h e r m o r e , e n e r g y p r i c e s i n c r e a s e d 1 1 5 . 7 p e r c e n t f r o m 1 9 9 5 t o 2 0 0 7 . A d d i t i o n a l c h a n g e
o f m o r e t h a n 2 7 p e r c e n t t i l l t h e e n d o f 2 0 0 8 c a u s e d c r i s i s s i t u a t i o n s . D u r i n g 2 0 0 8 i t r e a c h e d
i t s t o p v a l u e d u e t o a d d i t i o n a l i n c r e a s e s o f e l e c t r i c i t y a n d n a t u r a l g a s p r i c e s b y a b o u t 5 5 p e r
c e n t .
1 7 5
.
A c l o s e r l o o k a t e n e r g y p r i c e s i n T u r k e y r e v e a l s t h a t t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t v a l u e f o r t h i s
w o r k i s t h e p r i c e o f e l e c t r i c i t y . T h e u n i t p r i c e f o r e l e c t r i c i t y d e c r e a s e d e x p o n e n t i a l l y d u r i n g
2 0 0 8 a n d r e a c h e d 1 3 c e n t a t t h e e n d o f t h e y e a r . A t t h e e n d o f t h e y e a r t h e u n i t p r i c e i n c r e a s e d
b y 5 5 p e r c e n t e x c l u d i n g t a x e s . T h e s u g g e s t e d u n i t p r i c e f o r t h e f i r s t q u a r t e r o f 2 0 0 9 i s 1 3 . 2
c e n t p e r k W i n c l . t a x e s
2
.
T h i s s i t u a t i o n s h o w s t h a t t h e e n e r g y s o u r c e s s h o u l d b e d i v e r s i f i e d i n o r d e r t o a v o i d o r l i m i t
t h e d e p e n d e n c e o n f o r e i g n e n e r g y s o u r c e s . I n t h i s r e g a r d , r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s o f f e r a n
a l t e r n a t i v e , w h i c h s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d b y g o v e r n m e n t a l a u t h o r i t i e s .
2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 *
3 y e a r
A v e r a g e
T u r k e y 1 0 0 1 9 2 2 7 9 3 3 0 3 4 6 3 9 7 4 4 2 4 6 9 5 9 6 8 9 . 0 5
E U 2 7 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 4 1 0 8 1 1 4 1 2 5 1 3 6 / / 3 . 7 1
O E C D A v a r a g e 1 0 0 1 0 4 1 0 3 1 1 0 1 1 8 1 3 3 1 4 6 1 5 2 1 8 4 4 . 4 9
T a b l e 3 3 C o m p a r i s o n o f C P I f o r E n e r g y w i t h B a s e Y e a r 2 0 0 0 ( * t h e v a l u e f o r A u g u s t i n 2 0 0 8 )
7 . 2 P r i c i n g a n d c o m p a r i s o n p r o c e d u r e b y e c o n o m i c a l e v a l u a t i o n s
T h e e n e r g y p r i c e i s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r w i t h i n t h e e c o n o m i c a l e v a l u a t i o n s . I t i s
d i f f i c u l t t o e s t i m a t e t h e e n e r g y p r i c e s f o r t h e f u t u r e . D u e t o t h i s r e a s o n , t h e u s e o f s p e c u l a t i v e
e s t i m a t i o n s f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s i s u n a v o i d a b l e .
7 . 2 . 1 E s t i m a t i o n o f e n e r g y p r i c e s i n t h e f u t u r e
O n e o f t h e e c o n o m i c m e t h o d s u s e d t o e s t i m a t e d y n a m i c v a l u e s i n t h e f u t u r e i s t h e H o l t -
W i n t e r s

m e t h o d . T h i s m e t h o d i s u s e d t o f o r e c a s t t h e u n i t p r i c e o f e l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y , w h i c h i s
t h e m a i n s o u r c e i n B o d r u m . S i m u l a t i o n s h a v e p r o v e n t h a t i t i s u n p r e d i c t a b l e d u e t o i n p u t


T h e v a l u e s c a n b e f o u n d i n t h e c o u n c i l d e c i s i o n s o f t h e E P D K


T h i s m e t h o d i s t h e s i m p l e s t f o r m o f e x p o n e n t i a l s m o o t h i n g a n d c a n b e u s e d o n l y f o r d a t a w i t h o u t a n y s y s t e m a t i c t r e n d o r s e a s o n a l c o m p o n e n t s . G i v e n s u c h a t i m e s e r i e s , a
s e n s i b l e a p p r o a c h i s t o t a k e a w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e o f p a s t v a l u e s .

1 4 9
v a l u e s , w h i c h c a n b e s e e n i n T a b l e 3 4 . T h e u n i t p r i c e f o r e l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y i n T u r k e y
f l u c t u a t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y d u r i n g t h e l a s t 1 5 y e a r s . T a b l e 3 4 s h o w s t h a t , t h e a n n u a l i n c r e a s e
v a r i e s b e t w e e n z e r o t o 5 5 p e r c e n t . T h e r e f o r e , t h e u n i t p r i c e s f o r t h e f u t u r e a r e n o t p r e d i c t a b l e
a c c o r d i n g t o H o l t s m e t h o d . T h e r e s u l t s c a n b e s e e n i n t h e a p p e n d i x .
E c o n o m i c a l i n s t a b i l i t y a n d d e p e n d e n c e o n f o r e i g n s o u r c e s
s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f l u e n c e t h e e n e r g y p r i c e i n T u r k e y . T h e r e f o r e ,
o i l p r i c e s a n d C P I i n d e x a r e u s e d a s s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e s f o r
e s t i m a t i n g f u t u r e e n e r g y p r i c e s i n T u r k e y . S i m u l a t i o n s r u n o n
t h e s e c r i t e r i a a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a g r e a t e r r o r r a t e . T h i s
c a n n o t b e a c c e p t e d n o r b e u s e d f o r f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s . T h e e r r o r
q u o t a i s g r e a t e r t h e n 3 0 p e r c e n t , w h i l e d i f f e r e n c e s b e l o w 1 0
p e r c e n t a r e t h e m i n i m u m t o b e a c c e p t e d a s a p r o p e r v a l u e b y
t h i s m e t h o d .
T h e r e f o r e t w o f u r t h e r m e t h o d s a r e c h o s e n f o r e c o n o m i c
c a l c u l a t i o n s . T h e f i r s t m e t h o d i s b a s e d o n s i m p l e p a y b a c k
p e r i o d c a l c u l a t i o n s . T h e s e c o n d m e t h o d i s f o u n d e d o n a f u t u r e
s c e n a r i o e s t i m a t e d b y t h e a u t h o r . T h e d e t a i l s a b o u t t h e s e t w o
m e t h o d s w i l l b e e x p l a i n e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r s .


7 . 2 . 2 M e t h o d s f o r f o r e c a s t i n g t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d
M e t h o d s f o r t h e p r e d i c t i o n o f f u t u r e o u t c o m e s c a n b e g e n e r a l l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d a s s t a t i c a n d
d y n a m i c c a l c u l a t i o n s . S t a t i c m e t h o d s d o n o t c o n s i d e r a n y k i n d o f a n t i c i p a t e d p r i c e c h a n g e s i n
t h e f u t u r e . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , d y n a m i c m e t h o d s t a k e l i k e l y p r i c e v a r i a t i o n s i n t o a c c o u n t .
W h e n s t a t i c c a l c u l a t i o n s l e a d t o m i s c o n c e p t i o n s , a d d i t i o n a l d y n a m i c c a l c u l a t i o n s s h o u l d b e
r u n i n o r d e r t o i n c r e a s e a c c u r a c y .
T h e m o s t c o m m o n s t a t i c c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d i s t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d w h i c h e q u i v a l e n t s t o
t h e a n n u i t y c a l c u l a t i o n b y d y n a m i c m e t h o d s .
y e a r e l e c t r i c o i l C P I
C e n t $ /
1 9 9 5 7 . 1 6 1 6 . 7 8 5 . 9
1 9 9 6 8 . 1 3 2 0 . 2 5 1 2 . 2
1 9 9 7 1 1 . 2 5 1 8 . 7 9 2 2 . 3
1 9 9 8 9 . 3 6 1 1 . 9 9 3 6 . 6
1 9 9 9 1 0 . 2 2 1 6 . 0 7 6 4
2 0 0 0 1 0 . 3 9 2 6 . 6 1 1 0 0
2 0 0 1 1 1 . 6 3 2 2 . 9 8 1 9 2
2 0 0 2 1 1 . 7 5 2 3 . 5 7 2 7 9
2 0 0 3 1 1 . 5 4 2 7 . 0 5 3 3 0
2 0 0 4 1 8 . 8 4 3 4 . 9 3 4 6
2 0 0 5 1 9 . 5 6 5 0 . 6 5 3 9 7
2 0 0 6 1 4 . 0 2 6 1 . 4 8 4 4 2
2 0 0 7 1 3 . 0 6 7 2 . 3 2 4 6 9
2 0 0 8 1 8 . 7 3 9 9 . 5 5 5 9 6
2 0 0 9 1 9 . 0 9 4 3 . 2 5 /
T a b l e 3 4 E n e r g y P r i c e
C o m p a r i s o n T a b l e f o r t h e L a s t
1 5 Y e a r s w i t h B a s e Y e a r 1 9 9 5

1 4 9
v a l u e s , w h i c h c a n b e s e e n i n T a b l e 3 4 . T h e u n i t p r i c e f o r e l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y i n T u r k e y
f l u c t u a t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y d u r i n g t h e l a s t 1 5 y e a r s . T a b l e 3 4 s h o w s t h a t , t h e a n n u a l i n c r e a s e
v a r i e s b e t w e e n z e r o t o 5 5 p e r c e n t . T h e r e f o r e , t h e u n i t p r i c e s f o r t h e f u t u r e a r e n o t p r e d i c t a b l e
a c c o r d i n g t o H o l t s m e t h o d . T h e r e s u l t s c a n b e s e e n i n t h e a p p e n d i x .
E c o n o m i c a l i n s t a b i l i t y a n d d e p e n d e n c e o n f o r e i g n s o u r c e s
s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f l u e n c e t h e e n e r g y p r i c e i n T u r k e y . T h e r e f o r e ,
o i l p r i c e s a n d C P I i n d e x a r e u s e d a s s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e s f o r
e s t i m a t i n g f u t u r e e n e r g y p r i c e s i n T u r k e y . S i m u l a t i o n s r u n o n
t h e s e c r i t e r i a a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a g r e a t e r r o r r a t e . T h i s
c a n n o t b e a c c e p t e d n o r b e u s e d f o r f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s . T h e e r r o r
q u o t a i s g r e a t e r t h e n 3 0 p e r c e n t , w h i l e d i f f e r e n c e s b e l o w 1 0
p e r c e n t a r e t h e m i n i m u m t o b e a c c e p t e d a s a p r o p e r v a l u e b y
t h i s m e t h o d .
T h e r e f o r e t w o f u r t h e r m e t h o d s a r e c h o s e n f o r e c o n o m i c
c a l c u l a t i o n s . T h e f i r s t m e t h o d i s b a s e d o n s i m p l e p a y b a c k
p e r i o d c a l c u l a t i o n s . T h e s e c o n d m e t h o d i s f o u n d e d o n a f u t u r e
s c e n a r i o e s t i m a t e d b y t h e a u t h o r . T h e d e t a i l s a b o u t t h e s e t w o
m e t h o d s w i l l b e e x p l a i n e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r s .


7 . 2 . 2 M e t h o d s f o r f o r e c a s t i n g t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d
M e t h o d s f o r t h e p r e d i c t i o n o f f u t u r e o u t c o m e s c a n b e g e n e r a l l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d a s s t a t i c a n d
d y n a m i c c a l c u l a t i o n s . S t a t i c m e t h o d s d o n o t c o n s i d e r a n y k i n d o f a n t i c i p a t e d p r i c e c h a n g e s i n
t h e f u t u r e . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , d y n a m i c m e t h o d s t a k e l i k e l y p r i c e v a r i a t i o n s i n t o a c c o u n t .
W h e n s t a t i c c a l c u l a t i o n s l e a d t o m i s c o n c e p t i o n s , a d d i t i o n a l d y n a m i c c a l c u l a t i o n s s h o u l d b e
r u n i n o r d e r t o i n c r e a s e a c c u r a c y .
T h e m o s t c o m m o n s t a t i c c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d i s t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d w h i c h e q u i v a l e n t s t o
t h e a n n u i t y c a l c u l a t i o n b y d y n a m i c m e t h o d s .
y e a r e l e c t r i c o i l C P I
C e n t $ /
1 9 9 5 7 . 1 6 1 6 . 7 8 5 . 9
1 9 9 6 8 . 1 3 2 0 . 2 5 1 2 . 2
1 9 9 7 1 1 . 2 5 1 8 . 7 9 2 2 . 3
1 9 9 8 9 . 3 6 1 1 . 9 9 3 6 . 6
1 9 9 9 1 0 . 2 2 1 6 . 0 7 6 4
2 0 0 0 1 0 . 3 9 2 6 . 6 1 1 0 0
2 0 0 1 1 1 . 6 3 2 2 . 9 8 1 9 2
2 0 0 2 1 1 . 7 5 2 3 . 5 7 2 7 9
2 0 0 3 1 1 . 5 4 2 7 . 0 5 3 3 0
2 0 0 4 1 8 . 8 4 3 4 . 9 3 4 6
2 0 0 5 1 9 . 5 6 5 0 . 6 5 3 9 7
2 0 0 6 1 4 . 0 2 6 1 . 4 8 4 4 2
2 0 0 7 1 3 . 0 6 7 2 . 3 2 4 6 9
2 0 0 8 1 8 . 7 3 9 9 . 5 5 5 9 6
2 0 0 9 1 9 . 0 9 4 3 . 2 5 /
T a b l e 3 4 E n e r g y P r i c e
C o m p a r i s o n T a b l e f o r t h e L a s t
1 5 Y e a r s w i t h B a s e Y e a r 1 9 9 5

149
values, which can be seen in Table 34. The unit price for electrical energy in Turkey
fluctuated significantly during the last 15 years. Table 34 shows that, the annual increase
varies between zero to 55 per cent. Therefore, the unit prices for the future are not predictable
according to Holts method. The results can be seen in the appendix.
Economical instability and dependence on foreign sources
significantly influence the energy price in Turkey. Therefore,
oil prices and CPI index are used as secondary sources for
estimating future energy prices in Turkey. Simulations run on
these criteria are characterized by a great error rate. This
cannot be accepted nor be used for further analysis. The error
quota is greater then 30 per cent, while differences below 10
per cent are the minimum to be accepted as a proper value by
this method.
Therefore two further methods are chosen for economic
calculations. The first method is based on simple payback
period calculations. The second method is founded on a future
scenario estimated by the author. The details about these two
methods will be explained in the following chapters.


7.2.2 Methods for forecasting the payback period
Methods for the prediction of future outcomes can be generally distinguished as static and
dynamic calculations. Static methods do not consider any kind of anticipated price changes in
the future. On the other hand, dynamic methods take likely price variations into account.
When static calculations lead to misconceptions, additional dynamic calculations should be
run in order to increase accuracy.
The most common static calculation method is the payback period which equivalents to
the annuity calculation by dynamic methods.
year electric oil CPI
Cent $ /
1995 7.16 16.78 5.9
1996 8.13 20.25 12.2
1997 11.25 18.79 22.3
1998 9.36 11.99 36.6
1999 10.22 16.07 64
2000 10.39 26.61 100
2001 11.63 22.98 192
2002 11.75 23.57 279
2003 11.54 27.05 330
2004 18.84 34.9 346
2005 19.56 50.65 397
2006 14.02 61.48 442
2007 13.06 72.32 469
2008 18.73 99.55 596
2009 19.09 43.25 /
Table 34 Energy Price
Comparison Table for the Last
15 Years with Base Year 1995

149
values, which can be seen in Table 34. The unit price for electrical energy in Turkey
fluctuated significantly during the last 15 years. Table 34 shows that, the annual increase
varies between zero to 55 per cent. Therefore, the unit prices for the future are not predictable
according to Holts method. The results can be seen in the appendix.
Economical instability and dependence on foreign sources
significantly influence the energy price in Turkey. Therefore,
oil prices and CPI index are used as secondary sources for
estimating future energy prices in Turkey. Simulations run on
these criteria are characterized by a great error rate. This
cannot be accepted nor be used for further analysis. The error
quota is greater then 30 per cent, while differences below 10
per cent are the minimum to be accepted as a proper value by
this method.
Therefore two further methods are chosen for economic
calculations. The first method is based on simple payback
period calculations. The second method is founded on a future
scenario estimated by the author. The details about these two
methods will be explained in the following chapters.


7.2.2 Methods for forecasting the payback period
Methods for the prediction of future outcomes can be generally distinguished as static and
dynamic calculations. Static methods do not consider any kind of anticipated price changes in
the future. On the other hand, dynamic methods take likely price variations into account.
When static calculations lead to misconceptions, additional dynamic calculations should be
run in order to increase accuracy.
The most common static calculation method is the payback period which equivalents to
the annuity calculation by dynamic methods.
year electric oil CPI
Cent $ /
1995 7.16 16.78 5.9
1996 8.13 20.25 12.2
1997 11.25 18.79 22.3
1998 9.36 11.99 36.6
1999 10.22 16.07 64
2000 10.39 26.61 100
2001 11.63 22.98 192
2002 11.75 23.57 279
2003 11.54 27.05 330
2004 18.84 34.9 346
2005 19.56 50.65 397
2006 14.02 61.48 442
2007 13.06 72.32 469
2008 18.73 99.55 596
2009 19.09 43.25 /
Table 34 Energy Price
Comparison Table for the Last
15 Years with Base Year 1995


150
The input data are generally unstable and have a wide calculation margin due to their
determination type. This situation is complicated by the impartial choice of data, which is
essential. This corresponds not to the adequacy of static calculation methods. Running
calculations, which take into account the instability of input data results in more realistic
outputs compared with static methods. These totally neglect the variance of data in the
future
176
.
7.2.2.1 First method (static): Payback and simple payback period
This method is used in many economic evaluations for architectural refurbishment or other
energy saving factors. Cakmanus
177
has used it within his work for accessing the unit price of
energy during recent years. Usually, this calculation method does not take the interest rate
into account. Ozkahraman
178
et al. integrated the interest rate in his calculations and used
another formula, which will be provided. Even though, the interest rate is generally not
predictable for Turkey, 13 percent is used as the rate for January 2009. This rate is taken from
the Central Bank of the Turkish Republic.
Payback considers the initial investment costs and the resulting annual cash flow. The
payback time (period) is the length of time needed before an investment makes enough to
recoup the initial investment. But the payback method doesnt account for savings after the
initial investment is paid back from the profits (cash flow) generated by the investment
(project). This method is a first cut analysis to evaluate the viability of investment. The
payback method is often used as a rough guide to cost effectiveness. If the payback period is
significantly less than the expected usage time, the project is likely to be considered cost
effective.
Payback period is calculated using the following equation if annual savings are equal:
(1)
(2)
Where: Initial Investment Initial investment for a project
Annual Savings (Cash Flow) Annual savings derived from the investment.


150
The input data are generally unstable and have a wide calculation margin due to their
determination type. This situation is complicated by the impartial choice of data, which is
essential. This corresponds not to the adequacy of static calculation methods. Running
calculations, which take into account the instability of input data results in more realistic
outputs compared with static methods. These totally neglect the variance of data in the
future
176
.
7.2.2.1 First method (static): Payback and simple payback period
This method is used in many economic evaluations for architectural refurbishment or other
energy saving factors. Cakmanus
177
has used it within his work for accessing the unit price of
energy during recent years. Usually, this calculation method does not take the interest rate
into account. Ozkahraman
178
et al. integrated the interest rate in his calculations and used
another formula, which will be provided. Even though, the interest rate is generally not
predictable for Turkey, 13 percent is used as the rate for January 2009. This rate is taken from
the Central Bank of the Turkish Republic.
Payback considers the initial investment costs and the resulting annual cash flow. The
payback time (period) is the length of time needed before an investment makes enough to
recoup the initial investment. But the payback method doesnt account for savings after the
initial investment is paid back from the profits (cash flow) generated by the investment
(project). This method is a first cut analysis to evaluate the viability of investment. The
payback method is often used as a rough guide to cost effectiveness. If the payback period is
significantly less than the expected usage time, the project is likely to be considered cost
effective.
Payback period is calculated using the following equation if annual savings are equal:
(1)
(2)
Where: Initial Investment Initial investment for a project
Annual Savings (Cash Flow) Annual savings derived from the investment.


1 5 0
T h e i n p u t d a t a a r e g e n e r a l l y u n s t a b l e a n d h a v e a w i d e c a l c u l a t i o n m a r g i n d u e t o t h e i r
d e t e r m i n a t i o n t y p e . T h i s s i t u a t i o n i s c o m p l i c a t e d b y t h e i m p a r t i a l c h o i c e o f d a t a , w h i c h i s
e s s e n t i a l . T h i s c o r r e s p o n d s n o t t o t h e a d e q u a c y o f s t a t i c c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d s . R u n n i n g
c a l c u l a t i o n s , w h i c h t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t t h e i n s t a b i l i t y o f i n p u t d a t a r e s u l t s i n m o r e r e a l i s t i c
o u t p u t s c o m p a r e d w i t h s t a t i c m e t h o d s . T h e s e t o t a l l y n e g l e c t t h e v a r i a n c e o f d a t a i n t h e
f u t u r e
1 7 6
.
7 . 2 . 2 . 1 F i r s t m e t h o d ( s t a t i c ) : P a y b a c k a n d s i m p l e p a y b a c k p e r i o d
T h i s m e t h o d i s u s e d i n m a n y e c o n o m i c e v a l u a t i o n s f o r a r c h i t e c t u r a l r e f u r b i s h m e n t o r o t h e r
e n e r g y s a v i n g f a c t o r s . C a k m a n u s
1 7 7
h a s u s e d i t w i t h i n h i s w o r k f o r a c c e s s i n g t h e u n i t p r i c e o f
e n e r g y d u r i n g r e c e n t y e a r s . U s u a l l y , t h i s c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d d o e s n o t t a k e t h e i n t e r e s t r a t e
i n t o a c c o u n t . O z k a h r a m a n
1 7 8
e t a l . i n t e g r a t e d t h e i n t e r e s t r a t e i n h i s c a l c u l a t i o n s a n d u s e d
a n o t h e r f o r m u l a , w h i c h w i l l b e p r o v i d e d . E v e n t h o u g h , t h e i n t e r e s t r a t e i s g e n e r a l l y n o t
p r e d i c t a b l e f o r T u r k e y , 1 3 p e r c e n t i s u s e d a s t h e r a t e f o r J a n u a r y 2 0 0 9 . T h i s r a t e i s t a k e n f r o m
t h e C e n t r a l B a n k o f t h e T u r k i s h R e p u b l i c .
P a y b a c k c o n s i d e r s t h e i n i t i a l i n v e s t m e n t c o s t s a n d t h e r e s u l t i n g a n n u a l c a s h f l o w . T h e
p a y b a c k t i m e ( p e r i o d ) i s t h e l e n g t h o f t i m e n e e d e d b e f o r e a n i n v e s t m e n t m a k e s e n o u g h t o
r e c o u p t h e i n i t i a l i n v e s t m e n t . B u t t h e p a y b a c k m e t h o d d o e s n t a c c o u n t f o r s a v i n g s a f t e r t h e
i n i t i a l i n v e s t m e n t i s p a i d b a c k f r o m t h e p r o f i t s ( c a s h f l o w ) g e n e r a t e d b y t h e i n v e s t m e n t
( p r o j e c t ) . T h i s m e t h o d i s a f i r s t c u t a n a l y s i s t o e v a l u a t e t h e v i a b i l i t y o f i n v e s t m e n t . T h e
p a y b a c k m e t h o d i s o f t e n u s e d a s a r o u g h g u i d e t o c o s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s . I f t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d i s
s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s t h a n t h e e x p e c t e d u s a g e t i m e , t h e p r o j e c t i s l i k e l y t o b e c o n s i d e r e d c o s t
e f f e c t i v e .
P a y b a c k p e r i o d i s c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n i f a n n u a l s a v i n g s a r e e q u a l :
( 1 )
( 2 )
W h e r e : I n i t i a l I n v e s t m e n t I n i t i a l i n v e s t m e n t f o r a p r o j e c t
A n n u a l S a v i n g s ( C a s h F l o w ) A n n u a l s a v i n g s d e r i v e d f r o m t h e i n v e s t m e n t .


1 5 0
T h e i n p u t d a t a a r e g e n e r a l l y u n s t a b l e a n d h a v e a w i d e c a l c u l a t i o n m a r g i n d u e t o t h e i r
d e t e r m i n a t i o n t y p e . T h i s s i t u a t i o n i s c o m p l i c a t e d b y t h e i m p a r t i a l c h o i c e o f d a t a , w h i c h i s
e s s e n t i a l . T h i s c o r r e s p o n d s n o t t o t h e a d e q u a c y o f s t a t i c c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d s . R u n n i n g
c a l c u l a t i o n s , w h i c h t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t t h e i n s t a b i l i t y o f i n p u t d a t a r e s u l t s i n m o r e r e a l i s t i c
o u t p u t s c o m p a r e d w i t h s t a t i c m e t h o d s . T h e s e t o t a l l y n e g l e c t t h e v a r i a n c e o f d a t a i n t h e
f u t u r e
1 7 6
.
7 . 2 . 2 . 1 F i r s t m e t h o d ( s t a t i c ) : P a y b a c k a n d s i m p l e p a y b a c k p e r i o d
T h i s m e t h o d i s u s e d i n m a n y e c o n o m i c e v a l u a t i o n s f o r a r c h i t e c t u r a l r e f u r b i s h m e n t o r o t h e r
e n e r g y s a v i n g f a c t o r s . C a k m a n u s
1 7 7
h a s u s e d i t w i t h i n h i s w o r k f o r a c c e s s i n g t h e u n i t p r i c e o f
e n e r g y d u r i n g r e c e n t y e a r s . U s u a l l y , t h i s c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d d o e s n o t t a k e t h e i n t e r e s t r a t e
i n t o a c c o u n t . O z k a h r a m a n
1 7 8
e t a l . i n t e g r a t e d t h e i n t e r e s t r a t e i n h i s c a l c u l a t i o n s a n d u s e d
a n o t h e r f o r m u l a , w h i c h w i l l b e p r o v i d e d . E v e n t h o u g h , t h e i n t e r e s t r a t e i s g e n e r a l l y n o t
p r e d i c t a b l e f o r T u r k e y , 1 3 p e r c e n t i s u s e d a s t h e r a t e f o r J a n u a r y 2 0 0 9 . T h i s r a t e i s t a k e n f r o m
t h e C e n t r a l B a n k o f t h e T u r k i s h R e p u b l i c .
P a y b a c k c o n s i d e r s t h e i n i t i a l i n v e s t m e n t c o s t s a n d t h e r e s u l t i n g a n n u a l c a s h f l o w . T h e
p a y b a c k t i m e ( p e r i o d ) i s t h e l e n g t h o f t i m e n e e d e d b e f o r e a n i n v e s t m e n t m a k e s e n o u g h t o
r e c o u p t h e i n i t i a l i n v e s t m e n t . B u t t h e p a y b a c k m e t h o d d o e s n t a c c o u n t f o r s a v i n g s a f t e r t h e
i n i t i a l i n v e s t m e n t i s p a i d b a c k f r o m t h e p r o f i t s ( c a s h f l o w ) g e n e r a t e d b y t h e i n v e s t m e n t
( p r o j e c t ) . T h i s m e t h o d i s a f i r s t c u t a n a l y s i s t o e v a l u a t e t h e v i a b i l i t y o f i n v e s t m e n t . T h e
p a y b a c k m e t h o d i s o f t e n u s e d a s a r o u g h g u i d e t o c o s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s . I f t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d i s
s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s t h a n t h e e x p e c t e d u s a g e t i m e , t h e p r o j e c t i s l i k e l y t o b e c o n s i d e r e d c o s t
e f f e c t i v e .
P a y b a c k p e r i o d i s c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n i f a n n u a l s a v i n g s a r e e q u a l :
( 1 )
( 2 )
W h e r e : I n i t i a l I n v e s t m e n t I n i t i a l i n v e s t m e n t f o r a p r o j e c t
A n n u a l S a v i n g s ( C a s h F l o w ) A n n u a l s a v i n g s d e r i v e d f r o m t h e i n v e s t m e n t .


1 5 1
H o w e v e r , t h e r e a r e s i g n i f i c a n t c o s t s s u c h a s d e p r e c i a t i o n a n d t a x e s , w h i c h w i l l c a u s e
d i f f e r e n t c a s h f l o w s e v e r y y e a r . T h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d i s d e t e r m i n e d w h e n t h e a c c r u e d c a s h
s a v i n g s e q u a l t h e i n i t i a l i n v e s t m e n t . F o r s i m p l e p a y b a c k p e r i o d , o t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t c o s t s s u c h a s
d e p r e c i a t i o n a n d t a x e s a r e i g n o r e d i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n .
T o a d d t h e i n i t i a l i n t e r e s t r a t e t o t h e c a l c u l a t i o n , t h i s f o r m u l a b e l o w c a n b e u s e d :
( 3 ) W h e r e : i I n t e r e s t r a t e

( 4 ) W h e r e : N - L i f e t i m e , y e a r
T h e e q u a t i o n d e p e n d s o n t h e r e s u l t s o f f o r m u l a 4 . I f f o r m u l a 4 i s g r e a t e r ( s m a l l e r ) t h a n
o n e , + 1 ( - 1 ) w i l l b e u s e d i n f o r m u l a 3 .
7 . 2 . 2 . 2 S e c o n d m e t h o d ( d y n a m i c ) : S c e n a r i o f o r e n e r g y p r i c e s i n t h e f u t u r e
T h e p r i c e o f e n e r g y d e p e n d s o n v a r i o u s f a c t o r s s u c h a s t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l l o c a t i o n o f a
c o u n t r y , t h e p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c s i t u a t i o n i n a n a t i o n a l s e t t i n g a n d t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l
p e r s p e c t i v e , e t c . T h e r e f o r e , t h e a c c u r a c y o f e n e r g y p r i c e f o r e c a s t s i s l i m i t e d .
I n t h i s c a s e , s c e n a r i o s a b o u t t h e f u t u r e s i t u a t i o n c a n b e d e v e l o p e d w h i c h t a k e p a s t
p r o g r e s s i o n i n e n e r g y p r i c e s i n t o a c c o u n t . W h e n w e l o o k a t t h e e l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y u n i t p r i c e s
a n d o i l p r i c e s i n T u r k e y d u r i n g t h e l a s t 1 5 y e a r s , t h e a n n u a l i n c r e a s e i s i r r e g u l a r . B e s i d e
i n c r e a s e s o f u p t o 5 5 p e r c e n t , t h e r e a r e a l s o r e d u c t i o n s i n t h e e n e r g y p r i c e s . B u t t h e
d i f f e r e n c e o f t h e u n i t p r i c e b e t w e e n 1 9 9 5 a n d 2 0 0 9 i s a l i k e f o r e l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y a n d o i l . I f w e
e q u a l l y d i s t r i b u t e t h e i n c r e a s e o f t h e p r i c e s f r o m 1 9 9 5 t o 2 0 0 9 , t h e a n n u a l g r o w t h r a t e o f
e l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y i s 1 7 . 7 3 p e r c e n t , w h e r e a s i t i s 1 7 . 1 8 f o r o i l p r i c e s .
T h i s c a l c u l a t i o n c a n b e u s e d f o r e s t i m a t i n g e n e r g y p r i c e s i n t h e f u t u r e . I f w e c o n s i d e r t h a t
t h e f o s s i l e n e r g y s o u r c e s w i l l d e c r e a s e s i g n i f i c a n t l y o v e r t i m e , t h e e n e r g y p r i c e s w i l l i n c r e a s e
f u r t h e r . E v e n i n t h e c a s e t h a t n e w e n e r g y s o u r c e s c a n b e d i s c o v e r e d , t h e t i m e - t o - m a r k e t i n
r e g a r d t o t h e h o u s i n g s e c t o r w i l l o v e r c o m e t h e p a y b a c k t i m e s , w h i c h a r e c o n s i d e r e d i n t h i s
w o r k .
C o n s i d e r i n g a l l t h e s e f a c t s , t h e e n e r g y p r i c e s i n t h e f u t u r e a r e e s t i m a t e d t o i n c r e a s e b y 1 7 . 5
p e r c e n t r a t e a n n u a l l y i n t h e f u t u r e . T h i s r a t e i s t h e a v e r a g e o f t h e r a t e s o f e l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y


1 5 1
H o w e v e r , t h e r e a r e s i g n i f i c a n t c o s t s s u c h a s d e p r e c i a t i o n a n d t a x e s , w h i c h w i l l c a u s e
d i f f e r e n t c a s h f l o w s e v e r y y e a r . T h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d i s d e t e r m i n e d w h e n t h e a c c r u e d c a s h
s a v i n g s e q u a l t h e i n i t i a l i n v e s t m e n t . F o r s i m p l e p a y b a c k p e r i o d , o t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t c o s t s s u c h a s
d e p r e c i a t i o n a n d t a x e s a r e i g n o r e d i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n .
T o a d d t h e i n i t i a l i n t e r e s t r a t e t o t h e c a l c u l a t i o n , t h i s f o r m u l a b e l o w c a n b e u s e d :
( 3 ) W h e r e : i I n t e r e s t r a t e

( 4 ) W h e r e : N - L i f e t i m e , y e a r
T h e e q u a t i o n d e p e n d s o n t h e r e s u l t s o f f o r m u l a 4 . I f f o r m u l a 4 i s g r e a t e r ( s m a l l e r ) t h a n
o n e , + 1 ( - 1 ) w i l l b e u s e d i n f o r m u l a 3 .
7 . 2 . 2 . 2 S e c o n d m e t h o d ( d y n a m i c ) : S c e n a r i o f o r e n e r g y p r i c e s i n t h e f u t u r e
T h e p r i c e o f e n e r g y d e p e n d s o n v a r i o u s f a c t o r s s u c h a s t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l l o c a t i o n o f a
c o u n t r y , t h e p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c s i t u a t i o n i n a n a t i o n a l s e t t i n g a n d t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l
p e r s p e c t i v e , e t c . T h e r e f o r e , t h e a c c u r a c y o f e n e r g y p r i c e f o r e c a s t s i s l i m i t e d .
I n t h i s c a s e , s c e n a r i o s a b o u t t h e f u t u r e s i t u a t i o n c a n b e d e v e l o p e d w h i c h t a k e p a s t
p r o g r e s s i o n i n e n e r g y p r i c e s i n t o a c c o u n t . W h e n w e l o o k a t t h e e l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y u n i t p r i c e s
a n d o i l p r i c e s i n T u r k e y d u r i n g t h e l a s t 1 5 y e a r s , t h e a n n u a l i n c r e a s e i s i r r e g u l a r . B e s i d e
i n c r e a s e s o f u p t o 5 5 p e r c e n t , t h e r e a r e a l s o r e d u c t i o n s i n t h e e n e r g y p r i c e s . B u t t h e
d i f f e r e n c e o f t h e u n i t p r i c e b e t w e e n 1 9 9 5 a n d 2 0 0 9 i s a l i k e f o r e l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y a n d o i l . I f w e
e q u a l l y d i s t r i b u t e t h e i n c r e a s e o f t h e p r i c e s f r o m 1 9 9 5 t o 2 0 0 9 , t h e a n n u a l g r o w t h r a t e o f
e l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y i s 1 7 . 7 3 p e r c e n t , w h e r e a s i t i s 1 7 . 1 8 f o r o i l p r i c e s .
T h i s c a l c u l a t i o n c a n b e u s e d f o r e s t i m a t i n g e n e r g y p r i c e s i n t h e f u t u r e . I f w e c o n s i d e r t h a t
t h e f o s s i l e n e r g y s o u r c e s w i l l d e c r e a s e s i g n i f i c a n t l y o v e r t i m e , t h e e n e r g y p r i c e s w i l l i n c r e a s e
f u r t h e r . E v e n i n t h e c a s e t h a t n e w e n e r g y s o u r c e s c a n b e d i s c o v e r e d , t h e t i m e - t o - m a r k e t i n
r e g a r d t o t h e h o u s i n g s e c t o r w i l l o v e r c o m e t h e p a y b a c k t i m e s , w h i c h a r e c o n s i d e r e d i n t h i s
w o r k .
C o n s i d e r i n g a l l t h e s e f a c t s , t h e e n e r g y p r i c e s i n t h e f u t u r e a r e e s t i m a t e d t o i n c r e a s e b y 1 7 . 5
p e r c e n t r a t e a n n u a l l y i n t h e f u t u r e . T h i s r a t e i s t h e a v e r a g e o f t h e r a t e s o f e l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y


151
However, there are significant costs such as depreciation and taxes, which will cause
different cash flows every year. The payback period is determined when the accrued cash
savings equal the initial investment. For simple payback period, other significant costs such as
depreciation and taxes are ignored in the calculation.
To add the initial interest rate to the calculation, this formula below can be used:
(3) Where: i Interest rate

(4) Where: N- Life time, year
The equation depends on the results of formula 4. If formula 4 is greater (smaller) than
one, +1 (-1) will be used in formula 3.
7.2.2.2 Second method (dynamic): Scenario for energy prices in the future
The price of energy depends on various factors such as the geographical location of a
country, the political and economic situation in a national setting and the international
perspective, etc. Therefore, the accuracy of energy price forecasts is limited.
In this case, scenarios about the future situation can be developed which take past
progression in energy prices into account. When we look at the electrical energy unit prices
and oil prices in Turkey during the last 15 years, the annual increase is irregular. Beside
increases of up to 55 per cent, there are also reductions in the energy prices. But the
difference of the unit price between 1995 and 2009 is alike for electrical energy and oil. If we
equally distribute the increase of the prices from 1995 to 2009, the annual growth rate of
electrical energy is 17.73 per cent, whereas it is 17.18 for oil prices.
This calculation can be used for estimating energy prices in the future. If we consider that
the fossil energy sources will decrease significantly over time, the energy prices will increase
further. Even in the case that new energy sources can be discovered, the time-to-market in
regard to the housing sector will overcome the payback times, which are considered in this
work.
Considering all these facts, the energy prices in the future are estimated to increase by 17.5
per cent rate annually in the future. This rate is the average of the rates of electrical energy


151
However, there are significant costs such as depreciation and taxes, which will cause
different cash flows every year. The payback period is determined when the accrued cash
savings equal the initial investment. For simple payback period, other significant costs such as
depreciation and taxes are ignored in the calculation.
To add the initial interest rate to the calculation, this formula below can be used:
(3) Where: i Interest rate

(4) Where: N- Life time, year
The equation depends on the results of formula 4. If formula 4 is greater (smaller) than
one, +1 (-1) will be used in formula 3.
7.2.2.2 Second method (dynamic): Scenario for energy prices in the future
The price of energy depends on various factors such as the geographical location of a
country, the political and economic situation in a national setting and the international
perspective, etc. Therefore, the accuracy of energy price forecasts is limited.
In this case, scenarios about the future situation can be developed which take past
progression in energy prices into account. When we look at the electrical energy unit prices
and oil prices in Turkey during the last 15 years, the annual increase is irregular. Beside
increases of up to 55 per cent, there are also reductions in the energy prices. But the
difference of the unit price between 1995 and 2009 is alike for electrical energy and oil. If we
equally distribute the increase of the prices from 1995 to 2009, the annual growth rate of
electrical energy is 17.73 per cent, whereas it is 17.18 for oil prices.
This calculation can be used for estimating energy prices in the future. If we consider that
the fossil energy sources will decrease significantly over time, the energy prices will increase
further. Even in the case that new energy sources can be discovered, the time-to-market in
regard to the housing sector will overcome the payback times, which are considered in this
work.
Considering all these facts, the energy prices in the future are estimated to increase by 17.5
per cent rate annually in the future. This rate is the average of the rates of electrical energy


152
price increase and oil price increase mentioned before. Considering this rate, the prices for the
next 20 years are calculated.
The formula below is used by the calculations:
(5) Where: E
s
= Annual savings in kWh

(6)

The fifth formula is used, if the value for the payback period is not an integer. It is
designed for decimal numbers.
Another method, savings to investment ratio (SIR) is added to this part of analysis. The
savings-to-investment ratio can be used to compare savings to costs of one energy system
relative to an alternative
179
. The resulting unit of measure is an undimensioned number. For
positive net savings, the SIR must be greater than one. The higher the ratio, the greater the
savings realized relative to the investment. The life cycle (N) by the passive measures is
considered to be 40 years and by active systems 25 years.
(7)
7.2.3 The definition of economic efficiency in this work
Economic efficiency is used to refer to a number of related concepts. The efficiency of one
measure is relative. Comparative analysis will provide absolute results. The criteria of the
efficiency are values. These are subjective since they have been defined by a third party.
Efficiency values in this work are passive and active measures, which are analyzed
energetically in previous chapters. The results of economical analysis will be evaluated within
the definitions of efficiency, which are equal to the ones in this work.




152
price increase and oil price increase mentioned before. Considering this rate, the prices for the
next 20 years are calculated.
The formula below is used by the calculations:
(5) Where: E
s
= Annual savings in kWh

(6)

The fifth formula is used, if the value for the payback period is not an integer. It is
designed for decimal numbers.
Another method, savings to investment ratio (SIR) is added to this part of analysis. The
savings-to-investment ratio can be used to compare savings to costs of one energy system
relative to an alternative
179
. The resulting unit of measure is an undimensioned number. For
positive net savings, the SIR must be greater than one. The higher the ratio, the greater the
savings realized relative to the investment. The life cycle (N) by the passive measures is
considered to be 40 years and by active systems 25 years.
(7)
7.2.3 The definition of economic efficiency in this work
Economic efficiency is used to refer to a number of related concepts. The efficiency of one
measure is relative. Comparative analysis will provide absolute results. The criteria of the
efficiency are values. These are subjective since they have been defined by a third party.
Efficiency values in this work are passive and active measures, which are analyzed
energetically in previous chapters. The results of economical analysis will be evaluated within
the definitions of efficiency, which are equal to the ones in this work.




1 5 2
p r i c e i n c r e a s e a n d o i l p r i c e i n c r e a s e m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e . C o n s i d e r i n g t h i s r a t e , t h e p r i c e s f o r t h e
n e x t 2 0 y e a r s a r e c a l c u l a t e d .
T h e f o r m u l a b e l o w i s u s e d b y t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s :
( 5 ) W h e r e : E
s
= A n n u a l s a v i n g s i n k W h

( 6 )

T h e f i f t h f o r m u l a i s u s e d , i f t h e v a l u e f o r t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d i s n o t a n i n t e g e r . I t i s
d e s i g n e d f o r d e c i m a l n u m b e r s .
A n o t h e r m e t h o d , s a v i n g s t o i n v e s t m e n t r a t i o ( S I R ) i s a d d e d t o t h i s p a r t o f a n a l y s i s . T h e
s a v i n g s - t o - i n v e s t m e n t r a t i o c a n b e u s e d t o c o m p a r e s a v i n g s t o c o s t s o f o n e e n e r g y s y s t e m
r e l a t i v e t o a n a l t e r n a t i v e
1 7 9
. T h e r e s u l t i n g u n i t o f m e a s u r e i s a n u n d i m e n s i o n e d n u m b e r . F o r
p o s i t i v e n e t s a v i n g s , t h e S I R m u s t b e g r e a t e r t h a n o n e . T h e h i g h e r t h e r a t i o , t h e g r e a t e r t h e
s a v i n g s r e a l i z e d r e l a t i v e t o t h e i n v e s t m e n t . T h e l i f e c y c l e ( N ) b y t h e p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s i s
c o n s i d e r e d t o b e 4 0 y e a r s a n d b y a c t i v e s y s t e m s 2 5 y e a r s .
( 7 )
7 . 2 . 3 T h e d e f i n i t i o n o f e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y i n t h i s w o r k
E c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y i s u s e d t o r e f e r t o a n u m b e r o f r e l a t e d c o n c e p t s . T h e e f f i c i e n c y o f o n e
m e a s u r e i s r e l a t i v e . C o m p a r a t i v e a n a l y s i s w i l l p r o v i d e a b s o l u t e r e s u l t s . T h e c r i t e r i a o f t h e
e f f i c i e n c y a r e v a l u e s . T h e s e a r e s u b j e c t i v e s i n c e t h e y h a v e b e e n d e f i n e d b y a t h i r d p a r t y .
E f f i c i e n c y v a l u e s i n t h i s w o r k a r e p a s s i v e a n d a c t i v e m e a s u r e s , w h i c h a r e a n a l y z e d
e n e r g e t i c a l l y i n p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r s . T h e r e s u l t s o f e c o n o m i c a l a n a l y s i s w i l l b e e v a l u a t e d w i t h i n
t h e d e f i n i t i o n s o f e f f i c i e n c y , w h i c h a r e e q u a l t o t h e o n e s i n t h i s w o r k .




1 5 2
p r i c e i n c r e a s e a n d o i l p r i c e i n c r e a s e m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e . C o n s i d e r i n g t h i s r a t e , t h e p r i c e s f o r t h e
n e x t 2 0 y e a r s a r e c a l c u l a t e d .
T h e f o r m u l a b e l o w i s u s e d b y t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s :
( 5 ) W h e r e : E
s
= A n n u a l s a v i n g s i n k W h

( 6 )

T h e f i f t h f o r m u l a i s u s e d , i f t h e v a l u e f o r t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d i s n o t a n i n t e g e r . I t i s
d e s i g n e d f o r d e c i m a l n u m b e r s .
A n o t h e r m e t h o d , s a v i n g s t o i n v e s t m e n t r a t i o ( S I R ) i s a d d e d t o t h i s p a r t o f a n a l y s i s . T h e
s a v i n g s - t o - i n v e s t m e n t r a t i o c a n b e u s e d t o c o m p a r e s a v i n g s t o c o s t s o f o n e e n e r g y s y s t e m
r e l a t i v e t o a n a l t e r n a t i v e
1 7 9
. T h e r e s u l t i n g u n i t o f m e a s u r e i s a n u n d i m e n s i o n e d n u m b e r . F o r
p o s i t i v e n e t s a v i n g s , t h e S I R m u s t b e g r e a t e r t h a n o n e . T h e h i g h e r t h e r a t i o , t h e g r e a t e r t h e
s a v i n g s r e a l i z e d r e l a t i v e t o t h e i n v e s t m e n t . T h e l i f e c y c l e ( N ) b y t h e p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s i s
c o n s i d e r e d t o b e 4 0 y e a r s a n d b y a c t i v e s y s t e m s 2 5 y e a r s .
( 7 )
7 . 2 . 3 T h e d e f i n i t i o n o f e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y i n t h i s w o r k
E c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y i s u s e d t o r e f e r t o a n u m b e r o f r e l a t e d c o n c e p t s . T h e e f f i c i e n c y o f o n e
m e a s u r e i s r e l a t i v e . C o m p a r a t i v e a n a l y s i s w i l l p r o v i d e a b s o l u t e r e s u l t s . T h e c r i t e r i a o f t h e
e f f i c i e n c y a r e v a l u e s . T h e s e a r e s u b j e c t i v e s i n c e t h e y h a v e b e e n d e f i n e d b y a t h i r d p a r t y .
E f f i c i e n c y v a l u e s i n t h i s w o r k a r e p a s s i v e a n d a c t i v e m e a s u r e s , w h i c h a r e a n a l y z e d
e n e r g e t i c a l l y i n p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r s . T h e r e s u l t s o f e c o n o m i c a l a n a l y s i s w i l l b e e v a l u a t e d w i t h i n
t h e d e f i n i t i o n s o f e f f i c i e n c y , w h i c h a r e e q u a l t o t h e o n e s i n t h i s w o r k .




1 5 3
A m e a s u r e c a n b e c a l l e d e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t i f :
T h e i n i t i a l i n v e s t m e n t o f a p a s s i v e a r c h i t e c t u r a l m e a s u r e i s l o w e r t h e n t h e e n e r g y s a v i n g s
i n $ d u r i n g i t s l i f e c y c l e o f 4 0 y e a r s
T h e i n i t i a l i n v e s t m e n t o f a n a c t i v e m e a s u r e i s l o w e r t h e n t h e e n e r g y s a v i n g s i n $ d u r i n g
i t s l i f e c y c l e o f 2 5 y e a r s
A m e a s u r e c a n b e c a l l e d m o r e e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t i f :
I t h a s a b i g g e r s a v i n g s t o i n v e s t m e n t r a t i o t h a n a l t e r n a t i v e i n v e s t m e n t s
I t h a s a s m a l l e r p a y b a c k p e r i o d c a l c u l a t e d w i t h m e t h o d I a n d I I
F u r t h e r t o t h e s e e f f i c i e n c y c r i t e r i a , s e a s o n a l e f f i c i e n c y i s a l s o u s e d b y t h e e v a l u a t i o n s .
S e a s o n a l e f f i c i e n c y i s c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e e f f i c i e n c y r e a c h e d d u r i n g w i n t e r o r s u m m e r p e r i o d .
W h i l e c o m p a r i n g t h e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y o f d i f f e r e n t m e a s u r e i n o n e h o u s e : I f t h e s a v i n g
p e r c e n t a g e o f a m e a s u r e i n a n c e r t a i n t i m e p e r i o d , i n t h i s c a s e s u m m e r o r w i n t e r , i s b i g g e r
t h e n t h e c o m p a r e d o n e , t h i s m e a s u r e i s c o n s i d e r e d a s m o r e e f f i c i e n t t h e n t h e o t h e r o n e .
7 . 2 . 4 B u i l d i n g c o s t e s t i m a t i o n p r o c e d u r e
T h e p r o c e d u r e o f t h e c o s t e s t i m a t i o n f o r a d d i t i o n a l m e a s u r e s i s a s f o l l o w s :
F i r s t , t h e e s t i m a t e d c o s t s f o r t h e B o d r u m B a s i c H o u s e ( B B H ) a n d B e s t - C a s e ( B C ) w i l l b e
c a l c u l a t e d . T h e r e i s n o o f f i c i a l s t a t e m e n t f o r t h e e s t i m a t e d b u i l d i n g c o s t s o f t h e M i n i s t r y o f
P u b l i c W o r k s a n d S e t t l e m e n t s

f o r 2 0 0 9 d u r i n g t h e p r e p a r a t i o n t i m e f o r t h i s w o r k . T h e r e f o r e ,
a c o s t v a l u e f o r 2 0 0 9 i s e s t i m a t e d b a s e d o n t h e p r i c e s o f t h e l a s t t h r e e y e a r s .
A f t e r w a r d s , a d d i t i o n a l p a s s i v e m e a s u r e c o s t s f o r e x i s t i n g h o u s e s , i n t h e c a s e o f H o l i d a y
H o u s e ( H H ) , a n d f o r f u t u r e d e v e l o p m e n t s , i n c a s e o f B B H a n d B C , w i l l b e c a l c u l a t e d
r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e U n i t P r i c e L i s t o f t h e M i n i s t r y o f P u b l i c W o r k s a n d S e t t l e m e n t s f o r 2 0 0 8
w i l l b e u s e d f o r c a l c u l a t i o n s . T h e u n i t p r i c e s f o r 2 0 0 9 a r e n o t d e c l a r e d d u r i n g a t t h e t i m e o f
p u b l i c a t i o n .


T h e M i n i s t r y o f P u b l i c W o r k s a n d S e t t l e m e n t s ( T . C . B a y n d r l k v e I s k a n B a k a n l ) , f o r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n s a b o u t o f f i c i a l s t a t e m e n t s o f e s t i m a t e c o s t a n d u n i t p r i c e l i s t ,
p l e a s e v i s i t t h e w e b s i t e w w w . b a y i n d i r l i k . g o v . t r



1 5 3
A m e a s u r e c a n b e c a l l e d e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t i f :
T h e i n i t i a l i n v e s t m e n t o f a p a s s i v e a r c h i t e c t u r a l m e a s u r e i s l o w e r t h e n t h e e n e r g y s a v i n g s
i n $ d u r i n g i t s l i f e c y c l e o f 4 0 y e a r s
T h e i n i t i a l i n v e s t m e n t o f a n a c t i v e m e a s u r e i s l o w e r t h e n t h e e n e r g y s a v i n g s i n $ d u r i n g
i t s l i f e c y c l e o f 2 5 y e a r s
A m e a s u r e c a n b e c a l l e d m o r e e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t i f :
I t h a s a b i g g e r s a v i n g s t o i n v e s t m e n t r a t i o t h a n a l t e r n a t i v e i n v e s t m e n t s
I t h a s a s m a l l e r p a y b a c k p e r i o d c a l c u l a t e d w i t h m e t h o d I a n d I I
F u r t h e r t o t h e s e e f f i c i e n c y c r i t e r i a , s e a s o n a l e f f i c i e n c y i s a l s o u s e d b y t h e e v a l u a t i o n s .
S e a s o n a l e f f i c i e n c y i s c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e e f f i c i e n c y r e a c h e d d u r i n g w i n t e r o r s u m m e r p e r i o d .
W h i l e c o m p a r i n g t h e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y o f d i f f e r e n t m e a s u r e i n o n e h o u s e : I f t h e s a v i n g
p e r c e n t a g e o f a m e a s u r e i n a n c e r t a i n t i m e p e r i o d , i n t h i s c a s e s u m m e r o r w i n t e r , i s b i g g e r
t h e n t h e c o m p a r e d o n e , t h i s m e a s u r e i s c o n s i d e r e d a s m o r e e f f i c i e n t t h e n t h e o t h e r o n e .
7 . 2 . 4 B u i l d i n g c o s t e s t i m a t i o n p r o c e d u r e
T h e p r o c e d u r e o f t h e c o s t e s t i m a t i o n f o r a d d i t i o n a l m e a s u r e s i s a s f o l l o w s :
F i r s t , t h e e s t i m a t e d c o s t s f o r t h e B o d r u m B a s i c H o u s e ( B B H ) a n d B e s t - C a s e ( B C ) w i l l b e
c a l c u l a t e d . T h e r e i s n o o f f i c i a l s t a t e m e n t f o r t h e e s t i m a t e d b u i l d i n g c o s t s o f t h e M i n i s t r y o f
P u b l i c W o r k s a n d S e t t l e m e n t s

f o r 2 0 0 9 d u r i n g t h e p r e p a r a t i o n t i m e f o r t h i s w o r k . T h e r e f o r e ,
a c o s t v a l u e f o r 2 0 0 9 i s e s t i m a t e d b a s e d o n t h e p r i c e s o f t h e l a s t t h r e e y e a r s .
A f t e r w a r d s , a d d i t i o n a l p a s s i v e m e a s u r e c o s t s f o r e x i s t i n g h o u s e s , i n t h e c a s e o f H o l i d a y
H o u s e ( H H ) , a n d f o r f u t u r e d e v e l o p m e n t s , i n c a s e o f B B H a n d B C , w i l l b e c a l c u l a t e d
r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e U n i t P r i c e L i s t o f t h e M i n i s t r y o f P u b l i c W o r k s a n d S e t t l e m e n t s f o r 2 0 0 8
w i l l b e u s e d f o r c a l c u l a t i o n s . T h e u n i t p r i c e s f o r 2 0 0 9 a r e n o t d e c l a r e d d u r i n g a t t h e t i m e o f
p u b l i c a t i o n .


T h e M i n i s t r y o f P u b l i c W o r k s a n d S e t t l e m e n t s ( T . C . B a y n d r l k v e I s k a n B a k a n l ) , f o r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n s a b o u t o f f i c i a l s t a t e m e n t s o f e s t i m a t e c o s t a n d u n i t p r i c e l i s t ,
p l e a s e v i s i t t h e w e b s i t e w w w . b a y i n d i r l i k . g o v . t r



153
A measure can be called economically efficient if:
The initial investment of a passive architectural measure is lower then the energy savings
in $ during its life cycle of 40 years
The initial investment of an active measure is lower then the energy savings in $ during
its life cycle of 25 years
A measure can be called more economically efficient if:
It has a bigger savings to investment ratio than alternative investments
It has a smaller payback period calculated with method I and II
Further to these efficiency criteria, seasonal efficiency is also used by the evaluations.
Seasonal efficiency is considered as the efficiency reached during winter or summer period.
While comparing the energy efficiency of different measure in one house: If the saving
percentage of a measure in an certain time period, in this case summer or winter, is bigger
then the compared one, this measure is considered as more efficient then the other one.
7.2.4 Building cost estimation procedure
The procedure of the cost estimation for additional measures is as follows:
First, the estimated costs for the Bodrum Basic House (BBH) and Best-Case (BC) will be
calculated. There is no official statement for the estimated building costs of the Ministry of
Public Works and Settlements

for 2009 during the preparation time for this work. Therefore,
a cost value for 2009 is estimated based on the prices of the last three years.
Afterwards, additional passive measure costs for existing houses, in the case of Holiday
House (HH), and for future developments, in case of BBH and BC, will be calculated
respectively. The Unit Price List of the Ministry of Public Works and Settlements for 2008
will be used for calculations. The unit prices for 2009 are not declared during at the time of
publication.


The Ministry of Public Works and Settlements (T.C. Bayndrlk ve Iskan Bakanl), for further informations about official statements of estimate cost and unit price list,
please visit the website www.bayindirlik.gov.tr



153
A measure can be called economically efficient if:
The initial investment of a passive architectural measure is lower then the energy savings
in $ during its life cycle of 40 years
The initial investment of an active measure is lower then the energy savings in $ during
its life cycle of 25 years
A measure can be called more economically efficient if:
It has a bigger savings to investment ratio than alternative investments
It has a smaller payback period calculated with method I and II
Further to these efficiency criteria, seasonal efficiency is also used by the evaluations.
Seasonal efficiency is considered as the efficiency reached during winter or summer period.
While comparing the energy efficiency of different measure in one house: If the saving
percentage of a measure in an certain time period, in this case summer or winter, is bigger
then the compared one, this measure is considered as more efficient then the other one.
7.2.4 Building cost estimation procedure
The procedure of the cost estimation for additional measures is as follows:
First, the estimated costs for the Bodrum Basic House (BBH) and Best-Case (BC) will be
calculated. There is no official statement for the estimated building costs of the Ministry of
Public Works and Settlements

for 2009 during the preparation time for this work. Therefore,
a cost value for 2009 is estimated based on the prices of the last three years.
Afterwards, additional passive measure costs for existing houses, in the case of Holiday
House (HH), and for future developments, in case of BBH and BC, will be calculated
respectively. The Unit Price List of the Ministry of Public Works and Settlements for 2008
will be used for calculations. The unit prices for 2009 are not declared during at the time of
publication.


The Ministry of Public Works and Settlements (T.C. Bayndrlk ve Iskan Bakanl), for further informations about official statements of estimate cost and unit price list,
please visit the website www.bayindirlik.gov.tr



154
Finally, investment costs for the active measures in the case of Best-Case will be
calculated by applying simulation software. The calculations will be run for heating, cooling,
and DHW separately.
The current energy prices in 2009 will be taken into account by comparing the additional
costs of the measures with energy cost values. With particular regard to calculating the
amortization period, the future energy prices are not predictable. Estimation will be made
based on the CPI index and Turkish inflation rates. Furthermore, the amortization period
calculations are made for the houses, which are occupied both in the winter and summer
period.
7.3 Estimate cost calculations
The HH and the other two houses the BBH and BC are classified in different categories
based on the official statement of the Ministry of Public Works and Settlements. The HH
belongs to Class 3 Group A: housing settlement up to four floor without installed radiators.
Whereas, the BBH and BC can be classified as class 4 Group A, which includes houses with
special features. Energy efficient houses are not especially mentioned in any category.
Therefore, the BBH and BC belong to the category with specialties.
Based on the official statement of the Ministry, the prices increased by 9 per cent in
average between 2006 and 2008. The price per square meter of Class 4 Group A was $ 341
(512 YTL) in 2008. Based on this data, a $ 380 unit price can be estimated for 2009. Under
the matching circumstances, the price per square meter for houses in Class 3 Group A can be
estimated as $ 290.
According to these values, a house of 200 m
2
should cost $ 58,000 in Class 3 and $ 76,000
in Class 4. The difference of $ 18,000 can be considered as investments for additional passive
measures. In the case of HH, the reduction of the energy demand through optimization
approximates to 19 MW annually. It refers to approximately $ 3,800 energy costs for the year
2008. According to this dynamic calculation method, the amortization period of the passive
measures may be slightly more than four years, if inflation rate of energy price is also
considered.


154
Finally, investment costs for the active measures in the case of Best-Case will be
calculated by applying simulation software. The calculations will be run for heating, cooling,
and DHW separately.
The current energy prices in 2009 will be taken into account by comparing the additional
costs of the measures with energy cost values. With particular regard to calculating the
amortization period, the future energy prices are not predictable. Estimation will be made
based on the CPI index and Turkish inflation rates. Furthermore, the amortization period
calculations are made for the houses, which are occupied both in the winter and summer
period.
7.3 Estimate cost calculations
The HH and the other two houses the BBH and BC are classified in different categories
based on the official statement of the Ministry of Public Works and Settlements. The HH
belongs to Class 3 Group A: housing settlement up to four floor without installed radiators.
Whereas, the BBH and BC can be classified as class 4 Group A, which includes houses with
special features. Energy efficient houses are not especially mentioned in any category.
Therefore, the BBH and BC belong to the category with specialties.
Based on the official statement of the Ministry, the prices increased by 9 per cent in
average between 2006 and 2008. The price per square meter of Class 4 Group A was $ 341
(512 YTL) in 2008. Based on this data, a $ 380 unit price can be estimated for 2009. Under
the matching circumstances, the price per square meter for houses in Class 3 Group A can be
estimated as $ 290.
According to these values, a house of 200 m
2
should cost $ 58,000 in Class 3 and $ 76,000
in Class 4. The difference of $ 18,000 can be considered as investments for additional passive
measures. In the case of HH, the reduction of the energy demand through optimization
approximates to 19 MW annually. It refers to approximately $ 3,800 energy costs for the year
2008. According to this dynamic calculation method, the amortization period of the passive
measures may be slightly more than four years, if inflation rate of energy price is also
considered.


1 5 4
F i n a l l y , i n v e s t m e n t c o s t s f o r t h e a c t i v e m e a s u r e s i n t h e c a s e o f B e s t - C a s e w i l l b e
c a l c u l a t e d b y a p p l y i n g s i m u l a t i o n s o f t w a r e . T h e c a l c u l a t i o n s w i l l b e r u n f o r h e a t i n g , c o o l i n g ,
a n d D H W s e p a r a t e l y .
T h e c u r r e n t e n e r g y p r i c e s i n 2 0 0 9 w i l l b e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t b y c o m p a r i n g t h e a d d i t i o n a l
c o s t s o f t h e m e a s u r e s w i t h e n e r g y c o s t v a l u e s . W i t h p a r t i c u l a r r e g a r d t o c a l c u l a t i n g t h e
a m o r t i z a t i o n p e r i o d , t h e f u t u r e e n e r g y p r i c e s a r e n o t p r e d i c t a b l e . E s t i m a t i o n w i l l b e m a d e
b a s e d o n t h e C P I i n d e x a n d T u r k i s h i n f l a t i o n r a t e s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e a m o r t i z a t i o n p e r i o d
c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e m a d e f o r t h e h o u s e s , w h i c h a r e o c c u p i e d b o t h i n t h e w i n t e r a n d s u m m e r
p e r i o d .
7 . 3 E s t i m a t e c o s t c a l c u l a t i o n s
T h e H H a n d t h e o t h e r t w o h o u s e s t h e B B H a n d B C a r e c l a s s i f i e d i n d i f f e r e n t c a t e g o r i e s
b a s e d o n t h e o f f i c i a l s t a t e m e n t o f t h e M i n i s t r y o f P u b l i c W o r k s a n d S e t t l e m e n t s . T h e H H
b e l o n g s t o C l a s s 3 G r o u p A : h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t u p t o f o u r f l o o r w i t h o u t i n s t a l l e d r a d i a t o r s .
W h e r e a s , t h e B B H a n d B C c a n b e c l a s s i f i e d a s c l a s s 4 G r o u p A , w h i c h i n c l u d e s h o u s e s w i t h
s p e c i a l f e a t u r e s . E n e r g y e f f i c i e n t h o u s e s a r e n o t e s p e c i a l l y m e n t i o n e d i n a n y c a t e g o r y .
T h e r e f o r e , t h e B B H a n d B C b e l o n g t o t h e c a t e g o r y w i t h s p e c i a l t i e s .
B a s e d o n t h e o f f i c i a l s t a t e m e n t o f t h e M i n i s t r y , t h e p r i c e s i n c r e a s e d b y 9 p e r c e n t i n
a v e r a g e b e t w e e n 2 0 0 6 a n d 2 0 0 8 . T h e p r i c e p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f C l a s s 4 G r o u p A w a s $ 3 4 1
( 5 1 2 Y T L ) i n 2 0 0 8 . B a s e d o n t h i s d a t a , a $ 3 8 0 u n i t p r i c e c a n b e e s t i m a t e d f o r 2 0 0 9 . U n d e r
t h e m a t c h i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s , t h e p r i c e p e r s q u a r e m e t e r f o r h o u s e s i n C l a s s 3 G r o u p A c a n b e
e s t i m a t e d a s $ 2 9 0 .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s e v a l u e s , a h o u s e o f 2 0 0 m
2
s h o u l d c o s t $ 5 8 , 0 0 0 i n C l a s s 3 a n d $ 7 6 , 0 0 0
i n C l a s s 4 . T h e d i f f e r e n c e o f $ 1 8 , 0 0 0 c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s i n v e s t m e n t s f o r a d d i t i o n a l p a s s i v e
m e a s u r e s . I n t h e c a s e o f H H , t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e e n e r g y d e m a n d t h r o u g h o p t i m i z a t i o n
a p p r o x i m a t e s t o 1 9 M W a n n u a l l y . I t r e f e r s t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y $ 3 , 8 0 0 e n e r g y c o s t s f o r t h e y e a r
2 0 0 8 . A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s d y n a m i c c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d , t h e a m o r t i z a t i o n p e r i o d o f t h e p a s s i v e
m e a s u r e s m a y b e s l i g h t l y m o r e t h a n f o u r y e a r s , i f i n f l a t i o n r a t e o f e n e r g y p r i c e i s a l s o
c o n s i d e r e d .


1 5 4
F i n a l l y , i n v e s t m e n t c o s t s f o r t h e a c t i v e m e a s u r e s i n t h e c a s e o f B e s t - C a s e w i l l b e
c a l c u l a t e d b y a p p l y i n g s i m u l a t i o n s o f t w a r e . T h e c a l c u l a t i o n s w i l l b e r u n f o r h e a t i n g , c o o l i n g ,
a n d D H W s e p a r a t e l y .
T h e c u r r e n t e n e r g y p r i c e s i n 2 0 0 9 w i l l b e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t b y c o m p a r i n g t h e a d d i t i o n a l
c o s t s o f t h e m e a s u r e s w i t h e n e r g y c o s t v a l u e s . W i t h p a r t i c u l a r r e g a r d t o c a l c u l a t i n g t h e
a m o r t i z a t i o n p e r i o d , t h e f u t u r e e n e r g y p r i c e s a r e n o t p r e d i c t a b l e . E s t i m a t i o n w i l l b e m a d e
b a s e d o n t h e C P I i n d e x a n d T u r k i s h i n f l a t i o n r a t e s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e a m o r t i z a t i o n p e r i o d
c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e m a d e f o r t h e h o u s e s , w h i c h a r e o c c u p i e d b o t h i n t h e w i n t e r a n d s u m m e r
p e r i o d .
7 . 3 E s t i m a t e c o s t c a l c u l a t i o n s
T h e H H a n d t h e o t h e r t w o h o u s e s t h e B B H a n d B C a r e c l a s s i f i e d i n d i f f e r e n t c a t e g o r i e s
b a s e d o n t h e o f f i c i a l s t a t e m e n t o f t h e M i n i s t r y o f P u b l i c W o r k s a n d S e t t l e m e n t s . T h e H H
b e l o n g s t o C l a s s 3 G r o u p A : h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t u p t o f o u r f l o o r w i t h o u t i n s t a l l e d r a d i a t o r s .
W h e r e a s , t h e B B H a n d B C c a n b e c l a s s i f i e d a s c l a s s 4 G r o u p A , w h i c h i n c l u d e s h o u s e s w i t h
s p e c i a l f e a t u r e s . E n e r g y e f f i c i e n t h o u s e s a r e n o t e s p e c i a l l y m e n t i o n e d i n a n y c a t e g o r y .
T h e r e f o r e , t h e B B H a n d B C b e l o n g t o t h e c a t e g o r y w i t h s p e c i a l t i e s .
B a s e d o n t h e o f f i c i a l s t a t e m e n t o f t h e M i n i s t r y , t h e p r i c e s i n c r e a s e d b y 9 p e r c e n t i n
a v e r a g e b e t w e e n 2 0 0 6 a n d 2 0 0 8 . T h e p r i c e p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f C l a s s 4 G r o u p A w a s $ 3 4 1
( 5 1 2 Y T L ) i n 2 0 0 8 . B a s e d o n t h i s d a t a , a $ 3 8 0 u n i t p r i c e c a n b e e s t i m a t e d f o r 2 0 0 9 . U n d e r
t h e m a t c h i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s , t h e p r i c e p e r s q u a r e m e t e r f o r h o u s e s i n C l a s s 3 G r o u p A c a n b e
e s t i m a t e d a s $ 2 9 0 .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s e v a l u e s , a h o u s e o f 2 0 0 m
2
s h o u l d c o s t $ 5 8 , 0 0 0 i n C l a s s 3 a n d $ 7 6 , 0 0 0
i n C l a s s 4 . T h e d i f f e r e n c e o f $ 1 8 , 0 0 0 c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s i n v e s t m e n t s f o r a d d i t i o n a l p a s s i v e
m e a s u r e s . I n t h e c a s e o f H H , t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e e n e r g y d e m a n d t h r o u g h o p t i m i z a t i o n
a p p r o x i m a t e s t o 1 9 M W a n n u a l l y . I t r e f e r s t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y $ 3 , 8 0 0 e n e r g y c o s t s f o r t h e y e a r
2 0 0 8 . A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s d y n a m i c c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d , t h e a m o r t i z a t i o n p e r i o d o f t h e p a s s i v e
m e a s u r e s m a y b e s l i g h t l y m o r e t h a n f o u r y e a r s , i f i n f l a t i o n r a t e o f e n e r g y p r i c e i s a l s o
c o n s i d e r e d .


1 5 5
7 . 4 I n v e s t m e n t c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r a d d i t i o n a l p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s
P a s s i v e m e a s u r e s , w h i c h a r e e c o n o m i c a l l y e v a l u a t e d a n d c o m p a r e d , a r e :
T h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n o f e x t e r n a l w a l l s a n d t h e r o o f w i t h X P S ,
T h e r m a l g l a z i n g ,
S h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t s o n t h e r o o f a n d w i n d o w s ,
A d d i t i o n a l b a s e m e n t , a n d
C o m b i n a t i o n s o f t h e s e m e a s u r e s
T h e u n i t p r i c e l i s t o f t h e M i n i s t r y a s w e l l a s m a r k e t p r i c e s a r e c o m p a r e d a n d a v e r a g e s a r e
c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s . B i g s u p p l i e r s a r e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t b y t h e m a r k e t r e s e a r c h .
T h e r e a r e a b i g d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n l o c a l s u p p l i e r s a n d n a t i o n a l s u p p l i e r s e s p e c i a l l y i n r e g a r d
t o t h e q u a l i t y o f m a t e r i a l s . L o c a l s u p p l i e r s , w h i c h a r e c a l l e d s t a i r c a s e p r o d u c e r s , d o n o t
p r o d u c e h i g h q u a l i t y p r o d u c t s , a n d t h i s i n f l u e n c e s e n e r g y p e r f o r m a n c e n e g a t i v e l y . Y a l t e k s


h a s b e e n c h o s e n a s a p r o v i d e r o f t h e r e q u i r e d i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l s a n d T r a k y a C o r p o r a t i o n f o r
g l a z i n g w i t h i n t h e p r i c e c o m p a r i s o n .
E a c h p a s s i v e m e a s u r e i s e v a l u a t e d s e p a r a t e l y f o r t h e H H , B B H , a n d B C .
F a a d e T r a n s p a r e n t O p a q u e R o o f

- l o a d b e a r i n g
s t r u c t u r e
+ l o a d b e a r i n g
s t r u c t u r e

m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
3
m
2

H H 1 7 9 . 2 1 4 . 5 1 4 8 . 2 1 6 4 . 7 3 2 9 9 . 3
B B H - B C 1 3 5 2 3 . 4 1 0 0 . 3 1 1 1 . 6 2 0 9 9 . 9
T a b l e 3 5 S u r f a c e A r e a o f t h e A n a l y z e d C r i t e r i a
7 . 4 . 1 U n i t P r i c e s o f p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s
A l l p r i c e s u s e d b y t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s i n c l u d e l a b o u r c o s t s . M a t e r i a l p r i c e r e s e a r c h i n c l u d e s
n a t i o n a l s u p p l i e r s , w h i c h h a v e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o d e l i v e r t o B o d r u m w i t h o u t e x t r a c o s t . T h i s
s u p p o r t s s u s t a i n a b i l i t y i n t h e r e g i o n . T h e p r i c e f o r s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s i s s t r o n g l y l i n k e d t o t h e
m a t e r i a l . C o m m o n m a t e r i a l s l i k e w o o d , w h i c h h a v e m a n y s u p p l e m e n t o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n
B o d r u m , a r e c h o s e n t o r e a c h a g o o d p r i c e / v a l u e r a t i o .


Y a l t e k s I n s u l a t i o n M a t e r i a l s M a n u f a c t u r i n g & M a r k e t i n g I n c . , w w w . y a l t e k s . c o m . T h e u s e d m a t e r i a l i s Y a l t e k s B o a r d Y B - M . C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e m a t e r i a l c a n b e f o u n d
o n t h e w e b s i t e .



1 5 5
7 . 4 I n v e s t m e n t c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r a d d i t i o n a l p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s
P a s s i v e m e a s u r e s , w h i c h a r e e c o n o m i c a l l y e v a l u a t e d a n d c o m p a r e d , a r e :
T h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n o f e x t e r n a l w a l l s a n d t h e r o o f w i t h X P S ,
T h e r m a l g l a z i n g ,
S h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t s o n t h e r o o f a n d w i n d o w s ,
A d d i t i o n a l b a s e m e n t , a n d
C o m b i n a t i o n s o f t h e s e m e a s u r e s
T h e u n i t p r i c e l i s t o f t h e M i n i s t r y a s w e l l a s m a r k e t p r i c e s a r e c o m p a r e d a n d a v e r a g e s a r e
c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s . B i g s u p p l i e r s a r e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t b y t h e m a r k e t r e s e a r c h .
T h e r e a r e a b i g d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n l o c a l s u p p l i e r s a n d n a t i o n a l s u p p l i e r s e s p e c i a l l y i n r e g a r d
t o t h e q u a l i t y o f m a t e r i a l s . L o c a l s u p p l i e r s , w h i c h a r e c a l l e d s t a i r c a s e p r o d u c e r s , d o n o t
p r o d u c e h i g h q u a l i t y p r o d u c t s , a n d t h i s i n f l u e n c e s e n e r g y p e r f o r m a n c e n e g a t i v e l y . Y a l t e k s


h a s b e e n c h o s e n a s a p r o v i d e r o f t h e r e q u i r e d i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l s a n d T r a k y a C o r p o r a t i o n f o r
g l a z i n g w i t h i n t h e p r i c e c o m p a r i s o n .
E a c h p a s s i v e m e a s u r e i s e v a l u a t e d s e p a r a t e l y f o r t h e H H , B B H , a n d B C .
F a a d e T r a n s p a r e n t O p a q u e R o o f

- l o a d b e a r i n g
s t r u c t u r e
+ l o a d b e a r i n g
s t r u c t u r e

m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
3
m
2

H H 1 7 9 . 2 1 4 . 5 1 4 8 . 2 1 6 4 . 7 3 2 9 9 . 3
B B H - B C 1 3 5 2 3 . 4 1 0 0 . 3 1 1 1 . 6 2 0 9 9 . 9
T a b l e 3 5 S u r f a c e A r e a o f t h e A n a l y z e d C r i t e r i a
7 . 4 . 1 U n i t P r i c e s o f p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s
A l l p r i c e s u s e d b y t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s i n c l u d e l a b o u r c o s t s . M a t e r i a l p r i c e r e s e a r c h i n c l u d e s
n a t i o n a l s u p p l i e r s , w h i c h h a v e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o d e l i v e r t o B o d r u m w i t h o u t e x t r a c o s t . T h i s
s u p p o r t s s u s t a i n a b i l i t y i n t h e r e g i o n . T h e p r i c e f o r s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s i s s t r o n g l y l i n k e d t o t h e
m a t e r i a l . C o m m o n m a t e r i a l s l i k e w o o d , w h i c h h a v e m a n y s u p p l e m e n t o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n
B o d r u m , a r e c h o s e n t o r e a c h a g o o d p r i c e / v a l u e r a t i o .


Y a l t e k s I n s u l a t i o n M a t e r i a l s M a n u f a c t u r i n g & M a r k e t i n g I n c . , w w w . y a l t e k s . c o m . T h e u s e d m a t e r i a l i s Y a l t e k s B o a r d Y B - M . C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e m a t e r i a l c a n b e f o u n d
o n t h e w e b s i t e .



155
7.4 Investment calculations for additional passive measures
Passive measures, which are economically evaluated and compared, are:
Thermal insulation of external walls and the roof with XPS,
Thermal glazing,
Shading components on the roof and windows,
Additional basement, and
Combinations of these measures
The unit price list of the Ministry as well as market prices are compared and averages are
considered in the calculations. Big suppliers are taken into account by the market research.
There are a big difference between local suppliers and national suppliers especially in regard
to the quality of materials. Local suppliers, which are called staircase producers, do not
produce high quality products, and this influences energy performance negatively. Yalteks


has been chosen as a provider of the required insulation materials and Trakya Corporation for
glazing within the price comparison.
Each passive measure is evaluated separately for the HH, BBH, and BC.
Faade Transparent Opaque Roof

-load bearing
structure
+load bearing
structure

m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
3
m
2

HH 179.2 14.5 148.2 164.7 32 99.3
BBH-BC 135 23.4 100.3 111.6 20 99.9
Table 35 Surface Area of the Analyzed Criteria
7.4.1 Unit Prices of passive measures
All prices used by the calculations include labour costs. Material price research includes
national suppliers, which have the opportunity to deliver to Bodrum without extra cost. This
supports sustainability in the region. The price for shading elements is strongly linked to the
material. Common materials like wood, which have many supplement opportunities in
Bodrum, are chosen to reach a good price/value ratio.


Yalteks Insulation Materials Manufacturing & Marketing Inc., www.yalteks.com. The used material is Yalteks Board YB-M. Characteristics of the material can be found
on the website.



155
7.4 Investment calculations for additional passive measures
Passive measures, which are economically evaluated and compared, are:
Thermal insulation of external walls and the roof with XPS,
Thermal glazing,
Shading components on the roof and windows,
Additional basement, and
Combinations of these measures
The unit price list of the Ministry as well as market prices are compared and averages are
considered in the calculations. Big suppliers are taken into account by the market research.
There are a big difference between local suppliers and national suppliers especially in regard
to the quality of materials. Local suppliers, which are called staircase producers, do not
produce high quality products, and this influences energy performance negatively. Yalteks


has been chosen as a provider of the required insulation materials and Trakya Corporation for
glazing within the price comparison.
Each passive measure is evaluated separately for the HH, BBH, and BC.
Faade Transparent Opaque Roof

-load bearing
structure
+load bearing
structure

m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
3
m
2

HH 179.2 14.5 148.2 164.7 32 99.3
BBH-BC 135 23.4 100.3 111.6 20 99.9
Table 35 Surface Area of the Analyzed Criteria
7.4.1 Unit Prices of passive measures
All prices used by the calculations include labour costs. Material price research includes
national suppliers, which have the opportunity to deliver to Bodrum without extra cost. This
supports sustainability in the region. The price for shading elements is strongly linked to the
material. Common materials like wood, which have many supplement opportunities in
Bodrum, are chosen to reach a good price/value ratio.


Yalteks Insulation Materials Manufacturing & Marketing Inc., www.yalteks.com. The used material is Yalteks Board YB-M. Characteristics of the material can be found
on the website.



156
Thermal insulation with XPS
There is only one unit price for casing with XPS (the code 19.055/C2) according the unit
price list of the ministry. It is $ 26.1 /m
2
for 5 cm XPS plate. The market prices range between
$ 32-36 /m
2
for 6, 8, and 10 cm XPS plates. If we consider that every additional 6 cm XPS
costs 1 $, and calculate the unit prices of the Ministry for more thicker insulation applications,
the average between market and Ministry prices will be 29, 31, and $ 33 /m
2
for 6, 8, and 10
cm XPS plates. These average unit prices per square meter are used by the calculations.
Thermal Glazing
When calculating the prices for upgrading windows, the frame is not considered. The
comparisons are based on the prices of thermal glazings. The average unit prices per square
meter are $ 15, 38, and 45 for the variants used by the HH, BBH and the BC respectively.
Shading Materials
There are no significant differences between local suppliers and ministry prices for roof
shading elements. Such measures of a construction belong to Class 1 Group A in the Ministry
price list. The list price is $ 43.3 /m
2
. $ 50 /m
2
is considered by the calculations due to the
premium quality materials. $ 20 /m
2
is considered as the unit price for window shading
elements depending on the material with the code 26.220 in the ministry price list.
Basement
The costs of a basement construction depend strongly on the location of the construction.
Therefore, it is difficult to calculate the price of an additional basement floor. The price of a
typical basement construction is calculated with the prices of the Ministry price list.
Adjustments are based on negotiations with local constructors on these prices. Finally, it was
decided to use $ 25,000 as the price of a basement construction. This reasonable amount
refers to $ 250 /m
2
.
7.5 Economical evaluation of passive measures for existing houses
The Holiday House presents an example of existing settlements in Bodrum for the purpose
of economic evaluations. Architectural characteristics have been mentioned in previous


156
Thermal insulation with XPS
There is only one unit price for casing with XPS (the code 19.055/C2) according the unit
price list of the ministry. It is $ 26.1 /m
2
for 5 cm XPS plate. The market prices range between
$ 32-36 /m
2
for 6, 8, and 10 cm XPS plates. If we consider that every additional 6 cm XPS
costs 1 $, and calculate the unit prices of the Ministry for more thicker insulation applications,
the average between market and Ministry prices will be 29, 31, and $ 33 /m
2
for 6, 8, and 10
cm XPS plates. These average unit prices per square meter are used by the calculations.
Thermal Glazing
When calculating the prices for upgrading windows, the frame is not considered. The
comparisons are based on the prices of thermal glazings. The average unit prices per square
meter are $ 15, 38, and 45 for the variants used by the HH, BBH and the BC respectively.
Shading Materials
There are no significant differences between local suppliers and ministry prices for roof
shading elements. Such measures of a construction belong to Class 1 Group A in the Ministry
price list. The list price is $ 43.3 /m
2
. $ 50 /m
2
is considered by the calculations due to the
premium quality materials. $ 20 /m
2
is considered as the unit price for window shading
elements depending on the material with the code 26.220 in the ministry price list.
Basement
The costs of a basement construction depend strongly on the location of the construction.
Therefore, it is difficult to calculate the price of an additional basement floor. The price of a
typical basement construction is calculated with the prices of the Ministry price list.
Adjustments are based on negotiations with local constructors on these prices. Finally, it was
decided to use $ 25,000 as the price of a basement construction. This reasonable amount
refers to $ 250 /m
2
.
7.5 Economical evaluation of passive measures for existing houses
The Holiday House presents an example of existing settlements in Bodrum for the purpose
of economic evaluations. Architectural characteristics have been mentioned in previous


1 5 6
T h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n w i t h X P S
T h e r e i s o n l y o n e u n i t p r i c e f o r c a s i n g w i t h X P S ( t h e c o d e 1 9 . 0 5 5 / C 2 ) a c c o r d i n g t h e u n i t
p r i c e l i s t o f t h e m i n i s t r y . I t i s $ 2 6 . 1 / m
2
f o r 5 c m X P S p l a t e . T h e m a r k e t p r i c e s r a n g e b e t w e e n
$ 3 2 - 3 6 / m
2
f o r 6 , 8 , a n d 1 0 c m X P S p l a t e s . I f w e c o n s i d e r t h a t e v e r y a d d i t i o n a l 6 c m X P S
c o s t s 1 $ , a n d c a l c u l a t e t h e u n i t p r i c e s o f t h e M i n i s t r y f o r m o r e t h i c k e r i n s u l a t i o n a p p l i c a t i o n s ,
t h e a v e r a g e b e t w e e n m a r k e t a n d M i n i s t r y p r i c e s w i l l b e 2 9 , 3 1 , a n d $ 3 3 / m
2
f o r 6 , 8 , a n d 1 0
c m X P S p l a t e s . T h e s e a v e r a g e u n i t p r i c e s p e r s q u a r e m e t e r a r e u s e d b y t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s .
T h e r m a l G l a z i n g
W h e n c a l c u l a t i n g t h e p r i c e s f o r u p g r a d i n g w i n d o w s , t h e f r a m e i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d . T h e
c o m p a r i s o n s a r e b a s e d o n t h e p r i c e s o f t h e r m a l g l a z i n g s . T h e a v e r a g e u n i t p r i c e s p e r s q u a r e
m e t e r a r e $ 1 5 , 3 8 , a n d 4 5 f o r t h e v a r i a n t s u s e d b y t h e H H , B B H a n d t h e B C r e s p e c t i v e l y .
S h a d i n g M a t e r i a l s
T h e r e a r e n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n l o c a l s u p p l i e r s a n d m i n i s t r y p r i c e s f o r r o o f
s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s . S u c h m e a s u r e s o f a c o n s t r u c t i o n b e l o n g t o C l a s s 1 G r o u p A i n t h e M i n i s t r y
p r i c e l i s t . T h e l i s t p r i c e i s $ 4 3 . 3 / m
2
. $ 5 0 / m
2
i s c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s d u e t o t h e
p r e m i u m q u a l i t y m a t e r i a l s . $ 2 0 / m
2
i s c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e u n i t p r i c e f o r w i n d o w s h a d i n g
e l e m e n t s d e p e n d i n g o n t h e m a t e r i a l w i t h t h e c o d e 2 6 . 2 2 0 i n t h e m i n i s t r y p r i c e l i s t .
B a s e m e n t
T h e c o s t s o f a b a s e m e n t c o n s t r u c t i o n d e p e n d s t r o n g l y o n t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n .
T h e r e f o r e , i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o c a l c u l a t e t h e p r i c e o f a n a d d i t i o n a l b a s e m e n t f l o o r . T h e p r i c e o f a
t y p i c a l b a s e m e n t c o n s t r u c t i o n i s c a l c u l a t e d w i t h t h e p r i c e s o f t h e M i n i s t r y p r i c e l i s t .
A d j u s t m e n t s a r e b a s e d o n n e g o t i a t i o n s w i t h l o c a l c o n s t r u c t o r s o n t h e s e p r i c e s . F i n a l l y , i t w a s
d e c i d e d t o u s e $ 2 5 , 0 0 0 a s t h e p r i c e o f a b a s e m e n t c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h i s r e a s o n a b l e a m o u n t
r e f e r s t o $ 2 5 0 / m
2
.
7 . 5 E c o n o m i c a l e v a l u a t i o n o f p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s f o r e x i s t i n g h o u s e s
T h e H o l i d a y H o u s e p r e s e n t s a n e x a m p l e o f e x i s t i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m f o r t h e p u r p o s e
o f e c o n o m i c e v a l u a t i o n s . A r c h i t e c t u r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s h a v e b e e n m e n t i o n e d i n p r e v i o u s


1 5 6
T h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n w i t h X P S
T h e r e i s o n l y o n e u n i t p r i c e f o r c a s i n g w i t h X P S ( t h e c o d e 1 9 . 0 5 5 / C 2 ) a c c o r d i n g t h e u n i t
p r i c e l i s t o f t h e m i n i s t r y . I t i s $ 2 6 . 1 / m
2
f o r 5 c m X P S p l a t e . T h e m a r k e t p r i c e s r a n g e b e t w e e n
$ 3 2 - 3 6 / m
2
f o r 6 , 8 , a n d 1 0 c m X P S p l a t e s . I f w e c o n s i d e r t h a t e v e r y a d d i t i o n a l 6 c m X P S
c o s t s 1 $ , a n d c a l c u l a t e t h e u n i t p r i c e s o f t h e M i n i s t r y f o r m o r e t h i c k e r i n s u l a t i o n a p p l i c a t i o n s ,
t h e a v e r a g e b e t w e e n m a r k e t a n d M i n i s t r y p r i c e s w i l l b e 2 9 , 3 1 , a n d $ 3 3 / m
2
f o r 6 , 8 , a n d 1 0
c m X P S p l a t e s . T h e s e a v e r a g e u n i t p r i c e s p e r s q u a r e m e t e r a r e u s e d b y t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s .
T h e r m a l G l a z i n g
W h e n c a l c u l a t i n g t h e p r i c e s f o r u p g r a d i n g w i n d o w s , t h e f r a m e i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d . T h e
c o m p a r i s o n s a r e b a s e d o n t h e p r i c e s o f t h e r m a l g l a z i n g s . T h e a v e r a g e u n i t p r i c e s p e r s q u a r e
m e t e r a r e $ 1 5 , 3 8 , a n d 4 5 f o r t h e v a r i a n t s u s e d b y t h e H H , B B H a n d t h e B C r e s p e c t i v e l y .
S h a d i n g M a t e r i a l s
T h e r e a r e n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n l o c a l s u p p l i e r s a n d m i n i s t r y p r i c e s f o r r o o f
s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s . S u c h m e a s u r e s o f a c o n s t r u c t i o n b e l o n g t o C l a s s 1 G r o u p A i n t h e M i n i s t r y
p r i c e l i s t . T h e l i s t p r i c e i s $ 4 3 . 3 / m
2
. $ 5 0 / m
2
i s c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s d u e t o t h e
p r e m i u m q u a l i t y m a t e r i a l s . $ 2 0 / m
2
i s c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e u n i t p r i c e f o r w i n d o w s h a d i n g
e l e m e n t s d e p e n d i n g o n t h e m a t e r i a l w i t h t h e c o d e 2 6 . 2 2 0 i n t h e m i n i s t r y p r i c e l i s t .
B a s e m e n t
T h e c o s t s o f a b a s e m e n t c o n s t r u c t i o n d e p e n d s t r o n g l y o n t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n .
T h e r e f o r e , i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o c a l c u l a t e t h e p r i c e o f a n a d d i t i o n a l b a s e m e n t f l o o r . T h e p r i c e o f a
t y p i c a l b a s e m e n t c o n s t r u c t i o n i s c a l c u l a t e d w i t h t h e p r i c e s o f t h e M i n i s t r y p r i c e l i s t .
A d j u s t m e n t s a r e b a s e d o n n e g o t i a t i o n s w i t h l o c a l c o n s t r u c t o r s o n t h e s e p r i c e s . F i n a l l y , i t w a s
d e c i d e d t o u s e $ 2 5 , 0 0 0 a s t h e p r i c e o f a b a s e m e n t c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h i s r e a s o n a b l e a m o u n t
r e f e r s t o $ 2 5 0 / m
2
.
7 . 5 E c o n o m i c a l e v a l u a t i o n o f p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s f o r e x i s t i n g h o u s e s
T h e H o l i d a y H o u s e p r e s e n t s a n e x a m p l e o f e x i s t i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m f o r t h e p u r p o s e
o f e c o n o m i c e v a l u a t i o n s . A r c h i t e c t u r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s h a v e b e e n m e n t i o n e d i n p r e v i o u s


1 5 7
c h a p t e r s . T h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n f l u e n c e t h e i r e n e r g e t i c p e r f o r m a n c e a n d h e r e b y t h e a m o u n t
o f e n e r g y s a v i n g s . T h e s e s a v i n g s w i l l b e c o m p a r e d f r o m a n e c o n o m i c p e r s p e c t i v e i n t h i s
c h a p t e r .
7 . 5 . 1 P a y b a c k p e r i o d a n d c o s t a n a l y s i s o f m e a s u r e s s e p a r a t e l y
E x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n
T h e g r e a t e s t i n v e s t m e n t i s r e l a t e d t o t h e t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n o f t h e e x t e r n a l w a l l s . I t c o s t s
a b o u t $ 5 0 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a . I t h a s t h e b i g g e s t a n n u a l s a v i n g p o t e n t i a l c o m p a r e d
t o t h e o t h e r s e p a r a t e m e a s u r e s . T h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f t h e i n i t i a l c o s t o f n e a r l y $
1 0 , 0 0 0 i s 8 . 3 6 y e a r s . T h e S I R v a l u e o v e r f o u r i s a c c e p t a b l e f o r t h i s k i n d o f i n v e s t m e n t . M o r e
t h a n a n 8 0 p e r c e n t e n e r g y s a v i n g c a n b e r e a l i s e d d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d .
R o o f i n s u l a t i o n
R o o f i n s u l a t i o n c o s t s a b o u t $ 1 5 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a . T h e i n i t i a l r e l a t e d t o r o o f
i n s u l a t i o n b e l o n g s t o t h e m i d d l e r a n g e c o m p a r e d t o o t h e r i n v e s t m e n t s . T h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k
p e r i o d i s 4 . 3 2 y e a r s , a n d i t h a s a S I R v a l u e o f m o r e t h e n e i g h t . M o r e t h a n a 6 0 p e r c e n t e n e r g y
s a v i n g b y t h e u s e o f r o o f i n s u l a t i o n c a n o c c u r d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d .
E n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n
E n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n d e s c r i b e s t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f e x t e r n a l w a l l a n d r o o f i n s u l a t i o n . T h e i r
j o i n t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o a n n u a l e n e r g y s a v i n g s i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r t h a n s i n g l e e m p l o y m e n t .
C o m b i n e d , t h e y s a v e n e a r l y 3 , 5 0 0 k W h / a o f e n e r g y . I t c o s t s a b o u t $ 6 5 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f
f l o o r a r e a . T h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f 1 2 , 9 0 0 i n i t i a l c o s t s i s 4 . 8 2 y e a r s . T h e S I R v a l u e i s
s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h e n t h e v a l u e o f o n l y e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n . N e a r l y 8 0 p e r c e n t e n e r g y
s a v i n g c a n b e a c h i e v e d d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r m o n t h s .
T h e r m a l G l a z i n g
U p g r a d i n g t h e w i n d o w g l a s s e s h a s t h e s e c o n d h i g h e s t S I R v a l u e a m o n g a l l o t h e r m e a s u r e s .
T h e u p g r a d e c o s t s n e a r l y $ 6 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a . T h i s l o w c o s t s h o r t e n s t h e
a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h r e e y e a r s . T h e g r e a t e s t a m o u n t o f s a v i n g i s
r e a l i z e d d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d .


1 5 7
c h a p t e r s . T h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n f l u e n c e t h e i r e n e r g e t i c p e r f o r m a n c e a n d h e r e b y t h e a m o u n t
o f e n e r g y s a v i n g s . T h e s e s a v i n g s w i l l b e c o m p a r e d f r o m a n e c o n o m i c p e r s p e c t i v e i n t h i s
c h a p t e r .
7 . 5 . 1 P a y b a c k p e r i o d a n d c o s t a n a l y s i s o f m e a s u r e s s e p a r a t e l y
E x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n
T h e g r e a t e s t i n v e s t m e n t i s r e l a t e d t o t h e t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n o f t h e e x t e r n a l w a l l s . I t c o s t s
a b o u t $ 5 0 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a . I t h a s t h e b i g g e s t a n n u a l s a v i n g p o t e n t i a l c o m p a r e d
t o t h e o t h e r s e p a r a t e m e a s u r e s . T h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f t h e i n i t i a l c o s t o f n e a r l y $
1 0 , 0 0 0 i s 8 . 3 6 y e a r s . T h e S I R v a l u e o v e r f o u r i s a c c e p t a b l e f o r t h i s k i n d o f i n v e s t m e n t . M o r e
t h a n a n 8 0 p e r c e n t e n e r g y s a v i n g c a n b e r e a l i s e d d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d .
R o o f i n s u l a t i o n
R o o f i n s u l a t i o n c o s t s a b o u t $ 1 5 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a . T h e i n i t i a l r e l a t e d t o r o o f
i n s u l a t i o n b e l o n g s t o t h e m i d d l e r a n g e c o m p a r e d t o o t h e r i n v e s t m e n t s . T h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k
p e r i o d i s 4 . 3 2 y e a r s , a n d i t h a s a S I R v a l u e o f m o r e t h e n e i g h t . M o r e t h a n a 6 0 p e r c e n t e n e r g y
s a v i n g b y t h e u s e o f r o o f i n s u l a t i o n c a n o c c u r d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d .
E n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n
E n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n d e s c r i b e s t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f e x t e r n a l w a l l a n d r o o f i n s u l a t i o n . T h e i r
j o i n t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o a n n u a l e n e r g y s a v i n g s i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r t h a n s i n g l e e m p l o y m e n t .
C o m b i n e d , t h e y s a v e n e a r l y 3 , 5 0 0 k W h / a o f e n e r g y . I t c o s t s a b o u t $ 6 5 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f
f l o o r a r e a . T h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f 1 2 , 9 0 0 i n i t i a l c o s t s i s 4 . 8 2 y e a r s . T h e S I R v a l u e i s
s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h e n t h e v a l u e o f o n l y e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n . N e a r l y 8 0 p e r c e n t e n e r g y
s a v i n g c a n b e a c h i e v e d d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r m o n t h s .
T h e r m a l G l a z i n g
U p g r a d i n g t h e w i n d o w g l a s s e s h a s t h e s e c o n d h i g h e s t S I R v a l u e a m o n g a l l o t h e r m e a s u r e s .
T h e u p g r a d e c o s t s n e a r l y $ 6 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a . T h i s l o w c o s t s h o r t e n s t h e
a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h r e e y e a r s . T h e g r e a t e s t a m o u n t o f s a v i n g i s
r e a l i z e d d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d .


157
chapters. These characteristics influence their energetic performance and hereby the amount
of energy savings. These savings will be compared from an economic perspective in this
chapter.
7.5.1 Payback period and cost analysis of measures separately
External wall insulation
The greatest investment is related to the thermal insulation of the external walls. It costs
about $ 50 per square meter of floor area. It has the biggest annual saving potential compared
to the other separate measures. The average payback period of the initial cost of nearly $
10,000 is 8.36 years. The SIR value over four is acceptable for this kind of investment. More
than an 80 per cent energy saving can be realised during the winter period.
Roof insulation
Roof insulation costs about $ 15 per square meter of floor area. The initial related to roof
insulation belongs to the middle range compared to other investments. The average payback
period is 4.32 years, and it has a SIR value of more then eight. More than a 60 per cent energy
saving by the use of roof insulation can occur during the winter period.
Envelope insulation
Envelope insulation describes the combination of external wall and roof insulation. Their
joint contribution to annual energy savings is significantly greater than single employment.
Combined, they save nearly 3,500 kWh/a of energy. It costs about $ 65 per square meter of
floor area. The average payback period of 12,900 initial costs is 4.82 years. The SIR value is
significantly higher then the value of only external wall insulation. Nearly 80 per cent energy
saving can be achieved during the winter months.
Thermal Glazing
Upgrading the window glasses has the second highest SIR value among all other measures.
The upgrade costs nearly $ 6 per square meter of floor area. This low cost shortens the
average payback period to approximately three years. The greatest amount of saving is
realized during the winter period.


157
chapters. These characteristics influence their energetic performance and hereby the amount
of energy savings. These savings will be compared from an economic perspective in this
chapter.
7.5.1 Payback period and cost analysis of measures separately
External wall insulation
The greatest investment is related to the thermal insulation of the external walls. It costs
about $ 50 per square meter of floor area. It has the biggest annual saving potential compared
to the other separate measures. The average payback period of the initial cost of nearly $
10,000 is 8.36 years. The SIR value over four is acceptable for this kind of investment. More
than an 80 per cent energy saving can be realised during the winter period.
Roof insulation
Roof insulation costs about $ 15 per square meter of floor area. The initial related to roof
insulation belongs to the middle range compared to other investments. The average payback
period is 4.32 years, and it has a SIR value of more then eight. More than a 60 per cent energy
saving by the use of roof insulation can occur during the winter period.
Envelope insulation
Envelope insulation describes the combination of external wall and roof insulation. Their
joint contribution to annual energy savings is significantly greater than single employment.
Combined, they save nearly 3,500 kWh/a of energy. It costs about $ 65 per square meter of
floor area. The average payback period of 12,900 initial costs is 4.82 years. The SIR value is
significantly higher then the value of only external wall insulation. Nearly 80 per cent energy
saving can be achieved during the winter months.
Thermal Glazing
Upgrading the window glasses has the second highest SIR value among all other measures.
The upgrade costs nearly $ 6 per square meter of floor area. This low cost shortens the
average payback period to approximately three years. The greatest amount of saving is
realized during the winter period.


158
Envelope insulation with thermal glazing
This type of an investment concerning $ 71 per square meter of floor area belongs to the
top range of the investment costs. The savings rate is also in the top range. Accordingly, the
average payback period is below 4.5 years. Nearly 80 per cent of the savings occur in the
winter months.
Roof shading
Installing roof shading components belongs to the middle range investments. An initial
cost of $ 25 per square meter of floor area pays back in 8.23 years in average. The SIR value
of roof shading as a measure is four.
Window shading
This measure has the highest SIR value of 13.74. Initial cost of $ 7 per square meter of
floor area belongs to the lower range. Therefore, the payback period is significantly shorter
than one of the other measures. Investments in window shading have an average payback
period of 2.71 years, and this period is the shortest one among all measures.
Shading total
Shading total refers to combined shading measures. They separately save about 2.5 MW
energy and combined over 4 MW. The initial costs of $ 32 per square meter of floor area pay
back approximately in eight years in average. Shading elements also impact savings realized
during winter month.


158
Envelope insulation with thermal glazing
This type of an investment concerning $ 71 per square meter of floor area belongs to the
top range of the investment costs. The savings rate is also in the top range. Accordingly, the
average payback period is below 4.5 years. Nearly 80 per cent of the savings occur in the
winter months.
Roof shading
Installing roof shading components belongs to the middle range investments. An initial
cost of $ 25 per square meter of floor area pays back in 8.23 years in average. The SIR value
of roof shading as a measure is four.
Window shading
This measure has the highest SIR value of 13.74. Initial cost of $ 7 per square meter of
floor area belongs to the lower range. Therefore, the payback period is significantly shorter
than one of the other measures. Investments in window shading have an average payback
period of 2.71 years, and this period is the shortest one among all measures.
Shading total
Shading total refers to combined shading measures. They separately save about 2.5 MW
energy and combined over 4 MW. The initial costs of $ 32 per square meter of floor area pay
back approximately in eight years in average. Shading elements also impact savings realized
during winter month.


1 5 8
E n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n w i t h t h e r m a l g l a z i n g
T h i s t y p e o f a n i n v e s t m e n t c o n c e r n i n g $ 7 1 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a b e l o n g s t o t h e
t o p r a n g e o f t h e i n v e s t m e n t c o s t s . T h e s a v i n g s r a t e i s a l s o i n t h e t o p r a n g e . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e
a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d i s b e l o w 4 . 5 y e a r s . N e a r l y 8 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e s a v i n g s o c c u r i n t h e
w i n t e r m o n t h s .
R o o f s h a d i n g
I n s t a l l i n g r o o f s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t s b e l o n g s t o t h e m i d d l e r a n g e i n v e s t m e n t s . A n i n i t i a l
c o s t o f $ 2 5 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a p a y s b a c k i n 8 . 2 3 y e a r s i n a v e r a g e . T h e S I R v a l u e
o f r o o f s h a d i n g a s a m e a s u r e i s f o u r .
W i n d o w s h a d i n g
T h i s m e a s u r e h a s t h e h i g h e s t S I R v a l u e o f 1 3 . 7 4 . I n i t i a l c o s t o f $ 7 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f
f l o o r a r e a b e l o n g s t o t h e l o w e r r a n g e . T h e r e f o r e , t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y s h o r t e r
t h a n o n e o f t h e o t h e r m e a s u r e s . I n v e s t m e n t s i n w i n d o w s h a d i n g h a v e a n a v e r a g e p a y b a c k
p e r i o d o f 2 . 7 1 y e a r s , a n d t h i s p e r i o d i s t h e s h o r t e s t o n e a m o n g a l l m e a s u r e s .
S h a d i n g t o t a l
S h a d i n g t o t a l r e f e r s t o c o m b i n e d s h a d i n g m e a s u r e s . T h e y s e p a r a t e l y s a v e a b o u t 2 . 5 M W
e n e r g y a n d c o m b i n e d o v e r 4 M W . T h e i n i t i a l c o s t s o f $ 3 2 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a p a y
b a c k a p p r o x i m a t e l y i n e i g h t y e a r s i n a v e r a g e . S h a d i n g e l e m e n t s a l s o i m p a c t s a v i n g s r e a l i z e d
d u r i n g w i n t e r m o n t h .


1 5 8
E n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n w i t h t h e r m a l g l a z i n g
T h i s t y p e o f a n i n v e s t m e n t c o n c e r n i n g $ 7 1 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a b e l o n g s t o t h e
t o p r a n g e o f t h e i n v e s t m e n t c o s t s . T h e s a v i n g s r a t e i s a l s o i n t h e t o p r a n g e . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e
a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d i s b e l o w 4 . 5 y e a r s . N e a r l y 8 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e s a v i n g s o c c u r i n t h e
w i n t e r m o n t h s .
R o o f s h a d i n g
I n s t a l l i n g r o o f s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t s b e l o n g s t o t h e m i d d l e r a n g e i n v e s t m e n t s . A n i n i t i a l
c o s t o f $ 2 5 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a p a y s b a c k i n 8 . 2 3 y e a r s i n a v e r a g e . T h e S I R v a l u e
o f r o o f s h a d i n g a s a m e a s u r e i s f o u r .
W i n d o w s h a d i n g
T h i s m e a s u r e h a s t h e h i g h e s t S I R v a l u e o f 1 3 . 7 4 . I n i t i a l c o s t o f $ 7 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f
f l o o r a r e a b e l o n g s t o t h e l o w e r r a n g e . T h e r e f o r e , t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y s h o r t e r
t h a n o n e o f t h e o t h e r m e a s u r e s . I n v e s t m e n t s i n w i n d o w s h a d i n g h a v e a n a v e r a g e p a y b a c k
p e r i o d o f 2 . 7 1 y e a r s , a n d t h i s p e r i o d i s t h e s h o r t e s t o n e a m o n g a l l m e a s u r e s .
S h a d i n g t o t a l
S h a d i n g t o t a l r e f e r s t o c o m b i n e d s h a d i n g m e a s u r e s . T h e y s e p a r a t e l y s a v e a b o u t 2 . 5 M W
e n e r g y a n d c o m b i n e d o v e r 4 M W . T h e i n i t i a l c o s t s o f $ 3 2 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a p a y
b a c k a p p r o x i m a t e l y i n e i g h t y e a r s i n a v e r a g e . S h a d i n g e l e m e n t s a l s o i m p a c t s a v i n g s r e a l i z e d
d u r i n g w i n t e r m o n t h .


1 5 9

F i g u r e 3 1 A n n u a l S I R o f t h e P a s s i v e M e a s u r e s f o r t h e F i r s t Y e a r b y t h e H H
A l l m e a s u r e s t o g e t h e r
I f a l l m e a s u r e s a r e a p p l i e d t o g e t h e r , t h e a d d i t i o n a l c o s t s w i l l r e a c h $ 1 0 0 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r
o f f l o o r a r e a . T h e r e b y , m o r e t h e n 1 6 M W / a e n e r g y c a n b e s a v e d . T h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e a v e r a g e
p a y b a c k p e r i o d f o r t h e i n i t i a l i n v e s t m e n t o f $ 2 0 , 0 0 0 a p p r o x i m a t e s t o 5 . 5 y e a r s . T h e S I R
v a l u e i s 6 . 2 9 . M o r e t h a n 7 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e s a v e d e n e r g y i s r e a l i z e d d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d .
7 . 5 . 2 E c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y e v a l u a t i o n
S a v i n g s t o i n v e s t m e n t r a t i o a n d t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d a n a l y s i s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
t w o a p p l i e d m e t h o d s a r e r e l a t i v e v a l u e s . T h e s e r e s u l t s a r e c o m p a r e d w i t h e a c h o t h e r i n o r d e r
t o h a v e a b s o l u t e o u t p u t s . T h e f i g u r e a b o v e s h o w s t h e S I R f o r t h e f i r s t y e a r . A s i t c a n b e s e e n ,
w i n d o w s h a d i n g i s t h e m o s t e f f i c i e n t m e a s u r e a m o n g a l l . I t r a n k s f i r s t i n e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y
i n a l l c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d s . T h e s e c o n d m o s t e f f i c i e n t m e a s u r e i s u p g r a d i n g t h e w i n d o w s .
R o o f i n s u l a t i o n , t h e r m a l g l a z i n g w i t h e n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n , e n v e l o p e , e t c . f o l l o w t h e s e
m e a s u r e s .
T h e e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n , r o o f s h a d i n g , a n d s h a d i n g t o t a l s h a r e t h e l a s t p l a c e s i n
e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y a c c o r d i n g t o a l l m e t h o d s . T h i s d o e s n o t i m p l y t h a t t h e y a r e i n e f f i c i e n t .
T h e y a l l s h a r e r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t p a y b a c k p e r i o d s . I n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h o t h e r m e a s u r e s t h e y a r e
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g
w i n d o w s h a d i n g
r o o f i n s u l a t i o n
r o o f s h a d i n g
s h a d i n g t o t a l
e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n
e n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n
t h e r m a l g l . + e n v e l o p e i n s .
a l l m e a s u r e s
S S 4
4 8 2
6 1 9
S u u
6 u 7
1 u S 6
2 S 4 7
2 8 2 8
S 2 1 7
1 1 u u
1 4 u u
S u u u
S u u u
6 4 u u
9 9 u u
1 2 9 u u
1 4 2 u u
2 u 4 u u
I n i t i a l C o s t $ A n n u a l S a v i n g $


1 5 9

F i g u r e 3 1 A n n u a l S I R o f t h e P a s s i v e M e a s u r e s f o r t h e F i r s t Y e a r b y t h e H H
A l l m e a s u r e s t o g e t h e r
I f a l l m e a s u r e s a r e a p p l i e d t o g e t h e r , t h e a d d i t i o n a l c o s t s w i l l r e a c h $ 1 0 0 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r
o f f l o o r a r e a . T h e r e b y , m o r e t h e n 1 6 M W / a e n e r g y c a n b e s a v e d . T h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e a v e r a g e
p a y b a c k p e r i o d f o r t h e i n i t i a l i n v e s t m e n t o f $ 2 0 , 0 0 0 a p p r o x i m a t e s t o 5 . 5 y e a r s . T h e S I R
v a l u e i s 6 . 2 9 . M o r e t h a n 7 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e s a v e d e n e r g y i s r e a l i z e d d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d .
7 . 5 . 2 E c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y e v a l u a t i o n
S a v i n g s t o i n v e s t m e n t r a t i o a n d t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d a n a l y s i s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
t w o a p p l i e d m e t h o d s a r e r e l a t i v e v a l u e s . T h e s e r e s u l t s a r e c o m p a r e d w i t h e a c h o t h e r i n o r d e r
t o h a v e a b s o l u t e o u t p u t s . T h e f i g u r e a b o v e s h o w s t h e S I R f o r t h e f i r s t y e a r . A s i t c a n b e s e e n ,
w i n d o w s h a d i n g i s t h e m o s t e f f i c i e n t m e a s u r e a m o n g a l l . I t r a n k s f i r s t i n e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y
i n a l l c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d s . T h e s e c o n d m o s t e f f i c i e n t m e a s u r e i s u p g r a d i n g t h e w i n d o w s .
R o o f i n s u l a t i o n , t h e r m a l g l a z i n g w i t h e n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n , e n v e l o p e , e t c . f o l l o w t h e s e
m e a s u r e s .
T h e e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n , r o o f s h a d i n g , a n d s h a d i n g t o t a l s h a r e t h e l a s t p l a c e s i n
e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y a c c o r d i n g t o a l l m e t h o d s . T h i s d o e s n o t i m p l y t h a t t h e y a r e i n e f f i c i e n t .
T h e y a l l s h a r e r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t p a y b a c k p e r i o d s . I n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h o t h e r m e a s u r e s t h e y a r e
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g
w i n d o w s h a d i n g
r o o f i n s u l a t i o n
r o o f s h a d i n g
s h a d i n g t o t a l
e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n
e n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n
t h e r m a l g l . + e n v e l o p e i n s .
a l l m e a s u r e s
S S 4
4 8 2
6 1 9
S u u
6 u 7
1 u S 6
2 S 4 7
2 8 2 8
S 2 1 7
1 1 u u
1 4 u u
S u u u
S u u u
6 4 u u
9 9 u u
1 2 9 u u
1 4 2 u u
2 u 4 u u
I n i t i a l C o s t $ A n n u a l S a v i n g $


159

Figure 31 Annual SIR of the Passive Measures for the First Year by the HH
All measures together
If all measures are applied together, the additional costs will reach $ 100 per square meter
of floor area. Thereby, more then 16 MW/a energy can be saved. This means that the average
payback period for the initial investment of $ 20,000 approximates to 5.5 years. The SIR
value is 6.29. More than 75 per cent of the saved energy is realized during the winter period.
7.5.2 Economic efficiency evaluation
Savings to investment ratio and the results of the payback period analysis according to the
two applied methods are relative values. These results are compared with each other in order
to have absolute outputs. The figure above shows the SIR for the first year. As it can be seen,
window shading is the most efficient measure among all. It ranks first in economic efficiency
in all calculation methods. The second most efficient measure is upgrading the windows.
Roof insulation, thermal glazing with envelope insulation, envelope, etc. follow these
measures.
The external wall insulation, roof shading, and shading total share the last places in
economic efficiency according to all methods. This does not imply that they are inefficient.
They all share relatively short payback periods. In comparison with other measures they are
thermal glazing
window shading
roof insulation
roof shading
shading total
external wall insulation
envelope insulation
thermal gl. + envelope ins.
all measures
SS4
482
619
Suu
6u7
1uS6
2S47
2828
S217
11uu
14uu
Suuu
Suuu
64uu
99uu
129uu
142uu
2u4uu
Initial Cost $ Annual Saving $


159

Figure 31 Annual SIR of the Passive Measures for the First Year by the HH
All measures together
If all measures are applied together, the additional costs will reach $ 100 per square meter
of floor area. Thereby, more then 16 MW/a energy can be saved. This means that the average
payback period for the initial investment of $ 20,000 approximates to 5.5 years. The SIR
value is 6.29. More than 75 per cent of the saved energy is realized during the winter period.
7.5.2 Economic efficiency evaluation
Savings to investment ratio and the results of the payback period analysis according to the
two applied methods are relative values. These results are compared with each other in order
to have absolute outputs. The figure above shows the SIR for the first year. As it can be seen,
window shading is the most efficient measure among all. It ranks first in economic efficiency
in all calculation methods. The second most efficient measure is upgrading the windows.
Roof insulation, thermal glazing with envelope insulation, envelope, etc. follow these
measures.
The external wall insulation, roof shading, and shading total share the last places in
economic efficiency according to all methods. This does not imply that they are inefficient.
They all share relatively short payback periods. In comparison with other measures they are
thermal glazing
window shading
roof insulation
roof shading
shading total
external wall insulation
envelope insulation
thermal gl. + envelope ins.
all measures
SS4
482
619
Suu
6u7
1uS6
2S47
2828
S217
11uu
14uu
Suuu
Suuu
64uu
99uu
129uu
142uu
2u4uu
Initial Cost $ Annual Saving $


160
less economically efficient. The average payback period of all passive measures are
significantly shorter then their life cycle. Therefore, they can be considered as highly
efficient.
7.5.3 Seasonal efficiency evaluation
As can be seen from the economic analysis about the Holiday House, all of the passive
measures provide significantly more contribution to the reduction of the heating demand
compared with the reduction of the cooling requirement. This realized reduction depends on
factors like the form and orientation of the building, window to wall ratio, air tightness, etc.
The savings realized during the winter months can reach 80 per cent of the annual savings
in the case of external wall insulation. If we consider this fact, seasonal efficiency can be
considered as fallows:
Window shading and shading total offers the best summer efficiency. The savings of these
measures in the summer are about 45 per cent of the annual savings. They are followed by
roof insulation and thermal glazing respectively. Envelope insulation and all measures
combined have similar energy efficiency, which approximates 20 per cent of annual savings.
The order of winter efficiency is inversely proportional to summer efficiency.
7.6 Economical evaluation of passive measures for future settlements: The
BBH and BC in comparison
The BBH and BC represent prototypes for future settlements. Architectural differences
have been explained in previous chapters. These differences influence their energetic
performance and thereby, the amount of energy savings. These savings will be compared
from an economic perspective in this chapter. The effect of better air-tightness, which does
not lead to additional costs, should be considered within the results.





160
less economically efficient. The average payback period of all passive measures are
significantly shorter then their life cycle. Therefore, they can be considered as highly
efficient.
7.5.3 Seasonal efficiency evaluation
As can be seen from the economic analysis about the Holiday House, all of the passive
measures provide significantly more contribution to the reduction of the heating demand
compared with the reduction of the cooling requirement. This realized reduction depends on
factors like the form and orientation of the building, window to wall ratio, air tightness, etc.
The savings realized during the winter months can reach 80 per cent of the annual savings
in the case of external wall insulation. If we consider this fact, seasonal efficiency can be
considered as fallows:
Window shading and shading total offers the best summer efficiency. The savings of these
measures in the summer are about 45 per cent of the annual savings. They are followed by
roof insulation and thermal glazing respectively. Envelope insulation and all measures
combined have similar energy efficiency, which approximates 20 per cent of annual savings.
The order of winter efficiency is inversely proportional to summer efficiency.
7.6 Economical evaluation of passive measures for future settlements: The
BBH and BC in comparison
The BBH and BC represent prototypes for future settlements. Architectural differences
have been explained in previous chapters. These differences influence their energetic
performance and thereby, the amount of energy savings. These savings will be compared
from an economic perspective in this chapter. The effect of better air-tightness, which does
not lead to additional costs, should be considered within the results.





1 6 0
l e s s e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t . T h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f a l l p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s a r e
s i g n i f i c a n t l y s h o r t e r t h e n t h e i r l i f e c y c l e . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s h i g h l y
e f f i c i e n t .
7 . 5 . 3 S e a s o n a l e f f i c i e n c y e v a l u a t i o n
A s c a n b e s e e n f r o m t h e e c o n o m i c a n a l y s i s a b o u t t h e H o l i d a y H o u s e , a l l o f t h e p a s s i v e
m e a s u r e s p r o v i d e s i g n i f i c a n t l y m o r e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e h e a t i n g d e m a n d
c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e c o o l i n g r e q u i r e m e n t . T h i s r e a l i z e d r e d u c t i o n d e p e n d s o n
f a c t o r s l i k e t h e f o r m a n d o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g , w i n d o w t o w a l l r a t i o , a i r t i g h t n e s s , e t c .
T h e s a v i n g s r e a l i z e d d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r m o n t h s c a n r e a c h 8 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e a n n u a l s a v i n g s
i n t h e c a s e o f e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n . I f w e c o n s i d e r t h i s f a c t , s e a s o n a l e f f i c i e n c y c a n b e
c o n s i d e r e d a s f a l l o w s :
W i n d o w s h a d i n g a n d s h a d i n g t o t a l o f f e r s t h e b e s t s u m m e r e f f i c i e n c y . T h e s a v i n g s o f t h e s e
m e a s u r e s i n t h e s u m m e r a r e a b o u t 4 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e a n n u a l s a v i n g s . T h e y a r e f o l l o w e d b y
r o o f i n s u l a t i o n a n d t h e r m a l g l a z i n g r e s p e c t i v e l y . E n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n a n d a l l m e a s u r e s
c o m b i n e d h a v e s i m i l a r e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y , w h i c h a p p r o x i m a t e s 2 0 p e r c e n t o f a n n u a l s a v i n g s .
T h e o r d e r o f w i n t e r e f f i c i e n c y i s i n v e r s e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o s u m m e r e f f i c i e n c y .
7 . 6 E c o n o m i c a l e v a l u a t i o n o f p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s f o r f u t u r e s e t t l e m e n t s : T h e
B B H a n d B C i n c o m p a r i s o n
T h e B B H a n d B C r e p r e s e n t p r o t o t y p e s f o r f u t u r e s e t t l e m e n t s . A r c h i t e c t u r a l d i f f e r e n c e s
h a v e b e e n e x p l a i n e d i n p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r s . T h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s i n f l u e n c e t h e i r e n e r g e t i c
p e r f o r m a n c e a n d t h e r e b y , t h e a m o u n t o f e n e r g y s a v i n g s . T h e s e s a v i n g s w i l l b e c o m p a r e d
f r o m a n e c o n o m i c p e r s p e c t i v e i n t h i s c h a p t e r . T h e e f f e c t o f b e t t e r a i r - t i g h t n e s s , w h i c h d o e s
n o t l e a d t o a d d i t i o n a l c o s t s , s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d w i t h i n t h e r e s u l t s .





1 6 0
l e s s e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t . T h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f a l l p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s a r e
s i g n i f i c a n t l y s h o r t e r t h e n t h e i r l i f e c y c l e . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s h i g h l y
e f f i c i e n t .
7 . 5 . 3 S e a s o n a l e f f i c i e n c y e v a l u a t i o n
A s c a n b e s e e n f r o m t h e e c o n o m i c a n a l y s i s a b o u t t h e H o l i d a y H o u s e , a l l o f t h e p a s s i v e
m e a s u r e s p r o v i d e s i g n i f i c a n t l y m o r e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e h e a t i n g d e m a n d
c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e c o o l i n g r e q u i r e m e n t . T h i s r e a l i z e d r e d u c t i o n d e p e n d s o n
f a c t o r s l i k e t h e f o r m a n d o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g , w i n d o w t o w a l l r a t i o , a i r t i g h t n e s s , e t c .
T h e s a v i n g s r e a l i z e d d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r m o n t h s c a n r e a c h 8 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e a n n u a l s a v i n g s
i n t h e c a s e o f e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n . I f w e c o n s i d e r t h i s f a c t , s e a s o n a l e f f i c i e n c y c a n b e
c o n s i d e r e d a s f a l l o w s :
W i n d o w s h a d i n g a n d s h a d i n g t o t a l o f f e r s t h e b e s t s u m m e r e f f i c i e n c y . T h e s a v i n g s o f t h e s e
m e a s u r e s i n t h e s u m m e r a r e a b o u t 4 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e a n n u a l s a v i n g s . T h e y a r e f o l l o w e d b y
r o o f i n s u l a t i o n a n d t h e r m a l g l a z i n g r e s p e c t i v e l y . E n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n a n d a l l m e a s u r e s
c o m b i n e d h a v e s i m i l a r e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y , w h i c h a p p r o x i m a t e s 2 0 p e r c e n t o f a n n u a l s a v i n g s .
T h e o r d e r o f w i n t e r e f f i c i e n c y i s i n v e r s e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o s u m m e r e f f i c i e n c y .
7 . 6 E c o n o m i c a l e v a l u a t i o n o f p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s f o r f u t u r e s e t t l e m e n t s : T h e
B B H a n d B C i n c o m p a r i s o n
T h e B B H a n d B C r e p r e s e n t p r o t o t y p e s f o r f u t u r e s e t t l e m e n t s . A r c h i t e c t u r a l d i f f e r e n c e s
h a v e b e e n e x p l a i n e d i n p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r s . T h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s i n f l u e n c e t h e i r e n e r g e t i c
p e r f o r m a n c e a n d t h e r e b y , t h e a m o u n t o f e n e r g y s a v i n g s . T h e s e s a v i n g s w i l l b e c o m p a r e d
f r o m a n e c o n o m i c p e r s p e c t i v e i n t h i s c h a p t e r . T h e e f f e c t o f b e t t e r a i r - t i g h t n e s s , w h i c h d o e s
n o t l e a d t o a d d i t i o n a l c o s t s , s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d w i t h i n t h e r e s u l t s .





1 6 1
7 . 6 . 1 P a y b a c k p e r i o d a n d c o s t a n a l y s i s o f m e a s u r e s s e p a r a t e l y
E x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n
T h e i n v e s t m e n t b y t h e B C i s $ 1 , 2 0 0 m o r e t h e n b y t h e B B H , a n d t h i s r e f e r s t o $ 6 p e r
s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a . T h e a n n u a l s a v i n g b y t h e B C i s $ 1 5 0 h i g h e r . A l l t h e r e s u l t s o f
e c o n o m i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s o n B B H a n d B C a r e n e a r l y i d e n t i c a l . T h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f
e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n f o r b o t h c a s e s i s 6 . 8 1 y e a r s . T h e S I R v a l u e o f 4 . 8 9 i s i d e n t i c a l .
D i f f e r e n c e s i n a c h i e v e d s a v i n g s o c c u r d u e t o s e a s o n a l e f f e c t s . B B H i s s e a s o n a l n e u t r a l ,
l e a d i n g t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 M W e n e r g y s a v i n g s b y s e a s o n . B y c o n t r a s t , o v e r 9 5 p e r c e n t o f
o v e r a l l s a v i n g s b y t h e B C a r e r e a l i z e d d u r i n g w i n t e r m o n t h s . T h e t o t a l e n e r g y s a v i n g
a p p r o x i m a t e s 5 M W , w h i c h t r a n s l a t e s i n t o n e a r l y $ 1 , 0 0 0 p e r a n n u m .
R o o f i n s u l a t i o n
T h e d i f f e r e n c e o f $ 2 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a b y t h e r o o f i n s u l a t i o n d e p e n d s o n t h e
g r e a t e r t h i c k n e s s o f t h e r o o f i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l b y t h e B C . C o m p a r e d w i t h t h e u n i n s u l a t e d
r o o f , t h e r o o f i n s u l a t i o n b y t h e B B H i n c r e a s e s t h e h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d b y r e d u c i n g t h e
s o l a r h e a t g a i n . T h u s , o n l y i n s u l a t i n g t h e r o o f m a y n o t b e e f f i c i e n t f o r t h e e x i s t i n g h o u s e s
w i t h o u t i n s t a l l i n g a n y o t h e r p a s s i v e m e a s u r e . F u r t h e r m o r e , a d d i t i o n a l $ 4 0 0 i n v e s t m e n t c o s t
i n t h e B C i n c r e a s e t h e a n n u a l e n e r g y s a v i n g 2 3 0 $ / a c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e B B H . T h e r e a s o n i s
1 . 2 M W a d d i t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g i n t h e B C . T h e r e f o r e , t h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f B C i s
4 . 9 2 a n d i t i s a l m o s t t w o y e a r s l e s s t h a n t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f t h e B B H . T h e w i n t e r e f f i c i e n c y
o f t h i s m e a s u r e f o r e x i s t i n g h o u s e s i s n e g l i g i b l e . D u e t o t h i s r e a s o n , s u m m e r e f f i c i e n c y c a n b e
r a t e d a s h u n d r e d p e r c e n t .
E n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n
T h e i n v e s t m e n t f o r i n s u l a t i n g t h e e n t i r e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e a p p r o x i m a t e s $ 5 0 p e r s q u a r e
m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a . A d d i t i o n a l i n v e s t m e n t s b y t h e e n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n o f t h e B C a r e a b o u t $
5 0 0 0 , w h i c h r e f e r s t o a d d i t i o n a l $ 2 5 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a . T h e a m o u n t o f t h e
d i f f e r e n c e i s d u e t o t h e i n s u l a t i o n o f t h e s u b f l o o r . A n n u a l s a v i n g s v a r y b e t w e e n $ 1 5 0 0 - 1 9 0 0
b y t h e B B H a n d B C r e s p e c t i v e l y . I t r e f e r s t o u p t o 9 . 4 M W / a e n e r g y s a v i n g . T h e a v e r a g e
p a y b a c k p e r i o d b y t h e B C i s 6 . 7 y e a r s . I t i s 1 . 2 y e a r s l e s s t h a n t h a t a c h i e v e d b y t h e B B H . T h e
e n e r g y s a v i n g o f B C d u r i n g t h e s u m m e r i s a b o u t 2 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e a n n u a l s a v i n g . T h i s
p e r c e n t a g e a l m o s t d o u b l e s f o r B B H . T h e r e f o r e , i t c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d t h a t e n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n


1 6 1
7 . 6 . 1 P a y b a c k p e r i o d a n d c o s t a n a l y s i s o f m e a s u r e s s e p a r a t e l y
E x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n
T h e i n v e s t m e n t b y t h e B C i s $ 1 , 2 0 0 m o r e t h e n b y t h e B B H , a n d t h i s r e f e r s t o $ 6 p e r
s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a . T h e a n n u a l s a v i n g b y t h e B C i s $ 1 5 0 h i g h e r . A l l t h e r e s u l t s o f
e c o n o m i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s o n B B H a n d B C a r e n e a r l y i d e n t i c a l . T h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f
e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n f o r b o t h c a s e s i s 6 . 8 1 y e a r s . T h e S I R v a l u e o f 4 . 8 9 i s i d e n t i c a l .
D i f f e r e n c e s i n a c h i e v e d s a v i n g s o c c u r d u e t o s e a s o n a l e f f e c t s . B B H i s s e a s o n a l n e u t r a l ,
l e a d i n g t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 M W e n e r g y s a v i n g s b y s e a s o n . B y c o n t r a s t , o v e r 9 5 p e r c e n t o f
o v e r a l l s a v i n g s b y t h e B C a r e r e a l i z e d d u r i n g w i n t e r m o n t h s . T h e t o t a l e n e r g y s a v i n g
a p p r o x i m a t e s 5 M W , w h i c h t r a n s l a t e s i n t o n e a r l y $ 1 , 0 0 0 p e r a n n u m .
R o o f i n s u l a t i o n
T h e d i f f e r e n c e o f $ 2 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a b y t h e r o o f i n s u l a t i o n d e p e n d s o n t h e
g r e a t e r t h i c k n e s s o f t h e r o o f i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l b y t h e B C . C o m p a r e d w i t h t h e u n i n s u l a t e d
r o o f , t h e r o o f i n s u l a t i o n b y t h e B B H i n c r e a s e s t h e h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d b y r e d u c i n g t h e
s o l a r h e a t g a i n . T h u s , o n l y i n s u l a t i n g t h e r o o f m a y n o t b e e f f i c i e n t f o r t h e e x i s t i n g h o u s e s
w i t h o u t i n s t a l l i n g a n y o t h e r p a s s i v e m e a s u r e . F u r t h e r m o r e , a d d i t i o n a l $ 4 0 0 i n v e s t m e n t c o s t
i n t h e B C i n c r e a s e t h e a n n u a l e n e r g y s a v i n g 2 3 0 $ / a c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e B B H . T h e r e a s o n i s
1 . 2 M W a d d i t i o n a l e n e r g y s a v i n g i n t h e B C . T h e r e f o r e , t h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f B C i s
4 . 9 2 a n d i t i s a l m o s t t w o y e a r s l e s s t h a n t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f t h e B B H . T h e w i n t e r e f f i c i e n c y
o f t h i s m e a s u r e f o r e x i s t i n g h o u s e s i s n e g l i g i b l e . D u e t o t h i s r e a s o n , s u m m e r e f f i c i e n c y c a n b e
r a t e d a s h u n d r e d p e r c e n t .
E n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n
T h e i n v e s t m e n t f o r i n s u l a t i n g t h e e n t i r e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e a p p r o x i m a t e s $ 5 0 p e r s q u a r e
m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a . A d d i t i o n a l i n v e s t m e n t s b y t h e e n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n o f t h e B C a r e a b o u t $
5 0 0 0 , w h i c h r e f e r s t o a d d i t i o n a l $ 2 5 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a . T h e a m o u n t o f t h e
d i f f e r e n c e i s d u e t o t h e i n s u l a t i o n o f t h e s u b f l o o r . A n n u a l s a v i n g s v a r y b e t w e e n $ 1 5 0 0 - 1 9 0 0
b y t h e B B H a n d B C r e s p e c t i v e l y . I t r e f e r s t o u p t o 9 . 4 M W / a e n e r g y s a v i n g . T h e a v e r a g e
p a y b a c k p e r i o d b y t h e B C i s 6 . 7 y e a r s . I t i s 1 . 2 y e a r s l e s s t h a n t h a t a c h i e v e d b y t h e B B H . T h e
e n e r g y s a v i n g o f B C d u r i n g t h e s u m m e r i s a b o u t 2 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e a n n u a l s a v i n g . T h i s
p e r c e n t a g e a l m o s t d o u b l e s f o r B B H . T h e r e f o r e , i t c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d t h a t e n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n


161
7.6.1 Payback period and cost analysis of measures separately
External wall insulation
The investment by the BC is $ 1,200 more then by the BBH, and this refers to $ 6 per
square meter of floor area. The annual saving by the BC is $ 150 higher. All the results of
economical calculations on BBH and BC are nearly identical. The average payback period of
external wall insulation for both cases is 6.81 years. The SIR value of 4.89 is identical.
Differences in achieved savings occur due to seasonal effects. BBH is seasonal neutral,
leading to approximately 2 MW energy savings by season. By contrast, over 95 per cent of
overall savings by the BC are realized during winter months. The total energy saving
approximates 5 MW, which translates into nearly $ 1,000 per annum.
Roof insulation
The difference of $ 2 per square meter of floor area by the roof insulation depends on the
greater thickness of the roof insulation material by the BC. Compared with the uninsulated
roof, the roof insulation by the BBH increases the heating energy demand by reducing the
solar heat gain. Thus, only insulating the roof may not be efficient for the existing houses
without installing any other passive measure. Furthermore, additional $ 400 investment cost
in the BC increase the annual energy saving 230$/a compared with the BBH. The reason is
1.2 MW additional energy saving in the BC. Therefore, the average payback period of BC is
4.92 and it is almost two years less than the payback period of the BBH. The winter efficiency
of this measure for existing houses is negligible. Due to this reason, summer efficiency can be
rated as hundred per cent.
Envelope insulation
The investment for insulating the entire building envelope approximates $ 50 per square
meter of floor area. Additional investments by the envelope insulation of the BC are about $
5000, which refers to additional $ 25 per square meter of floor area. The amount of the
difference is due to the insulation of the subfloor. Annual savings vary between $ 1500-1900
by the BBH and BC respectively. It refers to up to 9.4 MW/a energy saving. The average
payback period by the BC is 6.7 years. It is 1.2 years less than that achieved by the BBH. The
energy saving of BC during the summer is about 20 per cent of the annual saving. This
percentage almost doubles for BBH. Therefore, it can be considered that envelope insulation


161
7.6.1 Payback period and cost analysis of measures separately
External wall insulation
The investment by the BC is $ 1,200 more then by the BBH, and this refers to $ 6 per
square meter of floor area. The annual saving by the BC is $ 150 higher. All the results of
economical calculations on BBH and BC are nearly identical. The average payback period of
external wall insulation for both cases is 6.81 years. The SIR value of 4.89 is identical.
Differences in achieved savings occur due to seasonal effects. BBH is seasonal neutral,
leading to approximately 2 MW energy savings by season. By contrast, over 95 per cent of
overall savings by the BC are realized during winter months. The total energy saving
approximates 5 MW, which translates into nearly $ 1,000 per annum.
Roof insulation
The difference of $ 2 per square meter of floor area by the roof insulation depends on the
greater thickness of the roof insulation material by the BC. Compared with the uninsulated
roof, the roof insulation by the BBH increases the heating energy demand by reducing the
solar heat gain. Thus, only insulating the roof may not be efficient for the existing houses
without installing any other passive measure. Furthermore, additional $ 400 investment cost
in the BC increase the annual energy saving 230$/a compared with the BBH. The reason is
1.2 MW additional energy saving in the BC. Therefore, the average payback period of BC is
4.92 and it is almost two years less than the payback period of the BBH. The winter efficiency
of this measure for existing houses is negligible. Due to this reason, summer efficiency can be
rated as hundred per cent.
Envelope insulation
The investment for insulating the entire building envelope approximates $ 50 per square
meter of floor area. Additional investments by the envelope insulation of the BC are about $
5000, which refers to additional $ 25 per square meter of floor area. The amount of the
difference is due to the insulation of the subfloor. Annual savings vary between $ 1500-1900
by the BBH and BC respectively. It refers to up to 9.4 MW/a energy saving. The average
payback period by the BC is 6.7 years. It is 1.2 years less than that achieved by the BBH. The
energy saving of BC during the summer is about 20 per cent of the annual saving. This
percentage almost doubles for BBH. Therefore, it can be considered that envelope insulation


162
is more economically efficient in the summer for BBH compared with the BC. On the other
hand, the SIR value is 6.36 for the BBH and 5.11 for the BC.
Thermal Glazing
Calculations show that even if the house is architecturally optimized, using thermal glazing
alone will not be both economically and energetically efficient during winter. The savings of
the BBH in summer period equals almost the loss during the winter period. Furthermore, the
SIR value under 1 proves also the inefficiency. Optimised results can be achieved with better
air tightness like by the BC. More than 2.5 MW annual saving refers $ 500 /a. 65 per cent of
this saving can be achieved in summer period. Moreover, the SIR value of nearly ten proves
its efficiency. The payback period by the BBH is over 40 years according to both calculation
methods and it is more then the lifecycle time of the material. On the other hand, the average
payback period by the BC is about 2.6 years. It is the lowest value among all measures for
BC.
Envelope insulation with thermal glazing
Installing both measures together cost $ 57 and $ 83 per square meter of floor area by the
BBH and BC respectively. Especially for the BBH, this type of installation increase the
performance of both measures mutually. They combined save $ 400 /a by the BBH and $ 200
/a by BC. About 9.5 MW/a energy saving of the BBH approximates to nearly 2,000 $ per
annum. This is about $ 600 more than by BC. In this situation the average payback period by
the BBH is 5.13 years, whereas it is 5.56 years by the BC. Moreover, the SIR values are both
over six. The savings in both summer and winter period are also alike for the BBH. 63 per
cent of the savings is reached during winter by the BC. Therefore, it can be considered that
these measures combined for the BC are in summer more economically efficient.
All shading measures including roof shading, which are during the winter are neither
economically nor energetically efficient. They increase the heating demand in the winter
months and thereby, the cost of total energy consumption. Therefore, only the summer period
is taken into account in regard to efficiency considerations.




162
is more economically efficient in the summer for BBH compared with the BC. On the other
hand, the SIR value is 6.36 for the BBH and 5.11 for the BC.
Thermal Glazing
Calculations show that even if the house is architecturally optimized, using thermal glazing
alone will not be both economically and energetically efficient during winter. The savings of
the BBH in summer period equals almost the loss during the winter period. Furthermore, the
SIR value under 1 proves also the inefficiency. Optimised results can be achieved with better
air tightness like by the BC. More than 2.5 MW annual saving refers $ 500 /a. 65 per cent of
this saving can be achieved in summer period. Moreover, the SIR value of nearly ten proves
its efficiency. The payback period by the BBH is over 40 years according to both calculation
methods and it is more then the lifecycle time of the material. On the other hand, the average
payback period by the BC is about 2.6 years. It is the lowest value among all measures for
BC.
Envelope insulation with thermal glazing
Installing both measures together cost $ 57 and $ 83 per square meter of floor area by the
BBH and BC respectively. Especially for the BBH, this type of installation increase the
performance of both measures mutually. They combined save $ 400 /a by the BBH and $ 200
/a by BC. About 9.5 MW/a energy saving of the BBH approximates to nearly 2,000 $ per
annum. This is about $ 600 more than by BC. In this situation the average payback period by
the BBH is 5.13 years, whereas it is 5.56 years by the BC. Moreover, the SIR values are both
over six. The savings in both summer and winter period are also alike for the BBH. 63 per
cent of the savings is reached during winter by the BC. Therefore, it can be considered that
these measures combined for the BC are in summer more economically efficient.
All shading measures including roof shading, which are during the winter are neither
economically nor energetically efficient. They increase the heating demand in the winter
months and thereby, the cost of total energy consumption. Therefore, only the summer period
is taken into account in regard to efficiency considerations.




1 6 2
i s m o r e e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t i n t h e s u m m e r f o r B B H c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e B C . O n t h e o t h e r
h a n d , t h e S I R v a l u e i s 6 . 3 6 f o r t h e B B H a n d 5 . 1 1 f o r t h e B C .
T h e r m a l G l a z i n g
C a l c u l a t i o n s s h o w t h a t e v e n i f t h e h o u s e i s a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y o p t i m i z e d , u s i n g t h e r m a l g l a z i n g
a l o n e w i l l n o t b e b o t h e c o n o m i c a l l y a n d e n e r g e t i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t d u r i n g w i n t e r . T h e s a v i n g s o f
t h e B B H i n s u m m e r p e r i o d e q u a l s a l m o s t t h e l o s s d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e
S I R v a l u e u n d e r 1 p r o v e s a l s o t h e i n e f f i c i e n c y . O p t i m i s e d r e s u l t s c a n b e a c h i e v e d w i t h b e t t e r
a i r t i g h t n e s s l i k e b y t h e B C . M o r e t h a n 2 . 5 M W a n n u a l s a v i n g r e f e r s $ 5 0 0 / a . 6 5 p e r c e n t o f
t h i s s a v i n g c a n b e a c h i e v e d i n s u m m e r p e r i o d . M o r e o v e r , t h e S I R v a l u e o f n e a r l y t e n p r o v e s
i t s e f f i c i e n c y . T h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d b y t h e B B H i s o v e r 4 0 y e a r s a c c o r d i n g t o b o t h c a l c u l a t i o n
m e t h o d s a n d i t i s m o r e t h e n t h e l i f e c y c l e t i m e o f t h e m a t e r i a l . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e a v e r a g e
p a y b a c k p e r i o d b y t h e B C i s a b o u t 2 . 6 y e a r s . I t i s t h e l o w e s t v a l u e a m o n g a l l m e a s u r e s f o r
B C .
E n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n w i t h t h e r m a l g l a z i n g
I n s t a l l i n g b o t h m e a s u r e s t o g e t h e r c o s t $ 5 7 a n d $ 8 3 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a b y t h e
B B H a n d B C r e s p e c t i v e l y . E s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e B B H , t h i s t y p e o f i n s t a l l a t i o n i n c r e a s e t h e
p e r f o r m a n c e o f b o t h m e a s u r e s m u t u a l l y . T h e y c o m b i n e d s a v e $ 4 0 0 / a b y t h e B B H a n d $ 2 0 0
/ a b y B C . A b o u t 9 . 5 M W / a e n e r g y s a v i n g o f t h e B B H a p p r o x i m a t e s t o n e a r l y 2 , 0 0 0 $ p e r
a n n u m . T h i s i s a b o u t $ 6 0 0 m o r e t h a n b y B C . I n t h i s s i t u a t i o n t h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d b y
t h e B B H i s 5 . 1 3 y e a r s , w h e r e a s i t i s 5 . 5 6 y e a r s b y t h e B C . M o r e o v e r , t h e S I R v a l u e s a r e b o t h
o v e r s i x . T h e s a v i n g s i n b o t h s u m m e r a n d w i n t e r p e r i o d a r e a l s o a l i k e f o r t h e B B H . 6 3 p e r
c e n t o f t h e s a v i n g s i s r e a c h e d d u r i n g w i n t e r b y t h e B C . T h e r e f o r e , i t c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d t h a t
t h e s e m e a s u r e s c o m b i n e d f o r t h e B C a r e i n s u m m e r m o r e e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t .
A l l s h a d i n g m e a s u r e s i n c l u d i n g r o o f s h a d i n g , w h i c h a r e d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r a r e n e i t h e r
e c o n o m i c a l l y n o r e n e r g e t i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t . T h e y i n c r e a s e t h e h e a t i n g d e m a n d i n t h e w i n t e r
m o n t h s a n d t h e r e b y , t h e c o s t o f t o t a l e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , o n l y t h e s u m m e r p e r i o d
i s t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t i n r e g a r d t o e f f i c i e n c y c o n s i d e r a t i o n s .




1 6 2
i s m o r e e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t i n t h e s u m m e r f o r B B H c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e B C . O n t h e o t h e r
h a n d , t h e S I R v a l u e i s 6 . 3 6 f o r t h e B B H a n d 5 . 1 1 f o r t h e B C .
T h e r m a l G l a z i n g
C a l c u l a t i o n s s h o w t h a t e v e n i f t h e h o u s e i s a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y o p t i m i z e d , u s i n g t h e r m a l g l a z i n g
a l o n e w i l l n o t b e b o t h e c o n o m i c a l l y a n d e n e r g e t i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t d u r i n g w i n t e r . T h e s a v i n g s o f
t h e B B H i n s u m m e r p e r i o d e q u a l s a l m o s t t h e l o s s d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e
S I R v a l u e u n d e r 1 p r o v e s a l s o t h e i n e f f i c i e n c y . O p t i m i s e d r e s u l t s c a n b e a c h i e v e d w i t h b e t t e r
a i r t i g h t n e s s l i k e b y t h e B C . M o r e t h a n 2 . 5 M W a n n u a l s a v i n g r e f e r s $ 5 0 0 / a . 6 5 p e r c e n t o f
t h i s s a v i n g c a n b e a c h i e v e d i n s u m m e r p e r i o d . M o r e o v e r , t h e S I R v a l u e o f n e a r l y t e n p r o v e s
i t s e f f i c i e n c y . T h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d b y t h e B B H i s o v e r 4 0 y e a r s a c c o r d i n g t o b o t h c a l c u l a t i o n
m e t h o d s a n d i t i s m o r e t h e n t h e l i f e c y c l e t i m e o f t h e m a t e r i a l . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e a v e r a g e
p a y b a c k p e r i o d b y t h e B C i s a b o u t 2 . 6 y e a r s . I t i s t h e l o w e s t v a l u e a m o n g a l l m e a s u r e s f o r
B C .
E n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n w i t h t h e r m a l g l a z i n g
I n s t a l l i n g b o t h m e a s u r e s t o g e t h e r c o s t $ 5 7 a n d $ 8 3 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a b y t h e
B B H a n d B C r e s p e c t i v e l y . E s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e B B H , t h i s t y p e o f i n s t a l l a t i o n i n c r e a s e t h e
p e r f o r m a n c e o f b o t h m e a s u r e s m u t u a l l y . T h e y c o m b i n e d s a v e $ 4 0 0 / a b y t h e B B H a n d $ 2 0 0
/ a b y B C . A b o u t 9 . 5 M W / a e n e r g y s a v i n g o f t h e B B H a p p r o x i m a t e s t o n e a r l y 2 , 0 0 0 $ p e r
a n n u m . T h i s i s a b o u t $ 6 0 0 m o r e t h a n b y B C . I n t h i s s i t u a t i o n t h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d b y
t h e B B H i s 5 . 1 3 y e a r s , w h e r e a s i t i s 5 . 5 6 y e a r s b y t h e B C . M o r e o v e r , t h e S I R v a l u e s a r e b o t h
o v e r s i x . T h e s a v i n g s i n b o t h s u m m e r a n d w i n t e r p e r i o d a r e a l s o a l i k e f o r t h e B B H . 6 3 p e r
c e n t o f t h e s a v i n g s i s r e a c h e d d u r i n g w i n t e r b y t h e B C . T h e r e f o r e , i t c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d t h a t
t h e s e m e a s u r e s c o m b i n e d f o r t h e B C a r e i n s u m m e r m o r e e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t .
A l l s h a d i n g m e a s u r e s i n c l u d i n g r o o f s h a d i n g , w h i c h a r e d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r a r e n e i t h e r
e c o n o m i c a l l y n o r e n e r g e t i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t . T h e y i n c r e a s e t h e h e a t i n g d e m a n d i n t h e w i n t e r
m o n t h s a n d t h e r e b y , t h e c o s t o f t o t a l e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , o n l y t h e s u m m e r p e r i o d
i s t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t i n r e g a r d t o e f f i c i e n c y c o n s i d e r a t i o n s .




1 6 3
R o o f s h a d i n g
T h e s h a d i n g a r e a f o r a l l a n a l y z e d o b j e c t s a r e t h e s a m e . T h e r e f o r e t h e a m o u n t o f t h e
i n v e s t m e n t i s t h e s a m e a s w e l l , w h i c h i s $ 2 5 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a . I t i s i n t h e m i d d l e
r a n g e o f t h e e f f i c i e n t m e a s u r e s f o r t h e B B H . T h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k t i m e i s s l i g h t l y o v e r e i g h t
y e a r s a n d t h e S I R v a l u e i s 4 . 0 4 . I n c o n t r a d i c t i o n , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e e c o n o m i c c a l c u l a t i o n s , t h i s
m e a s u r e i s o n e o f t h e l e s s e f f i c i e n t o f a l l f o r t h e B C . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m p l e p a y b a c k
m e t h o d , i t s p a y b a c k p e r i o d i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n i t s l i f e c y c l e . H e n c e , t h e S I R v a l u e i s
u n d e r o n e . I n t h i s c a s e , i t c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s e c o n o m i c a l l y i n e f f i c i e n t . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e
s e c o n d m e t h o d , w h i c h c o n s i d e r s e n e r g y p r i c e i n c r e a s e s , t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d i s 1 4 . 7 y e a r s .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h i s v a l u e s t i l l b e l o n g s t o t h e w o r s t o f m e a s u r e s i n t e r m s o f e c o n o m i c
e f f i c i e n c y .
W i n d o w s h a d i n g
W i n d o w s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t s a r e a l s o e v a l u a t e d f o r s u m m e r c o n d i t i o n s a s m e n t i o n e d
b e f o r e . T h e i n v e s t m e n t f o r s h a d i n g w i n d o w s o f b o t h t h e B B H a n d B C a p p r o x i m a t e s 5 0 $ p e r
s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a . T h e $ 2 , 2 0 0 d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o h o u s e s a n d t h e H H
r e l a t e s o n t h e c o n t i n u o u s s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t o n t h e s o u t h e r n f a a d e , w h i c h i s u s e d a s a
b a l c o n y . A n n u a l s a v i n g s b y t h e B B H a r e o v e r $ 3 0 0 h i g h e r t h a n t h e B C . T h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k
p e r i o d i s 4 . 2 2 a n d 6 . 9 1 y e a r s b y t h e B B H a n d B C r e s p e c t i v e l y . R e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e S I R v a l u e o f
t h e B B H i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n t h e v a l u e o f t h e B C .
S h a d i n g t o t a l
U s i n g a l l s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t s c o m b i n e d i n c r e a s e s t h e o v e r a l l p e r f o r m a n c e s i g n i f i c a n t l y .
T h e o v e r a l l i n v e s t m e n t o f $ 4 3 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a f o r b o t h h o u s e s l e a d s t o s a v i n g s
o f $ 1 , 0 0 0 b y t h e B B H a n d o v e r 7 0 0 $ b y t h e B C d u r i n g t h e s u m m e r . T h i s m e a s u r e i n r e g a r d
t o t h e B B H , w h i c h s a v e s n e a r l y 5 M W e n e r g y d u r i n g t h e s u m m e r , p a y s b a c k o n a v e r a g e i n
7 . 1 4 y e a r s . R e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e a m o r t i s a t i o n i s r e a l i s e d i n 9 . 5 3 y e a r s f o r t h e B C . T h e S I R v a l u e
o f t h e B C i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r t h a n t h e v a l u e o f t h e B B H .
B a s e m e n t
T h e m o s t e x p e n s i v e i n v e s t m e n t i s r e l a t e d t o a n a d d i t i o n a l b a s e m e n t f l o o r , w h i c h c o s t s $
2 5 0 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a . F u r t h e r m o r e , a d d i t i o n a l e x p e n s e s c a n o c c u r d u e t o a n


1 6 3
R o o f s h a d i n g
T h e s h a d i n g a r e a f o r a l l a n a l y z e d o b j e c t s a r e t h e s a m e . T h e r e f o r e t h e a m o u n t o f t h e
i n v e s t m e n t i s t h e s a m e a s w e l l , w h i c h i s $ 2 5 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a . I t i s i n t h e m i d d l e
r a n g e o f t h e e f f i c i e n t m e a s u r e s f o r t h e B B H . T h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k t i m e i s s l i g h t l y o v e r e i g h t
y e a r s a n d t h e S I R v a l u e i s 4 . 0 4 . I n c o n t r a d i c t i o n , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e e c o n o m i c c a l c u l a t i o n s , t h i s
m e a s u r e i s o n e o f t h e l e s s e f f i c i e n t o f a l l f o r t h e B C . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m p l e p a y b a c k
m e t h o d , i t s p a y b a c k p e r i o d i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n i t s l i f e c y c l e . H e n c e , t h e S I R v a l u e i s
u n d e r o n e . I n t h i s c a s e , i t c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s e c o n o m i c a l l y i n e f f i c i e n t . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e
s e c o n d m e t h o d , w h i c h c o n s i d e r s e n e r g y p r i c e i n c r e a s e s , t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d i s 1 4 . 7 y e a r s .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h i s v a l u e s t i l l b e l o n g s t o t h e w o r s t o f m e a s u r e s i n t e r m s o f e c o n o m i c
e f f i c i e n c y .
W i n d o w s h a d i n g
W i n d o w s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t s a r e a l s o e v a l u a t e d f o r s u m m e r c o n d i t i o n s a s m e n t i o n e d
b e f o r e . T h e i n v e s t m e n t f o r s h a d i n g w i n d o w s o f b o t h t h e B B H a n d B C a p p r o x i m a t e s 5 0 $ p e r
s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a . T h e $ 2 , 2 0 0 d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o h o u s e s a n d t h e H H
r e l a t e s o n t h e c o n t i n u o u s s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t o n t h e s o u t h e r n f a a d e , w h i c h i s u s e d a s a
b a l c o n y . A n n u a l s a v i n g s b y t h e B B H a r e o v e r $ 3 0 0 h i g h e r t h a n t h e B C . T h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k
p e r i o d i s 4 . 2 2 a n d 6 . 9 1 y e a r s b y t h e B B H a n d B C r e s p e c t i v e l y . R e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e S I R v a l u e o f
t h e B B H i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n t h e v a l u e o f t h e B C .
S h a d i n g t o t a l
U s i n g a l l s h a d i n g c o m p o n e n t s c o m b i n e d i n c r e a s e s t h e o v e r a l l p e r f o r m a n c e s i g n i f i c a n t l y .
T h e o v e r a l l i n v e s t m e n t o f $ 4 3 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a f o r b o t h h o u s e s l e a d s t o s a v i n g s
o f $ 1 , 0 0 0 b y t h e B B H a n d o v e r 7 0 0 $ b y t h e B C d u r i n g t h e s u m m e r . T h i s m e a s u r e i n r e g a r d
t o t h e B B H , w h i c h s a v e s n e a r l y 5 M W e n e r g y d u r i n g t h e s u m m e r , p a y s b a c k o n a v e r a g e i n
7 . 1 4 y e a r s . R e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e a m o r t i s a t i o n i s r e a l i s e d i n 9 . 5 3 y e a r s f o r t h e B C . T h e S I R v a l u e
o f t h e B C i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r t h a n t h e v a l u e o f t h e B B H .
B a s e m e n t
T h e m o s t e x p e n s i v e i n v e s t m e n t i s r e l a t e d t o a n a d d i t i o n a l b a s e m e n t f l o o r , w h i c h c o s t s $
2 5 0 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a . F u r t h e r m o r e , a d d i t i o n a l e x p e n s e s c a n o c c u r d u e t o a n


163
Roof shading
The shading area for all analyzed objects are the same. Therefore the amount of the
investment is the same as well, which is $ 25 per square meter of floor area. It is in the middle
range of the efficient measures for the BBH. The average payback time is slightly over eight
years and the SIR value is 4.04. In contradiction, according to the economic calculations, this
measure is one of the less efficient of all for the BC. According to the simple payback
method, its payback period is significantly higher than its life cycle. Hence, the SIR value is
under one. In this case, it can be considered as economically inefficient. According to the
second method, which considers energy price increases, the payback period is 14.7 years.
Nevertheless, this value still belongs to the worst of measures in terms of economic
efficiency.
Window shading
Window shading components are also evaluated for summer conditions as mentioned
before. The investment for shading windows of both the BBH and BC approximates 50 $ per
square meter of floor area. The $ 2,200 difference between these two houses and the HH
relates on the continuous shading component on the southern faade, which is used as a
balcony. Annual savings by the BBH are over $ 300 higher than the BC. The average payback
period is 4.22 and 6.91 years by the BBH and BC respectively. Respectively, the SIR value of
the BBH is significantly higher than the value of the BC.
Shading total
Using all shading components combined increases the overall performance significantly.
The overall investment of $ 43 per square meter of floor area for both houses leads to savings
of $ 1,000 by the BBH and over 700 $ by the BC during the summer. This measure in regard
to the BBH, which saves nearly 5 MW energy during the summer, pays back on average in
7.14 years. Respectively, the amortisation is realised in 9.53 years for the BC. The SIR value
of the BC is significantly lower than the value of the BBH.
Basement
The most expensive investment is related to an additional basement floor, which costs $
250 per square meter of floor area. Furthermore, additional expenses can occur due to an


163
Roof shading
The shading area for all analyzed objects are the same. Therefore the amount of the
investment is the same as well, which is $ 25 per square meter of floor area. It is in the middle
range of the efficient measures for the BBH. The average payback time is slightly over eight
years and the SIR value is 4.04. In contradiction, according to the economic calculations, this
measure is one of the less efficient of all for the BC. According to the simple payback
method, its payback period is significantly higher than its life cycle. Hence, the SIR value is
under one. In this case, it can be considered as economically inefficient. According to the
second method, which considers energy price increases, the payback period is 14.7 years.
Nevertheless, this value still belongs to the worst of measures in terms of economic
efficiency.
Window shading
Window shading components are also evaluated for summer conditions as mentioned
before. The investment for shading windows of both the BBH and BC approximates 50 $ per
square meter of floor area. The $ 2,200 difference between these two houses and the HH
relates on the continuous shading component on the southern faade, which is used as a
balcony. Annual savings by the BBH are over $ 300 higher than the BC. The average payback
period is 4.22 and 6.91 years by the BBH and BC respectively. Respectively, the SIR value of
the BBH is significantly higher than the value of the BC.
Shading total
Using all shading components combined increases the overall performance significantly.
The overall investment of $ 43 per square meter of floor area for both houses leads to savings
of $ 1,000 by the BBH and over 700 $ by the BC during the summer. This measure in regard
to the BBH, which saves nearly 5 MW energy during the summer, pays back on average in
7.14 years. Respectively, the amortisation is realised in 9.53 years for the BC. The SIR value
of the BC is significantly lower than the value of the BBH.
Basement
The most expensive investment is related to an additional basement floor, which costs $
250 per square meter of floor area. Furthermore, additional expenses can occur due to an


164
increase in heating demand by the BBH. A 70 per cent saving occurs in the summer months
for the BC. This percentage can be approximated to one hundred by the BBH. According to
the method I, payback period of the basement by the BBH is 70 years. This value is 30 years
higher then its lifecycle. It is 40.4 years by the BC, which equals its lifecycle time. If we
consider the method II, the payback period will be 16 and 13 years by the BBH and BC
respectively. Using this measure alone is economically inefficient according to these methods.
Nevertheless, method II considers the price increase of energy. In this case, it can be
considered as economically efficient.
All measures without basement
All measures together for the BBH and HH cost $ 100 per square meter of floor area. This
is about $ 25 per square meter of floor area more than by the BC. The annual savings by the
BBH is over 9 MW, whereas it is nearly 15 MW by the BC. Accordingly, annual savings by
the BC is approximately $ 1,200 higher than by the BBH. There is no significant difference
by the seasonal savings of the BC. On the other hand, more than 70 per cent of savings are
achieved during summer months by the BBH. The impact of the difference in annual savings
can be understood in regard to the payback period. The average payback period of the BBH is
8.86 years. It is 1.7 years less than the BC. The SIR values vary between 3.6 and 4.7 for the
BBH and BC respectively.
All measures together with basement
The greatest investment is required for a combined solution including all measures. This
option costs additionally 225 and 250 $ per square meter of floor area by the BBH and BC
respectively. Annual savings increase about 1 and 2 MW by the BC and BBH. In regard to the
possibility of enhanced savings the significantly higher costs must be taken into account. In
this case, the average payback period is 14.6 years by the BBH and 12.1 years by the BC.
They seem to be high, but additional 100 m
2
living area should be considered in this case. The
SIR values of these options vary between 2 and 2.5.
7.6.2 Economic efficiency evaluation
Figures 40 and 41 show the comparison of the economic efficiencies by the BBH and BC.
The most economically efficient measure by the BBH is window shading like by the HH
according to all methods. It is the thermal glazing by BC. Window shading is in the middle


164
increase in heating demand by the BBH. A 70 per cent saving occurs in the summer months
for the BC. This percentage can be approximated to one hundred by the BBH. According to
the method I, payback period of the basement by the BBH is 70 years. This value is 30 years
higher then its lifecycle. It is 40.4 years by the BC, which equals its lifecycle time. If we
consider the method II, the payback period will be 16 and 13 years by the BBH and BC
respectively. Using this measure alone is economically inefficient according to these methods.
Nevertheless, method II considers the price increase of energy. In this case, it can be
considered as economically efficient.
All measures without basement
All measures together for the BBH and HH cost $ 100 per square meter of floor area. This
is about $ 25 per square meter of floor area more than by the BC. The annual savings by the
BBH is over 9 MW, whereas it is nearly 15 MW by the BC. Accordingly, annual savings by
the BC is approximately $ 1,200 higher than by the BBH. There is no significant difference
by the seasonal savings of the BC. On the other hand, more than 70 per cent of savings are
achieved during summer months by the BBH. The impact of the difference in annual savings
can be understood in regard to the payback period. The average payback period of the BBH is
8.86 years. It is 1.7 years less than the BC. The SIR values vary between 3.6 and 4.7 for the
BBH and BC respectively.
All measures together with basement
The greatest investment is required for a combined solution including all measures. This
option costs additionally 225 and 250 $ per square meter of floor area by the BBH and BC
respectively. Annual savings increase about 1 and 2 MW by the BC and BBH. In regard to the
possibility of enhanced savings the significantly higher costs must be taken into account. In
this case, the average payback period is 14.6 years by the BBH and 12.1 years by the BC.
They seem to be high, but additional 100 m
2
living area should be considered in this case. The
SIR values of these options vary between 2 and 2.5.
7.6.2 Economic efficiency evaluation
Figures 40 and 41 show the comparison of the economic efficiencies by the BBH and BC.
The most economically efficient measure by the BBH is window shading like by the HH
according to all methods. It is the thermal glazing by BC. Window shading is in the middle


1 6 4
i n c r e a s e i n h e a t i n g d e m a n d b y t h e B B H . A 7 0 p e r c e n t s a v i n g o c c u r s i n t h e s u m m e r m o n t h s
f o r t h e B C . T h i s p e r c e n t a g e c a n b e a p p r o x i m a t e d t o o n e h u n d r e d b y t h e B B H . A c c o r d i n g t o
t h e m e t h o d I , p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f t h e b a s e m e n t b y t h e B B H i s 7 0 y e a r s . T h i s v a l u e i s 3 0 y e a r s
h i g h e r t h e n i t s l i f e c y c l e . I t i s 4 0 . 4 y e a r s b y t h e B C , w h i c h e q u a l s i t s l i f e c y c l e t i m e . I f w e
c o n s i d e r t h e m e t h o d I I , t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d w i l l b e 1 6 a n d 1 3 y e a r s b y t h e B B H a n d B C
r e s p e c t i v e l y . U s i n g t h i s m e a s u r e a l o n e i s e c o n o m i c a l l y i n e f f i c i e n t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s e m e t h o d s .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , m e t h o d I I c o n s i d e r s t h e p r i c e i n c r e a s e o f e n e r g y . I n t h i s c a s e , i t c a n b e
c o n s i d e r e d a s e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t .
A l l m e a s u r e s w i t h o u t b a s e m e n t
A l l m e a s u r e s t o g e t h e r f o r t h e B B H a n d H H c o s t $ 1 0 0 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a . T h i s
i s a b o u t $ 2 5 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a m o r e t h a n b y t h e B C . T h e a n n u a l s a v i n g s b y t h e
B B H i s o v e r 9 M W , w h e r e a s i t i s n e a r l y 1 5 M W b y t h e B C . A c c o r d i n g l y , a n n u a l s a v i n g s b y
t h e B C i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y $ 1 , 2 0 0 h i g h e r t h a n b y t h e B B H . T h e r e i s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e
b y t h e s e a s o n a l s a v i n g s o f t h e B C . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , m o r e t h a n 7 0 p e r c e n t o f s a v i n g s a r e
a c h i e v e d d u r i n g s u m m e r m o n t h s b y t h e B B H . T h e i m p a c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n a n n u a l s a v i n g s
c a n b e u n d e r s t o o d i n r e g a r d t o t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d . T h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f t h e B B H i s
8 . 8 6 y e a r s . I t i s 1 . 7 y e a r s l e s s t h a n t h e B C . T h e S I R v a l u e s v a r y b e t w e e n 3 . 6 a n d 4 . 7 f o r t h e
B B H a n d B C r e s p e c t i v e l y .
A l l m e a s u r e s t o g e t h e r w i t h b a s e m e n t
T h e g r e a t e s t i n v e s t m e n t i s r e q u i r e d f o r a c o m b i n e d s o l u t i o n i n c l u d i n g a l l m e a s u r e s . T h i s
o p t i o n c o s t s a d d i t i o n a l l y 2 2 5 a n d 2 5 0 $ p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a b y t h e B B H a n d B C
r e s p e c t i v e l y . A n n u a l s a v i n g s i n c r e a s e a b o u t 1 a n d 2 M W b y t h e B C a n d B B H . I n r e g a r d t o t h e
p o s s i b i l i t y o f e n h a n c e d s a v i n g s t h e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r c o s t s m u s t b e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t . I n
t h i s c a s e , t h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d i s 1 4 . 6 y e a r s b y t h e B B H a n d 1 2 . 1 y e a r s b y t h e B C .
T h e y s e e m t o b e h i g h , b u t a d d i t i o n a l 1 0 0 m
2
l i v i n g a r e a s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d i n t h i s c a s e . T h e
S I R v a l u e s o f t h e s e o p t i o n s v a r y b e t w e e n 2 a n d 2 . 5 .
7 . 6 . 2 E c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y e v a l u a t i o n
F i g u r e s 4 0 a n d 4 1 s h o w t h e c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c i e s b y t h e B B H a n d B C .
T h e m o s t e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t m e a s u r e b y t h e B B H i s w i n d o w s h a d i n g l i k e b y t h e H H
a c c o r d i n g t o a l l m e t h o d s . I t i s t h e t h e r m a l g l a z i n g b y B C . W i n d o w s h a d i n g i s i n t h e m i d d l e


1 6 4
i n c r e a s e i n h e a t i n g d e m a n d b y t h e B B H . A 7 0 p e r c e n t s a v i n g o c c u r s i n t h e s u m m e r m o n t h s
f o r t h e B C . T h i s p e r c e n t a g e c a n b e a p p r o x i m a t e d t o o n e h u n d r e d b y t h e B B H . A c c o r d i n g t o
t h e m e t h o d I , p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f t h e b a s e m e n t b y t h e B B H i s 7 0 y e a r s . T h i s v a l u e i s 3 0 y e a r s
h i g h e r t h e n i t s l i f e c y c l e . I t i s 4 0 . 4 y e a r s b y t h e B C , w h i c h e q u a l s i t s l i f e c y c l e t i m e . I f w e
c o n s i d e r t h e m e t h o d I I , t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d w i l l b e 1 6 a n d 1 3 y e a r s b y t h e B B H a n d B C
r e s p e c t i v e l y . U s i n g t h i s m e a s u r e a l o n e i s e c o n o m i c a l l y i n e f f i c i e n t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s e m e t h o d s .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , m e t h o d I I c o n s i d e r s t h e p r i c e i n c r e a s e o f e n e r g y . I n t h i s c a s e , i t c a n b e
c o n s i d e r e d a s e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t .
A l l m e a s u r e s w i t h o u t b a s e m e n t
A l l m e a s u r e s t o g e t h e r f o r t h e B B H a n d H H c o s t $ 1 0 0 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a . T h i s
i s a b o u t $ 2 5 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a m o r e t h a n b y t h e B C . T h e a n n u a l s a v i n g s b y t h e
B B H i s o v e r 9 M W , w h e r e a s i t i s n e a r l y 1 5 M W b y t h e B C . A c c o r d i n g l y , a n n u a l s a v i n g s b y
t h e B C i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y $ 1 , 2 0 0 h i g h e r t h a n b y t h e B B H . T h e r e i s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e
b y t h e s e a s o n a l s a v i n g s o f t h e B C . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , m o r e t h a n 7 0 p e r c e n t o f s a v i n g s a r e
a c h i e v e d d u r i n g s u m m e r m o n t h s b y t h e B B H . T h e i m p a c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n a n n u a l s a v i n g s
c a n b e u n d e r s t o o d i n r e g a r d t o t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d . T h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f t h e B B H i s
8 . 8 6 y e a r s . I t i s 1 . 7 y e a r s l e s s t h a n t h e B C . T h e S I R v a l u e s v a r y b e t w e e n 3 . 6 a n d 4 . 7 f o r t h e
B B H a n d B C r e s p e c t i v e l y .
A l l m e a s u r e s t o g e t h e r w i t h b a s e m e n t
T h e g r e a t e s t i n v e s t m e n t i s r e q u i r e d f o r a c o m b i n e d s o l u t i o n i n c l u d i n g a l l m e a s u r e s . T h i s
o p t i o n c o s t s a d d i t i o n a l l y 2 2 5 a n d 2 5 0 $ p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a b y t h e B B H a n d B C
r e s p e c t i v e l y . A n n u a l s a v i n g s i n c r e a s e a b o u t 1 a n d 2 M W b y t h e B C a n d B B H . I n r e g a r d t o t h e
p o s s i b i l i t y o f e n h a n c e d s a v i n g s t h e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r c o s t s m u s t b e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t . I n
t h i s c a s e , t h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d i s 1 4 . 6 y e a r s b y t h e B B H a n d 1 2 . 1 y e a r s b y t h e B C .
T h e y s e e m t o b e h i g h , b u t a d d i t i o n a l 1 0 0 m
2
l i v i n g a r e a s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d i n t h i s c a s e . T h e
S I R v a l u e s o f t h e s e o p t i o n s v a r y b e t w e e n 2 a n d 2 . 5 .
7 . 6 . 2 E c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y e v a l u a t i o n
F i g u r e s 4 0 a n d 4 1 s h o w t h e c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c i e s b y t h e B B H a n d B C .
T h e m o s t e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t m e a s u r e b y t h e B B H i s w i n d o w s h a d i n g l i k e b y t h e H H
a c c o r d i n g t o a l l m e t h o d s . I t i s t h e t h e r m a l g l a z i n g b y B C . W i n d o w s h a d i n g i s i n t h e m i d d l e


1 6 5
r a n g e o f t h e B C . E n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n a l o n e , t h e r m a l g l a z i n g t o g e t h e r w i t h e n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n
b e l o n g t o t h e t o p r a n g e o f e f f i c i e n t m e a s u r e s f o r b o t h h o u s e s . R o o f i n s u l a t i o n h a s t h e s e c o n d
h i g h e s t e f f i c i e n c y f o r t h e B C , w h e r e a s i t i s i n t h e m i d d l e r a n g e f o r t h e B B H .
F u r t h e r m o r e , e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n h a s o n e o f t h e h i g h e s t e f f i c i e n c y r a t e s f o r b o t h
h o u s e s . T h e b i g g e s t d i f f e r e n c e o f t h e r e s u l t s o c c u r s f o r s h a d i n g t o t a l a n d r o o f s h a d i n g .
A l t h o u g h t h e y a r e i n t h e m i d d l e r a n g e b y t h e B B H , t h e s e o p t i o n s b e l o n g t o t h e l e a s t e f f i c i e n t
m e a s u r e s f o r t h e B C . F o r e x a m p l e , r o o f s h a d i n g i s t h e l e a s t e f f i c i e n t m e a s u r e b y t h e B C .

F i g u r e 3 2 A n n u a l S I R o f t h e P a s s i v e M e a s u r e s f o r t h e F i r s t Y e a r b y t h e B B H
A l l m e a s u r e s c o m b i n e d b e l o n g t o t h e l o w e r r a n g e d u e t o h i g h i n i t i a l c o s t s . T h e b a s e m e n t
a l o n e h a s t h e l e a s t e f f i c i e n c y b y t h e B B H a n d s e c o n d l e a s t b y t h e B C . I n c o n c l u s i o n , t h e r m a l
g l a z i n g a n d b a s e m e n t b y t h e B B H , a n d r o o f s h a d i n g a n d b a s e m e n t b y t h e B C s e e m s t o b e
e c o n o m i c a l l y i n e f f i c i e n t a c c o r d i n g t o m e t h o d I a n d S I R . N e v e r t h e l e s s , a c c o r d i n g t o m e t h o d
I I , a l l m e a s u r e s a l l e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t .
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g
r o o f i n s u l a t i o n
w i n d o w s h a d i n g
r o o f s h a d i n g
e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n
s h a d i n g t o t a l
e n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n
t h e r m a l g l . + e n v e l o p e i n s .
a l l m e a s u r e s
b a s e m e n t
a l l m e a s u r e s + b a s e m e n t
2 2
S 7 6
7 6 2
S u S
8 2 u
9 8 6
1 S 4 4
1 9 8 S
1 8 1 6
S S 4
2 2 6 S
1 7 7 u
S u u u
S 6 u u
S u u u
6 7 u u
8 6 u u
9 7 u u
1 1 4 7 u
2 u u 7 u
2 S u u u
4 S u 7 u
I n i t i a l C o s t $ A n n u a l S a v i n g $


1 6 5
r a n g e o f t h e B C . E n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n a l o n e , t h e r m a l g l a z i n g t o g e t h e r w i t h e n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n
b e l o n g t o t h e t o p r a n g e o f e f f i c i e n t m e a s u r e s f o r b o t h h o u s e s . R o o f i n s u l a t i o n h a s t h e s e c o n d
h i g h e s t e f f i c i e n c y f o r t h e B C , w h e r e a s i t i s i n t h e m i d d l e r a n g e f o r t h e B B H .
F u r t h e r m o r e , e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n h a s o n e o f t h e h i g h e s t e f f i c i e n c y r a t e s f o r b o t h
h o u s e s . T h e b i g g e s t d i f f e r e n c e o f t h e r e s u l t s o c c u r s f o r s h a d i n g t o t a l a n d r o o f s h a d i n g .
A l t h o u g h t h e y a r e i n t h e m i d d l e r a n g e b y t h e B B H , t h e s e o p t i o n s b e l o n g t o t h e l e a s t e f f i c i e n t
m e a s u r e s f o r t h e B C . F o r e x a m p l e , r o o f s h a d i n g i s t h e l e a s t e f f i c i e n t m e a s u r e b y t h e B C .

F i g u r e 3 2 A n n u a l S I R o f t h e P a s s i v e M e a s u r e s f o r t h e F i r s t Y e a r b y t h e B B H
A l l m e a s u r e s c o m b i n e d b e l o n g t o t h e l o w e r r a n g e d u e t o h i g h i n i t i a l c o s t s . T h e b a s e m e n t
a l o n e h a s t h e l e a s t e f f i c i e n c y b y t h e B B H a n d s e c o n d l e a s t b y t h e B C . I n c o n c l u s i o n , t h e r m a l
g l a z i n g a n d b a s e m e n t b y t h e B B H , a n d r o o f s h a d i n g a n d b a s e m e n t b y t h e B C s e e m s t o b e
e c o n o m i c a l l y i n e f f i c i e n t a c c o r d i n g t o m e t h o d I a n d S I R . N e v e r t h e l e s s , a c c o r d i n g t o m e t h o d
I I , a l l m e a s u r e s a l l e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t .
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g
r o o f i n s u l a t i o n
w i n d o w s h a d i n g
r o o f s h a d i n g
e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n
s h a d i n g t o t a l
e n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n
t h e r m a l g l . + e n v e l o p e i n s .
a l l m e a s u r e s
b a s e m e n t
a l l m e a s u r e s + b a s e m e n t
2 2
S 7 6
7 6 2
S u S
8 2 u
9 8 6
1 S 4 4
1 9 8 S
1 8 1 6
S S 4
2 2 6 S
1 7 7 u
S u u u
S 6 u u
S u u u
6 7 u u
8 6 u u
9 7 u u
1 1 4 7 u
2 u u 7 u
2 S u u u
4 S u 7 u
I n i t i a l C o s t $ A n n u a l S a v i n g $


165
range of the BC. Envelope insulation alone, thermal glazing together with envelope insulation
belong to the top range of efficient measures for both houses. Roof insulation has the second
highest efficiency for the BC, whereas it is in the middle range for the BBH.
Furthermore, external wall insulation has one of the highest efficiency rates for both
houses. The biggest difference of the results occurs for shading total and roof shading.
Although they are in the middle range by the BBH, these options belong to the least efficient
measures for the BC. For example, roof shading is the least efficient measure by the BC.

Figure 32 Annual SIR of the Passive Measures for the First Year by the BBH
All measures combined belong to the lower range due to high initial costs. The basement
alone has the least efficiency by the BBH and second least by the BC. In conclusion, thermal
glazing and basement by the BBH, and roof shading and basement by the BC seems to be
economically inefficient according to method I and SIR. Nevertheless, according to method
II, all measures all economically efficient.
thermal glazing
roof insulation
window shading
roof shading
external wall insulation
shading total
envelope insulation
thermal gl. + envelope ins.
all measures
basement
all measures+basement
22
S76
762
SuS
82u
986
1S44
198S
1816
SS4
226S
177u
Suuu
S6uu
Suuu
67uu
86uu
97uu
1147u
2uu7u
2Suuu
4Su7u
Initial Cost $ Annual Saving $


165
range of the BC. Envelope insulation alone, thermal glazing together with envelope insulation
belong to the top range of efficient measures for both houses. Roof insulation has the second
highest efficiency for the BC, whereas it is in the middle range for the BBH.
Furthermore, external wall insulation has one of the highest efficiency rates for both
houses. The biggest difference of the results occurs for shading total and roof shading.
Although they are in the middle range by the BBH, these options belong to the least efficient
measures for the BC. For example, roof shading is the least efficient measure by the BC.

Figure 32 Annual SIR of the Passive Measures for the First Year by the BBH
All measures combined belong to the lower range due to high initial costs. The basement
alone has the least efficiency by the BBH and second least by the BC. In conclusion, thermal
glazing and basement by the BBH, and roof shading and basement by the BC seems to be
economically inefficient according to method I and SIR. Nevertheless, according to method
II, all measures all economically efficient.
thermal glazing
roof insulation
window shading
roof shading
external wall insulation
shading total
envelope insulation
thermal gl. + envelope ins.
all measures
basement
all measures+basement
22
S76
762
SuS
82u
986
1S44
198S
1816
SS4
226S
177u
Suuu
S6uu
Suuu
67uu
86uu
97uu
1147u
2uu7u
2Suuu
4Su7u
Initial Cost $ Annual Saving $


166

Figure 33 Annual SIR of the Passive Measures for the First Year by the BC
7.6.3 Seasonal efficiency evaluation
Figure 34 shows the comparison of economic efficiency in the summer period for both
houses. The lesser the efficiency in summer the greater will be the efficiency in winter and
vice versa. As can be seen, there are some significant differences for some measures.
First of all, all measures related to shading are solely efficient in the summer. This means
that they should only be used in summer and removed in the winter period in order to avoid
an increase of heating energy demand. External wall insulation has the lowest summer
efficiency for the BBH, whereas it is equal for both periods for the BC. Furthermore, roof
insulation is inefficient in winter by the BBH, whereas it is more efficient in the same period
in case of the BC. To insulate the whole building envelope has less efficiency in summer by
both houses compared with winter period. In addition, thermal glazing is inefficient in winter
period by the BBH, and less efficient in the same period by the BC. Combined with envelope
insulation, their economical efficiency is equal in summer and in winter period by the BBH.
thermal glazing
roof insulation
window shading
roof shading
external wall insulation
shading total
envelope insulation
thermal gl. + envelope ins.
basement
all measures-basement
all measures+basement
Su9
6u6
4SS
89
969
717
1866
2S87
618
2979
S141
21uu
S4uu
S6uu
Suuu
79uu
86uu
146uu
167uu
2Suuu
2SSuu
SuSuu
Initial Cost $ Annual Saving $


166

Figure 33 Annual SIR of the Passive Measures for the First Year by the BC
7.6.3 Seasonal efficiency evaluation
Figure 34 shows the comparison of economic efficiency in the summer period for both
houses. The lesser the efficiency in summer the greater will be the efficiency in winter and
vice versa. As can be seen, there are some significant differences for some measures.
First of all, all measures related to shading are solely efficient in the summer. This means
that they should only be used in summer and removed in the winter period in order to avoid
an increase of heating energy demand. External wall insulation has the lowest summer
efficiency for the BBH, whereas it is equal for both periods for the BC. Furthermore, roof
insulation is inefficient in winter by the BBH, whereas it is more efficient in the same period
in case of the BC. To insulate the whole building envelope has less efficiency in summer by
both houses compared with winter period. In addition, thermal glazing is inefficient in winter
period by the BBH, and less efficient in the same period by the BC. Combined with envelope
insulation, their economical efficiency is equal in summer and in winter period by the BBH.
thermal glazing
roof insulation
window shading
roof shading
external wall insulation
shading total
envelope insulation
thermal gl. + envelope ins.
basement
all measures-basement
all measures+basement
Su9
6u6
4SS
89
969
717
1866
2S87
618
2979
S141
21uu
S4uu
S6uu
Suuu
79uu
86uu
146uu
167uu
2Suuu
2SSuu
SuSuu
Initial Cost $ Annual Saving $


1 6 6

F i g u r e 3 3 A n n u a l S I R o f t h e P a s s i v e M e a s u r e s f o r t h e F i r s t Y e a r b y t h e B C
7 . 6 . 3 S e a s o n a l e f f i c i e n c y e v a l u a t i o n
F i g u r e 3 4 s h o w s t h e c o m p a r i s o n o f e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y i n t h e s u m m e r p e r i o d f o r b o t h
h o u s e s . T h e l e s s e r t h e e f f i c i e n c y i n s u m m e r t h e g r e a t e r w i l l b e t h e e f f i c i e n c y i n w i n t e r a n d
v i c e v e r s a . A s c a n b e s e e n , t h e r e a r e s o m e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s f o r s o m e m e a s u r e s .
F i r s t o f a l l , a l l m e a s u r e s r e l a t e d t o s h a d i n g a r e s o l e l y e f f i c i e n t i n t h e s u m m e r . T h i s m e a n s
t h a t t h e y s h o u l d o n l y b e u s e d i n s u m m e r a n d r e m o v e d i n t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d i n o r d e r t o a v o i d
a n i n c r e a s e o f h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d . E x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n h a s t h e l o w e s t s u m m e r
e f f i c i e n c y f o r t h e B B H , w h e r e a s i t i s e q u a l f o r b o t h p e r i o d s f o r t h e B C . F u r t h e r m o r e , r o o f
i n s u l a t i o n i s i n e f f i c i e n t i n w i n t e r b y t h e B B H , w h e r e a s i t i s m o r e e f f i c i e n t i n t h e s a m e p e r i o d
i n c a s e o f t h e B C . T o i n s u l a t e t h e w h o l e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e h a s l e s s e f f i c i e n c y i n s u m m e r b y
b o t h h o u s e s c o m p a r e d w i t h w i n t e r p e r i o d . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e r m a l g l a z i n g i s i n e f f i c i e n t i n w i n t e r
p e r i o d b y t h e B B H , a n d l e s s e f f i c i e n t i n t h e s a m e p e r i o d b y t h e B C . C o m b i n e d w i t h e n v e l o p e
i n s u l a t i o n , t h e i r e c o n o m i c a l e f f i c i e n c y i s e q u a l i n s u m m e r a n d i n w i n t e r p e r i o d b y t h e B B H .
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g
r o o f i n s u l a t i o n
w i n d o w s h a d i n g
r o o f s h a d i n g
e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n
s h a d i n g t o t a l
e n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n
t h e r m a l g l . + e n v e l o p e i n s .
b a s e m e n t
a l l m e a s u r e s - b a s e m e n t
a l l m e a s u r e s + b a s e m e n t
S u 9
6 u 6
4 S S
8 9
9 6 9
7 1 7
1 8 6 6
2 S 8 7
6 1 8
2 9 7 9
S 1 4 1
2 1 u u
S 4 u u
S 6 u u
S u u u
7 9 u u
8 6 u u
1 4 6 u u
1 6 7 u u
2 S u u u
2 S S u u
S u S u u
I n i t i a l C o s t $ A n n u a l S a v i n g $


1 6 6

F i g u r e 3 3 A n n u a l S I R o f t h e P a s s i v e M e a s u r e s f o r t h e F i r s t Y e a r b y t h e B C
7 . 6 . 3 S e a s o n a l e f f i c i e n c y e v a l u a t i o n
F i g u r e 3 4 s h o w s t h e c o m p a r i s o n o f e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y i n t h e s u m m e r p e r i o d f o r b o t h
h o u s e s . T h e l e s s e r t h e e f f i c i e n c y i n s u m m e r t h e g r e a t e r w i l l b e t h e e f f i c i e n c y i n w i n t e r a n d
v i c e v e r s a . A s c a n b e s e e n , t h e r e a r e s o m e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s f o r s o m e m e a s u r e s .
F i r s t o f a l l , a l l m e a s u r e s r e l a t e d t o s h a d i n g a r e s o l e l y e f f i c i e n t i n t h e s u m m e r . T h i s m e a n s
t h a t t h e y s h o u l d o n l y b e u s e d i n s u m m e r a n d r e m o v e d i n t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d i n o r d e r t o a v o i d
a n i n c r e a s e o f h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d . E x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n h a s t h e l o w e s t s u m m e r
e f f i c i e n c y f o r t h e B B H , w h e r e a s i t i s e q u a l f o r b o t h p e r i o d s f o r t h e B C . F u r t h e r m o r e , r o o f
i n s u l a t i o n i s i n e f f i c i e n t i n w i n t e r b y t h e B B H , w h e r e a s i t i s m o r e e f f i c i e n t i n t h e s a m e p e r i o d
i n c a s e o f t h e B C . T o i n s u l a t e t h e w h o l e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e h a s l e s s e f f i c i e n c y i n s u m m e r b y
b o t h h o u s e s c o m p a r e d w i t h w i n t e r p e r i o d . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e r m a l g l a z i n g i s i n e f f i c i e n t i n w i n t e r
p e r i o d b y t h e B B H , a n d l e s s e f f i c i e n t i n t h e s a m e p e r i o d b y t h e B C . C o m b i n e d w i t h e n v e l o p e
i n s u l a t i o n , t h e i r e c o n o m i c a l e f f i c i e n c y i s e q u a l i n s u m m e r a n d i n w i n t e r p e r i o d b y t h e B B H .
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g
r o o f i n s u l a t i o n
w i n d o w s h a d i n g
r o o f s h a d i n g
e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n
s h a d i n g t o t a l
e n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n
t h e r m a l g l . + e n v e l o p e i n s .
b a s e m e n t
a l l m e a s u r e s - b a s e m e n t
a l l m e a s u r e s + b a s e m e n t
S u 9
6 u 6
4 S S
8 9
9 6 9
7 1 7
1 8 6 6
2 S 8 7
6 1 8
2 9 7 9
S 1 4 1
2 1 u u
S 4 u u
S 6 u u
S u u u
7 9 u u
8 6 u u
1 4 6 u u
1 6 7 u u
2 S u u u
2 S S u u
S u S u u
I n i t i a l C o s t $ A n n u a l S a v i n g $

1 6 7

F i g u r e 3 4 S e a s o n a l E f f i c i e n c y C o m p a r i s o n s B e t w e e n t h e B B H a n d B C i n S u m m e r P e r i o d
A n a d d i t i o n a l b a s e m e n t f l o o r i s i n e f f i c i e n t i n t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d i n t h e c a s e o f t h e B B H .
T h i s m e a s u r e i n c r e a s e s t h e h e a t i n g d e m a n d . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a b a s e m e n t f l o o r c o m b i n e d
w i t h o t h e r m e a s u r e s i s n o t i n e f f i c i e n t a n y m o r e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , i t p e r f o r m s b e t t e r i n t h e
s u m m e r . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e s u m m e r e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e b a s e m e n t f l o o r b y t h e B C i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y
h i g h e r t h a n t h e e f f i c i e n c y r e a l i z e d i n t h e w i n t e r . A l l m e a s u r e s w i t h o u t a b a s e m e n t h a v e
a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l e f f i c i e n c y i n b o t h p e r i o d s f o r t h e B C . T h e s a m e o p t i o n h a s b e t t e r
e f f i c i e n c y i n s u m m e r f o r t h e B B H .
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0
e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n
r o o f i n s u l a t i o n
e n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g
t h e r m a l g l . + e n v e l o p e i n s .
r o o f s h a d i n g
w i n d o w s h a d i n g
s h a d i n g t o t a l
a l l m e a s u r e s
b a s e m e n t
a l l m e a s u r e s + b a s e m e n t
B C B B H

1 6 7

F i g u r e 3 4 S e a s o n a l E f f i c i e n c y C o m p a r i s o n s B e t w e e n t h e B B H a n d B C i n S u m m e r P e r i o d
A n a d d i t i o n a l b a s e m e n t f l o o r i s i n e f f i c i e n t i n t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d i n t h e c a s e o f t h e B B H .
T h i s m e a s u r e i n c r e a s e s t h e h e a t i n g d e m a n d . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a b a s e m e n t f l o o r c o m b i n e d
w i t h o t h e r m e a s u r e s i s n o t i n e f f i c i e n t a n y m o r e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , i t p e r f o r m s b e t t e r i n t h e
s u m m e r . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e s u m m e r e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e b a s e m e n t f l o o r b y t h e B C i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y
h i g h e r t h a n t h e e f f i c i e n c y r e a l i z e d i n t h e w i n t e r . A l l m e a s u r e s w i t h o u t a b a s e m e n t h a v e
a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l e f f i c i e n c y i n b o t h p e r i o d s f o r t h e B C . T h e s a m e o p t i o n h a s b e t t e r
e f f i c i e n c y i n s u m m e r f o r t h e B B H .
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0
e x t e r n a l w a l l i n s u l a t i o n
r o o f i n s u l a t i o n
e n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g
t h e r m a l g l . + e n v e l o p e i n s .
r o o f s h a d i n g
w i n d o w s h a d i n g
s h a d i n g t o t a l
a l l m e a s u r e s
b a s e m e n t
a l l m e a s u r e s + b a s e m e n t
B C B B H

167

Figure 34 Seasonal Efficiency Comparisons Between the BBH and BC in Summer Period
An additional basement floor is inefficient in the winter period in the case of the BBH.
This measure increases the heating demand. On the other hand, a basement floor combined
with other measures is not inefficient anymore. Nevertheless, it performs better in the
summer. Furthermore, the summer efficiency of the basement floor by the BC is significantly
higher than the efficiency realized in the winter. All measures without a basement have
approximately equal efficiency in both periods for the BC. The same option has better
efficiency in summer for the BBH.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
external wall insulation
roof insulation
envelope insulation
thermal glazing
thermal gl. + envelope ins.
roof shading
window shading
shading total
all measures
basement
all measures+basement
BC BBH

167

Figure 34 Seasonal Efficiency Comparisons Between the BBH and BC in Summer Period
An additional basement floor is inefficient in the winter period in the case of the BBH.
This measure increases the heating demand. On the other hand, a basement floor combined
with other measures is not inefficient anymore. Nevertheless, it performs better in the
summer. Furthermore, the summer efficiency of the basement floor by the BC is significantly
higher than the efficiency realized in the winter. All measures without a basement have
approximately equal efficiency in both periods for the BC. The same option has better
efficiency in summer for the BBH.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
external wall insulation
roof insulation
envelope insulation
thermal glazing
thermal gl. + envelope ins.
roof shading
window shading
shading total
all measures
basement
all measures+basement
BC BBH

168

External Wall Insulation Thermal Glazing
HH BBH BC HH BBH BC
winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer
annual annual annual annual annual annual
investment $ 9,900 6,700 7,900 investment $ 1,100 1,770 2,100
energy saving $ 874 162 401 419 934 35 energy saving $ 218 116 -618 670 175 334
$/a 1,036 820 969 $/a 334 22 509
kWh 4,371 808 2,005 2,095 4,670 175 kWh 1,091 581 -3,239 3,352 874 1,672
kWh/a 5,179 4,100 4,835 kWh/a 1,673 13 2,546
payback 1 / 2 year 9.55 7.18 8.17 5.48 8.15 5.47 payback 1 / 2 year 3.29 2.8 48.6 41.2 2.75 2.41
SIR 4.18 4.89 4.89 SIR 12.18 0.62 9.69
Roof Insulation Thermal Glazing + Envelope Insulation
HH BBH BC HH BBH BC
winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer
annual annual annual annual annual annual
investment $ 3,000 3,000 3,400 investment $ 14,200 11,470 16,700
energy saving $ 372 247 -174 531 427 179 energy saving $ 2,186 642 959 926 1,633 954
$/a 619 376 606 $/a 2,828 1,985 2,587
kWh 1,860 1,237 -872 2,654 2,135 895 kWh 10,929 3,208 4,796 4,630 8,163 4,772
kWh/a 3,097 1,882 3,030 kWh/a 14,137 9,426 12,935
payback 1 / 2 year 4.84 3.8 8.24 5.52 5.61 4.23 payback 1 / 2 year 4.98 3.9 5.77 4.5 6.45 4.67
SIR 8.25 4.85 7.12 SIR 7.96 6.57 6.19
Envelope Insulation Basement
HH BBH BC BBH BC
winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer
annual annual annual annual annual
investment $ 12,900 9,700 14,600 investment $ 25,000 25,000
energy saving $ 1,847 500 959 585 1,475 391 energy saving $ -398 752 185 433
$/a 2,347 1,544 1,866 $/a 354 618
kWh 9,232 2,501 4,796 2,923 7,376 1,953 kWh -1993 3,762 927 2,167
kWh/a 11,733 7,719 9,329 kWh/a 1,769 3,094
payback 1 / 2 year 5.49 4.16 6.38 4.58 7.82 5.54 payback 1 / 2 year 70.6 16.08 40.4 13.04
SIR 7.27 6.36 5.11 SIR 0.56 0.99
Roof Shading All Measures without Basement
HH BBH BC HH BBH BC
winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer
annual annual annual annual annual annual
investment $ 5,000 5,000 5,000 investment $ 20,400 20,070 25,300
energy saving $ 484 17 / 505 / 89 energy saving $ 2,470 741 531 1,285 1,482 1,497
$/a 500 / / $/a 3,217 1,816 2,979
kWh 2,418 84 -3,986 2,524 -647 447 kWh 12,348 3,705 2,653 6,426 7,409 7,484
kWh/a 2,502 / / kWh/a 16,053 9,079 14,893
payback 1 / 2 year 10 6.26 9.9 6.29 56 14.7 payback 1 / 2 year 6.35 4.62 11.05 6.67 8.49 5.63
SIR 4 4.04 0.72 SIR 6.29 3.61 4.7
Window Shading All Measures with Basement
HH BBH BC BBH BC
winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer
annual annual annual annual annual
investment $ 1,400 3,600 3,600 investment $ 45,070 50,300
energy saving $ 256 226 762 435 energy saving $ 752 1,511 1,646 1,495
$/a 482 $/a 2,263 3,141
kWh 1,279 1,128 -5,232 3,811 -1,400 2,177 kWh 3,762 7,554 8,228 7,474
kWh/a 2,407 -1,421 777 kWh/a 11,316 15,702
payback 1 / 2 year 2.9 2.53 4.72 3.72 8.27 5.53 payback 1 / 2 year 19.91 9.29 16.01 8.27
SIR 13.74 8.46 4.83 SIR 1.97 2.49
Shading Total
HH BBH BC
winter summer winter summer winter summer
annual annual annual
investment $ 6,400 8,600 8,600
energy saving $ 535 272 / 986 / 717
$/a 607 / /

kWh 2,674 1,360 -6,104 4,929 -2,156 3,538

kWh/a 4,034 -1,175 1,381
payback 1 / 2
year 10.54 5.38 8.72 5.76 11.99 7.06
SIR
5.04 4.58 1.28
Table 36 Economical Comparison of all Measures by Selected Housing Types

168

External Wall Insulation Thermal Glazing
HH BBH BC HH BBH BC
winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer
annual annual annual annual annual annual
investment $ 9,900 6,700 7,900 investment $ 1,100 1,770 2,100
energy saving $ 874 162 401 419 934 35 energy saving $ 218 116 -618 670 175 334
$/a 1,036 820 969 $/a 334 22 509
kWh 4,371 808 2,005 2,095 4,670 175 kWh 1,091 581 -3,239 3,352 874 1,672
kWh/a 5,179 4,100 4,835 kWh/a 1,673 13 2,546
payback 1 / 2 year 9.55 7.18 8.17 5.48 8.15 5.47 payback 1 / 2 year 3.29 2.8 48.6 41.2 2.75 2.41
SIR 4.18 4.89 4.89 SIR 12.18 0.62 9.69
Roof Insulation Thermal Glazing + Envelope Insulation
HH BBH BC HH BBH BC
winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer
annual annual annual annual annual annual
investment $ 3,000 3,000 3,400 investment $ 14,200 11,470 16,700
energy saving $ 372 247 -174 531 427 179 energy saving $ 2,186 642 959 926 1,633 954
$/a 619 376 606 $/a 2,828 1,985 2,587
kWh 1,860 1,237 -872 2,654 2,135 895 kWh 10,929 3,208 4,796 4,630 8,163 4,772
kWh/a 3,097 1,882 3,030 kWh/a 14,137 9,426 12,935
payback 1 / 2 year 4.84 3.8 8.24 5.52 5.61 4.23 payback 1 / 2 year 4.98 3.9 5.77 4.5 6.45 4.67
SIR 8.25 4.85 7.12 SIR 7.96 6.57 6.19
Envelope Insulation Basement
HH BBH BC BBH BC
winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer
annual annual annual annual annual
investment $ 12,900 9,700 14,600 investment $ 25,000 25,000
energy saving $ 1,847 500 959 585 1,475 391 energy saving $ -398 752 185 433
$/a 2,347 1,544 1,866 $/a 354 618
kWh 9,232 2,501 4,796 2,923 7,376 1,953 kWh -1993 3,762 927 2,167
kWh/a 11,733 7,719 9,329 kWh/a 1,769 3,094
payback 1 / 2 year 5.49 4.16 6.38 4.58 7.82 5.54 payback 1 / 2 year 70.6 16.08 40.4 13.04
SIR 7.27 6.36 5.11 SIR 0.56 0.99
Roof Shading All Measures without Basement
HH BBH BC HH BBH BC
winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer
annual annual annual annual annual annual
investment $ 5,000 5,000 5,000 investment $ 20,400 20,070 25,300
energy saving $ 484 17 / 505 / 89 energy saving $ 2,470 741 531 1,285 1,482 1,497
$/a 500 / / $/a 3,217 1,816 2,979
kWh 2,418 84 -3,986 2,524 -647 447 kWh 12,348 3,705 2,653 6,426 7,409 7,484
kWh/a 2,502 / / kWh/a 16,053 9,079 14,893
payback 1 / 2 year 10 6.26 9.9 6.29 56 14.7 payback 1 / 2 year 6.35 4.62 11.05 6.67 8.49 5.63
SIR 4 4.04 0.72 SIR 6.29 3.61 4.7
Window Shading All Measures with Basement
HH BBH BC BBH BC
winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer
annual annual annual annual annual
investment $ 1,400 3,600 3,600 investment $ 45,070 50,300
energy saving $ 256 226 762 435 energy saving $ 752 1,511 1,646 1,495
$/a 482 $/a 2,263 3,141
kWh 1,279 1,128 -5,232 3,811 -1,400 2,177 kWh 3,762 7,554 8,228 7,474
kWh/a 2,407 -1,421 777 kWh/a 11,316 15,702
payback 1 / 2 year 2.9 2.53 4.72 3.72 8.27 5.53 payback 1 / 2 year 19.91 9.29 16.01 8.27
SIR 13.74 8.46 4.83 SIR 1.97 2.49
Shading Total
HH BBH BC
winter summer winter summer winter summer
annual annual annual
investment $ 6,400 8,600 8,600
energy saving $ 535 272 / 986 / 717
$/a 607 / /

kWh 2,674 1,360 -6,104 4,929 -2,156 3,538

kWh/a 4,034 -1,175 1,381
payback 1 / 2
year 10.54 5.38 8.72 5.76 11.99 7.06
SIR
5.04 4.58 1.28
Table 36 Economical Comparison of all Measures by Selected Housing Types

1 6 8

E x t e r n a l W a l l I n s u l a t i o n T h e r m a l G l a z i n g
H H B B H B C H H B B H B C
w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r
a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l
i n v e s t m e n t $ 9 , 9 0 0 6 , 7 0 0 7 , 9 0 0 i n v e s t m e n t $ 1 , 1 0 0 1 , 7 7 0 2 , 1 0 0
e n e r g y s a v i n g $ 8 7 4 1 6 2 4 0 1 4 1 9 9 3 4 3 5 e n e r g y s a v i n g $ 2 1 8 1 1 6 - 6 1 8 6 7 0 1 7 5 3 3 4
$ / a 1 , 0 3 6 8 2 0 9 6 9 $ / a 3 3 4 2 2 5 0 9
k W h 4 , 3 7 1 8 0 8 2 , 0 0 5 2 , 0 9 5 4 , 6 7 0 1 7 5 k W h 1 , 0 9 1 5 8 1 - 3 , 2 3 9 3 , 3 5 2 8 7 4 1 , 6 7 2
k W h / a 5 , 1 7 9 4 , 1 0 0 4 , 8 3 5 k W h / a 1 , 6 7 3 1 3 2 , 5 4 6
p a y b a c k 1 / 2 y e a r 9 . 5 5 7 . 1 8 8 . 1 7 5 . 4 8 8 . 1 5 5 . 4 7 p a y b a c k 1 / 2 y e a r 3 . 2 9 2 . 8 4 8 . 6 4 1 . 2 2 . 7 5 2 . 4 1
S I R 4 . 1 8 4 . 8 9 4 . 8 9 S I R 1 2 . 1 8 0 . 6 2 9 . 6 9
R o o f I n s u l a t i o n T h e r m a l G l a z i n g + E n v e l o p e I n s u l a t i o n
H H B B H B C H H B B H B C
w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r
a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l
i n v e s t m e n t $ 3 , 0 0 0 3 , 0 0 0 3 , 4 0 0 i n v e s t m e n t $ 1 4 , 2 0 0 1 1 , 4 7 0 1 6 , 7 0 0
e n e r g y s a v i n g $ 3 7 2 2 4 7 - 1 7 4 5 3 1 4 2 7 1 7 9 e n e r g y s a v i n g $ 2 , 1 8 6 6 4 2 9 5 9 9 2 6 1 , 6 3 3 9 5 4
$ / a 6 1 9 3 7 6 6 0 6 $ / a 2 , 8 2 8 1 , 9 8 5 2 , 5 8 7
k W h 1 , 8 6 0 1 , 2 3 7 - 8 7 2 2 , 6 5 4 2 , 1 3 5 8 9 5 k W h 1 0 , 9 2 9 3 , 2 0 8 4 , 7 9 6 4 , 6 3 0 8 , 1 6 3 4 , 7 7 2
k W h / a 3 , 0 9 7 1 , 8 8 2 3 , 0 3 0 k W h / a 1 4 , 1 3 7 9 , 4 2 6 1 2 , 9 3 5
p a y b a c k 1 / 2 y e a r 4 . 8 4 3 . 8 8 . 2 4 5 . 5 2 5 . 6 1 4 . 2 3 p a y b a c k 1 / 2 y e a r 4 . 9 8 3 . 9 5 . 7 7 4 . 5 6 . 4 5 4 . 6 7
S I R 8 . 2 5 4 . 8 5 7 . 1 2 S I R 7 . 9 6 6 . 5 7 6 . 1 9
E n v e l o p e I n s u l a t i o n B a s e m e n t
H H B B H B C B B H B C
w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r
a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l
i n v e s t m e n t $ 1 2 , 9 0 0 9 , 7 0 0 1 4 , 6 0 0 i n v e s t m e n t $ 2 5 , 0 0 0 2 5 , 0 0 0
e n e r g y s a v i n g $ 1 , 8 4 7 5 0 0 9 5 9 5 8 5 1 , 4 7 5 3 9 1 e n e r g y s a v i n g $ - 3 9 8 7 5 2 1 8 5 4 3 3
$ / a 2 , 3 4 7 1 , 5 4 4 1 , 8 6 6 $ / a 3 5 4 6 1 8
k W h 9 , 2 3 2 2 , 5 0 1 4 , 7 9 6 2 , 9 2 3 7 , 3 7 6 1 , 9 5 3 k W h - 1 9 9 3 3 , 7 6 2 9 2 7 2 , 1 6 7
k W h / a 1 1 , 7 3 3 7 , 7 1 9 9 , 3 2 9 k W h / a 1 , 7 6 9 3 , 0 9 4
p a y b a c k 1 / 2 y e a r 5 . 4 9 4 . 1 6 6 . 3 8 4 . 5 8 7 . 8 2 5 . 5 4 p a y b a c k 1 / 2 y e a r 7 0 . 6 1 6 . 0 8 4 0 . 4 1 3 . 0 4
S I R 7 . 2 7 6 . 3 6 5 . 1 1 S I R 0 . 5 6 0 . 9 9

R o o f S h a d i n g A l l M e a s u r e s w i t h o u t B a s e m e n t
H H B B H B C H H B B H B C
w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r
a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l
i n v e s t m e n t $ 5 , 0 0 0 5 , 0 0 0 5 , 0 0 0 i n v e s t m e n t $ 2 0 , 4 0 0 2 0 , 0 7 0 2 5 , 3 0 0
e n e r g y s a v i n g $ 4 8 4 1 7 / 5 0 5 / 8 9 e n e r g y s a v i n g $ 2 , 4 7 0 7 4 1 5 3 1 1 , 2 8 5 1 , 4 8 2 1 , 4 9 7
$ / a 5 0 0 / / $ / a 3 , 2 1 7 1 , 8 1 6 2 , 9 7 9
k W h 2 , 4 1 8 8 4 - 3 , 9 8 6 2 , 5 2 4 - 6 4 7 4 4 7 k W h 1 2 , 3 4 8 3 , 7 0 5 2 , 6 5 3 6 , 4 2 6 7 , 4 0 9 7 , 4 8 4
k W h / a 2 , 5 0 2 / / k W h / a 1 6 , 0 5 3 9 , 0 7 9 1 4 , 8 9 3
p a y b a c k 1 / 2 y e a r 1 0 6 . 2 6 9 . 9 6 . 2 9 5 6 1 4 . 7 p a y b a c k 1 / 2 y e a r 6 . 3 5 4 . 6 2 1 1 . 0 5 6 . 6 7 8 . 4 9 5 . 6 3
S I R 4 4 . 0 4 0 . 7 2 S I R 6 . 2 9 3 . 6 1 4 . 7
W i n d o w S h a d i n g A l l M e a s u r e s w i t h B a s e m e n t
H H B B H B C B B H B C
w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r
a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l
i n v e s t m e n t $ 1 , 4 0 0 3 , 6 0 0 3 , 6 0 0 i n v e s t m e n t $ 4 5 , 0 7 0 5 0 , 3 0 0
e n e r g y s a v i n g $ 2 5 6 2 2 6 7 6 2 4 3 5 e n e r g y s a v i n g $ 7 5 2 1 , 5 1 1 1 , 6 4 6 1 , 4 9 5
$ / a 4 8 2 $ / a 2 , 2 6 3 3 , 1 4 1
k W h 1 , 2 7 9 1 , 1 2 8 - 5 , 2 3 2 3 , 8 1 1 - 1 , 4 0 0 2 , 1 7 7 k W h 3 , 7 6 2 7 , 5 5 4 8 , 2 2 8 7 , 4 7 4
k W h / a 2 , 4 0 7 - 1 , 4 2 1 7 7 7 k W h / a 1 1 , 3 1 6 1 5 , 7 0 2
p a y b a c k 1 / 2 y e a r 2 . 9 2 . 5 3 4 . 7 2 3 . 7 2 8 . 2 7 5 . 5 3 p a y b a c k 1 / 2 y e a r 1 9 . 9 1 9 . 2 9 1 6 . 0 1 8 . 2 7
S I R 1 3 . 7 4 8 . 4 6 4 . 8 3 S I R 1 . 9 7 2 . 4 9
S h a d i n g T o t a l
H H B B H B C
w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r
a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l
i n v e s t m e n t $ 6 , 4 0 0 8 , 6 0 0 8 , 6 0 0
e n e r g y s a v i n g $ 5 3 5 2 7 2 / 9 8 6 / 7 1 7
$ / a 6 0 7 / /

k W h 2 , 6 7 4 1 , 3 6 0 - 6 , 1 0 4 4 , 9 2 9 - 2 , 1 5 6 3 , 5 3 8

k W h / a 4 , 0 3 4 - 1 , 1 7 5 1 , 3 8 1
p a y b a c k 1 / 2
y e a r 1 0 . 5 4 5 . 3 8 8 . 7 2 5 . 7 6 1 1 . 9 9 7 . 0 6
S I R
5 . 0 4 4 . 5 8 1 . 2 8
T a b l e 3 6 E c o n o m i c a l C o m p a r i s o n o f a l l M e a s u r e s b y S e l e c t e d H o u s i n g T y p e s

1 6 8

E x t e r n a l W a l l I n s u l a t i o n T h e r m a l G l a z i n g
H H B B H B C H H B B H B C
w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r
a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l
i n v e s t m e n t $ 9 , 9 0 0 6 , 7 0 0 7 , 9 0 0 i n v e s t m e n t $ 1 , 1 0 0 1 , 7 7 0 2 , 1 0 0
e n e r g y s a v i n g $ 8 7 4 1 6 2 4 0 1 4 1 9 9 3 4 3 5 e n e r g y s a v i n g $ 2 1 8 1 1 6 - 6 1 8 6 7 0 1 7 5 3 3 4
$ / a 1 , 0 3 6 8 2 0 9 6 9 $ / a 3 3 4 2 2 5 0 9
k W h 4 , 3 7 1 8 0 8 2 , 0 0 5 2 , 0 9 5 4 , 6 7 0 1 7 5 k W h 1 , 0 9 1 5 8 1 - 3 , 2 3 9 3 , 3 5 2 8 7 4 1 , 6 7 2
k W h / a 5 , 1 7 9 4 , 1 0 0 4 , 8 3 5 k W h / a 1 , 6 7 3 1 3 2 , 5 4 6
p a y b a c k 1 / 2 y e a r 9 . 5 5 7 . 1 8 8 . 1 7 5 . 4 8 8 . 1 5 5 . 4 7 p a y b a c k 1 / 2 y e a r 3 . 2 9 2 . 8 4 8 . 6 4 1 . 2 2 . 7 5 2 . 4 1
S I R 4 . 1 8 4 . 8 9 4 . 8 9 S I R 1 2 . 1 8 0 . 6 2 9 . 6 9
R o o f I n s u l a t i o n T h e r m a l G l a z i n g + E n v e l o p e I n s u l a t i o n
H H B B H B C H H B B H B C
w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r
a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l
i n v e s t m e n t $ 3 , 0 0 0 3 , 0 0 0 3 , 4 0 0 i n v e s t m e n t $ 1 4 , 2 0 0 1 1 , 4 7 0 1 6 , 7 0 0
e n e r g y s a v i n g $ 3 7 2 2 4 7 - 1 7 4 5 3 1 4 2 7 1 7 9 e n e r g y s a v i n g $ 2 , 1 8 6 6 4 2 9 5 9 9 2 6 1 , 6 3 3 9 5 4
$ / a 6 1 9 3 7 6 6 0 6 $ / a 2 , 8 2 8 1 , 9 8 5 2 , 5 8 7
k W h 1 , 8 6 0 1 , 2 3 7 - 8 7 2 2 , 6 5 4 2 , 1 3 5 8 9 5 k W h 1 0 , 9 2 9 3 , 2 0 8 4 , 7 9 6 4 , 6 3 0 8 , 1 6 3 4 , 7 7 2
k W h / a 3 , 0 9 7 1 , 8 8 2 3 , 0 3 0 k W h / a 1 4 , 1 3 7 9 , 4 2 6 1 2 , 9 3 5
p a y b a c k 1 / 2 y e a r 4 . 8 4 3 . 8 8 . 2 4 5 . 5 2 5 . 6 1 4 . 2 3 p a y b a c k 1 / 2 y e a r 4 . 9 8 3 . 9 5 . 7 7 4 . 5 6 . 4 5 4 . 6 7
S I R 8 . 2 5 4 . 8 5 7 . 1 2 S I R 7 . 9 6 6 . 5 7 6 . 1 9
E n v e l o p e I n s u l a t i o n B a s e m e n t
H H B B H B C B B H B C
w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r
a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l
i n v e s t m e n t $ 1 2 , 9 0 0 9 , 7 0 0 1 4 , 6 0 0 i n v e s t m e n t $ 2 5 , 0 0 0 2 5 , 0 0 0
e n e r g y s a v i n g $ 1 , 8 4 7 5 0 0 9 5 9 5 8 5 1 , 4 7 5 3 9 1 e n e r g y s a v i n g $ - 3 9 8 7 5 2 1 8 5 4 3 3
$ / a 2 , 3 4 7 1 , 5 4 4 1 , 8 6 6 $ / a 3 5 4 6 1 8
k W h 9 , 2 3 2 2 , 5 0 1 4 , 7 9 6 2 , 9 2 3 7 , 3 7 6 1 , 9 5 3 k W h - 1 9 9 3 3 , 7 6 2 9 2 7 2 , 1 6 7
k W h / a 1 1 , 7 3 3 7 , 7 1 9 9 , 3 2 9 k W h / a 1 , 7 6 9 3 , 0 9 4
p a y b a c k 1 / 2 y e a r 5 . 4 9 4 . 1 6 6 . 3 8 4 . 5 8 7 . 8 2 5 . 5 4 p a y b a c k 1 / 2 y e a r 7 0 . 6 1 6 . 0 8 4 0 . 4 1 3 . 0 4
S I R 7 . 2 7 6 . 3 6 5 . 1 1 S I R 0 . 5 6 0 . 9 9

R o o f S h a d i n g A l l M e a s u r e s w i t h o u t B a s e m e n t
H H B B H B C H H B B H B C
w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r
a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l
i n v e s t m e n t $ 5 , 0 0 0 5 , 0 0 0 5 , 0 0 0 i n v e s t m e n t $ 2 0 , 4 0 0 2 0 , 0 7 0 2 5 , 3 0 0
e n e r g y s a v i n g $ 4 8 4 1 7 / 5 0 5 / 8 9 e n e r g y s a v i n g $ 2 , 4 7 0 7 4 1 5 3 1 1 , 2 8 5 1 , 4 8 2 1 , 4 9 7
$ / a 5 0 0 / / $ / a 3 , 2 1 7 1 , 8 1 6 2 , 9 7 9
k W h 2 , 4 1 8 8 4 - 3 , 9 8 6 2 , 5 2 4 - 6 4 7 4 4 7 k W h 1 2 , 3 4 8 3 , 7 0 5 2 , 6 5 3 6 , 4 2 6 7 , 4 0 9 7 , 4 8 4
k W h / a 2 , 5 0 2 / / k W h / a 1 6 , 0 5 3 9 , 0 7 9 1 4 , 8 9 3
p a y b a c k 1 / 2 y e a r 1 0 6 . 2 6 9 . 9 6 . 2 9 5 6 1 4 . 7 p a y b a c k 1 / 2 y e a r 6 . 3 5 4 . 6 2 1 1 . 0 5 6 . 6 7 8 . 4 9 5 . 6 3
S I R 4 4 . 0 4 0 . 7 2 S I R 6 . 2 9 3 . 6 1 4 . 7
W i n d o w S h a d i n g A l l M e a s u r e s w i t h B a s e m e n t
H H B B H B C B B H B C
w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r
a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l
i n v e s t m e n t $ 1 , 4 0 0 3 , 6 0 0 3 , 6 0 0 i n v e s t m e n t $ 4 5 , 0 7 0 5 0 , 3 0 0
e n e r g y s a v i n g $ 2 5 6 2 2 6 7 6 2 4 3 5 e n e r g y s a v i n g $ 7 5 2 1 , 5 1 1 1 , 6 4 6 1 , 4 9 5
$ / a 4 8 2 $ / a 2 , 2 6 3 3 , 1 4 1
k W h 1 , 2 7 9 1 , 1 2 8 - 5 , 2 3 2 3 , 8 1 1 - 1 , 4 0 0 2 , 1 7 7 k W h 3 , 7 6 2 7 , 5 5 4 8 , 2 2 8 7 , 4 7 4
k W h / a 2 , 4 0 7 - 1 , 4 2 1 7 7 7 k W h / a 1 1 , 3 1 6 1 5 , 7 0 2
p a y b a c k 1 / 2 y e a r 2 . 9 2 . 5 3 4 . 7 2 3 . 7 2 8 . 2 7 5 . 5 3 p a y b a c k 1 / 2 y e a r 1 9 . 9 1 9 . 2 9 1 6 . 0 1 8 . 2 7
S I R 1 3 . 7 4 8 . 4 6 4 . 8 3 S I R 1 . 9 7 2 . 4 9
S h a d i n g T o t a l
H H B B H B C
w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r w i n t e r s u m m e r
a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l
i n v e s t m e n t $ 6 , 4 0 0 8 , 6 0 0 8 , 6 0 0
e n e r g y s a v i n g $ 5 3 5 2 7 2 / 9 8 6 / 7 1 7
$ / a 6 0 7 / /

k W h 2 , 6 7 4 1 , 3 6 0 - 6 , 1 0 4 4 , 9 2 9 - 2 , 1 5 6 3 , 5 3 8

k W h / a 4 , 0 3 4 - 1 , 1 7 5 1 , 3 8 1
p a y b a c k 1 / 2
y e a r 1 0 . 5 4 5 . 3 8 8 . 7 2 5 . 7 6 1 1 . 9 9 7 . 0 6
S I R
5 . 0 4 4 . 5 8 1 . 2 8
T a b l e 3 6 E c o n o m i c a l C o m p a r i s o n o f a l l M e a s u r e s b y S e l e c t e d H o u s i n g T y p e s


1 6 9
7 . 7 I n v e s t m e n t c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r a c t i v e m e a s u r e s
E c o n o m i c v a l u e s s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d d u r i n g t h e p l a n n i n g p h a s e w h e n p l a n n i n g
r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y b a s e d h e a t i n g / c o o l i n g a n d D H W s y s t e m s . T h e s e v a l u e s c a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o
t w o p a r t s : i n v e s t m e n t a n d o p e r a t i n g c o s t s . T h e y c a n b e e s t i m a t e d t h r o u g h s i m u l a t i o n
p r o g r a m s a n d b y a p p l y i n g f o r m e r a c a d e m i c r e s e a r c h e s i n t h i s a r e a . M a r k e t p r i c e s a r e a l s o
c o n s i d e r e d w h e n c a l c u l a t i n g t h e a v e r a g e i n v e s t m e n t c o s t o f t h e s e s y s t e m s . P r i c e s o f t h e
s u p p l i e r S O L E N

, w h i c h i s o n e o f t h e l e a d i n g c o m p a n i e s i n t h i s a r e a i n T u r k e y , a r e
c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s . T h e a n n u a l m a i n t e n a n c e c o s t s a r e c o n s i d e r e d a s 0 . 5 p e r c e n t o f
i n i t i a l c o s t . T h e s y s t e m s d o n o t r e q u i r e a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y . T h e r e f o r e , o p e r a t i o n c o s t s a r e n o t
c a l c u l a t e d .

s o l a r t h e r m a l
f o r h e a t i n g
P V f o r c o o l i n g
s o l a r t h e r m a l
f o r D H W
a l l a c t i v e
s y s t e m s
B C B C H H , B B H , B C B C


a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l
i n v e s t m e n t $ 1 6 , 0 0 0 2 1 , 0 0 0 5 , 0 0 0 4 2 , 0 0 0
$ / m
2
8 0 1 0 5 2 5 2 1 0
e n e r g y s a v i n g $ / a 6 7 5 7 8 0 6 4 0 2 , 0 9 5
k W h / a 3 , 3 7 0 3 , 9 0 0 3 , 2 0 0 1 0 , 4 7 0
p a y b a c k 1 / 2 y e a r 4 1 . 7 8 1 2 . 1 2 3 1 . 1 1 1 0 . 7 9 8 . 1 3 5 . 3 2 2 2 . 2 8 9 . 3
p a y b a c k a v e r a g e y e a r 2 6 . 9 5 2 0 . 9 5 6 . 7 2 1 5 . 8
S I R 0 . 7 2 / 6 . 9 0 0 . 9 2 / 8 . 0 9 3 . 2 / 3 0 . 7 0 1 . 2 4 / 6 . 8 7
T a b l e 3 7 E n e r g y S a v i n g s t h r o u g h A c t i v e S y s t e m s
7 . 7 . 1 E c o n o m i c a l e f f i c i e n c y o f s o l a r a s s i s t e d s y s t e m f o r D H W p r o d u c t i o n
D o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r s y s t e m f o r h o u s e s i n B o d r u m c o s t s $ 2 5 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a .
W i t h o t h e r w o r d s , s u c h a s y s t e m c o s t s $ 6 2 5 p e r o c c u p a n t . T h e s e a r e v a l u e s f o r s y s t e m s w i t h
p u m p a s s i s t e d c i r c u l a t i o n . I f n a t u r a l c i r c u l a t i o n i s p o s s i b l e , t h e i n v e s t m e n t c o s t c a n b e
r e d u c e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y a n d t h e r e l a t e d c o s t s a p p r o x i m a t e s t o $ 1 , 5 0 0 . T h i s m e a n s a n i n v e s t m e n t
o f $ 7 . 5 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y $ 1 8 0 p e r o c c u p a n t .


P l e a s e l o o k t o t h e w e b s i t e f o r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n : w w w . s o l e n e n e r j i . c o m . t r



1 6 9
7 . 7 I n v e s t m e n t c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r a c t i v e m e a s u r e s
E c o n o m i c v a l u e s s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d d u r i n g t h e p l a n n i n g p h a s e w h e n p l a n n i n g
r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y b a s e d h e a t i n g / c o o l i n g a n d D H W s y s t e m s . T h e s e v a l u e s c a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o
t w o p a r t s : i n v e s t m e n t a n d o p e r a t i n g c o s t s . T h e y c a n b e e s t i m a t e d t h r o u g h s i m u l a t i o n
p r o g r a m s a n d b y a p p l y i n g f o r m e r a c a d e m i c r e s e a r c h e s i n t h i s a r e a . M a r k e t p r i c e s a r e a l s o
c o n s i d e r e d w h e n c a l c u l a t i n g t h e a v e r a g e i n v e s t m e n t c o s t o f t h e s e s y s t e m s . P r i c e s o f t h e
s u p p l i e r S O L E N

, w h i c h i s o n e o f t h e l e a d i n g c o m p a n i e s i n t h i s a r e a i n T u r k e y , a r e
c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s . T h e a n n u a l m a i n t e n a n c e c o s t s a r e c o n s i d e r e d a s 0 . 5 p e r c e n t o f
i n i t i a l c o s t . T h e s y s t e m s d o n o t r e q u i r e a u x i l i a r y e n e r g y . T h e r e f o r e , o p e r a t i o n c o s t s a r e n o t
c a l c u l a t e d .

s o l a r t h e r m a l
f o r h e a t i n g
P V f o r c o o l i n g
s o l a r t h e r m a l
f o r D H W
a l l a c t i v e
s y s t e m s
B C B C H H , B B H , B C B C


a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l a n n u a l
i n v e s t m e n t $ 1 6 , 0 0 0 2 1 , 0 0 0 5 , 0 0 0 4 2 , 0 0 0
$ / m
2
8 0 1 0 5 2 5 2 1 0
e n e r g y s a v i n g $ / a 6 7 5 7 8 0 6 4 0 2 , 0 9 5
k W h / a 3 , 3 7 0 3 , 9 0 0 3 , 2 0 0 1 0 , 4 7 0
p a y b a c k 1 / 2 y e a r 4 1 . 7 8 1 2 . 1 2 3 1 . 1 1 1 0 . 7 9 8 . 1 3 5 . 3 2 2 2 . 2 8 9 . 3
p a y b a c k a v e r a g e y e a r 2 6 . 9 5 2 0 . 9 5 6 . 7 2 1 5 . 8
S I R 0 . 7 2 / 6 . 9 0 0 . 9 2 / 8 . 0 9 3 . 2 / 3 0 . 7 0 1 . 2 4 / 6 . 8 7
T a b l e 3 7 E n e r g y S a v i n g s t h r o u g h A c t i v e S y s t e m s
7 . 7 . 1 E c o n o m i c a l e f f i c i e n c y o f s o l a r a s s i s t e d s y s t e m f o r D H W p r o d u c t i o n
D o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r s y s t e m f o r h o u s e s i n B o d r u m c o s t s $ 2 5 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a .
W i t h o t h e r w o r d s , s u c h a s y s t e m c o s t s $ 6 2 5 p e r o c c u p a n t . T h e s e a r e v a l u e s f o r s y s t e m s w i t h
p u m p a s s i s t e d c i r c u l a t i o n . I f n a t u r a l c i r c u l a t i o n i s p o s s i b l e , t h e i n v e s t m e n t c o s t c a n b e
r e d u c e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y a n d t h e r e l a t e d c o s t s a p p r o x i m a t e s t o $ 1 , 5 0 0 . T h i s m e a n s a n i n v e s t m e n t
o f $ 7 . 5 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y $ 1 8 0 p e r o c c u p a n t .


P l e a s e l o o k t o t h e w e b s i t e f o r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n : w w w . s o l e n e n e r j i . c o m . t r



169
7.7 Investment calculations for active measures
Economic values should be considered during the planning phase when planning
renewable energy based heating/cooling and DHW systems. These values can be divided into
two parts: investment and operating costs. They can be estimated through simulation
programs and by applying former academic researches in this area. Market prices are also
considered when calculating the average investment cost of these systems. Prices of the
supplier SOLEN

, which is one of the leading companies in this area in Turkey, are


considered by the calculations. The annual maintenance costs are considered as 0.5 per cent of
initial cost. The systems do not require auxiliary energy. Therefore, operation costs are not
calculated.

solar thermal
for heating
PV for cooling
solar thermal
for DHW
all active
systems
BC BC HH, BBH, BC BC


annual annual annual annual
investment $ 16,000 21,000 5,000 42,000
$/m
2
80 105 25 210
energy saving $/a 675 780 640 2,095
kWh/a 3,370 3,900 3,200 10,470
payback 1 / 2 year 41.78 12.12 31.11 10.79 8.13 5.32 22.28 9.3
payback average year 26.95 20.95 6.72 15.8
SIR 0.72/6.90 0.92/8.09 3.2/30.70 1.24/6.87
Table 37 Energy Savings through Active Systems
7.7.1 Economical efficiency of solar assisted system for DHW production
Domestic hot water system for houses in Bodrum costs $ 25 per square meter of floor area.
With other words, such a system costs $ 625 per occupant. These are values for systems with
pump assisted circulation. If natural circulation is possible, the investment cost can be
reduced significantly and the related costs approximates to $ 1,500. This means an investment
of $ 7.5 per square meter of floor area or approximately $ 180 per occupant.


Please look to the website for further information: www.solenenerji.com.tr



169
7.7 Investment calculations for active measures
Economic values should be considered during the planning phase when planning
renewable energy based heating/cooling and DHW systems. These values can be divided into
two parts: investment and operating costs. They can be estimated through simulation
programs and by applying former academic researches in this area. Market prices are also
considered when calculating the average investment cost of these systems. Prices of the
supplier SOLEN

, which is one of the leading companies in this area in Turkey, are


considered by the calculations. The annual maintenance costs are considered as 0.5 per cent of
initial cost. The systems do not require auxiliary energy. Therefore, operation costs are not
calculated.

solar thermal
for heating
PV for cooling
solar thermal
for DHW
all active
systems
BC BC HH, BBH, BC BC


annual annual annual annual
investment $ 16,000 21,000 5,000 42,000
$/m
2
80 105 25 210
energy saving $/a 675 780 640 2,095
kWh/a 3,370 3,900 3,200 10,470
payback 1 / 2 year 41.78 12.12 31.11 10.79 8.13 5.32 22.28 9.3
payback average year 26.95 20.95 6.72 15.8
SIR 0.72/6.90 0.92/8.09 3.2/30.70 1.24/6.87
Table 37 Energy Savings through Active Systems
7.7.1 Economical efficiency of solar assisted system for DHW production
Domestic hot water system for houses in Bodrum costs $ 25 per square meter of floor area.
With other words, such a system costs $ 625 per occupant. These are values for systems with
pump assisted circulation. If natural circulation is possible, the investment cost can be
reduced significantly and the related costs approximates to $ 1,500. This means an investment
of $ 7.5 per square meter of floor area or approximately $ 180 per occupant.


Please look to the website for further information: www.solenenerji.com.tr



170
Annual energy savings by the DHW are $ 3.2 per square meter of floor area or 80 $ per
person. A system for eight persons in a 200 m
2
house leads to savings of $ 640 per annum.
The maintenance costs are very low and do not influence the payback period significantly.
Economic calculations show that even pump-assisted systems for the DHW are highly
efficient. The average payback period is 6.82 years, which means 3.41 years for a hundred
square meter floor area or four occupants. The payback period of the system with natural
circulation is significantly smaller. It pays back in 2.27 years due to low initial cost.
Even for the seasonal usage solely during summer (3 months) such a system is
economically efficient. A pump-driven system has a payback period of 21.25 systems,
whereas it is 7.7 for a system with natural circulation. These values correspond to 10.6 and
3.85 years for DHW systems by pump-driven and natural circulation variations respectively.
According to SIR values, they can be considered highly efficient in all variations. If we
consider the anticipated price increase in the future, the SIR value reaches 30 whereas it
approximates to three when based on energy unit prices.
7.7.2 Economical efficiency of solar assisted heating systems
Investment costs of thermal solar systems cost more than DHW and less than PV systems.
A solar assisted heating system for optimized houses in Bodrum costs $ 16,000, which
corresponds to $ 80 per square meter floor area. This relates to an initial investment of
approximately $ 4,700 per MW heating energy.
Annual energy savings are $ 675 for 3,400 kWh. Excluding the maintenance costs, which
are $ 80, the net savings are $ 595 per annum. This saving approximates to 3$ per square
meter floor area.
Under these circumstances, the system pays back in 26.89 years according to the simple
payback method. It is slightly over the life-cycle time of the system, and hereby economically
inefficient. The payback period according to the dynamic calculation method is significantly
shorter. Considering the 10.16 years payback period according to this method, the average
payback period is 18.52 years. It is 6.5 years less than the life-cycle time of the system.
Therefore, it can be considered as economically efficient. The SIR of 10.1 corresponds to a
high rate for such systems. The average SIR value is over five.


170
Annual energy savings by the DHW are $ 3.2 per square meter of floor area or 80 $ per
person. A system for eight persons in a 200 m
2
house leads to savings of $ 640 per annum.
The maintenance costs are very low and do not influence the payback period significantly.
Economic calculations show that even pump-assisted systems for the DHW are highly
efficient. The average payback period is 6.82 years, which means 3.41 years for a hundred
square meter floor area or four occupants. The payback period of the system with natural
circulation is significantly smaller. It pays back in 2.27 years due to low initial cost.
Even for the seasonal usage solely during summer (3 months) such a system is
economically efficient. A pump-driven system has a payback period of 21.25 systems,
whereas it is 7.7 for a system with natural circulation. These values correspond to 10.6 and
3.85 years for DHW systems by pump-driven and natural circulation variations respectively.
According to SIR values, they can be considered highly efficient in all variations. If we
consider the anticipated price increase in the future, the SIR value reaches 30 whereas it
approximates to three when based on energy unit prices.
7.7.2 Economical efficiency of solar assisted heating systems
Investment costs of thermal solar systems cost more than DHW and less than PV systems.
A solar assisted heating system for optimized houses in Bodrum costs $ 16,000, which
corresponds to $ 80 per square meter floor area. This relates to an initial investment of
approximately $ 4,700 per MW heating energy.
Annual energy savings are $ 675 for 3,400 kWh. Excluding the maintenance costs, which
are $ 80, the net savings are $ 595 per annum. This saving approximates to 3$ per square
meter floor area.
Under these circumstances, the system pays back in 26.89 years according to the simple
payback method. It is slightly over the life-cycle time of the system, and hereby economically
inefficient. The payback period according to the dynamic calculation method is significantly
shorter. Considering the 10.16 years payback period according to this method, the average
payback period is 18.52 years. It is 6.5 years less than the life-cycle time of the system.
Therefore, it can be considered as economically efficient. The SIR of 10.1 corresponds to a
high rate for such systems. The average SIR value is over five.


1 7 0
A n n u a l e n e r g y s a v i n g s b y t h e D H W a r e $ 3 . 2 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a o r 8 0 $ p e r
p e r s o n . A s y s t e m f o r e i g h t p e r s o n s i n a 2 0 0 m
2
h o u s e l e a d s t o s a v i n g s o f $ 6 4 0 p e r a n n u m .
T h e m a i n t e n a n c e c o s t s a r e v e r y l o w a n d d o n o t i n f l u e n c e t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d s i g n i f i c a n t l y .
E c o n o m i c c a l c u l a t i o n s s h o w t h a t e v e n p u m p - a s s i s t e d s y s t e m s f o r t h e D H W a r e h i g h l y
e f f i c i e n t . T h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d i s 6 . 8 2 y e a r s , w h i c h m e a n s 3 . 4 1 y e a r s f o r a h u n d r e d
s q u a r e m e t e r f l o o r a r e a o r f o u r o c c u p a n t s . T h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f t h e s y s t e m w i t h n a t u r a l
c i r c u l a t i o n i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y s m a l l e r . I t p a y s b a c k i n 2 . 2 7 y e a r s d u e t o l o w i n i t i a l c o s t .
E v e n f o r t h e s e a s o n a l u s a g e s o l e l y d u r i n g s u m m e r ( 3 m o n t h s ) s u c h a s y s t e m i s
e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t . A p u m p - d r i v e n s y s t e m h a s a p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f 2 1 . 2 5 s y s t e m s ,
w h e r e a s i t i s 7 . 7 f o r a s y s t e m w i t h n a t u r a l c i r c u l a t i o n . T h e s e v a l u e s c o r r e s p o n d t o 1 0 . 6 a n d
3 . 8 5 y e a r s f o r D H W s y s t e m s b y p u m p - d r i v e n a n d n a t u r a l c i r c u l a t i o n v a r i a t i o n s r e s p e c t i v e l y .
A c c o r d i n g t o S I R v a l u e s , t h e y c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d h i g h l y e f f i c i e n t i n a l l v a r i a t i o n s . I f w e
c o n s i d e r t h e a n t i c i p a t e d p r i c e i n c r e a s e i n t h e f u t u r e , t h e S I R v a l u e r e a c h e s 3 0 w h e r e a s i t
a p p r o x i m a t e s t o t h r e e w h e n b a s e d o n e n e r g y u n i t p r i c e s .
7 . 7 . 2 E c o n o m i c a l e f f i c i e n c y o f s o l a r a s s i s t e d h e a t i n g s y s t e m s
I n v e s t m e n t c o s t s o f t h e r m a l s o l a r s y s t e m s c o s t m o r e t h a n D H W a n d l e s s t h a n P V s y s t e m s .
A s o l a r a s s i s t e d h e a t i n g s y s t e m f o r o p t i m i z e d h o u s e s i n B o d r u m c o s t s $ 1 6 , 0 0 0 , w h i c h
c o r r e s p o n d s t o $ 8 0 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r f l o o r a r e a . T h i s r e l a t e s t o a n i n i t i a l i n v e s t m e n t o f
a p p r o x i m a t e l y $ 4 , 7 0 0 p e r M W h e a t i n g e n e r g y .
A n n u a l e n e r g y s a v i n g s a r e $ 6 7 5 f o r 3 , 4 0 0 k W h . E x c l u d i n g t h e m a i n t e n a n c e c o s t s , w h i c h
a r e $ 8 0 , t h e n e t s a v i n g s a r e $ 5 9 5 p e r a n n u m . T h i s s a v i n g a p p r o x i m a t e s t o 3 $ p e r s q u a r e
m e t e r f l o o r a r e a .
U n d e r t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , t h e s y s t e m p a y s b a c k i n 2 6 . 8 9 y e a r s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m p l e
p a y b a c k m e t h o d . I t i s s l i g h t l y o v e r t h e l i f e - c y c l e t i m e o f t h e s y s t e m , a n d h e r e b y e c o n o m i c a l l y
i n e f f i c i e n t . T h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d y n a m i c c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y
s h o r t e r . C o n s i d e r i n g t h e 1 0 . 1 6 y e a r s p a y b a c k p e r i o d a c c o r d i n g t o t h i s m e t h o d , t h e a v e r a g e
p a y b a c k p e r i o d i s 1 8 . 5 2 y e a r s . I t i s 6 . 5 y e a r s l e s s t h a n t h e l i f e - c y c l e t i m e o f t h e s y s t e m .
T h e r e f o r e , i t c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t . T h e S I R o f 1 0 . 1 c o r r e s p o n d s t o a
h i g h r a t e f o r s u c h s y s t e m s . T h e a v e r a g e S I R v a l u e i s o v e r f i v e .


1 7 0
A n n u a l e n e r g y s a v i n g s b y t h e D H W a r e $ 3 . 2 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a o r 8 0 $ p e r
p e r s o n . A s y s t e m f o r e i g h t p e r s o n s i n a 2 0 0 m
2
h o u s e l e a d s t o s a v i n g s o f $ 6 4 0 p e r a n n u m .
T h e m a i n t e n a n c e c o s t s a r e v e r y l o w a n d d o n o t i n f l u e n c e t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d s i g n i f i c a n t l y .
E c o n o m i c c a l c u l a t i o n s s h o w t h a t e v e n p u m p - a s s i s t e d s y s t e m s f o r t h e D H W a r e h i g h l y
e f f i c i e n t . T h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d i s 6 . 8 2 y e a r s , w h i c h m e a n s 3 . 4 1 y e a r s f o r a h u n d r e d
s q u a r e m e t e r f l o o r a r e a o r f o u r o c c u p a n t s . T h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f t h e s y s t e m w i t h n a t u r a l
c i r c u l a t i o n i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y s m a l l e r . I t p a y s b a c k i n 2 . 2 7 y e a r s d u e t o l o w i n i t i a l c o s t .
E v e n f o r t h e s e a s o n a l u s a g e s o l e l y d u r i n g s u m m e r ( 3 m o n t h s ) s u c h a s y s t e m i s
e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t . A p u m p - d r i v e n s y s t e m h a s a p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f 2 1 . 2 5 s y s t e m s ,
w h e r e a s i t i s 7 . 7 f o r a s y s t e m w i t h n a t u r a l c i r c u l a t i o n . T h e s e v a l u e s c o r r e s p o n d t o 1 0 . 6 a n d
3 . 8 5 y e a r s f o r D H W s y s t e m s b y p u m p - d r i v e n a n d n a t u r a l c i r c u l a t i o n v a r i a t i o n s r e s p e c t i v e l y .
A c c o r d i n g t o S I R v a l u e s , t h e y c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d h i g h l y e f f i c i e n t i n a l l v a r i a t i o n s . I f w e
c o n s i d e r t h e a n t i c i p a t e d p r i c e i n c r e a s e i n t h e f u t u r e , t h e S I R v a l u e r e a c h e s 3 0 w h e r e a s i t
a p p r o x i m a t e s t o t h r e e w h e n b a s e d o n e n e r g y u n i t p r i c e s .
7 . 7 . 2 E c o n o m i c a l e f f i c i e n c y o f s o l a r a s s i s t e d h e a t i n g s y s t e m s
I n v e s t m e n t c o s t s o f t h e r m a l s o l a r s y s t e m s c o s t m o r e t h a n D H W a n d l e s s t h a n P V s y s t e m s .
A s o l a r a s s i s t e d h e a t i n g s y s t e m f o r o p t i m i z e d h o u s e s i n B o d r u m c o s t s $ 1 6 , 0 0 0 , w h i c h
c o r r e s p o n d s t o $ 8 0 p e r s q u a r e m e t e r f l o o r a r e a . T h i s r e l a t e s t o a n i n i t i a l i n v e s t m e n t o f
a p p r o x i m a t e l y $ 4 , 7 0 0 p e r M W h e a t i n g e n e r g y .
A n n u a l e n e r g y s a v i n g s a r e $ 6 7 5 f o r 3 , 4 0 0 k W h . E x c l u d i n g t h e m a i n t e n a n c e c o s t s , w h i c h
a r e $ 8 0 , t h e n e t s a v i n g s a r e $ 5 9 5 p e r a n n u m . T h i s s a v i n g a p p r o x i m a t e s t o 3 $ p e r s q u a r e
m e t e r f l o o r a r e a .
U n d e r t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , t h e s y s t e m p a y s b a c k i n 2 6 . 8 9 y e a r s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m p l e
p a y b a c k m e t h o d . I t i s s l i g h t l y o v e r t h e l i f e - c y c l e t i m e o f t h e s y s t e m , a n d h e r e b y e c o n o m i c a l l y
i n e f f i c i e n t . T h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d y n a m i c c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y
s h o r t e r . C o n s i d e r i n g t h e 1 0 . 1 6 y e a r s p a y b a c k p e r i o d a c c o r d i n g t o t h i s m e t h o d , t h e a v e r a g e
p a y b a c k p e r i o d i s 1 8 . 5 2 y e a r s . I t i s 6 . 5 y e a r s l e s s t h a n t h e l i f e - c y c l e t i m e o f t h e s y s t e m .
T h e r e f o r e , i t c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t . T h e S I R o f 1 0 . 1 c o r r e s p o n d s t o a
h i g h r a t e f o r s u c h s y s t e m s . T h e a v e r a g e S I R v a l u e i s o v e r f i v e .


1 7 1
7 . 7 . 3 E c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y o f P V s y s t e m s
P h o t o v o l t a i c s y s t e m s a r e o n e o f t h e m o s t e x p e n s i v e s y s t e m s b e s i d e s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m s .
T h e r e a r e m a n y s p e c u l a t i o n s r e g a r d i n g t h e p r i c e s p e c u l a t i o n s o f s u c h s y s t e m s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , a
s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n d u r i n g t h e n e a r f u t u r e i s n o t e x p e c t e d . M a r k e t r e s e a r c h s h o w s t h a t o f f -
g r i d s y s t e m s c o s t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 5 p e r c e n t m o r e t h e n g r i d - c o n n e c t e d s y s t e m s d u e t o
a d d i t i o n a l s y s t e m c o m p o n e n t s .
T h e r e i s u n f o r t u n a t e l y n o r e g u l a t i o n o f P V s y s t e m s f o r r e s i d e n t i a l u s a g e . T h e m i n i s t r y a n d
r e l a t e d i n s t i t u t i o n s a r e w o r k i n g o n s u c h r e g u l a t i o n s . I t c a n b e a s s u m e d t h a t r e l a t e d l a w s a n d
r e g u l a t i o n s w i l l b e e n a c t e d i n a s h o r t p e r i o d o f t i m e . D u e t o t h i s r e a s o n , t h e c o s t e s t i m a t i o n s
a n d e v a l u a t i o n s c a n b e b a s e d o n s p e c u l a t i v e e s t i m a t i o n s a s s u m i n g t h a t s u c h r e g u l a t i o n s a r e i n
f o r c e .
I f w e t a k e a l l t h e s e a s p e c t s i n t o a c c o u n t , i t c a n b e a s s u m e d t h a t a P V s y s t e m f o r c o o l i n g
a n d a u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g d e m a n d o f a n o p t i m i z e d h o u s e i n B o d r u m c o s t s a b o u t $ 2 1 , 0 0 0 . T h i s
c o r r e s p o n d s t o a n i n v e s t m e n t o f 1 0 5 $ p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a o r , w i t h o t h e r w o r d s , $
6 , 5 0 0 - 7 , 5 0 0 p e r k W p i n s t a l l e d s y s t e m . T h e m a i n t e n a n c e c o s t s w i l l b e $ 1 0 5 i n t h i s c a s e .
S u c h a s y s t e m c a n s a v e 3 , 9 0 0 k W h / a . T h i s l e a d s t o a n a n n u a l e n e r g y s a v i n g s o f $ 3 . 9 p e r
s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a , a n d $ 7 8 0 i n t o t a l . R e c e d i n g t h e m a i n t e n a n c e c o s t s , n e t s a v i n g s a r e
$ 6 7 5 / a .
T h e r e a r e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d c a l c u l a t i o n s .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e f i r s t m e t h o d , w h i c h d o e s n o t c o n s i d e r t h e e n e r g y p r i c e d e v e l o p m e n t , s u c h a
s y s t e m i s i n e f f i c i e n t , b e c a u s e i t p a y s b a c k i n m o r e t h a n 3 0 y e a r s , w h i c h i s l o n g e r t h e n i t s l i f e -
c y c l e t i m e . T h i s s i t u a t i o n r e s u l t s i n a S I R v a l u e b e l o w o n e . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s e c o n d m e t h o d ,
t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d s h o r t e n s s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o 1 0 . 7 9 y e a r s . T h e a v e r a g e o f b o t h m e t h o d s
a p p r o x i m a t e s 2 1 y e a r s , w h i c h i s f o u r y e a r s b e l o w t h e l i f e - c y c l e t i m e o f t h i s s y s t e m .
T h e r e f o r e , i t c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t . T h e S I R v a l u e o f e i g h t i s a l s o
h i g h e r c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e f i r s t s c e n a r i o .


1 7 1
7 . 7 . 3 E c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y o f P V s y s t e m s
P h o t o v o l t a i c s y s t e m s a r e o n e o f t h e m o s t e x p e n s i v e s y s t e m s b e s i d e s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m s .
T h e r e a r e m a n y s p e c u l a t i o n s r e g a r d i n g t h e p r i c e s p e c u l a t i o n s o f s u c h s y s t e m s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , a
s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n d u r i n g t h e n e a r f u t u r e i s n o t e x p e c t e d . M a r k e t r e s e a r c h s h o w s t h a t o f f -
g r i d s y s t e m s c o s t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 5 p e r c e n t m o r e t h e n g r i d - c o n n e c t e d s y s t e m s d u e t o
a d d i t i o n a l s y s t e m c o m p o n e n t s .
T h e r e i s u n f o r t u n a t e l y n o r e g u l a t i o n o f P V s y s t e m s f o r r e s i d e n t i a l u s a g e . T h e m i n i s t r y a n d
r e l a t e d i n s t i t u t i o n s a r e w o r k i n g o n s u c h r e g u l a t i o n s . I t c a n b e a s s u m e d t h a t r e l a t e d l a w s a n d
r e g u l a t i o n s w i l l b e e n a c t e d i n a s h o r t p e r i o d o f t i m e . D u e t o t h i s r e a s o n , t h e c o s t e s t i m a t i o n s
a n d e v a l u a t i o n s c a n b e b a s e d o n s p e c u l a t i v e e s t i m a t i o n s a s s u m i n g t h a t s u c h r e g u l a t i o n s a r e i n
f o r c e .
I f w e t a k e a l l t h e s e a s p e c t s i n t o a c c o u n t , i t c a n b e a s s u m e d t h a t a P V s y s t e m f o r c o o l i n g
a n d a u x i l i a r y h e a t i n g d e m a n d o f a n o p t i m i z e d h o u s e i n B o d r u m c o s t s a b o u t $ 2 1 , 0 0 0 . T h i s
c o r r e s p o n d s t o a n i n v e s t m e n t o f 1 0 5 $ p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a o r , w i t h o t h e r w o r d s , $
6 , 5 0 0 - 7 , 5 0 0 p e r k W p i n s t a l l e d s y s t e m . T h e m a i n t e n a n c e c o s t s w i l l b e $ 1 0 5 i n t h i s c a s e .
S u c h a s y s t e m c a n s a v e 3 , 9 0 0 k W h / a . T h i s l e a d s t o a n a n n u a l e n e r g y s a v i n g s o f $ 3 . 9 p e r
s q u a r e m e t e r o f f l o o r a r e a , a n d $ 7 8 0 i n t o t a l . R e c e d i n g t h e m a i n t e n a n c e c o s t s , n e t s a v i n g s a r e
$ 6 7 5 / a .
T h e r e a r e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d c a l c u l a t i o n s .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e f i r s t m e t h o d , w h i c h d o e s n o t c o n s i d e r t h e e n e r g y p r i c e d e v e l o p m e n t , s u c h a
s y s t e m i s i n e f f i c i e n t , b e c a u s e i t p a y s b a c k i n m o r e t h a n 3 0 y e a r s , w h i c h i s l o n g e r t h e n i t s l i f e -
c y c l e t i m e . T h i s s i t u a t i o n r e s u l t s i n a S I R v a l u e b e l o w o n e . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s e c o n d m e t h o d ,
t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d s h o r t e n s s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o 1 0 . 7 9 y e a r s . T h e a v e r a g e o f b o t h m e t h o d s
a p p r o x i m a t e s 2 1 y e a r s , w h i c h i s f o u r y e a r s b e l o w t h e l i f e - c y c l e t i m e o f t h i s s y s t e m .
T h e r e f o r e , i t c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t . T h e S I R v a l u e o f e i g h t i s a l s o
h i g h e r c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e f i r s t s c e n a r i o .


171
7.7.3 Economic efficiency of PV systems
Photovoltaic systems are one of the most expensive systems beside solar thermal systems.
There are many speculations regarding the price speculations of such systems. Nevertheless, a
significant reduction during the near future is not expected. Market research shows that off-
grid systems cost approximately 15 per cent more then grid-connected systems due to
additional system components.
There is unfortunately no regulation of PV systems for residential usage. The ministry and
related institutions are working on such regulations. It can be assumed that related laws and
regulations will be enacted in a short period of time. Due to this reason, the cost estimations
and evaluations can be based on speculative estimations assuming that such regulations are in
force.
If we take all these aspects into account, it can be assumed that a PV system for cooling
and auxiliary heating demand of an optimized house in Bodrum costs about $ 21,000. This
corresponds to an investment of 105 $ per square meter of floor area or, with other words, $
6,500-7,500 per kWp installed system. The maintenance costs will be $ 105 in this case.
Such a system can save 3,900 kWh/a. This leads to an annual energy savings of $ 3.9 per
square meter of floor area, and $ 780 in total. Receding the maintenance costs, net savings are
$ 675 /a.
There are significant differences between the results of the payback period calculations.
According to the first method, which does not consider the energy price development, such a
system is inefficient, because it pays back in more than 30 years, which is longer then its life-
cycle time. This situation results in a SIR value below one. According to the second method,
the payback period shortens significantly to 10.79 years. The average of both methods
approximates 21 years, which is four years below the life-cycle time of this system.
Therefore, it can be considered as economically efficient. The SIR value of eight is also
higher compared with the first scenario.


171
7.7.3 Economic efficiency of PV systems
Photovoltaic systems are one of the most expensive systems beside solar thermal systems.
There are many speculations regarding the price speculations of such systems. Nevertheless, a
significant reduction during the near future is not expected. Market research shows that off-
grid systems cost approximately 15 per cent more then grid-connected systems due to
additional system components.
There is unfortunately no regulation of PV systems for residential usage. The ministry and
related institutions are working on such regulations. It can be assumed that related laws and
regulations will be enacted in a short period of time. Due to this reason, the cost estimations
and evaluations can be based on speculative estimations assuming that such regulations are in
force.
If we take all these aspects into account, it can be assumed that a PV system for cooling
and auxiliary heating demand of an optimized house in Bodrum costs about $ 21,000. This
corresponds to an investment of 105 $ per square meter of floor area or, with other words, $
6,500-7,500 per kWp installed system. The maintenance costs will be $ 105 in this case.
Such a system can save 3,900 kWh/a. This leads to an annual energy savings of $ 3.9 per
square meter of floor area, and $ 780 in total. Receding the maintenance costs, net savings are
$ 675 /a.
There are significant differences between the results of the payback period calculations.
According to the first method, which does not consider the energy price development, such a
system is inefficient, because it pays back in more than 30 years, which is longer then its life-
cycle time. This situation results in a SIR value below one. According to the second method,
the payback period shortens significantly to 10.79 years. The average of both methods
approximates 21 years, which is four years below the life-cycle time of this system.
Therefore, it can be considered as economically efficient. The SIR value of eight is also
higher compared with the first scenario.


172

Figure 35 Comparison of the Initial Costs (outer circle) and First Year Savings (inner circle) of the Active
Systems
7.7.4 Conclusion
The costs of additional measures for better comfort and energy savings are critical, as
constructors and owners see them as undesirable at the purchase phase of a dwelling.
Investments for energy-saving measures by the existing buildings are also seldom considered.
Of course, each additional measure will incur financial costs. Investments must be evaluated
within a long-term time frame. It is expected that energy saving resulting from these measures
may equal and in the best case, exceed the initial cost.
Under certain circumstances, it is even possible to earn money through these systems.
Passive measures avoid heat loss and gain. Such a measure cannot produce energy by itself,
but influences the energy productivity of active systems positively. These active systems,
which generate energy, may allow profits after their payback period. The amount of the
energy produced after their payback period can be considered as financial gain to the
domestic budget. In this case, houses, which have installed such measures, will turn from
consumer into net producer in terms of energy.
The efficiency of all measures is influenced by energy prices as well as related initial costs.
A significant change of the initial costs for passive measures is not expected. Nevertheless,
the price of solar systems can be reduced through general improvement in this sector. This
situation will impact the payback period. The more this period is shorter, the more


172

Figure 35 Comparison of the Initial Costs (outer circle) and First Year Savings (inner circle) of the Active
Systems
7.7.4 Conclusion
The costs of additional measures for better comfort and energy savings are critical, as
constructors and owners see them as undesirable at the purchase phase of a dwelling.
Investments for energy-saving measures by the existing buildings are also seldom considered.
Of course, each additional measure will incur financial costs. Investments must be evaluated
within a long-term time frame. It is expected that energy saving resulting from these measures
may equal and in the best case, exceed the initial cost.
Under certain circumstances, it is even possible to earn money through these systems.
Passive measures avoid heat loss and gain. Such a measure cannot produce energy by itself,
but influences the energy productivity of active systems positively. These active systems,
which generate energy, may allow profits after their payback period. The amount of the
energy produced after their payback period can be considered as financial gain to the
domestic budget. In this case, houses, which have installed such measures, will turn from
consumer into net producer in terms of energy.
The efficiency of all measures is influenced by energy prices as well as related initial costs.
A significant change of the initial costs for passive measures is not expected. Nevertheless,
the price of solar systems can be reduced through general improvement in this sector. This
situation will impact the payback period. The more this period is shorter, the more


1 7 2

F i g u r e 3 5 C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e I n i t i a l C o s t s ( o u t e r c i r c l e ) a n d F i r s t Y e a r S a v i n g s ( i n n e r c i r c l e ) o f t h e A c t i v e
S y s t e m s
7 . 7 . 4 C o n c l u s i o n
T h e c o s t s o f a d d i t i o n a l m e a s u r e s f o r b e t t e r c o m f o r t a n d e n e r g y s a v i n g s a r e c r i t i c a l , a s
c o n s t r u c t o r s a n d o w n e r s s e e t h e m a s u n d e s i r a b l e a t t h e p u r c h a s e p h a s e o f a d w e l l i n g .
I n v e s t m e n t s f o r e n e r g y - s a v i n g m e a s u r e s b y t h e e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g s a r e a l s o s e l d o m c o n s i d e r e d .
O f c o u r s e , e a c h a d d i t i o n a l m e a s u r e w i l l i n c u r f i n a n c i a l c o s t s . I n v e s t m e n t s m u s t b e e v a l u a t e d
w i t h i n a l o n g - t e r m t i m e f r a m e . I t i s e x p e c t e d t h a t e n e r g y s a v i n g r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e s e m e a s u r e s
m a y e q u a l a n d i n t h e b e s t c a s e , e x c e e d t h e i n i t i a l c o s t .
U n d e r c e r t a i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s , i t i s e v e n p o s s i b l e t o e a r n m o n e y t h r o u g h t h e s e s y s t e m s .
P a s s i v e m e a s u r e s a v o i d h e a t l o s s a n d g a i n . S u c h a m e a s u r e c a n n o t p r o d u c e e n e r g y b y i t s e l f ,
b u t i n f l u e n c e s t h e e n e r g y p r o d u c t i v i t y o f a c t i v e s y s t e m s p o s i t i v e l y . T h e s e a c t i v e s y s t e m s ,
w h i c h g e n e r a t e e n e r g y , m a y a l l o w p r o f i t s a f t e r t h e i r p a y b a c k p e r i o d . T h e a m o u n t o f t h e
e n e r g y p r o d u c e d a f t e r t h e i r p a y b a c k p e r i o d c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s f i n a n c i a l g a i n t o t h e
d o m e s t i c b u d g e t . I n t h i s c a s e , h o u s e s , w h i c h h a v e i n s t a l l e d s u c h m e a s u r e s , w i l l t u r n f r o m
c o n s u m e r i n t o n e t p r o d u c e r i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y .
T h e e f f i c i e n c y o f a l l m e a s u r e s i s i n f l u e n c e d b y e n e r g y p r i c e s a s w e l l a s r e l a t e d i n i t i a l c o s t s .
A s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e o f t h e i n i t i a l c o s t s f o r p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s i s n o t e x p e c t e d . N e v e r t h e l e s s ,
t h e p r i c e o f s o l a r s y s t e m s c a n b e r e d u c e d t h r o u g h g e n e r a l i m p r o v e m e n t i n t h i s s e c t o r . T h i s
s i t u a t i o n w i l l i m p a c t t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d . T h e m o r e t h i s p e r i o d i s s h o r t e r , t h e m o r e


1 7 2

F i g u r e 3 5 C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e I n i t i a l C o s t s ( o u t e r c i r c l e ) a n d F i r s t Y e a r S a v i n g s ( i n n e r c i r c l e ) o f t h e A c t i v e
S y s t e m s
7 . 7 . 4 C o n c l u s i o n
T h e c o s t s o f a d d i t i o n a l m e a s u r e s f o r b e t t e r c o m f o r t a n d e n e r g y s a v i n g s a r e c r i t i c a l , a s
c o n s t r u c t o r s a n d o w n e r s s e e t h e m a s u n d e s i r a b l e a t t h e p u r c h a s e p h a s e o f a d w e l l i n g .
I n v e s t m e n t s f o r e n e r g y - s a v i n g m e a s u r e s b y t h e e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g s a r e a l s o s e l d o m c o n s i d e r e d .
O f c o u r s e , e a c h a d d i t i o n a l m e a s u r e w i l l i n c u r f i n a n c i a l c o s t s . I n v e s t m e n t s m u s t b e e v a l u a t e d
w i t h i n a l o n g - t e r m t i m e f r a m e . I t i s e x p e c t e d t h a t e n e r g y s a v i n g r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e s e m e a s u r e s
m a y e q u a l a n d i n t h e b e s t c a s e , e x c e e d t h e i n i t i a l c o s t .
U n d e r c e r t a i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s , i t i s e v e n p o s s i b l e t o e a r n m o n e y t h r o u g h t h e s e s y s t e m s .
P a s s i v e m e a s u r e s a v o i d h e a t l o s s a n d g a i n . S u c h a m e a s u r e c a n n o t p r o d u c e e n e r g y b y i t s e l f ,
b u t i n f l u e n c e s t h e e n e r g y p r o d u c t i v i t y o f a c t i v e s y s t e m s p o s i t i v e l y . T h e s e a c t i v e s y s t e m s ,
w h i c h g e n e r a t e e n e r g y , m a y a l l o w p r o f i t s a f t e r t h e i r p a y b a c k p e r i o d . T h e a m o u n t o f t h e
e n e r g y p r o d u c e d a f t e r t h e i r p a y b a c k p e r i o d c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s f i n a n c i a l g a i n t o t h e
d o m e s t i c b u d g e t . I n t h i s c a s e , h o u s e s , w h i c h h a v e i n s t a l l e d s u c h m e a s u r e s , w i l l t u r n f r o m
c o n s u m e r i n t o n e t p r o d u c e r i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y .
T h e e f f i c i e n c y o f a l l m e a s u r e s i s i n f l u e n c e d b y e n e r g y p r i c e s a s w e l l a s r e l a t e d i n i t i a l c o s t s .
A s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e o f t h e i n i t i a l c o s t s f o r p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s i s n o t e x p e c t e d . N e v e r t h e l e s s ,
t h e p r i c e o f s o l a r s y s t e m s c a n b e r e d u c e d t h r o u g h g e n e r a l i m p r o v e m e n t i n t h i s s e c t o r . T h i s
s i t u a t i o n w i l l i m p a c t t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d . T h e m o r e t h i s p e r i o d i s s h o r t e r , t h e m o r e


1 7 3
e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t w i l l b e c o m e t h e s e s y s t e m s . E v e n i f t h e p r i c e s d o n o t d e c r e a s e a n d w e
s o l e l y c o n s i d e r t h e i n c r e a s e o f f o s s i l e n e r g y p r i c e s , t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f a l l m e a s u r e s w i l l b e
s h o r t e n e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y . T h i s i s s h o w n b y t h e s e c o n d m e t h o d .
S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t t h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d s o f a l l m e a s u r e s a r e b e l o w t h e i r
a n t i c i p a t e d l i f e c y c l e t i m e . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t a n d
s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d a t t h e d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m . M e a s u r e s , w h i c h a r e o n l y e f f i c i e n t i n t h e
s u m m e r p e r i o d , l i k e s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s , s h o u l d b e r e m o v a b l e i n w i n t e r o r d e s i g n e d a l l o w i n g
f o r t h e w i n t e r s u n .
D u r i n g t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s w o r k , a n e w l a w o n r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y u s e i s s u g g e s t e d t o t h e
p a r l i a m e n t a r y p r e s i d e n c y . A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s l a w , t h e s t a t e g u a r a n t e e s p u r c h a s e o f t h e e n e r g y
p r o d u c e d b y p r i v a t e r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y p l a n t s f o r t e n y e a r s . T h e l a w w i l l b e e s t a b l i s h e d t i l l
2 0 1 6 . I n c a s e o f s o l a r e n e r g y , t h e p a y m e n t a p p r o x i m a t e s t o 2 2 e u r o c e n t s

( a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 8
d o l l a r c e n t b a s e d o n t h e e x c h a n g e r a t e i n J a n . 2 0 0 9 ) . T h i s p r i c e i s t h e h i g h e s t a m o n g o t h e r
r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s . T h e u n i t p r i c e w i l l n o t b e l o w e r t h a n t h e a v e r a g e d i r e c t s a l e s p r i c e
d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e E n e r g y M a r k e t R e g u l a t o r y A u t h o r i t y

. I f w e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e e l e c t r i c i t y
u n i t p r i c e i s a b o u t 2 0 c e n t ( e x c l u d i n g t a x ) a t t h e s a m e t i m e , a d i f f e r e n c e o f e i g h t c e n t w i l l
s h o r t e n t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f a c t i v e s y s t e m s b y 4 0 p e r c e n t . T h i s p r o p o s a l i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d
b y t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s .

U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h i s p r o p o s a l h a s n o w r i t t e n s o u r c e . P l e a s e c o n t a c t t h e E P D K f o r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n .


E P D K E n e r g y M a r k e t R e g u l a t o r y A u t h o r i t y : f o r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n p l e a s e v i s i t t h e w e b s i t e w w w . e p d k . o r g . t r



1 7 3
e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t w i l l b e c o m e t h e s e s y s t e m s . E v e n i f t h e p r i c e s d o n o t d e c r e a s e a n d w e
s o l e l y c o n s i d e r t h e i n c r e a s e o f f o s s i l e n e r g y p r i c e s , t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f a l l m e a s u r e s w i l l b e
s h o r t e n e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y . T h i s i s s h o w n b y t h e s e c o n d m e t h o d .
S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t t h e a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d s o f a l l m e a s u r e s a r e b e l o w t h e i r
a n t i c i p a t e d l i f e c y c l e t i m e . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t a n d
s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d a t t h e d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m . M e a s u r e s , w h i c h a r e o n l y e f f i c i e n t i n t h e
s u m m e r p e r i o d , l i k e s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s , s h o u l d b e r e m o v a b l e i n w i n t e r o r d e s i g n e d a l l o w i n g
f o r t h e w i n t e r s u n .
D u r i n g t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s w o r k , a n e w l a w o n r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y u s e i s s u g g e s t e d t o t h e
p a r l i a m e n t a r y p r e s i d e n c y . A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s l a w , t h e s t a t e g u a r a n t e e s p u r c h a s e o f t h e e n e r g y
p r o d u c e d b y p r i v a t e r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y p l a n t s f o r t e n y e a r s . T h e l a w w i l l b e e s t a b l i s h e d t i l l
2 0 1 6 . I n c a s e o f s o l a r e n e r g y , t h e p a y m e n t a p p r o x i m a t e s t o 2 2 e u r o c e n t s

( a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 8
d o l l a r c e n t b a s e d o n t h e e x c h a n g e r a t e i n J a n . 2 0 0 9 ) . T h i s p r i c e i s t h e h i g h e s t a m o n g o t h e r
r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s . T h e u n i t p r i c e w i l l n o t b e l o w e r t h a n t h e a v e r a g e d i r e c t s a l e s p r i c e
d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e E n e r g y M a r k e t R e g u l a t o r y A u t h o r i t y

. I f w e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e e l e c t r i c i t y
u n i t p r i c e i s a b o u t 2 0 c e n t ( e x c l u d i n g t a x ) a t t h e s a m e t i m e , a d i f f e r e n c e o f e i g h t c e n t w i l l
s h o r t e n t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f a c t i v e s y s t e m s b y 4 0 p e r c e n t . T h i s p r o p o s a l i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d
b y t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s .

U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h i s p r o p o s a l h a s n o w r i t t e n s o u r c e . P l e a s e c o n t a c t t h e E P D K f o r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n .


E P D K E n e r g y M a r k e t R e g u l a t o r y A u t h o r i t y : f o r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n p l e a s e v i s i t t h e w e b s i t e w w w . e p d k . o r g . t r



173
economically efficient will become these systems. Even if the prices do not decrease and we
solely consider the increase of fossil energy prices, the payback period of all measures will be
shortened significantly. This is shown by the second method.
Simulation results show that the average payback periods of all measures are below their
anticipated life cycle time. Therefore, they can be considered as economically efficient and
should be installed at the dwellings in Bodrum. Measures, which are only efficient in the
summer period, like shading elements, should be removable in winter or designed allowing
for the winter sun.
During the preparation of this work, a new law on renewable energy use is suggested to the
parliamentary presidency. According to this law, the state guarantees purchase of the energy
produced by private renewable energy plants for ten years. The law will be established till
2016. In case of solar energy, the payment approximates to 22 eurocents

(approximately 28
dollar cent based on the exchange rate in Jan. 2009). This price is the highest among other
renewable energy sources. The unit price will not be lower than the average direct sales price
determined by the Energy Market Regulatory Authority

. If we consider that the electricity


unit price is about 20 cent (excluding tax) at the same time, a difference of eight cent will
shorten the payback period of active systems by 40 per cent. This proposal is not considered
by the calculations.

Unfortunately, this proposal has no written source. Please contact the EPDK for further information.


EPDK Energy Market Regulatory Authority: for further information please visit the website www.epdk.org.tr



173
economically efficient will become these systems. Even if the prices do not decrease and we
solely consider the increase of fossil energy prices, the payback period of all measures will be
shortened significantly. This is shown by the second method.
Simulation results show that the average payback periods of all measures are below their
anticipated life cycle time. Therefore, they can be considered as economically efficient and
should be installed at the dwellings in Bodrum. Measures, which are only efficient in the
summer period, like shading elements, should be removable in winter or designed allowing
for the winter sun.
During the preparation of this work, a new law on renewable energy use is suggested to the
parliamentary presidency. According to this law, the state guarantees purchase of the energy
produced by private renewable energy plants for ten years. The law will be established till
2016. In case of solar energy, the payment approximates to 22 eurocents

(approximately 28
dollar cent based on the exchange rate in Jan. 2009). This price is the highest among other
renewable energy sources. The unit price will not be lower than the average direct sales price
determined by the Energy Market Regulatory Authority

. If we consider that the electricity


unit price is about 20 cent (excluding tax) at the same time, a difference of eight cent will
shorten the payback period of active systems by 40 per cent. This proposal is not considered
by the calculations.

Unfortunately, this proposal has no written source. Please contact the EPDK for further information.


EPDK Energy Market Regulatory Authority: for further information please visit the website www.epdk.org.tr



174
Conclusions
The purpose of this work has been to assess how and to what extent energy intensity in
new and existing housing settlements in Bodrum can be reduced. Numerous factors, which
influence the thermal behaviour of the buildings, were analyzed during this work. Social and
economic aspects were also included in the body of the research.
Architecture can make a major contribution to what is an issue of global relevance. The
construction and operation of buildings involve the use of a high amount of primary energy.
Therefore, the optimal consumption and deployment of these sources play a decisive role.
Sustainability and energy efficiency is necessary in every part of life. Life in developing
countries is dominated by two related aspects, namely high comfort standards and accordingly
high energy consumption. This contributes to a collapse of our ecosystem. In this regard, the
reduction of energy consumption while increasing comfort standards will be a major
challenge in the near future of Turkey. The most important milestone in this case is the
energy-optimised building, which was assessed in this work.
Various simulations were run about energetic optimisations. The results have been
summarized in this chapter to emphasize essential statements. The synopsis is divided into
two parts: building related and socio-economic considerations. In these subdivisions, the main
outputs of simulations run in chapter 5, 6, and 7 will be summarised in detail. The main thesis
is:
The cooling and heating energy demand of existing houses in Bodrum can be reduced by
up to 50 and 60 per cent in comparison to actual conditions. These have been achieved by up
to 70 and 80 per cent in architecturally optimised buildings for planned settlements in
comparison with actual conditions of existing houses.
More than 95 per cent of the cooling, heating, and domestic hot water energy requirement
of energy wise and architecturally optimised buildings can be obtained through solar energy
sources.
All passive and active measures evaluated in this work are economically efficient
according to the simulation results.


174
Conclusions
The purpose of this work has been to assess how and to what extent energy intensity in
new and existing housing settlements in Bodrum can be reduced. Numerous factors, which
influence the thermal behaviour of the buildings, were analyzed during this work. Social and
economic aspects were also included in the body of the research.
Architecture can make a major contribution to what is an issue of global relevance. The
construction and operation of buildings involve the use of a high amount of primary energy.
Therefore, the optimal consumption and deployment of these sources play a decisive role.
Sustainability and energy efficiency is necessary in every part of life. Life in developing
countries is dominated by two related aspects, namely high comfort standards and accordingly
high energy consumption. This contributes to a collapse of our ecosystem. In this regard, the
reduction of energy consumption while increasing comfort standards will be a major
challenge in the near future of Turkey. The most important milestone in this case is the
energy-optimised building, which was assessed in this work.
Various simulations were run about energetic optimisations. The results have been
summarized in this chapter to emphasize essential statements. The synopsis is divided into
two parts: building related and socio-economic considerations. In these subdivisions, the main
outputs of simulations run in chapter 5, 6, and 7 will be summarised in detail. The main thesis
is:
The cooling and heating energy demand of existing houses in Bodrum can be reduced by
up to 50 and 60 per cent in comparison to actual conditions. These have been achieved by up
to 70 and 80 per cent in architecturally optimised buildings for planned settlements in
comparison with actual conditions of existing houses.
More than 95 per cent of the cooling, heating, and domestic hot water energy requirement
of energy wise and architecturally optimised buildings can be obtained through solar energy
sources.
All passive and active measures evaluated in this work are economically efficient
according to the simulation results.


1 7 4
C o n c l u s i o n s
T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s w o r k h a s b e e n t o a s s e s s h o w a n d t o w h a t e x t e n t e n e r g y i n t e n s i t y i n
n e w a n d e x i s t i n g h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m c a n b e r e d u c e d . N u m e r o u s f a c t o r s , w h i c h
i n f l u e n c e t h e t h e r m a l b e h a v i o u r o f t h e b u i l d i n g s , w e r e a n a l y z e d d u r i n g t h i s w o r k . S o c i a l a n d
e c o n o m i c a s p e c t s w e r e a l s o i n c l u d e d i n t h e b o d y o f t h e r e s e a r c h .
A r c h i t e c t u r e c a n m a k e a m a j o r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o w h a t i s a n i s s u e o f g l o b a l r e l e v a n c e . T h e
c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d o p e r a t i o n o f b u i l d i n g s i n v o l v e t h e u s e o f a h i g h a m o u n t o f p r i m a r y e n e r g y .
T h e r e f o r e , t h e o p t i m a l c o n s u m p t i o n a n d d e p l o y m e n t o f t h e s e s o u r c e s p l a y a d e c i s i v e r o l e .
S u s t a i n a b i l i t y a n d e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y i s n e c e s s a r y i n e v e r y p a r t o f l i f e . L i f e i n d e v e l o p i n g
c o u n t r i e s i s d o m i n a t e d b y t w o r e l a t e d a s p e c t s , n a m e l y h i g h c o m f o r t s t a n d a r d s a n d a c c o r d i n g l y
h i g h e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n . T h i s c o n t r i b u t e s t o a c o l l a p s e o f o u r e c o s y s t e m . I n t h i s r e g a r d , t h e
r e d u c t i o n o f e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n w h i l e i n c r e a s i n g c o m f o r t s t a n d a r d s w i l l b e a m a j o r
c h a l l e n g e i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e o f T u r k e y . T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t m i l e s t o n e i n t h i s c a s e i s t h e
e n e r g y - o p t i m i s e d b u i l d i n g , w h i c h w a s a s s e s s e d i n t h i s w o r k .
V a r i o u s s i m u l a t i o n s w e r e r u n a b o u t e n e r g e t i c o p t i m i s a t i o n s . T h e r e s u l t s h a v e b e e n
s u m m a r i z e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r t o e m p h a s i z e e s s e n t i a l s t a t e m e n t s . T h e s y n o p s i s i s d i v i d e d i n t o
t w o p a r t s : b u i l d i n g r e l a t e d a n d s o c i o - e c o n o m i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . I n t h e s e s u b d i v i s i o n s , t h e m a i n
o u t p u t s o f s i m u l a t i o n s r u n i n c h a p t e r 5 , 6 , a n d 7 w i l l b e s u m m a r i s e d i n d e t a i l . T h e m a i n t h e s i s
i s :
T h e c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d o f e x i s t i n g h o u s e s i n B o d r u m c a n b e r e d u c e d b y
u p t o 5 0 a n d 6 0 p e r c e n t i n c o m p a r i s o n t o a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s . T h e s e h a v e b e e n a c h i e v e d b y u p
t o 7 0 a n d 8 0 p e r c e n t i n a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y o p t i m i s e d b u i l d i n g s f o r p l a n n e d s e t t l e m e n t s i n
c o m p a r i s o n w i t h a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s o f e x i s t i n g h o u s e s .
M o r e t h a n 9 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e c o o l i n g , h e a t i n g , a n d d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t
o f e n e r g y w i s e a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y o p t i m i s e d b u i l d i n g s c a n b e o b t a i n e d t h r o u g h s o l a r e n e r g y
s o u r c e s .
A l l p a s s i v e a n d a c t i v e m e a s u r e s e v a l u a t e d i n t h i s w o r k a r e e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t
a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s .


1 7 4
C o n c l u s i o n s
T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s w o r k h a s b e e n t o a s s e s s h o w a n d t o w h a t e x t e n t e n e r g y i n t e n s i t y i n
n e w a n d e x i s t i n g h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m c a n b e r e d u c e d . N u m e r o u s f a c t o r s , w h i c h
i n f l u e n c e t h e t h e r m a l b e h a v i o u r o f t h e b u i l d i n g s , w e r e a n a l y z e d d u r i n g t h i s w o r k . S o c i a l a n d
e c o n o m i c a s p e c t s w e r e a l s o i n c l u d e d i n t h e b o d y o f t h e r e s e a r c h .
A r c h i t e c t u r e c a n m a k e a m a j o r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o w h a t i s a n i s s u e o f g l o b a l r e l e v a n c e . T h e
c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d o p e r a t i o n o f b u i l d i n g s i n v o l v e t h e u s e o f a h i g h a m o u n t o f p r i m a r y e n e r g y .
T h e r e f o r e , t h e o p t i m a l c o n s u m p t i o n a n d d e p l o y m e n t o f t h e s e s o u r c e s p l a y a d e c i s i v e r o l e .
S u s t a i n a b i l i t y a n d e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y i s n e c e s s a r y i n e v e r y p a r t o f l i f e . L i f e i n d e v e l o p i n g
c o u n t r i e s i s d o m i n a t e d b y t w o r e l a t e d a s p e c t s , n a m e l y h i g h c o m f o r t s t a n d a r d s a n d a c c o r d i n g l y
h i g h e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n . T h i s c o n t r i b u t e s t o a c o l l a p s e o f o u r e c o s y s t e m . I n t h i s r e g a r d , t h e
r e d u c t i o n o f e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n w h i l e i n c r e a s i n g c o m f o r t s t a n d a r d s w i l l b e a m a j o r
c h a l l e n g e i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e o f T u r k e y . T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t m i l e s t o n e i n t h i s c a s e i s t h e
e n e r g y - o p t i m i s e d b u i l d i n g , w h i c h w a s a s s e s s e d i n t h i s w o r k .
V a r i o u s s i m u l a t i o n s w e r e r u n a b o u t e n e r g e t i c o p t i m i s a t i o n s . T h e r e s u l t s h a v e b e e n
s u m m a r i z e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r t o e m p h a s i z e e s s e n t i a l s t a t e m e n t s . T h e s y n o p s i s i s d i v i d e d i n t o
t w o p a r t s : b u i l d i n g r e l a t e d a n d s o c i o - e c o n o m i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . I n t h e s e s u b d i v i s i o n s , t h e m a i n
o u t p u t s o f s i m u l a t i o n s r u n i n c h a p t e r 5 , 6 , a n d 7 w i l l b e s u m m a r i s e d i n d e t a i l . T h e m a i n t h e s i s
i s :
T h e c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d o f e x i s t i n g h o u s e s i n B o d r u m c a n b e r e d u c e d b y
u p t o 5 0 a n d 6 0 p e r c e n t i n c o m p a r i s o n t o a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s . T h e s e h a v e b e e n a c h i e v e d b y u p
t o 7 0 a n d 8 0 p e r c e n t i n a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y o p t i m i s e d b u i l d i n g s f o r p l a n n e d s e t t l e m e n t s i n
c o m p a r i s o n w i t h a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s o f e x i s t i n g h o u s e s .
M o r e t h a n 9 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e c o o l i n g , h e a t i n g , a n d d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t
o f e n e r g y w i s e a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y o p t i m i s e d b u i l d i n g s c a n b e o b t a i n e d t h r o u g h s o l a r e n e r g y
s o u r c e s .
A l l p a s s i v e a n d a c t i v e m e a s u r e s e v a l u a t e d i n t h i s w o r k a r e e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t
a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s .


1 7 5
F i r s t , t h e e x i s t i n g h o u s e t y p e s a n d p r o t o t y p e s d e v e l o p e d d u r i n g t h i s w o r k , w h i c h p r e s e n t
t h e g e n e r a l s e t t l e m e n t t y p o l o g y i n B o d r u m , h a v e b e e n a n a l y z e d . T h e y a r e c h o s e n o r d e s i g n e d
a c c u r a t e l y t o i n c r e a s e t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e e v a l u a t i o n s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e
s i m u l a t i o n s o f t w a r e u s e d i n t h i s w o r k h a s b e e n w i d e l y t e s t e d i n o t h e r s t u d i e s . T h e r e f o r e , i t
c a n b e a s s u m e d t h a t t h e y a r e r e l i a b l e . F i n a l l y , m e t h o d s o f e c o n o m i c a n a l y s i s a r e b a s e d o n
p r e v i o u s a c a d e m i c r e s e a r c h . H e n c e , t h e e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y r e s u l t s c a n b e a c c e p t e d a s
r e a l i s t i c a n d a s a c h i e v a b l e .
E a c h o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l b u i l d i n g s m a y l e a d t o a n o t h e r o u t p u t b y e n e r g e t i c a n d e c o n o m i c
a n a l y s e s . B u t t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e a n a l y s e d f a c t o r s a r e c o m p a r a b l e . I n l i g h t o f t h i s r e a s o n , t h e
g e n e r a l t h e s i s a n d f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a s w e l l a s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s c a n b e a c c e p t e d f o r
e x i s t i n g a n d p l a n n e d h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m .
B u i l d i n g r e l a t e d c o n s i d e r a t i o n s
B u i l d i n g r e l a t e d c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n c l u d e p a s s i v e a n d a c t i v e m e a s u r e s a s w e l l a s t h e i r
r e s p e c t i v e r e s u l t s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n s :
T h e e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t o f a h o u s e i n B o d r u m i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n
m e t h o d s t h a t h a v e b e e n e m p l o y e d . E n e r g y o p t i m i s a t i o n s a r e s t r o n g l y n e e d e d . F u r t h e r m o r e ,
c o n t r a r y t o t h e c o m m o n b e l i e f o f t h e i n h a b i t a n t s , t h e h e a t i n g d e m a n d o f t h e h o u s e s i s h i g h e r
t h a n t h e i r c o o l i n g d e m a n d .
T h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t o f e x i s t i n g h o u s e s c a n b e r e d u c e d b y 5 0 p e r c e n t t h r o u g h
r e f u r b i s h m e n t . T h e s a v i n g s d u e t o a v o i d e d h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d c a n b e o v e r 6 0 p e r c e n t .
C o m p a r e d w i t h e x i s t i n g h o u s e s , t h e s a v i n g s o f t h e p r o t o t y p e s f o r p l a n n e d s e t t l e m e n t s r e a c h
u p t o 9 0 p e r c e n t b y h e a t i n g a n d 8 0 p e r c e n t b y c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d . H e n c e , e n e r g y
r e q u i r e m e n t v a l u e s a b o v e P a s s i v h a u s s t a n d a r d s a r e a c h i e v a b l e t h r o u g h p l a n n e d s e t t l e m e n t s .
T h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e m e a s u r e s a l w a y s s h o w e d a b e t t e r p e r f o r m a n c e w h e n c o m p a r e d
w i t h s e p a r a t e i n s t a l l a t i o n s .
T h e r o o f a n d w i n d o w s s h o u l d b e p r o t e c t e d f r o m i n t e n s e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n d u r i n g t h e
s u m m e r p e r i o d . R o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h w i n d o w s h a d i n g c a n r e d u c e t h e
c o o l i n g l o a d b y u p t o 5 0 p e r c e n t . H o w e v e r , t h e y s h o u l d b e r e m o v a b l e o r s p e c i f i c a l l y
d e s i g n e d t o a l l o w t h e w i n t e r s u n t o p e n e t r a t e t h e b u i l d i n g .
T h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e h a s t h e l a r g e s t i m p a c t o n t h e e n e r g y
r e q u i r e m e n t . I n b o t h e x i s t i n g a n d p l a n n e d h o u s e s , t h e y c a n r e d u c e t h e c o o l i n g l o a d b y a b o u t


1 7 5
F i r s t , t h e e x i s t i n g h o u s e t y p e s a n d p r o t o t y p e s d e v e l o p e d d u r i n g t h i s w o r k , w h i c h p r e s e n t
t h e g e n e r a l s e t t l e m e n t t y p o l o g y i n B o d r u m , h a v e b e e n a n a l y z e d . T h e y a r e c h o s e n o r d e s i g n e d
a c c u r a t e l y t o i n c r e a s e t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e e v a l u a t i o n s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e
s i m u l a t i o n s o f t w a r e u s e d i n t h i s w o r k h a s b e e n w i d e l y t e s t e d i n o t h e r s t u d i e s . T h e r e f o r e , i t
c a n b e a s s u m e d t h a t t h e y a r e r e l i a b l e . F i n a l l y , m e t h o d s o f e c o n o m i c a n a l y s i s a r e b a s e d o n
p r e v i o u s a c a d e m i c r e s e a r c h . H e n c e , t h e e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y r e s u l t s c a n b e a c c e p t e d a s
r e a l i s t i c a n d a s a c h i e v a b l e .
E a c h o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l b u i l d i n g s m a y l e a d t o a n o t h e r o u t p u t b y e n e r g e t i c a n d e c o n o m i c
a n a l y s e s . B u t t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e a n a l y s e d f a c t o r s a r e c o m p a r a b l e . I n l i g h t o f t h i s r e a s o n , t h e
g e n e r a l t h e s i s a n d f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a s w e l l a s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s c a n b e a c c e p t e d f o r
e x i s t i n g a n d p l a n n e d h o u s i n g s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m .
B u i l d i n g r e l a t e d c o n s i d e r a t i o n s
B u i l d i n g r e l a t e d c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n c l u d e p a s s i v e a n d a c t i v e m e a s u r e s a s w e l l a s t h e i r
r e s p e c t i v e r e s u l t s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i m u l a t i o n s :
T h e e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t o f a h o u s e i n B o d r u m i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n
m e t h o d s t h a t h a v e b e e n e m p l o y e d . E n e r g y o p t i m i s a t i o n s a r e s t r o n g l y n e e d e d . F u r t h e r m o r e ,
c o n t r a r y t o t h e c o m m o n b e l i e f o f t h e i n h a b i t a n t s , t h e h e a t i n g d e m a n d o f t h e h o u s e s i s h i g h e r
t h a n t h e i r c o o l i n g d e m a n d .
T h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t o f e x i s t i n g h o u s e s c a n b e r e d u c e d b y 5 0 p e r c e n t t h r o u g h
r e f u r b i s h m e n t . T h e s a v i n g s d u e t o a v o i d e d h e a t i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d c a n b e o v e r 6 0 p e r c e n t .
C o m p a r e d w i t h e x i s t i n g h o u s e s , t h e s a v i n g s o f t h e p r o t o t y p e s f o r p l a n n e d s e t t l e m e n t s r e a c h
u p t o 9 0 p e r c e n t b y h e a t i n g a n d 8 0 p e r c e n t b y c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d . H e n c e , e n e r g y
r e q u i r e m e n t v a l u e s a b o v e P a s s i v h a u s s t a n d a r d s a r e a c h i e v a b l e t h r o u g h p l a n n e d s e t t l e m e n t s .
T h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e m e a s u r e s a l w a y s s h o w e d a b e t t e r p e r f o r m a n c e w h e n c o m p a r e d
w i t h s e p a r a t e i n s t a l l a t i o n s .
T h e r o o f a n d w i n d o w s s h o u l d b e p r o t e c t e d f r o m i n t e n s e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n d u r i n g t h e
s u m m e r p e r i o d . R o o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h w i n d o w s h a d i n g c a n r e d u c e t h e
c o o l i n g l o a d b y u p t o 5 0 p e r c e n t . H o w e v e r , t h e y s h o u l d b e r e m o v a b l e o r s p e c i f i c a l l y
d e s i g n e d t o a l l o w t h e w i n t e r s u n t o p e n e t r a t e t h e b u i l d i n g .
T h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e h a s t h e l a r g e s t i m p a c t o n t h e e n e r g y
r e q u i r e m e n t . I n b o t h e x i s t i n g a n d p l a n n e d h o u s e s , t h e y c a n r e d u c e t h e c o o l i n g l o a d b y a b o u t


175
First, the existing house types and prototypes developed during this work, which present
the general settlement typology in Bodrum, have been analyzed. They are chosen or designed
accurately to increase the validity of the evaluations. Furthermore, the validity of the
simulation software used in this work has been widely tested in other studies. Therefore, it
can be assumed that they are reliable. Finally, methods of economic analysis are based on
previous academic research. Hence, the economic efficiency results can be accepted as
realistic and as achievable.
Each of the individual buildings may lead to another output by energetic and economic
analyses. But the effects of the analysed factors are comparable. In light of this reason, the
general thesis and further considerations as well as recommendations can be accepted for
existing and planned housing settlements in Bodrum.
Building related considerations
Building related considerations include passive and active measures as well as their
respective results. According to the simulations:
The energy requirement of a house in Bodrum is significantly related to the construction
methods that have been employed. Energy optimisations are strongly needed. Furthermore,
contrary to the common belief of the inhabitants, the heating demand of the houses is higher
than their cooling demand.
The cooling energy requirement of existing houses can be reduced by 50 per cent through
refurbishment. The savings due to avoided heating energy demand can be over 60 per cent.
Compared with existing houses, the savings of the prototypes for planned settlements reach
up to 90 per cent by heating and 80 per cent by cooling energy demand. Hence, energy
requirement values above Passivhaus standards are achievable through planned settlements.
The combination of the measures always showed a better performance when compared
with separate installations.
The roof and windows should be protected from intense solar radiation during the
summer period. Roof shading elements in combination with window shading can reduce the
cooling load by up to 50 per cent. However, they should be removable or specifically
designed to allow the winter sun to penetrate the building.
Thermal insulation of the building envelope has the largest impact on the energy
requirement. In both existing and planned houses, they can reduce the cooling load by about


175
First, the existing house types and prototypes developed during this work, which present
the general settlement typology in Bodrum, have been analyzed. They are chosen or designed
accurately to increase the validity of the evaluations. Furthermore, the validity of the
simulation software used in this work has been widely tested in other studies. Therefore, it
can be assumed that they are reliable. Finally, methods of economic analysis are based on
previous academic research. Hence, the economic efficiency results can be accepted as
realistic and as achievable.
Each of the individual buildings may lead to another output by energetic and economic
analyses. But the effects of the analysed factors are comparable. In light of this reason, the
general thesis and further considerations as well as recommendations can be accepted for
existing and planned housing settlements in Bodrum.
Building related considerations
Building related considerations include passive and active measures as well as their
respective results. According to the simulations:
The energy requirement of a house in Bodrum is significantly related to the construction
methods that have been employed. Energy optimisations are strongly needed. Furthermore,
contrary to the common belief of the inhabitants, the heating demand of the houses is higher
than their cooling demand.
The cooling energy requirement of existing houses can be reduced by 50 per cent through
refurbishment. The savings due to avoided heating energy demand can be over 60 per cent.
Compared with existing houses, the savings of the prototypes for planned settlements reach
up to 90 per cent by heating and 80 per cent by cooling energy demand. Hence, energy
requirement values above Passivhaus standards are achievable through planned settlements.
The combination of the measures always showed a better performance when compared
with separate installations.
The roof and windows should be protected from intense solar radiation during the
summer period. Roof shading elements in combination with window shading can reduce the
cooling load by up to 50 per cent. However, they should be removable or specifically
designed to allow the winter sun to penetrate the building.
Thermal insulation of the building envelope has the largest impact on the energy
requirement. In both existing and planned houses, they can reduce the cooling load by about


176
30 per cent and the heating load by 40 per cent. Furthermore, the affect of the thermal glazing
installed in the uninsulated version of existing buildings is not significant. In combination
with thermal insulation, on the other hand, they reduce the cooling and heating energy
demand by up to 50 per cent. Similar savings can be achieved by planned buildings.
Air tightness influences thermal behaviour significantly and affects the performance of
passive measures positively. This is especially the case in houses with better air tightness and
an additional basement floor. Such houses have a significantly reduced overall energy
demand.
Uncontrolled ventilation can increase both the cooling and heating load immensely and
should be avoided in settlements in Bodrum.
Orientation plays an important role. Southern orientation has the best energy
performance, where eastern and western orientations perform worse.
The form of a building influences its thermal behaviour significantly. Elongated shape in
E-W directions with ratio performs best energy wise.
Deciduous vegetations in terms of shading elements can reduce the cooling load
significantly.
In existing and planned houses, comfort standards are not impacted negatively when
passive measures are employed. Regarding this issue, Bodrum has a great potential in terms
of the usage of solar energy as a renewable energy resource for heating, cooling and DHW
requirements.
More then 90 per cent of the necessary energy for heating in planned houses can be
supplied by solar thermal systems in an economical way. These systems can also be used as
assisting systems for heating and cooling of optimised versions of existing building.
Considering economic efficiency, more then 95 per cent of the cooling energy
requirement in planned houses can be supplied by photovoltaic systems.
Solar thermal systems for domestic hot water by all variants can supply more than 95 per
cent of required energy
Socio-economic considerations
Socio-economic considerations are subdivided into two main groups: social effects and
reflections on the energy issue as well as the economic efficiency of the energy saving
measures. Results related to these issues obtained from the analyses and simulations are
summarized below:


176
30 per cent and the heating load by 40 per cent. Furthermore, the affect of the thermal glazing
installed in the uninsulated version of existing buildings is not significant. In combination
with thermal insulation, on the other hand, they reduce the cooling and heating energy
demand by up to 50 per cent. Similar savings can be achieved by planned buildings.
Air tightness influences thermal behaviour significantly and affects the performance of
passive measures positively. This is especially the case in houses with better air tightness and
an additional basement floor. Such houses have a significantly reduced overall energy
demand.
Uncontrolled ventilation can increase both the cooling and heating load immensely and
should be avoided in settlements in Bodrum.
Orientation plays an important role. Southern orientation has the best energy
performance, where eastern and western orientations perform worse.
The form of a building influences its thermal behaviour significantly. Elongated shape in
E-W directions with ratio performs best energy wise.
Deciduous vegetations in terms of shading elements can reduce the cooling load
significantly.
In existing and planned houses, comfort standards are not impacted negatively when
passive measures are employed. Regarding this issue, Bodrum has a great potential in terms
of the usage of solar energy as a renewable energy resource for heating, cooling and DHW
requirements.
More then 90 per cent of the necessary energy for heating in planned houses can be
supplied by solar thermal systems in an economical way. These systems can also be used as
assisting systems for heating and cooling of optimised versions of existing building.
Considering economic efficiency, more then 95 per cent of the cooling energy
requirement in planned houses can be supplied by photovoltaic systems.
Solar thermal systems for domestic hot water by all variants can supply more than 95 per
cent of required energy
Socio-economic considerations
Socio-economic considerations are subdivided into two main groups: social effects and
reflections on the energy issue as well as the economic efficiency of the energy saving
measures. Results related to these issues obtained from the analyses and simulations are
summarized below:


1 7 6
3 0 p e r c e n t a n d t h e h e a t i n g l o a d b y 4 0 p e r c e n t . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e a f f e c t o f t h e t h e r m a l g l a z i n g
i n s t a l l e d i n t h e u n i n s u l a t e d v e r s i o n o f e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g s i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . I n c o m b i n a t i o n
w i t h t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e y r e d u c e t h e c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g e n e r g y
d e m a n d b y u p t o 5 0 p e r c e n t . S i m i l a r s a v i n g s c a n b e a c h i e v e d b y p l a n n e d b u i l d i n g s .
A i r t i g h t n e s s i n f l u e n c e s t h e r m a l b e h a v i o u r s i g n i f i c a n t l y a n d a f f e c t s t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f
p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s p o s i t i v e l y . T h i s i s e s p e c i a l l y t h e c a s e i n h o u s e s w i t h b e t t e r a i r t i g h t n e s s a n d
a n a d d i t i o n a l b a s e m e n t f l o o r . S u c h h o u s e s h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e d o v e r a l l e n e r g y
d e m a n d .
U n c o n t r o l l e d v e n t i l a t i o n c a n i n c r e a s e b o t h t h e c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g l o a d i m m e n s e l y a n d
s h o u l d b e a v o i d e d i n s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m .
O r i e n t a t i o n p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e . S o u t h e r n o r i e n t a t i o n h a s t h e b e s t e n e r g y
p e r f o r m a n c e , w h e r e e a s t e r n a n d w e s t e r n o r i e n t a t i o n s p e r f o r m w o r s e .
T h e f o r m o f a b u i l d i n g i n f l u e n c e s i t s t h e r m a l b e h a v i o u r s i g n i f i c a n t l y . E l o n g a t e d s h a p e i n
E - W d i r e c t i o n s w i t h r a t i o p e r f o r m s b e s t e n e r g y w i s e .
D e c i d u o u s v e g e t a t i o n s i n t e r m s o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s c a n r e d u c e t h e c o o l i n g l o a d
s i g n i f i c a n t l y .
I n e x i s t i n g a n d p l a n n e d h o u s e s , c o m f o r t s t a n d a r d s a r e n o t i m p a c t e d n e g a t i v e l y w h e n
p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s a r e e m p l o y e d . R e g a r d i n g t h i s i s s u e , B o d r u m h a s a g r e a t p o t e n t i a l i n t e r m s
o f t h e u s a g e o f s o l a r e n e r g y a s a r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e f o r h e a t i n g , c o o l i n g a n d D H W
r e q u i r e m e n t s .
M o r e t h e n 9 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e n e c e s s a r y e n e r g y f o r h e a t i n g i n p l a n n e d h o u s e s c a n b e
s u p p l i e d b y s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m s i n a n e c o n o m i c a l w a y . T h e s e s y s t e m s c a n a l s o b e u s e d a s
a s s i s t i n g s y s t e m s f o r h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g o f o p t i m i s e d v e r s i o n s o f e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g .
C o n s i d e r i n g e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y , m o r e t h e n 9 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y
r e q u i r e m e n t i n p l a n n e d h o u s e s c a n b e s u p p l i e d b y p h o t o v o l t a i c s y s t e m s .
S o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m s f o r d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r b y a l l v a r i a n t s c a n s u p p l y m o r e t h a n 9 5 p e r
c e n t o f r e q u i r e d e n e r g y
S o c i o - e c o n o m i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s
S o c i o - e c o n o m i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a r e s u b d i v i d e d i n t o t w o m a i n g r o u p s : s o c i a l e f f e c t s a n d
r e f l e c t i o n s o n t h e e n e r g y i s s u e a s w e l l a s t h e e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e e n e r g y s a v i n g
m e a s u r e s . R e s u l t s r e l a t e d t o t h e s e i s s u e s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e a n a l y s e s a n d s i m u l a t i o n s a r e
s u m m a r i z e d b e l o w :


1 7 6
3 0 p e r c e n t a n d t h e h e a t i n g l o a d b y 4 0 p e r c e n t . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e a f f e c t o f t h e t h e r m a l g l a z i n g
i n s t a l l e d i n t h e u n i n s u l a t e d v e r s i o n o f e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g s i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . I n c o m b i n a t i o n
w i t h t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e y r e d u c e t h e c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g e n e r g y
d e m a n d b y u p t o 5 0 p e r c e n t . S i m i l a r s a v i n g s c a n b e a c h i e v e d b y p l a n n e d b u i l d i n g s .
A i r t i g h t n e s s i n f l u e n c e s t h e r m a l b e h a v i o u r s i g n i f i c a n t l y a n d a f f e c t s t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f
p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s p o s i t i v e l y . T h i s i s e s p e c i a l l y t h e c a s e i n h o u s e s w i t h b e t t e r a i r t i g h t n e s s a n d
a n a d d i t i o n a l b a s e m e n t f l o o r . S u c h h o u s e s h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e d o v e r a l l e n e r g y
d e m a n d .
U n c o n t r o l l e d v e n t i l a t i o n c a n i n c r e a s e b o t h t h e c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g l o a d i m m e n s e l y a n d
s h o u l d b e a v o i d e d i n s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m .
O r i e n t a t i o n p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e . S o u t h e r n o r i e n t a t i o n h a s t h e b e s t e n e r g y
p e r f o r m a n c e , w h e r e e a s t e r n a n d w e s t e r n o r i e n t a t i o n s p e r f o r m w o r s e .
T h e f o r m o f a b u i l d i n g i n f l u e n c e s i t s t h e r m a l b e h a v i o u r s i g n i f i c a n t l y . E l o n g a t e d s h a p e i n
E - W d i r e c t i o n s w i t h r a t i o p e r f o r m s b e s t e n e r g y w i s e .
D e c i d u o u s v e g e t a t i o n s i n t e r m s o f s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s c a n r e d u c e t h e c o o l i n g l o a d
s i g n i f i c a n t l y .
I n e x i s t i n g a n d p l a n n e d h o u s e s , c o m f o r t s t a n d a r d s a r e n o t i m p a c t e d n e g a t i v e l y w h e n
p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s a r e e m p l o y e d . R e g a r d i n g t h i s i s s u e , B o d r u m h a s a g r e a t p o t e n t i a l i n t e r m s
o f t h e u s a g e o f s o l a r e n e r g y a s a r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e f o r h e a t i n g , c o o l i n g a n d D H W
r e q u i r e m e n t s .
M o r e t h e n 9 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e n e c e s s a r y e n e r g y f o r h e a t i n g i n p l a n n e d h o u s e s c a n b e
s u p p l i e d b y s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m s i n a n e c o n o m i c a l w a y . T h e s e s y s t e m s c a n a l s o b e u s e d a s
a s s i s t i n g s y s t e m s f o r h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g o f o p t i m i s e d v e r s i o n s o f e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g .
C o n s i d e r i n g e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y , m o r e t h e n 9 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y
r e q u i r e m e n t i n p l a n n e d h o u s e s c a n b e s u p p l i e d b y p h o t o v o l t a i c s y s t e m s .
S o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m s f o r d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r b y a l l v a r i a n t s c a n s u p p l y m o r e t h a n 9 5 p e r
c e n t o f r e q u i r e d e n e r g y
S o c i o - e c o n o m i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s
S o c i o - e c o n o m i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a r e s u b d i v i d e d i n t o t w o m a i n g r o u p s : s o c i a l e f f e c t s a n d
r e f l e c t i o n s o n t h e e n e r g y i s s u e a s w e l l a s t h e e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e e n e r g y s a v i n g
m e a s u r e s . R e s u l t s r e l a t e d t o t h e s e i s s u e s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e a n a l y s e s a n d s i m u l a t i o n s a r e
s u m m a r i z e d b e l o w :


1 7 7
T h e r e a r e n o o r i n s u f f i c i e n t p r o p r i e t a r y r e s t r i c t i o n s i n r e g a r d t o e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s ,
w h i c h d e f i n e w h o i s t o t a k e c h a r g e f o r p r e c a u t i o n s . S u c h r e s t r i c t i o n s a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e
a c c e p t a n c e o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y .
T h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e p u b l i c i s a w a r e o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s b u t t h e y o b j e c t t o b e a r i n g
t h e f i n a n c i a l b u r d e n n e e d e d t o m i t i g a t e t h e m .
T h e r e i s a l a c k o f e n e r g y a g e n c i e s . F u r t h e r m o r e , p o l i t i c a l a n d t e c h n i c a l a c t o r s a r e n o t
a c t i v e e n o u g h i n t h e p r o m o t i o n o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y .
T h e a b s e n c e o f p i l o t p r o j e c t s f o r e n c o u r a g i n g p e o p l e t o c h o o s e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n t w a y s i n
t h e i r l i v e s , c o n s t r a i n s f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h i s a r e a .
E c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y a n a l y s e s p r o v e d t h e e c o n o m i c f e a s i b i l i t y o f e n e r g y o p t i m i z e d
h o u s i n g
S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s b a s e d o n d i f f e r e n t c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d s s h o w e d t h a t a l l a c t i v e a n d
p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s a r e e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t a n d a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d s a r e b e l o w t h e l i f e -
t i m e o f t h e a p p l i e d m e a s u r e s .
T h e m o s t e f f i c i e n t m e a s u r e i s w i n d o w s h a d i n g i n e x i s t i n g a n d p l a n n e d h o u s e s . T h i s i s
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g i n t h e B e s t - C a s e h o u s e .
E n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e r m a l g l a z i n g i s t h e t o p r a n g e o f e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y
f o r a l l h o u s i n g t y p e s .
C o n s i d e r i n g a l l t h e m e a s u r e s u s e d i n a l l a n a l y s e d h o u s e s , i t c a n b e s a i d t h a t a l l t y p e s o f
t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n b e l o n g t o t h e m o s t e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t g r o u p .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e d y n a m i c e n e r g y p r i c e s , t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f a l l p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s c a n
b e b e l o w 6 y e a r s f o r p l a n n e d s e t t l e m e n t s a n d 5 y e a r s i n e x i s t i n g h o u s e s .
S o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m s f o r D H W h a v e t h e s m a l l e s t p a y b a c k v a l u e a m o n g a c t i v e m e a s u r e s .
A c t i v e s y s t e m s f o r h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d a r e e c o n o m i c a l l y i n e f f i c i e n t a t
r e c e n t e n e r g y p r i c e l e v e l s . N e v e r t h e l e s s t h e y p a y b a c k i n l e s s t h e n 1 2 y e a r s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
d y n a m i c c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d s .
R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
T h e w e l l - b e i n g o f f u t u r e g e n e r a t i o n s a n d t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f o u r e c o l o g i c a l h e r i t a g e
d e p e n d o n t h e p r u d e n t u s e o f e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s . T h i s c a n p a r t l y b e a t t a i n e d b y d e c r e a s i n g t h e
e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n o f t h e h o u s i n g s e c t o r . R e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e r a t i o o f e n e r g y i n e f f i c i e n t
b u i l d i n g s s h o u l d b e r e d u c e d a s s o o n a s p o s s i b l e . T h i s w o r k s h o w e d t h a t e n e r g y u s e c o u l d b e
d r a m a t i c a l l y r e d u c e d t h r o u g h m o r e e f f i c i e n t b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s a n d m a t e r i a l s . F u r t h e r m o r e ,


1 7 7
T h e r e a r e n o o r i n s u f f i c i e n t p r o p r i e t a r y r e s t r i c t i o n s i n r e g a r d t o e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s ,
w h i c h d e f i n e w h o i s t o t a k e c h a r g e f o r p r e c a u t i o n s . S u c h r e s t r i c t i o n s a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e
a c c e p t a n c e o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y .
T h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e p u b l i c i s a w a r e o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s b u t t h e y o b j e c t t o b e a r i n g
t h e f i n a n c i a l b u r d e n n e e d e d t o m i t i g a t e t h e m .
T h e r e i s a l a c k o f e n e r g y a g e n c i e s . F u r t h e r m o r e , p o l i t i c a l a n d t e c h n i c a l a c t o r s a r e n o t
a c t i v e e n o u g h i n t h e p r o m o t i o n o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y .
T h e a b s e n c e o f p i l o t p r o j e c t s f o r e n c o u r a g i n g p e o p l e t o c h o o s e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n t w a y s i n
t h e i r l i v e s , c o n s t r a i n s f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h i s a r e a .
E c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y a n a l y s e s p r o v e d t h e e c o n o m i c f e a s i b i l i t y o f e n e r g y o p t i m i z e d
h o u s i n g
S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s b a s e d o n d i f f e r e n t c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d s s h o w e d t h a t a l l a c t i v e a n d
p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s a r e e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t a n d a v e r a g e p a y b a c k p e r i o d s a r e b e l o w t h e l i f e -
t i m e o f t h e a p p l i e d m e a s u r e s .
T h e m o s t e f f i c i e n t m e a s u r e i s w i n d o w s h a d i n g i n e x i s t i n g a n d p l a n n e d h o u s e s . T h i s i s
t h e r m a l g l a z i n g i n t h e B e s t - C a s e h o u s e .
E n v e l o p e i n s u l a t i o n t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e r m a l g l a z i n g i s t h e t o p r a n g e o f e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y
f o r a l l h o u s i n g t y p e s .
C o n s i d e r i n g a l l t h e m e a s u r e s u s e d i n a l l a n a l y s e d h o u s e s , i t c a n b e s a i d t h a t a l l t y p e s o f
t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n b e l o n g t o t h e m o s t e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t g r o u p .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e d y n a m i c e n e r g y p r i c e s , t h e p a y b a c k p e r i o d o f a l l p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s c a n
b e b e l o w 6 y e a r s f o r p l a n n e d s e t t l e m e n t s a n d 5 y e a r s i n e x i s t i n g h o u s e s .
S o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m s f o r D H W h a v e t h e s m a l l e s t p a y b a c k v a l u e a m o n g a c t i v e m e a s u r e s .
A c t i v e s y s t e m s f o r h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d a r e e c o n o m i c a l l y i n e f f i c i e n t a t
r e c e n t e n e r g y p r i c e l e v e l s . N e v e r t h e l e s s t h e y p a y b a c k i n l e s s t h e n 1 2 y e a r s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
d y n a m i c c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d s .
R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
T h e w e l l - b e i n g o f f u t u r e g e n e r a t i o n s a n d t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f o u r e c o l o g i c a l h e r i t a g e
d e p e n d o n t h e p r u d e n t u s e o f e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s . T h i s c a n p a r t l y b e a t t a i n e d b y d e c r e a s i n g t h e
e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n o f t h e h o u s i n g s e c t o r . R e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e r a t i o o f e n e r g y i n e f f i c i e n t
b u i l d i n g s s h o u l d b e r e d u c e d a s s o o n a s p o s s i b l e . T h i s w o r k s h o w e d t h a t e n e r g y u s e c o u l d b e
d r a m a t i c a l l y r e d u c e d t h r o u g h m o r e e f f i c i e n t b u i l d i n g c o m p o n e n t s a n d m a t e r i a l s . F u r t h e r m o r e ,


177
There are no or insufficient proprietary restrictions in regard to environmental problems,
which define who is to take charge for precautions. Such restrictions are necessary for the
acceptance of energy efficiency.
The majority of the public is aware of environmental problems but they object to bearing
the financial burden needed to mitigate them.
There is a lack of energy agencies. Furthermore, political and technical actors are not
active enough in the promotion of energy efficiency.
The absence of pilot projects for encouraging people to choose energy efficient ways in
their lives, constrains further development in this area.
Economic efficiency analyses proved the economic feasibility of energy optimized
housing
Simulation results based on different calculation methods showed that all active and
passive measures are economically efficient and average payback periods are below the life-
time of the applied measures.
The most efficient measure is window shading in existing and planned houses. This is
thermal glazing in the Best-Case house.
Envelope insulation together with thermal glazing is the top range of economic efficiency
for all housing types.
Considering all the measures used in all analysed houses, it can be said that all types of
thermal insulation belong to the most economically efficient group.
According to the dynamic energy prices, the payback period of all passive measures can
be below 6 years for planned settlements and 5 years in existing houses.
Solar thermal systems for DHW have the smallest payback value among active measures.
Active systems for heating and cooling energy demand are economically inefficient at
recent energy price levels. Nevertheless they pay back in less then 12 years according to the
dynamic calculation methods.
Recommendations
The well-being of future generations and the preservation of our ecological heritage
depend on the prudent use of energy resources. This can partly be attained by decreasing the
energy consumption of the housing sector. Respectively, the ratio of energy inefficient
buildings should be reduced as soon as possible. This work showed that energy use could be
dramatically reduced through more efficient building components and materials. Furthermore,


177
There are no or insufficient proprietary restrictions in regard to environmental problems,
which define who is to take charge for precautions. Such restrictions are necessary for the
acceptance of energy efficiency.
The majority of the public is aware of environmental problems but they object to bearing
the financial burden needed to mitigate them.
There is a lack of energy agencies. Furthermore, political and technical actors are not
active enough in the promotion of energy efficiency.
The absence of pilot projects for encouraging people to choose energy efficient ways in
their lives, constrains further development in this area.
Economic efficiency analyses proved the economic feasibility of energy optimized
housing
Simulation results based on different calculation methods showed that all active and
passive measures are economically efficient and average payback periods are below the life-
time of the applied measures.
The most efficient measure is window shading in existing and planned houses. This is
thermal glazing in the Best-Case house.
Envelope insulation together with thermal glazing is the top range of economic efficiency
for all housing types.
Considering all the measures used in all analysed houses, it can be said that all types of
thermal insulation belong to the most economically efficient group.
According to the dynamic energy prices, the payback period of all passive measures can
be below 6 years for planned settlements and 5 years in existing houses.
Solar thermal systems for DHW have the smallest payback value among active measures.
Active systems for heating and cooling energy demand are economically inefficient at
recent energy price levels. Nevertheless they pay back in less then 12 years according to the
dynamic calculation methods.
Recommendations
The well-being of future generations and the preservation of our ecological heritage
depend on the prudent use of energy resources. This can partly be attained by decreasing the
energy consumption of the housing sector. Respectively, the ratio of energy inefficient
buildings should be reduced as soon as possible. This work showed that energy use could be
dramatically reduced through more efficient building components and materials. Furthermore,

178
much of the remaining fossil energy used by households can be replaced by various forms of
solar energy, generated on site. According to this statement about passive and active
measures:
To prevent undesired results, passive architectural measures should be implemented in an
appropriate way. Therefore, the existing building standard must be revised immediately
considering both winter and summer conditions with reference to a smaller geographical
scale. Above all, the standards should be implemented restrictively.
Complete insulation, including external walls, roof, and subfloor, has a better efficiency
compared with separate implementations. Thermal glazing should be considered as an
additional measure to thermal insulation.
Increasing construction quality, which means better air tightness, is not a cost additive
measure. However, its influence on the thermal behaviour of passive measures is significant.
Therefore, its implementations should be standardised.
Shading elements should be emphasized by the settlements. Roof-shading elements
besides window shading provide a significant reduction of the cooling energy demand. Hence,
adjustable or removable shading elements, which would not affect the heating energy
requirement, should be a part of Bodrums vernacular architecture.
Solar thermal energy for DHW is strongly recommended. Nevertheless, the storage tanks
should be placed inside the house due to aesthetic issues.
Solar systems for heating and cooling are recommended. They could cover nearly the
entire energy demand of a house in Bodrum. Solar thermal and photovoltaic systems should
be used in combination. To charge a particular system for all energy needs is possible but
completely inefficient.
If the main point is the prudent use of available energy resources, energy efficiency and
sustainability will be the most important requirements. Although they are unfortunately
associated with the technical characteristics of a building, they are actually related to
architectural quality in accordance with social acceptance. This can determine the future of
energy saving concepts. If a building with optimised energy values cannot become accepted
by the public, the ability to implement energy saving measures will be questionable.
According to this statement and social analysis in this work:

178
much of the remaining fossil energy used by households can be replaced by various forms of
solar energy, generated on site. According to this statement about passive and active
measures:
To prevent undesired results, passive architectural measures should be implemented in an
appropriate way. Therefore, the existing building standard must be revised immediately
considering both winter and summer conditions with reference to a smaller geographical
scale. Above all, the standards should be implemented restrictively.
Complete insulation, including external walls, roof, and subfloor, has a better efficiency
compared with separate implementations. Thermal glazing should be considered as an
additional measure to thermal insulation.
Increasing construction quality, which means better air tightness, is not a cost additive
measure. However, its influence on the thermal behaviour of passive measures is significant.
Therefore, its implementations should be standardised.
Shading elements should be emphasized by the settlements. Roof-shading elements
besides window shading provide a significant reduction of the cooling energy demand. Hence,
adjustable or removable shading elements, which would not affect the heating energy
requirement, should be a part of Bodrums vernacular architecture.
Solar thermal energy for DHW is strongly recommended. Nevertheless, the storage tanks
should be placed inside the house due to aesthetic issues.
Solar systems for heating and cooling are recommended. They could cover nearly the
entire energy demand of a house in Bodrum. Solar thermal and photovoltaic systems should
be used in combination. To charge a particular system for all energy needs is possible but
completely inefficient.
If the main point is the prudent use of available energy resources, energy efficiency and
sustainability will be the most important requirements. Although they are unfortunately
associated with the technical characteristics of a building, they are actually related to
architectural quality in accordance with social acceptance. This can determine the future of
energy saving concepts. If a building with optimised energy values cannot become accepted
by the public, the ability to implement energy saving measures will be questionable.
According to this statement and social analysis in this work:

1 7 8
m u c h o f t h e r e m a i n i n g f o s s i l e n e r g y u s e d b y h o u s e h o l d s c a n b e r e p l a c e d b y v a r i o u s f o r m s o f
s o l a r e n e r g y , g e n e r a t e d o n s i t e . A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s s t a t e m e n t a b o u t p a s s i v e a n d a c t i v e
m e a s u r e s :
T o p r e v e n t u n d e s i r e d r e s u l t s , p a s s i v e a r c h i t e c t u r a l m e a s u r e s s h o u l d b e i m p l e m e n t e d i n a n
a p p r o p r i a t e w a y . T h e r e f o r e , t h e e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g s t a n d a r d m u s t b e r e v i s e d i m m e d i a t e l y
c o n s i d e r i n g b o t h w i n t e r a n d s u m m e r c o n d i t i o n s w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o a s m a l l e r g e o g r a p h i c a l
s c a l e . A b o v e a l l , t h e s t a n d a r d s s h o u l d b e i m p l e m e n t e d r e s t r i c t i v e l y .
C o m p l e t e i n s u l a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g e x t e r n a l w a l l s , r o o f , a n d s u b f l o o r , h a s a b e t t e r e f f i c i e n c y
c o m p a r e d w i t h s e p a r a t e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s . T h e r m a l g l a z i n g s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a n
a d d i t i o n a l m e a s u r e t o t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n .
I n c r e a s i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n q u a l i t y , w h i c h m e a n s b e t t e r a i r t i g h t n e s s , i s n o t a c o s t a d d i t i v e
m e a s u r e . H o w e v e r , i t s i n f l u e n c e o n t h e t h e r m a l b e h a v i o u r o f p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s i s s i g n i f i c a n t .
T h e r e f o r e , i t s i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s s h o u l d b e s t a n d a r d i s e d .
S h a d i n g e l e m e n t s s h o u l d b e e m p h a s i z e d b y t h e s e t t l e m e n t s . R o o f - s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s
b e s i d e s w i n d o w s h a d i n g p r o v i d e a s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n o f t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d . H e n c e ,
a d j u s t a b l e o r r e m o v a b l e s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s , w h i c h w o u l d n o t a f f e c t t h e h e a t i n g e n e r g y
r e q u i r e m e n t , s h o u l d b e a p a r t o f B o d r u m s v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e .
S o l a r t h e r m a l e n e r g y f o r D H W i s s t r o n g l y r e c o m m e n d e d . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e s t o r a g e t a n k s
s h o u l d b e p l a c e d i n s i d e t h e h o u s e d u e t o a e s t h e t i c i s s u e s .
S o l a r s y s t e m s f o r h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g a r e r e c o m m e n d e d . T h e y c o u l d c o v e r n e a r l y t h e
e n t i r e e n e r g y d e m a n d o f a h o u s e i n B o d r u m . S o l a r t h e r m a l a n d p h o t o v o l t a i c s y s t e m s s h o u l d
b e u s e d i n c o m b i n a t i o n . T o c h a r g e a p a r t i c u l a r s y s t e m f o r a l l e n e r g y n e e d s i s p o s s i b l e b u t
c o m p l e t e l y i n e f f i c i e n t .
I f t h e m a i n p o i n t i s t h e p r u d e n t u s e o f a v a i l a b l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s , e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y a n d
s u s t a i n a b i l i t y w i l l b e t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t r e q u i r e m e n t s . A l t h o u g h t h e y a r e u n f o r t u n a t e l y
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e t e c h n i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a b u i l d i n g , t h e y a r e a c t u a l l y r e l a t e d t o
a r c h i t e c t u r a l q u a l i t y i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h s o c i a l a c c e p t a n c e . T h i s c a n d e t e r m i n e t h e f u t u r e o f
e n e r g y s a v i n g c o n c e p t s . I f a b u i l d i n g w i t h o p t i m i s e d e n e r g y v a l u e s c a n n o t b e c o m e a c c e p t e d
b y t h e p u b l i c , t h e a b i l i t y t o i m p l e m e n t e n e r g y s a v i n g m e a s u r e s w i l l b e q u e s t i o n a b l e .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s s t a t e m e n t a n d s o c i a l a n a l y s i s i n t h i s w o r k :

1 7 8
m u c h o f t h e r e m a i n i n g f o s s i l e n e r g y u s e d b y h o u s e h o l d s c a n b e r e p l a c e d b y v a r i o u s f o r m s o f
s o l a r e n e r g y , g e n e r a t e d o n s i t e . A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s s t a t e m e n t a b o u t p a s s i v e a n d a c t i v e
m e a s u r e s :
T o p r e v e n t u n d e s i r e d r e s u l t s , p a s s i v e a r c h i t e c t u r a l m e a s u r e s s h o u l d b e i m p l e m e n t e d i n a n
a p p r o p r i a t e w a y . T h e r e f o r e , t h e e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g s t a n d a r d m u s t b e r e v i s e d i m m e d i a t e l y
c o n s i d e r i n g b o t h w i n t e r a n d s u m m e r c o n d i t i o n s w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o a s m a l l e r g e o g r a p h i c a l
s c a l e . A b o v e a l l , t h e s t a n d a r d s s h o u l d b e i m p l e m e n t e d r e s t r i c t i v e l y .
C o m p l e t e i n s u l a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g e x t e r n a l w a l l s , r o o f , a n d s u b f l o o r , h a s a b e t t e r e f f i c i e n c y
c o m p a r e d w i t h s e p a r a t e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s . T h e r m a l g l a z i n g s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a n
a d d i t i o n a l m e a s u r e t o t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n .
I n c r e a s i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n q u a l i t y , w h i c h m e a n s b e t t e r a i r t i g h t n e s s , i s n o t a c o s t a d d i t i v e
m e a s u r e . H o w e v e r , i t s i n f l u e n c e o n t h e t h e r m a l b e h a v i o u r o f p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s i s s i g n i f i c a n t .
T h e r e f o r e , i t s i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s s h o u l d b e s t a n d a r d i s e d .
S h a d i n g e l e m e n t s s h o u l d b e e m p h a s i z e d b y t h e s e t t l e m e n t s . R o o f - s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s
b e s i d e s w i n d o w s h a d i n g p r o v i d e a s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n o f t h e c o o l i n g e n e r g y d e m a n d . H e n c e ,
a d j u s t a b l e o r r e m o v a b l e s h a d i n g e l e m e n t s , w h i c h w o u l d n o t a f f e c t t h e h e a t i n g e n e r g y
r e q u i r e m e n t , s h o u l d b e a p a r t o f B o d r u m s v e r n a c u l a r a r c h i t e c t u r e .
S o l a r t h e r m a l e n e r g y f o r D H W i s s t r o n g l y r e c o m m e n d e d . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e s t o r a g e t a n k s
s h o u l d b e p l a c e d i n s i d e t h e h o u s e d u e t o a e s t h e t i c i s s u e s .
S o l a r s y s t e m s f o r h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g a r e r e c o m m e n d e d . T h e y c o u l d c o v e r n e a r l y t h e
e n t i r e e n e r g y d e m a n d o f a h o u s e i n B o d r u m . S o l a r t h e r m a l a n d p h o t o v o l t a i c s y s t e m s s h o u l d
b e u s e d i n c o m b i n a t i o n . T o c h a r g e a p a r t i c u l a r s y s t e m f o r a l l e n e r g y n e e d s i s p o s s i b l e b u t
c o m p l e t e l y i n e f f i c i e n t .
I f t h e m a i n p o i n t i s t h e p r u d e n t u s e o f a v a i l a b l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s , e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y a n d
s u s t a i n a b i l i t y w i l l b e t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t r e q u i r e m e n t s . A l t h o u g h t h e y a r e u n f o r t u n a t e l y
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e t e c h n i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a b u i l d i n g , t h e y a r e a c t u a l l y r e l a t e d t o
a r c h i t e c t u r a l q u a l i t y i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h s o c i a l a c c e p t a n c e . T h i s c a n d e t e r m i n e t h e f u t u r e o f
e n e r g y s a v i n g c o n c e p t s . I f a b u i l d i n g w i t h o p t i m i s e d e n e r g y v a l u e s c a n n o t b e c o m e a c c e p t e d
b y t h e p u b l i c , t h e a b i l i t y t o i m p l e m e n t e n e r g y s a v i n g m e a s u r e s w i l l b e q u e s t i o n a b l e .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s s t a t e m e n t a n d s o c i a l a n a l y s i s i n t h i s w o r k :


1 7 9
E n e r g y a g e n c i e s s h o u l d b e e s t a b l i s h e d a s s o o n a s p o s s i b l e t o p r o m o t e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y
b y a w a k e n i n g p u b l i c c o n s c i o u s n e s s . R e g u l a t i o n s r e s t r i c t i n g c e r t a i n e n e r g y c o n s u m i n g
a c t i v i t i e s s h o u l d b e p r e p a r e d a n d p r o m o t e d b y t h e s e a g e n c i e s .
P r o m o t i o n t h r o u g h d e m o n s t r a t i o n i s a n i m p o r t a n t i s s u e . P i l o t p r o j e c t s i n t h e h o u s i n g
s e c t o r s h o u l d b e r e a l i s e d w i t h g o v e r n m e n t a l s u p p o r t a t f i r s t . N a t i o n a l p o l i c i e s , w h i c h s p e c i f y
h o u s i n g t y p e s a n d p a t t e r n s o f d e v e l o p m e n t i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y , s h o u l d b e p r e p a r e d .
T h e m a j o r a c t o r s o f s o c i a l l i f e , l i k e t h e g o v e r n m e n t a n d m u n i c i p a l i t i e s a s t h e n e a r e s t
i n s t i t u t i o n s t o t h e p u b l i c , s h o u l d p r e s e n t a m o d e l i n t e r m s o f u s i n g e n e r g y s a v i n g m e a s u r e s .
T h i s e r a o f t h e g l o b a l f i n a n c i a l c r i s i s i s l i k e l y t o i n f o r m s h o r t - t e r m c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n t h e
b u i l d i n g s e c t o r . N e v e r t h e l e s s , q u a l i t y p a y s o f f i n t h e l o n g e r t i m e . T h e r e f o r e , i t i s g e n e r a l l y
d i s r e g a r d e d . I n t h i s c a s e , e c o n o m i c c o m p a r a t i v e n e s s , w h i c h r e f e r s t o t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n
i n v e s t m e n t a n d p r o f i t s , s h o u l d c o m e t o t h e f o r e . A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s s t a t e m e n t a n d e c o n o m i c
a n a l y s i s i n t h i s w o r k :
E n e r g y s a v i n g m e a s u r e s s h o u l d b e a c c e p t e d a s a n i n v e s t m e n t , n o t a s a d d i t i o n a l c o s t .
T h e s e i n v e s t m e n t s i n c r e a s e t h e v a l u e o f t h e b u i l d i n g , f u r t h e r t o t h e i r e n e r g e t i c a n d
e n v i r o n m e n t a l b e n e f i t s .
S u b s i d i e s a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e w i d e r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e s e m e a s u r e s . H e n c e , e s s e n t i a l
r e g u l a t i o n s s h o u l d b e p r e p a r e d i m m e d i a t e l y .
I n r e g a r d t o a n t i c i p a t e d e n e r g y p r i c e i n c r e a s e s a l l a c c e s s i b l e p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s s h o u l d b e
i m p l e m e n t e d .
I n v e s t m e n t i n a c t i v e m e a s u r e s l e a d s t o f i n a n c i a l b e n e f i t s a f t e r t h e i r p a y b a c k p e r i o d . T h i s
c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a p o s i t i v e g a i n t o t h e b u d g e t o f t h e h o u s e o c c u p a n t s .
R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h i n u r b a n c o n t e x t
T h i s w o r k i s d e d i c a t e d t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c B o d r u m - H o u s e s , w h i c h r e p r e s e n t t h e a b s o l u t e
m a j o r i t y o f t h e b u i l d i n g s i n t h e r e g i o n , a n d h a s s t a y e d , t h e r e f o r e , o n t h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l s c a l e .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e r e i s a l s o a g r e a t p o t e n t i a l f o r e n e r g y s a v i n g o n t h e u r b a n s c a l e . U r b a n
s t r u c t u r e s f o r h o l i d a y d w e l l i n g s , w h i c h d o n o t c o n s i s t o f o n l y f r e e s t a n d i n g o r d e t a c h e d
h o u s e s , n e e d t o b e d e v e l o p e d .
T h e r e a r e s i g n i f i c a n t g a p s i n t h e k n o w l e d g e a v a i l a b l e f o r a s s e s s i n g t o t a l e n e r g y
c o n s u m p t i o n o f t h e b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t i n B o d r u m . A s m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e , S i t e s i n B o d r u m a r e
a g r o u p o f d e t a c h e d h o u s e s a n d c o n s t i t u t e t h e b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t i n t h e c i t y . A n a l y z i n g t h e


1 7 9
E n e r g y a g e n c i e s s h o u l d b e e s t a b l i s h e d a s s o o n a s p o s s i b l e t o p r o m o t e e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y
b y a w a k e n i n g p u b l i c c o n s c i o u s n e s s . R e g u l a t i o n s r e s t r i c t i n g c e r t a i n e n e r g y c o n s u m i n g
a c t i v i t i e s s h o u l d b e p r e p a r e d a n d p r o m o t e d b y t h e s e a g e n c i e s .
P r o m o t i o n t h r o u g h d e m o n s t r a t i o n i s a n i m p o r t a n t i s s u e . P i l o t p r o j e c t s i n t h e h o u s i n g
s e c t o r s h o u l d b e r e a l i s e d w i t h g o v e r n m e n t a l s u p p o r t a t f i r s t . N a t i o n a l p o l i c i e s , w h i c h s p e c i f y
h o u s i n g t y p e s a n d p a t t e r n s o f d e v e l o p m e n t i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y , s h o u l d b e p r e p a r e d .
T h e m a j o r a c t o r s o f s o c i a l l i f e , l i k e t h e g o v e r n m e n t a n d m u n i c i p a l i t i e s a s t h e n e a r e s t
i n s t i t u t i o n s t o t h e p u b l i c , s h o u l d p r e s e n t a m o d e l i n t e r m s o f u s i n g e n e r g y s a v i n g m e a s u r e s .
T h i s e r a o f t h e g l o b a l f i n a n c i a l c r i s i s i s l i k e l y t o i n f o r m s h o r t - t e r m c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n t h e
b u i l d i n g s e c t o r . N e v e r t h e l e s s , q u a l i t y p a y s o f f i n t h e l o n g e r t i m e . T h e r e f o r e , i t i s g e n e r a l l y
d i s r e g a r d e d . I n t h i s c a s e , e c o n o m i c c o m p a r a t i v e n e s s , w h i c h r e f e r s t o t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n
i n v e s t m e n t a n d p r o f i t s , s h o u l d c o m e t o t h e f o r e . A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s s t a t e m e n t a n d e c o n o m i c
a n a l y s i s i n t h i s w o r k :
E n e r g y s a v i n g m e a s u r e s s h o u l d b e a c c e p t e d a s a n i n v e s t m e n t , n o t a s a d d i t i o n a l c o s t .
T h e s e i n v e s t m e n t s i n c r e a s e t h e v a l u e o f t h e b u i l d i n g , f u r t h e r t o t h e i r e n e r g e t i c a n d
e n v i r o n m e n t a l b e n e f i t s .
S u b s i d i e s a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e w i d e r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e s e m e a s u r e s . H e n c e , e s s e n t i a l
r e g u l a t i o n s s h o u l d b e p r e p a r e d i m m e d i a t e l y .
I n r e g a r d t o a n t i c i p a t e d e n e r g y p r i c e i n c r e a s e s a l l a c c e s s i b l e p a s s i v e m e a s u r e s s h o u l d b e
i m p l e m e n t e d .
I n v e s t m e n t i n a c t i v e m e a s u r e s l e a d s t o f i n a n c i a l b e n e f i t s a f t e r t h e i r p a y b a c k p e r i o d . T h i s
c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a p o s i t i v e g a i n t o t h e b u d g e t o f t h e h o u s e o c c u p a n t s .
R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h i n u r b a n c o n t e x t
T h i s w o r k i s d e d i c a t e d t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c B o d r u m - H o u s e s , w h i c h r e p r e s e n t t h e a b s o l u t e
m a j o r i t y o f t h e b u i l d i n g s i n t h e r e g i o n , a n d h a s s t a y e d , t h e r e f o r e , o n t h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l s c a l e .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e r e i s a l s o a g r e a t p o t e n t i a l f o r e n e r g y s a v i n g o n t h e u r b a n s c a l e . U r b a n
s t r u c t u r e s f o r h o l i d a y d w e l l i n g s , w h i c h d o n o t c o n s i s t o f o n l y f r e e s t a n d i n g o r d e t a c h e d
h o u s e s , n e e d t o b e d e v e l o p e d .
T h e r e a r e s i g n i f i c a n t g a p s i n t h e k n o w l e d g e a v a i l a b l e f o r a s s e s s i n g t o t a l e n e r g y
c o n s u m p t i o n o f t h e b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t i n B o d r u m . A s m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e , S i t e s i n B o d r u m a r e
a g r o u p o f d e t a c h e d h o u s e s a n d c o n s t i t u t e t h e b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t i n t h e c i t y . A n a l y z i n g t h e


179
Energy agencies should be established as soon as possible to promote energy efficiency
by awakening public consciousness. Regulations restricting certain energy consuming
activities should be prepared and promoted by these agencies.
Promotion through demonstration is an important issue. Pilot projects in the housing
sector should be realised with governmental support at first. National policies, which specify
housing types and patterns of development in terms of energy efficiency, should be prepared.
The major actors of social life, like the government and municipalities as the nearest
institutions to the public, should present a model in terms of using energy saving measures.
This era of the global financial crisis is likely to inform short-term considerations in the
building sector. Nevertheless, quality pays off in the longer time. Therefore, it is generally
disregarded. In this case, economic comparativeness, which refers to the relation between
investment and profits, should come to the fore. According to this statement and economic
analysis in this work:
Energy saving measures should be accepted as an investment, not as additional cost.
These investments increase the value of the building, further to their energetic and
environmental benefits.
Subsidies are necessary for the wider implementation of these measures. Hence, essential
regulations should be prepared immediately.
In regard to anticipated energy price increases all accessible passive measures should be
implemented.
Investment in active measures leads to financial benefits after their payback period. This
can be considered as a positive gain to the budget of the house occupants.
Recommendations for further research in urban context
This work is dedicated to the characteristic Bodrum-Houses, which represent the absolute
majority of the buildings in the region, and has stayed, therefore, on the architectural scale.
Nevertheless, there is also a great potential for energy saving on the urban scale. Urban
structures for holiday dwellings, which do not consist of only freestanding or detached
houses, need to be developed.
There are significant gaps in the knowledge available for assessing total energy
consumption of the built environment in Bodrum. As mentioned before, Sites in Bodrum are
a group of detached houses and constitute the built environment in the city. Analyzing the


179
Energy agencies should be established as soon as possible to promote energy efficiency
by awakening public consciousness. Regulations restricting certain energy consuming
activities should be prepared and promoted by these agencies.
Promotion through demonstration is an important issue. Pilot projects in the housing
sector should be realised with governmental support at first. National policies, which specify
housing types and patterns of development in terms of energy efficiency, should be prepared.
The major actors of social life, like the government and municipalities as the nearest
institutions to the public, should present a model in terms of using energy saving measures.
This era of the global financial crisis is likely to inform short-term considerations in the
building sector. Nevertheless, quality pays off in the longer time. Therefore, it is generally
disregarded. In this case, economic comparativeness, which refers to the relation between
investment and profits, should come to the fore. According to this statement and economic
analysis in this work:
Energy saving measures should be accepted as an investment, not as additional cost.
These investments increase the value of the building, further to their energetic and
environmental benefits.
Subsidies are necessary for the wider implementation of these measures. Hence, essential
regulations should be prepared immediately.
In regard to anticipated energy price increases all accessible passive measures should be
implemented.
Investment in active measures leads to financial benefits after their payback period. This
can be considered as a positive gain to the budget of the house occupants.
Recommendations for further research in urban context
This work is dedicated to the characteristic Bodrum-Houses, which represent the absolute
majority of the buildings in the region, and has stayed, therefore, on the architectural scale.
Nevertheless, there is also a great potential for energy saving on the urban scale. Urban
structures for holiday dwellings, which do not consist of only freestanding or detached
houses, need to be developed.
There are significant gaps in the knowledge available for assessing total energy
consumption of the built environment in Bodrum. As mentioned before, Sites in Bodrum are
a group of detached houses and constitute the built environment in the city. Analyzing the

180
urban design characteristics of these Sites could be used for better decisions about new
developments. Not only individual houses, retrofitting the whole actual settlements with
energy saving measures represent an interesting research area.
Furthermore, developing new compact urban patterns like traditional ones represent initial
points of a further research. Different site plan combinations with more density may lead to
less energy consumption, which should be precisely analyzed. In addition, the effect of
microclimate at urban scale is a potential research area for the region. To work with
microclimatic data instead of standard climate data may result a comparative work to this one.
The housing types analyzed in this work are the cores of the settlements in Bodrum. The
results of this work provide many hints and clues. Therefore, a further research in urban
context could be based on this work.
Especially in terms of shared or centralized use, renewable energy applications in Sites
would be a potential research area. Energetic values in urban context are in a form of data,
which are generally aggregated totals for individual residential buildings. Researching Sites
as a whole consisting of individual buildings may supply comprehensive outputs at urban
scale. Decentralized use of renewable energy sources have been evaluated in this work.
Shared applications with adjacent houses or centralized applications of solar energy for the
whole Site represent alternative research perspectives in urban context. This would provide an
extensive analysis of energy consumption of dwellings in Bodrum. Outputs of this work
related with renewable energy use supply fundamental knowledge for further research in this
context.
Such new urban concepts considering energy efficiency and renewable energy use could
constitute an alternative for future settlements in Bodrum and merit further doctoral research.

180
urban design characteristics of these Sites could be used for better decisions about new
developments. Not only individual houses, retrofitting the whole actual settlements with
energy saving measures represent an interesting research area.
Furthermore, developing new compact urban patterns like traditional ones represent initial
points of a further research. Different site plan combinations with more density may lead to
less energy consumption, which should be precisely analyzed. In addition, the effect of
microclimate at urban scale is a potential research area for the region. To work with
microclimatic data instead of standard climate data may result a comparative work to this one.
The housing types analyzed in this work are the cores of the settlements in Bodrum. The
results of this work provide many hints and clues. Therefore, a further research in urban
context could be based on this work.
Especially in terms of shared or centralized use, renewable energy applications in Sites
would be a potential research area. Energetic values in urban context are in a form of data,
which are generally aggregated totals for individual residential buildings. Researching Sites
as a whole consisting of individual buildings may supply comprehensive outputs at urban
scale. Decentralized use of renewable energy sources have been evaluated in this work.
Shared applications with adjacent houses or centralized applications of solar energy for the
whole Site represent alternative research perspectives in urban context. This would provide an
extensive analysis of energy consumption of dwellings in Bodrum. Outputs of this work
related with renewable energy use supply fundamental knowledge for further research in this
context.
Such new urban concepts considering energy efficiency and renewable energy use could
constitute an alternative for future settlements in Bodrum and merit further doctoral research.

1 8 0
u r b a n d e s i g n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s e S i t e s c o u l d b e u s e d f o r b e t t e r d e c i s i o n s a b o u t n e w
d e v e l o p m e n t s . N o t o n l y i n d i v i d u a l h o u s e s , r e t r o f i t t i n g t h e w h o l e a c t u a l s e t t l e m e n t s w i t h
e n e r g y s a v i n g m e a s u r e s r e p r e s e n t a n i n t e r e s t i n g r e s e a r c h a r e a .
F u r t h e r m o r e , d e v e l o p i n g n e w c o m p a c t u r b a n p a t t e r n s l i k e t r a d i t i o n a l o n e s r e p r e s e n t i n i t i a l
p o i n t s o f a f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h . D i f f e r e n t s i t e p l a n c o m b i n a t i o n s w i t h m o r e d e n s i t y m a y l e a d t o
l e s s e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n , w h i c h s h o u l d b e p r e c i s e l y a n a l y z e d . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e e f f e c t o f
m i c r o c l i m a t e a t u r b a n s c a l e i s a p o t e n t i a l r e s e a r c h a r e a f o r t h e r e g i o n . T o w o r k w i t h
m i c r o c l i m a t i c d a t a i n s t e a d o f s t a n d a r d c l i m a t e d a t a m a y r e s u l t a c o m p a r a t i v e w o r k t o t h i s o n e .
T h e h o u s i n g t y p e s a n a l y z e d i n t h i s w o r k a r e t h e c o r e s o f t h e s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m . T h e
r e s u l t s o f t h i s w o r k p r o v i d e m a n y h i n t s a n d c l u e s . T h e r e f o r e , a f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h i n u r b a n
c o n t e x t c o u l d b e b a s e d o n t h i s w o r k .
E s p e c i a l l y i n t e r m s o f s h a r e d o r c e n t r a l i z e d u s e , r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y a p p l i c a t i o n s i n S i t e s
w o u l d b e a p o t e n t i a l r e s e a r c h a r e a . E n e r g e t i c v a l u e s i n u r b a n c o n t e x t a r e i n a f o r m o f d a t a ,
w h i c h a r e g e n e r a l l y a g g r e g a t e d t o t a l s f o r i n d i v i d u a l r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s . R e s e a r c h i n g S i t e s
a s a w h o l e c o n s i s t i n g o f i n d i v i d u a l b u i l d i n g s m a y s u p p l y c o m p r e h e n s i v e o u t p u t s a t u r b a n
s c a l e . D e c e n t r a l i z e d u s e o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s h a v e b e e n e v a l u a t e d i n t h i s w o r k .
S h a r e d a p p l i c a t i o n s w i t h a d j a c e n t h o u s e s o r c e n t r a l i z e d a p p l i c a t i o n s o f s o l a r e n e r g y f o r t h e
w h o l e S i t e r e p r e s e n t a l t e r n a t i v e r e s e a r c h p e r s p e c t i v e s i n u r b a n c o n t e x t . T h i s w o u l d p r o v i d e a n
e x t e n s i v e a n a l y s i s o f e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n o f d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m . O u t p u t s o f t h i s w o r k
r e l a t e d w i t h r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y u s e s u p p l y f u n d a m e n t a l k n o w l e d g e f o r f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h i n t h i s
c o n t e x t .
S u c h n e w u r b a n c o n c e p t s c o n s i d e r i n g e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y a n d r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y u s e c o u l d
c o n s t i t u t e a n a l t e r n a t i v e f o r f u t u r e s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m a n d m e r i t f u r t h e r d o c t o r a l r e s e a r c h .

1 8 0
u r b a n d e s i g n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s e S i t e s c o u l d b e u s e d f o r b e t t e r d e c i s i o n s a b o u t n e w
d e v e l o p m e n t s . N o t o n l y i n d i v i d u a l h o u s e s , r e t r o f i t t i n g t h e w h o l e a c t u a l s e t t l e m e n t s w i t h
e n e r g y s a v i n g m e a s u r e s r e p r e s e n t a n i n t e r e s t i n g r e s e a r c h a r e a .
F u r t h e r m o r e , d e v e l o p i n g n e w c o m p a c t u r b a n p a t t e r n s l i k e t r a d i t i o n a l o n e s r e p r e s e n t i n i t i a l
p o i n t s o f a f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h . D i f f e r e n t s i t e p l a n c o m b i n a t i o n s w i t h m o r e d e n s i t y m a y l e a d t o
l e s s e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n , w h i c h s h o u l d b e p r e c i s e l y a n a l y z e d . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e e f f e c t o f
m i c r o c l i m a t e a t u r b a n s c a l e i s a p o t e n t i a l r e s e a r c h a r e a f o r t h e r e g i o n . T o w o r k w i t h
m i c r o c l i m a t i c d a t a i n s t e a d o f s t a n d a r d c l i m a t e d a t a m a y r e s u l t a c o m p a r a t i v e w o r k t o t h i s o n e .
T h e h o u s i n g t y p e s a n a l y z e d i n t h i s w o r k a r e t h e c o r e s o f t h e s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m . T h e
r e s u l t s o f t h i s w o r k p r o v i d e m a n y h i n t s a n d c l u e s . T h e r e f o r e , a f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h i n u r b a n
c o n t e x t c o u l d b e b a s e d o n t h i s w o r k .
E s p e c i a l l y i n t e r m s o f s h a r e d o r c e n t r a l i z e d u s e , r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y a p p l i c a t i o n s i n S i t e s
w o u l d b e a p o t e n t i a l r e s e a r c h a r e a . E n e r g e t i c v a l u e s i n u r b a n c o n t e x t a r e i n a f o r m o f d a t a ,
w h i c h a r e g e n e r a l l y a g g r e g a t e d t o t a l s f o r i n d i v i d u a l r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s . R e s e a r c h i n g S i t e s
a s a w h o l e c o n s i s t i n g o f i n d i v i d u a l b u i l d i n g s m a y s u p p l y c o m p r e h e n s i v e o u t p u t s a t u r b a n
s c a l e . D e c e n t r a l i z e d u s e o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s h a v e b e e n e v a l u a t e d i n t h i s w o r k .
S h a r e d a p p l i c a t i o n s w i t h a d j a c e n t h o u s e s o r c e n t r a l i z e d a p p l i c a t i o n s o f s o l a r e n e r g y f o r t h e
w h o l e S i t e r e p r e s e n t a l t e r n a t i v e r e s e a r c h p e r s p e c t i v e s i n u r b a n c o n t e x t . T h i s w o u l d p r o v i d e a n
e x t e n s i v e a n a l y s i s o f e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n o f d w e l l i n g s i n B o d r u m . O u t p u t s o f t h i s w o r k
r e l a t e d w i t h r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y u s e s u p p l y f u n d a m e n t a l k n o w l e d g e f o r f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h i n t h i s
c o n t e x t .
S u c h n e w u r b a n c o n c e p t s c o n s i d e r i n g e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y a n d r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y u s e c o u l d
c o n s t i t u t e a n a l t e r n a t i v e f o r f u t u r e s e t t l e m e n t s i n B o d r u m a n d m e r i t f u r t h e r d o c t o r a l r e s e a r c h .


1 8 1
A p p e n d i x
S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s o f P a s s i v e M e a s u r e s
H o l i d a y H o u s e S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s : A c t u a l V e r s i o n
C o o l i n g S i m u l a t i o n



1 8 1
A p p e n d i x
S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s o f P a s s i v e M e a s u r e s
H o l i d a y H o u s e S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s : A c t u a l V e r s i o n
C o o l i n g S i m u l a t i o n



181
Appendix
Simulation Results of Passive Measures
Holiday House Simulation Results: Actual Version
Cooling Simulation



181
Appendix
Simulation Results of Passive Measures
Holiday House Simulation Results: Actual Version
Cooling Simulation


182
Heating Simulation







182
Heating Simulation







1 8 2
H e a t i n g S i m u l a t i o n







1 8 2
H e a t i n g S i m u l a t i o n








1 8 3
A n n u a l S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s p e r s q u a r e m e t e r



H o l i d a y H o u s e S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s : O p t i m i s e d v e r s i o n
A n n u a l S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s p e r s q u a r e m e t e r












1 8 3
A n n u a l S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s p e r s q u a r e m e t e r



H o l i d a y H o u s e S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s : O p t i m i s e d v e r s i o n
A n n u a l S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s p e r s q u a r e m e t e r












183
Annual Simulation Results per square meter



Holiday House Simulation Results: Optimised version
Annual Simulation Results per square meter












183
Annual Simulation Results per square meter



Holiday House Simulation Results: Optimised version
Annual Simulation Results per square meter












184

Cooling Simulation







184

Cooling Simulation







1 8 4

C o o l i n g S i m u l a t i o n







1 8 4

C o o l i n g S i m u l a t i o n






1 8 5
H e a t i n g S i m u l a t i o n






1 8 5
H e a t i n g S i m u l a t i o n






185
Heating Simulation






185
Heating Simulation







186
Attached House Simulation Results: Actual Version
Cooling Simulation






186
Attached House Simulation Results: Actual Version
Cooling Simulation






1 8 6
A t t a c h e d H o u s e S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s : A c t u a l V e r s i o n
C o o l i n g S i m u l a t i o n






1 8 6
A t t a c h e d H o u s e S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s : A c t u a l V e r s i o n
C o o l i n g S i m u l a t i o n





1 8 7
H e a t i n g S i m u l a t i o n






1 8 7
H e a t i n g S i m u l a t i o n






187
Heating Simulation






187
Heating Simulation







188

Annual Simulation Results per square meter


Attached House Simulation Results: Optimised version
Annual Simulation Results per square meter











188

Annual Simulation Results per square meter


Attached House Simulation Results: Optimised version
Annual Simulation Results per square meter











1 8 8

A n n u a l S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s p e r s q u a r e m e t e r


A t t a c h e d H o u s e S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s : O p t i m i s e d v e r s i o n
A n n u a l S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s p e r s q u a r e m e t e r











1 8 8

A n n u a l S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s p e r s q u a r e m e t e r


A t t a c h e d H o u s e S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s : O p t i m i s e d v e r s i o n
A n n u a l S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s p e r s q u a r e m e t e r










1 8 9
C o o l i n g S i m u l a t i o n





1 8 9
C o o l i n g S i m u l a t i o n





189
Cooling Simulation





189
Cooling Simulation





190
Heating Simulation






190
Heating Simulation






1 9 0
H e a t i n g S i m u l a t i o n






1 9 0
H e a t i n g S i m u l a t i o n







1 9 1
B o d r u m B a s i c H o u s e S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s :
C o o l i n g S i m u l a t i o n







1 9 1
B o d r u m B a s i c H o u s e S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s :
C o o l i n g S i m u l a t i o n







191
Bodrum Basic House Simulation Results:
Cooling Simulation







191
Bodrum Basic House Simulation Results:
Cooling Simulation






192
Heating Simulation







192
Heating Simulation







1 9 2
H e a t i n g S i m u l a t i o n







1 9 2
H e a t i n g S i m u l a t i o n








1 9 3
A n n u a l S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s p e r s q u a r e m e t e r




B e s t C a s e S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s :
A n n u a l S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s p e r s q u a r e m e t e r











1 9 3
A n n u a l S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s p e r s q u a r e m e t e r




B e s t C a s e S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s :
A n n u a l S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s p e r s q u a r e m e t e r











193
Annual Simulation Results per square meter




Best Case Simulation Results:
Annual Simulation Results per square meter











193
Annual Simulation Results per square meter




Best Case Simulation Results:
Annual Simulation Results per square meter










194
Cooling Simulation







194
Cooling Simulation







1 9 4
C o o l i n g S i m u l a t i o n







1 9 4
C o o l i n g S i m u l a t i o n







1 9 5
H e a t i n g S i m u l a t i o n







1 9 5
H e a t i n g S i m u l a t i o n







195
Heating Simulation







195
Heating Simulation








196
Mezzanine House Simulation Results: Actual Version
Cooling Simulation






196
Mezzanine House Simulation Results: Actual Version
Cooling Simulation






1 9 6
M e z z a n i n e H o u s e S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s : A c t u a l V e r s i o n
C o o l i n g S i m u l a t i o n






1 9 6
M e z z a n i n e H o u s e S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s : A c t u a l V e r s i o n
C o o l i n g S i m u l a t i o n





1 9 7
H e a t i n g S i m u l a t i o n








1 9 7
H e a t i n g S i m u l a t i o n








197
Heating Simulation








197
Heating Simulation









198
Annual Simulation Results per square meter



Mezzanine House Simulation Results: Optimised version
Annual Simulation Results per square meter














198
Annual Simulation Results per square meter



Mezzanine House Simulation Results: Optimised version
Annual Simulation Results per square meter














1 9 8
A n n u a l S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s p e r s q u a r e m e t e r



M e z z a n i n e H o u s e S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s : O p t i m i s e d v e r s i o n
A n n u a l S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s p e r s q u a r e m e t e r














1 9 8
A n n u a l S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s p e r s q u a r e m e t e r



M e z z a n i n e H o u s e S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s : O p t i m i s e d v e r s i o n
A n n u a l S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s p e r s q u a r e m e t e r













1 9 9
C o o l i n g S i m u l a t i o n






1 9 9
C o o l i n g S i m u l a t i o n






199
Cooling Simulation






199
Cooling Simulation






200
Heating Simulation







200
Heating Simulation







2 0 0
H e a t i n g S i m u l a t i o n







2 0 0
H e a t i n g S i m u l a t i o n








2 0 1
S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s o f B u i l d i n g C o m p o n e n t s a n d E l e m e n t s
A c t u a l C o n d i t i o n






2 0 1
S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s o f B u i l d i n g C o m p o n e n t s a n d E l e m e n t s
A c t u a l C o n d i t i o n






201
Simulation Results of Building Components and Elements
Actual Condition






201
Simulation Results of Building Components and Elements
Actual Condition





202
External Wall Insulation






202
External Wall Insulation






2 0 2
E x t e r n a l W a l l I n s u l a t i o n






2 0 2
E x t e r n a l W a l l I n s u l a t i o n






2 0 3
R o o f I n s u l a t i o n





2 0 3
R o o f I n s u l a t i o n





203
Roof Insulation





203
Roof Insulation





204
Envelope Insulation






204
Envelope Insulation






2 0 4
E n v e l o p e I n s u l a t i o n






2 0 4
E n v e l o p e I n s u l a t i o n






2 0 5
T h e r m a l G l a z i n g





2 0 5
T h e r m a l G l a z i n g





205
Thermal Glazing





205
Thermal Glazing





206
Envelope Insulation and Thermal Glazing






206
Envelope Insulation and Thermal Glazing






2 0 6
E n v e l o p e I n s u l a t i o n a n d T h e r m a l G l a z i n g






2 0 6
E n v e l o p e I n s u l a t i o n a n d T h e r m a l G l a z i n g






2 0 7
R o o f S h a d i n g





2 0 7
R o o f S h a d i n g





207
Roof Shading





207
Roof Shading





208
Window Shading






208
Window Shading






2 0 8
W i n d o w S h a d i n g






2 0 8
W i n d o w S h a d i n g






2 0 9
S h a d i n g T o t a l





2 0 9
S h a d i n g T o t a l





209
Shading Total





209
Shading Total





210
Additional Basement Floor






210
Additional Basement Floor






2 1 0
A d d i t i o n a l B a s e m e n t F l o o r






2 1 0
A d d i t i o n a l B a s e m e n t F l o o r






2 1 1
A l l M e a s u r e s w i t h B a s e m e n t F l o o r




2 1 1
A l l M e a s u r e s w i t h B a s e m e n t F l o o r




211
All Measures with Basement Floor




211
All Measures with Basement Floor




212
Water Body and Vegetation Simulations

212
Water Body and Vegetation Simulations

2 1 2
W a t e r B o d y a n d V e g e t a t i o n S i m u l a t i o n s

2 1 2
W a t e r B o d y a n d V e g e t a t i o n S i m u l a t i o n s


2 1 3
S h a d i n g S i m u l a t i o n s ( M i d t e r m - S u m m e r - W i n t e r )




2 1 3
S h a d i n g S i m u l a t i o n s ( M i d t e r m - S u m m e r - W i n t e r )




213
Shading Simulations (Midterm-Summer-Winter)




213
Shading Simulations (Midterm-Summer-Winter)




214
Plan Variations of Prototypes: Combination of the Units and Floor Plans


Form Ground Floor 1st Floor
bed lounge kitchen bath circul. unit 1 unit 2


214
Plan Variations of Prototypes: Combination of the Units and Floor Plans


Form Ground Floor 1st Floor
bed lounge kitchen bath circul. unit 1 unit 2


2 1 4
P l a n V a r i a t i o n s o f P r o t o t y p e s : C o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e U n i t s a n d F l o o r P l a n s


F o r m G r o u n d F l o o r 1 s t F l o o r
b e d l o u n g e k i t c h e n b a t h c i r c u l . u n i t 1 u n i t 2


2 1 4
P l a n V a r i a t i o n s o f P r o t o t y p e s : C o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e U n i t s a n d F l o o r P l a n s


F o r m G r o u n d F l o o r 1 s t F l o o r
b e d l o u n g e k i t c h e n b a t h c i r c u l . u n i t 1 u n i t 2

2 1 5

F o r m G r o u n d F l o o r 1 s t F l o o r
b e d l o u n g e k i t c h e n b a t h c i r c u l . u n i t 1 u n i t 2

2 1 5

F o r m G r o u n d F l o o r 1 s t F l o o r
b e d l o u n g e k i t c h e n b a t h c i r c u l . u n i t 1 u n i t 2

215

Form Ground Floor 1st Floor
bed lounge kitchen bath circul. unit 1 unit 2

215

Form Ground Floor 1st Floor
bed lounge kitchen bath circul. unit 1 unit 2

216
Visualisations of the Prototypes With Winter Garden: Summer - Winter - Mixed




216
Visualisations of the Prototypes With Winter Garden: Summer - Winter - Mixed




2 1 6
V i s u a l i s a t i o n s o f t h e P r o t o t y p e s W i t h W i n t e r G a r d e n : S u m m e r - W i n t e r - M i x e d




2 1 6
V i s u a l i s a t i o n s o f t h e P r o t o t y p e s W i t h W i n t e r G a r d e n : S u m m e r - W i n t e r - M i x e d




2 1 7
S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s o f A c t i v e M e a s u r e s
S o l a r T h e r m a l S y s t e m


2 1 7
S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s o f A c t i v e M e a s u r e s
S o l a r T h e r m a l S y s t e m


217
Simulation Results of Active Measures
Solar Thermal System


217
Simulation Results of Active Measures
Solar Thermal System


218


218


2 1 8


2 1 8


2 1 9

2 1 9

219

219

220

220

2 2 0

2 2 0

2 2 1

2 2 1

221

221

222

222

2 2 2

2 2 2

2 2 3

2 2 3

223

223

224

224

2 2 4

2 2 4

2 2 5

2 2 5

225

225

226

226

2 2 6

2 2 6

2 2 7





2 2 7





227





227





228
Solar Assisted DHW System


228
Solar Assisted DHW System


2 2 8
S o l a r A s s i s t e d D H W S y s t e m


2 2 8
S o l a r A s s i s t e d D H W S y s t e m


2 2 9

2 2 9

229

229

230

230

2 3 0

2 3 0

2 3 1

2 3 1

231

231

232

232

2 3 2

2 3 2

2 3 3

2 3 3

233

233

234





234





2 3 4





2 3 4





2 3 5
P h o t o v o l t a i c S y s t e m


2 3 5
P h o t o v o l t a i c S y s t e m


235
Photovoltaic System


235
Photovoltaic System


236


236


2 3 6


2 3 6


2 3 7


2 3 7


237


237


238







238







2 3 8







2 3 8








2 3 9
E c o n o m i c a l C a l c u l a t i o n s
H o l t s M e t h o d C a l c u l a t i o n s
F
t
= y
t
+ ( 1 - ) [ F
t - 1
+ T
t - 1
]
T
t
= [ F
t
- F
t - 1
] + ( 1 - ) [ T
t - 1
]

t
+ 1 = F
t
+ T
t


P e r i o d Y e a r y ( t ) F ( t ) T ( t ) t a u F ( a l f a , b e t a )
S q u a r e d
e r r o r
S q u a r e d
r e l a t i v e
e r r o r
R a l a t i v e
e r r o r
m o d u l e
1 1 9 8 3 3 0 . 7 4 3 0 . 7 4 - 0 . 9 1
2 1 9 8 4 2 9 . 8 4 2 9 . 8 4 - 0 . 9 1 2 9 . 8 4 0 0 0
3 1 9 8 5 2 9 . 2 5 2 9 . 0 9 5 - 0 . 8 3 8 1 2 8 . 9 4 0 . 0 9 6 1 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 5
4 1 9 8 6 1 4 . 5 2 1 . 3 7 5 - 3 . 5 8 1 2 8 . 2 5 7 1 8 9 . 2 5 0 . 9 0 0 1 0 . 9 4 8 7
5 1 9 8 7 1 8 . 5 2 1 8 . 1 5 4 - 3 . 4 4 3 1 1 7 . 7 8 9 0 . 5 3 4 2 1 0 . 0 0 1 5 5 0 . 0 3 9 4
6 1 9 8 8 1 5 . 1 4 1 4 . 9 2 5 6 - 3 . 3 5 7 4 1 1 4 . 7 1 1 0 . 1 8 3 7 5 0 . 0 0 0 8 0 0 . 0 2 8 3
7 1 9 8 9 1 7 . 8 1 4 . 6 8 4 0 - 2 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 5 6 8 1 3 8 . 8 3 5 5 0 . 1 2 2 5 7 0 . 3 5 0 1
8 1 9 9 0 2 3 . 1 1 1 7 . 8 4 1 4 - 0 . 0 0 3 7 1 1 2 . 5 7 2 9 1 1 1 . 0 2 9 0 . 2 0 7 8 9 0 . 4 5 5 9
9 1 9 9 1 1 9 . 1 1 1 8 . 4 7 3 8 0 . 2 5 0 7 1 1 7 . 8 3 7 7 1 . 6 1 8 5 7 0 . 0 0 4 4 3 0 . 0 6 6 5
1 0 1 9 9 2 1 8 . 6 2 1 8 . 6 7 2 3 0 . 2 2 9 8 1 1 8 . 7 2 4 6 0 . 0 1 0 9 4 3 . 1 5 6 6 8 0 . 0 0 5 6
1 1 1 9 9 3 1 6 . 0 5 1 7 . 4 7 6 0 - 0 . 3 4 0 6 1 1 8 . 9 0 2 1 8 . 1 3 4 5 6 0 . 0 3 1 5 7 0 . 1 7 7 7
1 2 1 9 9 4 1 5 . 5 2 1 6 . 3 2 7 7 - 0 . 6 6 3 7 1 1 7 . 1 3 5 4 2 . 6 0 9 6 5 0 . 0 1 0 8 3 0 . 1 0 4 0
1 3 1 9 9 5 1 6 . 7 8 1 6 . 2 2 2 0 - 0 . 4 4 0 5 1 1 5 . 6 6 4 0 1 . 2 4 5 4 1 0 . 0 0 4 4 2 0 . 0 6 6 5
1 4 1 9 9 6 2 0 . 2 5 1 8 . 0 1 5 7 0 . 4 5 3 1 1 1 5 . 7 8 1 5 1 9 . 9 6 7 4 0 . 0 4 8 6 9 0 . 2 2 0 6
1 5 1 9 9 7 1 8 . 7 9 1 8 . 6 2 9 4 0 . 5 1 7 4 1 1 8 . 4 6 8 9 0 . 1 0 3 0 7 0 . 0 0 0 2 9 0 . 0 1 7 0
1 6 1 9 9 8 1 1 . 9 9 1 5 . 5 6 8 4 - 0 . 9 1 3 9 1 1 9 . 1 4 6 8 5 1 . 2 2 0 8 0 . 3 5 6 2 9 0 . 5 9 6 9
1 7 1 9 9 9 1 6 . 0 7 1 5 . 3 6 2 2 - 0 . 6 3 0 8 1 1 4 . 6 5 4 4 2 . 0 0 3 7 3 0 . 0 0 7 7 5 0 . 0 8 8 0
1 8 2 0 0 0 2 6 . 6 1 2 0 . 6 7 0 6 1 . 7 4 4 8 1 1 4 . 7 3 1 3 1 4 1 . 1 0 1 0 . 1 9 9 2 7 0 . 4 4 6 3
1 9 2 0 0 1 2 2 . 9 8 2 2 . 6 9 7 7 1 . 8 5 7 7 1 2 2 . 4 1 5 5 0 . 3 1 8 6 0 0 . 0 0 0 6 0 0 . 0 2 4 8
2 0 2 0 0 2 2 3 . 5 7 2 4 . 0 6 2 7 1 . 6 6 0 6 1 2 4 . 5 5 5 5 0 . 9 7 1 2 6 0 . 0 0 1 7 4 0 . 0 4 1 8
2 1 2 0 0 3 2 7 . 0 5 2 6 . 3 8 6 7 1 . 9 2 5 9 1 2 5 . 7 2 3 4 1 . 7 5 9 8 4 0 . 0 0 2 4 0 0 . 0 4 9 0
2 2 2 0 0 4 3 4 . 9 1 2 8 . 3 1 2 6 7 4 3 . 3 9 2 9 0 . 0 3 5 6 2 0 . 1 8 8 7
2 3 2 0 0 5 5 0 . 6 5 2 3 0 . 2 3 8 6 4 1 6 . 6 2 3 0 . 1 6 2 3 9 0 . 4 0 2 9
2 4 2 0 0 6 6 1 . 4 8 3 3 2 . 1 6 4 6 8 5 9 . 3 9 2 0 . 2 2 7 3 6 0 . 4 7 6 8
t o t a l 5 7 0 . 9 9 1 . 9 0 1 4 6 3 . 7 3 8 2
t o t a l 1 3 1 9 . 4 0 0 . 4 2 5 3 9 1 . 0 6 8 5
R M S E 5 . 2 1 4 4 4 R M S E 2 0 . 9 7 1
R M S P E 3 0 . 0 9 0 6 R M S P E 3 7 . 6 5 5
M A P E 1 7 . 8 0 1 1 M A P E 3 5 . 6 1 8


2 3 9
E c o n o m i c a l C a l c u l a t i o n s
H o l t s M e t h o d C a l c u l a t i o n s
F
t
= y
t
+ ( 1 - ) [ F
t - 1
+ T
t - 1
]
T
t
= [ F
t
- F
t - 1
] + ( 1 - ) [ T
t - 1
]

t
+ 1 = F
t
+ T
t


P e r i o d Y e a r y ( t ) F ( t ) T ( t ) t a u F ( a l f a , b e t a )
S q u a r e d
e r r o r
S q u a r e d
r e l a t i v e
e r r o r
R a l a t i v e
e r r o r
m o d u l e
1 1 9 8 3 3 0 . 7 4 3 0 . 7 4 - 0 . 9 1
2 1 9 8 4 2 9 . 8 4 2 9 . 8 4 - 0 . 9 1 2 9 . 8 4 0 0 0
3 1 9 8 5 2 9 . 2 5 2 9 . 0 9 5 - 0 . 8 3 8 1 2 8 . 9 4 0 . 0 9 6 1 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 5
4 1 9 8 6 1 4 . 5 2 1 . 3 7 5 - 3 . 5 8 1 2 8 . 2 5 7 1 8 9 . 2 5 0 . 9 0 0 1 0 . 9 4 8 7
5 1 9 8 7 1 8 . 5 2 1 8 . 1 5 4 - 3 . 4 4 3 1 1 7 . 7 8 9 0 . 5 3 4 2 1 0 . 0 0 1 5 5 0 . 0 3 9 4
6 1 9 8 8 1 5 . 1 4 1 4 . 9 2 5 6 - 3 . 3 5 7 4 1 1 4 . 7 1 1 0 . 1 8 3 7 5 0 . 0 0 0 8 0 0 . 0 2 8 3
7 1 9 8 9 1 7 . 8 1 4 . 6 8 4 0 - 2 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 5 6 8 1 3 8 . 8 3 5 5 0 . 1 2 2 5 7 0 . 3 5 0 1
8 1 9 9 0 2 3 . 1 1 1 7 . 8 4 1 4 - 0 . 0 0 3 7 1 1 2 . 5 7 2 9 1 1 1 . 0 2 9 0 . 2 0 7 8 9 0 . 4 5 5 9
9 1 9 9 1 1 9 . 1 1 1 8 . 4 7 3 8 0 . 2 5 0 7 1 1 7 . 8 3 7 7 1 . 6 1 8 5 7 0 . 0 0 4 4 3 0 . 0 6 6 5
1 0 1 9 9 2 1 8 . 6 2 1 8 . 6 7 2 3 0 . 2 2 9 8 1 1 8 . 7 2 4 6 0 . 0 1 0 9 4 3 . 1 5 6 6 8 0 . 0 0 5 6
1 1 1 9 9 3 1 6 . 0 5 1 7 . 4 7 6 0 - 0 . 3 4 0 6 1 1 8 . 9 0 2 1 8 . 1 3 4 5 6 0 . 0 3 1 5 7 0 . 1 7 7 7
1 2 1 9 9 4 1 5 . 5 2 1 6 . 3 2 7 7 - 0 . 6 6 3 7 1 1 7 . 1 3 5 4 2 . 6 0 9 6 5 0 . 0 1 0 8 3 0 . 1 0 4 0
1 3 1 9 9 5 1 6 . 7 8 1 6 . 2 2 2 0 - 0 . 4 4 0 5 1 1 5 . 6 6 4 0 1 . 2 4 5 4 1 0 . 0 0 4 4 2 0 . 0 6 6 5
1 4 1 9 9 6 2 0 . 2 5 1 8 . 0 1 5 7 0 . 4 5 3 1 1 1 5 . 7 8 1 5 1 9 . 9 6 7 4 0 . 0 4 8 6 9 0 . 2 2 0 6
1 5 1 9 9 7 1 8 . 7 9 1 8 . 6 2 9 4 0 . 5 1 7 4 1 1 8 . 4 6 8 9 0 . 1 0 3 0 7 0 . 0 0 0 2 9 0 . 0 1 7 0
1 6 1 9 9 8 1 1 . 9 9 1 5 . 5 6 8 4 - 0 . 9 1 3 9 1 1 9 . 1 4 6 8 5 1 . 2 2 0 8 0 . 3 5 6 2 9 0 . 5 9 6 9
1 7 1 9 9 9 1 6 . 0 7 1 5 . 3 6 2 2 - 0 . 6 3 0 8 1 1 4 . 6 5 4 4 2 . 0 0 3 7 3 0 . 0 0 7 7 5 0 . 0 8 8 0
1 8 2 0 0 0 2 6 . 6 1 2 0 . 6 7 0 6 1 . 7 4 4 8 1 1 4 . 7 3 1 3 1 4 1 . 1 0 1 0 . 1 9 9 2 7 0 . 4 4 6 3
1 9 2 0 0 1 2 2 . 9 8 2 2 . 6 9 7 7 1 . 8 5 7 7 1 2 2 . 4 1 5 5 0 . 3 1 8 6 0 0 . 0 0 0 6 0 0 . 0 2 4 8
2 0 2 0 0 2 2 3 . 5 7 2 4 . 0 6 2 7 1 . 6 6 0 6 1 2 4 . 5 5 5 5 0 . 9 7 1 2 6 0 . 0 0 1 7 4 0 . 0 4 1 8
2 1 2 0 0 3 2 7 . 0 5 2 6 . 3 8 6 7 1 . 9 2 5 9 1 2 5 . 7 2 3 4 1 . 7 5 9 8 4 0 . 0 0 2 4 0 0 . 0 4 9 0
2 2 2 0 0 4 3 4 . 9 1 2 8 . 3 1 2 6 7 4 3 . 3 9 2 9 0 . 0 3 5 6 2 0 . 1 8 8 7
2 3 2 0 0 5 5 0 . 6 5 2 3 0 . 2 3 8 6 4 1 6 . 6 2 3 0 . 1 6 2 3 9 0 . 4 0 2 9
2 4 2 0 0 6 6 1 . 4 8 3 3 2 . 1 6 4 6 8 5 9 . 3 9 2 0 . 2 2 7 3 6 0 . 4 7 6 8
t o t a l 5 7 0 . 9 9 1 . 9 0 1 4 6 3 . 7 3 8 2
t o t a l 1 3 1 9 . 4 0 0 . 4 2 5 3 9 1 . 0 6 8 5
R M S E 5 . 2 1 4 4 4 R M S E 2 0 . 9 7 1
R M S P E 3 0 . 0 9 0 6 R M S P E 3 7 . 6 5 5
M A P E 1 7 . 8 0 1 1 M A P E 3 5 . 6 1 8


239
Economical Calculations
Holts Method Calculations
F
t
= y
t
+ (1-)[F
t-1
+ T
t-1
]
T
t
= [F
t
- F
t-1
] + (1- )[T
t-1
]

t
+1= F
t
+T
t


Period Year y(t) F(t) T(t) tau F(alfa, beta)
Squared
error
Squared
relative
error
Ralative
error
module
1 1983 30.74 30.74 -0.9 1
2 1984 29.84 29.84 -0.9 1 29.84 0 0 0
3 1985 29.25 29.095 -0.838 1 28.94 0.0961 0.0001 0.0105
4 1986 14.5 21.375 -3.58 1 28.257 189.25 0.9001 0.9487
5 1987 18.52 18.154 -3.443 1 17.789 0.53421 0.00155 0.0394
6 1988 15.14 14.9256 -3.3574 1 14.711 0.18375 0.00080 0.0283
7 1989 17.8 14.6840 -2.111 1 11.5681 38.8355 0.12257 0.3501
8 1990 23.11 17.8414 -0.0037 1 12.5729 111.029 0.20789 0.4559
9 1991 19.11 18.4738 0.2507 1 17.8377 1.61857 0.00443 0.0665
10 1992 18.62 18.6723 0.2298 1 18.7246 0.01094 3.15668 0.0056
11 1993 16.05 17.4760 -0.3406 1 18.9021 8.13456 0.03157 0.1777
12 1994 15.52 16.3277 -0.6637 1 17.1354 2.60965 0.01083 0.1040
13 1995 16.78 16.2220 -0.4405 1 15.6640 1.24541 0.00442 0.0665
14 1996 20.25 18.0157 0.4531 1 15.7815 19.9674 0.04869 0.2206
15 1997 18.79 18.6294 0.5174 1 18.4689 0.10307 0.00029 0.0170
16 1998 11.99 15.5684 -0.9139 1 19.1468 51.2208 0.35629 0.5969
17 1999 16.07 15.3622 -0.6308 1 14.6544 2.00373 0.00775 0.0880
18 2000 26.61 20.6706 1.7448 1 14.7313 141.101 0.19927 0.4463
19 2001 22.98 22.6977 1.8577 1 22.4155 0.31860 0.00060 0.0248
20 2002 23.57 24.0627 1.6606 1 24.5555 0.97126 0.00174 0.0418
21 2003 27.05 26.3867 1.9259 1 25.7234 1.75984 0.00240 0.0490
22 2004 34.9 1 28.31267 43.3929 0.03562 0.1887
23 2005 50.65 2 30.2386 416.623 0.16239 0.4029
24 2006 61.48 3 32.1646 859.392 0.22736 0.4768
total 570.99 1.90146 3.7382
total 1319.40 0.42539 1.0685
RMSE 5.21444 RMSE 20.971
RMSPE 30.0906 RMSPE 37.655
MAPE 17.8011 MAPE 35.618


239
Economical Calculations
Holts Method Calculations
F
t
= y
t
+ (1-)[F
t-1
+ T
t-1
]
T
t
= [F
t
- F
t-1
] + (1- )[T
t-1
]

t
+1= F
t
+T
t


Period Year y(t) F(t) T(t) tau F(alfa, beta)
Squared
error
Squared
relative
error
Ralative
error
module
1 1983 30.74 30.74 -0.9 1
2 1984 29.84 29.84 -0.9 1 29.84 0 0 0
3 1985 29.25 29.095 -0.838 1 28.94 0.0961 0.0001 0.0105
4 1986 14.5 21.375 -3.58 1 28.257 189.25 0.9001 0.9487
5 1987 18.52 18.154 -3.443 1 17.789 0.53421 0.00155 0.0394
6 1988 15.14 14.9256 -3.3574 1 14.711 0.18375 0.00080 0.0283
7 1989 17.8 14.6840 -2.111 1 11.5681 38.8355 0.12257 0.3501
8 1990 23.11 17.8414 -0.0037 1 12.5729 111.029 0.20789 0.4559
9 1991 19.11 18.4738 0.2507 1 17.8377 1.61857 0.00443 0.0665
10 1992 18.62 18.6723 0.2298 1 18.7246 0.01094 3.15668 0.0056
11 1993 16.05 17.4760 -0.3406 1 18.9021 8.13456 0.03157 0.1777
12 1994 15.52 16.3277 -0.6637 1 17.1354 2.60965 0.01083 0.1040
13 1995 16.78 16.2220 -0.4405 1 15.6640 1.24541 0.00442 0.0665
14 1996 20.25 18.0157 0.4531 1 15.7815 19.9674 0.04869 0.2206
15 1997 18.79 18.6294 0.5174 1 18.4689 0.10307 0.00029 0.0170
16 1998 11.99 15.5684 -0.9139 1 19.1468 51.2208 0.35629 0.5969
17 1999 16.07 15.3622 -0.6308 1 14.6544 2.00373 0.00775 0.0880
18 2000 26.61 20.6706 1.7448 1 14.7313 141.101 0.19927 0.4463
19 2001 22.98 22.6977 1.8577 1 22.4155 0.31860 0.00060 0.0248
20 2002 23.57 24.0627 1.6606 1 24.5555 0.97126 0.00174 0.0418
21 2003 27.05 26.3867 1.9259 1 25.7234 1.75984 0.00240 0.0490
22 2004 34.9 1 28.31267 43.3929 0.03562 0.1887
23 2005 50.65 2 30.2386 416.623 0.16239 0.4029
24 2006 61.48 3 32.1646 859.392 0.22736 0.4768
total 570.99 1.90146 3.7382
total 1319.40 0.42539 1.0685
RMSE 5.21444 RMSE 20.971
RMSPE 30.0906 RMSPE 37.655
MAPE 17.8011 MAPE 35.618


240
Forecast table of energy prices according Holts method

Period Year
y(t) F(t) T(t) tau
F(alfa,
beta)
Squared
error
Squared
relative
error
Ralative
error
module
1 1983 30.74 30.74 -0.9 1
2 1984 29.84 29.84 -0.9 1 29.84 0 0 0
3 1985 29.25 29.219 -0.6489 1 28.94 0.0961 0.00011 0.01059
4 1986 14.5 15.907 -12.0456 1 28.570 197.967 0.94158 0.97035
5 1987 18.52 17.0541 -0.17215 1 3.861 214.876 0.62648 0.79150
6 1988 15.14 15.3141 -1.58315 1 16.8819 3.03447 0.01323 0.11505
7 1989 17.8 17.393 1.71270 1 13.7310 16.5564 0.05225 0.2285
8 1990 23.11 22.709 4.95609 1 19.1058 16.0335 0.03002 0.17326
9 1991 19.11 19.9655 -1.97400 1 27.6656 73.1996 0.20044 0.44770
10 1992 18.62 18.5571 -1.46497 1 17.9915 0.39492 0.00113 0.03375
11 1993 16.05 16.1542 -2.30914 1 17.0921 1.08615 0.00421 0.06493
12 1994 15.52 15.3525 -0.95245 1 13.845 2.80536 0.01164 0.10792
13 1995 16.78 16.5420 0.97530 1 14.4000 5.66414 0.02011 0.14183
14 1996 20.25 19.9767 3.18878 1 17.517 7.46760 0.01821 0.1349
15 1997 18.79 19.2275 -0.35538 1 23.165 19.1451 0.05422 0.23286
16 1998 11.99 12.6782 -5.92993 1 18.872 47.3642 0.32946 0.57399
17 1999 16.07 15.1378 1.62065 1 6.748 86.8945 0.33648 0.58006
18 2000 26.61 25.6248 9.60038 1 16.758 97.0523 0.13706 0.37021
19 2001 22.98 24.2045 -0.31825 1 35.225 149.945 0.28394 0.53286
20 2002 23.57 23.6016 -0.57443 1 23.886 0.10002 0.0001 0.01341
21 2003 27.05 26.6477 2.68404 1 23.027 16.1829 0.0221 0.14871
22 2004 34.9 34.3431 7.19431 1 29.331 31.0053 0.02545 0.15954
23 2005 50.65 49.7387 14.5754 1 41.537 83.0378 0.03236 0.17991
24 2006 61.48 61.7634 12.2797 1 64.314 8.0326 0.00212 0.04609
2010 4 110.882
2011 5 123.162
2012 6 135.441
2013 7 147.721
2014 8 160.001
2015 9 172.281
2016 10 184.560
2017 11 196.840
2018 12 209.120
2019 13 221.400
2020 14 233.679
2021 15 245.959
2022 16 258.239
2023 17 270.519
2024 18 282.798
2025 19 295.07




240
Forecast table of energy prices according Holts method

Period Year
y(t) F(t) T(t) tau
F(alfa,
beta)
Squared
error
Squared
relative
error
Ralative
error
module
1 1983 30.74 30.74 -0.9 1
2 1984 29.84 29.84 -0.9 1 29.84 0 0 0
3 1985 29.25 29.219 -0.6489 1 28.94 0.0961 0.00011 0.01059
4 1986 14.5 15.907 -12.0456 1 28.570 197.967 0.94158 0.97035
5 1987 18.52 17.0541 -0.17215 1 3.861 214.876 0.62648 0.79150
6 1988 15.14 15.3141 -1.58315 1 16.8819 3.03447 0.01323 0.11505
7 1989 17.8 17.393 1.71270 1 13.7310 16.5564 0.05225 0.2285
8 1990 23.11 22.709 4.95609 1 19.1058 16.0335 0.03002 0.17326
9 1991 19.11 19.9655 -1.97400 1 27.6656 73.1996 0.20044 0.44770
10 1992 18.62 18.5571 -1.46497 1 17.9915 0.39492 0.00113 0.03375
11 1993 16.05 16.1542 -2.30914 1 17.0921 1.08615 0.00421 0.06493
12 1994 15.52 15.3525 -0.95245 1 13.845 2.80536 0.01164 0.10792
13 1995 16.78 16.5420 0.97530 1 14.4000 5.66414 0.02011 0.14183
14 1996 20.25 19.9767 3.18878 1 17.517 7.46760 0.01821 0.1349
15 1997 18.79 19.2275 -0.35538 1 23.165 19.1451 0.05422 0.23286
16 1998 11.99 12.6782 -5.92993 1 18.872 47.3642 0.32946 0.57399
17 1999 16.07 15.1378 1.62065 1 6.748 86.8945 0.33648 0.58006
18 2000 26.61 25.6248 9.60038 1 16.758 97.0523 0.13706 0.37021
19 2001 22.98 24.2045 -0.31825 1 35.225 149.945 0.28394 0.53286
20 2002 23.57 23.6016 -0.57443 1 23.886 0.10002 0.0001 0.01341
21 2003 27.05 26.6477 2.68404 1 23.027 16.1829 0.0221 0.14871
22 2004 34.9 34.3431 7.19431 1 29.331 31.0053 0.02545 0.15954
23 2005 50.65 49.7387 14.5754 1 41.537 83.0378 0.03236 0.17991
24 2006 61.48 61.7634 12.2797 1 64.314 8.0326 0.00212 0.04609
2010 4 110.882
2011 5 123.162
2012 6 135.441
2013 7 147.721
2014 8 160.001
2015 9 172.281
2016 10 184.560
2017 11 196.840
2018 12 209.120
2019 13 221.400
2020 14 233.679
2021 15 245.959
2022 16 258.239
2023 17 270.519
2024 18 282.798
2025 19 295.07




2 4 0
F o r e c a s t t a b l e o f e n e r g y p r i c e s a c c o r d i n g H o l t s m e t h o d

P e r i o d Y e a r
y ( t ) F ( t ) T ( t ) t a u
F ( a l f a ,
b e t a )
S q u a r e d
e r r o r
S q u a r e d
r e l a t i v e
e r r o r
R a l a t i v e
e r r o r
m o d u l e
1 1 9 8 3 3 0 . 7 4 3 0 . 7 4 - 0 . 9 1
2 1 9 8 4 2 9 . 8 4 2 9 . 8 4 - 0 . 9 1 2 9 . 8 4 0 0 0
3 1 9 8 5 2 9 . 2 5 2 9 . 2 1 9 - 0 . 6 4 8 9 1 2 8 . 9 4 0 . 0 9 6 1 0 . 0 0 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 0 5 9
4 1 9 8 6 1 4 . 5 1 5 . 9 0 7 - 1 2 . 0 4 5 6 1 2 8 . 5 7 0 1 9 7 . 9 6 7 0 . 9 4 1 5 8 0 . 9 7 0 3 5
5 1 9 8 7 1 8 . 5 2 1 7 . 0 5 4 1 - 0 . 1 7 2 1 5 1 3 . 8 6 1 2 1 4 . 8 7 6 0 . 6 2 6 4 8 0 . 7 9 1 5 0
6 1 9 8 8 1 5 . 1 4 1 5 . 3 1 4 1 - 1 . 5 8 3 1 5 1 1 6 . 8 8 1 9 3 . 0 3 4 4 7 0 . 0 1 3 2 3 0 . 1 1 5 0 5
7 1 9 8 9 1 7 . 8 1 7 . 3 9 3 1 . 7 1 2 7 0 1 1 3 . 7 3 1 0 1 6 . 5 5 6 4 0 . 0 5 2 2 5 0 . 2 2 8 5
8 1 9 9 0 2 3 . 1 1 2 2 . 7 0 9 4 . 9 5 6 0 9 1 1 9 . 1 0 5 8 1 6 . 0 3 3 5 0 . 0 3 0 0 2 0 . 1 7 3 2 6
9 1 9 9 1 1 9 . 1 1 1 9 . 9 6 5 5 - 1 . 9 7 4 0 0 1 2 7 . 6 6 5 6 7 3 . 1 9 9 6 0 . 2 0 0 4 4 0 . 4 4 7 7 0
1 0 1 9 9 2 1 8 . 6 2 1 8 . 5 5 7 1 - 1 . 4 6 4 9 7 1 1 7 . 9 9 1 5 0 . 3 9 4 9 2 0 . 0 0 1 1 3 0 . 0 3 3 7 5
1 1 1 9 9 3 1 6 . 0 5 1 6 . 1 5 4 2 - 2 . 3 0 9 1 4 1 1 7 . 0 9 2 1 1 . 0 8 6 1 5 0 . 0 0 4 2 1 0 . 0 6 4 9 3
1 2 1 9 9 4 1 5 . 5 2 1 5 . 3 5 2 5 - 0 . 9 5 2 4 5 1 1 3 . 8 4 5 2 . 8 0 5 3 6 0 . 0 1 1 6 4 0 . 1 0 7 9 2
1 3 1 9 9 5 1 6 . 7 8 1 6 . 5 4 2 0 0 . 9 7 5 3 0 1 1 4 . 4 0 0 0 5 . 6 6 4 1 4 0 . 0 2 0 1 1 0 . 1 4 1 8 3
1 4 1 9 9 6 2 0 . 2 5 1 9 . 9 7 6 7 3 . 1 8 8 7 8 1 1 7 . 5 1 7 7 . 4 6 7 6 0 0 . 0 1 8 2 1 0 . 1 3 4 9
1 5 1 9 9 7 1 8 . 7 9 1 9 . 2 2 7 5 - 0 . 3 5 5 3 8 1 2 3 . 1 6 5 1 9 . 1 4 5 1 0 . 0 5 4 2 2 0 . 2 3 2 8 6
1 6 1 9 9 8 1 1 . 9 9 1 2 . 6 7 8 2 - 5 . 9 2 9 9 3 1 1 8 . 8 7 2 4 7 . 3 6 4 2 0 . 3 2 9 4 6 0 . 5 7 3 9 9
1 7 1 9 9 9 1 6 . 0 7 1 5 . 1 3 7 8 1 . 6 2 0 6 5 1 6 . 7 4 8 8 6 . 8 9 4 5 0 . 3 3 6 4 8 0 . 5 8 0 0 6
1 8 2 0 0 0 2 6 . 6 1 2 5 . 6 2 4 8 9 . 6 0 0 3 8 1 1 6 . 7 5 8 9 7 . 0 5 2 3 0 . 1 3 7 0 6 0 . 3 7 0 2 1
1 9 2 0 0 1 2 2 . 9 8 2 4 . 2 0 4 5 - 0 . 3 1 8 2 5 1 3 5 . 2 2 5 1 4 9 . 9 4 5 0 . 2 8 3 9 4 0 . 5 3 2 8 6
2 0 2 0 0 2 2 3 . 5 7 2 3 . 6 0 1 6 - 0 . 5 7 4 4 3 1 2 3 . 8 8 6 0 . 1 0 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 . 0 1 3 4 1
2 1 2 0 0 3 2 7 . 0 5 2 6 . 6 4 7 7 2 . 6 8 4 0 4 1 2 3 . 0 2 7 1 6 . 1 8 2 9 0 . 0 2 2 1 0 . 1 4 8 7 1
2 2 2 0 0 4 3 4 . 9 3 4 . 3 4 3 1 7 . 1 9 4 3 1 1 2 9 . 3 3 1 3 1 . 0 0 5 3 0 . 0 2 5 4 5 0 . 1 5 9 5 4
2 3 2 0 0 5 5 0 . 6 5 4 9 . 7 3 8 7 1 4 . 5 7 5 4 1 4 1 . 5 3 7 8 3 . 0 3 7 8 0 . 0 3 2 3 6 0 . 1 7 9 9 1
2 4 2 0 0 6 6 1 . 4 8 6 1 . 7 6 3 4 1 2 . 2 7 9 7 1 6 4 . 3 1 4 8 . 0 3 2 6 0 . 0 0 2 1 2 0 . 0 4 6 0 9
2 0 1 0 4 1 1 0 . 8 8 2
2 0 1 1 5 1 2 3 . 1 6 2
2 0 1 2 6 1 3 5 . 4 4 1
2 0 1 3 7 1 4 7 . 7 2 1
2 0 1 4 8 1 6 0 . 0 0 1
2 0 1 5 9 1 7 2 . 2 8 1
2 0 1 6 1 0 1 8 4 . 5 6 0
2 0 1 7 1 1 1 9 6 . 8 4 0
2 0 1 8 1 2 2 0 9 . 1 2 0
2 0 1 9 1 3 2 2 1 . 4 0 0
2 0 2 0 1 4 2 3 3 . 6 7 9
2 0 2 1 1 5 2 4 5 . 9 5 9
2 0 2 2 1 6 2 5 8 . 2 3 9
2 0 2 3 1 7 2 7 0 . 5 1 9
2 0 2 4 1 8 2 8 2 . 7 9 8
2 0 2 5 1 9 2 9 5 . 0 7




2 4 0
F o r e c a s t t a b l e o f e n e r g y p r i c e s a c c o r d i n g H o l t s m e t h o d

P e r i o d Y e a r
y ( t ) F ( t ) T ( t ) t a u
F ( a l f a ,
b e t a )
S q u a r e d
e r r o r
S q u a r e d
r e l a t i v e
e r r o r
R a l a t i v e
e r r o r
m o d u l e
1 1 9 8 3 3 0 . 7 4 3 0 . 7 4 - 0 . 9 1
2 1 9 8 4 2 9 . 8 4 2 9 . 8 4 - 0 . 9 1 2 9 . 8 4 0 0 0
3 1 9 8 5 2 9 . 2 5 2 9 . 2 1 9 - 0 . 6 4 8 9 1 2 8 . 9 4 0 . 0 9 6 1 0 . 0 0 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 0 5 9
4 1 9 8 6 1 4 . 5 1 5 . 9 0 7 - 1 2 . 0 4 5 6 1 2 8 . 5 7 0 1 9 7 . 9 6 7 0 . 9 4 1 5 8 0 . 9 7 0 3 5
5 1 9 8 7 1 8 . 5 2 1 7 . 0 5 4 1 - 0 . 1 7 2 1 5 1 3 . 8 6 1 2 1 4 . 8 7 6 0 . 6 2 6 4 8 0 . 7 9 1 5 0
6 1 9 8 8 1 5 . 1 4 1 5 . 3 1 4 1 - 1 . 5 8 3 1 5 1 1 6 . 8 8 1 9 3 . 0 3 4 4 7 0 . 0 1 3 2 3 0 . 1 1 5 0 5
7 1 9 8 9 1 7 . 8 1 7 . 3 9 3 1 . 7 1 2 7 0 1 1 3 . 7 3 1 0 1 6 . 5 5 6 4 0 . 0 5 2 2 5 0 . 2 2 8 5
8 1 9 9 0 2 3 . 1 1 2 2 . 7 0 9 4 . 9 5 6 0 9 1 1 9 . 1 0 5 8 1 6 . 0 3 3 5 0 . 0 3 0 0 2 0 . 1 7 3 2 6
9 1 9 9 1 1 9 . 1 1 1 9 . 9 6 5 5 - 1 . 9 7 4 0 0 1 2 7 . 6 6 5 6 7 3 . 1 9 9 6 0 . 2 0 0 4 4 0 . 4 4 7 7 0
1 0 1 9 9 2 1 8 . 6 2 1 8 . 5 5 7 1 - 1 . 4 6 4 9 7 1 1 7 . 9 9 1 5 0 . 3 9 4 9 2 0 . 0 0 1 1 3 0 . 0 3 3 7 5
1 1 1 9 9 3 1 6 . 0 5 1 6 . 1 5 4 2 - 2 . 3 0 9 1 4 1 1 7 . 0 9 2 1 1 . 0 8 6 1 5 0 . 0 0 4 2 1 0 . 0 6 4 9 3
1 2 1 9 9 4 1 5 . 5 2 1 5 . 3 5 2 5 - 0 . 9 5 2 4 5 1 1 3 . 8 4 5 2 . 8 0 5 3 6 0 . 0 1 1 6 4 0 . 1 0 7 9 2
1 3 1 9 9 5 1 6 . 7 8 1 6 . 5 4 2 0 0 . 9 7 5 3 0 1 1 4 . 4 0 0 0 5 . 6 6 4 1 4 0 . 0 2 0 1 1 0 . 1 4 1 8 3
1 4 1 9 9 6 2 0 . 2 5 1 9 . 9 7 6 7 3 . 1 8 8 7 8 1 1 7 . 5 1 7 7 . 4 6 7 6 0 0 . 0 1 8 2 1 0 . 1 3 4 9
1 5 1 9 9 7 1 8 . 7 9 1 9 . 2 2 7 5 - 0 . 3 5 5 3 8 1 2 3 . 1 6 5 1 9 . 1 4 5 1 0 . 0 5 4 2 2 0 . 2 3 2 8 6
1 6 1 9 9 8 1 1 . 9 9 1 2 . 6 7 8 2 - 5 . 9 2 9 9 3 1 1 8 . 8 7 2 4 7 . 3 6 4 2 0 . 3 2 9 4 6 0 . 5 7 3 9 9
1 7 1 9 9 9 1 6 . 0 7 1 5 . 1 3 7 8 1 . 6 2 0 6 5 1 6 . 7 4 8 8 6 . 8 9 4 5 0 . 3 3 6 4 8 0 . 5 8 0 0 6
1 8 2 0 0 0 2 6 . 6 1 2 5 . 6 2 4 8 9 . 6 0 0 3 8 1 1 6 . 7 5 8 9 7 . 0 5 2 3 0 . 1 3 7 0 6 0 . 3 7 0 2 1
1 9 2 0 0 1 2 2 . 9 8 2 4 . 2 0 4 5 - 0 . 3 1 8 2 5 1 3 5 . 2 2 5 1 4 9 . 9 4 5 0 . 2 8 3 9 4 0 . 5 3 2 8 6
2 0 2 0 0 2 2 3 . 5 7 2 3 . 6 0 1 6 - 0 . 5 7 4 4 3 1 2 3 . 8 8 6 0 . 1 0 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 . 0 1 3 4 1
2 1 2 0 0 3 2 7 . 0 5 2 6 . 6 4 7 7 2 . 6 8 4 0 4 1 2 3 . 0 2 7 1 6 . 1 8 2 9 0 . 0 2 2 1 0 . 1 4 8 7 1
2 2 2 0 0 4 3 4 . 9 3 4 . 3 4 3 1 7 . 1 9 4 3 1 1 2 9 . 3 3 1 3 1 . 0 0 5 3 0 . 0 2 5 4 5 0 . 1 5 9 5 4
2 3 2 0 0 5 5 0 . 6 5 4 9 . 7 3 8 7 1 4 . 5 7 5 4 1 4 1 . 5 3 7 8 3 . 0 3 7 8 0 . 0 3 2 3 6 0 . 1 7 9 9 1
2 4 2 0 0 6 6 1 . 4 8 6 1 . 7 6 3 4 1 2 . 2 7 9 7 1 6 4 . 3 1 4 8 . 0 3 2 6 0 . 0 0 2 1 2 0 . 0 4 6 0 9
2 0 1 0 4 1 1 0 . 8 8 2
2 0 1 1 5 1 2 3 . 1 6 2
2 0 1 2 6 1 3 5 . 4 4 1
2 0 1 3 7 1 4 7 . 7 2 1
2 0 1 4 8 1 6 0 . 0 0 1
2 0 1 5 9 1 7 2 . 2 8 1
2 0 1 6 1 0 1 8 4 . 5 6 0
2 0 1 7 1 1 1 9 6 . 8 4 0
2 0 1 8 1 2 2 0 9 . 1 2 0
2 0 1 9 1 3 2 2 1 . 4 0 0
2 0 2 0 1 4 2 3 3 . 6 7 9
2 0 2 1 1 5 2 4 5 . 9 5 9
2 0 2 2 1 6 2 5 8 . 2 3 9
2 0 2 3 1 7 2 7 0 . 5 1 9
2 0 2 4 1 8 2 8 2 . 7 9 8
2 0 2 5 1 9 2 9 5 . 0 7




2 4 1
D y n a m i c p a y b a c k p e r i o d c a l c u l a t i o n


u
n
i
t

p
r
i
c
e

0
.
2
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
4
0
.
5
0
.
6
0
.
7
0
.
9
1
.
0
1
.
2
1
.
4
1
.
6
1
.
9
2
.
2
2
.
6
3
.
1
3
.
6
4
.
3
4
.
9
5
.
4
6
.
0
6
.
6
7
.
2
y
e
a
r
1
.
0
2
.
0
3
.
0
4
.
0
5
.
0
6
.
0
7
.
0
8
.
0
9
.
0
1
0
.
0
1
1
.
0
1
2
.
0
1
3
.
0
1
4
.
0
1
5
.
0
1
6
.
0
1
7
.
0
1
8
.
0
1
9
.
0
2
0
.
0
2
1
.
0
2
2
.
0
2
3
.
0
2
4
.
0
2
5
.
0
k
W
h 1
7
5
.
0
3
5
.
0
7
6
.
1
1
2
4
.
4
1
8
1
.
1
2
4
7
.
8
3
2
6
.
0
4
1
8
.
1
5
2
6
.
2
6
5
3
.
3
8
0
2
.
6
9
7
7
.
6
1
1
8
3
.
7
1
4
2
5
.
9
1
7
1
0
.
5
2
0
4
4
.
9
2
4
3
7
.
8
2
8
9
9
.
4
3
4
4
1
.
7
4
0
7
8
.
9
4
8
2
7
.
6
5
2
1
3
.
1
5
6
6
6
.
2
6
1
9
8
.
5
7
2
0
8
.
8
8
3
9
5
.
9
4
5
0
.
0
9
0
.
0
1
9
5
.
8
3
2
0
.
0
4
6
5
.
8
6
3
7
.
2
8
3
8
.
4
1
0
7
5
.
1
1
3
5
3
.
2
1
6
7
9
.
9
2
0
6
3
.
7
2
5
1
3
.
7
3
0
4
3
.
8
3
6
6
6
.
6
4
3
9
8
.
3
5
2
5
8
.
3
6
2
6
8
.
5
7
4
5
5
.
6
8
8
5
0
.
2
1
0
4
8
8
.
6
1
2
4
1
3
.
7
1
3
4
0
5
.
2
1
4
5
7
0
.
2
1
5
9
3
8
.
9
1
8
5
3
7
.
0
2
1
5
8
9
.
4
5
8
0
.
0
1
1
6
.
0
2
5
2
.
3
4
1
2
.
4
6
0
0
.
3
8
2
1
.
3
1
0
8
0
.
5
1
3
8
5
.
6
1
7
4
4
.
1
2
1
6
5
.
1
2
6
5
9
.
9
3
2
3
9
.
9
3
9
2
3
.
1
4
7
2
5
.
8
5
6
6
8
.
9
6
7
7
7
.
3
8
0
7
9
.
4
9
6
0
9
.
4
1
1
4
0
6
.
9
1
3
5
1
8
.
6
1
5
9
9
9
.
9
1
7
2
7
7
.
8
1
8
7
7
9
.
3
2
0
5
4
3
.
5
2
3
8
9
2
.
1
2
7
8
2
6
.
3
8
1
0
.
0
1
6
2
.
0
3
5
2
.
4
5
7
5
.
9
8
3
8
.
4
1
1
4
7
.
0
1
5
0
9
.
0
1
9
3
5
.
1
2
4
3
5
.
7
3
0
2
3
.
7
3
7
1
4
.
7
4
5
2
4
.
7
5
4
7
8
.
8
6
5
9
9
.
9
7
9
1
6
.
9
9
4
6
4
.
9
1
1
2
8
3
.
3
1
3
4
2
0
.
1
1
5
9
3
0
.
3
1
8
8
7
9
.
5
2
2
3
4
4
.
7
2
4
1
2
9
.
4
2
6
2
2
6
.
3
2
8
6
9
0
.
0
3
3
3
6
6
.
5
3
8
8
6
0
.
9
8
7
5
.
0
1
7
5
.
0
3
8
0
.
6
6
2
2
.
1
9
0
5
.
6
1
2
3
9
.
0
1
6
3
0
.
1
2
0
9
0
.
4
2
6
3
1
.
1
3
2
6
6
.
4
4
0
1
2
.
8
4
8
8
7
.
8
5
9
1
8
.
5
7
1
2
9
.
5
8
5
5
2
.
3
1
0
2
2
4
.
4
1
2
1
8
8
.
8
1
4
4
9
7
.
0
1
7
2
0
8
.
6
2
0
3
9
4
.
5
2
4
1
3
7
.
8
2
6
0
6
5
.
7
2
8
3
3
0
.
9
3
0
9
9
2
.
3
3
6
0
4
4
.
1
4
1
9
7
9
.
4
8
9
5
.
0
1
7
9
.
0
3
8
9
.
3
6
3
6
.
3
9
2
6
.
3
1
2
6
7
.
3
1
6
6
7
.
4
2
1
3
8
.
2
2
6
9
1
.
3
3
3
4
1
.
0
4
1
0
4
.
5
4
9
9
9
.
5
6
0
5
3
.
8
7
2
9
2
.
5
8
7
4
7
.
7
1
0
4
5
8
.
1
1
2
4
6
7
.
4
1
4
8
2
8
.
4
1
7
6
0
2
.
0
2
0
8
6
0
.
7
2
4
6
8
9
.
5
2
6
6
6
1
.
5
2
8
9
7
8
.
4
3
1
7
0
0
.
7
3
6
8
6
7
.
9
4
2
9
3
8
.
9
9
2
5
.
0
1
8
5
.
0
4
0
2
.
4
6
5
7
.
7
9
5
7
.
4
1
3
0
9
.
8
1
7
2
3
.
3
2
2
0
9
.
8
2
7
8
1
.
5
3
4
5
3
.
0
4
2
4
2
.
1
5
1
6
7
.
1
6
2
5
6
.
7
7
5
3
6
.
9
9
0
4
1
.
0
1
0
8
0
8
.
6
1
2
8
8
5
.
3
1
5
3
2
5
.
4
1
8
1
9
2
.
0
2
1
5
5
9
.
9
2
5
5
1
7
.
1
2
7
5
5
5
.
2
2
9
9
4
9
.
8
3
2
7
6
3
.
3
3
8
1
0
3
.
7
4
4
3
7
8
.
2
1
0
9
0
.
0
2
1
8
.
0
4
7
4
.
2
7
7
5
.
0
1
1
2
8
.
2
1
5
4
3
.
4
2
0
3
0
.
7
2
6
0
4
.
0
3
2
7
7
.
6
4
0
6
9
.
0
4
9
9
8
.
7
6
0
8
8
.
7
7
3
7
2
.
8
8
8
8
1
.
3
1
0
6
5
3
.
7
1
2
7
3
6
.
7
1
5
1
8
3
.
7
1
8
0
5
9
.
1
2
1
4
3
7
.
0
2
5
4
0
5
.
7
3
0
0
6
8
.
7
3
2
4
7
0
.
4
3
5
2
9
2
.
2
3
8
6
0
7
.
6
4
4
9
0
0
.
6
5
2
2
9
4
.
3
1
1
3
0
.
0
2
2
6
.
0
4
9
1
.
6
8
0
3
.
4
1
1
6
9
.
6
1
6
0
0
.
1
2
1
0
5
.
2
2
6
9
9
.
6
3
3
9
7
.
9
4
2
1
8
.
3
5
1
8
2
.
2
6
3
1
2
.
2
7
6
4
3
.
3
9
2
0
7
.
2
1
1
0
4
4
.
6
1
3
2
0
4
.
1
1
5
7
4
0
.
9
1
8
7
2
1
.
8
2
2
2
2
3
.
7
2
6
3
3
8
.
0
3
1
1
7
2
.
2
3
3
6
6
2
.
0
3
6
5
8
7
.
3
4
0
0
2
4
.
4
4
6
5
4
8
.
4
5
4
2
1
3
.
4
1
2
3
5
.
0
2
4
7
.
0
5
3
7
.
2
8
7
8
.
1
1
2
7
8
.
2
1
7
4
8
.
8
2
3
0
0
.
8
2
9
5
0
.
4
3
7
1
3
.
6
4
6
1
0
.
3
5
6
6
3
.
7
6
8
9
8
.
7
8
3
5
3
.
5
1
0
0
6
2
.
8
1
2
0
7
0
.
9
1
4
4
3
1
.
0
1
7
2
0
3
.
6
2
0
4
6
1
.
5
2
4
2
8
8
.
7
2
8
7
8
5
.
4
3
4
0
6
8
.
7
3
6
7
8
9
.
9
3
9
9
8
7
.
0
4
3
7
4
3
.
5
5
0
8
7
3
.
6
5
9
2
5
0
.
9
1
2
8
0
.
0
2
5
6
.
0
5
5
6
.
8
9
1
0
.
1
1
3
2
4
.
8
1
8
1
2
.
5
2
3
8
4
.
6
3
0
5
7
.
9
3
8
4
9
.
0
4
7
7
8
.
2
5
8
7
0
.
1
7
1
5
0
.
1
8
6
5
7
.
9
1
0
4
2
9
.
4
1
2
5
1
0
.
7
1
4
9
5
6
.
8
1
7
8
3
0
.
4
2
1
2
0
7
.
0
2
5
1
7
3
.
8
2
9
8
3
4
.
2
3
5
3
1
0
.
1
3
8
1
3
0
.
4
4
1
4
4
4
.
0
4
5
3
3
7
.
3
5
2
7
2
7
.
3
6
1
4
0
9
.
8
1
3
6
0
.
0
2
7
2
.
0
5
9
1
.
6
9
6
7
.
0
1
4
0
7
.
6
1
9
2
5
.
8
2
5
3
3
.
7
3
2
4
9
.
0
4
0
8
9
.
5
5
0
7
6
.
9
6
2
3
7
.
0
7
5
9
7
.
0
9
1
9
9
.
0
1
1
0
8
1
.
3
1
3
2
9
2
.
6
1
5
8
9
1
.
6
1
8
9
4
4
.
8
2
2
5
3
2
.
5
2
6
7
4
7
.
1
3
1
6
9
8
.
9
3
7
5
1
7
.
0
4
0
5
1
3
.
6
4
4
0
3
4
.
3
4
8
1
7
0
.
9
5
6
0
2
2
.
8
6
5
2
4
7
.
9
1
3
8
0
.
0
2
7
6
.
0
6
0
0
.
3
9
8
1
.
2
1
4
2
8
.
3
1
9
5
4
.
1
2
5
7
0
.
9
3
2
9
6
.
8
4
1
4
9
.
7
5
1
5
1
.
5
6
3
2
8
.
7
7
7
0
8
.
7
9
3
3
4
.
3
1
1
2
4
4
.
2
1
3
4
8
8
.
1
1
6
1
2
5
.
3
1
9
2
2
3
.
4
2
2
8
6
3
.
8
2
7
1
4
0
.
5
3
2
1
6
5
.
0
3
8
0
6
8
.
7
4
1
1
0
9
.
4
4
4
6
8
1
.
8
4
8
8
7
9
.
3
5
6
8
4
6
.
7
6
6
2
0
7
.
5
1
6
7
0
.
0
3
3
4
.
0
7
2
6
.
5
1
1
8
7
.
4
1
7
2
8
.
5
2
3
6
4
.
7
3
1
1
1
.
2
3
9
8
9
.
6
5
0
2
1
.
7
6
2
3
4
.
1
7
6
5
8
.
6
9
3
2
8
.
6
1
1
2
9
5
.
9
1
3
6
0
7
.
2
1
6
3
2
2
.
6
1
9
5
1
4
.
0
2
3
2
6
3
.
1
2
7
6
6
8
.
6
3
2
8
4
3
.
9
3
8
9
2
4
.
4
4
6
0
6
8
.
6
4
9
7
4
8
.
3
5
4
0
7
1
.
5
5
9
1
5
1
.
1
6
8
7
9
2
.
7
8
0
1
2
0
.
6
1
7
8
0
.
0
3
5
6
.
0
7
7
4
.
3
1
2
6
5
.
6
1
8
4
2
.
3
2
5
2
0
.
5
3
3
1
6
.
1
4
2
5
2
.
4
5
3
5
2
.
5
6
6
4
4
.
7
8
1
6
3
.
1
9
9
4
3
.
1
1
2
0
3
9
.
9
1
4
5
0
3
.
4
1
7
3
9
7
.
7
2
0
7
9
9
.
3
2
4
7
9
5
.
4
2
9
4
9
1
.
0
3
5
0
0
7
.
3
4
1
4
8
8
.
2
4
9
1
0
3
.
1
5
3
0
2
5
.
1
5
7
6
3
3
.
1
6
3
0
4
7
.
2
7
3
3
2
4
.
0
8
5
3
9
8
.
0
1
8
6
0
.
0
3
7
2
.
0
8
0
9
.
1
1
3
2
2
.
5
1
9
2
5
.
1
2
6
3
3
.
8
3
4
6
5
.
2
4
4
4
3
.
5
5
5
9
3
.
0
6
9
4
3
.
4
8
5
3
0
.
0
1
0
3
9
0
.
0
1
2
5
8
1
.
0
1
5
1
5
5
.
3
1
8
1
7
9
.
6
2
1
7
3
4
.
1
2
5
9
0
9
.
8
3
0
8
1
6
.
5
3
6
5
8
0
.
6
4
3
3
5
2
.
9
5
1
3
1
0
.
0
5
5
4
0
8
.
3
6
0
2
2
3
.
3
6
5
8
8
0
.
8
7
6
6
1
9
.
4
8
9
2
3
6
.
1
1
8
8
0
.
0
3
7
6
.
0
8
1
7
.
8
1
3
3
6
.
7
1
9
4
5
.
8
2
6
6
2
.
1
3
5
0
2
.
4
4
4
9
1
.
3
5
6
5
3
.
2
7
0
1
8
.
0
8
6
2
1
.
7
1
0
5
0
1
.
7
1
2
7
1
6
.
3
1
5
3
1
8
.
2
1
8
3
7
5
.
1
2
1
9
6
7
.
8
2
6
1
8
8
.
4
3
1
1
4
7
.
8
3
6
9
7
4
.
0
4
3
8
1
9
.
0
5
1
8
6
1
.
7
5
6
0
0
4
.
1
6
0
8
7
0
.
9
6
6
5
8
9
.
2
7
7
4
4
3
.
3
9
0
1
9
5
.
7
1
9
5
5
.
0
3
9
1
.
0
8
5
0
.
4
1
3
9
0
.
0
2
0
2
3
.
4
2
7
6
8
.
3
3
6
4
2
.
2
4
6
7
0
.
5
5
8
7
8
.
7
7
2
9
8
.
0
8
9
6
5
.
6
1
0
9
2
0
.
6
1
3
2
2
3
.
6
1
5
9
2
9
.
3
1
9
1
0
8
.
2
2
2
8
4
4
.
2
2
7
2
3
3
.
2
3
2
3
9
0
.
4
3
8
4
4
9
.
0
4
5
5
6
7
.
1
5
3
9
3
0
.
6
5
8
2
3
8
.
3
6
3
2
9
9
.
3
6
9
2
4
5
.
7
8
0
5
3
2
.
8
9
3
7
9
3
.
9
2
0
0
5
.
0
4
0
1
.
0
8
7
2
.
2
1
4
2
5
.
6
2
0
7
5
.
2
2
8
3
9
.
1
3
7
3
5
.
3
4
7
8
9
.
9
6
0
2
9
.
0
7
4
8
4
.
7
9
1
9
4
.
9
1
1
1
9
9
.
9
1
3
5
6
1
.
8
1
6
3
3
6
.
7
1
9
5
9
6
.
9
2
3
4
2
8
.
4
2
7
9
2
9
.
7
3
3
2
1
8
.
8
3
9
4
3
2
.
3
4
6
7
3
2
.
5
5
5
3
0
9
.
9
5
9
7
2
7
.
7
6
4
9
1
8
.
2
7
1
0
1
6
.
7
8
2
5
9
2
.
4
9
6
1
9
2
.
7
2
0
9
5
.
0
4
1
9
.
0
9
1
1
.
3
1
4
8
9
.
5
2
1
6
8
.
3
2
9
6
6
.
5
3
9
0
3
.
0
5
0
0
5
.
0
6
2
9
9
.
7
7
8
2
0
.
6
9
6
0
7
.
7
1
1
7
0
2
.
7
1
4
1
7
0
.
6
1
7
0
7
0
.
1
2
0
4
7
6
.
5
2
4
4
8
0
.
1
2
9
1
8
3
.
4
3
4
7
1
0
.
0
4
1
2
0
2
.
4
4
8
8
3
0
.
3
5
7
7
9
2
.
7
6
2
4
0
8
.
8
6
7
8
3
2
.
2
7
4
2
0
4
.
5
8
6
2
9
9
.
8
1
0
0
5
1
0
.
6
2
1
3
5
.
0
4
2
7
.
0
9
2
8
.
7
1
5
1
8
.
0
2
2
0
9
.
7
3
0
2
3
.
2
3
9
7
7
.
5
5
1
0
0
.
5
6
4
1
9
.
9
7
9
7
0
.
0
9
7
9
1
.
1
1
1
9
2
6
.
1
1
4
4
4
1
.
1
1
7
3
9
6
.
0
2
0
8
6
7
.
5
2
4
9
4
7
.
5
2
9
7
4
0
.
6
3
5
3
7
2
.
7
4
1
9
8
9
.
0
4
9
7
6
2
.
6
5
8
8
9
6
.
1
6
3
6
0
0
.
3
6
9
1
2
7
.
3
7
5
6
2
1
.
3
8
7
9
4
7
.
6
1
0
2
4
2
9
.
7
2
1
6
5
.
0
4
3
3
.
0
9
4
1
.
8
1
5
3
9
.
3
2
2
4
0
.
8
3
0
6
5
.
6
4
0
3
3
.
4
5
1
7
2
.
2
6
5
1
0
.
2
8
0
8
1
.
9
9
9
2
8
.
7
1
2
0
9
3
.
7
1
4
6
4
4
.
1
1
7
6
4
0
.
4
2
1
1
6
0
.
7
2
5
2
9
8
.
0
3
0
1
5
8
.
5
3
5
8
6
9
.
7
4
2
5
7
9
.
1
5
0
4
6
1
.
8
5
9
7
2
3
.
7
6
4
4
9
4
.
0
7
0
0
9
8
.
7
7
6
6
8
3
.
9
8
9
1
8
3
.
4
1
0
3
8
6
8
.
9
2
1
7
5
.
0
4
3
5
.
0
9
4
6
.
1
1
5
4
6
.
4
2
2
5
1
.
1
3
0
7
9
.
8
4
0
5
2
.
0
5
1
9
6
.
1
6
5
4
0
.
2
8
1
1
9
.
3
9
9
7
4
.
6
1
2
1
4
9
.
6
1
4
7
1
1
.
7
1
7
7
2
1
.
9
2
1
2
5
8
.
5
2
5
4
1
4
.
9
3
0
2
9
7
.
8
3
6
0
3
5
.
4
4
2
7
7
5
.
7
5
0
6
9
4
.
9
5
9
9
9
9
.
6
6
4
7
9
1
.
9
7
0
4
2
2
.
5
7
7
0
3
8
.
1
8
9
5
9
5
.
3
1
0
4
3
4
8
.
7
2
4
0
5
.
0
4
8
1
.
0
1
0
4
6
.
2
1
7
1
0
.
0
2
4
8
9
.
2
3
4
0
5
.
5
4
4
8
0
.
5
5
7
4
5
.
5
7
2
3
1
.
8
8
9
7
7
.
9
1
1
0
2
9
.
3
1
3
4
3
4
.
3
1
6
2
6
7
.
4
1
9
5
9
5
.
9
2
3
5
0
6
.
5
2
8
1
0
2
.
4
3
3
5
0
1
.
7
3
9
8
4
6
.
0
4
7
2
9
9
.
1
5
6
0
5
5
.
7
6
6
3
4
4
.
3
7
1
6
4
3
.
5
7
7
8
6
9
.
4
8
5
1
8
4
.
6
9
9
0
6
9
.
7
1
1
5
3
8
3
.
3
2
4
2
0
.
0
4
8
4
.
0
1
0
5
2
.
7
1
7
2
0
.
6
2
5
0
4
.
7
3
4
2
6
.
7
4
5
0
8
.
5
5
7
8
1
.
4
7
2
7
6
.
9
9
0
3
3
.
9
1
1
0
9
8
.
1
1
3
5
1
8
.
1
1
6
3
6
8
.
9
1
9
7
1
8
.
2
2
3
6
5
3
.
1
2
8
2
7
7
.
7
3
3
7
1
0
.
6
4
0
0
9
4
.
6
4
7
5
9
4
.
1
5
6
4
0
5
.
4
6
6
7
5
8
.
1
7
2
0
9
0
.
3
7
8
3
5
5
.
1
8
5
7
1
5
.
9
9
9
6
8
7
.
6
1
1
6
1
0
2
.
9
2
5
0
0
.
0
5
0
0
.
0
1
0
8
7
.
5
1
7
7
7
.
5
2
5
8
7
.
5
3
5
4
0
.
0
4
6
5
7
.
5
5
9
7
2
.
5
7
5
1
7
.
5
9
3
3
2
.
5
1
1
4
6
5
.
0
1
3
9
6
5
.
0
1
6
9
1
0
.
0
2
0
3
7
0
.
0
2
4
4
3
5
.
0
2
9
2
1
2
.
5
3
4
8
2
5
.
0
4
1
4
2
0
.
0
4
9
1
6
7
.
5
5
8
2
7
0
.
0
6
8
9
6
5
.
0
7
4
4
7
3
.
5
8
0
9
4
5
.
4
8
8
5
4
9
.
5
1
0
2
9
8
3
.
1
1
1
9
9
4
1
.
0
2
5
2
0
.
0
5
0
4
.
0
1
0
9
6
.
2
1
7
9
1
.
7
2
6
0
8
.
2
3
5
6
8
.
3
4
6
9
4
.
8
6
0
2
0
.
3
7
5
7
7
.
6
9
4
0
7
.
2
1
1
5
5
6
.
7
1
4
0
7
6
.
7
1
7
0
4
5
.
3
2
0
5
3
3
.
0
2
4
6
3
0
.
5
2
9
4
4
6
.
2
3
5
1
0
3
.
6
4
1
7
5
1
.
4
4
9
5
6
0
.
8
5
8
7
3
6
.
2
6
9
5
1
6
.
7
7
5
0
6
9
.
3
8
1
5
9
2
.
9
8
9
2
5
7
.
9
1
0
3
8
0
7
.
0
1
2
0
9
0
0
.
6
2
5
4
5
.
0
5
0
9
.
0
1
1
0
7
.
1
1
8
0
9
.
5
2
6
3
4
.
1
3
6
0
3
.
7
4
7
4
1
.
3
6
0
8
0
.
0
7
6
5
2
.
8
9
5
0
0
.
5
1
1
6
7
1
.
4
1
4
2
1
6
.
4
1
7
2
1
4
.
4
2
0
7
3
6
.
7
2
4
8
7
4
.
8
2
9
7
3
8
.
3
3
5
4
5
1
.
9
4
2
1
6
5
.
6
5
0
0
5
2
.
5
5
9
3
1
8
.
9
7
0
2
0
6
.
4
7
5
8
1
4
.
0
8
2
4
0
2
.
4
9
0
1
4
3
.
4
1
0
4
8
3
6
.
8
1
2
2
1
0
0
.
0
2
6
5
5
.
0
5
3
1
.
0
1
1
5
4
.
9
1
8
8
7
.
7
2
7
4
7
.
9
3
7
5
9
.
5
4
9
4
6
.
3
6
3
4
2
.
8
7
9
8
3
.
6
9
9
1
1
.
1
1
2
1
7
5
.
8
1
4
8
3
0
.
8
1
7
9
5
8
.
4
2
1
6
3
2
.
9
2
5
9
5
0
.
0
3
1
0
2
3
.
7
3
6
9
8
4
.
2
4
3
9
8
8
.
0
5
2
2
1
5
.
9
6
1
8
8
2
.
7
7
3
2
4
0
.
8
7
9
0
9
0
.
8
8
5
9
6
4
.
0
9
4
0
3
9
.
6
1
0
9
3
6
8
.
0
1
2
7
3
7
7
.
4
2
9
2
5
.
0
5
8
5
.
0
1
2
7
2
.
4
2
0
7
9
.
7
3
0
2
7
.
4
4
1
4
1
.
8
5
4
4
9
.
3
6
9
8
7
.
8
8
7
9
5
.
5
1
0
9
1
9
.
0
1
3
4
1
4
.
1
1
6
3
3
9
.
1
1
9
7
8
4
.
7
2
3
8
3
2
.
9
2
8
5
8
9
.
0
3
4
1
7
8
.
6
4
0
7
4
5
.
3
4
8
4
6
1
.
4
5
7
5
2
6
.
0
6
8
1
7
5
.
9
8
0
6
8
9
.
1
8
7
1
3
4
.
0
9
4
7
0
6
.
1
1
0
3
6
0
2
.
9
1
2
0
4
9
0
.
2
1
4
0
3
3
1
.
0
3
0
3
0
.
0
6
0
6
.
0
1
3
1
8
.
1
2
1
5
4
.
3
3
1
3
6
.
1
4
2
9
0
.
5
5
6
4
4
.
9
7
2
3
8
.
7
9
1
1
1
.
2
1
1
3
1
1
.
0
1
3
8
9
5
.
6
1
6
9
2
5
.
6
2
0
4
9
4
.
9
2
4
6
8
8
.
4
2
9
6
1
5
.
2
3
5
4
0
5
.
6
4
2
2
0
7
.
9
5
0
2
0
1
.
0
5
9
5
9
1
.
0
7
0
6
2
3
.
2
8
3
5
8
5
.
6
9
0
2
6
1
.
8
9
8
1
0
5
.
8
1
0
7
3
2
2
.
0
1
2
4
8
1
5
.
5
1
4
5
3
6
8
.
5
3
0
9
5
.
0
6
1
9
.
0
1
3
4
6
.
3
2
2
0
0
.
5
3
2
0
3
.
3
4
3
8
2
.
5
5
7
6
6
.
0
7
3
9
4
.
0
9
3
0
6
.
7
1
1
5
5
3
.
6
1
4
1
9
3
.
7
1
7
2
8
8
.
7
2
0
9
3
4
.
6
2
5
2
1
8
.
1
3
0
2
5
0
.
5
3
6
1
6
5
.
1
4
3
1
1
3
.
4
5
1
2
7
8
.
0
6
0
8
6
9
.
4
7
2
1
3
8
.
3
8
5
3
7
8
.
7
9
2
1
9
8
.
2
1
0
0
2
1
0
.
3
1
0
9
6
2
4
.
3
1
2
7
4
9
3
.
1
1
4
8
4
8
7
.
0
3
2
1
0
.
0
6
4
2
.
0
1
3
9
6
.
4
2
2
8
2
.
3
3
3
2
2
.
4
4
5
4
5
.
4
5
9
8
0
.
2
7
6
6
8
.
7
9
6
5
2
.
5
1
1
9
8
2
.
9
1
4
7
2
1
.
1
1
7
9
3
1
.
1
2
1
7
1
2
.
4
2
6
1
5
5
.
1
3
1
3
7
4
.
5
3
7
5
0
8
.
9
4
4
7
1
5
.
3
5
3
1
8
3
.
3
6
3
1
3
1
.
1
7
4
8
1
8
.
7
8
8
5
5
1
.
1
9
5
6
2
3
.
9
1
0
3
9
3
3
.
8
1
1
3
6
9
7
.
6
1
3
2
2
3
0
.
3
1
5
4
0
0
4
.
3
3
3
5
0
.
0
6
7
0
.
0
1
4
5
7
.
3
2
3
8
1
.
9
3
4
6
7
.
3
4
7
4
3
.
6
6
2
4
1
.
1
8
0
0
3
.
2
1
0
0
7
3
.
5
1
2
5
0
5
.
6
1
5
3
6
3
.
1
1
8
7
1
3
.
1
2
2
6
5
9
.
4
2
7
2
9
5
.
8
3
2
7
4
2
.
9
3
9
1
4
4
.
8
4
6
6
6
5
.
5
5
5
5
0
2
.
8
6
5
8
8
4
.
5
7
8
0
8
1
.
8
9
2
4
1
3
.
1
9
9
7
9
4
.
5
1
0
8
4
6
6
.
8
1
1
8
6
5
6
.
3
1
3
7
9
9
7
.
3
1
6
0
7
2
1
.
0
3
5
4
0
.
0
7
0
8
.
0
1
5
3
9
.
9
2
5
1
6
.
9
3
6
6
3
.
9
5
0
1
2
.
6
6
5
9
5
.
0
8
4
5
7
.
1
1
0
6
4
4
.
8
1
3
2
1
4
.
8
1
6
2
3
4
.
4
1
9
7
7
4
.
4
2
3
9
4
4
.
6
2
8
8
4
3
.
9
3
4
6
0
0
.
0
4
1
3
6
4
.
9
4
9
3
1
2
.
2
5
8
6
5
0
.
7
6
9
6
2
1
.
2
8
2
5
1
0
.
3
9
7
6
5
4
.
4
1
0
5
4
5
4
.
4
1
1
4
6
1
8
.
6
1
2
5
3
8
6
.
1
1
4
5
8
2
4
.
1
1
6
9
8
3
6
.
5
3
7
0
5
.
0
7
4
1
.
0
1
6
1
1
.
7
2
6
3
4
.
3
3
8
3
4
.
7
5
2
4
6
.
3
6
9
0
2
.
4
8
8
5
1
.
2
1
1
1
4
0
.
9
1
3
8
3
0
.
8
1
6
9
9
1
.
1
2
0
6
9
6
.
1
2
5
0
6
0
.
6
3
0
1
8
8
.
3
3
6
2
1
2
.
7
4
3
2
9
2
.
9
5
1
6
1
0
.
7
6
1
3
8
4
.
4
7
2
8
6
6
.
2
8
6
3
5
6
.
1
1
0
2
2
0
6
.
1
1
1
0
3
6
9
.
7
1
1
9
9
6
1
.
0
1
3
1
2
3
0
.
4
1
5
2
6
2
0
.
9
1
7
7
7
5
2
.
6
3
7
6
0
.
0
7
5
2
.
0
1
6
3
5
.
6
2
6
7
3
.
4
3
8
9
1
.
6
5
3
2
4
.
2
7
0
0
4
.
9
8
9
8
2
.
6
1
1
3
0
6
.
3
1
4
0
3
6
.
1
1
7
2
4
3
.
4
2
1
0
0
3
.
4
2
5
4
3
2
.
6
3
0
6
3
6
.
5
3
6
7
5
0
.
2
4
3
9
3
5
.
6
5
2
3
7
6
.
8
6
2
2
9
5
.
7
7
3
9
4
7
.
9
8
7
6
3
8
.
1
1
0
3
7
2
3
.
4
1
1
2
0
0
8
.
1
1
2
1
7
4
1
.
8
1
3
3
1
7
8
.
4
1
5
4
8
8
6
.
6
1
8
0
3
9
1
.
3
3
8
1
0
.
0
7
6
2
.
0
1
6
5
7
.
4
2
7
0
8
.
9
3
9
4
3
.
4
5
3
9
5
.
0
7
0
9
8
.
0
9
1
0
2
.
1
1
1
4
5
6
.
7
1
4
2
2
2
.
7
1
7
4
7
2
.
7
2
1
2
8
2
.
7
2
5
7
7
0
.
8
3
1
0
4
3
.
9
3
7
2
3
8
.
9
4
4
5
1
9
.
9
5
3
0
7
3
.
3
6
3
1
2
4
.
1
7
4
9
3
1
.
3
8
8
8
0
3
.
5
1
0
5
1
0
2
.
7
1
1
3
4
9
7
.
6
1
2
3
3
6
0
.
7
1
3
4
9
4
9
.
4
1
5
6
9
4
6
.
2
1
8
2
7
9
0
.
2
4
0
3
5
.
0
8
0
7
.
0
1
7
5
5
.
2
2
8
6
8
.
9
4
1
7
6
.
2
5
7
1
3
.
6
7
5
1
7
.
2
9
6
3
9
.
6
1
2
1
3
3
.
2
1
5
0
6
2
.
7
1
8
5
0
4
.
5
2
2
5
3
9
.
5
2
7
2
9
2
.
7
3
2
8
7
7
.
2
3
9
4
3
8
.
1
4
7
1
4
9
.
0
5
6
2
0
7
.
6
6
6
8
5
1
.
9
7
9
3
5
6
.
3
9
4
0
4
7
.
8
1
1
1
3
0
9
.
5
1
2
0
2
0
0
.
2
1
3
0
6
4
5
.
8
1
4
2
9
1
8
.
9
1
6
6
2
1
4
.
7
1
9
3
5
8
4
.
8
4
1
0
0
.
0
8
2
0
.
0
1
7
8
3
.
5
2
9
1
5
.
1
4
2
4
3
.
5
5
8
0
5
.
6
7
6
3
8
.
3
9
7
9
4
.
9
1
2
3
2
8
.
7
1
5
3
0
5
.
3
1
8
8
0
2
.
6
2
2
9
0
2
.
6
2
7
7
3
2
.
4
3
3
4
0
6
.
8
4
0
0
7
3
.
4
4
7
9
0
8
.
5
5
7
1
1
3
.
0
6
7
9
2
8
.
8
8
0
6
3
4
.
7
9
5
5
6
2
.
8
1
1
3
1
0
2
.
6
1
2
2
1
3
6
.
5
1
3
2
7
5
0
.
4
1
4
5
2
2
1
.
2
1
6
8
8
9
2
.
3
1
9
6
7
0
3
.
3
4
3
7
0
.
0
8
7
4
.
0
1
9
0
1
.
0
3
1
0
7
.
1
4
5
2
3
.
0
6
1
8
7
.
9
8
1
4
1
.
3
1
0
4
3
9
.
9
1
3
1
4
0
.
6
1
6
3
1
3
.
2
2
0
0
4
0
.
8
2
4
4
1
0
.
8
2
9
5
5
8
.
7
3
5
6
0
6
.
8
4
2
7
1
2
.
4
5
1
0
6
3
.
5
6
0
8
7
4
.
1
7
2
4
0
2
.
2
8
5
9
4
4
.
8
1
0
1
8
5
6
.
0
1
2
0
5
5
0
.
8
1
3
0
1
7
9
.
6
1
4
1
4
9
2
.
5
1
5
4
7
8
4
.
5
1
8
0
0
1
4
.
4
2
0
9
6
5
6
.
9
4
6
3
0
.
0
9
2
6
.
0
2
0
1
4
.
1
3
2
9
1
.
9
4
7
9
2
.
1
6
5
5
6
.
1
8
6
2
5
.
7
1
1
0
6
1
.
1
1
3
9
2
2
.
4
1
7
2
8
3
.
8
2
1
2
3
3
.
2
2
5
8
6
3
.
2
3
1
3
1
7
.
3
3
7
7
2
5
.
2
4
5
2
5
3
.
6
5
4
1
0
1
.
6
6
4
4
9
5
.
9
7
6
7
0
9
.
8
9
1
0
5
8
.
2
1
0
7
9
1
6
.
0
1
2
7
7
2
3
.
2
1
3
7
9
2
4
.
9
1
4
9
9
1
0
.
8
1
6
3
9
9
3
.
7
1
9
0
7
2
4
.
7
2
2
2
1
3
0
.
8
4
6
7
0
.
0
9
3
4
.
0
2
0
3
1
.
5
3
3
2
0
.
4
4
8
3
3
.
5
6
6
1
2
.
7
8
7
0
0
.
2
1
1
1
5
6
.
6
1
4
0
4
2
.
7
1
7
4
3
3
.
1
2
1
4
1
6
.
6
2
6
0
8
6
.
6
3
1
5
8
7
.
9
3
8
0
5
1
.
2
4
5
6
4
4
.
6
5
4
5
6
9
.
0
6
5
0
5
3
.
1
7
7
3
7
2
.
6
9
1
8
4
4
.
9
1
0
8
8
4
8
.
4
1
2
8
8
2
6
.
6
1
3
9
1
1
6
.
4
1
5
1
2
0
5
.
9
1
6
5
4
1
0
.
5
1
9
2
3
7
2
.
4
2
2
4
0
4
9
.
9
4
7
7
5
.
0
9
5
5
.
0
2
0
7
7
.
1
3
3
9
5
.
0
4
9
4
2
.
1
6
7
6
1
.
4
8
8
9
5
.
8
1
1
4
0
7
.
5
1
4
3
5
8
.
4
1
7
8
2
5
.
1
2
1
8
9
8
.
2
2
6
6
7
3
.
2
3
2
2
9
8
.
1
3
8
9
0
6
.
7
4
6
6
7
0
.
9
5
5
7
9
5
.
9
6
6
5
1
5
.
8
7
9
1
1
2
.
2
9
3
9
0
9
.
9
1
1
1
2
9
5
.
7
1
3
1
7
2
3
.
2
1
4
2
2
4
4
.
3
1
5
4
6
0
5
.
6
1
6
9
1
2
9
.
5
1
9
6
6
9
7
.
7
2
2
9
0
8
7
.
4
4
7
9
5
.
0
9
5
9
.
0
2
0
8
5
.
8
3
4
0
9
.
2
4
9
6
2
.
8
6
7
8
9
.
7
8
9
3
3
.
1
1
1
4
5
5
.
3
1
4
4
1
8
.
6
1
7
8
9
9
.
7
2
1
9
8
9
.
9
2
6
7
8
4
.
9
3
2
4
3
3
.
4
3
9
0
6
9
.
7
4
6
8
6
6
.
3
5
6
0
2
9
.
6
6
6
7
9
4
.
4
7
9
4
4
3
.
6
9
4
3
0
3
.
3
1
1
1
7
6
1
.
9
1
3
2
2
7
4
.
9
1
4
2
8
4
0
.
1
1
5
5
2
5
3
.
2
1
6
9
8
3
7
.
9
1
9
7
5
2
1
.
6
2
3
0
0
4
6
.
9
4
8
3
5
.
0
9
6
7
.
0
2
1
0
3
.
2
3
4
3
7
.
7
5
0
0
4
.
2
6
8
4
6
.
4
9
0
0
7
.
6
1
1
5
5
0
.
8
1
4
5
3
8
.
8
1
8
0
4
9
.
1
2
2
1
7
3
.
3
2
7
0
0
8
.
3
3
2
7
0
3
.
9
3
9
3
9
5
.
6
4
7
2
5
7
.
3
5
6
4
9
7
.
0
6
7
3
5
1
.
6
8
0
1
0
6
.
3
9
5
0
8
9
.
9
1
1
2
6
9
4
.
2
1
3
3
3
7
8
.
3
1
4
4
0
3
1
.
7
1
5
6
5
4
8
.
3
1
7
1
2
5
4
.
7
1
9
9
1
6
9
.
3
2
3
1
9
6
6
.
0
4
9
3
0
.
0
9
8
6
.
0
2
1
4
4
.
6
3
5
0
5
.
2
5
1
0
2
.
6
6
9
8
0
.
9
9
1
8
4
.
6
1
1
7
7
7
.
8
1
4
8
2
4
.
5
1
8
4
0
3
.
7
2
2
6
0
9
.
0
2
7
5
3
9
.
0
3
3
3
4
6
.
5
4
0
1
6
9
.
6
4
8
1
8
5
.
8
5
7
6
0
7
.
1
6
8
6
7
4
.
9
8
1
6
8
0
.
2
9
6
9
5
8
.
3
1
1
4
9
0
8
.
4
1
3
5
9
9
9
.
0
1
4
6
8
6
1
.
7
1
5
9
6
2
4
.
2
1
7
4
6
1
9
.
6
2
0
3
0
8
2
.
6
2
3
6
5
2
3
.
7
5
1
8
0
.
0
1
0
3
6
.
0
2
2
5
3
.
3
3
6
8
3
.
0
5
3
6
1
.
3
7
3
3
4
.
9
9
6
5
0
.
3
1
2
3
7
5
.
0
1
5
5
7
6
.
3
1
9
3
3
6
.
9
2
3
7
5
5
.
5
2
8
9
3
5
.
5
3
5
0
3
7
.
5
4
2
2
0
6
.
6
5
0
6
2
9
.
3
6
0
5
2
8
.
3
7
2
1
5
7
.
4
8
5
8
2
2
.
2
1
0
1
8
7
5
.
1
1
2
0
7
3
5
.
4
1
4
2
8
9
5
.
5
1
5
4
3
0
9
.
0
1
6
7
7
1
8
.
8
1
8
3
4
7
4
.
6
2
1
3
3
8
1
.
0
2
4
8
5
1
7
.
8
6
4
2
5
.
0
1
2
8
5
.
0
2
7
9
4
.
9
4
5
6
8
.
2
6
6
4
9
.
9
9
0
9
7
.
8
1
1
9
6
9
.
8
1
5
3
4
9
.
3
1
9
3
2
0
.
0
2
3
9
8
4
.
5
2
9
4
6
5
.
1
3
5
8
9
0
.
1
4
3
4
5
8
.
7
5
2
3
5
0
.
9
6
2
7
9
8
.
0
7
5
0
7
6
.
1
8
9
5
0
0
.
3
1
0
6
4
4
9
.
4
1
2
6
3
6
0
.
5
1
4
9
7
5
3
.
9
1
7
7
2
4
0
.
1
1
9
1
3
9
6
.
8
2
0
8
0
2
9
.
5
2
2
7
5
7
2
.
2
2
6
4
6
6
6
.
5
3
0
8
2
4
8
.
5
7
3
7
5
.
0
1
4
7
5
.
0
3
2
0
8
.
1
5
2
4
3
.
6
7
6
3
3
.
1
1
0
4
4
3
.
0
1
3
7
3
9
.
6
1
7
6
1
8
.
9
2
2
1
7
6
.
6
2
7
5
3
0
.
9
3
3
8
2
1
.
8
4
1
1
9
6
.
8
4
9
8
8
4
.
5
6
0
0
9
1
.
5
7
2
0
8
3
.
3
8
6
1
7
6
.
9
1
0
2
7
3
3
.
8
1
2
2
1
8
9
.
0
1
4
5
0
4
4
.
1
1
7
1
8
9
6
.
5
2
0
3
4
4
6
.
8
2
1
9
6
9
6
.
7
2
3
8
7
8
8
.
8
2
6
1
2
2
1
.
0
3
0
3
8
0
0
.
1
3
5
3
8
2
6
.
1
7
4
1
0
.
0
1
4
8
2
.
0
3
2
2
3
.
4
5
2
6
8
.
5
7
6
6
9
.
4
1
0
4
9
2
.
6
1
3
8
0
4
.
8
1
7
7
0
2
.
5
2
2
2
8
1
.
9
2
7
6
6
1
.
5
3
3
9
8
2
.
3
4
1
3
9
2
.
3
5
0
1
2
1
.
2
6
0
3
7
6
.
7
7
2
4
2
5
.
3
8
6
5
8
5
.
9
1
0
3
2
2
1
.
3
1
2
2
7
6
8
.
9
1
4
5
7
3
2
.
5
1
7
2
7
1
2
.
3
2
0
4
4
1
2
.
3
2
2
0
7
3
9
.
4
2
3
9
9
2
2
.
0
2
6
2
4
6
0
.
7
3
0
5
2
4
1
.
9
3
5
5
5
0
5
.
3
7
4
7
5
.
0
1
4
9
5
.
0
3
2
5
1
.
6
5
3
1
4
.
7
7
7
3
6
.
6
1
0
5
8
4
.
6
1
3
9
2
5
.
9
1
7
8
5
7
.
8
2
2
4
7
7
.
3
2
7
9
0
4
.
2
3
4
2
8
0
.
4
4
1
7
5
5
.
4
5
0
5
6
0
.
9
6
0
9
0
6
.
3
7
3
0
6
0
.
7
8
7
3
4
5
.
4
1
0
4
1
2
6
.
8
1
2
3
8
4
5
.
8
1
4
7
0
1
0
.
8
1
7
4
2
2
7
.
3
2
0
6
2
0
5
.
4
2
2
2
6
7
5
.
7
2
4
2
0
2
6
.
6
2
6
4
7
6
3
.
0
3
0
7
9
1
9
.
4
3
5
8
6
2
3
.
7
7
4
8
5
.
0
1
4
9
7
.
0
3
2
5
6
.
0
5
3
2
1
.
8
7
7
4
7
.
0
1
0
5
9
8
.
8
1
3
9
4
4
.
6
1
7
8
8
1
.
7
2
2
5
0
7
.
4
2
7
9
4
1
.
5
3
4
3
2
6
.
2
4
1
8
1
1
.
2
5
0
6
2
8
.
5
6
0
9
8
7
.
8
7
3
1
5
8
.
4
8
7
4
6
2
.
2
1
0
4
2
6
6
.
1
1
2
4
0
1
1
.
5
1
4
7
2
0
7
.
5
1
7
4
4
6
0
.
4
2
0
6
4
8
1
.
2
2
2
2
9
7
3
.
6
2
4
2
3
5
0
.
4
2
6
5
1
1
7
.
2
3
0
8
3
3
1
.
4
3
5
9
1
0
3
.
5
7
5
5
5
.
0
1
5
1
1
.
0
3
2
8
6
.
4
5
3
7
1
.
6
7
8
1
9
.
4
1
0
6
9
7
.
9
1
4
0
7
5
.
0
1
8
0
4
8
.
9
2
2
7
1
7
.
9
2
8
2
0
2
.
8
3
4
6
4
7
.
2
4
2
2
0
2
.
2
5
1
1
0
2
.
0
6
1
5
5
8
.
1
7
3
8
4
2
.
6
8
8
2
8
0
.
2
1
0
5
2
4
1
.
2
1
2
5
1
7
1
.
2
1
4
8
5
8
4
.
2
1
7
6
0
9
1
.
9
2
0
8
4
1
2
.
2
2
2
5
0
5
8
.
8
2
4
4
6
1
6
.
8
2
6
7
5
9
6
.
6
3
1
1
2
1
4
.
9
3
6
2
4
6
1
.
8
7
7
2
0
.
0
1
5
4
4
.
0
3
3
5
8
.
2
5
4
8
8
.
9
7
9
9
0
.
2
1
0
9
3
1
.
5
1
4
3
8
2
.
4
1
8
4
4
3
.
1
2
3
2
1
4
.
0
2
8
8
1
8
.
8
3
5
4
0
3
.
9
4
3
1
2
3
.
9
5
2
2
1
8
.
1
6
2
9
0
2
.
6
7
5
4
5
5
.
3
9
0
2
0
8
.
2
1
0
7
5
3
9
.
6
1
2
7
9
0
5
.
0
1
5
1
8
2
9
.
2
1
7
9
9
3
7
.
8
2
1
2
9
6
3
.
9
2
2
9
9
7
4
.
1
2
4
9
9
5
9
.
2
2
7
3
4
4
0
.
8
3
1
8
0
1
1
.
8
3
7
0
3
7
7
.
9
8
1
6
0
.
0
1
6
3
2
.
0
3
5
4
9
.
6
5
8
0
1
.
8
8
4
4
5
.
6
1
1
5
5
4
.
6
1
5
2
0
2
.
1
1
9
4
9
4
.
2
2
4
5
3
7
.
1
3
0
4
6
1
.
3
3
7
4
2
1
.
8
4
5
5
8
1
.
8
5
5
1
9
4
.
2
6
6
4
8
7
.
7
7
9
7
5
5
.
8
9
5
3
4
9
.
6
1
1
3
6
6
8
.
8
1
3
5
1
9
4
.
9
1
6
0
4
8
2
.
7
1
9
0
1
9
3
.
3
2
2
5
1
0
1
.
8
2
4
3
0
8
1
.
4
2
6
4
2
0
5
.
6
2
8
9
0
2
5
.
6
3
3
6
1
3
6
.
8
3
9
1
4
8
7
.
6
8
2
3
0
.
0
1
6
4
6
.
0
3
5
8
0
.
1
5
8
5
1
.
5
8
5
1
8
.
1
1
1
6
5
3
.
7
1
5
3
3
2
.
5
1
9
6
6
1
.
5
2
4
7
4
7
.
6
3
0
7
2
2
.
6
3
7
7
4
2
.
8
4
5
9
7
2
.
8
5
5
6
6
7
.
7
6
7
0
5
8
.
0
8
0
4
4
0
.
0
9
6
1
6
7
.
6
1
1
4
6
4
3
.
9
1
3
6
3
5
4
.
6
1
6
1
8
5
9
.
4
1
9
1
8
2
4
.
8
2
2
7
0
3
2
.
8
2
4
5
1
6
6
.
7
2
6
6
4
7
2
.
1
2
9
1
5
0
4
.
9
3
3
9
0
2
0
.
3
3
9
4
8
4
5
.
9
9
0
8
0
.
0
1
8
1
6
.
0
3
9
4
9
.
8
6
4
5
5
.
9
9
3
9
7
.
8
1
2
8
5
7
.
3
1
6
9
1
6
.
0
2
1
6
9
2
.
1
2
7
3
0
3
.
6
3
3
8
9
5
.
6
4
1
6
4
0
.
9
5
0
7
2
0
.
9
6
1
4
1
7
.
1
7
3
9
8
3
.
8
8
8
7
4
7
.
9
1
0
6
0
9
9
.
8
1
2
6
4
8
4
.
4
1
5
0
4
3
7
.
4
1
7
8
5
7
6
.
4
2
1
1
6
3
6
.
6
2
5
0
4
8
0
.
9
9
2
3
0
.
0
1
8
4
6
.
0
4
0
1
5
.
1
6
5
6
2
.
5
9
5
5
3
.
1
1
3
0
6
9
.
7
1
7
1
9
5
.
5
2
2
0
5
0
.
5
2
7
7
5
4
.
6
3
4
4
5
5
.
6
4
2
3
2
8
.
8
5
1
5
5
8
.
8
6
2
4
3
1
.
7
7
5
2
0
6
.
0
9
0
2
1
4
.
0
1
0
7
8
5
2
.
6
1
2
8
5
7
3
.
9
1
5
2
9
2
2
.
6
1
8
1
5
2
6
.
4
2
1
5
1
3
2
.
8
2
5
4
6
1
8
.
8
9
3
3
0
.
0
1
8
6
6
.
0
4
0
5
8
.
6
6
6
3
3
.
6
9
6
5
6
.
6
1
3
2
1
1
.
3
1
7
3
8
1
.
8
2
2
2
8
9
.
4
2
8
0
5
5
.
3
3
4
8
2
8
.
9
4
2
7
8
7
.
4
5
2
1
1
7
.
4
6
3
1
0
8
.
1
7
6
0
2
0
.
8
9
1
1
9
1
.
4
1
0
9
0
2
1
.
1
1
2
9
9
6
6
.
9
1
5
4
5
7
9
.
4
1
8
3
4
9
3
.
1
2
1
7
4
6
3
.
6
2
5
7
3
7
7
.
4
9
4
2
5
.
0
1
8
8
5
.
0
4
0
9
9
.
9
6
7
0
1
.
2
9
7
5
4
.
9
1
3
3
4
5
.
8
1
7
5
5
8
.
8
2
2
5
1
6
.
3
2
8
3
4
1
.
0
3
5
1
8
3
.
5
4
3
2
2
3
.
1
5
2
6
4
8
.
1
6
3
7
5
0
.
7
7
6
7
9
4
.
9
9
2
1
2
0
.
0
1
1
0
1
3
1
.
1
1
3
1
2
9
0
.
3
1
5
6
1
5
3
.
4
1
8
5
3
6
1
.
5
2
1
9
6
7
7
.
9
2
5
9
9
9
8
.
1
1
0
9
3
0
.
0
2
1
8
6
.
0
4
7
5
4
.
6
7
7
7
1
.
2
1
1
3
1
2
.
6
1
5
4
7
6
.
9
2
0
3
6
2
.
6
2
6
1
1
1
.
8
3
2
8
6
6
.
5
4
0
8
0
1
.
7
5
0
1
2
5
.
0
6
1
0
5
5
.
0
7
3
9
3
0
.
5
8
9
0
5
7
.
6
1
0
6
8
2
9
.
8
1
2
7
7
1
7
.
1
1
5
2
2
5
4
.
9
1
8
1
0
8
8
.
2
2
1
4
9
6
0
.
3
2
5
4
7
5
6
.
4
3
0
1
5
1
5
.
0
1
1
3
1
5
.
0
2
2
6
3
.
0
4
9
2
2
.
0
8
0
4
5
.
0
1
1
7
1
1
.
0
1
6
0
2
2
.
0
2
1
0
7
9
.
8
2
7
0
3
1
.
5
3
4
0
2
4
.
2
4
2
2
3
8
.
9
5
1
8
9
0
.
6
6
3
2
0
5
.
6
7
6
5
3
4
.
7
9
2
1
9
4
.
6
1
1
0
5
9
2
.
8
1
3
2
2
1
5
.
8
1
5
7
6
1
8
.
0
1
8
7
4
6
6
.
9
2
2
2
5
3
2
.
1
2
6
3
7
3
0
.
0
3
1
2
1
3
5
.
6
1
1
3
5
0
.
0
2
2
7
0
.
0
4
9
3
7
.
3
8
0
6
9
.
9
1
1
7
4
7
.
3
1
6
0
7
1
.
6
2
1
1
4
5
.
1
2
7
1
1
5
.
2
3
4
1
2
9
.
5
4
2
3
6
9
.
6
5
2
0
5
1
.
1
6
3
4
0
1
.
1
7
6
7
7
1
.
4
9
2
4
7
9
.
8
1
1
0
9
3
4
.
9
1
3
2
6
2
4
.
8
1
5
8
1
0
5
.
5
1
8
8
0
4
6
.
8
2
2
3
2
2
0
.
5
2
6
4
5
4
5
.
8
3
1
3
1
0
1
.
1
1
1
7
3
0
.
0
2
3
4
6
.
0
5
1
0
2
.
6
8
3
4
0
.
0
1
2
1
4
0
.
6
1
6
6
0
9
.
7
2
1
8
5
3
.
0
2
8
0
2
3
.
0
3
5
2
7
2
.
1
4
3
7
8
8
.
1
5
3
7
9
3
.
8
6
5
5
2
3
.
8
7
9
3
4
1
.
7
9
5
5
7
6
.
0
1
1
4
6
4
9
.
0
1
3
7
0
6
5
.
1
1
6
3
3
9
8
.
9
1
9
4
3
4
2
.
6
2
3
0
6
9
3
.
9
2
7
3
4
0
2
.
8
3
2
3
5
8
3
.
8
1
2
9
3
5
.
0
2
5
8
7
.
0
5
6
2
6
.
7
9
1
9
6
.
8
1
3
3
8
7
.
7
1
8
3
1
6
.
0
2
4
0
9
7
.
9
3
0
9
0
1
.
7
3
8
8
9
5
.
5
4
8
2
8
6
.
4
5
9
3
1
9
.
9
7
2
2
5
4
.
9
8
7
4
9
2
.
3
#
#
#
#
#
#
1
2
6
4
2
6
.
7
1
5
1
1
4
5
.
5
1
8
0
1
8
4
.
6
2
1
4
3
0
7
.
1
2
5
4
3
9
2
.
6
3
0
1
4
8
9
.
0
3
5
6
8
2
4
.
9
1
4
1
3
5
.
0
2
8
2
7
.
0
6
1
4
8
.
7
1
0
0
5
0
.
0
1
4
6
2
9
.
7
2
0
0
1
5
.
2
2
6
3
3
3
.
5
3
3
7
6
8
.
5
4
2
5
0
3
.
9
5
2
7
6
6
.
0
6
4
8
2
3
.
1
7
8
9
5
8
.
1
9
5
6
0
9
.
1
#
#
#
#
#
#
1
3
8
1
5
5
.
5
1
6
5
1
6
7
.
5
1
9
6
9
0
0
.
6
2
3
4
1
8
8
.
7
2
7
7
9
9
3
.
0
3
2
9
4
5
8
.
6
3
8
9
9
2
8
.
1
1
4
8
9
5
.
0
2
9
7
9
.
0
6
4
7
9
.
3
1
0
5
9
0
.
3
1
5
4
1
6
.
3
2
1
0
9
1
.
3
2
7
7
4
9
.
4
3
5
5
8
4
.
2
4
4
7
8
9
.
3
5
5
6
0
3
.
0
6
8
3
0
8
.
5
8
3
2
0
3
.
5
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
1
4
5
5
8
3
.
7
1
7
4
0
4
8
.
1
2
0
7
4
8
7
.
4
2
4
6
7
8
0
.
4
2
9
2
9
4
0
.
0
3
4
7
1
7
2
.
7
4
1
0
8
9
3
.
5
1
5
7
0
0
.
0
3
1
4
0
.
0
6
8
2
9
.
5
1
1
1
6
2
.
7
1
6
2
4
9
.
5
2
2
2
3
1
.
2
2
9
2
4
9
.
1
3
7
5
0
7
.
3
4
7
2
0
9
.
9
5
8
6
0
8
.
1
7
2
0
0
0
.
2
8
7
7
0
0
.
2
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
1
5
3
4
5
1
.
8
1
8
3
4
5
4
.
5
2
1
8
7
0
1
.
0
2
6
0
1
1
7
.
6
3
0
8
7
7
1
.
9
3
6
5
9
3
5
.
6
4
3
3
1
0
0
.
2
1
6
0
5
5
.
0
3
2
1
1
.
0
6
9
8
3
.
9
1
1
4
1
5
.
1
1
6
6
1
6
.
9
2
2
7
3
3
.
9
2
9
9
1
0
.
5
3
8
3
5
5
.
4
4
8
2
7
7
.
4
5
9
9
3
3
.
3
7
3
6
2
8
.
2
8
9
6
8
3
.
2
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
1
5
6
9
2
1
.
6
1
8
7
6
0
2
.
7
2
2
3
6
4
6
.
2
2
6
5
9
9
9
.
2
3
1
5
7
5
3
.
7
3
7
4
2
0
9
.
9
4
4
2
8
9
3
.
2


2 4 1
D y n a m i c p a y b a c k p e r i o d c a l c u l a t i o n


u
n
i
t

p
r
i
c
e

0
.
2
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
4
0
.
5
0
.
6
0
.
7
0
.
9
1
.
0
1
.
2
1
.
4
1
.
6
1
.
9
2
.
2
2
.
6
3
.
1
3
.
6
4
.
3
4
.
9
5
.
4
6
.
0
6
.
6
7
.
2
y
e
a
r
1
.
0
2
.
0
3
.
0
4
.
0
5
.
0
6
.
0
7
.
0
8
.
0
9
.
0
1
0
.
0
1
1
.
0
1
2
.
0
1
3
.
0
1
4
.
0
1
5
.
0
1
6
.
0
1
7
.
0
1
8
.
0
1
9
.
0
2
0
.
0
2
1
.
0
2
2
.
0
2
3
.
0
2
4
.
0
2
5
.
0
k
W
h 1
7
5
.
0
3
5
.
0
7
6
.
1
1
2
4
.
4
1
8
1
.
1
2
4
7
.
8
3
2
6
.
0
4
1
8
.
1
5
2
6
.
2
6
5
3
.
3
8
0
2
.
6
9
7
7
.
6
1
1
8
3
.
7
1
4
2
5
.
9
1
7
1
0
.
5
2
0
4
4
.
9
2
4
3
7
.
8
2
8
9
9
.
4
3
4
4
1
.
7
4
0
7
8
.
9
4
8
2
7
.
6
5
2
1
3
.
1
5
6
6
6
.
2
6
1
9
8
.
5
7
2
0
8
.
8
8
3
9
5
.
9
4
5
0
.
0
9
0
.
0
1
9
5
.
8
3
2
0
.
0
4
6
5
.
8
6
3
7
.
2
8
3
8
.
4
1
0
7
5
.
1
1
3
5
3
.
2
1
6
7
9
.
9
2
0
6
3
.
7
2
5
1
3
.
7
3
0
4
3
.
8
3
6
6
6
.
6
4
3
9
8
.
3
5
2
5
8
.
3
6
2
6
8
.
5
7
4
5
5
.
6
8
8
5
0
.
2
1
0
4
8
8
.
6
1
2
4
1
3
.
7
1
3
4
0
5
.
2
1
4
5
7
0
.
2
1
5
9
3
8
.
9
1
8
5
3
7
.
0
2
1
5
8
9
.
4
5
8
0
.
0
1
1
6
.
0
2
5
2
.
3
4
1
2
.
4
6
0
0
.
3
8
2
1
.
3
1
0
8
0
.
5
1
3
8
5
.
6
1
7
4
4
.
1
2
1
6
5
.
1
2
6
5
9
.
9
3
2
3
9
.
9
3
9
2
3
.
1
4
7
2
5
.
8
5
6
6
8
.
9
6
7
7
7
.
3
8
0
7
9
.
4
9
6
0
9
.
4
1
1
4
0
6
.
9
1
3
5
1
8
.
6
1
5
9
9
9
.
9
1
7
2
7
7
.
8
1
8
7
7
9
.
3
2
0
5
4
3
.
5
2
3
8
9
2
.
1
2
7
8
2
6
.
3
8
1
0
.
0
1
6
2
.
0
3
5
2
.
4
5
7
5
.
9
8
3
8
.
4
1
1
4
7
.
0
1
5
0
9
.
0
1
9
3
5
.
1
2
4
3
5
.
7
3
0
2
3
.
7
3
7
1
4
.
7
4
5
2
4
.
7
5
4
7
8
.
8
6
5
9
9
.
9
7
9
1
6
.
9
9
4
6
4
.
9
1
1
2
8
3
.
3
1
3
4
2
0
.
1
1
5
9
3
0
.
3
1
8
8
7
9
.
5
2
2
3
4
4
.
7
2
4
1
2
9
.
4
2
6
2
2
6
.
3
2
8
6
9
0
.
0
3
3
3
6
6
.
5
3
8
8
6
0
.
9
8
7
5
.
0
1
7
5
.
0
3
8
0
.
6
6
2
2
.
1
9
0
5
.
6
1
2
3
9
.
0
1
6
3
0
.
1
2
0
9
0
.
4
2
6
3
1
.
1
3
2
6
6
.
4
4
0
1
2
.
8
4
8
8
7
.
8
5
9
1
8
.
5
7
1
2
9
.
5
8
5
5
2
.
3
1
0
2
2
4
.
4
1
2
1
8
8
.
8
1
4
4
9
7
.
0
1
7
2
0
8
.
6
2
0
3
9
4
.
5
2
4
1
3
7
.
8
2
6
0
6
5
.
7
2
8
3
3
0
.
9
3
0
9
9
2
.
3
3
6
0
4
4
.
1
4
1
9
7
9
.
4
8
9
5
.
0
1
7
9
.
0
3
8
9
.
3
6
3
6
.
3
9
2
6
.
3
1
2
6
7
.
3
1
6
6
7
.
4
2
1
3
8
.
2
2
6
9
1
.
3
3
3
4
1
.
0
4
1
0
4
.
5
4
9
9
9
.
5
6
0
5
3
.
8
7
2
9
2
.
5
8
7
4
7
.
7
1
0
4
5
8
.
1
1
2
4
6
7
.
4
1
4
8
2
8
.
4
1
7
6
0
2
.
0
2
0
8
6
0
.
7
2
4
6
8
9
.
5
2
6
6
6
1
.
5
2
8
9
7
8
.
4
3
1
7
0
0
.
7
3
6
8
6
7
.
9
4
2
9
3
8
.
9
9
2
5
.
0
1
8
5
.
0
4
0
2
.
4
6
5
7
.
7
9
5
7
.
4
1
3
0
9
.
8
1
7
2
3
.
3
2
2
0
9
.
8
2
7
8
1
.
5
3
4
5
3
.
0
4
2
4
2
.
1
5
1
6
7
.
1
6
2
5
6
.
7
7
5
3
6
.
9
9
0
4
1
.
0
1
0
8
0
8
.
6
1
2
8
8
5
.
3
1
5
3
2
5
.
4
1
8
1
9
2
.
0
2
1
5
5
9
.
9
2
5
5
1
7
.
1
2
7
5
5
5
.
2
2
9
9
4
9
.
8
3
2
7
6
3
.
3
3
8
1
0
3
.
7
4
4
3
7
8
.
2
1
0
9
0
.
0
2
1
8
.
0
4
7
4
.
2
7
7
5
.
0
1
1
2
8
.
2
1
5
4
3
.
4
2
0
3
0
.
7
2
6
0
4
.
0
3
2
7
7
.
6
4
0
6
9
.
0
4
9
9
8
.
7
6
0
8
8
.
7
7
3
7
2
.
8
8
8
8
1
.
3
1
0
6
5
3
.
7
1
2
7
3
6
.
7
1
5
1
8
3
.
7
1
8
0
5
9
.
1
2
1
4
3
7
.
0
2
5
4
0
5
.
7
3
0
0
6
8
.
7
3
2
4
7
0
.
4
3
5
2
9
2
.
2
3
8
6
0
7
.
6
4
4
9
0
0
.
6
5
2
2
9
4
.
3
1
1
3
0
.
0
2
2
6
.
0
4
9
1
.
6
8
0
3
.
4
1
1
6
9
.
6
1
6
0
0
.
1
2
1
0
5
.
2
2
6
9
9
.
6
3
3
9
7
.
9
4
2
1
8
.
3
5
1
8
2
.
2
6
3
1
2
.
2
7
6
4
3
.
3
9
2
0
7
.
2
1
1
0
4
4
.
6
1
3
2
0
4
.
1
1
5
7
4
0
.
9
1
8
7
2
1
.
8
2
2
2
2
3
.
7
2
6
3
3
8
.
0
3
1
1
7
2
.
2
3
3
6
6
2
.
0
3
6
5
8
7
.
3
4
0
0
2
4
.
4
4
6
5
4
8
.
4
5
4
2
1
3
.
4
1
2
3
5
.
0
2
4
7
.
0
5
3
7
.
2
8
7
8
.
1
1
2
7
8
.
2
1
7
4
8
.
8
2
3
0
0
.
8
2
9
5
0
.
4
3
7
1
3
.
6
4
6
1
0
.
3
5
6
6
3
.
7
6
8
9
8
.
7
8
3
5
3
.
5
1
0
0
6
2
.
8
1
2
0
7
0
.
9
1
4
4
3
1
.
0
1
7
2
0
3
.
6
2
0
4
6
1
.
5
2
4
2
8
8
.
7
2
8
7
8
5
.
4
3
4
0
6
8
.
7
3
6
7
8
9
.
9
3
9
9
8
7
.
0
4
3
7
4
3
.
5
5
0
8
7
3
.
6
5
9
2
5
0
.
9
1
2
8
0
.
0
2
5
6
.
0
5
5
6
.
8
9
1
0
.
1
1
3
2
4
.
8
1
8
1
2
.
5
2
3
8
4
.
6
3
0
5
7
.
9
3
8
4
9
.
0
4
7
7
8
.
2
5
8
7
0
.
1
7
1
5
0
.
1
8
6
5
7
.
9
1
0
4
2
9
.
4
1
2
5
1
0
.
7
1
4
9
5
6
.
8
1
7
8
3
0
.
4
2
1
2
0
7
.
0
2
5
1
7
3
.
8
2
9
8
3
4
.
2
3
5
3
1
0
.
1
3
8
1
3
0
.
4
4
1
4
4
4
.
0
4
5
3
3
7
.
3
5
2
7
2
7
.
3
6
1
4
0
9
.
8
1
3
6
0
.
0
2
7
2
.
0
5
9
1
.
6
9
6
7
.
0
1
4
0
7
.
6
1
9
2
5
.
8
2
5
3
3
.
7
3
2
4
9
.
0
4
0
8
9
.
5
5
0
7
6
.
9
6
2
3
7
.
0
7
5
9
7
.
0
9
1
9
9
.
0
1
1
0
8
1
.
3
1
3
2
9
2
.
6
1
5
8
9
1
.
6
1
8
9
4
4
.
8
2
2
5
3
2
.
5
2
6
7
4
7
.
1
3
1
6
9
8
.
9
3
7
5
1
7
.
0
4
0
5
1
3
.
6
4
4
0
3
4
.
3
4
8
1
7
0
.
9
5
6
0
2
2
.
8
6
5
2
4
7
.
9
1
3
8
0
.
0
2
7
6
.
0
6
0
0
.
3
9
8
1
.
2
1
4
2
8
.
3
1
9
5
4
.
1
2
5
7
0
.
9
3
2
9
6
.
8
4
1
4
9
.
7
5
1
5
1
.
5
6
3
2
8
.
7
7
7
0
8
.
7
9
3
3
4
.
3
1
1
2
4
4
.
2
1
3
4
8
8
.
1
1
6
1
2
5
.
3
1
9
2
2
3
.
4
2
2
8
6
3
.
8
2
7
1
4
0
.
5
3
2
1
6
5
.
0
3
8
0
6
8
.
7
4
1
1
0
9
.
4
4
4
6
8
1
.
8
4
8
8
7
9
.
3
5
6
8
4
6
.
7
6
6
2
0
7
.
5
1
6
7
0
.
0
3
3
4
.
0
7
2
6
.
5
1
1
8
7
.
4
1
7
2
8
.
5
2
3
6
4
.
7
3
1
1
1
.
2
3
9
8
9
.
6
5
0
2
1
.
7
6
2
3
4
.
1
7
6
5
8
.
6
9
3
2
8
.
6
1
1
2
9
5
.
9
1
3
6
0
7
.
2
1
6
3
2
2
.
6
1
9
5
1
4
.
0
2
3
2
6
3
.
1
2
7
6
6
8
.
6
3
2
8
4
3
.
9
3
8
9
2
4
.
4
4
6
0
6
8
.
6
4
9
7
4
8
.
3
5
4
0
7
1
.
5
5
9
1
5
1
.
1
6
8
7
9
2
.
7
8
0
1
2
0
.
6
1
7
8
0
.
0
3
5
6
.
0
7
7
4
.
3
1
2
6
5
.
6
1
8
4
2
.
3
2
5
2
0
.
5
3
3
1
6
.
1
4
2
5
2
.
4
5
3
5
2
.
5
6
6
4
4
.
7
8
1
6
3
.
1
9
9
4
3
.
1
1
2
0
3
9
.
9
1
4
5
0
3
.
4
1
7
3
9
7
.
7
2
0
7
9
9
.
3
2
4
7
9
5
.
4
2
9
4
9
1
.
0
3
5
0
0
7
.
3
4
1
4
8
8
.
2
4
9
1
0
3
.
1
5
3
0
2
5
.
1
5
7
6
3
3
.
1
6
3
0
4
7
.
2
7
3
3
2
4
.
0
8
5
3
9
8
.
0
1
8
6
0
.
0
3
7
2
.
0
8
0
9
.
1
1
3
2
2
.
5
1
9
2
5
.
1
2
6
3
3
.
8
3
4
6
5
.
2
4
4
4
3
.
5
5
5
9
3
.
0
6
9
4
3
.
4
8
5
3
0
.
0
1
0
3
9
0
.
0
1
2
5
8
1
.
0
1
5
1
5
5
.
3
1
8
1
7
9
.
6
2
1
7
3
4
.
1
2
5
9
0
9
.
8
3
0
8
1
6
.
5
3
6
5
8
0
.
6
4
3
3
5
2
.
9
5
1
3
1
0
.
0
5
5
4
0
8
.
3
6
0
2
2
3
.
3
6
5
8
8
0
.
8
7
6
6
1
9
.
4
8
9
2
3
6
.
1
1
8
8
0
.
0
3
7
6
.
0
8
1
7
.
8
1
3
3
6
.
7
1
9
4
5
.
8
2
6
6
2
.
1
3
5
0
2
.
4
4
4
9
1
.
3
5
6
5
3
.
2
7
0
1
8
.
0
8
6
2
1
.
7
1
0
5
0
1
.
7
1
2
7
1
6
.
3
1
5
3
1
8
.
2
1
8
3
7
5
.
1
2
1
9
6
7
.
8
2
6
1
8
8
.
4
3
1
1
4
7
.
8
3
6
9
7
4
.
0
4
3
8
1
9
.
0
5
1
8
6
1
.
7
5
6
0
0
4
.
1
6
0
8
7
0
.
9
6
6
5
8
9
.
2
7
7
4
4
3
.
3
9
0
1
9
5
.
7
1
9
5
5
.
0
3
9
1
.
0
8
5
0
.
4
1
3
9
0
.
0
2
0
2
3
.
4
2
7
6
8
.
3
3
6
4
2
.
2
4
6
7
0
.
5
5
8
7
8
.
7
7
2
9
8
.
0
8
9
6
5
.
6
1
0
9
2
0
.
6
1
3
2
2
3
.
6
1
5
9
2
9
.
3
1
9
1
0
8
.
2
2
2
8
4
4
.
2
2
7
2
3
3
.
2
3
2
3
9
0
.
4
3
8
4
4
9
.
0
4
5
5
6
7
.
1
5
3
9
3
0
.
6
5
8
2
3
8
.
3
6
3
2
9
9
.
3
6
9
2
4
5
.
7
8
0
5
3
2
.
8
9
3
7
9
3
.
9
2
0
0
5
.
0
4
0
1
.
0
8
7
2
.
2
1
4
2
5
.
6
2
0
7
5
.
2
2
8
3
9
.
1
3
7
3
5
.
3
4
7
8
9
.
9
6
0
2
9
.
0
7
4
8
4
.
7
9
1
9
4
.
9
1
1
1
9
9
.
9
1
3
5
6
1
.
8
1
6
3
3
6
.
7
1
9
5
9
6
.
9
2
3
4
2
8
.
4
2
7
9
2
9
.
7
3
3
2
1
8
.
8
3
9
4
3
2
.
3
4
6
7
3
2
.
5
5
5
3
0
9
.
9
5
9
7
2
7
.
7
6
4
9
1
8
.
2
7
1
0
1
6
.
7
8
2
5
9
2
.
4
9
6
1
9
2
.
7
2
0
9
5
.
0
4
1
9
.
0
9
1
1
.
3
1
4
8
9
.
5
2
1
6
8
.
3
2
9
6
6
.
5
3
9
0
3
.
0
5
0
0
5
.
0
6
2
9
9
.
7
7
8
2
0
.
6
9
6
0
7
.
7
1
1
7
0
2
.
7
1
4
1
7
0
.
6
1
7
0
7
0
.
1
2
0
4
7
6
.
5
2
4
4
8
0
.
1
2
9
1
8
3
.
4
3
4
7
1
0
.
0
4
1
2
0
2
.
4
4
8
8
3
0
.
3
5
7
7
9
2
.
7
6
2
4
0
8
.
8
6
7
8
3
2
.
2
7
4
2
0
4
.
5
8
6
2
9
9
.
8
1
0
0
5
1
0
.
6
2
1
3
5
.
0
4
2
7
.
0
9
2
8
.
7
1
5
1
8
.
0
2
2
0
9
.
7
3
0
2
3
.
2
3
9
7
7
.
5
5
1
0
0
.
5
6
4
1
9
.
9
7
9
7
0
.
0
9
7
9
1
.
1
1
1
9
2
6
.
1
1
4
4
4
1
.
1
1
7
3
9
6
.
0
2
0
8
6
7
.
5
2
4
9
4
7
.
5
2
9
7
4
0
.
6
3
5
3
7
2
.
7
4
1
9
8
9
.
0
4
9
7
6
2
.
6
5
8
8
9
6
.
1
6
3
6
0
0
.
3
6
9
1
2
7
.
3
7
5
6
2
1
.
3
8
7
9
4
7
.
6
1
0
2
4
2
9
.
7
2
1
6
5
.
0
4
3
3
.
0
9
4
1
.
8
1
5
3
9
.
3
2
2
4
0
.
8
3
0
6
5
.
6
4
0
3
3
.
4
5
1
7
2
.
2
6
5
1
0
.
2
8
0
8
1
.
9
9
9
2
8
.
7
1
2
0
9
3
.
7
1
4
6
4
4
.
1
1
7
6
4
0
.
4
2
1
1
6
0
.
7
2
5
2
9
8
.
0
3
0
1
5
8
.
5
3
5
8
6
9
.
7
4
2
5
7
9
.
1
5
0
4
6
1
.
8
5
9
7
2
3
.
7
6
4
4
9
4
.
0
7
0
0
9
8
.
7
7
6
6
8
3
.
9
8
9
1
8
3
.
4
1
0
3
8
6
8
.
9
2
1
7
5
.
0
4
3
5
.
0
9
4
6
.
1
1
5
4
6
.
4
2
2
5
1
.
1
3
0
7
9
.
8
4
0
5
2
.
0
5
1
9
6
.
1
6
5
4
0
.
2
8
1
1
9
.
3
9
9
7
4
.
6
1
2
1
4
9
.
6
1
4
7
1
1
.
7
1
7
7
2
1
.
9
2
1
2
5
8
.
5
2
5
4
1
4
.
9
3
0
2
9
7
.
8
3
6
0
3
5
.
4
4
2
7
7
5
.
7
5
0
6
9
4
.
9
5
9
9
9
9
.
6
6
4
7
9
1
.
9
7
0
4
2
2
.
5
7
7
0
3
8
.
1
8
9
5
9
5
.
3
1
0
4
3
4
8
.
7
2
4
0
5
.
0
4
8
1
.
0
1
0
4
6
.
2
1
7
1
0
.
0
2
4
8
9
.
2
3
4
0
5
.
5
4
4
8
0
.
5
5
7
4
5
.
5
7
2
3
1
.
8
8
9
7
7
.
9
1
1
0
2
9
.
3
1
3
4
3
4
.
3
1
6
2
6
7
.
4
1
9
5
9
5
.
9
2
3
5
0
6
.
5
2
8
1
0
2
.
4
3
3
5
0
1
.
7
3
9
8
4
6
.
0
4
7
2
9
9
.
1
5
6
0
5
5
.
7
6
6
3
4
4
.
3
7
1
6
4
3
.
5
7
7
8
6
9
.
4
8
5
1
8
4
.
6
9
9
0
6
9
.
7
1
1
5
3
8
3
.
3
2
4
2
0
.
0
4
8
4
.
0
1
0
5
2
.
7
1
7
2
0
.
6
2
5
0
4
.
7
3
4
2
6
.
7
4
5
0
8
.
5
5
7
8
1
.
4
7
2
7
6
.
9
9
0
3
3
.
9
1
1
0
9
8
.
1
1
3
5
1
8
.
1
1
6
3
6
8
.
9
1
9
7
1
8
.
2
2
3
6
5
3
.
1
2
8
2
7
7
.
7
3
3
7
1
0
.
6
4
0
0
9
4
.
6
4
7
5
9
4
.
1
5
6
4
0
5
.
4
6
6
7
5
8
.
1
7
2
0
9
0
.
3
7
8
3
5
5
.
1
8
5
7
1
5
.
9
9
9
6
8
7
.
6
1
1
6
1
0
2
.
9
2
5
0
0
.
0
5
0
0
.
0
1
0
8
7
.
5
1
7
7
7
.
5
2
5
8
7
.
5
3
5
4
0
.
0
4
6
5
7
.
5
5
9
7
2
.
5
7
5
1
7
.
5
9
3
3
2
.
5
1
1
4
6
5
.
0
1
3
9
6
5
.
0
1
6
9
1
0
.
0
2
0
3
7
0
.
0
2
4
4
3
5
.
0
2
9
2
1
2
.
5
3
4
8
2
5
.
0
4
1
4
2
0
.
0
4
9
1
6
7
.
5
5
8
2
7
0
.
0
6
8
9
6
5
.
0
7
4
4
7
3
.
5
8
0
9
4
5
.
4
8
8
5
4
9
.
5
1
0
2
9
8
3
.
1
1
1
9
9
4
1
.
0
2
5
2
0
.
0
5
0
4
.
0
1
0
9
6
.
2
1
7
9
1
.
7
2
6
0
8
.
2
3
5
6
8
.
3
4
6
9
4
.
8
6
0
2
0
.
3
7
5
7
7
.
6
9
4
0
7
.
2
1
1
5
5
6
.
7
1
4
0
7
6
.
7
1
7
0
4
5
.
3
2
0
5
3
3
.
0
2
4
6
3
0
.
5
2
9
4
4
6
.
2
3
5
1
0
3
.
6
4
1
7
5
1
.
4
4
9
5
6
0
.
8
5
8
7
3
6
.
2
6
9
5
1
6
.
7
7
5
0
6
9
.
3
8
1
5
9
2
.
9
8
9
2
5
7
.
9
1
0
3
8
0
7
.
0
1
2
0
9
0
0
.
6
2
5
4
5
.
0
5
0
9
.
0
1
1
0
7
.
1
1
8
0
9
.
5
2
6
3
4
.
1
3
6
0
3
.
7
4
7
4
1
.
3
6
0
8
0
.
0
7
6
5
2
.
8
9
5
0
0
.
5
1
1
6
7
1
.
4
1
4
2
1
6
.
4
1
7
2
1
4
.
4
2
0
7
3
6
.
7
2
4
8
7
4
.
8
2
9
7
3
8
.
3
3
5
4
5
1
.
9
4
2
1
6
5
.
6
5
0
0
5
2
.
5
5
9
3
1
8
.
9
7
0
2
0
6
.
4
7
5
8
1
4
.
0
8
2
4
0
2
.
4
9
0
1
4
3
.
4
1
0
4
8
3
6
.
8
1
2
2
1
0
0
.
0
2
6
5
5
.
0
5
3
1
.
0
1
1
5
4
.
9
1
8
8
7
.
7
2
7
4
7
.
9
3
7
5
9
.
5
4
9
4
6
.
3
6
3
4
2
.
8
7
9
8
3
.
6
9
9
1
1
.
1
1
2
1
7
5
.
8
1
4
8
3
0
.
8
1
7
9
5
8
.
4
2
1
6
3
2
.
9
2
5
9
5
0
.
0
3
1
0
2
3
.
7
3
6
9
8
4
.
2
4
3
9
8
8
.
0
5
2
2
1
5
.
9
6
1
8
8
2
.
7
7
3
2
4
0
.
8
7
9
0
9
0
.
8
8
5
9
6
4
.
0
9
4
0
3
9
.
6
1
0
9
3
6
8
.
0
1
2
7
3
7
7
.
4
2
9
2
5
.
0
5
8
5
.
0
1
2
7
2
.
4
2
0
7
9
.
7
3
0
2
7
.
4
4
1
4
1
.
8
5
4
4
9
.
3
6
9
8
7
.
8
8
7
9
5
.
5
1
0
9
1
9
.
0
1
3
4
1
4
.
1
1
6
3
3
9
.
1
1
9
7
8
4
.
7
2
3
8
3
2
.
9
2
8
5
8
9
.
0
3
4
1
7
8
.
6
4
0
7
4
5
.
3
4
8
4
6
1
.
4
5
7
5
2
6
.
0
6
8
1
7
5
.
9
8
0
6
8
9
.
1
8
7
1
3
4
.
0
9
4
7
0
6
.
1
1
0
3
6
0
2
.
9
1
2
0
4
9
0
.
2
1
4
0
3
3
1
.
0
3
0
3
0
.
0
6
0
6
.
0
1
3
1
8
.
1
2
1
5
4
.
3
3
1
3
6
.
1
4
2
9
0
.
5
5
6
4
4
.
9
7
2
3
8
.
7
9
1
1
1
.
2
1
1
3
1
1
.
0
1
3
8
9
5
.
6
1
6
9
2
5
.
6
2
0
4
9
4
.
9
2
4
6
8
8
.
4
2
9
6
1
5
.
2
3
5
4
0
5
.
6
4
2
2
0
7
.
9
5
0
2
0
1
.
0
5
9
5
9
1
.
0
7
0
6
2
3
.
2
8
3
5
8
5
.
6
9
0
2
6
1
.
8
9
8
1
0
5
.
8
1
0
7
3
2
2
.
0
1
2
4
8
1
5
.
5
1
4
5
3
6
8
.
5
3
0
9
5
.
0
6
1
9
.
0
1
3
4
6
.
3
2
2
0
0
.
5
3
2
0
3
.
3
4
3
8
2
.
5
5
7
6
6
.
0
7
3
9
4
.
0
9
3
0
6
.
7
1
1
5
5
3
.
6
1
4
1
9
3
.
7
1
7
2
8
8
.
7
2
0
9
3
4
.
6
2
5
2
1
8
.
1
3
0
2
5
0
.
5
3
6
1
6
5
.
1
4
3
1
1
3
.
4
5
1
2
7
8
.
0
6
0
8
6
9
.
4
7
2
1
3
8
.
3
8
5
3
7
8
.
7
9
2
1
9
8
.
2
1
0
0
2
1
0
.
3
1
0
9
6
2
4
.
3
1
2
7
4
9
3
.
1
1
4
8
4
8
7
.
0
3
2
1
0
.
0
6
4
2
.
0
1
3
9
6
.
4
2
2
8
2
.
3
3
3
2
2
.
4
4
5
4
5
.
4
5
9
8
0
.
2
7
6
6
8
.
7
9
6
5
2
.
5
1
1
9
8
2
.
9
1
4
7
2
1
.
1
1
7
9
3
1
.
1
2
1
7
1
2
.
4
2
6
1
5
5
.
1
3
1
3
7
4
.
5
3
7
5
0
8
.
9
4
4
7
1
5
.
3
5
3
1
8
3
.
3
6
3
1
3
1
.
1
7
4
8
1
8
.
7
8
8
5
5
1
.
1
9
5
6
2
3
.
9
1
0
3
9
3
3
.
8
1
1
3
6
9
7
.
6
1
3
2
2
3
0
.
3
1
5
4
0
0
4
.
3
3
3
5
0
.
0
6
7
0
.
0
1
4
5
7
.
3
2
3
8
1
.
9
3
4
6
7
.
3
4
7
4
3
.
6
6
2
4
1
.
1
8
0
0
3
.
2
1
0
0
7
3
.
5
1
2
5
0
5
.
6
1
5
3
6
3
.
1
1
8
7
1
3
.
1
2
2
6
5
9
.
4
2
7
2
9
5
.
8
3
2
7
4
2
.
9
3
9
1
4
4
.
8
4
6
6
6
5
.
5
5
5
5
0
2
.
8
6
5
8
8
4
.
5
7
8
0
8
1
.
8
9
2
4
1
3
.
1
9
9
7
9
4
.
5
1
0
8
4
6
6
.
8
1
1
8
6
5
6
.
3
1
3
7
9
9
7
.
3
1
6
0
7
2
1
.
0
3
5
4
0
.
0
7
0
8
.
0
1
5
3
9
.
9
2
5
1
6
.
9
3
6
6
3
.
9
5
0
1
2
.
6
6
5
9
5
.
0
8
4
5
7
.
1
1
0
6
4
4
.
8
1
3
2
1
4
.
8
1
6
2
3
4
.
4
1
9
7
7
4
.
4
2
3
9
4
4
.
6
2
8
8
4
3
.
9
3
4
6
0
0
.
0
4
1
3
6
4
.
9
4
9
3
1
2
.
2
5
8
6
5
0
.
7
6
9
6
2
1
.
2
8
2
5
1
0
.
3
9
7
6
5
4
.
4
1
0
5
4
5
4
.
4
1
1
4
6
1
8
.
6
1
2
5
3
8
6
.
1
1
4
5
8
2
4
.
1
1
6
9
8
3
6
.
5
3
7
0
5
.
0
7
4
1
.
0
1
6
1
1
.
7
2
6
3
4
.
3
3
8
3
4
.
7
5
2
4
6
.
3
6
9
0
2
.
4
8
8
5
1
.
2
1
1
1
4
0
.
9
1
3
8
3
0
.
8
1
6
9
9
1
.
1
2
0
6
9
6
.
1
2
5
0
6
0
.
6
3
0
1
8
8
.
3
3
6
2
1
2
.
7
4
3
2
9
2
.
9
5
1
6
1
0
.
7
6
1
3
8
4
.
4
7
2
8
6
6
.
2
8
6
3
5
6
.
1
1
0
2
2
0
6
.
1
1
1
0
3
6
9
.
7
1
1
9
9
6
1
.
0
1
3
1
2
3
0
.
4
1
5
2
6
2
0
.
9
1
7
7
7
5
2
.
6
3
7
6
0
.
0
7
5
2
.
0
1
6
3
5
.
6
2
6
7
3
.
4
3
8
9
1
.
6
5
3
2
4
.
2
7
0
0
4
.
9
8
9
8
2
.
6
1
1
3
0
6
.
3
1
4
0
3
6
.
1
1
7
2
4
3
.
4
2
1
0
0
3
.
4
2
5
4
3
2
.
6
3
0
6
3
6
.
5
3
6
7
5
0
.
2
4
3
9
3
5
.
6
5
2
3
7
6
.
8
6
2
2
9
5
.
7
7
3
9
4
7
.
9
8
7
6
3
8
.
1
1
0
3
7
2
3
.
4
1
1
2
0
0
8
.
1
1
2
1
7
4
1
.
8
1
3
3
1
7
8
.
4
1
5
4
8
8
6
.
6
1
8
0
3
9
1
.
3
3
8
1
0
.
0
7
6
2
.
0
1
6
5
7
.
4
2
7
0
8
.
9
3
9
4
3
.
4
5
3
9
5
.
0
7
0
9
8
.
0
9
1
0
2
.
1
1
1
4
5
6
.
7
1
4
2
2
2
.
7
1
7
4
7
2
.
7
2
1
2
8
2
.
7
2
5
7
7
0
.
8
3
1
0
4
3
.
9
3
7
2
3
8
.
9
4
4
5
1
9
.
9
5
3
0
7
3
.
3
6
3
1
2
4
.
1
7
4
9
3
1
.
3
8
8
8
0
3
.
5
1
0
5
1
0
2
.
7
1
1
3
4
9
7
.
6
1
2
3
3
6
0
.
7
1
3
4
9
4
9
.
4
1
5
6
9
4
6
.
2
1
8
2
7
9
0
.
2
4
0
3
5
.
0
8
0
7
.
0
1
7
5
5
.
2
2
8
6
8
.
9
4
1
7
6
.
2
5
7
1
3
.
6
7
5
1
7
.
2
9
6
3
9
.
6
1
2
1
3
3
.
2
1
5
0
6
2
.
7
1
8
5
0
4
.
5
2
2
5
3
9
.
5
2
7
2
9
2
.
7
3
2
8
7
7
.
2
3
9
4
3
8
.
1
4
7
1
4
9
.
0
5
6
2
0
7
.
6
6
6
8
5
1
.
9
7
9
3
5
6
.
3
9
4
0
4
7
.
8
1
1
1
3
0
9
.
5
1
2
0
2
0
0
.
2
1
3
0
6
4
5
.
8
1
4
2
9
1
8
.
9
1
6
6
2
1
4
.
7
1
9
3
5
8
4
.
8
4
1
0
0
.
0
8
2
0
.
0
1
7
8
3
.
5
2
9
1
5
.
1
4
2
4
3
.
5
5
8
0
5
.
6
7
6
3
8
.
3
9
7
9
4
.
9
1
2
3
2
8
.
7
1
5
3
0
5
.
3
1
8
8
0
2
.
6
2
2
9
0
2
.
6
2
7
7
3
2
.
4
3
3
4
0
6
.
8
4
0
0
7
3
.
4
4
7
9
0
8
.
5
5
7
1
1
3
.
0
6
7
9
2
8
.
8
8
0
6
3
4
.
7
9
5
5
6
2
.
8
1
1
3
1
0
2
.
6
1
2
2
1
3
6
.
5
1
3
2
7
5
0
.
4
1
4
5
2
2
1
.
2
1
6
8
8
9
2
.
3
1
9
6
7
0
3
.
3
4
3
7
0
.
0
8
7
4
.
0
1
9
0
1
.
0
3
1
0
7
.
1
4
5
2
3
.
0
6
1
8
7
.
9
8
1
4
1
.
3
1
0
4
3
9
.
9
1
3
1
4
0
.
6
1
6
3
1
3
.
2
2
0
0
4
0
.
8
2
4
4
1
0
.
8
2
9
5
5
8
.
7
3
5
6
0
6
.
8
4
2
7
1
2
.
4
5
1
0
6
3
.
5
6
0
8
7
4
.
1
7
2
4
0
2
.
2
8
5
9
4
4
.
8
1
0
1
8
5
6
.
0
1
2
0
5
5
0
.
8
1
3
0
1
7
9
.
6
1
4
1
4
9
2
.
5
1
5
4
7
8
4
.
5
1
8
0
0
1
4
.
4
2
0
9
6
5
6
.
9
4
6
3
0
.
0
9
2
6
.
0
2
0
1
4
.
1
3
2
9
1
.
9
4
7
9
2
.
1
6
5
5
6
.
1
8
6
2
5
.
7
1
1
0
6
1
.
1
1
3
9
2
2
.
4
1
7
2
8
3
.
8
2
1
2
3
3
.
2
2
5
8
6
3
.
2
3
1
3
1
7
.
3
3
7
7
2
5
.
2
4
5
2
5
3
.
6
5
4
1
0
1
.
6
6
4
4
9
5
.
9
7
6
7
0
9
.
8
9
1
0
5
8
.
2
1
0
7
9
1
6
.
0
1
2
7
7
2
3
.
2
1
3
7
9
2
4
.
9
1
4
9
9
1
0
.
8
1
6
3
9
9
3
.
7
1
9
0
7
2
4
.
7
2
2
2
1
3
0
.
8
4
6
7
0
.
0
9
3
4
.
0
2
0
3
1
.
5
3
3
2
0
.
4
4
8
3
3
.
5
6
6
1
2
.
7
8
7
0
0
.
2
1
1
1
5
6
.
6
1
4
0
4
2
.
7
1
7
4
3
3
.
1
2
1
4
1
6
.
6
2
6
0
8
6
.
6
3
1
5
8
7
.
9
3
8
0
5
1
.
2
4
5
6
4
4
.
6
5
4
5
6
9
.
0
6
5
0
5
3
.
1
7
7
3
7
2
.
6
9
1
8
4
4
.
9
1
0
8
8
4
8
.
4
1
2
8
8
2
6
.
6
1
3
9
1
1
6
.
4
1
5
1
2
0
5
.
9
1
6
5
4
1
0
.
5
1
9
2
3
7
2
.
4
2
2
4
0
4
9
.
9
4
7
7
5
.
0
9
5
5
.
0
2
0
7
7
.
1
3
3
9
5
.
0
4
9
4
2
.
1
6
7
6
1
.
4
8
8
9
5
.
8
1
1
4
0
7
.
5
1
4
3
5
8
.
4
1
7
8
2
5
.
1
2
1
8
9
8
.
2
2
6
6
7
3
.
2
3
2
2
9
8
.
1
3
8
9
0
6
.
7
4
6
6
7
0
.
9
5
5
7
9
5
.
9
6
6
5
1
5
.
8
7
9
1
1
2
.
2
9
3
9
0
9
.
9
1
1
1
2
9
5
.
7
1
3
1
7
2
3
.
2
1
4
2
2
4
4
.
3
1
5
4
6
0
5
.
6
1
6
9
1
2
9
.
5
1
9
6
6
9
7
.
7
2
2
9
0
8
7
.
4
4
7
9
5
.
0
9
5
9
.
0
2
0
8
5
.
8
3
4
0
9
.
2
4
9
6
2
.
8
6
7
8
9
.
7
8
9
3
3
.
1
1
1
4
5
5
.
3
1
4
4
1
8
.
6
1
7
8
9
9
.
7
2
1
9
8
9
.
9
2
6
7
8
4
.
9
3
2
4
3
3
.
4
3
9
0
6
9
.
7
4
6
8
6
6
.
3
5
6
0
2
9
.
6
6
6
7
9
4
.
4
7
9
4
4
3
.
6
9
4
3
0
3
.
3
1
1
1
7
6
1
.
9
1
3
2
2
7
4
.
9
1
4
2
8
4
0
.
1
1
5
5
2
5
3
.
2
1
6
9
8
3
7
.
9
1
9
7
5
2
1
.
6
2
3
0
0
4
6
.
9
4
8
3
5
.
0
9
6
7
.
0
2
1
0
3
.
2
3
4
3
7
.
7
5
0
0
4
.
2
6
8
4
6
.
4
9
0
0
7
.
6
1
1
5
5
0
.
8
1
4
5
3
8
.
8
1
8
0
4
9
.
1
2
2
1
7
3
.
3
2
7
0
0
8
.
3
3
2
7
0
3
.
9
3
9
3
9
5
.
6
4
7
2
5
7
.
3
5
6
4
9
7
.
0
6
7
3
5
1
.
6
8
0
1
0
6
.
3
9
5
0
8
9
.
9
1
1
2
6
9
4
.
2
1
3
3
3
7
8
.
3
1
4
4
0
3
1
.
7
1
5
6
5
4
8
.
3
1
7
1
2
5
4
.
7
1
9
9
1
6
9
.
3
2
3
1
9
6
6
.
0
4
9
3
0
.
0
9
8
6
.
0
2
1
4
4
.
6
3
5
0
5
.
2
5
1
0
2
.
6
6
9
8
0
.
9
9
1
8
4
.
6
1
1
7
7
7
.
8
1
4
8
2
4
.
5
1
8
4
0
3
.
7
2
2
6
0
9
.
0
2
7
5
3
9
.
0
3
3
3
4
6
.
5
4
0
1
6
9
.
6
4
8
1
8
5
.
8
5
7
6
0
7
.
1
6
8
6
7
4
.
9
8
1
6
8
0
.
2
9
6
9
5
8
.
3
1
1
4
9
0
8
.
4
1
3
5
9
9
9
.
0
1
4
6
8
6
1
.
7
1
5
9
6
2
4
.
2
1
7
4
6
1
9
.
6
2
0
3
0
8
2
.
6
2
3
6
5
2
3
.
7
5
1
8
0
.
0
1
0
3
6
.
0
2
2
5
3
.
3
3
6
8
3
.
0
5
3
6
1
.
3
7
3
3
4
.
9
9
6
5
0
.
3
1
2
3
7
5
.
0
1
5
5
7
6
.
3
1
9
3
3
6
.
9
2
3
7
5
5
.
5
2
8
9
3
5
.
5
3
5
0
3
7
.
5
4
2
2
0
6
.
6
5
0
6
2
9
.
3
6
0
5
2
8
.
3
7
2
1
5
7
.
4
8
5
8
2
2
.
2
1
0
1
8
7
5
.
1
1
2
0
7
3
5
.
4
1
4
2
8
9
5
.
5
1
5
4
3
0
9
.
0
1
6
7
7
1
8
.
8
1
8
3
4
7
4
.
6
2
1
3
3
8
1
.
0
2
4
8
5
1
7
.
8
6
4
2
5
.
0
1
2
8
5
.
0
2
7
9
4
.
9
4
5
6
8
.
2
6
6
4
9
.
9
9
0
9
7
.
8
1
1
9
6
9
.
8
1
5
3
4
9
.
3
1
9
3
2
0
.
0
2
3
9
8
4
.
5
2
9
4
6
5
.
1
3
5
8
9
0
.
1
4
3
4
5
8
.
7
5
2
3
5
0
.
9
6
2
7
9
8
.
0
7
5
0
7
6
.
1
8
9
5
0
0
.
3
1
0
6
4
4
9
.
4
1
2
6
3
6
0
.
5
1
4
9
7
5
3
.
9
1
7
7
2
4
0
.
1
1
9
1
3
9
6
.
8
2
0
8
0
2
9
.
5
2
2
7
5
7
2
.
2
2
6
4
6
6
6
.
5
3
0
8
2
4
8
.
5
7
3
7
5
.
0
1
4
7
5
.
0
3
2
0
8
.
1
5
2
4
3
.
6
7
6
3
3
.
1
1
0
4
4
3
.
0
1
3
7
3
9
.
6
1
7
6
1
8
.
9
2
2
1
7
6
.
6
2
7
5
3
0
.
9
3
3
8
2
1
.
8
4
1
1
9
6
.
8
4
9
8
8
4
.
5
6
0
0
9
1
.
5
7
2
0
8
3
.
3
8
6
1
7
6
.
9
1
0
2
7
3
3
.
8
1
2
2
1
8
9
.
0
1
4
5
0
4
4
.
1
1
7
1
8
9
6
.
5
2
0
3
4
4
6
.
8
2
1
9
6
9
6
.
7
2
3
8
7
8
8
.
8
2
6
1
2
2
1
.
0
3
0
3
8
0
0
.
1
3
5
3
8
2
6
.
1
7
4
1
0
.
0
1
4
8
2
.
0
3
2
2
3
.
4
5
2
6
8
.
5
7
6
6
9
.
4
1
0
4
9
2
.
6
1
3
8
0
4
.
8
1
7
7
0
2
.
5
2
2
2
8
1
.
9
2
7
6
6
1
.
5
3
3
9
8
2
.
3
4
1
3
9
2
.
3
5
0
1
2
1
.
2
6
0
3
7
6
.
7
7
2
4
2
5
.
3
8
6
5
8
5
.
9
1
0
3
2
2
1
.
3
1
2
2
7
6
8
.
9
1
4
5
7
3
2
.
5
1
7
2
7
1
2
.
3
2
0
4
4
1
2
.
3
2
2
0
7
3
9
.
4
2
3
9
9
2
2
.
0
2
6
2
4
6
0
.
7
3
0
5
2
4
1
.
9
3
5
5
5
0
5
.
3
7
4
7
5
.
0
1
4
9
5
.
0
3
2
5
1
.
6
5
3
1
4
.
7
7
7
3
6
.
6
1
0
5
8
4
.
6
1
3
9
2
5
.
9
1
7
8
5
7
.
8
2
2
4
7
7
.
3
2
7
9
0
4
.
2
3
4
2
8
0
.
4
4
1
7
5
5
.
4
5
0
5
6
0
.
9
6
0
9
0
6
.
3
7
3
0
6
0
.
7
8
7
3
4
5
.
4
1
0
4
1
2
6
.
8
1
2
3
8
4
5
.
8
1
4
7
0
1
0
.
8
1
7
4
2
2
7
.
3
2
0
6
2
0
5
.
4
2
2
2
6
7
5
.
7
2
4
2
0
2
6
.
6
2
6
4
7
6
3
.
0
3
0
7
9
1
9
.
4
3
5
8
6
2
3
.
7
7
4
8
5
.
0
1
4
9
7
.
0
3
2
5
6
.
0
5
3
2
1
.
8
7
7
4
7
.
0
1
0
5
9
8
.
8
1
3
9
4
4
.
6
1
7
8
8
1
.
7
2
2
5
0
7
.
4
2
7
9
4
1
.
5
3
4
3
2
6
.
2
4
1
8
1
1
.
2
5
0
6
2
8
.
5
6
0
9
8
7
.
8
7
3
1
5
8
.
4
8
7
4
6
2
.
2
1
0
4
2
6
6
.
1
1
2
4
0
1
1
.
5
1
4
7
2
0
7
.
5
1
7
4
4
6
0
.
4
2
0
6
4
8
1
.
2
2
2
2
9
7
3
.
6
2
4
2
3
5
0
.
4
2
6
5
1
1
7
.
2
3
0
8
3
3
1
.
4
3
5
9
1
0
3
.
5
7
5
5
5
.
0
1
5
1
1
.
0
3
2
8
6
.
4
5
3
7
1
.
6
7
8
1
9
.
4
1
0
6
9
7
.
9
1
4
0
7
5
.
0
1
8
0
4
8
.
9
2
2
7
1
7
.
9
2
8
2
0
2
.
8
3
4
6
4
7
.
2
4
2
2
0
2
.
2
5
1
1
0
2
.
0
6
1
5
5
8
.
1
7
3
8
4
2
.
6
8
8
2
8
0
.
2
1
0
5
2
4
1
.
2
1
2
5
1
7
1
.
2
1
4
8
5
8
4
.
2
1
7
6
0
9
1
.
9
2
0
8
4
1
2
.
2
2
2
5
0
5
8
.
8
2
4
4
6
1
6
.
8
2
6
7
5
9
6
.
6
3
1
1
2
1
4
.
9
3
6
2
4
6
1
.
8
7
7
2
0
.
0
1
5
4
4
.
0
3
3
5
8
.
2
5
4
8
8
.
9
7
9
9
0
.
2
1
0
9
3
1
.
5
1
4
3
8
2
.
4
1
8
4
4
3
.
1
2
3
2
1
4
.
0
2
8
8
1
8
.
8
3
5
4
0
3
.
9
4
3
1
2
3
.
9
5
2
2
1
8
.
1
6
2
9
0
2
.
6
7
5
4
5
5
.
3
9
0
2
0
8
.
2
1
0
7
5
3
9
.
6
1
2
7
9
0
5
.
0
1
5
1
8
2
9
.
2
1
7
9
9
3
7
.
8
2
1
2
9
6
3
.
9
2
2
9
9
7
4
.
1
2
4
9
9
5
9
.
2
2
7
3
4
4
0
.
8
3
1
8
0
1
1
.
8
3
7
0
3
7
7
.
9
8
1
6
0
.
0
1
6
3
2
.
0
3
5
4
9
.
6
5
8
0
1
.
8
8
4
4
5
.
6
1
1
5
5
4
.
6
1
5
2
0
2
.
1
1
9
4
9
4
.
2
2
4
5
3
7
.
1
3
0
4
6
1
.
3
3
7
4
2
1
.
8
4
5
5
8
1
.
8
5
5
1
9
4
.
2
6
6
4
8
7
.
7
7
9
7
5
5
.
8
9
5
3
4
9
.
6
1
1
3
6
6
8
.
8
1
3
5
1
9
4
.
9
1
6
0
4
8
2
.
7
1
9
0
1
9
3
.
3
2
2
5
1
0
1
.
8
2
4
3
0
8
1
.
4
2
6
4
2
0
5
.
6
2
8
9
0
2
5
.
6
3
3
6
1
3
6
.
8
3
9
1
4
8
7
.
6
8
2
3
0
.
0
1
6
4
6
.
0
3
5
8
0
.
1
5
8
5
1
.
5
8
5
1
8
.
1
1
1
6
5
3
.
7
1
5
3
3
2
.
5
1
9
6
6
1
.
5
2
4
7
4
7
.
6
3
0
7
2
2
.
6
3
7
7
4
2
.
8
4
5
9
7
2
.
8
5
5
6
6
7
.
7
6
7
0
5
8
.
0
8
0
4
4
0
.
0
9
6
1
6
7
.
6
1
1
4
6
4
3
.
9
1
3
6
3
5
4
.
6
1
6
1
8
5
9
.
4
1
9
1
8
2
4
.
8
2
2
7
0
3
2
.
8
2
4
5
1
6
6
.
7
2
6
6
4
7
2
.
1
2
9
1
5
0
4
.
9
3
3
9
0
2
0
.
3
3
9
4
8
4
5
.
9
9
0
8
0
.
0
1
8
1
6
.
0
3
9
4
9
.
8
6
4
5
5
.
9
9
3
9
7
.
8
1
2
8
5
7
.
3
1
6
9
1
6
.
0
2
1
6
9
2
.
1
2
7
3
0
3
.
6
3
3
8
9
5
.
6
4
1
6
4
0
.
9
5
0
7
2
0
.
9
6
1
4
1
7
.
1
7
3
9
8
3
.
8
8
8
7
4
7
.
9
1
0
6
0
9
9
.
8
1
2
6
4
8
4
.
4
1
5
0
4
3
7
.
4
1
7
8
5
7
6
.
4
2
1
1
6
3
6
.
6
2
5
0
4
8
0
.
9
9
2
3
0
.
0
1
8
4
6
.
0
4
0
1
5
.
1
6
5
6
2
.
5
9
5
5
3
.
1
1
3
0
6
9
.
7
1
7
1
9
5
.
5
2
2
0
5
0
.
5
2
7
7
5
4
.
6
3
4
4
5
5
.
6
4
2
3
2
8
.
8
5
1
5
5
8
.
8
6
2
4
3
1
.
7
7
5
2
0
6
.
0
9
0
2
1
4
.
0
1
0
7
8
5
2
.
6
1
2
8
5
7
3
.
9
1
5
2
9
2
2
.
6
1
8
1
5
2
6
.
4
2
1
5
1
3
2
.
8
2
5
4
6
1
8
.
8
9
3
3
0
.
0
1
8
6
6
.
0
4
0
5
8
.
6
6
6
3
3
.
6
9
6
5
6
.
6
1
3
2
1
1
.
3
1
7
3
8
1
.
8
2
2
2
8
9
.
4
2
8
0
5
5
.
3
3
4
8
2
8
.
9
4
2
7
8
7
.
4
5
2
1
1
7
.
4
6
3
1
0
8
.
1
7
6
0
2
0
.
8
9
1
1
9
1
.
4
1
0
9
0
2
1
.
1
1
2
9
9
6
6
.
9
1
5
4
5
7
9
.
4
1
8
3
4
9
3
.
1
2
1
7
4
6
3
.
6
2
5
7
3
7
7
.
4
9
4
2
5
.
0
1
8
8
5
.
0
4
0
9
9
.
9
6
7
0
1
.
2
9
7
5
4
.
9
1
3
3
4
5
.
8
1
7
5
5
8
.
8
2
2
5
1
6
.
3
2
8
3
4
1
.
0
3
5
1
8
3
.
5
4
3
2
2
3
.
1
5
2
6
4
8
.
1
6
3
7
5
0
.
7
7
6
7
9
4
.
9
9
2
1
2
0
.
0
1
1
0
1
3
1
.
1
1
3
1
2
9
0
.
3
1
5
6
1
5
3
.
4
1
8
5
3
6
1
.
5
2
1
9
6
7
7
.
9
2
5
9
9
9
8
.
1
1
0
9
3
0
.
0
2
1
8
6
.
0
4
7
5
4
.
6
7
7
7
1
.
2
1
1
3
1
2
.
6
1
5
4
7
6
.
9
2
0
3
6
2
.
6
2
6
1
1
1
.
8
3
2
8
6
6
.
5
4
0
8
0
1
.
7
5
0
1
2
5
.
0
6
1
0
5
5
.
0
7
3
9
3
0
.
5
8
9
0
5
7
.
6
1
0
6
8
2
9
.
8
1
2
7
7
1
7
.
1
1
5
2
2
5
4
.
9
1
8
1
0
8
8
.
2
2
1
4
9
6
0
.
3
2
5
4
7
5
6
.
4
3
0
1
5
1
5
.
0
1
1
3
1
5
.
0
2
2
6
3
.
0
4
9
2
2
.
0
8
0
4
5
.
0
1
1
7
1
1
.
0
1
6
0
2
2
.
0
2
1
0
7
9
.
8
2
7
0
3
1
.
5
3
4
0
2
4
.
2
4
2
2
3
8
.
9
5
1
8
9
0
.
6
6
3
2
0
5
.
6
7
6
5
3
4
.
7
9
2
1
9
4
.
6
1
1
0
5
9
2
.
8
1
3
2
2
1
5
.
8
1
5
7
6
1
8
.
0
1
8
7
4
6
6
.
9
2
2
2
5
3
2
.
1
2
6
3
7
3
0
.
0
3
1
2
1
3
5
.
6
1
1
3
5
0
.
0
2
2
7
0
.
0
4
9
3
7
.
3
8
0
6
9
.
9
1
1
7
4
7
.
3
1
6
0
7
1
.
6
2
1
1
4
5
.
1
2
7
1
1
5
.
2
3
4
1
2
9
.
5
4
2
3
6
9
.
6
5
2
0
5
1
.
1
6
3
4
0
1
.
1
7
6
7
7
1
.
4
9
2
4
7
9
.
8
1
1
0
9
3
4
.
9
1
3
2
6
2
4
.
8
1
5
8
1
0
5
.
5
1
8
8
0
4
6
.
8
2
2
3
2
2
0
.
5
2
6
4
5
4
5
.
8
3
1
3
1
0
1
.
1
1
1
7
3
0
.
0
2
3
4
6
.
0
5
1
0
2
.
6
8
3
4
0
.
0
1
2
1
4
0
.
6
1
6
6
0
9
.
7
2
1
8
5
3
.
0
2
8
0
2
3
.
0
3
5
2
7
2
.
1
4
3
7
8
8
.
1
5
3
7
9
3
.
8
6
5
5
2
3
.
8
7
9
3
4
1
.
7
9
5
5
7
6
.
0
1
1
4
6
4
9
.
0
1
3
7
0
6
5
.
1
1
6
3
3
9
8
.
9
1
9
4
3
4
2
.
6
2
3
0
6
9
3
.
9
2
7
3
4
0
2
.
8
3
2
3
5
8
3
.
8
1
2
9
3
5
.
0
2
5
8
7
.
0
5
6
2
6
.
7
9
1
9
6
.
8
1
3
3
8
7
.
7
1
8
3
1
6
.
0
2
4
0
9
7
.
9
3
0
9
0
1
.
7
3
8
8
9
5
.
5
4
8
2
8
6
.
4
5
9
3
1
9
.
9
7
2
2
5
4
.
9
8
7
4
9
2
.
3
#
#
#
#
#
#
1
2
6
4
2
6
.
7
1
5
1
1
4
5
.
5
1
8
0
1
8
4
.
6
2
1
4
3
0
7
.
1
2
5
4
3
9
2
.
6
3
0
1
4
8
9
.
0
3
5
6
8
2
4
.
9
1
4
1
3
5
.
0
2
8
2
7
.
0
6
1
4
8
.
7
1
0
0
5
0
.
0
1
4
6
2
9
.
7
2
0
0
1
5
.
2
2
6
3
3
3
.
5
3
3
7
6
8
.
5
4
2
5
0
3
.
9
5
2
7
6
6
.
0
6
4
8
2
3
.
1
7
8
9
5
8
.
1
9
5
6
0
9
.
1
#
#
#
#
#
#
1
3
8
1
5
5
.
5
1
6
5
1
6
7
.
5
1
9
6
9
0
0
.
6
2
3
4
1
8
8
.
7
2
7
7
9
9
3
.
0
3
2
9
4
5
8
.
6
3
8
9
9
2
8
.
1
1
4
8
9
5
.
0
2
9
7
9
.
0
6
4
7
9
.
3
1
0
5
9
0
.
3
1
5
4
1
6
.
3
2
1
0
9
1
.
3
2
7
7
4
9
.
4
3
5
5
8
4
.
2
4
4
7
8
9
.
3
5
5
6
0
3
.
0
6
8
3
0
8
.
5
8
3
2
0
3
.
5
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
1
4
5
5
8
3
.
7
1
7
4
0
4
8
.
1
2
0
7
4
8
7
.
4
2
4
6
7
8
0
.
4
2
9
2
9
4
0
.
0
3
4
7
1
7
2
.
7
4
1
0
8
9
3
.
5
1
5
7
0
0
.
0
3
1
4
0
.
0
6
8
2
9
.
5
1
1
1
6
2
.
7
1
6
2
4
9
.
5
2
2
2
3
1
.
2
2
9
2
4
9
.
1
3
7
5
0
7
.
3
4
7
2
0
9
.
9
5
8
6
0
8
.
1
7
2
0
0
0
.
2
8
7
7
0
0
.
2
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
1
5
3
4
5
1
.
8
1
8
3
4
5
4
.
5
2
1
8
7
0
1
.
0
2
6
0
1
1
7
.
6
3
0
8
7
7
1
.
9
3
6
5
9
3
5
.
6
4
3
3
1
0
0
.
2
1
6
0
5
5
.
0
3
2
1
1
.
0
6
9
8
3
.
9
1
1
4
1
5
.
1
1
6
6
1
6
.
9
2
2
7
3
3
.
9
2
9
9
1
0
.
5
3
8
3
5
5
.
4
4
8
2
7
7
.
4
5
9
9
3
3
.
3
7
3
6
2
8
.
2
8
9
6
8
3
.
2
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
1
5
6
9
2
1
.
6
1
8
7
6
0
2
.
7
2
2
3
6
4
6
.
2
2
6
5
9
9
9
.
2
3
1
5
7
5
3
.
7
3
7
4
2
0
9
.
9
4
4
2
8
9
3
.
2


241
Dynamic payback period calculation


u
n
i
t

p
r
i
c
e

0
.
2
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
4
0
.
5
0
.
6
0
.
7
0
.
9
1
.
0
1
.
2
1
.
4
1
.
6
1
.
9
2
.
2
2
.
6
3
.
1
3
.
6
4
.
3
4
.
9
5
.
4
6
.
0
6
.
6
7
.
2
y
e
a
r
1
.
0
2
.
0
3
.
0
4
.
0
5
.
0
6
.
0
7
.
0
8
.
0
9
.
0
1
0
.
0
1
1
.
0
1
2
.
0
1
3
.
0
1
4
.
0
1
5
.
0
1
6
.
0
1
7
.
0
1
8
.
0
1
9
.
0
2
0
.
0
2
1
.
0
2
2
.
0
2
3
.
0
2
4
.
0
2
5
.
0
k
W
h1
7
5
.
0
3
5
.
0
7
6
.
1
1
2
4
.
4
1
8
1
.
1
2
4
7
.
8
3
2
6
.
0
4
1
8
.
1
5
2
6
.
2
6
5
3
.
3
8
0
2
.
6
9
7
7
.
6
1
1
8
3
.
7
1
4
2
5
.
9
1
7
1
0
.
5
2
0
4
4
.
9
2
4
3
7
.
8
2
8
9
9
.
4
3
4
4
1
.
7
4
0
7
8
.
9
4
8
2
7
.
6
5
2
1
3
.
1
5
6
6
6
.
2
6
1
9
8
.
5
7
2
0
8
.
8
8
3
9
5
.
9
4
5
0
.
0
9
0
.
0
1
9
5
.
8
3
2
0
.
0
4
6
5
.
8
6
3
7
.
2
8
3
8
.
4
1
0
7
5
.
1
1
3
5
3
.
2
1
6
7
9
.
9
2
0
6
3
.
7
2
5
1
3
.
7
3
0
4
3
.
8
3
6
6
6
.
6
4
3
9
8
.
3
5
2
5
8
.
3
6
2
6
8
.
5
7
4
5
5
.
6
8
8
5
0
.
2
1
0
4
8
8
.
6
1
2
4
1
3
.
7
1
3
4
0
5
.
2
1
4
5
7
0
.
2
1
5
9
3
8
.
9
1
8
5
3
7
.
0
2
1
5
8
9
.
4
5
8
0
.
0
1
1
6
.
0
2
5
2
.
3
4
1
2
.
4
6
0
0
.
3
8
2
1
.
3
1
0
8
0
.
5
1
3
8
5
.
6
1
7
4
4
.
1
2
1
6
5
.
1
2
6
5
9
.
9
3
2
3
9
.
9
3
9
2
3
.
1
4
7
2
5
.
8
5
6
6
8
.
9
6
7
7
7
.
3
8
0
7
9
.
4
9
6
0
9
.
4
1
1
4
0
6
.
9
1
3
5
1
8
.
6
1
5
9
9
9
.
9
1
7
2
7
7
.
8
1
8
7
7
9
.
3
2
0
5
4
3
.
5
2
3
8
9
2
.
1
2
7
8
2
6
.
3
8
1
0
.
0
1
6
2
.
0
3
5
2
.
4
5
7
5
.
9
8
3
8
.
4
1
1
4
7
.
0
1
5
0
9
.
0
1
9
3
5
.
1
2
4
3
5
.
7
3
0
2
3
.
7
3
7
1
4
.
7
4
5
2
4
.
7
5
4
7
8
.
8
6
5
9
9
.
9
7
9
1
6
.
9
9
4
6
4
.
9
1
1
2
8
3
.
3
1
3
4
2
0
.
1
1
5
9
3
0
.
3
1
8
8
7
9
.
5
2
2
3
4
4
.
7
2
4
1
2
9
.
4
2
6
2
2
6
.
3
2
8
6
9
0
.
0
3
3
3
6
6
.
5
3
8
8
6
0
.
9
8
7
5
.
0
1
7
5
.
0
3
8
0
.
6
6
2
2
.
1
9
0
5
.
6
1
2
3
9
.
0
1
6
3
0
.
1
2
0
9
0
.
4
2
6
3
1
.
1
3
2
6
6
.
4
4
0
1
2
.
8
4
8
8
7
.
8
5
9
1
8
.
5
7
1
2
9
.
5
8
5
5
2
.
3
1
0
2
2
4
.
4
1
2
1
8
8
.
8
1
4
4
9
7
.
0
1
7
2
0
8
.
6
2
0
3
9
4
.
5
2
4
1
3
7
.
8
2
6
0
6
5
.
7
2
8
3
3
0
.
9
3
0
9
9
2
.
3
3
6
0
4
4
.
1
4
1
9
7
9
.
4
8
9
5
.
0
1
7
9
.
0
3
8
9
.
3
6
3
6
.
3
9
2
6
.
3
1
2
6
7
.
3
1
6
6
7
.
4
2
1
3
8
.
2
2
6
9
1
.
3
3
3
4
1
.
0
4
1
0
4
.
5
4
9
9
9
.
5
6
0
5
3
.
8
7
2
9
2
.
5
8
7
4
7
.
7
1
0
4
5
8
.
1
1
2
4
6
7
.
4
1
4
8
2
8
.
4
1
7
6
0
2
.
0
2
0
8
6
0
.
7
2
4
6
8
9
.
5
2
6
6
6
1
.
5
2
8
9
7
8
.
4
3
1
7
0
0
.
7
3
6
8
6
7
.
9
4
2
9
3
8
.
9
9
2
5
.
0
1
8
5
.
0
4
0
2
.
4
6
5
7
.
7
9
5
7
.
4
1
3
0
9
.
8
1
7
2
3
.
3
2
2
0
9
.
8
2
7
8
1
.
5
3
4
5
3
.
0
4
2
4
2
.
1
5
1
6
7
.
1
6
2
5
6
.
7
7
5
3
6
.
9
9
0
4
1
.
0
1
0
8
0
8
.
6
1
2
8
8
5
.
3
1
5
3
2
5
.
4
1
8
1
9
2
.
0
2
1
5
5
9
.
9
2
5
5
1
7
.
1
2
7
5
5
5
.
2
2
9
9
4
9
.
8
3
2
7
6
3
.
3
3
8
1
0
3
.
7
4
4
3
7
8
.
2
1
0
9
0
.
0
2
1
8
.
0
4
7
4
.
2
7
7
5
.
0
1
1
2
8
.
2
1
5
4
3
.
4
2
0
3
0
.
7
2
6
0
4
.
0
3
2
7
7
.
6
4
0
6
9
.
0
4
9
9
8
.
7
6
0
8
8
.
7
7
3
7
2
.
8
8
8
8
1
.
3
1
0
6
5
3
.
7
1
2
7
3
6
.
7
1
5
1
8
3
.
7
1
8
0
5
9
.
1
2
1
4
3
7
.
0
2
5
4
0
5
.
7
3
0
0
6
8
.
7
3
2
4
7
0
.
4
3
5
2
9
2
.
2
3
8
6
0
7
.
6
4
4
9
0
0
.
6
5
2
2
9
4
.
3
1
1
3
0
.
0
2
2
6
.
0
4
9
1
.
6
8
0
3
.
4
1
1
6
9
.
6
1
6
0
0
.
1
2
1
0
5
.
2
2
6
9
9
.
6
3
3
9
7
.
9
4
2
1
8
.
3
5
1
8
2
.
2
6
3
1
2
.
2
7
6
4
3
.
3
9
2
0
7
.
2
1
1
0
4
4
.
6
1
3
2
0
4
.
1
1
5
7
4
0
.
9
1
8
7
2
1
.
8
2
2
2
2
3
.
7
2
6
3
3
8
.
0
3
1
1
7
2
.
2
3
3
6
6
2
.
0
3
6
5
8
7
.
3
4
0
0
2
4
.
4
4
6
5
4
8
.
4
5
4
2
1
3
.
4
1
2
3
5
.
0
2
4
7
.
0
5
3
7
.
2
8
7
8
.
1
1
2
7
8
.
2
1
7
4
8
.
8
2
3
0
0
.
8
2
9
5
0
.
4
3
7
1
3
.
6
4
6
1
0
.
3
5
6
6
3
.
7
6
8
9
8
.
7
8
3
5
3
.
5
1
0
0
6
2
.
8
1
2
0
7
0
.
9
1
4
4
3
1
.
0
1
7
2
0
3
.
6
2
0
4
6
1
.
5
2
4
2
8
8
.
7
2
8
7
8
5
.
4
3
4
0
6
8
.
7
3
6
7
8
9
.
9
3
9
9
8
7
.
0
4
3
7
4
3
.
5
5
0
8
7
3
.
6
5
9
2
5
0
.
9
1
2
8
0
.
0
2
5
6
.
0
5
5
6
.
8
9
1
0
.
1
1
3
2
4
.
8
1
8
1
2
.
5
2
3
8
4
.
6
3
0
5
7
.
9
3
8
4
9
.
0
4
7
7
8
.
2
5
8
7
0
.
1
7
1
5
0
.
1
8
6
5
7
.
9
1
0
4
2
9
.
4
1
2
5
1
0
.
7
1
4
9
5
6
.
8
1
7
8
3
0
.
4
2
1
2
0
7
.
0
2
5
1
7
3
.
8
2
9
8
3
4
.
2
3
5
3
1
0
.
1
3
8
1
3
0
.
4
4
1
4
4
4
.
0
4
5
3
3
7
.
3
5
2
7
2
7
.
3
6
1
4
0
9
.
8
1
3
6
0
.
0
2
7
2
.
0
5
9
1
.
6
9
6
7
.
0
1
4
0
7
.
6
1
9
2
5
.
8
2
5
3
3
.
7
3
2
4
9
.
0
4
0
8
9
.
5
5
0
7
6
.
9
6
2
3
7
.
0
7
5
9
7
.
0
9
1
9
9
.
0
1
1
0
8
1
.
3
1
3
2
9
2
.
6
1
5
8
9
1
.
6
1
8
9
4
4
.
8
2
2
5
3
2
.
5
2
6
7
4
7
.
1
3
1
6
9
8
.
9
3
7
5
1
7
.
0
4
0
5
1
3
.
6
4
4
0
3
4
.
3
4
8
1
7
0
.
9
5
6
0
2
2
.
8
6
5
2
4
7
.
9
1
3
8
0
.
0
2
7
6
.
0
6
0
0
.
3
9
8
1
.
2
1
4
2
8
.
3
1
9
5
4
.
1
2
5
7
0
.
9
3
2
9
6
.
8
4
1
4
9
.
7
5
1
5
1
.
5
6
3
2
8
.
7
7
7
0
8
.
7
9
3
3
4
.
3
1
1
2
4
4
.
2
1
3
4
8
8
.
1
1
6
1
2
5
.
3
1
9
2
2
3
.
4
2
2
8
6
3
.
8
2
7
1
4
0
.
5
3
2
1
6
5
.
0
3
8
0
6
8
.
7
4
1
1
0
9
.
4
4
4
6
8
1
.
8
4
8
8
7
9
.
3
5
6
8
4
6
.
7
6
6
2
0
7
.
5
1
6
7
0
.
0
3
3
4
.
0
7
2
6
.
5
1
1
8
7
.
4
1
7
2
8
.
5
2
3
6
4
.
7
3
1
1
1
.
2
3
9
8
9
.
6
5
0
2
1
.
7
6
2
3
4
.
1
7
6
5
8
.
6
9
3
2
8
.
6
1
1
2
9
5
.
9
1
3
6
0
7
.
2
1
6
3
2
2
.
6
1
9
5
1
4
.
0
2
3
2
6
3
.
1
2
7
6
6
8
.
6
3
2
8
4
3
.
9
3
8
9
2
4
.
4
4
6
0
6
8
.
6
4
9
7
4
8
.
3
5
4
0
7
1
.
5
5
9
1
5
1
.
1
6
8
7
9
2
.
7
8
0
1
2
0
.
6
1
7
8
0
.
0
3
5
6
.
0
7
7
4
.
3
1
2
6
5
.
6
1
8
4
2
.
3
2
5
2
0
.
5
3
3
1
6
.
1
4
2
5
2
.
4
5
3
5
2
.
5
6
6
4
4
.
7
8
1
6
3
.
1
9
9
4
3
.
1
1
2
0
3
9
.
9
1
4
5
0
3
.
4
1
7
3
9
7
.
7
2
0
7
9
9
.
3
2
4
7
9
5
.
4
2
9
4
9
1
.
0
3
5
0
0
7
.
3
4
1
4
8
8
.
2
4
9
1
0
3
.
1
5
3
0
2
5
.
1
5
7
6
3
3
.
1
6
3
0
4
7
.
2
7
3
3
2
4
.
0
8
5
3
9
8
.
0
1
8
6
0
.
0
3
7
2
.
0
8
0
9
.
1
1
3
2
2
.
5
1
9
2
5
.
1
2
6
3
3
.
8
3
4
6
5
.
2
4
4
4
3
.
5
5
5
9
3
.
0
6
9
4
3
.
4
8
5
3
0
.
0
1
0
3
9
0
.
0
1
2
5
8
1
.
0
1
5
1
5
5
.
3
1
8
1
7
9
.
6
2
1
7
3
4
.
1
2
5
9
0
9
.
8
3
0
8
1
6
.
5
3
6
5
8
0
.
6
4
3
3
5
2
.
9
5
1
3
1
0
.
0
5
5
4
0
8
.
3
6
0
2
2
3
.
3
6
5
8
8
0
.
8
7
6
6
1
9
.
4
8
9
2
3
6
.
1
1
8
8
0
.
0
3
7
6
.
0
8
1
7
.
8
1
3
3
6
.
7
1
9
4
5
.
8
2
6
6
2
.
1
3
5
0
2
.
4
4
4
9
1
.
3
5
6
5
3
.
2
7
0
1
8
.
0
8
6
2
1
.
7
1
0
5
0
1
.
7
1
2
7
1
6
.
3
1
5
3
1
8
.
2
1
8
3
7
5
.
1
2
1
9
6
7
.
8
2
6
1
8
8
.
4
3
1
1
4
7
.
8
3
6
9
7
4
.
0
4
3
8
1
9
.
0
5
1
8
6
1
.
7
5
6
0
0
4
.
1
6
0
8
7
0
.
9
6
6
5
8
9
.
2
7
7
4
4
3
.
3
9
0
1
9
5
.
7
1
9
5
5
.
0
3
9
1
.
0
8
5
0
.
4
1
3
9
0
.
0
2
0
2
3
.
4
2
7
6
8
.
3
3
6
4
2
.
2
4
6
7
0
.
5
5
8
7
8
.
7
7
2
9
8
.
0
8
9
6
5
.
6
1
0
9
2
0
.
6
1
3
2
2
3
.
6
1
5
9
2
9
.
3
1
9
1
0
8
.
2
2
2
8
4
4
.
2
2
7
2
3
3
.
2
3
2
3
9
0
.
4
3
8
4
4
9
.
0
4
5
5
6
7
.
1
5
3
9
3
0
.
6
5
8
2
3
8
.
3
6
3
2
9
9
.
3
6
9
2
4
5
.
7
8
0
5
3
2
.
8
9
3
7
9
3
.
9
2
0
0
5
.
0
4
0
1
.
0
8
7
2
.
2
1
4
2
5
.
6
2
0
7
5
.
2
2
8
3
9
.
1
3
7
3
5
.
3
4
7
8
9
.
9
6
0
2
9
.
0
7
4
8
4
.
7
9
1
9
4
.
9
1
1
1
9
9
.
9
1
3
5
6
1
.
8
1
6
3
3
6
.
7
1
9
5
9
6
.
9
2
3
4
2
8
.
4
2
7
9
2
9
.
7
3
3
2
1
8
.
8
3
9
4
3
2
.
3
4
6
7
3
2
.
5
5
5
3
0
9
.
9
5
9
7
2
7
.
7
6
4
9
1
8
.
2
7
1
0
1
6
.
7
8
2
5
9
2
.
4
9
6
1
9
2
.
7
2
0
9
5
.
0
4
1
9
.
0
9
1
1
.
3
1
4
8
9
.
5
2
1
6
8
.
3
2
9
6
6
.
5
3
9
0
3
.
0
5
0
0
5
.
0
6
2
9
9
.
7
7
8
2
0
.
6
9
6
0
7
.
7
1
1
7
0
2
.
7
1
4
1
7
0
.
6
1
7
0
7
0
.
1
2
0
4
7
6
.
5
2
4
4
8
0
.
1
2
9
1
8
3
.
4
3
4
7
1
0
.
0
4
1
2
0
2
.
4
4
8
8
3
0
.
3
5
7
7
9
2
.
7
6
2
4
0
8
.
8
6
7
8
3
2
.
2
7
4
2
0
4
.
5
8
6
2
9
9
.
8
1
0
0
5
1
0
.
6
2
1
3
5
.
0
4
2
7
.
0
9
2
8
.
7
1
5
1
8
.
0
2
2
0
9
.
7
3
0
2
3
.
2
3
9
7
7
.
5
5
1
0
0
.
5
6
4
1
9
.
9
7
9
7
0
.
0
9
7
9
1
.
1
1
1
9
2
6
.
1
1
4
4
4
1
.
1
1
7
3
9
6
.
0
2
0
8
6
7
.
5
2
4
9
4
7
.
5
2
9
7
4
0
.
6
3
5
3
7
2
.
7
4
1
9
8
9
.
0
4
9
7
6
2
.
6
5
8
8
9
6
.
1
6
3
6
0
0
.
3
6
9
1
2
7
.
3
7
5
6
2
1
.
3
8
7
9
4
7
.
6
1
0
2
4
2
9
.
7
2
1
6
5
.
0
4
3
3
.
0
9
4
1
.
8
1
5
3
9
.
3
2
2
4
0
.
8
3
0
6
5
.
6
4
0
3
3
.
4
5
1
7
2
.
2
6
5
1
0
.
2
8
0
8
1
.
9
9
9
2
8
.
7
1
2
0
9
3
.
7
1
4
6
4
4
.
1
1
7
6
4
0
.
4
2
1
1
6
0
.
7
2
5
2
9
8
.
0
3
0
1
5
8
.
5
3
5
8
6
9
.
7
4
2
5
7
9
.
1
5
0
4
6
1
.
8
5
9
7
2
3
.
7
6
4
4
9
4
.
0
7
0
0
9
8
.
7
7
6
6
8
3
.
9
8
9
1
8
3
.
4
1
0
3
8
6
8
.
9
2
1
7
5
.
0
4
3
5
.
0
9
4
6
.
1
1
5
4
6
.
4
2
2
5
1
.
1
3
0
7
9
.
8
4
0
5
2
.
0
5
1
9
6
.
1
6
5
4
0
.
2
8
1
1
9
.
3
9
9
7
4
.
6
1
2
1
4
9
.
6
1
4
7
1
1
.
7
1
7
7
2
1
.
9
2
1
2
5
8
.
5
2
5
4
1
4
.
9
3
0
2
9
7
.
8
3
6
0
3
5
.
4
4
2
7
7
5
.
7
5
0
6
9
4
.
9
5
9
9
9
9
.
6
6
4
7
9
1
.
9
7
0
4
2
2
.
5
7
7
0
3
8
.
1
8
9
5
9
5
.
3
1
0
4
3
4
8
.
7
2
4
0
5
.
0
4
8
1
.
0
1
0
4
6
.
2
1
7
1
0
.
0
2
4
8
9
.
2
3
4
0
5
.
5
4
4
8
0
.
5
5
7
4
5
.
5
7
2
3
1
.
8
8
9
7
7
.
9
1
1
0
2
9
.
3
1
3
4
3
4
.
3
1
6
2
6
7
.
4
1
9
5
9
5
.
9
2
3
5
0
6
.
5
2
8
1
0
2
.
4
3
3
5
0
1
.
7
3
9
8
4
6
.
0
4
7
2
9
9
.
1
5
6
0
5
5
.
7
6
6
3
4
4
.
3
7
1
6
4
3
.
5
7
7
8
6
9
.
4
8
5
1
8
4
.
6
9
9
0
6
9
.
7
1
1
5
3
8
3
.
3
2
4
2
0
.
0
4
8
4
.
0
1
0
5
2
.
7
1
7
2
0
.
6
2
5
0
4
.
7
3
4
2
6
.
7
4
5
0
8
.
5
5
7
8
1
.
4
7
2
7
6
.
9
9
0
3
3
.
9
1
1
0
9
8
.
1
1
3
5
1
8
.
1
1
6
3
6
8
.
9
1
9
7
1
8
.
2
2
3
6
5
3
.
1
2
8
2
7
7
.
7
3
3
7
1
0
.
6
4
0
0
9
4
.
6
4
7
5
9
4
.
1
5
6
4
0
5
.
4
6
6
7
5
8
.
1
7
2
0
9
0
.
3
7
8
3
5
5
.
1
8
5
7
1
5
.
9
9
9
6
8
7
.
6
1
1
6
1
0
2
.
9
2
5
0
0
.
0
5
0
0
.
0
1
0
8
7
.
5
1
7
7
7
.
5
2
5
8
7
.
5
3
5
4
0
.
0
4
6
5
7
.
5
5
9
7
2
.
5
7
5
1
7
.
5
9
3
3
2
.
5
1
1
4
6
5
.
0
1
3
9
6
5
.
0
1
6
9
1
0
.
0
2
0
3
7
0
.
0
2
4
4
3
5
.
0
2
9
2
1
2
.
5
3
4
8
2
5
.
0
4
1
4
2
0
.
0
4
9
1
6
7
.
5
5
8
2
7
0
.
0
6
8
9
6
5
.
0
7
4
4
7
3
.
5
8
0
9
4
5
.
4
8
8
5
4
9
.
5
1
0
2
9
8
3
.
1
1
1
9
9
4
1
.
0
2
5
2
0
.
0
5
0
4
.
0
1
0
9
6
.
2
1
7
9
1
.
7
2
6
0
8
.
2
3
5
6
8
.
3
4
6
9
4
.
8
6
0
2
0
.
3
7
5
7
7
.
6
9
4
0
7
.
2
1
1
5
5
6
.
7
1
4
0
7
6
.
7
1
7
0
4
5
.
3
2
0
5
3
3
.
0
2
4
6
3
0
.
5
2
9
4
4
6
.
2
3
5
1
0
3
.
6
4
1
7
5
1
.
4
4
9
5
6
0
.
8
5
8
7
3
6
.
2
6
9
5
1
6
.
7
7
5
0
6
9
.
3
8
1
5
9
2
.
9
8
9
2
5
7
.
9
1
0
3
8
0
7
.
0
1
2
0
9
0
0
.
6
2
5
4
5
.
0
5
0
9
.
0
1
1
0
7
.
1
1
8
0
9
.
5
2
6
3
4
.
1
3
6
0
3
.
7
4
7
4
1
.
3
6
0
8
0
.
0
7
6
5
2
.
8
9
5
0
0
.
5
1
1
6
7
1
.
4
1
4
2
1
6
.
4
1
7
2
1
4
.
4
2
0
7
3
6
.
7
2
4
8
7
4
.
8
2
9
7
3
8
.
3
3
5
4
5
1
.
9
4
2
1
6
5
.
6
5
0
0
5
2
.
5
5
9
3
1
8
.
9
7
0
2
0
6
.
4
7
5
8
1
4
.
0
8
2
4
0
2
.
4
9
0
1
4
3
.
4
1
0
4
8
3
6
.
8
1
2
2
1
0
0
.
0
2
6
5
5
.
0
5
3
1
.
0
1
1
5
4
.
9
1
8
8
7
.
7
2
7
4
7
.
9
3
7
5
9
.
5
4
9
4
6
.
3
6
3
4
2
.
8
7
9
8
3
.
6
9
9
1
1
.
1
1
2
1
7
5
.
8
1
4
8
3
0
.
8
1
7
9
5
8
.
4
2
1
6
3
2
.
9
2
5
9
5
0
.
0
3
1
0
2
3
.
7
3
6
9
8
4
.
2
4
3
9
8
8
.
0
5
2
2
1
5
.
9
6
1
8
8
2
.
7
7
3
2
4
0
.
8
7
9
0
9
0
.
8
8
5
9
6
4
.
0
9
4
0
3
9
.
6
1
0
9
3
6
8
.
0
1
2
7
3
7
7
.
4
2
9
2
5
.
0
5
8
5
.
0
1
2
7
2
.
4
2
0
7
9
.
7
3
0
2
7
.
4
4
1
4
1
.
8
5
4
4
9
.
3
6
9
8
7
.
8
8
7
9
5
.
5
1
0
9
1
9
.
0
1
3
4
1
4
.
1
1
6
3
3
9
.
1
1
9
7
8
4
.
7
2
3
8
3
2
.
9
2
8
5
8
9
.
0
3
4
1
7
8
.
6
4
0
7
4
5
.
3
4
8
4
6
1
.
4
5
7
5
2
6
.
0
6
8
1
7
5
.
9
8
0
6
8
9
.
1
8
7
1
3
4
.
0
9
4
7
0
6
.
1
1
0
3
6
0
2
.
9
1
2
0
4
9
0
.
2
1
4
0
3
3
1
.
0
3
0
3
0
.
0
6
0
6
.
0
1
3
1
8
.
1
2
1
5
4
.
3
3
1
3
6
.
1
4
2
9
0
.
5
5
6
4
4
.
9
7
2
3
8
.
7
9
1
1
1
.
2
1
1
3
1
1
.
0
1
3
8
9
5
.
6
1
6
9
2
5
.
6
2
0
4
9
4
.
9
2
4
6
8
8
.
4
2
9
6
1
5
.
2
3
5
4
0
5
.
6
4
2
2
0
7
.
9
5
0
2
0
1
.
0
5
9
5
9
1
.
0
7
0
6
2
3
.
2
8
3
5
8
5
.
6
9
0
2
6
1
.
8
9
8
1
0
5
.
8
1
0
7
3
2
2
.
0
1
2
4
8
1
5
.
5
1
4
5
3
6
8
.
5
3
0
9
5
.
0
6
1
9
.
0
1
3
4
6
.
3
2
2
0
0
.
5
3
2
0
3
.
3
4
3
8
2
.
5
5
7
6
6
.
0
7
3
9
4
.
0
9
3
0
6
.
7
1
1
5
5
3
.
6
1
4
1
9
3
.
7
1
7
2
8
8
.
7
2
0
9
3
4
.
6
2
5
2
1
8
.
1
3
0
2
5
0
.
5
3
6
1
6
5
.
1
4
3
1
1
3
.
4
5
1
2
7
8
.
0
6
0
8
6
9
.
4
7
2
1
3
8
.
3
8
5
3
7
8
.
7
9
2
1
9
8
.
2
1
0
0
2
1
0
.
3
1
0
9
6
2
4
.
3
1
2
7
4
9
3
.
1
1
4
8
4
8
7
.
0
3
2
1
0
.
0
6
4
2
.
0
1
3
9
6
.
4
2
2
8
2
.
3
3
3
2
2
.
4
4
5
4
5
.
4
5
9
8
0
.
2
7
6
6
8
.
7
9
6
5
2
.
5
1
1
9
8
2
.
9
1
4
7
2
1
.
1
1
7
9
3
1
.
1
2
1
7
1
2
.
4
2
6
1
5
5
.
1
3
1
3
7
4
.
5
3
7
5
0
8
.
9
4
4
7
1
5
.
3
5
3
1
8
3
.
3
6
3
1
3
1
.
1
7
4
8
1
8
.
7
8
8
5
5
1
.
1
9
5
6
2
3
.
9
1
0
3
9
3
3
.
8
1
1
3
6
9
7
.
6
1
3
2
2
3
0
.
3
1
5
4
0
0
4
.
3
3
3
5
0
.
0
6
7
0
.
0
1
4
5
7
.
3
2
3
8
1
.
9
3
4
6
7
.
3
4
7
4
3
.
6
6
2
4
1
.
1
8
0
0
3
.
2
1
0
0
7
3
.
5
1
2
5
0
5
.
6
1
5
3
6
3
.
1
1
8
7
1
3
.
1
2
2
6
5
9
.
4
2
7
2
9
5
.
8
3
2
7
4
2
.
9
3
9
1
4
4
.
8
4
6
6
6
5
.
5
5
5
5
0
2
.
8
6
5
8
8
4
.
5
7
8
0
8
1
.
8
9
2
4
1
3
.
1
9
9
7
9
4
.
5
1
0
8
4
6
6
.
8
1
1
8
6
5
6
.
3
1
3
7
9
9
7
.
3
1
6
0
7
2
1
.
0
3
5
4
0
.
0
7
0
8
.
0
1
5
3
9
.
9
2
5
1
6
.
9
3
6
6
3
.
9
5
0
1
2
.
6
6
5
9
5
.
0
8
4
5
7
.
1
1
0
6
4
4
.
8
1
3
2
1
4
.
8
1
6
2
3
4
.
4
1
9
7
7
4
.
4
2
3
9
4
4
.
6
2
8
8
4
3
.
9
3
4
6
0
0
.
0
4
1
3
6
4
.
9
4
9
3
1
2
.
2
5
8
6
5
0
.
7
6
9
6
2
1
.
2
8
2
5
1
0
.
3
9
7
6
5
4
.
4
1
0
5
4
5
4
.
4
1
1
4
6
1
8
.
6
1
2
5
3
8
6
.
1
1
4
5
8
2
4
.
1
1
6
9
8
3
6
.
5
3
7
0
5
.
0
7
4
1
.
0
1
6
1
1
.
7
2
6
3
4
.
3
3
8
3
4
.
7
5
2
4
6
.
3
6
9
0
2
.
4
8
8
5
1
.
2
1
1
1
4
0
.
9
1
3
8
3
0
.
8
1
6
9
9
1
.
1
2
0
6
9
6
.
1
2
5
0
6
0
.
6
3
0
1
8
8
.
3
3
6
2
1
2
.
7
4
3
2
9
2
.
9
5
1
6
1
0
.
7
6
1
3
8
4
.
4
7
2
8
6
6
.
2
8
6
3
5
6
.
1
1
0
2
2
0
6
.
1
1
1
0
3
6
9
.
7
1
1
9
9
6
1
.
0
1
3
1
2
3
0
.
4
1
5
2
6
2
0
.
9
1
7
7
7
5
2
.
6
3
7
6
0
.
0
7
5
2
.
0
1
6
3
5
.
6
2
6
7
3
.
4
3
8
9
1
.
6
5
3
2
4
.
2
7
0
0
4
.
9
8
9
8
2
.
6
1
1
3
0
6
.
3
1
4
0
3
6
.
1
1
7
2
4
3
.
4
2
1
0
0
3
.
4
2
5
4
3
2
.
6
3
0
6
3
6
.
5
3
6
7
5
0
.
2
4
3
9
3
5
.
6
5
2
3
7
6
.
8
6
2
2
9
5
.
7
7
3
9
4
7
.
9
8
7
6
3
8
.
1
1
0
3
7
2
3
.
4
1
1
2
0
0
8
.
1
1
2
1
7
4
1
.
8
1
3
3
1
7
8
.
4
1
5
4
8
8
6
.
6
1
8
0
3
9
1
.
3
3
8
1
0
.
0
7
6
2
.
0
1
6
5
7
.
4
2
7
0
8
.
9
3
9
4
3
.
4
5
3
9
5
.
0
7
0
9
8
.
0
9
1
0
2
.
1
1
1
4
5
6
.
7
1
4
2
2
2
.
7
1
7
4
7
2
.
7
2
1
2
8
2
.
7
2
5
7
7
0
.
8
3
1
0
4
3
.
9
3
7
2
3
8
.
9
4
4
5
1
9
.
9
5
3
0
7
3
.
3
6
3
1
2
4
.
1
7
4
9
3
1
.
3
8
8
8
0
3
.
5
1
0
5
1
0
2
.
7
1
1
3
4
9
7
.
6
1
2
3
3
6
0
.
7
1
3
4
9
4
9
.
4
1
5
6
9
4
6
.
2
1
8
2
7
9
0
.
2
4
0
3
5
.
0
8
0
7
.
0
1
7
5
5
.
2
2
8
6
8
.
9
4
1
7
6
.
2
5
7
1
3
.
6
7
5
1
7
.
2
9
6
3
9
.
6
1
2
1
3
3
.
2
1
5
0
6
2
.
7
1
8
5
0
4
.
5
2
2
5
3
9
.
5
2
7
2
9
2
.
7
3
2
8
7
7
.
2
3
9
4
3
8
.
1
4
7
1
4
9
.
0
5
6
2
0
7
.
6
6
6
8
5
1
.
9
7
9
3
5
6
.
3
9
4
0
4
7
.
8
1
1
1
3
0
9
.
5
1
2
0
2
0
0
.
2
1
3
0
6
4
5
.
8
1
4
2
9
1
8
.
9
1
6
6
2
1
4
.
7
1
9
3
5
8
4
.
8
4
1
0
0
.
0
8
2
0
.
0
1
7
8
3
.
5
2
9
1
5
.
1
4
2
4
3
.
5
5
8
0
5
.
6
7
6
3
8
.
3
9
7
9
4
.
9
1
2
3
2
8
.
7
1
5
3
0
5
.
3
1
8
8
0
2
.
6
2
2
9
0
2
.
6
2
7
7
3
2
.
4
3
3
4
0
6
.
8
4
0
0
7
3
.
4
4
7
9
0
8
.
5
5
7
1
1
3
.
0
6
7
9
2
8
.
8
8
0
6
3
4
.
7
9
5
5
6
2
.
8
1
1
3
1
0
2
.
6
1
2
2
1
3
6
.
5
1
3
2
7
5
0
.
4
1
4
5
2
2
1
.
2
1
6
8
8
9
2
.
3
1
9
6
7
0
3
.
3
4
3
7
0
.
0
8
7
4
.
0
1
9
0
1
.
0
3
1
0
7
.
1
4
5
2
3
.
0
6
1
8
7
.
9
8
1
4
1
.
3
1
0
4
3
9
.
9
1
3
1
4
0
.
6
1
6
3
1
3
.
2
2
0
0
4
0
.
8
2
4
4
1
0
.
8
2
9
5
5
8
.
7
3
5
6
0
6
.
8
4
2
7
1
2
.
4
5
1
0
6
3
.
5
6
0
8
7
4
.
1
7
2
4
0
2
.
2
8
5
9
4
4
.
8
1
0
1
8
5
6
.
0
1
2
0
5
5
0
.
8
1
3
0
1
7
9
.
6
1
4
1
4
9
2
.
5
1
5
4
7
8
4
.
5
1
8
0
0
1
4
.
4
2
0
9
6
5
6
.
9
4
6
3
0
.
0
9
2
6
.
0
2
0
1
4
.
1
3
2
9
1
.
9
4
7
9
2
.
1
6
5
5
6
.
1
8
6
2
5
.
7
1
1
0
6
1
.
1
1
3
9
2
2
.
4
1
7
2
8
3
.
8
2
1
2
3
3
.
2
2
5
8
6
3
.
2
3
1
3
1
7
.
3
3
7
7
2
5
.
2
4
5
2
5
3
.
6
5
4
1
0
1
.
6
6
4
4
9
5
.
9
7
6
7
0
9
.
8
9
1
0
5
8
.
2
1
0
7
9
1
6
.
0
1
2
7
7
2
3
.
2
1
3
7
9
2
4
.
9
1
4
9
9
1
0
.
8
1
6
3
9
9
3
.
7
1
9
0
7
2
4
.
7
2
2
2
1
3
0
.
8
4
6
7
0
.
0
9
3
4
.
0
2
0
3
1
.
5
3
3
2
0
.
4
4
8
3
3
.
5
6
6
1
2
.
7
8
7
0
0
.
2
1
1
1
5
6
.
6
1
4
0
4
2
.
7
1
7
4
3
3
.
1
2
1
4
1
6
.
6
2
6
0
8
6
.
6
3
1
5
8
7
.
9
3
8
0
5
1
.
2
4
5
6
4
4
.
6
5
4
5
6
9
.
0
6
5
0
5
3
.
1
7
7
3
7
2
.
6
9
1
8
4
4
.
9
1
0
8
8
4
8
.
4
1
2
8
8
2
6
.
6
1
3
9
1
1
6
.
4
1
5
1
2
0
5
.
9
1
6
5
4
1
0
.
5
1
9
2
3
7
2
.
4
2
2
4
0
4
9
.
9
4
7
7
5
.
0
9
5
5
.
0
2
0
7
7
.
1
3
3
9
5
.
0
4
9
4
2
.
1
6
7
6
1
.
4
8
8
9
5
.
8
1
1
4
0
7
.
5
1
4
3
5
8
.
4
1
7
8
2
5
.
1
2
1
8
9
8
.
2
2
6
6
7
3
.
2
3
2
2
9
8
.
1
3
8
9
0
6
.
7
4
6
6
7
0
.
9
5
5
7
9
5
.
9
6
6
5
1
5
.
8
7
9
1
1
2
.
2
9
3
9
0
9
.
9
1
1
1
2
9
5
.
7
1
3
1
7
2
3
.
2
1
4
2
2
4
4
.
3
1
5
4
6
0
5
.
6
1
6
9
1
2
9
.
5
1
9
6
6
9
7
.
7
2
2
9
0
8
7
.
4
4
7
9
5
.
0
9
5
9
.
0
2
0
8
5
.
8
3
4
0
9
.
2
4
9
6
2
.
8
6
7
8
9
.
7
8
9
3
3
.
1
1
1
4
5
5
.
3
1
4
4
1
8
.
6
1
7
8
9
9
.
7
2
1
9
8
9
.
9
2
6
7
8
4
.
9
3
2
4
3
3
.
4
3
9
0
6
9
.
7
4
6
8
6
6
.
3
5
6
0
2
9
.
6
6
6
7
9
4
.
4
7
9
4
4
3
.
6
9
4
3
0
3
.
3
1
1
1
7
6
1
.
9
1
3
2
2
7
4
.
9
1
4
2
8
4
0
.
1
1
5
5
2
5
3
.
2
1
6
9
8
3
7
.
9
1
9
7
5
2
1
.
6
2
3
0
0
4
6
.
9
4
8
3
5
.
0
9
6
7
.
0
2
1
0
3
.
2
3
4
3
7
.
7
5
0
0
4
.
2
6
8
4
6
.
4
9
0
0
7
.
6
1
1
5
5
0
.
8
1
4
5
3
8
.
8
1
8
0
4
9
.
1
2
2
1
7
3
.
3
2
7
0
0
8
.
3
3
2
7
0
3
.
9
3
9
3
9
5
.
6
4
7
2
5
7
.
3
5
6
4
9
7
.
0
6
7
3
5
1
.
6
8
0
1
0
6
.
3
9
5
0
8
9
.
9
1
1
2
6
9
4
.
2
1
3
3
3
7
8
.
3
1
4
4
0
3
1
.
7
1
5
6
5
4
8
.
3
1
7
1
2
5
4
.
7
1
9
9
1
6
9
.
3
2
3
1
9
6
6
.
0
4
9
3
0
.
0
9
8
6
.
0
2
1
4
4
.
6
3
5
0
5
.
2
5
1
0
2
.
6
6
9
8
0
.
9
9
1
8
4
.
6
1
1
7
7
7
.
8
1
4
8
2
4
.
5
1
8
4
0
3
.
7
2
2
6
0
9
.
0
2
7
5
3
9
.
0
3
3
3
4
6
.
5
4
0
1
6
9
.
6
4
8
1
8
5
.
8
5
7
6
0
7
.
1
6
8
6
7
4
.
9
8
1
6
8
0
.
2
9
6
9
5
8
.
3
1
1
4
9
0
8
.
4
1
3
5
9
9
9
.
0
1
4
6
8
6
1
.
7
1
5
9
6
2
4
.
2
1
7
4
6
1
9
.
6
2
0
3
0
8
2
.
6
2
3
6
5
2
3
.
7
5
1
8
0
.
0
1
0
3
6
.
0
2
2
5
3
.
3
3
6
8
3
.
0
5
3
6
1
.
3
7
3
3
4
.
9
9
6
5
0
.
3
1
2
3
7
5
.
0
1
5
5
7
6
.
3
1
9
3
3
6
.
9
2
3
7
5
5
.
5
2
8
9
3
5
.
5
3
5
0
3
7
.
5
4
2
2
0
6
.
6
5
0
6
2
9
.
3
6
0
5
2
8
.
3
7
2
1
5
7
.
4
8
5
8
2
2
.
2
1
0
1
8
7
5
.
1
1
2
0
7
3
5
.
4
1
4
2
8
9
5
.
5
1
5
4
3
0
9
.
0
1
6
7
7
1
8
.
8
1
8
3
4
7
4
.
6
2
1
3
3
8
1
.
0
2
4
8
5
1
7
.
8
6
4
2
5
.
0
1
2
8
5
.
0
2
7
9
4
.
9
4
5
6
8
.
2
6
6
4
9
.
9
9
0
9
7
.
8
1
1
9
6
9
.
8
1
5
3
4
9
.
3
1
9
3
2
0
.
0
2
3
9
8
4
.
5
2
9
4
6
5
.
1
3
5
8
9
0
.
1
4
3
4
5
8
.
7
5
2
3
5
0
.
9
6
2
7
9
8
.
0
7
5
0
7
6
.
1
8
9
5
0
0
.
3
1
0
6
4
4
9
.
4
1
2
6
3
6
0
.
5
1
4
9
7
5
3
.
9
1
7
7
2
4
0
.
1
1
9
1
3
9
6
.
8
2
0
8
0
2
9
.
5
2
2
7
5
7
2
.
2
2
6
4
6
6
6
.
5
3
0
8
2
4
8
.
5
7
3
7
5
.
0
1
4
7
5
.
0
3
2
0
8
.
1
5
2
4
3
.
6
7
6
3
3
.
1
1
0
4
4
3
.
0
1
3
7
3
9
.
6
1
7
6
1
8
.
9
2
2
1
7
6
.
6
2
7
5
3
0
.
9
3
3
8
2
1
.
8
4
1
1
9
6
.
8
4
9
8
8
4
.
5
6
0
0
9
1
.
5
7
2
0
8
3
.
3
8
6
1
7
6
.
9
1
0
2
7
3
3
.
8
1
2
2
1
8
9
.
0
1
4
5
0
4
4
.
1
1
7
1
8
9
6
.
5
2
0
3
4
4
6
.
8
2
1
9
6
9
6
.
7
2
3
8
7
8
8
.
8
2
6
1
2
2
1
.
0
3
0
3
8
0
0
.
1
3
5
3
8
2
6
.
1
7
4
1
0
.
0
1
4
8
2
.
0
3
2
2
3
.
4
5
2
6
8
.
5
7
6
6
9
.
4
1
0
4
9
2
.
6
1
3
8
0
4
.
8
1
7
7
0
2
.
5
2
2
2
8
1
.
9
2
7
6
6
1
.
5
3
3
9
8
2
.
3
4
1
3
9
2
.
3
5
0
1
2
1
.
2
6
0
3
7
6
.
7
7
2
4
2
5
.
3
8
6
5
8
5
.
9
1
0
3
2
2
1
.
3
1
2
2
7
6
8
.
9
1
4
5
7
3
2
.
5
1
7
2
7
1
2
.
3
2
0
4
4
1
2
.
3
2
2
0
7
3
9
.
4
2
3
9
9
2
2
.
0
2
6
2
4
6
0
.
7
3
0
5
2
4
1
.
9
3
5
5
5
0
5
.
3
7
4
7
5
.
0
1
4
9
5
.
0
3
2
5
1
.
6
5
3
1
4
.
7
7
7
3
6
.
6
1
0
5
8
4
.
6
1
3
9
2
5
.
9
1
7
8
5
7
.
8
2
2
4
7
7
.
3
2
7
9
0
4
.
2
3
4
2
8
0
.
4
4
1
7
5
5
.
4
5
0
5
6
0
.
9
6
0
9
0
6
.
3
7
3
0
6
0
.
7
8
7
3
4
5
.
4
1
0
4
1
2
6
.
8
1
2
3
8
4
5
.
8
1
4
7
0
1
0
.
8
1
7
4
2
2
7
.
3
2
0
6
2
0
5
.
4
2
2
2
6
7
5
.
7
2
4
2
0
2
6
.
6
2
6
4
7
6
3
.
0
3
0
7
9
1
9
.
4
3
5
8
6
2
3
.
7
7
4
8
5
.
0
1
4
9
7
.
0
3
2
5
6
.
0
5
3
2
1
.
8
7
7
4
7
.
0
1
0
5
9
8
.
8
1
3
9
4
4
.
6
1
7
8
8
1
.
7
2
2
5
0
7
.
4
2
7
9
4
1
.
5
3
4
3
2
6
.
2
4
1
8
1
1
.
2
5
0
6
2
8
.
5
6
0
9
8
7
.
8
7
3
1
5
8
.
4
8
7
4
6
2
.
2
1
0
4
2
6
6
.
1
1
2
4
0
1
1
.
5
1
4
7
2
0
7
.
5
1
7
4
4
6
0
.
4
2
0
6
4
8
1
.
2
2
2
2
9
7
3
.
6
2
4
2
3
5
0
.
4
2
6
5
1
1
7
.
2
3
0
8
3
3
1
.
4
3
5
9
1
0
3
.
5
7
5
5
5
.
0
1
5
1
1
.
0
3
2
8
6
.
4
5
3
7
1
.
6
7
8
1
9
.
4
1
0
6
9
7
.
9
1
4
0
7
5
.
0
1
8
0
4
8
.
9
2
2
7
1
7
.
9
2
8
2
0
2
.
8
3
4
6
4
7
.
2
4
2
2
0
2
.
2
5
1
1
0
2
.
0
6
1
5
5
8
.
1
7
3
8
4
2
.
6
8
8
2
8
0
.
2
1
0
5
2
4
1
.
2
1
2
5
1
7
1
.
2
1
4
8
5
8
4
.
2
1
7
6
0
9
1
.
9
2
0
8
4
1
2
.
2
2
2
5
0
5
8
.
8
2
4
4
6
1
6
.
8
2
6
7
5
9
6
.
6
3
1
1
2
1
4
.
9
3
6
2
4
6
1
.
8
7
7
2
0
.
0
1
5
4
4
.
0
3
3
5
8
.
2
5
4
8
8
.
9
7
9
9
0
.
2
1
0
9
3
1
.
5
1
4
3
8
2
.
4
1
8
4
4
3
.
1
2
3
2
1
4
.
0
2
8
8
1
8
.
8
3
5
4
0
3
.
9
4
3
1
2
3
.
9
5
2
2
1
8
.
1
6
2
9
0
2
.
6
7
5
4
5
5
.
3
9
0
2
0
8
.
2
1
0
7
5
3
9
.
6
1
2
7
9
0
5
.
0
1
5
1
8
2
9
.
2
1
7
9
9
3
7
.
8
2
1
2
9
6
3
.
9
2
2
9
9
7
4
.
1
2
4
9
9
5
9
.
2
2
7
3
4
4
0
.
8
3
1
8
0
1
1
.
8
3
7
0
3
7
7
.
9
8
1
6
0
.
0
1
6
3
2
.
0
3
5
4
9
.
6
5
8
0
1
.
8
8
4
4
5
.
6
1
1
5
5
4
.
6
1
5
2
0
2
.
1
1
9
4
9
4
.
2
2
4
5
3
7
.
1
3
0
4
6
1
.
3
3
7
4
2
1
.
8
4
5
5
8
1
.
8
5
5
1
9
4
.
2
6
6
4
8
7
.
7
7
9
7
5
5
.
8
9
5
3
4
9
.
6
1
1
3
6
6
8
.
8
1
3
5
1
9
4
.
9
1
6
0
4
8
2
.
7
1
9
0
1
9
3
.
3
2
2
5
1
0
1
.
8
2
4
3
0
8
1
.
4
2
6
4
2
0
5
.
6
2
8
9
0
2
5
.
6
3
3
6
1
3
6
.
8
3
9
1
4
8
7
.
6
8
2
3
0
.
0
1
6
4
6
.
0
3
5
8
0
.
1
5
8
5
1
.
5
8
5
1
8
.
1
1
1
6
5
3
.
7
1
5
3
3
2
.
5
1
9
6
6
1
.
5
2
4
7
4
7
.
6
3
0
7
2
2
.
6
3
7
7
4
2
.
8
4
5
9
7
2
.
8
5
5
6
6
7
.
7
6
7
0
5
8
.
0
8
0
4
4
0
.
0
9
6
1
6
7
.
6
1
1
4
6
4
3
.
9
1
3
6
3
5
4
.
6
1
6
1
8
5
9
.
4
1
9
1
8
2
4
.
8
2
2
7
0
3
2
.
8
2
4
5
1
6
6
.
7
2
6
6
4
7
2
.
1
2
9
1
5
0
4
.
9
3
3
9
0
2
0
.
3
3
9
4
8
4
5
.
9
9
0
8
0
.
0
1
8
1
6
.
0
3
9
4
9
.
8
6
4
5
5
.
9
9
3
9
7
.
8
1
2
8
5
7
.
3
1
6
9
1
6
.
0
2
1
6
9
2
.
1
2
7
3
0
3
.
6
3
3
8
9
5
.
6
4
1
6
4
0
.
9
5
0
7
2
0
.
9
6
1
4
1
7
.
1
7
3
9
8
3
.
8
8
8
7
4
7
.
9
1
0
6
0
9
9
.
8
1
2
6
4
8
4
.
4
1
5
0
4
3
7
.
4
1
7
8
5
7
6
.
4
2
1
1
6
3
6
.
6
2
5
0
4
8
0
.
9
9
2
3
0
.
0
1
8
4
6
.
0
4
0
1
5
.
1
6
5
6
2
.
5
9
5
5
3
.
1
1
3
0
6
9
.
7
1
7
1
9
5
.
5
2
2
0
5
0
.
5
2
7
7
5
4
.
6
3
4
4
5
5
.
6
4
2
3
2
8
.
8
5
1
5
5
8
.
8
6
2
4
3
1
.
7
7
5
2
0
6
.
0
9
0
2
1
4
.
0
1
0
7
8
5
2
.
6
1
2
8
5
7
3
.
9
1
5
2
9
2
2
.
6
1
8
1
5
2
6
.
4
2
1
5
1
3
2
.
8
2
5
4
6
1
8
.
8
9
3
3
0
.
0
1
8
6
6
.
0
4
0
5
8
.
6
6
6
3
3
.
6
9
6
5
6
.
6
1
3
2
1
1
.
3
1
7
3
8
1
.
8
2
2
2
8
9
.
4
2
8
0
5
5
.
3
3
4
8
2
8
.
9
4
2
7
8
7
.
4
5
2
1
1
7
.
4
6
3
1
0
8
.
1
7
6
0
2
0
.
8
9
1
1
9
1
.
4
1
0
9
0
2
1
.
1
1
2
9
9
6
6
.
9
1
5
4
5
7
9
.
4
1
8
3
4
9
3
.
1
2
1
7
4
6
3
.
6
2
5
7
3
7
7
.
4
9
4
2
5
.
0
1
8
8
5
.
0
4
0
9
9
.
9
6
7
0
1
.
2
9
7
5
4
.
9
1
3
3
4
5
.
8
1
7
5
5
8
.
8
2
2
5
1
6
.
3
2
8
3
4
1
.
0
3
5
1
8
3
.
5
4
3
2
2
3
.
1
5
2
6
4
8
.
1
6
3
7
5
0
.
7
7
6
7
9
4
.
9
9
2
1
2
0
.
0
1
1
0
1
3
1
.
1
1
3
1
2
9
0
.
3
1
5
6
1
5
3
.
4
1
8
5
3
6
1
.
5
2
1
9
6
7
7
.
9
2
5
9
9
9
8
.
1
1
0
9
3
0
.
0
2
1
8
6
.
0
4
7
5
4
.
6
7
7
7
1
.
2
1
1
3
1
2
.
6
1
5
4
7
6
.
9
2
0
3
6
2
.
6
2
6
1
1
1
.
8
3
2
8
6
6
.
5
4
0
8
0
1
.
7
5
0
1
2
5
.
0
6
1
0
5
5
.
0
7
3
9
3
0
.
5
8
9
0
5
7
.
6
1
0
6
8
2
9
.
8
1
2
7
7
1
7
.
1
1
5
2
2
5
4
.
9
1
8
1
0
8
8
.
2
2
1
4
9
6
0
.
3
2
5
4
7
5
6
.
4
3
0
1
5
1
5
.
0
1
1
3
1
5
.
0
2
2
6
3
.
0
4
9
2
2
.
0
8
0
4
5
.
0
1
1
7
1
1
.
0
1
6
0
2
2
.
0
2
1
0
7
9
.
8
2
7
0
3
1
.
5
3
4
0
2
4
.
2
4
2
2
3
8
.
9
5
1
8
9
0
.
6
6
3
2
0
5
.
6
7
6
5
3
4
.
7
9
2
1
9
4
.
6
1
1
0
5
9
2
.
8
1
3
2
2
1
5
.
8
1
5
7
6
1
8
.
0
1
8
7
4
6
6
.
9
2
2
2
5
3
2
.
1
2
6
3
7
3
0
.
0
3
1
2
1
3
5
.
6
1
1
3
5
0
.
0
2
2
7
0
.
0
4
9
3
7
.
3
8
0
6
9
.
9
1
1
7
4
7
.
3
1
6
0
7
1
.
6
2
1
1
4
5
.
1
2
7
1
1
5
.
2
3
4
1
2
9
.
5
4
2
3
6
9
.
6
5
2
0
5
1
.
1
6
3
4
0
1
.
1
7
6
7
7
1
.
4
9
2
4
7
9
.
8
1
1
0
9
3
4
.
9
1
3
2
6
2
4
.
8
1
5
8
1
0
5
.
5
1
8
8
0
4
6
.
8
2
2
3
2
2
0
.
5
2
6
4
5
4
5
.
8
3
1
3
1
0
1
.
1
1
1
7
3
0
.
0
2
3
4
6
.
0
5
1
0
2
.
6
8
3
4
0
.
0
1
2
1
4
0
.
6
1
6
6
0
9
.
7
2
1
8
5
3
.
0
2
8
0
2
3
.
0
3
5
2
7
2
.
1
4
3
7
8
8
.
1
5
3
7
9
3
.
8
6
5
5
2
3
.
8
7
9
3
4
1
.
7
9
5
5
7
6
.
0
1
1
4
6
4
9
.
0
1
3
7
0
6
5
.
1
1
6
3
3
9
8
.
9
1
9
4
3
4
2
.
6
2
3
0
6
9
3
.
9
2
7
3
4
0
2
.
8
3
2
3
5
8
3
.
8
1
2
9
3
5
.
0
2
5
8
7
.
0
5
6
2
6
.
7
9
1
9
6
.
8
1
3
3
8
7
.
7
1
8
3
1
6
.
0
2
4
0
9
7
.
9
3
0
9
0
1
.
7
3
8
8
9
5
.
5
4
8
2
8
6
.
4
5
9
3
1
9
.
9
7
2
2
5
4
.
9
8
7
4
9
2
.
3
#
#
#
#
#
#
1
2
6
4
2
6
.
7
1
5
1
1
4
5
.
5
1
8
0
1
8
4
.
6
2
1
4
3
0
7
.
1
2
5
4
3
9
2
.
6
3
0
1
4
8
9
.
0
3
5
6
8
2
4
.
9
1
4
1
3
5
.
0
2
8
2
7
.
0
6
1
4
8
.
7
1
0
0
5
0
.
0
1
4
6
2
9
.
7
2
0
0
1
5
.
2
2
6
3
3
3
.
5
3
3
7
6
8
.
5
4
2
5
0
3
.
9
5
2
7
6
6
.
0
6
4
8
2
3
.
1
7
8
9
5
8
.
1
9
5
6
0
9
.
1
#
#
#
#
#
#
1
3
8
1
5
5
.
5
1
6
5
1
6
7
.
5
1
9
6
9
0
0
.
6
2
3
4
1
8
8
.
7
2
7
7
9
9
3
.
0
3
2
9
4
5
8
.
6
3
8
9
9
2
8
.
1
1
4
8
9
5
.
0
2
9
7
9
.
0
6
4
7
9
.
3
1
0
5
9
0
.
3
1
5
4
1
6
.
3
2
1
0
9
1
.
3
2
7
7
4
9
.
4
3
5
5
8
4
.
2
4
4
7
8
9
.
3
5
5
6
0
3
.
0
6
8
3
0
8
.
5
8
3
2
0
3
.
5
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
1
4
5
5
8
3
.
7
1
7
4
0
4
8
.
1
2
0
7
4
8
7
.
4
2
4
6
7
8
0
.
4
2
9
2
9
4
0
.
0
3
4
7
1
7
2
.
7
4
1
0
8
9
3
.
5
1
5
7
0
0
.
0
3
1
4
0
.
0
6
8
2
9
.
5
1
1
1
6
2
.
7
1
6
2
4
9
.
5
2
2
2
3
1
.
2
2
9
2
4
9
.
1
3
7
5
0
7
.
3
4
7
2
0
9
.
9
5
8
6
0
8
.
1
7
2
0
0
0
.
2
8
7
7
0
0
.
2
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
1
5
3
4
5
1
.
8
1
8
3
4
5
4
.
5
2
1
8
7
0
1
.
0
2
6
0
1
1
7
.
6
3
0
8
7
7
1
.
9
3
6
5
9
3
5
.
6
4
3
3
1
0
0
.
2
1
6
0
5
5
.
0
3
2
1
1
.
0
6
9
8
3
.
9
1
1
4
1
5
.
1
1
6
6
1
6
.
9
2
2
7
3
3
.
9
2
9
9
1
0
.
5
3
8
3
5
5
.
4
4
8
2
7
7
.
4
5
9
9
3
3
.
3
7
3
6
2
8
.
2
8
9
6
8
3
.
2
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
1
5
6
9
2
1
.
6
1
8
7
6
0
2
.
7
2
2
3
6
4
6
.
2
2
6
5
9
9
9
.
2
3
1
5
7
5
3
.
7
3
7
4
2
0
9
.
9
4
4
2
8
9
3
.
2


241
Dynamic payback period calculation


u
n
i
t

p
r
i
c
e

0
.
2
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
4
0
.
5
0
.
6
0
.
7
0
.
9
1
.
0
1
.
2
1
.
4
1
.
6
1
.
9
2
.
2
2
.
6
3
.
1
3
.
6
4
.
3
4
.
9
5
.
4
6
.
0
6
.
6
7
.
2
y
e
a
r
1
.
0
2
.
0
3
.
0
4
.
0
5
.
0
6
.
0
7
.
0
8
.
0
9
.
0
1
0
.
0
1
1
.
0
1
2
.
0
1
3
.
0
1
4
.
0
1
5
.
0
1
6
.
0
1
7
.
0
1
8
.
0
1
9
.
0
2
0
.
0
2
1
.
0
2
2
.
0
2
3
.
0
2
4
.
0
2
5
.
0
k
W
h1
7
5
.
0
3
5
.
0
7
6
.
1
1
2
4
.
4
1
8
1
.
1
2
4
7
.
8
3
2
6
.
0
4
1
8
.
1
5
2
6
.
2
6
5
3
.
3
8
0
2
.
6
9
7
7
.
6
1
1
8
3
.
7
1
4
2
5
.
9
1
7
1
0
.
5
2
0
4
4
.
9
2
4
3
7
.
8
2
8
9
9
.
4
3
4
4
1
.
7
4
0
7
8
.
9
4
8
2
7
.
6
5
2
1
3
.
1
5
6
6
6
.
2
6
1
9
8
.
5
7
2
0
8
.
8
8
3
9
5
.
9
4
5
0
.
0
9
0
.
0
1
9
5
.
8
3
2
0
.
0
4
6
5
.
8
6
3
7
.
2
8
3
8
.
4
1
0
7
5
.
1
1
3
5
3
.
2
1
6
7
9
.
9
2
0
6
3
.
7
2
5
1
3
.
7
3
0
4
3
.
8
3
6
6
6
.
6
4
3
9
8
.
3
5
2
5
8
.
3
6
2
6
8
.
5
7
4
5
5
.
6
8
8
5
0
.
2
1
0
4
8
8
.
6
1
2
4
1
3
.
7
1
3
4
0
5
.
2
1
4
5
7
0
.
2
1
5
9
3
8
.
9
1
8
5
3
7
.
0
2
1
5
8
9
.
4
5
8
0
.
0
1
1
6
.
0
2
5
2
.
3
4
1
2
.
4
6
0
0
.
3
8
2
1
.
3
1
0
8
0
.
5
1
3
8
5
.
6
1
7
4
4
.
1
2
1
6
5
.
1
2
6
5
9
.
9
3
2
3
9
.
9
3
9
2
3
.
1
4
7
2
5
.
8
5
6
6
8
.
9
6
7
7
7
.
3
8
0
7
9
.
4
9
6
0
9
.
4
1
1
4
0
6
.
9
1
3
5
1
8
.
6
1
5
9
9
9
.
9
1
7
2
7
7
.
8
1
8
7
7
9
.
3
2
0
5
4
3
.
5
2
3
8
9
2
.
1
2
7
8
2
6
.
3
8
1
0
.
0
1
6
2
.
0
3
5
2
.
4
5
7
5
.
9
8
3
8
.
4
1
1
4
7
.
0
1
5
0
9
.
0
1
9
3
5
.
1
2
4
3
5
.
7
3
0
2
3
.
7
3
7
1
4
.
7
4
5
2
4
.
7
5
4
7
8
.
8
6
5
9
9
.
9
7
9
1
6
.
9
9
4
6
4
.
9
1
1
2
8
3
.
3
1
3
4
2
0
.
1
1
5
9
3
0
.
3
1
8
8
7
9
.
5
2
2
3
4
4
.
7
2
4
1
2
9
.
4
2
6
2
2
6
.
3
2
8
6
9
0
.
0
3
3
3
6
6
.
5
3
8
8
6
0
.
9
8
7
5
.
0
1
7
5
.
0
3
8
0
.
6
6
2
2
.
1
9
0
5
.
6
1
2
3
9
.
0
1
6
3
0
.
1
2
0
9
0
.
4
2
6
3
1
.
1
3
2
6
6
.
4
4
0
1
2
.
8
4
8
8
7
.
8
5
9
1
8
.
5
7
1
2
9
.
5
8
5
5
2
.
3
1
0
2
2
4
.
4
1
2
1
8
8
.
8
1
4
4
9
7
.
0
1
7
2
0
8
.
6
2
0
3
9
4
.
5
2
4
1
3
7
.
8
2
6
0
6
5
.
7
2
8
3
3
0
.
9
3
0
9
9
2
.
3
3
6
0
4
4
.
1
4
1
9
7
9
.
4
8
9
5
.
0
1
7
9
.
0
3
8
9
.
3
6
3
6
.
3
9
2
6
.
3
1
2
6
7
.
3
1
6
6
7
.
4
2
1
3
8
.
2
2
6
9
1
.
3
3
3
4
1
.
0
4
1
0
4
.
5
4
9
9
9
.
5
6
0
5
3
.
8
7
2
9
2
.
5
8
7
4
7
.
7
1
0
4
5
8
.
1
1
2
4
6
7
.
4
1
4
8
2
8
.
4
1
7
6
0
2
.
0
2
0
8
6
0
.
7
2
4
6
8
9
.
5
2
6
6
6
1
.
5
2
8
9
7
8
.
4
3
1
7
0
0
.
7
3
6
8
6
7
.
9
4
2
9
3
8
.
9
9
2
5
.
0
1
8
5
.
0
4
0
2
.
4
6
5
7
.
7
9
5
7
.
4
1
3
0
9
.
8
1
7
2
3
.
3
2
2
0
9
.
8
2
7
8
1
.
5
3
4
5
3
.
0
4
2
4
2
.
1
5
1
6
7
.
1
6
2
5
6
.
7
7
5
3
6
.
9
9
0
4
1
.
0
1
0
8
0
8
.
6
1
2
8
8
5
.
3
1
5
3
2
5
.
4
1
8
1
9
2
.
0
2
1
5
5
9
.
9
2
5
5
1
7
.
1
2
7
5
5
5
.
2
2
9
9
4
9
.
8
3
2
7
6
3
.
3
3
8
1
0
3
.
7
4
4
3
7
8
.
2
1
0
9
0
.
0
2
1
8
.
0
4
7
4
.
2
7
7
5
.
0
1
1
2
8
.
2
1
5
4
3
.
4
2
0
3
0
.
7
2
6
0
4
.
0
3
2
7
7
.
6
4
0
6
9
.
0
4
9
9
8
.
7
6
0
8
8
.
7
7
3
7
2
.
8
8
8
8
1
.
3
1
0
6
5
3
.
7
1
2
7
3
6
.
7
1
5
1
8
3
.
7
1
8
0
5
9
.
1
2
1
4
3
7
.
0
2
5
4
0
5
.
7
3
0
0
6
8
.
7
3
2
4
7
0
.
4
3
5
2
9
2
.
2
3
8
6
0
7
.
6
4
4
9
0
0
.
6
5
2
2
9
4
.
3
1
1
3
0
.
0
2
2
6
.
0
4
9
1
.
6
8
0
3
.
4
1
1
6
9
.
6
1
6
0
0
.
1
2
1
0
5
.
2
2
6
9
9
.
6
3
3
9
7
.
9
4
2
1
8
.
3
5
1
8
2
.
2
6
3
1
2
.
2
7
6
4
3
.
3
9
2
0
7
.
2
1
1
0
4
4
.
6
1
3
2
0
4
.
1
1
5
7
4
0
.
9
1
8
7
2
1
.
8
2
2
2
2
3
.
7
2
6
3
3
8
.
0
3
1
1
7
2
.
2
3
3
6
6
2
.
0
3
6
5
8
7
.
3
4
0
0
2
4
.
4
4
6
5
4
8
.
4
5
4
2
1
3
.
4
1
2
3
5
.
0
2
4
7
.
0
5
3
7
.
2
8
7
8
.
1
1
2
7
8
.
2
1
7
4
8
.
8
2
3
0
0
.
8
2
9
5
0
.
4
3
7
1
3
.
6
4
6
1
0
.
3
5
6
6
3
.
7
6
8
9
8
.
7
8
3
5
3
.
5
1
0
0
6
2
.
8
1
2
0
7
0
.
9
1
4
4
3
1
.
0
1
7
2
0
3
.
6
2
0
4
6
1
.
5
2
4
2
8
8
.
7
2
8
7
8
5
.
4
3
4
0
6
8
.
7
3
6
7
8
9
.
9
3
9
9
8
7
.
0
4
3
7
4
3
.
5
5
0
8
7
3
.
6
5
9
2
5
0
.
9
1
2
8
0
.
0
2
5
6
.
0
5
5
6
.
8
9
1
0
.
1
1
3
2
4
.
8
1
8
1
2
.
5
2
3
8
4
.
6
3
0
5
7
.
9
3
8
4
9
.
0
4
7
7
8
.
2
5
8
7
0
.
1
7
1
5
0
.
1
8
6
5
7
.
9
1
0
4
2
9
.
4
1
2
5
1
0
.
7
1
4
9
5
6
.
8
1
7
8
3
0
.
4
2
1
2
0
7
.
0
2
5
1
7
3
.
8
2
9
8
3
4
.
2
3
5
3
1
0
.
1
3
8
1
3
0
.
4
4
1
4
4
4
.
0
4
5
3
3
7
.
3
5
2
7
2
7
.
3
6
1
4
0
9
.
8
1
3
6
0
.
0
2
7
2
.
0
5
9
1
.
6
9
6
7
.
0
1
4
0
7
.
6
1
9
2
5
.
8
2
5
3
3
.
7
3
2
4
9
.
0
4
0
8
9
.
5
5
0
7
6
.
9
6
2
3
7
.
0
7
5
9
7
.
0
9
1
9
9
.
0
1
1
0
8
1
.
3
1
3
2
9
2
.
6
1
5
8
9
1
.
6
1
8
9
4
4
.
8
2
2
5
3
2
.
5
2
6
7
4
7
.
1
3
1
6
9
8
.
9
3
7
5
1
7
.
0
4
0
5
1
3
.
6
4
4
0
3
4
.
3
4
8
1
7
0
.
9
5
6
0
2
2
.
8
6
5
2
4
7
.
9
1
3
8
0
.
0
2
7
6
.
0
6
0
0
.
3
9
8
1
.
2
1
4
2
8
.
3
1
9
5
4
.
1
2
5
7
0
.
9
3
2
9
6
.
8
4
1
4
9
.
7
5
1
5
1
.
5
6
3
2
8
.
7
7
7
0
8
.
7
9
3
3
4
.
3
1
1
2
4
4
.
2
1
3
4
8
8
.
1
1
6
1
2
5
.
3
1
9
2
2
3
.
4
2
2
8
6
3
.
8
2
7
1
4
0
.
5
3
2
1
6
5
.
0
3
8
0
6
8
.
7
4
1
1
0
9
.
4
4
4
6
8
1
.
8
4
8
8
7
9
.
3
5
6
8
4
6
.
7
6
6
2
0
7
.
5
1
6
7
0
.
0
3
3
4
.
0
7
2
6
.
5
1
1
8
7
.
4
1
7
2
8
.
5
2
3
6
4
.
7
3
1
1
1
.
2
3
9
8
9
.
6
5
0
2
1
.
7
6
2
3
4
.
1
7
6
5
8
.
6
9
3
2
8
.
6
1
1
2
9
5
.
9
1
3
6
0
7
.
2
1
6
3
2
2
.
6
1
9
5
1
4
.
0
2
3
2
6
3
.
1
2
7
6
6
8
.
6
3
2
8
4
3
.
9
3
8
9
2
4
.
4
4
6
0
6
8
.
6
4
9
7
4
8
.
3
5
4
0
7
1
.
5
5
9
1
5
1
.
1
6
8
7
9
2
.
7
8
0
1
2
0
.
6
1
7
8
0
.
0
3
5
6
.
0
7
7
4
.
3
1
2
6
5
.
6
1
8
4
2
.
3
2
5
2
0
.
5
3
3
1
6
.
1
4
2
5
2
.
4
5
3
5
2
.
5
6
6
4
4
.
7
8
1
6
3
.
1
9
9
4
3
.
1
1
2
0
3
9
.
9
1
4
5
0
3
.
4
1
7
3
9
7
.
7
2
0
7
9
9
.
3
2
4
7
9
5
.
4
2
9
4
9
1
.
0
3
5
0
0
7
.
3
4
1
4
8
8
.
2
4
9
1
0
3
.
1
5
3
0
2
5
.
1
5
7
6
3
3
.
1
6
3
0
4
7
.
2
7
3
3
2
4
.
0
8
5
3
9
8
.
0
1
8
6
0
.
0
3
7
2
.
0
8
0
9
.
1
1
3
2
2
.
5
1
9
2
5
.
1
2
6
3
3
.
8
3
4
6
5
.
2
4
4
4
3
.
5
5
5
9
3
.
0
6
9
4
3
.
4
8
5
3
0
.
0
1
0
3
9
0
.
0
1
2
5
8
1
.
0
1
5
1
5
5
.
3
1
8
1
7
9
.
6
2
1
7
3
4
.
1
2
5
9
0
9
.
8
3
0
8
1
6
.
5
3
6
5
8
0
.
6
4
3
3
5
2
.
9
5
1
3
1
0
.
0
5
5
4
0
8
.
3
6
0
2
2
3
.
3
6
5
8
8
0
.
8
7
6
6
1
9
.
4
8
9
2
3
6
.
1
1
8
8
0
.
0
3
7
6
.
0
8
1
7
.
8
1
3
3
6
.
7
1
9
4
5
.
8
2
6
6
2
.
1
3
5
0
2
.
4
4
4
9
1
.
3
5
6
5
3
.
2
7
0
1
8
.
0
8
6
2
1
.
7
1
0
5
0
1
.
7
1
2
7
1
6
.
3
1
5
3
1
8
.
2
1
8
3
7
5
.
1
2
1
9
6
7
.
8
2
6
1
8
8
.
4
3
1
1
4
7
.
8
3
6
9
7
4
.
0
4
3
8
1
9
.
0
5
1
8
6
1
.
7
5
6
0
0
4
.
1
6
0
8
7
0
.
9
6
6
5
8
9
.
2
7
7
4
4
3
.
3
9
0
1
9
5
.
7
1
9
5
5
.
0
3
9
1
.
0
8
5
0
.
4
1
3
9
0
.
0
2
0
2
3
.
4
2
7
6
8
.
3
3
6
4
2
.
2
4
6
7
0
.
5
5
8
7
8
.
7
7
2
9
8
.
0
8
9
6
5
.
6
1
0
9
2
0
.
6
1
3
2
2
3
.
6
1
5
9
2
9
.
3
1
9
1
0
8
.
2
2
2
8
4
4
.
2
2
7
2
3
3
.
2
3
2
3
9
0
.
4
3
8
4
4
9
.
0
4
5
5
6
7
.
1
5
3
9
3
0
.
6
5
8
2
3
8
.
3
6
3
2
9
9
.
3
6
9
2
4
5
.
7
8
0
5
3
2
.
8
9
3
7
9
3
.
9
2
0
0
5
.
0
4
0
1
.
0
8
7
2
.
2
1
4
2
5
.
6
2
0
7
5
.
2
2
8
3
9
.
1
3
7
3
5
.
3
4
7
8
9
.
9
6
0
2
9
.
0
7
4
8
4
.
7
9
1
9
4
.
9
1
1
1
9
9
.
9
1
3
5
6
1
.
8
1
6
3
3
6
.
7
1
9
5
9
6
.
9
2
3
4
2
8
.
4
2
7
9
2
9
.
7
3
3
2
1
8
.
8
3
9
4
3
2
.
3
4
6
7
3
2
.
5
5
5
3
0
9
.
9
5
9
7
2
7
.
7
6
4
9
1
8
.
2
7
1
0
1
6
.
7
8
2
5
9
2
.
4
9
6
1
9
2
.
7
2
0
9
5
.
0
4
1
9
.
0
9
1
1
.
3
1
4
8
9
.
5
2
1
6
8
.
3
2
9
6
6
.
5
3
9
0
3
.
0
5
0
0
5
.
0
6
2
9
9
.
7
7
8
2
0
.
6
9
6
0
7
.
7
1
1
7
0
2
.
7
1
4
1
7
0
.
6
1
7
0
7
0
.
1
2
0
4
7
6
.
5
2
4
4
8
0
.
1
2
9
1
8
3
.
4
3
4
7
1
0
.
0
4
1
2
0
2
.
4
4
8
8
3
0
.
3
5
7
7
9
2
.
7
6
2
4
0
8
.
8
6
7
8
3
2
.
2
7
4
2
0
4
.
5
8
6
2
9
9
.
8
1
0
0
5
1
0
.
6
2
1
3
5
.
0
4
2
7
.
0
9
2
8
.
7
1
5
1
8
.
0
2
2
0
9
.
7
3
0
2
3
.
2
3
9
7
7
.
5
5
1
0
0
.
5
6
4
1
9
.
9
7
9
7
0
.
0
9
7
9
1
.
1
1
1
9
2
6
.
1
1
4
4
4
1
.
1
1
7
3
9
6
.
0
2
0
8
6
7
.
5
2
4
9
4
7
.
5
2
9
7
4
0
.
6
3
5
3
7
2
.
7
4
1
9
8
9
.
0
4
9
7
6
2
.
6
5
8
8
9
6
.
1
6
3
6
0
0
.
3
6
9
1
2
7
.
3
7
5
6
2
1
.
3
8
7
9
4
7
.
6
1
0
2
4
2
9
.
7
2
1
6
5
.
0
4
3
3
.
0
9
4
1
.
8
1
5
3
9
.
3
2
2
4
0
.
8
3
0
6
5
.
6
4
0
3
3
.
4
5
1
7
2
.
2
6
5
1
0
.
2
8
0
8
1
.
9
9
9
2
8
.
7
1
2
0
9
3
.
7
1
4
6
4
4
.
1
1
7
6
4
0
.
4
2
1
1
6
0
.
7
2
5
2
9
8
.
0
3
0
1
5
8
.
5
3
5
8
6
9
.
7
4
2
5
7
9
.
1
5
0
4
6
1
.
8
5
9
7
2
3
.
7
6
4
4
9
4
.
0
7
0
0
9
8
.
7
7
6
6
8
3
.
9
8
9
1
8
3
.
4
1
0
3
8
6
8
.
9
2
1
7
5
.
0
4
3
5
.
0
9
4
6
.
1
1
5
4
6
.
4
2
2
5
1
.
1
3
0
7
9
.
8
4
0
5
2
.
0
5
1
9
6
.
1
6
5
4
0
.
2
8
1
1
9
.
3
9
9
7
4
.
6
1
2
1
4
9
.
6
1
4
7
1
1
.
7
1
7
7
2
1
.
9
2
1
2
5
8
.
5
2
5
4
1
4
.
9
3
0
2
9
7
.
8
3
6
0
3
5
.
4
4
2
7
7
5
.
7
5
0
6
9
4
.
9
5
9
9
9
9
.
6
6
4
7
9
1
.
9
7
0
4
2
2
.
5
7
7
0
3
8
.
1
8
9
5
9
5
.
3
1
0
4
3
4
8
.
7
2
4
0
5
.
0
4
8
1
.
0
1
0
4
6
.
2
1
7
1
0
.
0
2
4
8
9
.
2
3
4
0
5
.
5
4
4
8
0
.
5
5
7
4
5
.
5
7
2
3
1
.
8
8
9
7
7
.
9
1
1
0
2
9
.
3
1
3
4
3
4
.
3
1
6
2
6
7
.
4
1
9
5
9
5
.
9
2
3
5
0
6
.
5
2
8
1
0
2
.
4
3
3
5
0
1
.
7
3
9
8
4
6
.
0
4
7
2
9
9
.
1
5
6
0
5
5
.
7
6
6
3
4
4
.
3
7
1
6
4
3
.
5
7
7
8
6
9
.
4
8
5
1
8
4
.
6
9
9
0
6
9
.
7
1
1
5
3
8
3
.
3
2
4
2
0
.
0
4
8
4
.
0
1
0
5
2
.
7
1
7
2
0
.
6
2
5
0
4
.
7
3
4
2
6
.
7
4
5
0
8
.
5
5
7
8
1
.
4
7
2
7
6
.
9
9
0
3
3
.
9
1
1
0
9
8
.
1
1
3
5
1
8
.
1
1
6
3
6
8
.
9
1
9
7
1
8
.
2
2
3
6
5
3
.
1
2
8
2
7
7
.
7
3
3
7
1
0
.
6
4
0
0
9
4
.
6
4
7
5
9
4
.
1
5
6
4
0
5
.
4
6
6
7
5
8
.
1
7
2
0
9
0
.
3
7
8
3
5
5
.
1
8
5
7
1
5
.
9
9
9
6
8
7
.
6
1
1
6
1
0
2
.
9
2
5
0
0
.
0
5
0
0
.
0
1
0
8
7
.
5
1
7
7
7
.
5
2
5
8
7
.
5
3
5
4
0
.
0
4
6
5
7
.
5
5
9
7
2
.
5
7
5
1
7
.
5
9
3
3
2
.
5
1
1
4
6
5
.
0
1
3
9
6
5
.
0
1
6
9
1
0
.
0
2
0
3
7
0
.
0
2
4
4
3
5
.
0
2
9
2
1
2
.
5
3
4
8
2
5
.
0
4
1
4
2
0
.
0
4
9
1
6
7
.
5
5
8
2
7
0
.
0
6
8
9
6
5
.
0
7
4
4
7
3
.
5
8
0
9
4
5
.
4
8
8
5
4
9
.
5
1
0
2
9
8
3
.
1
1
1
9
9
4
1
.
0
2
5
2
0
.
0
5
0
4
.
0
1
0
9
6
.
2
1
7
9
1
.
7
2
6
0
8
.
2
3
5
6
8
.
3
4
6
9
4
.
8
6
0
2
0
.
3
7
5
7
7
.
6
9
4
0
7
.
2
1
1
5
5
6
.
7
1
4
0
7
6
.
7
1
7
0
4
5
.
3
2
0
5
3
3
.
0
2
4
6
3
0
.
5
2
9
4
4
6
.
2
3
5
1
0
3
.
6
4
1
7
5
1
.
4
4
9
5
6
0
.
8
5
8
7
3
6
.
2
6
9
5
1
6
.
7
7
5
0
6
9
.
3
8
1
5
9
2
.
9
8
9
2
5
7
.
9
1
0
3
8
0
7
.
0
1
2
0
9
0
0
.
6
2
5
4
5
.
0
5
0
9
.
0
1
1
0
7
.
1
1
8
0
9
.
5
2
6
3
4
.
1
3
6
0
3
.
7
4
7
4
1
.
3
6
0
8
0
.
0
7
6
5
2
.
8
9
5
0
0
.
5
1
1
6
7
1
.
4
1
4
2
1
6
.
4
1
7
2
1
4
.
4
2
0
7
3
6
.
7
2
4
8
7
4
.
8
2
9
7
3
8
.
3
3
5
4
5
1
.
9
4
2
1
6
5
.
6
5
0
0
5
2
.
5
5
9
3
1
8
.
9
7
0
2
0
6
.
4
7
5
8
1
4
.
0
8
2
4
0
2
.
4
9
0
1
4
3
.
4
1
0
4
8
3
6
.
8
1
2
2
1
0
0
.
0
2
6
5
5
.
0
5
3
1
.
0
1
1
5
4
.
9
1
8
8
7
.
7
2
7
4
7
.
9
3
7
5
9
.
5
4
9
4
6
.
3
6
3
4
2
.
8
7
9
8
3
.
6
9
9
1
1
.
1
1
2
1
7
5
.
8
1
4
8
3
0
.
8
1
7
9
5
8
.
4
2
1
6
3
2
.
9
2
5
9
5
0
.
0
3
1
0
2
3
.
7
3
6
9
8
4
.
2
4
3
9
8
8
.
0
5
2
2
1
5
.
9
6
1
8
8
2
.
7
7
3
2
4
0
.
8
7
9
0
9
0
.
8
8
5
9
6
4
.
0
9
4
0
3
9
.
6
1
0
9
3
6
8
.
0
1
2
7
3
7
7
.
4
2
9
2
5
.
0
5
8
5
.
0
1
2
7
2
.
4
2
0
7
9
.
7
3
0
2
7
.
4
4
1
4
1
.
8
5
4
4
9
.
3
6
9
8
7
.
8
8
7
9
5
.
5
1
0
9
1
9
.
0
1
3
4
1
4
.
1
1
6
3
3
9
.
1
1
9
7
8
4
.
7
2
3
8
3
2
.
9
2
8
5
8
9
.
0
3
4
1
7
8
.
6
4
0
7
4
5
.
3
4
8
4
6
1
.
4
5
7
5
2
6
.
0
6
8
1
7
5
.
9
8
0
6
8
9
.
1
8
7
1
3
4
.
0
9
4
7
0
6
.
1
1
0
3
6
0
2
.
9
1
2
0
4
9
0
.
2
1
4
0
3
3
1
.
0
3
0
3
0
.
0
6
0
6
.
0
1
3
1
8
.
1
2
1
5
4
.
3
3
1
3
6
.
1
4
2
9
0
.
5
5
6
4
4
.
9
7
2
3
8
.
7
9
1
1
1
.
2
1
1
3
1
1
.
0
1
3
8
9
5
.
6
1
6
9
2
5
.
6
2
0
4
9
4
.
9
2
4
6
8
8
.
4
2
9
6
1
5
.
2
3
5
4
0
5
.
6
4
2
2
0
7
.
9
5
0
2
0
1
.
0
5
9
5
9
1
.
0
7
0
6
2
3
.
2
8
3
5
8
5
.
6
9
0
2
6
1
.
8
9
8
1
0
5
.
8
1
0
7
3
2
2
.
0
1
2
4
8
1
5
.
5
1
4
5
3
6
8
.
5
3
0
9
5
.
0
6
1
9
.
0
1
3
4
6
.
3
2
2
0
0
.
5
3
2
0
3
.
3
4
3
8
2
.
5
5
7
6
6
.
0
7
3
9
4
.
0
9
3
0
6
.
7
1
1
5
5
3
.
6
1
4
1
9
3
.
7
1
7
2
8
8
.
7
2
0
9
3
4
.
6
2
5
2
1
8
.
1
3
0
2
5
0
.
5
3
6
1
6
5
.
1
4
3
1
1
3
.
4
5
1
2
7
8
.
0
6
0
8
6
9
.
4
7
2
1
3
8
.
3
8
5
3
7
8
.
7
9
2
1
9
8
.
2
1
0
0
2
1
0
.
3
1
0
9
6
2
4
.
3
1
2
7
4
9
3
.
1
1
4
8
4
8
7
.
0
3
2
1
0
.
0
6
4
2
.
0
1
3
9
6
.
4
2
2
8
2
.
3
3
3
2
2
.
4
4
5
4
5
.
4
5
9
8
0
.
2
7
6
6
8
.
7
9
6
5
2
.
5
1
1
9
8
2
.
9
1
4
7
2
1
.
1
1
7
9
3
1
.
1
2
1
7
1
2
.
4
2
6
1
5
5
.
1
3
1
3
7
4
.
5
3
7
5
0
8
.
9
4
4
7
1
5
.
3
5
3
1
8
3
.
3
6
3
1
3
1
.
1
7
4
8
1
8
.
7
8
8
5
5
1
.
1
9
5
6
2
3
.
9
1
0
3
9
3
3
.
8
1
1
3
6
9
7
.
6
1
3
2
2
3
0
.
3
1
5
4
0
0
4
.
3
3
3
5
0
.
0
6
7
0
.
0
1
4
5
7
.
3
2
3
8
1
.
9
3
4
6
7
.
3
4
7
4
3
.
6
6
2
4
1
.
1
8
0
0
3
.
2
1
0
0
7
3
.
5
1
2
5
0
5
.
6
1
5
3
6
3
.
1
1
8
7
1
3
.
1
2
2
6
5
9
.
4
2
7
2
9
5
.
8
3
2
7
4
2
.
9
3
9
1
4
4
.
8
4
6
6
6
5
.
5
5
5
5
0
2
.
8
6
5
8
8
4
.
5
7
8
0
8
1
.
8
9
2
4
1
3
.
1
9
9
7
9
4
.
5
1
0
8
4
6
6
.
8
1
1
8
6
5
6
.
3
1
3
7
9
9
7
.
3
1
6
0
7
2
1
.
0
3
5
4
0
.
0
7
0
8
.
0
1
5
3
9
.
9
2
5
1
6
.
9
3
6
6
3
.
9
5
0
1
2
.
6
6
5
9
5
.
0
8
4
5
7
.
1
1
0
6
4
4
.
8
1
3
2
1
4
.
8
1
6
2
3
4
.
4
1
9
7
7
4
.
4
2
3
9
4
4
.
6
2
8
8
4
3
.
9
3
4
6
0
0
.
0
4
1
3
6
4
.
9
4
9
3
1
2
.
2
5
8
6
5
0
.
7
6
9
6
2
1
.
2
8
2
5
1
0
.
3
9
7
6
5
4
.
4
1
0
5
4
5
4
.
4
1
1
4
6
1
8
.
6
1
2
5
3
8
6
.
1
1
4
5
8
2
4
.
1
1
6
9
8
3
6
.
5
3
7
0
5
.
0
7
4
1
.
0
1
6
1
1
.
7
2
6
3
4
.
3
3
8
3
4
.
7
5
2
4
6
.
3
6
9
0
2
.
4
8
8
5
1
.
2
1
1
1
4
0
.
9
1
3
8
3
0
.
8
1
6
9
9
1
.
1
2
0
6
9
6
.
1
2
5
0
6
0
.
6
3
0
1
8
8
.
3
3
6
2
1
2
.
7
4
3
2
9
2
.
9
5
1
6
1
0
.
7
6
1
3
8
4
.
4
7
2
8
6
6
.
2
8
6
3
5
6
.
1
1
0
2
2
0
6
.
1
1
1
0
3
6
9
.
7
1
1
9
9
6
1
.
0
1
3
1
2
3
0
.
4
1
5
2
6
2
0
.
9
1
7
7
7
5
2
.
6
3
7
6
0
.
0
7
5
2
.
0
1
6
3
5
.
6
2
6
7
3
.
4
3
8
9
1
.
6
5
3
2
4
.
2
7
0
0
4
.
9
8
9
8
2
.
6
1
1
3
0
6
.
3
1
4
0
3
6
.
1
1
7
2
4
3
.
4
2
1
0
0
3
.
4
2
5
4
3
2
.
6
3
0
6
3
6
.
5
3
6
7
5
0
.
2
4
3
9
3
5
.
6
5
2
3
7
6
.
8
6
2
2
9
5
.
7
7
3
9
4
7
.
9
8
7
6
3
8
.
1
1
0
3
7
2
3
.
4
1
1
2
0
0
8
.
1
1
2
1
7
4
1
.
8
1
3
3
1
7
8
.
4
1
5
4
8
8
6
.
6
1
8
0
3
9
1
.
3
3
8
1
0
.
0
7
6
2
.
0
1
6
5
7
.
4
2
7
0
8
.
9
3
9
4
3
.
4
5
3
9
5
.
0
7
0
9
8
.
0
9
1
0
2
.
1
1
1
4
5
6
.
7
1
4
2
2
2
.
7
1
7
4
7
2
.
7
2
1
2
8
2
.
7
2
5
7
7
0
.
8
3
1
0
4
3
.
9
3
7
2
3
8
.
9
4
4
5
1
9
.
9
5
3
0
7
3
.
3
6
3
1
2
4
.
1
7
4
9
3
1
.
3
8
8
8
0
3
.
5
1
0
5
1
0
2
.
7
1
1
3
4
9
7
.
6
1
2
3
3
6
0
.
7
1
3
4
9
4
9
.
4
1
5
6
9
4
6
.
2
1
8
2
7
9
0
.
2
4
0
3
5
.
0
8
0
7
.
0
1
7
5
5
.
2
2
8
6
8
.
9
4
1
7
6
.
2
5
7
1
3
.
6
7
5
1
7
.
2
9
6
3
9
.
6
1
2
1
3
3
.
2
1
5
0
6
2
.
7
1
8
5
0
4
.
5
2
2
5
3
9
.
5
2
7
2
9
2
.
7
3
2
8
7
7
.
2
3
9
4
3
8
.
1
4
7
1
4
9
.
0
5
6
2
0
7
.
6
6
6
8
5
1
.
9
7
9
3
5
6
.
3
9
4
0
4
7
.
8
1
1
1
3
0
9
.
5
1
2
0
2
0
0
.
2
1
3
0
6
4
5
.
8
1
4
2
9
1
8
.
9
1
6
6
2
1
4
.
7
1
9
3
5
8
4
.
8
4
1
0
0
.
0
8
2
0
.
0
1
7
8
3
.
5
2
9
1
5
.
1
4
2
4
3
.
5
5
8
0
5
.
6
7
6
3
8
.
3
9
7
9
4
.
9
1
2
3
2
8
.
7
1
5
3
0
5
.
3
1
8
8
0
2
.
6
2
2
9
0
2
.
6
2
7
7
3
2
.
4
3
3
4
0
6
.
8
4
0
0
7
3
.
4
4
7
9
0
8
.
5
5
7
1
1
3
.
0
6
7
9
2
8
.
8
8
0
6
3
4
.
7
9
5
5
6
2
.
8
1
1
3
1
0
2
.
6
1
2
2
1
3
6
.
5
1
3
2
7
5
0
.
4
1
4
5
2
2
1
.
2
1
6
8
8
9
2
.
3
1
9
6
7
0
3
.
3
4
3
7
0
.
0
8
7
4
.
0
1
9
0
1
.
0
3
1
0
7
.
1
4
5
2
3
.
0
6
1
8
7
.
9
8
1
4
1
.
3
1
0
4
3
9
.
9
1
3
1
4
0
.
6
1
6
3
1
3
.
2
2
0
0
4
0
.
8
2
4
4
1
0
.
8
2
9
5
5
8
.
7
3
5
6
0
6
.
8
4
2
7
1
2
.
4
5
1
0
6
3
.
5
6
0
8
7
4
.
1
7
2
4
0
2
.
2
8
5
9
4
4
.
8
1
0
1
8
5
6
.
0
1
2
0
5
5
0
.
8
1
3
0
1
7
9
.
6
1
4
1
4
9
2
.
5
1
5
4
7
8
4
.
5
1
8
0
0
1
4
.
4
2
0
9
6
5
6
.
9
4
6
3
0
.
0
9
2
6
.
0
2
0
1
4
.
1
3
2
9
1
.
9
4
7
9
2
.
1
6
5
5
6
.
1
8
6
2
5
.
7
1
1
0
6
1
.
1
1
3
9
2
2
.
4
1
7
2
8
3
.
8
2
1
2
3
3
.
2
2
5
8
6
3
.
2
3
1
3
1
7
.
3
3
7
7
2
5
.
2
4
5
2
5
3
.
6
5
4
1
0
1
.
6
6
4
4
9
5
.
9
7
6
7
0
9
.
8
9
1
0
5
8
.
2
1
0
7
9
1
6
.
0
1
2
7
7
2
3
.
2
1
3
7
9
2
4
.
9
1
4
9
9
1
0
.
8
1
6
3
9
9
3
.
7
1
9
0
7
2
4
.
7
2
2
2
1
3
0
.
8
4
6
7
0
.
0
9
3
4
.
0
2
0
3
1
.
5
3
3
2
0
.
4
4
8
3
3
.
5
6
6
1
2
.
7
8
7
0
0
.
2
1
1
1
5
6
.
6
1
4
0
4
2
.
7
1
7
4
3
3
.
1
2
1
4
1
6
.
6
2
6
0
8
6
.
6
3
1
5
8
7
.
9
3
8
0
5
1
.
2
4
5
6
4
4
.
6
5
4
5
6
9
.
0
6
5
0
5
3
.
1
7
7
3
7
2
.
6
9
1
8
4
4
.
9
1
0
8
8
4
8
.
4
1
2
8
8
2
6
.
6
1
3
9
1
1
6
.
4
1
5
1
2
0
5
.
9
1
6
5
4
1
0
.
5
1
9
2
3
7
2
.
4
2
2
4
0
4
9
.
9
4
7
7
5
.
0
9
5
5
.
0
2
0
7
7
.
1
3
3
9
5
.
0
4
9
4
2
.
1
6
7
6
1
.
4
8
8
9
5
.
8
1
1
4
0
7
.
5
1
4
3
5
8
.
4
1
7
8
2
5
.
1
2
1
8
9
8
.
2
2
6
6
7
3
.
2
3
2
2
9
8
.
1
3
8
9
0
6
.
7
4
6
6
7
0
.
9
5
5
7
9
5
.
9
6
6
5
1
5
.
8
7
9
1
1
2
.
2
9
3
9
0
9
.
9
1
1
1
2
9
5
.
7
1
3
1
7
2
3
.
2
1
4
2
2
4
4
.
3
1
5
4
6
0
5
.
6
1
6
9
1
2
9
.
5
1
9
6
6
9
7
.
7
2
2
9
0
8
7
.
4
4
7
9
5
.
0
9
5
9
.
0
2
0
8
5
.
8
3
4
0
9
.
2
4
9
6
2
.
8
6
7
8
9
.
7
8
9
3
3
.
1
1
1
4
5
5
.
3
1
4
4
1
8
.
6
1
7
8
9
9
.
7
2
1
9
8
9
.
9
2
6
7
8
4
.
9
3
2
4
3
3
.
4
3
9
0
6
9
.
7
4
6
8
6
6
.
3
5
6
0
2
9
.
6
6
6
7
9
4
.
4
7
9
4
4
3
.
6
9
4
3
0
3
.
3
1
1
1
7
6
1
.
9
1
3
2
2
7
4
.
9
1
4
2
8
4
0
.
1
1
5
5
2
5
3
.
2
1
6
9
8
3
7
.
9
1
9
7
5
2
1
.
6
2
3
0
0
4
6
.
9
4
8
3
5
.
0
9
6
7
.
0
2
1
0
3
.
2
3
4
3
7
.
7
5
0
0
4
.
2
6
8
4
6
.
4
9
0
0
7
.
6
1
1
5
5
0
.
8
1
4
5
3
8
.
8
1
8
0
4
9
.
1
2
2
1
7
3
.
3
2
7
0
0
8
.
3
3
2
7
0
3
.
9
3
9
3
9
5
.
6
4
7
2
5
7
.
3
5
6
4
9
7
.
0
6
7
3
5
1
.
6
8
0
1
0
6
.
3
9
5
0
8
9
.
9
1
1
2
6
9
4
.
2
1
3
3
3
7
8
.
3
1
4
4
0
3
1
.
7
1
5
6
5
4
8
.
3
1
7
1
2
5
4
.
7
1
9
9
1
6
9
.
3
2
3
1
9
6
6
.
0
4
9
3
0
.
0
9
8
6
.
0
2
1
4
4
.
6
3
5
0
5
.
2
5
1
0
2
.
6
6
9
8
0
.
9
9
1
8
4
.
6
1
1
7
7
7
.
8
1
4
8
2
4
.
5
1
8
4
0
3
.
7
2
2
6
0
9
.
0
2
7
5
3
9
.
0
3
3
3
4
6
.
5
4
0
1
6
9
.
6
4
8
1
8
5
.
8
5
7
6
0
7
.
1
6
8
6
7
4
.
9
8
1
6
8
0
.
2
9
6
9
5
8
.
3
1
1
4
9
0
8
.
4
1
3
5
9
9
9
.
0
1
4
6
8
6
1
.
7
1
5
9
6
2
4
.
2
1
7
4
6
1
9
.
6
2
0
3
0
8
2
.
6
2
3
6
5
2
3
.
7
5
1
8
0
.
0
1
0
3
6
.
0
2
2
5
3
.
3
3
6
8
3
.
0
5
3
6
1
.
3
7
3
3
4
.
9
9
6
5
0
.
3
1
2
3
7
5
.
0
1
5
5
7
6
.
3
1
9
3
3
6
.
9
2
3
7
5
5
.
5
2
8
9
3
5
.
5
3
5
0
3
7
.
5
4
2
2
0
6
.
6
5
0
6
2
9
.
3
6
0
5
2
8
.
3
7
2
1
5
7
.
4
8
5
8
2
2
.
2
1
0
1
8
7
5
.
1
1
2
0
7
3
5
.
4
1
4
2
8
9
5
.
5
1
5
4
3
0
9
.
0
1
6
7
7
1
8
.
8
1
8
3
4
7
4
.
6
2
1
3
3
8
1
.
0
2
4
8
5
1
7
.
8
6
4
2
5
.
0
1
2
8
5
.
0
2
7
9
4
.
9
4
5
6
8
.
2
6
6
4
9
.
9
9
0
9
7
.
8
1
1
9
6
9
.
8
1
5
3
4
9
.
3
1
9
3
2
0
.
0
2
3
9
8
4
.
5
2
9
4
6
5
.
1
3
5
8
9
0
.
1
4
3
4
5
8
.
7
5
2
3
5
0
.
9
6
2
7
9
8
.
0
7
5
0
7
6
.
1
8
9
5
0
0
.
3
1
0
6
4
4
9
.
4
1
2
6
3
6
0
.
5
1
4
9
7
5
3
.
9
1
7
7
2
4
0
.
1
1
9
1
3
9
6
.
8
2
0
8
0
2
9
.
5
2
2
7
5
7
2
.
2
2
6
4
6
6
6
.
5
3
0
8
2
4
8
.
5
7
3
7
5
.
0
1
4
7
5
.
0
3
2
0
8
.
1
5
2
4
3
.
6
7
6
3
3
.
1
1
0
4
4
3
.
0
1
3
7
3
9
.
6
1
7
6
1
8
.
9
2
2
1
7
6
.
6
2
7
5
3
0
.
9
3
3
8
2
1
.
8
4
1
1
9
6
.
8
4
9
8
8
4
.
5
6
0
0
9
1
.
5
7
2
0
8
3
.
3
8
6
1
7
6
.
9
1
0
2
7
3
3
.
8
1
2
2
1
8
9
.
0
1
4
5
0
4
4
.
1
1
7
1
8
9
6
.
5
2
0
3
4
4
6
.
8
2
1
9
6
9
6
.
7
2
3
8
7
8
8
.
8
2
6
1
2
2
1
.
0
3
0
3
8
0
0
.
1
3
5
3
8
2
6
.
1
7
4
1
0
.
0
1
4
8
2
.
0
3
2
2
3
.
4
5
2
6
8
.
5
7
6
6
9
.
4
1
0
4
9
2
.
6
1
3
8
0
4
.
8
1
7
7
0
2
.
5
2
2
2
8
1
.
9
2
7
6
6
1
.
5
3
3
9
8
2
.
3
4
1
3
9
2
.
3
5
0
1
2
1
.
2
6
0
3
7
6
.
7
7
2
4
2
5
.
3
8
6
5
8
5
.
9
1
0
3
2
2
1
.
3
1
2
2
7
6
8
.
9
1
4
5
7
3
2
.
5
1
7
2
7
1
2
.
3
2
0
4
4
1
2
.
3
2
2
0
7
3
9
.
4
2
3
9
9
2
2
.
0
2
6
2
4
6
0
.
7
3
0
5
2
4
1
.
9
3
5
5
5
0
5
.
3
7
4
7
5
.
0
1
4
9
5
.
0
3
2
5
1
.
6
5
3
1
4
.
7
7
7
3
6
.
6
1
0
5
8
4
.
6
1
3
9
2
5
.
9
1
7
8
5
7
.
8
2
2
4
7
7
.
3
2
7
9
0
4
.
2
3
4
2
8
0
.
4
4
1
7
5
5
.
4
5
0
5
6
0
.
9
6
0
9
0
6
.
3
7
3
0
6
0
.
7
8
7
3
4
5
.
4
1
0
4
1
2
6
.
8
1
2
3
8
4
5
.
8
1
4
7
0
1
0
.
8
1
7
4
2
2
7
.
3
2
0
6
2
0
5
.
4
2
2
2
6
7
5
.
7
2
4
2
0
2
6
.
6
2
6
4
7
6
3
.
0
3
0
7
9
1
9
.
4
3
5
8
6
2
3
.
7
7
4
8
5
.
0
1
4
9
7
.
0
3
2
5
6
.
0
5
3
2
1
.
8
7
7
4
7
.
0
1
0
5
9
8
.
8
1
3
9
4
4
.
6
1
7
8
8
1
.
7
2
2
5
0
7
.
4
2
7
9
4
1
.
5
3
4
3
2
6
.
2
4
1
8
1
1
.
2
5
0
6
2
8
.
5
6
0
9
8
7
.
8
7
3
1
5
8
.
4
8
7
4
6
2
.
2
1
0
4
2
6
6
.
1
1
2
4
0
1
1
.
5
1
4
7
2
0
7
.
5
1
7
4
4
6
0
.
4
2
0
6
4
8
1
.
2
2
2
2
9
7
3
.
6
2
4
2
3
5
0
.
4
2
6
5
1
1
7
.
2
3
0
8
3
3
1
.
4
3
5
9
1
0
3
.
5
7
5
5
5
.
0
1
5
1
1
.
0
3
2
8
6
.
4
5
3
7
1
.
6
7
8
1
9
.
4
1
0
6
9
7
.
9
1
4
0
7
5
.
0
1
8
0
4
8
.
9
2
2
7
1
7
.
9
2
8
2
0
2
.
8
3
4
6
4
7
.
2
4
2
2
0
2
.
2
5
1
1
0
2
.
0
6
1
5
5
8
.
1
7
3
8
4
2
.
6
8
8
2
8
0
.
2
1
0
5
2
4
1
.
2
1
2
5
1
7
1
.
2
1
4
8
5
8
4
.
2
1
7
6
0
9
1
.
9
2
0
8
4
1
2
.
2
2
2
5
0
5
8
.
8
2
4
4
6
1
6
.
8
2
6
7
5
9
6
.
6
3
1
1
2
1
4
.
9
3
6
2
4
6
1
.
8
7
7
2
0
.
0
1
5
4
4
.
0
3
3
5
8
.
2
5
4
8
8
.
9
7
9
9
0
.
2
1
0
9
3
1
.
5
1
4
3
8
2
.
4
1
8
4
4
3
.
1
2
3
2
1
4
.
0
2
8
8
1
8
.
8
3
5
4
0
3
.
9
4
3
1
2
3
.
9
5
2
2
1
8
.
1
6
2
9
0
2
.
6
7
5
4
5
5
.
3
9
0
2
0
8
.
2
1
0
7
5
3
9
.
6
1
2
7
9
0
5
.
0
1
5
1
8
2
9
.
2
1
7
9
9
3
7
.
8
2
1
2
9
6
3
.
9
2
2
9
9
7
4
.
1
2
4
9
9
5
9
.
2
2
7
3
4
4
0
.
8
3
1
8
0
1
1
.
8
3
7
0
3
7
7
.
9
8
1
6
0
.
0
1
6
3
2
.
0
3
5
4
9
.
6
5
8
0
1
.
8
8
4
4
5
.
6
1
1
5
5
4
.
6
1
5
2
0
2
.
1
1
9
4
9
4
.
2
2
4
5
3
7
.
1
3
0
4
6
1
.
3
3
7
4
2
1
.
8
4
5
5
8
1
.
8
5
5
1
9
4
.
2
6
6
4
8
7
.
7
7
9
7
5
5
.
8
9
5
3
4
9
.
6
1
1
3
6
6
8
.
8
1
3
5
1
9
4
.
9
1
6
0
4
8
2
.
7
1
9
0
1
9
3
.
3
2
2
5
1
0
1
.
8
2
4
3
0
8
1
.
4
2
6
4
2
0
5
.
6
2
8
9
0
2
5
.
6
3
3
6
1
3
6
.
8
3
9
1
4
8
7
.
6
8
2
3
0
.
0
1
6
4
6
.
0
3
5
8
0
.
1
5
8
5
1
.
5
8
5
1
8
.
1
1
1
6
5
3
.
7
1
5
3
3
2
.
5
1
9
6
6
1
.
5
2
4
7
4
7
.
6
3
0
7
2
2
.
6
3
7
7
4
2
.
8
4
5
9
7
2
.
8
5
5
6
6
7
.
7
6
7
0
5
8
.
0
8
0
4
4
0
.
0
9
6
1
6
7
.
6
1
1
4
6
4
3
.
9
1
3
6
3
5
4
.
6
1
6
1
8
5
9
.
4
1
9
1
8
2
4
.
8
2
2
7
0
3
2
.
8
2
4
5
1
6
6
.
7
2
6
6
4
7
2
.
1
2
9
1
5
0
4
.
9
3
3
9
0
2
0
.
3
3
9
4
8
4
5
.
9
9
0
8
0
.
0
1
8
1
6
.
0
3
9
4
9
.
8
6
4
5
5
.
9
9
3
9
7
.
8
1
2
8
5
7
.
3
1
6
9
1
6
.
0
2
1
6
9
2
.
1
2
7
3
0
3
.
6
3
3
8
9
5
.
6
4
1
6
4
0
.
9
5
0
7
2
0
.
9
6
1
4
1
7
.
1
7
3
9
8
3
.
8
8
8
7
4
7
.
9
1
0
6
0
9
9
.
8
1
2
6
4
8
4
.
4
1
5
0
4
3
7
.
4
1
7
8
5
7
6
.
4
2
1
1
6
3
6
.
6
2
5
0
4
8
0
.
9
9
2
3
0
.
0
1
8
4
6
.
0
4
0
1
5
.
1
6
5
6
2
.
5
9
5
5
3
.
1
1
3
0
6
9
.
7
1
7
1
9
5
.
5
2
2
0
5
0
.
5
2
7
7
5
4
.
6
3
4
4
5
5
.
6
4
2
3
2
8
.
8
5
1
5
5
8
.
8
6
2
4
3
1
.
7
7
5
2
0
6
.
0
9
0
2
1
4
.
0
1
0
7
8
5
2
.
6
1
2
8
5
7
3
.
9
1
5
2
9
2
2
.
6
1
8
1
5
2
6
.
4
2
1
5
1
3
2
.
8
2
5
4
6
1
8
.
8
9
3
3
0
.
0
1
8
6
6
.
0
4
0
5
8
.
6
6
6
3
3
.
6
9
6
5
6
.
6
1
3
2
1
1
.
3
1
7
3
8
1
.
8
2
2
2
8
9
.
4
2
8
0
5
5
.
3
3
4
8
2
8
.
9
4
2
7
8
7
.
4
5
2
1
1
7
.
4
6
3
1
0
8
.
1
7
6
0
2
0
.
8
9
1
1
9
1
.
4
1
0
9
0
2
1
.
1
1
2
9
9
6
6
.
9
1
5
4
5
7
9
.
4
1
8
3
4
9
3
.
1
2
1
7
4
6
3
.
6
2
5
7
3
7
7
.
4
9
4
2
5
.
0
1
8
8
5
.
0
4
0
9
9
.
9
6
7
0
1
.
2
9
7
5
4
.
9
1
3
3
4
5
.
8
1
7
5
5
8
.
8
2
2
5
1
6
.
3
2
8
3
4
1
.
0
3
5
1
8
3
.
5
4
3
2
2
3
.
1
5
2
6
4
8
.
1
6
3
7
5
0
.
7
7
6
7
9
4
.
9
9
2
1
2
0
.
0
1
1
0
1
3
1
.
1
1
3
1
2
9
0
.
3
1
5
6
1
5
3
.
4
1
8
5
3
6
1
.
5
2
1
9
6
7
7
.
9
2
5
9
9
9
8
.
1
1
0
9
3
0
.
0
2
1
8
6
.
0
4
7
5
4
.
6
7
7
7
1
.
2
1
1
3
1
2
.
6
1
5
4
7
6
.
9
2
0
3
6
2
.
6
2
6
1
1
1
.
8
3
2
8
6
6
.
5
4
0
8
0
1
.
7
5
0
1
2
5
.
0
6
1
0
5
5
.
0
7
3
9
3
0
.
5
8
9
0
5
7
.
6
1
0
6
8
2
9
.
8
1
2
7
7
1
7
.
1
1
5
2
2
5
4
.
9
1
8
1
0
8
8
.
2
2
1
4
9
6
0
.
3
2
5
4
7
5
6
.
4
3
0
1
5
1
5
.
0
1
1
3
1
5
.
0
2
2
6
3
.
0
4
9
2
2
.
0
8
0
4
5
.
0
1
1
7
1
1
.
0
1
6
0
2
2
.
0
2
1
0
7
9
.
8
2
7
0
3
1
.
5
3
4
0
2
4
.
2
4
2
2
3
8
.
9
5
1
8
9
0
.
6
6
3
2
0
5
.
6
7
6
5
3
4
.
7
9
2
1
9
4
.
6
1
1
0
5
9
2
.
8
1
3
2
2
1
5
.
8
1
5
7
6
1
8
.
0
1
8
7
4
6
6
.
9
2
2
2
5
3
2
.
1
2
6
3
7
3
0
.
0
3
1
2
1
3
5
.
6
1
1
3
5
0
.
0
2
2
7
0
.
0
4
9
3
7
.
3
8
0
6
9
.
9
1
1
7
4
7
.
3
1
6
0
7
1
.
6
2
1
1
4
5
.
1
2
7
1
1
5
.
2
3
4
1
2
9
.
5
4
2
3
6
9
.
6
5
2
0
5
1
.
1
6
3
4
0
1
.
1
7
6
7
7
1
.
4
9
2
4
7
9
.
8
1
1
0
9
3
4
.
9
1
3
2
6
2
4
.
8
1
5
8
1
0
5
.
5
1
8
8
0
4
6
.
8
2
2
3
2
2
0
.
5
2
6
4
5
4
5
.
8
3
1
3
1
0
1
.
1
1
1
7
3
0
.
0
2
3
4
6
.
0
5
1
0
2
.
6
8
3
4
0
.
0
1
2
1
4
0
.
6
1
6
6
0
9
.
7
2
1
8
5
3
.
0
2
8
0
2
3
.
0
3
5
2
7
2
.
1
4
3
7
8
8
.
1
5
3
7
9
3
.
8
6
5
5
2
3
.
8
7
9
3
4
1
.
7
9
5
5
7
6
.
0
1
1
4
6
4
9
.
0
1
3
7
0
6
5
.
1
1
6
3
3
9
8
.
9
1
9
4
3
4
2
.
6
2
3
0
6
9
3
.
9
2
7
3
4
0
2
.
8
3
2
3
5
8
3
.
8
1
2
9
3
5
.
0
2
5
8
7
.
0
5
6
2
6
.
7
9
1
9
6
.
8
1
3
3
8
7
.
7
1
8
3
1
6
.
0
2
4
0
9
7
.
9
3
0
9
0
1
.
7
3
8
8
9
5
.
5
4
8
2
8
6
.
4
5
9
3
1
9
.
9
7
2
2
5
4
.
9
8
7
4
9
2
.
3
#
#
#
#
#
#
1
2
6
4
2
6
.
7
1
5
1
1
4
5
.
5
1
8
0
1
8
4
.
6
2
1
4
3
0
7
.
1
2
5
4
3
9
2
.
6
3
0
1
4
8
9
.
0
3
5
6
8
2
4
.
9
1
4
1
3
5
.
0
2
8
2
7
.
0
6
1
4
8
.
7
1
0
0
5
0
.
0
1
4
6
2
9
.
7
2
0
0
1
5
.
2
2
6
3
3
3
.
5
3
3
7
6
8
.
5
4
2
5
0
3
.
9
5
2
7
6
6
.
0
6
4
8
2
3
.
1
7
8
9
5
8
.
1
9
5
6
0
9
.
1
#
#
#
#
#
#
1
3
8
1
5
5
.
5
1
6
5
1
6
7
.
5
1
9
6
9
0
0
.
6
2
3
4
1
8
8
.
7
2
7
7
9
9
3
.
0
3
2
9
4
5
8
.
6
3
8
9
9
2
8
.
1
1
4
8
9
5
.
0
2
9
7
9
.
0
6
4
7
9
.
3
1
0
5
9
0
.
3
1
5
4
1
6
.
3
2
1
0
9
1
.
3
2
7
7
4
9
.
4
3
5
5
8
4
.
2
4
4
7
8
9
.
3
5
5
6
0
3
.
0
6
8
3
0
8
.
5
8
3
2
0
3
.
5
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
1
4
5
5
8
3
.
7
1
7
4
0
4
8
.
1
2
0
7
4
8
7
.
4
2
4
6
7
8
0
.
4
2
9
2
9
4
0
.
0
3
4
7
1
7
2
.
7
4
1
0
8
9
3
.
5
1
5
7
0
0
.
0
3
1
4
0
.
0
6
8
2
9
.
5
1
1
1
6
2
.
7
1
6
2
4
9
.
5
2
2
2
3
1
.
2
2
9
2
4
9
.
1
3
7
5
0
7
.
3
4
7
2
0
9
.
9
5
8
6
0
8
.
1
7
2
0
0
0
.
2
8
7
7
0
0
.
2
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
1
5
3
4
5
1
.
8
1
8
3
4
5
4
.
5
2
1
8
7
0
1
.
0
2
6
0
1
1
7
.
6
3
0
8
7
7
1
.
9
3
6
5
9
3
5
.
6
4
3
3
1
0
0
.
2
1
6
0
5
5
.
0
3
2
1
1
.
0
6
9
8
3
.
9
1
1
4
1
5
.
1
1
6
6
1
6
.
9
2
2
7
3
3
.
9
2
9
9
1
0
.
5
3
8
3
5
5
.
4
4
8
2
7
7
.
4
5
9
9
3
3
.
3
7
3
6
2
8
.
2
8
9
6
8
3
.
2
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
1
5
6
9
2
1
.
6
1
8
7
6
0
2
.
7
2
2
3
6
4
6
.
2
2
6
5
9
9
9
.
2
3
1
5
7
5
3
.
7
3
7
4
2
0
9
.
9
4
4
2
8
9
3
.
2


242
Software Informations
DesignBuilder www.designbuilder.co.uk

Figure 36 Screen Capture of DesignBuilder
DesignBuilder combines rapid building modelling and ease of use with state of the art
dynamic energy simulation. It is a unique software tool for creating and assessing building
designs. It has been specially developed so it can be used at any stage of the design process.
From the concept stages where just a few parameters are needed to capture the building
design to much more detailed building models for established designs.
PVSYST www.pvsyst.com





Figure 37 Screen Capture of PVSYST


242
Software Informations
DesignBuilder www.designbuilder.co.uk

Figure 36 Screen Capture of DesignBuilder
DesignBuilder combines rapid building modelling and ease of use with state of the art
dynamic energy simulation. It is a unique software tool for creating and assessing building
designs. It has been specially developed so it can be used at any stage of the design process.
From the concept stages where just a few parameters are needed to capture the building
design to much more detailed building models for established designs.
PVSYST www.pvsyst.com





Figure 37 Screen Capture of PVSYST


2 4 2
S o f t w a r e I n f o r m a t i o n s
D e s i g n B u i l d e r w w w . d e s i g n b u i l d e r . c o . u k

F i g u r e 3 6 S c r e e n C a p t u r e o f D e s i g n B u i l d e r
D e s i g n B u i l d e r c o m b i n e s r a p i d b u i l d i n g m o d e l l i n g a n d e a s e o f u s e w i t h s t a t e o f t h e a r t
d y n a m i c e n e r g y s i m u l a t i o n . I t i s a u n i q u e s o f t w a r e t o o l f o r c r e a t i n g a n d a s s e s s i n g b u i l d i n g
d e s i g n s . I t h a s b e e n s p e c i a l l y d e v e l o p e d s o i t c a n b e u s e d a t a n y s t a g e o f t h e d e s i g n p r o c e s s .
F r o m t h e c o n c e p t s t a g e s w h e r e j u s t a f e w p a r a m e t e r s a r e n e e d e d t o c a p t u r e t h e b u i l d i n g
d e s i g n t o m u c h m o r e d e t a i l e d b u i l d i n g m o d e l s f o r e s t a b l i s h e d d e s i g n s .
P V S Y S T w w w . p v s y s t . c o m





F i g u r e 3 7 S c r e e n C a p t u r e o f P V S Y S T


2 4 2
S o f t w a r e I n f o r m a t i o n s
D e s i g n B u i l d e r w w w . d e s i g n b u i l d e r . c o . u k

F i g u r e 3 6 S c r e e n C a p t u r e o f D e s i g n B u i l d e r
D e s i g n B u i l d e r c o m b i n e s r a p i d b u i l d i n g m o d e l l i n g a n d e a s e o f u s e w i t h s t a t e o f t h e a r t
d y n a m i c e n e r g y s i m u l a t i o n . I t i s a u n i q u e s o f t w a r e t o o l f o r c r e a t i n g a n d a s s e s s i n g b u i l d i n g
d e s i g n s . I t h a s b e e n s p e c i a l l y d e v e l o p e d s o i t c a n b e u s e d a t a n y s t a g e o f t h e d e s i g n p r o c e s s .
F r o m t h e c o n c e p t s t a g e s w h e r e j u s t a f e w p a r a m e t e r s a r e n e e d e d t o c a p t u r e t h e b u i l d i n g
d e s i g n t o m u c h m o r e d e t a i l e d b u i l d i n g m o d e l s f o r e s t a b l i s h e d d e s i g n s .
P V S Y S T w w w . p v s y s t . c o m





F i g u r e 3 7 S c r e e n C a p t u r e o f P V S Y S T


2 4 3

P V S Y S T 4 . 3 3 i s a P C s o f t w a r e p a c k a g e f o r t h e s t u d y , s i z i n g , s i m u l a t i o n a n d d a t a a n a l y s i s o f
c o m p l e t e P V s y s t e m s .
I t i s s u i t a b l e f o r g r i d - c o n n e c t e d , s t a n d - a l o n e , p u m p i n g a n d D C - g r i d ( p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t )
s y s t e m s , a n d o f f e r s a n e x t e n s i v e m e t e o r o l o g i c a l a n d P V - c o m p o n e n t s d a t a b a s e .
T h i s s o f t w a r e i s o r i e n t e d t o w a r d s a r c h i t e c t s , e n g i n e e r s , a n d r e s e a r c h e r s , a n d h o l d s v e r y
h e l p f u l t o o l s f o r e d u c a t i o n . I t i n c l u d e s a n e x t e n s i v e c o n t e x t u a l H e l p , w h i c h e x p l a i n s i n d e t a i l
t h e p r o c e d u r e s a n d t h e m o d e l s u s e d .
T - S O L P r o w w w . v a l e n t i n . d e

F i g u r e 3 8 S c r e e n C a p t u r e o f T - S O L P r o
T * S O L

i s a s o f t w a r e f o r t h e d e s i g n a n d s i m u l a t i o n o f s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m s i n c l u d i n g h o t
w a t e r p r e p a r a t i o n , t h e s u p p o r t o f s p a c e h e a t i n g a n d s w i m m i n g p o o l h e a t i n g .
T h e s o f t w a r e a l l o w s t h e p l a n n e r t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e i n f l u e n c e o f i n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m c o m p o n e n t s
o n t h e o p e r a t i n g b e h a v i o r o f a s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m . A l l s y s t e m p a r a m e t e r s c a n b e q u i c k l y
c h a n g e d v i a t h e u s e r - f r i e n d l y i n t e r f a c e .


2 4 3

P V S Y S T 4 . 3 3 i s a P C s o f t w a r e p a c k a g e f o r t h e s t u d y , s i z i n g , s i m u l a t i o n a n d d a t a a n a l y s i s o f
c o m p l e t e P V s y s t e m s .
I t i s s u i t a b l e f o r g r i d - c o n n e c t e d , s t a n d - a l o n e , p u m p i n g a n d D C - g r i d ( p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t )
s y s t e m s , a n d o f f e r s a n e x t e n s i v e m e t e o r o l o g i c a l a n d P V - c o m p o n e n t s d a t a b a s e .
T h i s s o f t w a r e i s o r i e n t e d t o w a r d s a r c h i t e c t s , e n g i n e e r s , a n d r e s e a r c h e r s , a n d h o l d s v e r y
h e l p f u l t o o l s f o r e d u c a t i o n . I t i n c l u d e s a n e x t e n s i v e c o n t e x t u a l H e l p , w h i c h e x p l a i n s i n d e t a i l
t h e p r o c e d u r e s a n d t h e m o d e l s u s e d .
T - S O L P r o w w w . v a l e n t i n . d e

F i g u r e 3 8 S c r e e n C a p t u r e o f T - S O L P r o
T * S O L

i s a s o f t w a r e f o r t h e d e s i g n a n d s i m u l a t i o n o f s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m s i n c l u d i n g h o t
w a t e r p r e p a r a t i o n , t h e s u p p o r t o f s p a c e h e a t i n g a n d s w i m m i n g p o o l h e a t i n g .
T h e s o f t w a r e a l l o w s t h e p l a n n e r t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e i n f l u e n c e o f i n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m c o m p o n e n t s
o n t h e o p e r a t i n g b e h a v i o r o f a s o l a r t h e r m a l s y s t e m . A l l s y s t e m p a r a m e t e r s c a n b e q u i c k l y
c h a n g e d v i a t h e u s e r - f r i e n d l y i n t e r f a c e .


243

PVSYST 4.33 is a PC software package for the study, sizing, simulation and data analysis of
complete PV systems.
It is suitable for grid-connected, stand-alone, pumping and DC-grid (public transport)
systems, and offers an extensive meteorological and PV-components database.
This software is oriented towards architects, engineers, and researchers, and holds very
helpful tools for education. It includes an extensive contextual Help, which explains in detail
the procedures and the models used.
T-SOL Pro www.valentin.de

Figure 38 Screen Capture of T-SOL Pro
T*SOL

is a software for the design and simulation of solar thermal systems including hot
water preparation, the support of space heating and swimming pool heating.
The software allows the planner to investigate the influence of individual system components
on the operating behavior of a solar thermal system. All system parameters can be quickly
changed via the user-friendly interface.


243

PVSYST 4.33 is a PC software package for the study, sizing, simulation and data analysis of
complete PV systems.
It is suitable for grid-connected, stand-alone, pumping and DC-grid (public transport)
systems, and offers an extensive meteorological and PV-components database.
This software is oriented towards architects, engineers, and researchers, and holds very
helpful tools for education. It includes an extensive contextual Help, which explains in detail
the procedures and the models used.
T-SOL Pro www.valentin.de

Figure 38 Screen Capture of T-SOL Pro
T*SOL

is a software for the design and simulation of solar thermal systems including hot
water preparation, the support of space heating and swimming pool heating.
The software allows the planner to investigate the influence of individual system components
on the operating behavior of a solar thermal system. All system parameters can be quickly
changed via the user-friendly interface.


244
Literature

1 Feynman R P , Leighton R B, Sands M, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume 1, Addison-Wesley, USA, 1964
2 IEA (International Energy Agency), Energy Balances of OECD Countries 2001-2002, International Energy Agency, Paris, 2004
3 IEA (International Energy Agency), Electricity Information 2004, International Energy Agency, Paris, 2004
4 Bartsch U, Muller B, Fossil Fuels in a Changing Climate, Oxford University Press, 2000
5 Roaf S, Ecohouse: A Design Guide, Architectural Press, Oxford, 2001
6 WMOs Statement at the Twelfth Session of the Conference of the Parties to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, written by general secretary Jarraud
(available online), Nairobi, 2006
7 OECD Country Statistical Profile for Turkey 2008, available online http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/268044737200
8 Ozdilek H G, An analogy on assessment of urban air pollution in Turkey over the turn of the millennium (1992-2001).Environmental monitoring and assessment, 122 (1-3),
pp 203-219, Nov 2006
9 Krimmling J, Energieeffiziente Gebude: Grundwissen und Arbeitsinstrumente fr den Energieberater, Fraunhofer IRB Verlag, Stuttgart, 2007

10 European Commision Community Research 6.1 Sustainable Energy Systems Work Programme, Revision 5 , 2005
11 FLAVIN C, Dunn S, Climate of opportunity: renewable energy after Kyoto. Renewable Energy Policy Project, 1998. http:/www.repp.org/
12 BOYLE G, Renewable energy: power for a sustainable future. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 1-40, 1998
13 DINER I, Rosen M

A, A worldwide perspective on energy, environment and sustainable development. Int J. Energy Res 22, pp 1305-1321, 1998
14 European Confrence for Renewable Energy-Intelligent Policy Options, Conference Conclusions and Recommendations to the international conference for Renewable
Energies in Bonn, Renewables 2004, Berlin Conclusions
15 KALTSCHMITT M, Systemtechnische und Energiewirtschaftliche Analyse der Nutzung erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland, Habilitationsschrift, Institut fr
Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung, Universitt Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 1997
16 SCHFER H, Rouvel L, Nutzung Regenativer Energien, Schriftenreige IfE Band 1, Technischer Verlag Resch, Mnchen, 1992
17 Turkish Industrialists and Businessmens Association (TUSIAD). Turkeys energy strategy on the brink of the 21st century: an overview (in Turkish). This report
prepared by Ultanir, M.O. Istanbul, Turkey, 1998.
18 KAYGUSUZ K, Renewable and sustainable energy use in Turkey: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 6, pp 339-366, 2002
19 TADEMROLU E, Ecevit E, Comparisons of the hourly and daily global irradiances of Turkey on non-horizontal surfaces. Energy Conversion and Management 25, pp
11926, 1985
20 International Energy Agency Heat Pump Centre. Heat Pumps: an opportunity for reducing the greenhouse effect (Brochure), The Netherlands, 1997.
21 KAYGUSUZ K, Investigation of a combined solar-heat pump system for residential heating. Part 2: simulation results. Int. J. Energy Res. 23, pp 122537, 1999
22 International Energy Agency (IEA). Implementing agreement on photovoltaic power systems. Annual Report, Rome, 1995.
23 TIRIS C, Tiris M, Effect of collector orientation on solar energy availability. Energy Conversation Management 39, pp 84352, 1998
24 KAYGUSUZ K, Calculation of required collector area of a solar-assisted series heat pump for domestic heating.
Energy Sources 22(3), pp 24756, 2002
25 AHIN V, Future view of Turkish energy sector: supply, demand and policies (Turkish) published by TUSIAD, Istanbul, 1994.
26 World Energy Council Turkish National Committee (WECTNC), Energy report of Turkey in 1998, Ankara (Turkey), 1999
27 VITRIVIUS, The Ten Books on Architecture, Book 1, Heinemann, London, 1931
28 Vorlesungsskripte Architekturtheorie, Fachgebiet Architekturtheorie, Technische Universitt Berlin, 2007, Berlin
29 USEMANN K, Entwicklung von Heizungs- und Lftungstechnik zur Wissenschaft, Oldenbourg Verlag, Mnchen, 1993


244
Literature

1 Feynman R P , Leighton R B, Sands M, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume 1, Addison-Wesley, USA, 1964
2 IEA (International Energy Agency), Energy Balances of OECD Countries 2001-2002, International Energy Agency, Paris, 2004
3 IEA (International Energy Agency), Electricity Information 2004, International Energy Agency, Paris, 2004
4 Bartsch U, Muller B, Fossil Fuels in a Changing Climate, Oxford University Press, 2000
5 Roaf S, Ecohouse: A Design Guide, Architectural Press, Oxford, 2001
6 WMOs Statement at the Twelfth Session of the Conference of the Parties to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, written by general secretary Jarraud
(available online), Nairobi, 2006
7 OECD Country Statistical Profile for Turkey 2008, available online http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/268044737200
8 Ozdilek H G, An analogy on assessment of urban air pollution in Turkey over the turn of the millennium (1992-2001).Environmental monitoring and assessment, 122 (1-3),
pp 203-219, Nov 2006
9 Krimmling J, Energieeffiziente Gebude: Grundwissen und Arbeitsinstrumente fr den Energieberater, Fraunhofer IRB Verlag, Stuttgart, 2007

10 European Commision Community Research 6.1 Sustainable Energy Systems Work Programme, Revision 5 , 2005
11 FLAVIN C, Dunn S, Climate of opportunity: renewable energy after Kyoto. Renewable Energy Policy Project, 1998. http:/www.repp.org/
12 BOYLE G, Renewable energy: power for a sustainable future. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 1-40, 1998
13 DINER I, Rosen M

A, A worldwide perspective on energy, environment and sustainable development. Int J. Energy Res 22, pp 1305-1321, 1998
14 European Confrence for Renewable Energy-Intelligent Policy Options, Conference Conclusions and Recommendations to the international conference for Renewable
Energies in Bonn, Renewables 2004, Berlin Conclusions
15 KALTSCHMITT M, Systemtechnische und Energiewirtschaftliche Analyse der Nutzung erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland, Habilitationsschrift, Institut fr
Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung, Universitt Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 1997
16 SCHFER H, Rouvel L, Nutzung Regenativer Energien, Schriftenreige IfE Band 1, Technischer Verlag Resch, Mnchen, 1992
17 Turkish Industrialists and Businessmens Association (TUSIAD). Turkeys energy strategy on the brink of the 21st century: an overview (in Turkish). This report
prepared by Ultanir, M.O. Istanbul, Turkey, 1998.
18 KAYGUSUZ K, Renewable and sustainable energy use in Turkey: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 6, pp 339-366, 2002
19 TADEMROLU E, Ecevit E, Comparisons of the hourly and daily global irradiances of Turkey on non-horizontal surfaces. Energy Conversion and Management 25, pp
11926, 1985
20 International Energy Agency Heat Pump Centre. Heat Pumps: an opportunity for reducing the greenhouse effect (Brochure), The Netherlands, 1997.
21 KAYGUSUZ K, Investigation of a combined solar-heat pump system for residential heating. Part 2: simulation results. Int. J. Energy Res. 23, pp 122537, 1999
22 International Energy Agency (IEA). Implementing agreement on photovoltaic power systems. Annual Report, Rome, 1995.
23 TIRIS C, Tiris M, Effect of collector orientation on solar energy availability. Energy Conversation Management 39, pp 84352, 1998
24 KAYGUSUZ K, Calculation of required collector area of a solar-assisted series heat pump for domestic heating.
Energy Sources 22(3), pp 24756, 2002
25 AHIN V, Future view of Turkish energy sector: supply, demand and policies (Turkish) published by TUSIAD, Istanbul, 1994.
26 World Energy Council Turkish National Committee (WECTNC), Energy report of Turkey in 1998, Ankara (Turkey), 1999
27 VITRIVIUS, The Ten Books on Architecture, Book 1, Heinemann, London, 1931
28 Vorlesungsskripte Architekturtheorie, Fachgebiet Architekturtheorie, Technische Universitt Berlin, 2007, Berlin
29 USEMANN K, Entwicklung von Heizungs- und Lftungstechnik zur Wissenschaft, Oldenbourg Verlag, Mnchen, 1993


2 4 4
L i t e r a t u r e

1 F e y n m a n R P , L e i g h t o n R B , S a n d s M , T h e F e y n m a n L e c t u r e s o n P h y s i c s , V o l u m e 1 , A d d i s o n - W e s l e y , U S A , 1 9 6 4
2 I E A ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n e r g y A g e n c y ) , E n e r g y B a l a n c e s o f O E C D C o u n t r i e s 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 2 , I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n e r g y A g e n c y , P a r i s , 2 0 0 4
3 I E A ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n e r g y A g e n c y ) , E l e c t r i c i t y I n f o r m a t i o n 2 0 0 4 , I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n e r g y A g e n c y , P a r i s , 2 0 0 4
4 B a r t s c h U , M u l l e r B , F o s s i l F u e l s i n a C h a n g i n g C l i m a t e , O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 2 0 0 0
5 R o a f S , E c o h o u s e : A D e s i g n G u i d e , A r c h i t e c t u r a l P r e s s , O x f o r d , 2 0 0 1
6 W M O s S t a t e m e n t a t t h e T w e l f t h S e s s i o n o f t h e C o n f e r e n c e o f t h e P a r t i e s t o t h e U . N . F r a m e w o r k C o n v e n t i o n o n C l i m a t e C h a n g e , w r i t t e n b y g e n e r a l s e c r e t a r y J a r r a u d
( a v a i l a b l e o n l i n e ) , N a i r o b i , 2 0 0 6
7 O E C D C o u n t r y S t a t i s t i c a l P r o f i l e f o r T u r k e y 2 0 0 8 , a v a i l a b l e o n l i n e h t t p : / / d x . d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 7 8 7 / 2 6 8 0 4 4 7 3 7 2 0 0
8 O z d i l e k H G , A n a n a l o g y o n a s s e s s m e n t o f u r b a n a i r p o l l u t i o n i n T u r k e y o v e r t h e t u r n o f t h e m i l l e n n i u m ( 1 9 9 2 - 2 0 0 1 ) . E n v i r o n m e n t a l m o n i t o r i n g a n d a s s e s s m e n t , 1 2 2 ( 1 - 3 ) ,
p p 2 0 3 - 2 1 9 , N o v 2 0 0 6
9 K r i m m l i n g J , E n e r g i e e f f i z i e n t e G e b u d e : G r u n d w i s s e n u n d A r b e i t s i n s t r u m e n t e f r d e n E n e r g i e b e r a t e r , F r a u n h o f e r I R B V e r l a g , S t u t t g a r t , 2 0 0 7

1 0 E u r o p e a n C o m m i s i o n C o m m u n i t y R e s e a r c h 6 . 1 S u s t a i n a b l e E n e r g y S y s t e m s W o r k P r o g r a m m e , R e v i s i o n 5 , 2 0 0 5
1 1 F L A V I N C , D u n n S , C l i m a t e o f o p p o r t u n i t y : r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y a f t e r K y o t o . R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y P o l i c y P r o j e c t , 1 9 9 8 . h t t p : / w w w . r e p p . o r g /
1 2 B O Y L E G , R e n e w a b l e e n e r g y : p o w e r f o r a s u s t a i n a b l e f u t u r e . O x f o r d : O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , p p 1 - 4 0 , 1 9 9 8
1 3 D I N E R I , R o s e n M

A , A w o r l d w i d e p e r s p e c t i v e o n e n e r g y , e n v i r o n m e n t a n d s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t . I n t J . E n e r g y R e s 2 2 , p p 1 3 0 5 - 1 3 2 1 , 1 9 9 8
1 4 E u r o p e a n C o n f r e n c e f o r R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y - I n t e l l i g e n t P o l i c y O p t i o n s , C o n f e r e n c e C o n c l u s i o n s a n d R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s t o t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e f o r R e n e w a b l e
E n e r g i e s i n B o n n , R e n e w a b l e s 2 0 0 4 , B e r l i n C o n c l u s i o n s
1 5 K A L T S C H M I T T M , S y s t e m t e c h n i s c h e u n d E n e r g i e w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e A n a l y s e d e r N u t z u n g e r n e u e r b a r e n E n e r g i e n i n D e u t s c h l a n d , H a b i l i t a t i o n s s c h r i f t , I n s t i t u t f r
E n e r g i e w i r t s c h a f t u n d R a t i o n e l l e E n e r g i e a n w e n d u n g , U n i v e r s i t t S t u t t g a r t , S t u t t g a r t , 1 9 9 7
1 6 S C H F E R H , R o u v e l L , N u t z u n g R e g e n a t i v e r E n e r g i e n , S c h r i f t e n r e i g e I f E B a n d 1 , T e c h n i s c h e r V e r l a g R e s c h , M n c h e n , 1 9 9 2
1 7 T u r k i s h I n d u s t r i a l i s t s a n d B u s i n e s s m e n s A s s o c i a t i o n ( T U S I A D ) . T u r k e y s e n e r g y s t r a t e g y o n t h e b r i n k o f t h e 2 1 s t c e n t u r y : a n o v e r v i e w ( i n T u r k i s h ) . T h i s r e p o r t
p r e p a r e d b y U l t a n i r , M . O . I s t a n b u l , T u r k e y , 1 9 9 8 .
1 8 K A Y G U S U Z K , R e n e w a b l e a n d s u s t a i n a b l e e n e r g y u s e i n T u r k e y : A r e v i e w , R e n e w a b l e a n d S u s t a i n a b l e E n e r g y R e v i e w s 6 , p p 3 3 9 - 3 6 6 , 2 0 0 2
1 9 T A D E M R O L U E , E c e v i t E , C o m p a r i s o n s o f t h e h o u r l y a n d d a i l y g l o b a l i r r a d i a n c e s o f T u r k e y o n n o n - h o r i z o n t a l s u r f a c e s . E n e r g y C o n v e r s i o n a n d M a n a g e m e n t 2 5 , p p
1 1 9 2 6 , 1 9 8 5
2 0 I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n e r g y A g e n c y H e a t P u m p C e n t r e . H e a t P u m p s : a n o p p o r t u n i t y f o r r e d u c i n g t h e g r e e n h o u s e e f f e c t ( B r o c h u r e ) , T h e N e t h e r l a n d s , 1 9 9 7 .
2 1 K A Y G U S U Z K , I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f a c o m b i n e d s o l a r - h e a t p u m p s y s t e m f o r r e s i d e n t i a l h e a t i n g . P a r t 2 : s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s . I n t . J . E n e r g y R e s . 2 3 , p p 1 2 2 5 3 7 , 1 9 9 9
2 2 I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n e r g y A g e n c y ( I E A ) . I m p l e m e n t i n g a g r e e m e n t o n p h o t o v o l t a i c p o w e r s y s t e m s . A n n u a l R e p o r t , R o m e , 1 9 9 5 .
2 3 T I R I S C , T i r i s M , E f f e c t o f c o l l e c t o r o r i e n t a t i o n o n s o l a r e n e r g y a v a i l a b i l i t y . E n e r g y C o n v e r s a t i o n M a n a g e m e n t 3 9 , p p 8 4 3 5 2 , 1 9 9 8
2 4 K A Y G U S U Z K , C a l c u l a t i o n o f r e q u i r e d c o l l e c t o r a r e a o f a s o l a r - a s s i s t e d s e r i e s h e a t p u m p f o r d o m e s t i c h e a t i n g .
E n e r g y S o u r c e s 2 2 ( 3 ) , p p 2 4 7 5 6 , 2 0 0 2
2 5 A H I N V , F u t u r e v i e w o f T u r k i s h e n e r g y s e c t o r : s u p p l y , d e m a n d a n d p o l i c i e s ( T u r k i s h ) p u b l i s h e d b y T U S I A D , I s t a n b u l , 1 9 9 4 .
2 6 W o r l d E n e r g y C o u n c i l T u r k i s h N a t i o n a l C o m m i t t e e ( W E C T N C ) , E n e r g y r e p o r t o f T u r k e y i n 1 9 9 8 , A n k a r a ( T u r k e y ) , 1 9 9 9
2 7 V I T R I V I U S , T h e T e n B o o k s o n A r c h i t e c t u r e , B o o k 1 , H e i n e m a n n , L o n d o n , 1 9 3 1
2 8 V o r l e s u n g s s k r i p t e A r c h i t e k t u r t h e o r i e , F a c h g e b i e t A r c h i t e k t u r t h e o r i e , T e c h n i s c h e U n i v e r s i t t B e r l i n , 2 0 0 7 , B e r l i n
2 9 U S E M A N N K , E n t w i c k l u n g v o n H e i z u n g s - u n d L f t u n g s t e c h n i k z u r W i s s e n s c h a f t , O l d e n b o u r g V e r l a g , M n c h e n , 1 9 9 3


2 4 4
L i t e r a t u r e

1 F e y n m a n R P , L e i g h t o n R B , S a n d s M , T h e F e y n m a n L e c t u r e s o n P h y s i c s , V o l u m e 1 , A d d i s o n - W e s l e y , U S A , 1 9 6 4
2 I E A ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n e r g y A g e n c y ) , E n e r g y B a l a n c e s o f O E C D C o u n t r i e s 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 2 , I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n e r g y A g e n c y , P a r i s , 2 0 0 4
3 I E A ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n e r g y A g e n c y ) , E l e c t r i c i t y I n f o r m a t i o n 2 0 0 4 , I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n e r g y A g e n c y , P a r i s , 2 0 0 4
4 B a r t s c h U , M u l l e r B , F o s s i l F u e l s i n a C h a n g i n g C l i m a t e , O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 2 0 0 0
5 R o a f S , E c o h o u s e : A D e s i g n G u i d e , A r c h i t e c t u r a l P r e s s , O x f o r d , 2 0 0 1
6 W M O s S t a t e m e n t a t t h e T w e l f t h S e s s i o n o f t h e C o n f e r e n c e o f t h e P a r t i e s t o t h e U . N . F r a m e w o r k C o n v e n t i o n o n C l i m a t e C h a n g e , w r i t t e n b y g e n e r a l s e c r e t a r y J a r r a u d
( a v a i l a b l e o n l i n e ) , N a i r o b i , 2 0 0 6
7 O E C D C o u n t r y S t a t i s t i c a l P r o f i l e f o r T u r k e y 2 0 0 8 , a v a i l a b l e o n l i n e h t t p : / / d x . d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 7 8 7 / 2 6 8 0 4 4 7 3 7 2 0 0
8 O z d i l e k H G , A n a n a l o g y o n a s s e s s m e n t o f u r b a n a i r p o l l u t i o n i n T u r k e y o v e r t h e t u r n o f t h e m i l l e n n i u m ( 1 9 9 2 - 2 0 0 1 ) . E n v i r o n m e n t a l m o n i t o r i n g a n d a s s e s s m e n t , 1 2 2 ( 1 - 3 ) ,
p p 2 0 3 - 2 1 9 , N o v 2 0 0 6
9 K r i m m l i n g J , E n e r g i e e f f i z i e n t e G e b u d e : G r u n d w i s s e n u n d A r b e i t s i n s t r u m e n t e f r d e n E n e r g i e b e r a t e r , F r a u n h o f e r I R B V e r l a g , S t u t t g a r t , 2 0 0 7

1 0 E u r o p e a n C o m m i s i o n C o m m u n i t y R e s e a r c h 6 . 1 S u s t a i n a b l e E n e r g y S y s t e m s W o r k P r o g r a m m e , R e v i s i o n 5 , 2 0 0 5
1 1 F L A V I N C , D u n n S , C l i m a t e o f o p p o r t u n i t y : r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y a f t e r K y o t o . R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y P o l i c y P r o j e c t , 1 9 9 8 . h t t p : / w w w . r e p p . o r g /
1 2 B O Y L E G , R e n e w a b l e e n e r g y : p o w e r f o r a s u s t a i n a b l e f u t u r e . O x f o r d : O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , p p 1 - 4 0 , 1 9 9 8
1 3 D I N E R I , R o s e n M

A , A w o r l d w i d e p e r s p e c t i v e o n e n e r g y , e n v i r o n m e n t a n d s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t . I n t J . E n e r g y R e s 2 2 , p p 1 3 0 5 - 1 3 2 1 , 1 9 9 8
1 4 E u r o p e a n C o n f r e n c e f o r R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y - I n t e l l i g e n t P o l i c y O p t i o n s , C o n f e r e n c e C o n c l u s i o n s a n d R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s t o t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e f o r R e n e w a b l e
E n e r g i e s i n B o n n , R e n e w a b l e s 2 0 0 4 , B e r l i n C o n c l u s i o n s
1 5 K A L T S C H M I T T M , S y s t e m t e c h n i s c h e u n d E n e r g i e w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e A n a l y s e d e r N u t z u n g e r n e u e r b a r e n E n e r g i e n i n D e u t s c h l a n d , H a b i l i t a t i o n s s c h r i f t , I n s t i t u t f r
E n e r g i e w i r t s c h a f t u n d R a t i o n e l l e E n e r g i e a n w e n d u n g , U n i v e r s i t t S t u t t g a r t , S t u t t g a r t , 1 9 9 7
1 6 S C H F E R H , R o u v e l L , N u t z u n g R e g e n a t i v e r E n e r g i e n , S c h r i f t e n r e i g e I f E B a n d 1 , T e c h n i s c h e r V e r l a g R e s c h , M n c h e n , 1 9 9 2
1 7 T u r k i s h I n d u s t r i a l i s t s a n d B u s i n e s s m e n s A s s o c i a t i o n ( T U S I A D ) . T u r k e y s e n e r g y s t r a t e g y o n t h e b r i n k o f t h e 2 1 s t c e n t u r y : a n o v e r v i e w ( i n T u r k i s h ) . T h i s r e p o r t
p r e p a r e d b y U l t a n i r , M . O . I s t a n b u l , T u r k e y , 1 9 9 8 .
1 8 K A Y G U S U Z K , R e n e w a b l e a n d s u s t a i n a b l e e n e r g y u s e i n T u r k e y : A r e v i e w , R e n e w a b l e a n d S u s t a i n a b l e E n e r g y R e v i e w s 6 , p p 3 3 9 - 3 6 6 , 2 0 0 2
1 9 T A D E M R O L U E , E c e v i t E , C o m p a r i s o n s o f t h e h o u r l y a n d d a i l y g l o b a l i r r a d i a n c e s o f T u r k e y o n n o n - h o r i z o n t a l s u r f a c e s . E n e r g y C o n v e r s i o n a n d M a n a g e m e n t 2 5 , p p
1 1 9 2 6 , 1 9 8 5
2 0 I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n e r g y A g e n c y H e a t P u m p C e n t r e . H e a t P u m p s : a n o p p o r t u n i t y f o r r e d u c i n g t h e g r e e n h o u s e e f f e c t ( B r o c h u r e ) , T h e N e t h e r l a n d s , 1 9 9 7 .
2 1 K A Y G U S U Z K , I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f a c o m b i n e d s o l a r - h e a t p u m p s y s t e m f o r r e s i d e n t i a l h e a t i n g . P a r t 2 : s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s . I n t . J . E n e r g y R e s . 2 3 , p p 1 2 2 5 3 7 , 1 9 9 9
2 2 I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n e r g y A g e n c y ( I E A ) . I m p l e m e n t i n g a g r e e m e n t o n p h o t o v o l t a i c p o w e r s y s t e m s . A n n u a l R e p o r t , R o m e , 1 9 9 5 .
2 3 T I R I S C , T i r i s M , E f f e c t o f c o l l e c t o r o r i e n t a t i o n o n s o l a r e n e r g y a v a i l a b i l i t y . E n e r g y C o n v e r s a t i o n M a n a g e m e n t 3 9 , p p 8 4 3 5 2 , 1 9 9 8
2 4 K A Y G U S U Z K , C a l c u l a t i o n o f r e q u i r e d c o l l e c t o r a r e a o f a s o l a r - a s s i s t e d s e r i e s h e a t p u m p f o r d o m e s t i c h e a t i n g .
E n e r g y S o u r c e s 2 2 ( 3 ) , p p 2 4 7 5 6 , 2 0 0 2
2 5 A H I N V , F u t u r e v i e w o f T u r k i s h e n e r g y s e c t o r : s u p p l y , d e m a n d a n d p o l i c i e s ( T u r k i s h ) p u b l i s h e d b y T U S I A D , I s t a n b u l , 1 9 9 4 .
2 6 W o r l d E n e r g y C o u n c i l T u r k i s h N a t i o n a l C o m m i t t e e ( W E C T N C ) , E n e r g y r e p o r t o f T u r k e y i n 1 9 9 8 , A n k a r a ( T u r k e y ) , 1 9 9 9
2 7 V I T R I V I U S , T h e T e n B o o k s o n A r c h i t e c t u r e , B o o k 1 , H e i n e m a n n , L o n d o n , 1 9 3 1
2 8 V o r l e s u n g s s k r i p t e A r c h i t e k t u r t h e o r i e , F a c h g e b i e t A r c h i t e k t u r t h e o r i e , T e c h n i s c h e U n i v e r s i t t B e r l i n , 2 0 0 7 , B e r l i n
2 9 U S E M A N N K , E n t w i c k l u n g v o n H e i z u n g s - u n d L f t u n g s t e c h n i k z u r W i s s e n s c h a f t , O l d e n b o u r g V e r l a g , M n c h e n , 1 9 9 3


2 4 5

3 0 B M V B W , V e r o r d n u n g b e r e n e r g i e s p a r e n d e n W r m e s c h u t z u n d e n e r g i e s p a r a n d e A n l a g e n t e c h n i k b e i G e b u d e n ( E n e r g i e e i n s p a r v e r o r d n u n g E N E V ) , B u n d e s g e s e t z b l a t t
j a h r g a n g 2 0 0 1 T e i l 1 N r 5 9 , B o n n , 2 0 0 1
3 1 B u n d e s m i n i s t e r i u m f r F o r s c h u n g u n d T e c h n o l o g i e , B a u u n d E n e r g i e - B a u l i c h e M a n a h m e n z u r v e r s t r k t e n S o n n e n e n e r g i e n u t z u n g i m W o h n b a u , V e r l a g T V R h e i n l a n d ,
B o n n , 1 9 8 3
3 2 S T A R K T , U n t e r s u c h u n g e n z u r A k t i v e n N u t z u n g E r n e u e r b a r e r E n e r g i e a m B e i s p i e l e i n e s W o h n - u n d e i n e s B r o g e b u d e s , F r a u n h o f e r I R B V e r l a g , S t u t t g a r t , 2 0 0 4
3 3 V O S S K , e t . a l . , E n e r g i e e f f i z i e n z u n d S o l a r e n e r g i e n u t u n g i m N i c h t w o h n u n g s b a u - K o n z e p t e u d n B a u t e n , F r a u n h o f e r I n s t i t u t e f r S o l a r e E n e r g i e s y s t e m e , F r e i b u r g , 2 0 0 1
3 4 F i n a l p r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e S y m p o s i u m E c o o g i c a l a n d S t r u c t u r a l F u t u r e o f B o d r u m P e n i n s u l a 2 0 0 8
3 5 K A Y G U S U Z K , K a r g H , K a y g u s u z A , R o l e o f t h e c l e a n e n e r g y p o t e n t i a l f o r e n e r g y s a v i n g s a n d a i r p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l i n T u r k e y . E n e r g y S o u r c e s 1 8 , p p 8 8 5 9 0 1 , 1 9 9 6
3 6 A r t i c e l s o f A s s o c i a t i o n o f E n e r g i e c i t e s , a d o p t e d d u r i n g t h e G e n e r a l M e e t i n g N e w c a s t l e u p o n T y n e , 4 D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 4 a n d m o d i f i e d i n S t r a s b o u r g , 1 3 r d F e b r u a r y 1 9 9 7 a n d
i n S o u t h w a r k , 5 t h A p r i l 2 0 0 1
3 7 E n e r g i e C i t e s , C a t a l o g u e o f g o o d p r a c t i c e c a s e s t u d i e s i n e u r o p e a n t o w n s a n d c i t i e s 1 9 9 5 - 2 0 0 2 , 2 0 0 2
3 8 L e m k e C R , S t e i n B , P o p u l a t i o n C l i m a t e E n e r g y : S c e n a r i o s t o 2 0 5 0 , C l i m a t e 2 0 0 8 C o n f e r e n c e , H a m b u r g .
3 9 S t a t e I n s t i t u t e o f S t a t i s t i c s ( D I E ) , S t a t i s t i c Y e a r b o o k o f T u r k e y i n 1 9 9 7 . R e p u b l i c o f T u r k e y ( A n k a r a ) P r i m e M i n i s t r y , 1 9 9 8 .
4 0 U N C o r e d o c u m e n t f o r m i n g p a r t o f t h e r e p o r t s o f s t a t e s p a r t i e s R e p u b l i c o f T u r k e y , G E . 0 1 - 4 4 9 2 5 ( e n ) , O c t o b e r 2 0 0 1
4 1 M e t e o r o l o g y D e p a r t m e n t o f R e p u b l i c o f T u r k e y , w w w . m e t e o r . g o v
4 2 M V V c o n s u l t a n t s a n d e n g i n e e r s , E n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y n e e d s a s s e s s m e n t i n T u r k e y , I m p r o v e m e n t o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y i n T u r k e y , A n k a r a , A p r i l 2 0 0 4
4 3 G e n e r a l D i r e c t o r a t e o f E l e c t r i c a l P o w e r R e s o u r c e s S u r v e y a n d D e v e l o p m e n t A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , S o l a r e n e r g y i n T u r k e y , w w w . e i e . g o v . t r
4 4 T u r k i s h S t a n d a r d I n s t i t u t e T S E ( T r k S t a n d a r t l a r i E n s t i t s ) , w w w . t s e . o r g . t r
4 5 D I L M A S , K e s e n N , A c o m p a r i s i o n o f n e w T u r k i s h t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n s t a n d a r d T S 8 2 5 , I S O 9 1 6 4 , E N 8 3 2 , a n d G e r m a n r e g u l a t i o n , E n e r g y a n d B u i l d i n g 3 5 , p p 1 6 1 -
1 7 4 , 2 0 0 3
4 6 R e p u b l i c o f T u r k e y M i n i s t r y o f E n v i r o n m e n t a n d F o r e s t r y , T u r k i s h S t a t e M e t e o r o l o g i c a l S e r v i c e , w w w . m e t e o r o l o j i . g o v . t r
4 7 B Y K A L A C A O , B u l u t H , Y i l m a z T , A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a b l e - b a s e h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s f o r T u r k e y , A p p l i e d E n e r g y 6 9 , p p 2 6 9 2 8 3 , 2 0 0 1
4 8 M A T Z A R A K S A , B a l a f o u t i s C , H e a t i n g d e g r e e - d a y s o v e r G r e e c e a s a n i n d e x o f e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n , I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l o f C l i m a t o l o g y , 2 0 0 4
4 9 E n e r g y C i t e s K e y S t u d y w i t h m u n i c i p a l c o o p e r a t i o n o f K a l a m a t a ( G r e e c e ) , B i o c l i m a t i s m i n K a l a m a t a , 2 0 0 2
5 0 G E I G E R R , A r o n R H , T o d h u n t e r P , T h e c l i m a t e n e a r t h e g r o u n d , s i x t h e d i t i o n , R o w m a n a n d L i t t l e f i e l d P u b l i s h e r s , L a n h a m , U S A , 2 0 0 3
5 1 O K T A Y D , D e s i g n w i t h t h e c l i m a t e i n h o u s i n g e n v i r o n m e n t s : a n a n a l y s i s i n N o r t h e r n C y p r u s , B u i l d i n g a n d E n v i r o n m e n t 3 2 , 2 0 0 2
5 2 A r c h i t e c t u r e A s s o c i a t i o n o f B o d r u m , B o d r u m - O r t a k e n t - M s g e b i ( T u r k i s h ) , 2 0 0 1 ,
5 3 C R O S B Y T , A r c h i t e c t u r e : c i t y s e n s e . N e w Y o r k : R e i n h o l d P u b l i c a t i o n , 1 9 7 3 .
5 4 B R O A D B E N T G , E m e r g i n g c o n c e p t s i n u r b a n s p a c e d e s i g n , V a n N o s t r a n d R e i n h o l d , N e w Y o r k , 1 9 9 0 .
5 5 G O L D S T E E N J

B , E l l i o t C D , D e s i g n i n g A m e r i c a : c r e a t i n g u r b a n i d e n t i t y ,

V a n N o s t r a n d R e i n h o l d , N e w Y o r k , 1 9 9 4 .
5 6 K O E N I G S B E R G E R O

H , I n g e r s o l T

G , A l a n M , S z o k o l a y S

V , M a n u a l o f t r o p i c a l h o u s i n g a n d b u i l d i n g - P a r t 1 : C l i m a t i c d e s i g n , L o n g m a n 9 1 9 7 3 0 , L o n d o n , 1 9 8 0 .
5 7 W E R N E R P , S u k k o p p H , N a t u r e i n c i t i e s , C o u n c i l o f E u r o p e , S t r a s b o u r g , 1 9 8 2 .
5 8 G I V O N I B , U r b a n d e s i g n f o r d i f f e r e n t c l i m a t e s , W o r l d M e t e o r o l o g i c a l O r g a n i z a t i o n . T D - N o . 3 4 6 , 1 9 8 9 .
5 9 S P I L L E R M , R o o f g a r d e n s a n d g r e e n f a c a d e s f o r t h e i m p r o v e m e n t o f u r b a n e n v i r o n m e n t s , T h e s i s B . L . A r c h , U n i v e r s i t y o f N S W , 1 9 9 3 .
6 0 A K B A R I H , S h a d e t r e e s r e d u c e b u i l d i n g e n e r g y u s e a n d C O 2 e m i s s i o n s f r o m p o w e r p l a n t s , E n v i r o n m e n t a l P o l l u t i o n 1 1 6 , p p 1 1 9 1 2 6 , 2 0 0 2
6 1 E U T A R E B P o r j e c t , S p e c i a l i s t M o d u l s o f E u r o p e a n M a s t e r s C o u r s e : I n t e g r a t i n g R e n e w a b l e E n e r g i e s i n B u i l d i n g s , L o n d o n M e t r o p o l i t a n U n i v e r s t y , 2 0 0 4
6 2 P A P A D O P O U L O S A M , T h e i n f l u e n c e o f s t r e e t c a n y o n s o n t h e c o o l i n g l o a d s o f b u i l d i n g s a n d t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g s y s t e m s . E n e r g y a n d B u i l d i n g s 3 3 , p p
6 0 1 6 0 7 , 2 0 0 1
6 3 R O B I T U M , M u s y M , I n a r d C , a n d G r o l e a u D , M o d e l i n g t h e i n f l u e n c e o f v e g e t a t i o n a n d w a t e r p o n d o n u r b a n m i c r o c l i m a t e , S o l a r E n e r g y V o l u m e 8 0 , I s s u e 4 , p p 4 3 5 -
4 4 7 , 2 0 0 6


2 4 5

3 0 B M V B W , V e r o r d n u n g b e r e n e r g i e s p a r e n d e n W r m e s c h u t z u n d e n e r g i e s p a r a n d e A n l a g e n t e c h n i k b e i G e b u d e n ( E n e r g i e e i n s p a r v e r o r d n u n g E N E V ) , B u n d e s g e s e t z b l a t t
j a h r g a n g 2 0 0 1 T e i l 1 N r 5 9 , B o n n , 2 0 0 1
3 1 B u n d e s m i n i s t e r i u m f r F o r s c h u n g u n d T e c h n o l o g i e , B a u u n d E n e r g i e - B a u l i c h e M a n a h m e n z u r v e r s t r k t e n S o n n e n e n e r g i e n u t z u n g i m W o h n b a u , V e r l a g T V R h e i n l a n d ,
B o n n , 1 9 8 3
3 2 S T A R K T , U n t e r s u c h u n g e n z u r A k t i v e n N u t z u n g E r n e u e r b a r e r E n e r g i e a m B e i s p i e l e i n e s W o h n - u n d e i n e s B r o g e b u d e s , F r a u n h o f e r I R B V e r l a g , S t u t t g a r t , 2 0 0 4
3 3 V O S S K , e t . a l . , E n e r g i e e f f i z i e n z u n d S o l a r e n e r g i e n u t u n g i m N i c h t w o h n u n g s b a u - K o n z e p t e u d n B a u t e n , F r a u n h o f e r I n s t i t u t e f r S o l a r e E n e r g i e s y s t e m e , F r e i b u r g , 2 0 0 1
3 4 F i n a l p r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e S y m p o s i u m E c o o g i c a l a n d S t r u c t u r a l F u t u r e o f B o d r u m P e n i n s u l a 2 0 0 8
3 5 K A Y G U S U Z K , K a r g H , K a y g u s u z A , R o l e o f t h e c l e a n e n e r g y p o t e n t i a l f o r e n e r g y s a v i n g s a n d a i r p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l i n T u r k e y . E n e r g y S o u r c e s 1 8 , p p 8 8 5 9 0 1 , 1 9 9 6
3 6 A r t i c e l s o f A s s o c i a t i o n o f E n e r g i e c i t e s , a d o p t e d d u r i n g t h e G e n e r a l M e e t i n g N e w c a s t l e u p o n T y n e , 4 D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 4 a n d m o d i f i e d i n S t r a s b o u r g , 1 3 r d F e b r u a r y 1 9 9 7 a n d
i n S o u t h w a r k , 5 t h A p r i l 2 0 0 1
3 7 E n e r g i e C i t e s , C a t a l o g u e o f g o o d p r a c t i c e c a s e s t u d i e s i n e u r o p e a n t o w n s a n d c i t i e s 1 9 9 5 - 2 0 0 2 , 2 0 0 2
3 8 L e m k e C R , S t e i n B , P o p u l a t i o n C l i m a t e E n e r g y : S c e n a r i o s t o 2 0 5 0 , C l i m a t e 2 0 0 8 C o n f e r e n c e , H a m b u r g .
3 9 S t a t e I n s t i t u t e o f S t a t i s t i c s ( D I E ) , S t a t i s t i c Y e a r b o o k o f T u r k e y i n 1 9 9 7 . R e p u b l i c o f T u r k e y ( A n k a r a ) P r i m e M i n i s t r y , 1 9 9 8 .
4 0 U N C o r e d o c u m e n t f o r m i n g p a r t o f t h e r e p o r t s o f s t a t e s p a r t i e s R e p u b l i c o f T u r k e y , G E . 0 1 - 4 4 9 2 5 ( e n ) , O c t o b e r 2 0 0 1
4 1 M e t e o r o l o g y D e p a r t m e n t o f R e p u b l i c o f T u r k e y , w w w . m e t e o r . g o v
4 2 M V V c o n s u l t a n t s a n d e n g i n e e r s , E n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y n e e d s a s s e s s m e n t i n T u r k e y , I m p r o v e m e n t o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y i n T u r k e y , A n k a r a , A p r i l 2 0 0 4
4 3 G e n e r a l D i r e c t o r a t e o f E l e c t r i c a l P o w e r R e s o u r c e s S u r v e y a n d D e v e l o p m e n t A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , S o l a r e n e r g y i n T u r k e y , w w w . e i e . g o v . t r
4 4 T u r k i s h S t a n d a r d I n s t i t u t e T S E ( T r k S t a n d a r t l a r i E n s t i t s ) , w w w . t s e . o r g . t r
4 5 D I L M A S , K e s e n N , A c o m p a r i s i o n o f n e w T u r k i s h t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n s t a n d a r d T S 8 2 5 , I S O 9 1 6 4 , E N 8 3 2 , a n d G e r m a n r e g u l a t i o n , E n e r g y a n d B u i l d i n g 3 5 , p p 1 6 1 -
1 7 4 , 2 0 0 3
4 6 R e p u b l i c o f T u r k e y M i n i s t r y o f E n v i r o n m e n t a n d F o r e s t r y , T u r k i s h S t a t e M e t e o r o l o g i c a l S e r v i c e , w w w . m e t e o r o l o j i . g o v . t r
4 7 B Y K A L A C A O , B u l u t H , Y i l m a z T , A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a b l e - b a s e h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s f o r T u r k e y , A p p l i e d E n e r g y 6 9 , p p 2 6 9 2 8 3 , 2 0 0 1
4 8 M A T Z A R A K S A , B a l a f o u t i s C , H e a t i n g d e g r e e - d a y s o v e r G r e e c e a s a n i n d e x o f e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n , I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l o f C l i m a t o l o g y , 2 0 0 4
4 9 E n e r g y C i t e s K e y S t u d y w i t h m u n i c i p a l c o o p e r a t i o n o f K a l a m a t a ( G r e e c e ) , B i o c l i m a t i s m i n K a l a m a t a , 2 0 0 2
5 0 G E I G E R R , A r o n R H , T o d h u n t e r P , T h e c l i m a t e n e a r t h e g r o u n d , s i x t h e d i t i o n , R o w m a n a n d L i t t l e f i e l d P u b l i s h e r s , L a n h a m , U S A , 2 0 0 3
5 1 O K T A Y D , D e s i g n w i t h t h e c l i m a t e i n h o u s i n g e n v i r o n m e n t s : a n a n a l y s i s i n N o r t h e r n C y p r u s , B u i l d i n g a n d E n v i r o n m e n t 3 2 , 2 0 0 2
5 2 A r c h i t e c t u r e A s s o c i a t i o n o f B o d r u m , B o d r u m - O r t a k e n t - M s g e b i ( T u r k i s h ) , 2 0 0 1 ,
5 3 C R O S B Y T , A r c h i t e c t u r e : c i t y s e n s e . N e w Y o r k : R e i n h o l d P u b l i c a t i o n , 1 9 7 3 .
5 4 B R O A D B E N T G , E m e r g i n g c o n c e p t s i n u r b a n s p a c e d e s i g n , V a n N o s t r a n d R e i n h o l d , N e w Y o r k , 1 9 9 0 .
5 5 G O L D S T E E N J

B , E l l i o t C D , D e s i g n i n g A m e r i c a : c r e a t i n g u r b a n i d e n t i t y ,

V a n N o s t r a n d R e i n h o l d , N e w Y o r k , 1 9 9 4 .
5 6 K O E N I G S B E R G E R O

H , I n g e r s o l T

G , A l a n M , S z o k o l a y S

V , M a n u a l o f t r o p i c a l h o u s i n g a n d b u i l d i n g - P a r t 1 : C l i m a t i c d e s i g n , L o n g m a n 9 1 9 7 3 0 , L o n d o n , 1 9 8 0 .
5 7 W E R N E R P , S u k k o p p H , N a t u r e i n c i t i e s , C o u n c i l o f E u r o p e , S t r a s b o u r g , 1 9 8 2 .
5 8 G I V O N I B , U r b a n d e s i g n f o r d i f f e r e n t c l i m a t e s , W o r l d M e t e o r o l o g i c a l O r g a n i z a t i o n . T D - N o . 3 4 6 , 1 9 8 9 .
5 9 S P I L L E R M , R o o f g a r d e n s a n d g r e e n f a c a d e s f o r t h e i m p r o v e m e n t o f u r b a n e n v i r o n m e n t s , T h e s i s B . L . A r c h , U n i v e r s i t y o f N S W , 1 9 9 3 .
6 0 A K B A R I H , S h a d e t r e e s r e d u c e b u i l d i n g e n e r g y u s e a n d C O 2 e m i s s i o n s f r o m p o w e r p l a n t s , E n v i r o n m e n t a l P o l l u t i o n 1 1 6 , p p 1 1 9 1 2 6 , 2 0 0 2
6 1 E U T A R E B P o r j e c t , S p e c i a l i s t M o d u l s o f E u r o p e a n M a s t e r s C o u r s e : I n t e g r a t i n g R e n e w a b l e E n e r g i e s i n B u i l d i n g s , L o n d o n M e t r o p o l i t a n U n i v e r s t y , 2 0 0 4
6 2 P A P A D O P O U L O S A M , T h e i n f l u e n c e o f s t r e e t c a n y o n s o n t h e c o o l i n g l o a d s o f b u i l d i n g s a n d t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g s y s t e m s . E n e r g y a n d B u i l d i n g s 3 3 , p p
6 0 1 6 0 7 , 2 0 0 1
6 3 R O B I T U M , M u s y M , I n a r d C , a n d G r o l e a u D , M o d e l i n g t h e i n f l u e n c e o f v e g e t a t i o n a n d w a t e r p o n d o n u r b a n m i c r o c l i m a t e , S o l a r E n e r g y V o l u m e 8 0 , I s s u e 4 , p p 4 3 5 -
4 4 7 , 2 0 0 6


245

30 BMVBW, Verordnung ber energiesparenden Wrmeschutz und energiesparande Anlagentechnik bei Gebuden (Energieeinsparverordnung ENEV), Bundesgesetzblatt
jahrgang 2001 Teil 1 Nr 59, Bonn, 2001
31 Bundesministerium fr Forschung und Technologie, Bau und Energie-Bauliche Manahmen zur verstrkten Sonnenenergienutzung im Wohnbau, Verlag TV Rheinland,
Bonn, 1983
32 STARK T, Untersuchungen zur Aktiven Nutzung Erneuerbarer Energie am Beispiel eines Wohn- und eines Brogebudes, Fraunhofer IRB Verlag, Stuttgart, 2004
33 VOSS K, et. al., Energieeffizienz und Solarenergienutung im Nichtwohnungsbau-Konzepte udn Bauten, Fraunhofer Institute fr Solare Energiesysteme, Freiburg, 2001
34 Final proceedings of the Symposium Ecoogical and Structural Future of Bodrum Peninsula 2008
35 KAYGUSUZ K, Karg H, Kaygusuz A, Role of the clean energy potential for energy savings and air pollution control in Turkey. Energy Sources 18, pp 885901, 1996
36 Articels of Association of Energiecites, adopted during the General Meeting Newcastle upon Tyne, 4 December 1994 and modified in Strasbourg, 13rd February 1997 and
in Southwark, 5th April 2001
37 Energie Cites, Catalogue of good practice case studies in european towns and cities 1995-2002, 2002
38 Lemke C R, Stein B, Population Climate Energy: Scenarios to 2050, Climate 2008 Conference, Hamburg.
39 State Institute of Statistics (DIE), Statistic Yearbook of Turkey in 1997. Republic of Turkey (Ankara) Prime Ministry, 1998.
40 UN Core document forming part of the reports of states parties Republic of Turkey, GE.01-44925(en), October 2001
41 Meteorology Department of Republic of Turkey, www.meteor.gov
42 MVV consultants and engineers, Energy efficiency needs assessment in Turkey, Improvement of energy efficiency in Turkey, Ankara, April 2004
43 General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration, Solar energy in Turkey, www.eie.gov.tr
44 Turkish Standard Institute TSE ( Trk Standartlari Enstits), www.tse.org.tr
45 DILMA S, Kesen N, A comparision of new Turkish thermal insulation standard TS 825, ISO 9164, EN 832, and German regulation, Energy and Building 35, pp 161-
174, 2003
46 Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Turkish State Meteorological Service, www.meteoroloji.gov.tr
47 BYKALACA O, Bulut H, Yilmaz T, Analysis of variable-base heating and cooling degree-days for Turkey, Applied Energy 69, pp 269283, 2001
48 MATZARAKS A, Balafoutis C, Heating degree-days over Greece as an index of energy consumption, International Journal of Climatology, 2004
49 Energy Cites Key Study with municipal cooperation of Kalamata(Greece),Bioclimatism in Kalamata,2002
50 GEIGER R, Aron R H, Todhunter P, The climate near the ground, sixth edition, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, USA, 2003
51 OKTAY D, Design with the climate in housing environments:an analysis in Northern Cyprus, Building and Environment 32, 2002
52 Architecture Association of Bodrum, Bodrum-Ortakent-Msgebi (Turkish), 2001,
53 CROSBY T, Architecture:city sense. New York:Reinhold Publication,1973.
54 BROADBENT G, Emerging concepts in urban space design, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1990.
55 GOLDSTEEN J

B, Elliot C D, Designing America:creating urban identity,

Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1994.
56 KOENIGSBERGER O

H, Ingersol T

G, Alan M, Szokolay S

V, Manual of tropical housing and building - Part 1: Climatic design, Longman 919730, London, 1980.
57 WERNER P, Sukkopp H, Nature in cities, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 1982.
58 GIVONI B, Urban design for different climates, World Meteorological Organization. TD-No. 346, 1989.
59 SPILLER M, Roof gardens and green facades for the improvement of urban environments, Thesis B. L. Arch, University of NSW, 1993.
60 AKBARI H, Shade trees reduce building energy use and CO2 emissions from power plants, Environmental Pollution 116, pp 119126, 2002
61 EU TAREB Porject, Specialist Moduls of European Masters Course: Integrating Renewable Energies in Buildings, London Metropolitan Universty, 2004
62 PAPADOPOULOS A M, The influence of street canyons on the cooling loads of buildings and the performance of air conditioning systems. Energy and Buildings 33, pp
601607, 2001
63 ROBITU M, Musy M, Inard C, and Groleau D, Modeling the influence of vegetation and water pond on urban microclimate, Solar Energy Volume 80, Issue 4, pp 435-
447, 2006


245

30 BMVBW, Verordnung ber energiesparenden Wrmeschutz und energiesparande Anlagentechnik bei Gebuden (Energieeinsparverordnung ENEV), Bundesgesetzblatt
jahrgang 2001 Teil 1 Nr 59, Bonn, 2001
31 Bundesministerium fr Forschung und Technologie, Bau und Energie-Bauliche Manahmen zur verstrkten Sonnenenergienutzung im Wohnbau, Verlag TV Rheinland,
Bonn, 1983
32 STARK T, Untersuchungen zur Aktiven Nutzung Erneuerbarer Energie am Beispiel eines Wohn- und eines Brogebudes, Fraunhofer IRB Verlag, Stuttgart, 2004
33 VOSS K, et. al., Energieeffizienz und Solarenergienutung im Nichtwohnungsbau-Konzepte udn Bauten, Fraunhofer Institute fr Solare Energiesysteme, Freiburg, 2001
34 Final proceedings of the Symposium Ecoogical and Structural Future of Bodrum Peninsula 2008
35 KAYGUSUZ K, Karg H, Kaygusuz A, Role of the clean energy potential for energy savings and air pollution control in Turkey. Energy Sources 18, pp 885901, 1996
36 Articels of Association of Energiecites, adopted during the General Meeting Newcastle upon Tyne, 4 December 1994 and modified in Strasbourg, 13rd February 1997 and
in Southwark, 5th April 2001
37 Energie Cites, Catalogue of good practice case studies in european towns and cities 1995-2002, 2002
38 Lemke C R, Stein B, Population Climate Energy: Scenarios to 2050, Climate 2008 Conference, Hamburg.
39 State Institute of Statistics (DIE), Statistic Yearbook of Turkey in 1997. Republic of Turkey (Ankara) Prime Ministry, 1998.
40 UN Core document forming part of the reports of states parties Republic of Turkey, GE.01-44925(en), October 2001
41 Meteorology Department of Republic of Turkey, www.meteor.gov
42 MVV consultants and engineers, Energy efficiency needs assessment in Turkey, Improvement of energy efficiency in Turkey, Ankara, April 2004
43 General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration, Solar energy in Turkey, www.eie.gov.tr
44 Turkish Standard Institute TSE ( Trk Standartlari Enstits), www.tse.org.tr
45 DILMA S, Kesen N, A comparision of new Turkish thermal insulation standard TS 825, ISO 9164, EN 832, and German regulation, Energy and Building 35, pp 161-
174, 2003
46 Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Turkish State Meteorological Service, www.meteoroloji.gov.tr
47 BYKALACA O, Bulut H, Yilmaz T, Analysis of variable-base heating and cooling degree-days for Turkey, Applied Energy 69, pp 269283, 2001
48 MATZARAKS A, Balafoutis C, Heating degree-days over Greece as an index of energy consumption, International Journal of Climatology, 2004
49 Energy Cites Key Study with municipal cooperation of Kalamata(Greece),Bioclimatism in Kalamata,2002
50 GEIGER R, Aron R H, Todhunter P, The climate near the ground, sixth edition, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, USA, 2003
51 OKTAY D, Design with the climate in housing environments:an analysis in Northern Cyprus, Building and Environment 32, 2002
52 Architecture Association of Bodrum, Bodrum-Ortakent-Msgebi (Turkish), 2001,
53 CROSBY T, Architecture:city sense. New York:Reinhold Publication,1973.
54 BROADBENT G, Emerging concepts in urban space design, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1990.
55 GOLDSTEEN J

B, Elliot C D, Designing America:creating urban identity,

Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1994.
56 KOENIGSBERGER O

H, Ingersol T

G, Alan M, Szokolay S

V, Manual of tropical housing and building - Part 1: Climatic design, Longman 919730, London, 1980.
57 WERNER P, Sukkopp H, Nature in cities, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 1982.
58 GIVONI B, Urban design for different climates, World Meteorological Organization. TD-No. 346, 1989.
59 SPILLER M, Roof gardens and green facades for the improvement of urban environments, Thesis B. L. Arch, University of NSW, 1993.
60 AKBARI H, Shade trees reduce building energy use and CO2 emissions from power plants, Environmental Pollution 116, pp 119126, 2002
61 EU TAREB Porject, Specialist Moduls of European Masters Course: Integrating Renewable Energies in Buildings, London Metropolitan Universty, 2004
62 PAPADOPOULOS A M, The influence of street canyons on the cooling loads of buildings and the performance of air conditioning systems. Energy and Buildings 33, pp
601607, 2001
63 ROBITU M, Musy M, Inard C, and Groleau D, Modeling the influence of vegetation and water pond on urban microclimate, Solar Energy Volume 80, Issue 4, pp 435-
447, 2006


246

64 GIVONI B, La Roche P, Indirect evaporative cooling with an outdoor pond. In: Proceedings of Architecture, City, Environment, PLEA 2000, James & James, Cambridge,
UK, pp 310311.
65 NORRIS M, Shiels P, Regular national report on housing developments in European countries. Synthesis report. Dublin, Ireland: The Housing Unit; 2004.
66 IC. Construction growth expected to increase. International Construction 2005;44(1):123.
67 ORUN A B, Alkis A, Material identification by surface reflection analysis in combination with bundle adjustment technique, Pattern Recognition Letters, Volume 24,
Issues 9-10, pp 1589-1598, 2003
68 SHAW A, Energy Design for Architects, The Fairmont Press, Lilburn,1989
69 KAZMAOLU M, Architectural Yearbook 2- Architecture in Turkey, Koleksiyon Publications, Istanbul, 2004
70 MILNE M, Givoni B, Architectural design based on climate. In: Watson D, editor. Energy conservation
through building design, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1979.
71 LOMAS K J, Architectural design of an advanced naturally ventilated building form , Energy and Buildings Volume 39, Issue 2 , pp 166-181, 2007
72 GEDK G

Z, Climatic design: an analysis of the old houses of Diyarbakr in the southeast region of Turkey. Architectural Science Review 47, pp 110, 2004
73 GIVONI B, Man, climate and architecture. 2nd ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1969.
74 MUHAISEN S

A, Solar performance of courtyard buildings with different forms and various climatic regions, using a new computer model. PhD thesis, The University
of Nottingham, 2005.
75 RUNSHENG T, Meir I A, Etzion Y, An analysis of absorbed radiation by domed and vaulted roofs as compared with flat roofs, Energy and Buildings Volume 35, Issue 6
, pp 539-548, 2003
76 ZDENIZ M B, Haner P, Suitable roof constructions for warm climates-Gazimagusa case, Energy and Buildings, Volume 37, Issue 6 , pp 643-649, 2005
77 DEN OUDEN C, Steemers T C, Building 2000, Vol II, Kluwer Academic Publishers, London, 1992
78 RUNSHENG T, Meir I A,Wu T, Thermal performance of non air-conditioned buildings with vaulted roofs in comparison with flat roofs, Volume 41, Issue 3, pp 268-276,
2006
79 BAHADORI M

N, Passive cooling systems in Iranian architecture. Scientific American 238(2), pp 14454, 1978
80 MISLI Z, Development of pre-design guidelines for passive solar architectural buildings in North Cyprus. MSc Thesis, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus;
June 2001.
81 KALOGIROU S A, Florides G, Tassou S, Energy analysis of buildings employing thermal mass in Cyprus, Renewable Energy Volume 27, Issue 3, pp 353-368, 2002
82 COFAIGH E O, Olley J, Lewis O, The CLimatic Dwelling, James&James Publishers, London, 1996
83 KALTSCHMITT M, Streicher

W, Wiese A, Erneuerbare Energieen: Systemtechnik, Wirtschaftlichkeit, Umweltaspekte, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2006
84 SAXHOF B, Energy Conservation The Building Envelop, European Directory of Energy Efficient Buildings, James&James Publishers, London, 1993
85 High Performance Building Construction Details: The IEA Tasks 13 Experience. Available from Task 13 National Contacts
86 BRAUN J

E, Reducing energy costs and peak electrical demand through optimal control of building thermal storage. ASHRAE Trans 96(2), pp 87688, 1990
87 DE WILDE P, Computational support for the selection of energy saving building. PhD Dissertation. Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands, 2004
88 GOULDING J R, Lewis J O, Steemers T C, Energy in Architecture, The European Passive Solar Handbook, Chrysalis Books, Dublin, 1992
89 www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/cfm/weather_data.cfm
90

AUGENBROE G, Hensen J, Building Simulation and Current Statue, Editorial: Simulation for better building design: Building and Environment, August 2004
91 MATHEWS E H, Richards P G, An efficient tool for future building design", Building and Environment 28 (4), 409-417, 1993
92 XIA C, Zhu Y, Lin B, Building Simulation as Assistance in the Conceptual Design, Build Simul (2008) 1: 4652, Tsinghua Press and Springer-Verlag, 2008
93 Interview with O. Alptekin, Manager of Pimas Corp., Reporter D.,C., Bilgin, Newspaper Hurriyet, 12.04.2006
94 CARMODY J, Selkowitz S, Arasteh D, Heschong L, Residential Windows: A Guide to New Technologies and Energy Performance, W.W. Norton & Company, New
York, 2000
95 PERSSON M, Ross A, Wall M, Influence of window size on the energy balance of low energy houses, Energy and Buildings 38 ,pp 181-188, 2006


246

64 GIVONI B, La Roche P, Indirect evaporative cooling with an outdoor pond. In: Proceedings of Architecture, City, Environment, PLEA 2000, James & James, Cambridge,
UK, pp 310311.
65 NORRIS M, Shiels P, Regular national report on housing developments in European countries. Synthesis report. Dublin, Ireland: The Housing Unit; 2004.
66 IC. Construction growth expected to increase. International Construction 2005;44(1):123.
67 ORUN A B, Alkis A, Material identification by surface reflection analysis in combination with bundle adjustment technique, Pattern Recognition Letters, Volume 24,
Issues 9-10, pp 1589-1598, 2003
68 SHAW A, Energy Design for Architects, The Fairmont Press, Lilburn,1989
69 KAZMAOLU M, Architectural Yearbook 2- Architecture in Turkey, Koleksiyon Publications, Istanbul, 2004
70 MILNE M, Givoni B, Architectural design based on climate. In: Watson D, editor. Energy conservation
through building design, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1979.
71 LOMAS K J, Architectural design of an advanced naturally ventilated building form , Energy and Buildings Volume 39, Issue 2 , pp 166-181, 2007
72 GEDK G

Z, Climatic design: an analysis of the old houses of Diyarbakr in the southeast region of Turkey. Architectural Science Review 47, pp 110, 2004
73 GIVONI B, Man, climate and architecture. 2nd ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1969.
74 MUHAISEN S

A, Solar performance of courtyard buildings with different forms and various climatic regions, using a new computer model. PhD thesis, The University
of Nottingham, 2005.
75 RUNSHENG T, Meir I A, Etzion Y, An analysis of absorbed radiation by domed and vaulted roofs as compared with flat roofs, Energy and Buildings Volume 35, Issue 6
, pp 539-548, 2003
76 ZDENIZ M B, Haner P, Suitable roof constructions for warm climates-Gazimagusa case, Energy and Buildings, Volume 37, Issue 6 , pp 643-649, 2005
77 DEN OUDEN C, Steemers T C, Building 2000, Vol II, Kluwer Academic Publishers, London, 1992
78 RUNSHENG T, Meir I A,Wu T, Thermal performance of non air-conditioned buildings with vaulted roofs in comparison with flat roofs, Volume 41, Issue 3, pp 268-276,
2006
79 BAHADORI M

N, Passive cooling systems in Iranian architecture. Scientific American 238(2), pp 14454, 1978
80 MISLI Z, Development of pre-design guidelines for passive solar architectural buildings in North Cyprus. MSc Thesis, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus;
June 2001.
81 KALOGIROU S A, Florides G, Tassou S, Energy analysis of buildings employing thermal mass in Cyprus, Renewable Energy Volume 27, Issue 3, pp 353-368, 2002
82 COFAIGH E O, Olley J, Lewis O, The CLimatic Dwelling, James&James Publishers, London, 1996
83 KALTSCHMITT M, Streicher

W, Wiese A, Erneuerbare Energieen: Systemtechnik, Wirtschaftlichkeit, Umweltaspekte, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2006
84 SAXHOF B, Energy Conservation The Building Envelop, European Directory of Energy Efficient Buildings, James&James Publishers, London, 1993
85 High Performance Building Construction Details: The IEA Tasks 13 Experience. Available from Task 13 National Contacts
86 BRAUN J

E, Reducing energy costs and peak electrical demand through optimal control of building thermal storage. ASHRAE Trans 96(2), pp 87688, 1990
87 DE WILDE P, Computational support for the selection of energy saving building. PhD Dissertation. Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands, 2004
88 GOULDING J R, Lewis J O, Steemers T C, Energy in Architecture, The European Passive Solar Handbook, Chrysalis Books, Dublin, 1992
89 www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/cfm/weather_data.cfm
90

AUGENBROE G, Hensen J, Building Simulation and Current Statue, Editorial: Simulation for better building design: Building and Environment, August 2004
91 MATHEWS E H, Richards P G, An efficient tool for future building design", Building and Environment 28 (4), 409-417, 1993
92 XIA C, Zhu Y, Lin B, Building Simulation as Assistance in the Conceptual Design, Build Simul (2008) 1: 4652, Tsinghua Press and Springer-Verlag, 2008
93 Interview with O. Alptekin, Manager of Pimas Corp., Reporter D.,C., Bilgin, Newspaper Hurriyet, 12.04.2006
94 CARMODY J, Selkowitz S, Arasteh D, Heschong L, Residential Windows: A Guide to New Technologies and Energy Performance, W.W. Norton & Company, New
York, 2000
95 PERSSON M, Ross A, Wall M, Influence of window size on the energy balance of low energy houses, Energy and Buildings 38 ,pp 181-188, 2006


2 4 6

6 4 G I V O N I B , L a R o c h e P , I n d i r e c t e v a p o r a t i v e c o o l i n g w i t h a n o u t d o o r p o n d . I n : P r o c e e d i n g s o f A r c h i t e c t u r e , C i t y , E n v i r o n m e n t , P L E A 2 0 0 0 , J a m e s & J a m e s , C a m b r i d g e ,
U K , p p 3 1 0 3 1 1 .
6 5 N O R R I S M , S h i e l s P , R e g u l a r n a t i o n a l r e p o r t o n h o u s i n g d e v e l o p m e n t s i n E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e s . S y n t h e s i s r e p o r t . D u b l i n , I r e l a n d : T h e H o u s i n g U n i t ; 2 0 0 4 .
6 6 I C . C o n s t r u c t i o n g r o w t h e x p e c t e d t o i n c r e a s e . I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n s t r u c t i o n 2 0 0 5 ; 4 4 ( 1 ) : 1 2 3 .
6 7 O R U N A B , A l k i s A , M a t e r i a l i d e n t i f i c a t i o n b y s u r f a c e r e f l e c t i o n a n a l y s i s i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h b u n d l e a d j u s t m e n t t e c h n i q u e , P a t t e r n R e c o g n i t i o n L e t t e r s , V o l u m e 2 4 ,
I s s u e s 9 - 1 0 , p p 1 5 8 9 - 1 5 9 8 , 2 0 0 3
6 8 S H A W A , E n e r g y D e s i g n f o r A r c h i t e c t s , T h e F a i r m o n t P r e s s , L i l b u r n , 1 9 8 9
6 9 K A Z M A O L U M , A r c h i t e c t u r a l Y e a r b o o k 2 - A r c h i t e c t u r e i n T u r k e y , K o l e k s i y o n P u b l i c a t i o n s , I s t a n b u l , 2 0 0 4
7 0 M I L N E M , G i v o n i B , A r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s i g n b a s e d o n c l i m a t e . I n : W a t s o n D , e d i t o r . E n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n
t h r o u g h b u i l d i n g d e s i g n , M c G r a w - H i l l , N e w Y o r k , 1 9 7 9 .
7 1 L O M A S K J , A r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s i g n o f a n a d v a n c e d n a t u r a l l y v e n t i l a t e d b u i l d i n g f o r m , E n e r g y a n d B u i l d i n g s V o l u m e 3 9 , I s s u e 2 , p p 1 6 6 - 1 8 1 , 2 0 0 7
7 2 G E D K G

Z , C l i m a t i c d e s i g n : a n a n a l y s i s o f t h e o l d h o u s e s o f D i y a r b a k r i n t h e s o u t h e a s t r e g i o n o f T u r k e y . A r c h i t e c t u r a l S c i e n c e R e v i e w 4 7 , p p 1 1 0 , 2 0 0 4
7 3 G I V O N I B , M a n , c l i m a t e a n d a r c h i t e c t u r e . 2 n d e d , V a n N o s t r a n d R e i n h o l d , N e w Y o r k , 1 9 6 9 .
7 4 M U H A I S E N S

A , S o l a r p e r f o r m a n c e o f c o u r t y a r d b u i l d i n g s w i t h d i f f e r e n t f o r m s a n d v a r i o u s c l i m a t i c r e g i o n s , u s i n g a n e w c o m p u t e r m o d e l . P h D t h e s i s , T h e U n i v e r s i t y
o f N o t t i n g h a m , 2 0 0 5 .
7 5 R U N S H E N G T , M e i r I A , E t z i o n Y , A n a n a l y s i s o f a b s o r b e d r a d i a t i o n b y d o m e d a n d v a u l t e d r o o f s a s c o m p a r e d w i t h f l a t r o o f s , E n e r g y a n d B u i l d i n g s V o l u m e 3 5 , I s s u e 6
, p p 5 3 9 - 5 4 8 , 2 0 0 3
7 6 Z D E N I Z M B , H a n e r P , S u i t a b l e r o o f c o n s t r u c t i o n s f o r w a r m c l i m a t e s - G a z i m a g u s a c a s e , E n e r g y a n d B u i l d i n g s , V o l u m e 3 7 , I s s u e 6 , p p 6 4 3 - 6 4 9 , 2 0 0 5
7 7 D E N O U D E N C , S t e e m e r s T C , B u i l d i n g 2 0 0 0 , V o l I I , K l u w e r A c a d e m i c P u b l i s h e r s , L o n d o n , 1 9 9 2
7 8 R U N S H E N G T , M e i r I A , W u T , T h e r m a l p e r f o r m a n c e o f n o n a i r - c o n d i t i o n e d b u i l d i n g s w i t h v a u l t e d r o o f s i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h f l a t r o o f s , V o l u m e 4 1 , I s s u e 3 , p p 2 6 8 - 2 7 6 ,
2 0 0 6
7 9 B A H A D O R I M

N , P a s s i v e c o o l i n g s y s t e m s i n I r a n i a n a r c h i t e c t u r e . S c i e n t i f i c A m e r i c a n 2 3 8 ( 2 ) , p p 1 4 4 5 4 , 1 9 7 8
8 0 M I S L I Z , D e v e l o p m e n t o f p r e - d e s i g n g u i d e l i n e s f o r p a s s i v e s o l a r a r c h i t e c t u r a l b u i l d i n g s i n N o r t h C y p r u s . M S c T h e s i s , E a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n U n i v e r s i t y , N o r t h C y p r u s ;
J u n e 2 0 0 1 .
8 1 K A L O G I R O U S A , F l o r i d e s G , T a s s o u S , E n e r g y a n a l y s i s o f b u i l d i n g s e m p l o y i n g t h e r m a l m a s s i n C y p r u s , R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y V o l u m e 2 7 , I s s u e 3 , p p 3 5 3 - 3 6 8 , 2 0 0 2
8 2 C O F A I G H E O , O l l e y J , L e w i s O , T h e C L i m a t i c D w e l l i n g , J a m e s & J a m e s P u b l i s h e r s , L o n d o n , 1 9 9 6
8 3 K A L T S C H M I T T M , S t r e i c h e r

W , W i e s e A , E r n e u e r b a r e E n e r g i e e n : S y s t e m t e c h n i k , W i r t s c h a f t l i c h k e i t , U m w e l t a s p e k t e , S p r i n g e r V e r l a g , B e r l i n , 2 0 0 6
8 4 S A X H O F B , E n e r g y C o n s e r v a t i o n T h e B u i l d i n g E n v e l o p , E u r o p e a n D i r e c t o r y o f E n e r g y E f f i c i e n t B u i l d i n g s , J a m e s & J a m e s P u b l i s h e r s , L o n d o n , 1 9 9 3
8 5 H i g h P e r f o r m a n c e B u i l d i n g C o n s t r u c t i o n D e t a i l s : T h e I E A T a s k s 1 3 E x p e r i e n c e . A v a i l a b l e f r o m T a s k 1 3 N a t i o n a l C o n t a c t s
8 6 B R A U N J

E , R e d u c i n g e n e r g y c o s t s a n d p e a k e l e c t r i c a l d e m a n d t h r o u g h o p t i m a l c o n t r o l o f b u i l d i n g t h e r m a l s t o r a g e . A S H R A E T r a n s 9 6 ( 2 ) , p p 8 7 6 8 8 , 1 9 9 0
8 7 D E W I L D E P , C o m p u t a t i o n a l s u p p o r t f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n o f e n e r g y s a v i n g b u i l d i n g . P h D D i s s e r t a t i o n . D e l f t U n i v e r s i t y o f T e c h n o l o g y , t h e N e t h e r l a n d s , 2 0 0 4
8 8 G O U L D I N G J R , L e w i s J O , S t e e m e r s T C , E n e r g y i n A r c h i t e c t u r e , T h e E u r o p e a n P a s s i v e S o l a r H a n d b o o k , C h r y s a l i s B o o k s , D u b l i n , 1 9 9 2
8 9 w w w . e e r e . e n e r g y . g o v / b u i l d i n g s / e n e r g y p l u s / c f m / w e a t h e r _ d a t a . c f m
9 0

A U G E N B R O E G , H e n s e n J , B u i l d i n g S i m u l a t i o n a n d C u r r e n t S t a t u e , E d i t o r i a l : S i m u l a t i o n f o r b e t t e r b u i l d i n g d e s i g n : B u i l d i n g a n d E n v i r o n m e n t , A u g u s t 2 0 0 4
9 1 M A T H E W S E H , R i c h a r d s P G , A n e f f i c i e n t t o o l f o r f u t u r e b u i l d i n g d e s i g n " , B u i l d i n g a n d E n v i r o n m e n t 2 8 ( 4 ) , 4 0 9 - 4 1 7 , 1 9 9 3
9 2 X I A C , Z h u Y , L i n B , B u i l d i n g S i m u l a t i o n a s A s s i s t a n c e i n t h e C o n c e p t u a l D e s i g n , B u i l d S i m u l ( 2 0 0 8 ) 1 : 4 6 5 2 , T s i n g h u a P r e s s a n d S p r i n g e r - V e r l a g , 2 0 0 8
9 3 I n t e r v i e w w i t h O . A l p t e k i n , M a n a g e r o f P i m a s C o r p . , R e p o r t e r D . , C . , B i l g i n , N e w s p a p e r H u r r i y e t , 1 2 . 0 4 . 2 0 0 6
9 4 C A R M O D Y J , S e l k o w i t z S , A r a s t e h D , H e s c h o n g L , R e s i d e n t i a l W i n d o w s : A G u i d e t o N e w T e c h n o l o g i e s a n d E n e r g y P e r f o r m a n c e , W . W . N o r t o n & C o m p a n y , N e w
Y o r k , 2 0 0 0
9 5 P E R S S O N M , R o s s A , W a l l M , I n f l u e n c e o f w i n d o w s i z e o n t h e e n e r g y b a l a n c e o f l o w e n e r g y h o u s e s , E n e r g y a n d B u i l d i n g s 3 8 , p p 1 8 1 - 1 8 8 , 2 0 0 6


2 4 6

6 4 G I V O N I B , L a R o c h e P , I n d i r e c t e v a p o r a t i v e c o o l i n g w i t h a n o u t d o o r p o n d . I n : P r o c e e d i n g s o f A r c h i t e c t u r e , C i t y , E n v i r o n m e n t , P L E A 2 0 0 0 , J a m e s & J a m e s , C a m b r i d g e ,
U K , p p 3 1 0 3 1 1 .
6 5 N O R R I S M , S h i e l s P , R e g u l a r n a t i o n a l r e p o r t o n h o u s i n g d e v e l o p m e n t s i n E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e s . S y n t h e s i s r e p o r t . D u b l i n , I r e l a n d : T h e H o u s i n g U n i t ; 2 0 0 4 .
6 6 I C . C o n s t r u c t i o n g r o w t h e x p e c t e d t o i n c r e a s e . I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n s t r u c t i o n 2 0 0 5 ; 4 4 ( 1 ) : 1 2 3 .
6 7 O R U N A B , A l k i s A , M a t e r i a l i d e n t i f i c a t i o n b y s u r f a c e r e f l e c t i o n a n a l y s i s i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h b u n d l e a d j u s t m e n t t e c h n i q u e , P a t t e r n R e c o g n i t i o n L e t t e r s , V o l u m e 2 4 ,
I s s u e s 9 - 1 0 , p p 1 5 8 9 - 1 5 9 8 , 2 0 0 3
6 8 S H A W A , E n e r g y D e s i g n f o r A r c h i t e c t s , T h e F a i r m o n t P r e s s , L i l b u r n , 1 9 8 9
6 9 K A Z M A O L U M , A r c h i t e c t u r a l Y e a r b o o k 2 - A r c h i t e c t u r e i n T u r k e y , K o l e k s i y o n P u b l i c a t i o n s , I s t a n b u l , 2 0 0 4
7 0 M I L N E M , G i v o n i B , A r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s i g n b a s e d o n c l i m a t e . I n : W a t s o n D , e d i t o r . E n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n
t h r o u g h b u i l d i n g d e s i g n , M c G r a w - H i l l , N e w Y o r k , 1 9 7 9 .
7 1 L O M A S K J , A r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s i g n o f a n a d v a n c e d n a t u r a l l y v e n t i l a t e d b u i l d i n g f o r m , E n e r g y a n d B u i l d i n g s V o l u m e 3 9 , I s s u e 2 , p p 1 6 6 - 1 8 1 , 2 0 0 7
7 2 G E D K G

Z , C l i m a t i c d e s i g n : a n a n a l y s i s o f t h e o l d h o u s e s o f D i y a r b a k r i n t h e s o u t h e a s t r e g i o n o f T u r k e y . A r c h i t e c t u r a l S c i e n c e R e v i e w 4 7 , p p 1 1 0 , 2 0 0 4
7 3 G I V O N I B , M a n , c l i m a t e a n d a r c h i t e c t u r e . 2 n d e d , V a n N o s t r a n d R e i n h o l d , N e w Y o r k , 1 9 6 9 .
7 4 M U H A I S E N S

A , S o l a r p e r f o r m a n c e o f c o u r t y a r d b u i l d i n g s w i t h d i f f e r e n t f o r m s a n d v a r i o u s c l i m a t i c r e g i o n s , u s i n g a n e w c o m p u t e r m o d e l . P h D t h e s i s , T h e U n i v e r s i t y
o f N o t t i n g h a m , 2 0 0 5 .
7 5 R U N S H E N G T , M e i r I A , E t z i o n Y , A n a n a l y s i s o f a b s o r b e d r a d i a t i o n b y d o m e d a n d v a u l t e d r o o f s a s c o m p a r e d w i t h f l a t r o o f s , E n e r g y a n d B u i l d i n g s V o l u m e 3 5 , I s s u e 6
, p p 5 3 9 - 5 4 8 , 2 0 0 3
7 6 Z D E N I Z M B , H a n e r P , S u i t a b l e r o o f c o n s t r u c t i o n s f o r w a r m c l i m a t e s - G a z i m a g u s a c a s e , E n e r g y a n d B u i l d i n g s , V o l u m e 3 7 , I s s u e 6 , p p 6 4 3 - 6 4 9 , 2 0 0 5
7 7 D E N O U D E N C , S t e e m e r s T C , B u i l d i n g 2 0 0 0 , V o l I I , K l u w e r A c a d e m i c P u b l i s h e r s , L o n d o n , 1 9 9 2
7 8 R U N S H E N G T , M e i r I A , W u T , T h e r m a l p e r f o r m a n c e o f n o n a i r - c o n d i t i o n e d b u i l d i n g s w i t h v a u l t e d r o o f s i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h f l a t r o o f s , V o l u m e 4 1 , I s s u e 3 , p p 2 6 8 - 2 7 6 ,
2 0 0 6
7 9 B A H A D O R I M

N , P a s s i v e c o o l i n g s y s t e m s i n I r a n i a n a r c h i t e c t u r e . S c i e n t i f i c A m e r i c a n 2 3 8 ( 2 ) , p p 1 4 4 5 4 , 1 9 7 8
8 0 M I S L I Z , D e v e l o p m e n t o f p r e - d e s i g n g u i d e l i n e s f o r p a s s i v e s o l a r a r c h i t e c t u r a l b u i l d i n g s i n N o r t h C y p r u s . M S c T h e s i s , E a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n U n i v e r s i t y , N o r t h C y p r u s ;
J u n e 2 0 0 1 .
8 1 K A L O G I R O U S A , F l o r i d e s G , T a s s o u S , E n e r g y a n a l y s i s o f b u i l d i n g s e m p l o y i n g t h e r m a l m a s s i n C y p r u s , R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y V o l u m e 2 7 , I s s u e 3 , p p 3 5 3 - 3 6 8 , 2 0 0 2
8 2 C O F A I G H E O , O l l e y J , L e w i s O , T h e C L i m a t i c D w e l l i n g , J a m e s & J a m e s P u b l i s h e r s , L o n d o n , 1 9 9 6
8 3 K A L T S C H M I T T M , S t r e i c h e r

W , W i e s e A , E r n e u e r b a r e E n e r g i e e n : S y s t e m t e c h n i k , W i r t s c h a f t l i c h k e i t , U m w e l t a s p e k t e , S p r i n g e r V e r l a g , B e r l i n , 2 0 0 6
8 4 S A X H O F B , E n e r g y C o n s e r v a t i o n T h e B u i l d i n g E n v e l o p , E u r o p e a n D i r e c t o r y o f E n e r g y E f f i c i e n t B u i l d i n g s , J a m e s & J a m e s P u b l i s h e r s , L o n d o n , 1 9 9 3
8 5 H i g h P e r f o r m a n c e B u i l d i n g C o n s t r u c t i o n D e t a i l s : T h e I E A T a s k s 1 3 E x p e r i e n c e . A v a i l a b l e f r o m T a s k 1 3 N a t i o n a l C o n t a c t s
8 6 B R A U N J

E , R e d u c i n g e n e r g y c o s t s a n d p e a k e l e c t r i c a l d e m a n d t h r o u g h o p t i m a l c o n t r o l o f b u i l d i n g t h e r m a l s t o r a g e . A S H R A E T r a n s 9 6 ( 2 ) , p p 8 7 6 8 8 , 1 9 9 0
8 7 D E W I L D E P , C o m p u t a t i o n a l s u p p o r t f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n o f e n e r g y s a v i n g b u i l d i n g . P h D D i s s e r t a t i o n . D e l f t U n i v e r s i t y o f T e c h n o l o g y , t h e N e t h e r l a n d s , 2 0 0 4
8 8 G O U L D I N G J R , L e w i s J O , S t e e m e r s T C , E n e r g y i n A r c h i t e c t u r e , T h e E u r o p e a n P a s s i v e S o l a r H a n d b o o k , C h r y s a l i s B o o k s , D u b l i n , 1 9 9 2
8 9 w w w . e e r e . e n e r g y . g o v / b u i l d i n g s / e n e r g y p l u s / c f m / w e a t h e r _ d a t a . c f m
9 0

A U G E N B R O E G , H e n s e n J , B u i l d i n g S i m u l a t i o n a n d C u r r e n t S t a t u e , E d i t o r i a l : S i m u l a t i o n f o r b e t t e r b u i l d i n g d e s i g n : B u i l d i n g a n d E n v i r o n m e n t , A u g u s t 2 0 0 4
9 1 M A T H E W S E H , R i c h a r d s P G , A n e f f i c i e n t t o o l f o r f u t u r e b u i l d i n g d e s i g n " , B u i l d i n g a n d E n v i r o n m e n t 2 8 ( 4 ) , 4 0 9 - 4 1 7 , 1 9 9 3
9 2 X I A C , Z h u Y , L i n B , B u i l d i n g S i m u l a t i o n a s A s s i s t a n c e i n t h e C o n c e p t u a l D e s i g n , B u i l d S i m u l ( 2 0 0 8 ) 1 : 4 6 5 2 , T s i n g h u a P r e s s a n d S p r i n g e r - V e r l a g , 2 0 0 8
9 3 I n t e r v i e w w i t h O . A l p t e k i n , M a n a g e r o f P i m a s C o r p . , R e p o r t e r D . , C . , B i l g i n , N e w s p a p e r H u r r i y e t , 1 2 . 0 4 . 2 0 0 6
9 4 C A R M O D Y J , S e l k o w i t z S , A r a s t e h D , H e s c h o n g L , R e s i d e n t i a l W i n d o w s : A G u i d e t o N e w T e c h n o l o g i e s a n d E n e r g y P e r f o r m a n c e , W . W . N o r t o n & C o m p a n y , N e w
Y o r k , 2 0 0 0
9 5 P E R S S O N M , R o s s A , W a l l M , I n f l u e n c e o f w i n d o w s i z e o n t h e e n e r g y b a l a n c e o f l o w e n e r g y h o u s e s , E n e r g y a n d B u i l d i n g s 3 8 , p p 1 8 1 - 1 8 8 , 2 0 0 6


2 4 7

9 6 T r a k y a C a m A . S . w e b s i t e : h t t p : / / w w w . t r a k y a c a m . c o m . t r / T r a k y a C a m / e n /
9 7 T r a k y a C a m A . S . B i n a l a r d a I s i Y a l i t i m i i l e G n e s K n t r o l n n n e m i , W i n a r t J o u r n a l , D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 6
9 8 C U L P T D , L o w - E g l a s s : p i c k i n g t h e r i g h t t y p e , w w w . a r k e m a . c o m
9 9 L E F T H E R I O T I S G , Y i a n o u l i s P , C h r a c t e r i s a t i o n a n d s t a b i l i t y o f l o w - e m i t t a n c e m u l t i p l a c o a t i n g s f o r g l a z i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s , S o l a r E n e r g y M a t e r i a l s & S o l a r C e l s s 5 8 , p p
1 8 5 - 1 8 7 , 1 9 9 9
1 0 0 A t o f i n a C h e m i c a l s , T r a i l b l a z i n g ( a d v e r t i s e r f e a t u r e ) , A s i a n G l a s s m a g a z i n e , E n g l a n d , A u g u s t - S e p t e m b e r , 2 0 0 4
1 0 1 N I S S O N J

D , D u t t G , T h e s u p e r i n s u l a t e d h o m e b o o k , W i l e y , N e w Y o r k , 1 9 8 5
1 0 2 S O N G S Y , J o J H , Y e o M S , K i m Y D , S o n g K D , E v a l u a t i o n o f i n s i d e s u r f a c e c o n d e n s a t i o n i n d o u b l e g l a z i n g w i n d o w s y s t e m w i t h i n s u l a t i o n s p a c e r : A c a s e s t u d y o f
r e s i d e n t i a l c o m p l e x , B u i l d i n g a n d E n v i r o n m e n t 4 2 , p p 9 4 0 - 9 5 0 , 2 0 0 7
1 0 3 S Y R R A K O U E , P a p a e f t h i m i o u S , Y i a n o u l i s P , E c o - e f f i c i e n c y e v a l u a t i o n o f a s m a r t w i n d o w p r o t o t y p e , S c i e n c e o f t h e T o t a l E n v i r o n m e n t 3 5 9 , p p 2 6 7 - 2 8 2 , 2 0 0 6
1 0 4 T A V I L A , Y a m a n H , C e t i n e r I , P e r f o r m a n c e B a s e d W i n d o w s S e l e c t i o n M o d e l f o r R e s i d e n t i a l B u i l d i n g s , T h e 2 3 r d C o n f e r e n c e o n P a s s i v e a n d L o w E n e r g y A r c h i t e c t u r e ,
G e n e v a , S w i t z e r l a n d , 6 - 8 S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 6
1 0 5 S S M A N N , K a h y a E , A r a s N , A r a s H , D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f o p t i m u m i n s u l a t i o n t h i c k n e s s e s o f t h e e x t e r n a l w a l l s a n d r o o f ( c e i l i n g ) f o r T u r k e y s d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e - d a y
r e g i o n s , E n e r g y P o l i c y 3 5 , p p 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 5 , 2 0 0 7
1 0 6 C o u n c i l o f A m e r i c a n B u i l d i n g O f f i c i a l s , M o d e l E n e r g y C o d e , C o u n c i l o f A m e r i c a n B u i l d i n g O f f i c i a l s , 1 9 9 5
1 0 7 L E C H N E R N , H e a t i n g , c o o l i n g , l i g h t i n g d e s i g n m e t h o d s f o r a r c h i t e c t s , 2 n d e d . , W i l e y , N e w Y o r k , 2 0 0 1
1 0 8 O Z E L M , P i h t i l i K , I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e l o c a t i o n o f i n s u l a t i o n a p p l y i n g o n b u i l d i n g r o o f f r o m m a x i m u m l o a d l e v e l l i n g p o i n t o f v i e w , B u i l d i n g a n d
E n v i r o n m e n t 4 2 , p p 2 3 6 0 2 3 6 8 , 2 0 0 7
1 0 9 A L - H O M O U D M , P e r f o r m a n c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s o f c o m m o n b u i l d i n g t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l s , J o u r n a l B u i l d i n g a n d E n v i r o n m e n t 4 0 , p p
3 5 3 3 6 6 , 2 0 0 5
1 1 0 h t t p : / / w w w . e e r e . e n e r g y . g o v / b u i l d i n g s / c o m p o n e n t s / e n v e l o p e / i n s u l a t i o n . c f m .
1 1 1 A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y o f H e a t i n g , R e f r i g e r a t i n g , a n d A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g E n g i n e e r s ( A S H R A E ) , H a n d b o o k o f F u n d a m e n t a l s , A t l a n t a , G A , U S A , 2 0 0 1 [ C h a p t e r 2 3 ] .
1 1 2 M a s o n r y C o u n c i l o f C a n a d a , G u i d e t o e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y i n m a s o n r y a n d c o n c r e t e b u i l d i n g s , O n t . , C A , 1 9 8 2 .
1 1 3 B O Z K U R T H B , C o m p a r i s o n o f C l a y B r i c k a n d A A C M a s o n a r y W a l l s E m p l o y e d i n S e i s m i c R e s i s t a n t M a s o n a r y a n d R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e B u i l d i n g s , F i f t h N a t i o n a l
C o n f e r e n c e o n E a r t h q u a k e E n g i n e e r i n g , 2 6 - 3 0 M a y 2 0 0 3 , I s t a n b u l , T u r k e y
1 1 4 T S 4 5 3 : T u r k i s h S t a n d a r d a b o u t P r e f a b r i c a t e d r e i n f o r c e d c o m p o n e n t s o f a u t o c l a v e d a e r a t e d c o n c r e t e , h t t p s : / /
w w w . t s e . o r g . t r / t u r k i s h / a b o n e / S t a n d a r d D e t a y . a s p ? S T D N O = 5 8 8 6 5
1 1 5 T S 8 4 5 : T u r k i s h S t a n d a r d a b o u t T h e r m a l I n s u l a t i n g i n B u i l d i n g ,

h t t p s : / / w w w . t s e . o r g . t r / t u r k i s h / a b o n e / S t a n d a r d D e t a y . a s p ? S T D N O = 1 3 7 1 9 & s i r a = 0
1 1 6 D O M B A Y C I A , G o l c u M , P a n c a r Y , O p t i m i z a t i o n o f i n s u l a t i o n t h i c k n e s s f o r e x t e r n a l w a l l s u s i n g d i f f e r e n t e n e r g y - s o u r c e s ,

A p p l i e d E n e r g i e , V o l u m e 8 3 , I s s i u 9 ,
S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 6 .
1 1 7 N A G Y S , A n d e r s o n R , H a n c o c k C E , I m p a c t s o f S h a d i n g a n d G l a z i n g C o m b i n a t i o n s o n R e s i d e n t i a l E n e r g y U s e i n a H o t D r y C l i m a t e , U S N a t i o n a l R e n e w a b l e
E n e r g y L a b o r o t a r y , C o l o r a d o , 2 0 0 0
1 1 8 C o m f o r t a b l e L o w E n e r g y A r c h i t e c t u r e , L E A R N P r o g r a m , L E A R N L o n d o n M e t r o p l i t a n U n i v e r s i t y S c h o o l o f P l a n n i n g a n d A r c h i t e c t u r e
1 1 9 L O M A S K J , A r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s i g n o f a n a d v a n c e d n a t u r a l l y v e n t i l a t e d b u i l d i n g f o r m , E n e r g y a n d B u i l d i n g s 3 9 , p p 1 6 6 1 8 1 , 2 0 0 7
1 2 0 G E R O S , S a n t a m o u r i s , K a r a t a s o u , T s a n g r a s s s o u l i s , P a p a n i k o l a o u , O n t h e c o o l i n g p o t e n t i a l o f n i g h t v e n t i l a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s i n t h e u r b a n e n v i r o n m e n t , E n e r g y a n d B u i l d i n g
3 7 , p p 2 4 3 - 2 5 7
1 2 1 S A N T A M O U R S M , A r g i r i o u A , D a s c a l a k i E , B a l a r a s C , G a g l i a A . E n e r g y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d s a v i n g s p o t e n t i a l i n o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s . S o l a r E n e r g y ; 5 2 ( 1 ) , p p 5 9 6 6 , 1 9 9 4
1 2 2 S C H R A M E K E R , T a s c h e n b u c h f r H e i z u n g + K l i m a t e c h n i k 9 4 / 9 5 , O l d e n b u r g , 1 9 9 5
1 2 3 T u r k i s h M e t e o r o l o g y I n s t i t u t e , A n a l y s e s a b o u t D D , C D D a n d H D D i n T u r k e y , w w w . m e t e o r . g o v . t r
1 2 4 Z I M M E R M A N N M , H a n d b u c h d e r p a s s i v e n K h l u n g , F r a u e n h o f e I R B V e r l a g , 2 0 0 3


2 4 7

9 6 T r a k y a C a m A . S . w e b s i t e : h t t p : / / w w w . t r a k y a c a m . c o m . t r / T r a k y a C a m / e n /
9 7 T r a k y a C a m A . S . B i n a l a r d a I s i Y a l i t i m i i l e G n e s K n t r o l n n n e m i , W i n a r t J o u r n a l , D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 6
9 8 C U L P T D , L o w - E g l a s s : p i c k i n g t h e r i g h t t y p e , w w w . a r k e m a . c o m
9 9 L E F T H E R I O T I S G , Y i a n o u l i s P , C h r a c t e r i s a t i o n a n d s t a b i l i t y o f l o w - e m i t t a n c e m u l t i p l a c o a t i n g s f o r g l a z i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s , S o l a r E n e r g y M a t e r i a l s & S o l a r C e l s s 5 8 , p p
1 8 5 - 1 8 7 , 1 9 9 9
1 0 0 A t o f i n a C h e m i c a l s , T r a i l b l a z i n g ( a d v e r t i s e r f e a t u r e ) , A s i a n G l a s s m a g a z i n e , E n g l a n d , A u g u s t - S e p t e m b e r , 2 0 0 4
1 0 1 N I S S O N J

D , D u t t G , T h e s u p e r i n s u l a t e d h o m e b o o k , W i l e y , N e w Y o r k , 1 9 8 5
1 0 2 S O N G S Y , J o J H , Y e o M S , K i m Y D , S o n g K D , E v a l u a t i o n o f i n s i d e s u r f a c e c o n d e n s a t i o n i n d o u b l e g l a z i n g w i n d o w s y s t e m w i t h i n s u l a t i o n s p a c e r : A c a s e s t u d y o f
r e s i d e n t i a l c o m p l e x , B u i l d i n g a n d E n v i r o n m e n t 4 2 , p p 9 4 0 - 9 5 0 , 2 0 0 7
1 0 3 S Y R R A K O U E , P a p a e f t h i m i o u S , Y i a n o u l i s P , E c o - e f f i c i e n c y e v a l u a t i o n o f a s m a r t w i n d o w p r o t o t y p e , S c i e n c e o f t h e T o t a l E n v i r o n m e n t 3 5 9 , p p 2 6 7 - 2 8 2 , 2 0 0 6
1 0 4 T A V I L A , Y a m a n H , C e t i n e r I , P e r f o r m a n c e B a s e d W i n d o w s S e l e c t i o n M o d e l f o r R e s i d e n t i a l B u i l d i n g s , T h e 2 3 r d C o n f e r e n c e o n P a s s i v e a n d L o w E n e r g y A r c h i t e c t u r e ,
G e n e v a , S w i t z e r l a n d , 6 - 8 S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 6
1 0 5 S S M A N N , K a h y a E , A r a s N , A r a s H , D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f o p t i m u m i n s u l a t i o n t h i c k n e s s e s o f t h e e x t e r n a l w a l l s a n d r o o f ( c e i l i n g ) f o r T u r k e y s d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e - d a y
r e g i o n s , E n e r g y P o l i c y 3 5 , p p 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 5 , 2 0 0 7
1 0 6 C o u n c i l o f A m e r i c a n B u i l d i n g O f f i c i a l s , M o d e l E n e r g y C o d e , C o u n c i l o f A m e r i c a n B u i l d i n g O f f i c i a l s , 1 9 9 5
1 0 7 L E C H N E R N , H e a t i n g , c o o l i n g , l i g h t i n g d e s i g n m e t h o d s f o r a r c h i t e c t s , 2 n d e d . , W i l e y , N e w Y o r k , 2 0 0 1
1 0 8 O Z E L M , P i h t i l i K , I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e l o c a t i o n o f i n s u l a t i o n a p p l y i n g o n b u i l d i n g r o o f f r o m m a x i m u m l o a d l e v e l l i n g p o i n t o f v i e w , B u i l d i n g a n d
E n v i r o n m e n t 4 2 , p p 2 3 6 0 2 3 6 8 , 2 0 0 7
1 0 9 A L - H O M O U D M , P e r f o r m a n c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s o f c o m m o n b u i l d i n g t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l s , J o u r n a l B u i l d i n g a n d E n v i r o n m e n t 4 0 , p p
3 5 3 3 6 6 , 2 0 0 5
1 1 0 h t t p : / / w w w . e e r e . e n e r g y . g o v / b u i l d i n g s / c o m p o n e n t s / e n v e l o p e / i n s u l a t i o n . c f m .
1 1 1 A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y o f H e a t i n g , R e f r i g e r a t i n g , a n d A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g E n g i n e e r s ( A S H R A E ) , H a n d b o o k o f F u n d a m e n t a l s , A t l a n t a , G A , U S A , 2 0 0 1 [ C h a p t e r 2 3 ] .
1 1 2 M a s o n r y C o u n c i l o f C a n a d a , G u i d e t o e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y i n m a s o n r y a n d c o n c r e t e b u i l d i n g s , O n t . , C A , 1 9 8 2 .
1 1 3 B O Z K U R T H B , C o m p a r i s o n o f C l a y B r i c k a n d A A C M a s o n a r y W a l l s E m p l o y e d i n S e i s m i c R e s i s t a n t M a s o n a r y a n d R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e B u i l d i n g s , F i f t h N a t i o n a l
C o n f e r e n c e o n E a r t h q u a k e E n g i n e e r i n g , 2 6 - 3 0 M a y 2 0 0 3 , I s t a n b u l , T u r k e y
1 1 4 T S 4 5 3 : T u r k i s h S t a n d a r d a b o u t P r e f a b r i c a t e d r e i n f o r c e d c o m p o n e n t s o f a u t o c l a v e d a e r a t e d c o n c r e t e , h t t p s : / /
w w w . t s e . o r g . t r / t u r k i s h / a b o n e / S t a n d a r d D e t a y . a s p ? S T D N O = 5 8 8 6 5
1 1 5 T S 8 4 5 : T u r k i s h S t a n d a r d a b o u t T h e r m a l I n s u l a t i n g i n B u i l d i n g ,

h t t p s : / / w w w . t s e . o r g . t r / t u r k i s h / a b o n e / S t a n d a r d D e t a y . a s p ? S T D N O = 1 3 7 1 9 & s i r a = 0
1 1 6 D O M B A Y C I A , G o l c u M , P a n c a r Y , O p t i m i z a t i o n o f i n s u l a t i o n t h i c k n e s s f o r e x t e r n a l w a l l s u s i n g d i f f e r e n t e n e r g y - s o u r c e s ,

A p p l i e d E n e r g i e , V o l u m e 8 3 , I s s i u 9 ,
S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 6 .
1 1 7 N A G Y S , A n d e r s o n R , H a n c o c k C E , I m p a c t s o f S h a d i n g a n d G l a z i n g C o m b i n a t i o n s o n R e s i d e n t i a l E n e r g y U s e i n a H o t D r y C l i m a t e , U S N a t i o n a l R e n e w a b l e
E n e r g y L a b o r o t a r y , C o l o r a d o , 2 0 0 0
1 1 8 C o m f o r t a b l e L o w E n e r g y A r c h i t e c t u r e , L E A R N P r o g r a m , L E A R N L o n d o n M e t r o p l i t a n U n i v e r s i t y S c h o o l o f P l a n n i n g a n d A r c h i t e c t u r e
1 1 9 L O M A S K J , A r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s i g n o f a n a d v a n c e d n a t u r a l l y v e n t i l a t e d b u i l d i n g f o r m , E n e r g y a n d B u i l d i n g s 3 9 , p p 1 6 6 1 8 1 , 2 0 0 7
1 2 0 G E R O S , S a n t a m o u r i s , K a r a t a s o u , T s a n g r a s s s o u l i s , P a p a n i k o l a o u , O n t h e c o o l i n g p o t e n t i a l o f n i g h t v e n t i l a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s i n t h e u r b a n e n v i r o n m e n t , E n e r g y a n d B u i l d i n g
3 7 , p p 2 4 3 - 2 5 7
1 2 1 S A N T A M O U R S M , A r g i r i o u A , D a s c a l a k i E , B a l a r a s C , G a g l i a A . E n e r g y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d s a v i n g s p o t e n t i a l i n o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s . S o l a r E n e r g y ; 5 2 ( 1 ) , p p 5 9 6 6 , 1 9 9 4
1 2 2 S C H R A M E K E R , T a s c h e n b u c h f r H e i z u n g + K l i m a t e c h n i k 9 4 / 9 5 , O l d e n b u r g , 1 9 9 5
1 2 3 T u r k i s h M e t e o r o l o g y I n s t i t u t e , A n a l y s e s a b o u t D D , C D D a n d H D D i n T u r k e y , w w w . m e t e o r . g o v . t r
1 2 4 Z I M M E R M A N N M , H a n d b u c h d e r p a s s i v e n K h l u n g , F r a u e n h o f e I R B V e r l a g , 2 0 0 3


247

96 Trakya Cam A.S. website: http://www.trakyacam.com.tr/TrakyaCam/en/
97 Trakya Cam A.S. Binalarda Isi Yalitimi ile Gnes Kntrolnn nemi, Winart Journal, December 2006
98 CULP T D, Low-E glass:picking the right type, www.arkema.com
99 LEFTHERIOTIS G, Yianoulis P, Chracterisation and stability of low-emittance multipla coatings for glazing applications, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Celss 58, pp
185-187, 1999
100 Atofina Chemicals, Trailblazing ( advertiser feature), Asian Glass magazine, England, August-September, 2004
101 NISSON J

D, Dutt G, The super insulated home book, Wiley, New York, 1985
102 SONG S Y, Jo J H, Yeo M S, Kim Y D, Song K D, Evaluation of inside surface condensation in double glazing window system with insulation spacer: A case study of
residential complex, Building and Environment 42, pp 940-950, 2007
103 SYRRAKOU E, Papaefthimiou S, Yianoulis P, Eco-efficiency evaluation of a smart window prototype, Science of the Total Environment 359, pp 267-282, 2006
104 TAVIL A, Yaman H, Cetiner I, Performance Based Windows Selection Model for Residential Buildings, The 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture,
Geneva, Switzerland, 6-8 September 2006
105 SSMAN N, Kahya E, Aras N, Aras H, Determination of optimum insulation thicknesses of the external walls and roof (ceiling) for Turkeys different degree-day
regions, Energy Policy 35,pp 51515155, 2007
106 Council of American Building Officials, Model Energy Code, Council of American Building Officials, 1995
107 LECHNER N, Heating, cooling, lighting design methods for architects, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 2001
108 OZEL M, Pihtili K, Investigation of the most suitable location of insulation applying on building roof from maximum load levelling point of view, Building and
Environment 42, pp 23602368, 2007
109 AL-HOMOUD M, Performance characteristics and practical applications of common building thermal insulation materials, Journal Building and Environment 40, pp
353366, 2005
110 http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/components/envelope/insulation.cfm.
111 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Handbook of Fundamentals, Atlanta, GA, USA, 2001 [Chapter 23].
112 Masonry Council of Canada, Guide to energy efficiency in masonry and concrete buildings, Ont., CA, 1982.
113 BOZKURT H B, Comparison of Clay Brick and AAC Masonary Walls Employed in Seismic Resistant Masonary and Reinforced Concrete Buildings, Fifth National
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 26-30 May 2003, Istanbul, Turkey
114 TS 453 :Turkish Standard about Prefabricated reinforced components of autoclaved aerated concrete, https://
www.tse.org.tr/turkish/abone/StandardDetay.asp?STDNO=58865
115 TS 845: Turkish Standard about Thermal Insulating in Building,

https://www.tse.org.tr/turkish/abone/ StandardDetay.asp?STDNO=13719&sira=0
116 DOMBAYCI A, Golcu M, Pancar Y, Optimization of insulation thickness for external walls using different energy-sources,

Applied Energie, Volume 83, Issiu 9,
September 2006.
117 NAGY S, Anderson R, Hancock C E, Impacts of Shading and Glazing Combinations on Residential Energy Use in a Hot Dry Climate, US National Renewable
Energy Laborotary, Colorado, 2000
118 Comfortable Low Energy Architecture, LEARN Program, LEARN London Metroplitan University School of Planning and Architecture
119 LOMAS K J, Architectural design of an advanced naturally ventilated building form, Energy and Buildings 39, pp 166181, 2007
120 GEROS, Santamouris, Karatasou, Tsangrasssoulis, Papanikolaou, On the cooling potential of night ventilation techniques in the urban environment, Energy and Building
37, pp 243-257
121 SANTAMOURS M, Argiriou A, Dascalaki E, Balaras C, Gaglia A. Energy characteristics and savings potential in office buildings. Solar Energy;52(1), pp 5966, 1994
122 SCHRAMEK E R, Taschenbuch fr Heizung + Klimatechnik 94/95, Oldenburg, 1995
123 Turkish Meteorology Institute, Analyses about DD, CDD and HDD in Turkey, www.meteor.gov.tr
124 ZIMMERMANN M, Handbuch der passiven Khlung, Frauenhofe IRB Verlag, 2003


247

96 Trakya Cam A.S. website: http://www.trakyacam.com.tr/TrakyaCam/en/
97 Trakya Cam A.S. Binalarda Isi Yalitimi ile Gnes Kntrolnn nemi, Winart Journal, December 2006
98 CULP T D, Low-E glass:picking the right type, www.arkema.com
99 LEFTHERIOTIS G, Yianoulis P, Chracterisation and stability of low-emittance multipla coatings for glazing applications, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Celss 58, pp
185-187, 1999
100 Atofina Chemicals, Trailblazing ( advertiser feature), Asian Glass magazine, England, August-September, 2004
101 NISSON J

D, Dutt G, The super insulated home book, Wiley, New York, 1985
102 SONG S Y, Jo J H, Yeo M S, Kim Y D, Song K D, Evaluation of inside surface condensation in double glazing window system with insulation spacer: A case study of
residential complex, Building and Environment 42, pp 940-950, 2007
103 SYRRAKOU E, Papaefthimiou S, Yianoulis P, Eco-efficiency evaluation of a smart window prototype, Science of the Total Environment 359, pp 267-282, 2006
104 TAVIL A, Yaman H, Cetiner I, Performance Based Windows Selection Model for Residential Buildings, The 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture,
Geneva, Switzerland, 6-8 September 2006
105 SSMAN N, Kahya E, Aras N, Aras H, Determination of optimum insulation thicknesses of the external walls and roof (ceiling) for Turkeys different degree-day
regions, Energy Policy 35,pp 51515155, 2007
106 Council of American Building Officials, Model Energy Code, Council of American Building Officials, 1995
107 LECHNER N, Heating, cooling, lighting design methods for architects, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 2001
108 OZEL M, Pihtili K, Investigation of the most suitable location of insulation applying on building roof from maximum load levelling point of view, Building and
Environment 42, pp 23602368, 2007
109 AL-HOMOUD M, Performance characteristics and practical applications of common building thermal insulation materials, Journal Building and Environment 40, pp
353366, 2005
110 http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/components/envelope/insulation.cfm.
111 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Handbook of Fundamentals, Atlanta, GA, USA, 2001 [Chapter 23].
112 Masonry Council of Canada, Guide to energy efficiency in masonry and concrete buildings, Ont., CA, 1982.
113 BOZKURT H B, Comparison of Clay Brick and AAC Masonary Walls Employed in Seismic Resistant Masonary and Reinforced Concrete Buildings, Fifth National
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 26-30 May 2003, Istanbul, Turkey
114 TS 453 :Turkish Standard about Prefabricated reinforced components of autoclaved aerated concrete, https://
www.tse.org.tr/turkish/abone/StandardDetay.asp?STDNO=58865
115 TS 845: Turkish Standard about Thermal Insulating in Building,

https://www.tse.org.tr/turkish/abone/ StandardDetay.asp?STDNO=13719&sira=0
116 DOMBAYCI A, Golcu M, Pancar Y, Optimization of insulation thickness for external walls using different energy-sources,

Applied Energie, Volume 83, Issiu 9,
September 2006.
117 NAGY S, Anderson R, Hancock C E, Impacts of Shading and Glazing Combinations on Residential Energy Use in a Hot Dry Climate, US National Renewable
Energy Laborotary, Colorado, 2000
118 Comfortable Low Energy Architecture, LEARN Program, LEARN London Metroplitan University School of Planning and Architecture
119 LOMAS K J, Architectural design of an advanced naturally ventilated building form, Energy and Buildings 39, pp 166181, 2007
120 GEROS, Santamouris, Karatasou, Tsangrasssoulis, Papanikolaou, On the cooling potential of night ventilation techniques in the urban environment, Energy and Building
37, pp 243-257
121 SANTAMOURS M, Argiriou A, Dascalaki E, Balaras C, Gaglia A. Energy characteristics and savings potential in office buildings. Solar Energy;52(1), pp 5966, 1994
122 SCHRAMEK E R, Taschenbuch fr Heizung + Klimatechnik 94/95, Oldenburg, 1995
123 Turkish Meteorology Institute, Analyses about DD, CDD and HDD in Turkey, www.meteor.gov.tr
124 ZIMMERMANN M, Handbuch der passiven Khlung, Frauenhofe IRB Verlag, 2003


248

125 BOWEN A, Heating and Cooling of Building sites Through Landscape Planning, Newark, AS/ISES, 1980
126 THOMAS H, Dont Let The Trees Make a Monkey of You, Proceedings of the 4th National Passive Solar Conference. Kansas City, 1979
127 GIVONI B, Climate Considerations in Buildings and Urban Design, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1994
128 MONTGOMERY D

A, Landscaping as a Passive Solar Strategy, Passive Solar Journal 4, p 79, 1987
129 ROBINETTE G, Landscaping Planning for Every Conservation, Reston VA, Environmental Design Ress., 1977
130 OLGAY V, Design with Climate, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1963
131 TREBERSPURG M, Neues Bauen mit der Sonne: Anstze zu einer klimagerechten Architektur, Springer Verlag, Wien, 1994
132

TREBERSPURG M, Vom Standardgebude zum Haus der Zukunft: Sind wir auf dem richtigen Weg?, Arbeitsgemeinschaft Erneuerbare Energie, Institut fr
Nachhaltige Technologien, available online at http://www.etn.wsr.ac.at/
133 TOYDEMIR N, Grdal E, Tanacan L, Material by Building Element Design (Turkish), Literatur Yayincilik, Istanbul, 2000
134 ACAR E, nder D E, Criterion for the Design of the Building Envelope Related to Ecological Sensitivity in Tourism Buildings in the Mediterranean Region, Turkey,
Conference Proceedings, PLEA 2006, Geneva.
135 GOULDING J R, Lewis J O, Steemers T C, Energy in Architecture: The European Passive Solar Handbook, Batsford Limited, London, 1993
136 OTTO K, Wood K, Product Design: Techniques in Reverse Engineering and New Product Development, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2001
137 BOUDEN C, Influence of glass curtain walls on the building thermal energy consumption under Tunisian climatic conditions: The case of administrative buildings,
Renewable Energy 32, pp 141156, 2007
138 SCHUPP G, Koch S, Schneider W, Ertel H, Verbesserung des Schalschutzes von Fassaden durch Balkonverglasungen, Mitteilungen 188/16, fraunhofer Institut fuer
Bauphysik, Stuttgart, 1998
139 MANZ H, Total Energy transmittance of glass double facades with free convection. Energy Buildings 36, pp 12736, 2004
140 DIN EN 13829 (02-2001), Bestimmung der Luftdurchlssigkeit von Gebuden, Beuth Verlag, Berlin, 2001
141 CMHC(Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation), Commissioning and Monitoring the Building Envelope ofr Air Lackage, Report 33127,.02, CMHC, Ottawa,1993,
available from www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca
142 STARK T, Strom und Architektur: Die Integration von Photovoltaik, Diplomarbeit am Insitut fr Bauknstruktion und Entwerfe, Universitt Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 1999
143 SCHITTICH C, Solar Architecture: Strategies, Visions, Concepts, Birkhauser Publishers for Architecture, Munich, 2003
144 HASELHUHN R, Dickes Ende fr dnne Zellen?, Sonnenenergie, March 2003
145 HARVEY L D, A handbook on Low Energy Building and District-Energy Systems, Earthscan, London, 20006
146 JAKOP U, Solar Powered Diffusion Absorption Cooling Machines: Solar Cooling for the Use of Developing Countries, Proceedings of Erneuerbare Energieen in der
Entwicklungszusammenarbeit, 2002
147 CLAU V, Khn A, Ziegler F, Absorbtionsklteanlagen kleiner Leistung im Einsay mit geothermischen Technologien, VDIBerichte Nr 2026, VDI Verlag GmbH,
Dsseldorf, 2008
148 PEUSER F A, Remmers K H, Schnauss M, Solar Thermal Systems: Successful Planning and Construction, James&James, London, 2002
149 HENNING H M, Solar-assisted Air Conditioning in Buildings- A Handbook for Planners, Springer Verlag, Vienna, 2004
150 HASTINGS S R, Morck O, Solar Air Systems: A Design Handbook, James&James, London, 2002
151 LGA, Wasser Erwrmen und Heizen mit der Sonne, Informationszentrum Energie, Landesgewerbeamt Baden-Wrttemberg, Stuttgart, 1999
152 KALTSCHMITT M, Wiese A, Erneuerbare Energien Systemtechnik,Wirtschaftlichkeitkeit, Umweltaspekte, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, 1997
153 SANTAMOURIS M, Natural Cooling Techniques. Proceedings of the Workshop on Passiv Cooling, pp 143-153, JoinT Research center, Ispra, 1990
154 BOHNE D, kologisches Gebudetechnik, Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart, 2004
155 STETIU C, Feustel H E, Energy and Peak Power Savings Potential of Radiant Cooling Systems in Us Commercial Buildings, Energy and Buildings, Vol 30, pp127-138,
1999
156 OLESEN B W, Radiant Floor Heating in Theory and Pratice, ASHRAE Journal, Vol 44, no 7, pp

19-26, 2002


248

125 BOWEN A, Heating and Cooling of Building sites Through Landscape Planning, Newark, AS/ISES, 1980
126 THOMAS H, Dont Let The Trees Make a Monkey of You, Proceedings of the 4th National Passive Solar Conference. Kansas City, 1979
127 GIVONI B, Climate Considerations in Buildings and Urban Design, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1994
128 MONTGOMERY D

A, Landscaping as a Passive Solar Strategy, Passive Solar Journal 4, p 79, 1987
129 ROBINETTE G, Landscaping Planning for Every Conservation, Reston VA, Environmental Design Ress., 1977
130 OLGAY V, Design with Climate, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1963
131 TREBERSPURG M, Neues Bauen mit der Sonne: Anstze zu einer klimagerechten Architektur, Springer Verlag, Wien, 1994
132

TREBERSPURG M, Vom Standardgebude zum Haus der Zukunft: Sind wir auf dem richtigen Weg?, Arbeitsgemeinschaft Erneuerbare Energie, Institut fr
Nachhaltige Technologien, available online at http://www.etn.wsr.ac.at/
133 TOYDEMIR N, Grdal E, Tanacan L, Material by Building Element Design (Turkish), Literatur Yayincilik, Istanbul, 2000
134 ACAR E, nder D E, Criterion for the Design of the Building Envelope Related to Ecological Sensitivity in Tourism Buildings in the Mediterranean Region, Turkey,
Conference Proceedings, PLEA 2006, Geneva.
135 GOULDING J R, Lewis J O, Steemers T C, Energy in Architecture: The European Passive Solar Handbook, Batsford Limited, London, 1993
136 OTTO K, Wood K, Product Design: Techniques in Reverse Engineering and New Product Development, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2001
137 BOUDEN C, Influence of glass curtain walls on the building thermal energy consumption under Tunisian climatic conditions: The case of administrative buildings,
Renewable Energy 32, pp 141156, 2007
138 SCHUPP G, Koch S, Schneider W, Ertel H, Verbesserung des Schalschutzes von Fassaden durch Balkonverglasungen, Mitteilungen 188/16, fraunhofer Institut fuer
Bauphysik, Stuttgart, 1998
139 MANZ H, Total Energy transmittance of glass double facades with free convection. Energy Buildings 36, pp 12736, 2004
140 DIN EN 13829 (02-2001), Bestimmung der Luftdurchlssigkeit von Gebuden, Beuth Verlag, Berlin, 2001
141 CMHC(Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation), Commissioning and Monitoring the Building Envelope ofr Air Lackage, Report 33127,.02, CMHC, Ottawa,1993,
available from www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca
142 STARK T, Strom und Architektur: Die Integration von Photovoltaik, Diplomarbeit am Insitut fr Bauknstruktion und Entwerfe, Universitt Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 1999
143 SCHITTICH C, Solar Architecture: Strategies, Visions, Concepts, Birkhauser Publishers for Architecture, Munich, 2003
144 HASELHUHN R, Dickes Ende fr dnne Zellen?, Sonnenenergie, March 2003
145 HARVEY L D, A handbook on Low Energy Building and District-Energy Systems, Earthscan, London, 20006
146 JAKOP U, Solar Powered Diffusion Absorption Cooling Machines: Solar Cooling for the Use of Developing Countries, Proceedings of Erneuerbare Energieen in der
Entwicklungszusammenarbeit, 2002
147 CLAU V, Khn A, Ziegler F, Absorbtionsklteanlagen kleiner Leistung im Einsay mit geothermischen Technologien, VDIBerichte Nr 2026, VDI Verlag GmbH,
Dsseldorf, 2008
148 PEUSER F A, Remmers K H, Schnauss M, Solar Thermal Systems: Successful Planning and Construction, James&James, London, 2002
149 HENNING H M, Solar-assisted Air Conditioning in Buildings- A Handbook for Planners, Springer Verlag, Vienna, 2004
150 HASTINGS S R, Morck O, Solar Air Systems: A Design Handbook, James&James, London, 2002
151 LGA, Wasser Erwrmen und Heizen mit der Sonne, Informationszentrum Energie, Landesgewerbeamt Baden-Wrttemberg, Stuttgart, 1999
152 KALTSCHMITT M, Wiese A, Erneuerbare Energien Systemtechnik,Wirtschaftlichkeitkeit, Umweltaspekte, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, 1997
153 SANTAMOURIS M, Natural Cooling Techniques. Proceedings of the Workshop on Passiv Cooling, pp 143-153, JoinT Research center, Ispra, 1990
154 BOHNE D, kologisches Gebudetechnik, Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart, 2004
155 STETIU C, Feustel H E, Energy and Peak Power Savings Potential of Radiant Cooling Systems in Us Commercial Buildings, Energy and Buildings, Vol 30, pp127-138,
1999
156 OLESEN B W, Radiant Floor Heating in Theory and Pratice, ASHRAE Journal, Vol 44, no 7, pp

19-26, 2002


2 4 8

1 2 5 B O W E N A , H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g o f B u i l d i n g s i t e s T h r o u g h L a n d s c a p e P l a n n i n g , N e w a r k , A S / I S E S , 1 9 8 0
1 2 6 T H O M A S H , D o n t L e t T h e T r e e s M a k e a M o n k e y o f Y o u , P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e 4 t h N a t i o n a l P a s s i v e S o l a r C o n f e r e n c e . K a n s a s C i t y , 1 9 7 9
1 2 7 G I V O N I B , C l i m a t e C o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n B u i l d i n g s a n d U r b a n D e s i g n , V a n N o s t r a n d R e i n h o l d , N e w Y o r k , 1 9 9 4
1 2 8 M O N T G O M E R Y D

A , L a n d s c a p i n g a s a P a s s i v e S o l a r S t r a t e g y , P a s s i v e S o l a r J o u r n a l 4 , p 7 9 , 1 9 8 7
1 2 9 R O B I N E T T E G , L a n d s c a p i n g P l a n n i n g f o r E v e r y C o n s e r v a t i o n , R e s t o n V A , E n v i r o n m e n t a l D e s i g n R e s s . , 1 9 7 7
1 3 0 O L G A Y V , D e s i g n w i t h C l i m a t e , P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , N e w J e r s e y , 1 9 6 3
1 3 1 T R E B E R S P U R G M , N e u e s B a u e n m i t d e r S o n n e : A n s t z e z u e i n e r k l i m a g e r e c h t e n A r c h i t e k t u r , S p r i n g e r V e r l a g , W i e n , 1 9 9 4
1 3 2

T R E B E R S P U R G M , V o m S t a n d a r d g e b u d e z u m H a u s d e r Z u k u n f t : S i n d w i r a u f d e m r i c h t i g e n W e g ? , A r b e i t s g e m e i n s c h a f t E r n e u e r b a r e E n e r g i e , I n s t i t u t f r
N a c h h a l t i g e T e c h n o l o g i e n , a v a i l a b l e o n l i n e a t h t t p : / / w w w . e t n . w s r . a c . a t /
1 3 3 T O Y D E M I R N , G r d a l E , T a n a c a n L , M a t e r i a l b y B u i l d i n g E l e m e n t D e s i g n ( T u r k i s h ) , L i t e r a t u r Y a y i n c i l i k , I s t a n b u l , 2 0 0 0
1 3 4 A C A R E , n d e r D E , C r i t e r i o n f o r t h e D e s i g n o f t h e B u i l d i n g E n v e l o p e R e l a t e d t o E c o l o g i c a l S e n s i t i v i t y i n T o u r i s m B u i l d i n g s i n t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n R e g i o n , T u r k e y ,
C o n f e r e n c e P r o c e e d i n g s , P L E A 2 0 0 6 , G e n e v a .
1 3 5 G O U L D I N G J R , L e w i s J O , S t e e m e r s T C , E n e r g y i n A r c h i t e c t u r e : T h e E u r o p e a n P a s s i v e S o l a r H a n d b o o k , B a t s f o r d L i m i t e d , L o n d o n , 1 9 9 3
1 3 6 O T T O K , W o o d K , P r o d u c t D e s i g n : T e c h n i q u e s i n R e v e r s e E n g i n e e r i n g a n d N e w P r o d u c t D e v e l o p m e n t , P r e n t i c e H a l l , N e w J e r s e y , 2 0 0 1
1 3 7 B O U D E N C , I n f l u e n c e o f g l a s s c u r t a i n w a l l s o n t h e b u i l d i n g t h e r m a l e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n u n d e r T u n i s i a n c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s : T h e c a s e o f a d m i n i s t r a t i v e b u i l d i n g s ,
R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y 3 2 , p p 1 4 1 1 5 6 , 2 0 0 7
1 3 8 S C H U P P G , K o c h S , S c h n e i d e r W , E r t e l H , V e r b e s s e r u n g d e s S c h a l s c h u t z e s v o n F a s s a d e n d u r c h B a l k o n v e r g l a s u n g e n , M i t t e i l u n g e n 1 8 8 / 1 6 , f r a u n h o f e r I n s t i t u t f u e r
B a u p h y s i k , S t u t t g a r t , 1 9 9 8
1 3 9 M A N Z H , T o t a l E n e r g y t r a n s m i t t a n c e o f g l a s s d o u b l e f a c a d e s w i t h f r e e c o n v e c t i o n . E n e r g y B u i l d i n g s 3 6 , p p 1 2 7 3 6 , 2 0 0 4
1 4 0 D I N E N 1 3 8 2 9 ( 0 2 - 2 0 0 1 ) , B e s t i m m u n g d e r L u f t d u r c h l s s i g k e i t v o n G e b u d e n , B e u t h V e r l a g , B e r l i n , 2 0 0 1
1 4 1 C M H C ( C a n a d i a n M o r t g a g e a n d H o u s i n g C o r p o r a t i o n ) , C o m m i s s i o n i n g a n d M o n i t o r i n g t h e B u i l d i n g E n v e l o p e o f r A i r L a c k a g e , R e p o r t 3 3 1 2 7 , . 0 2 , C M H C , O t t a w a , 1 9 9 3 ,
a v a i l a b l e f r o m w w w . c m h c - s c h l . g c . c a
1 4 2 S T A R K T , S t r o m u n d A r c h i t e k t u r : D i e I n t e g r a t i o n v o n P h o t o v o l t a i k , D i p l o m a r b e i t a m I n s i t u t f r B a u k n s t r u k t i o n u n d E n t w e r f e , U n i v e r s i t t S t u t t g a r t , S t u t t g a r t , 1 9 9 9
1 4 3 S C H I T T I C H C , S o l a r A r c h i t e c t u r e : S t r a t e g i e s , V i s i o n s , C o n c e p t s , B i r k h a u s e r P u b l i s h e r s f o r A r c h i t e c t u r e , M u n i c h , 2 0 0 3
1 4 4 H A S E L H U H N R , D i c k e s E n d e f r d n n e Z e l l e n ? , S o n n e n e n e r g i e , M a r c h 2 0 0 3
1 4 5 H A R V E Y L D , A h a n d b o o k o n L o w E n e r g y B u i l d i n g a n d D i s t r i c t - E n e r g y S y s t e m s , E a r t h s c a n , L o n d o n , 2 0 0 0 6
1 4 6 J A K O P U , S o l a r P o w e r e d D i f f u s i o n A b s o r p t i o n C o o l i n g M a c h i n e s : S o l a r C o o l i n g f o r t h e U s e o f D e v e l o p i n g C o u n t r i e s , P r o c e e d i n g s o f E r n e u e r b a r e E n e r g i e e n i n d e r
E n t w i c k l u n g s z u s a m m e n a r b e i t , 2 0 0 2
1 4 7 C L A U V , K h n A , Z i e g l e r F , A b s o r b t i o n s k l t e a n l a g e n k l e i n e r L e i s t u n g i m E i n s a y m i t g e o t h e r m i s c h e n T e c h n o l o g i e n , V D I B e r i c h t e N r 2 0 2 6 , V D I V e r l a g G m b H ,
D s s e l d o r f , 2 0 0 8
1 4 8 P E U S E R F A , R e m m e r s K H , S c h n a u s s M , S o l a r T h e r m a l S y s t e m s : S u c c e s s f u l P l a n n i n g a n d C o n s t r u c t i o n , J a m e s & J a m e s , L o n d o n , 2 0 0 2
1 4 9 H E N N I N G H M , S o l a r - a s s i s t e d A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g i n B u i l d i n g s - A H a n d b o o k f o r P l a n n e r s , S p r i n g e r V e r l a g , V i e n n a , 2 0 0 4
1 5 0 H A S T I N G S S R , M o r c k O , S o l a r A i r S y s t e m s : A D e s i g n H a n d b o o k , J a m e s & J a m e s , L o n d o n , 2 0 0 2
1 5 1 L G A , W a s s e r E r w r m e n u n d H e i z e n m i t d e r S o n n e , I n f o r m a t i o n s z e n t r u m E n e r g i e , L a n d e s g e w e r b e a m t B a d e n - W r t t e m b e r g , S t u t t g a r t , 1 9 9 9
1 5 2 K A L T S C H M I T T M , W i e s e A , E r n e u e r b a r e E n e r g i e n S y s t e m t e c h n i k , W i r t s c h a f t l i c h k e i t k e i t , U m w e l t a s p e k t e , S p r i n g e r V e r l a g , H e i d e l b e r g , 1 9 9 7
1 5 3 S A N T A M O U R I S M , N a t u r a l C o o l i n g T e c h n i q u e s . P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e W o r k s h o p o n P a s s i v C o o l i n g , p p 1 4 3 - 1 5 3 , J o i n T R e s e a r c h c e n t e r , I s p r a , 1 9 9 0
1 5 4 B O H N E D , k o l o g i s c h e s G e b u d e t e c h n i k , K o h l h a m m e r V e r l a g , S t u t t g a r t , 2 0 0 4
1 5 5 S T E T I U C , F e u s t e l H E , E n e r g y a n d P e a k P o w e r S a v i n g s P o t e n t i a l o f R a d i a n t C o o l i n g S y s t e m s i n U s C o m m e r c i a l B u i l d i n g s , E n e r g y a n d B u i l d i n g s , V o l 3 0 , p p 1 2 7 - 1 3 8 ,
1 9 9 9
1 5 6 O L E S E N B W , R a d i a n t F l o o r H e a t i n g i n T h e o r y a n d P r a t i c e , A S H R A E J o u r n a l , V o l 4 4 , n o 7 , p p

1 9 - 2 6 , 2 0 0 2


2 4 8

1 2 5 B O W E N A , H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g o f B u i l d i n g s i t e s T h r o u g h L a n d s c a p e P l a n n i n g , N e w a r k , A S / I S E S , 1 9 8 0
1 2 6 T H O M A S H , D o n t L e t T h e T r e e s M a k e a M o n k e y o f Y o u , P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e 4 t h N a t i o n a l P a s s i v e S o l a r C o n f e r e n c e . K a n s a s C i t y , 1 9 7 9
1 2 7 G I V O N I B , C l i m a t e C o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n B u i l d i n g s a n d U r b a n D e s i g n , V a n N o s t r a n d R e i n h o l d , N e w Y o r k , 1 9 9 4
1 2 8 M O N T G O M E R Y D

A , L a n d s c a p i n g a s a P a s s i v e S o l a r S t r a t e g y , P a s s i v e S o l a r J o u r n a l 4 , p 7 9 , 1 9 8 7
1 2 9 R O B I N E T T E G , L a n d s c a p i n g P l a n n i n g f o r E v e r y C o n s e r v a t i o n , R e s t o n V A , E n v i r o n m e n t a l D e s i g n R e s s . , 1 9 7 7
1 3 0 O L G A Y V , D e s i g n w i t h C l i m a t e , P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , N e w J e r s e y , 1 9 6 3
1 3 1 T R E B E R S P U R G M , N e u e s B a u e n m i t d e r S o n n e : A n s t z e z u e i n e r k l i m a g e r e c h t e n A r c h i t e k t u r , S p r i n g e r V e r l a g , W i e n , 1 9 9 4
1 3 2

T R E B E R S P U R G M , V o m S t a n d a r d g e b u d e z u m H a u s d e r Z u k u n f t : S i n d w i r a u f d e m r i c h t i g e n W e g ? , A r b e i t s g e m e i n s c h a f t E r n e u e r b a r e E n e r g i e , I n s t i t u t f r
N a c h h a l t i g e T e c h n o l o g i e n , a v a i l a b l e o n l i n e a t h t t p : / / w w w . e t n . w s r . a c . a t /
1 3 3 T O Y D E M I R N , G r d a l E , T a n a c a n L , M a t e r i a l b y B u i l d i n g E l e m e n t D e s i g n ( T u r k i s h ) , L i t e r a t u r Y a y i n c i l i k , I s t a n b u l , 2 0 0 0
1 3 4 A C A R E , n d e r D E , C r i t e r i o n f o r t h e D e s i g n o f t h e B u i l d i n g E n v e l o p e R e l a t e d t o E c o l o g i c a l S e n s i t i v i t y i n T o u r i s m B u i l d i n g s i n t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n R e g i o n , T u r k e y ,
C o n f e r e n c e P r o c e e d i n g s , P L E A 2 0 0 6 , G e n e v a .
1 3 5 G O U L D I N G J R , L e w i s J O , S t e e m e r s T C , E n e r g y i n A r c h i t e c t u r e : T h e E u r o p e a n P a s s i v e S o l a r H a n d b o o k , B a t s f o r d L i m i t e d , L o n d o n , 1 9 9 3
1 3 6 O T T O K , W o o d K , P r o d u c t D e s i g n : T e c h n i q u e s i n R e v e r s e E n g i n e e r i n g a n d N e w P r o d u c t D e v e l o p m e n t , P r e n t i c e H a l l , N e w J e r s e y , 2 0 0 1
1 3 7 B O U D E N C , I n f l u e n c e o f g l a s s c u r t a i n w a l l s o n t h e b u i l d i n g t h e r m a l e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n u n d e r T u n i s i a n c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s : T h e c a s e o f a d m i n i s t r a t i v e b u i l d i n g s ,
R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y 3 2 , p p 1 4 1 1 5 6 , 2 0 0 7
1 3 8 S C H U P P G , K o c h S , S c h n e i d e r W , E r t e l H , V e r b e s s e r u n g d e s S c h a l s c h u t z e s v o n F a s s a d e n d u r c h B a l k o n v e r g l a s u n g e n , M i t t e i l u n g e n 1 8 8 / 1 6 , f r a u n h o f e r I n s t i t u t f u e r
B a u p h y s i k , S t u t t g a r t , 1 9 9 8
1 3 9 M A N Z H , T o t a l E n e r g y t r a n s m i t t a n c e o f g l a s s d o u b l e f a c a d e s w i t h f r e e c o n v e c t i o n . E n e r g y B u i l d i n g s 3 6 , p p 1 2 7 3 6 , 2 0 0 4
1 4 0 D I N E N 1 3 8 2 9 ( 0 2 - 2 0 0 1 ) , B e s t i m m u n g d e r L u f t d u r c h l s s i g k e i t v o n G e b u d e n , B e u t h V e r l a g , B e r l i n , 2 0 0 1
1 4 1 C M H C ( C a n a d i a n M o r t g a g e a n d H o u s i n g C o r p o r a t i o n ) , C o m m i s s i o n i n g a n d M o n i t o r i n g t h e B u i l d i n g E n v e l o p e o f r A i r L a c k a g e , R e p o r t 3 3 1 2 7 , . 0 2 , C M H C , O t t a w a , 1 9 9 3 ,
a v a i l a b l e f r o m w w w . c m h c - s c h l . g c . c a
1 4 2 S T A R K T , S t r o m u n d A r c h i t e k t u r : D i e I n t e g r a t i o n v o n P h o t o v o l t a i k , D i p l o m a r b e i t a m I n s i t u t f r B a u k n s t r u k t i o n u n d E n t w e r f e , U n i v e r s i t t S t u t t g a r t , S t u t t g a r t , 1 9 9 9
1 4 3 S C H I T T I C H C , S o l a r A r c h i t e c t u r e : S t r a t e g i e s , V i s i o n s , C o n c e p t s , B i r k h a u s e r P u b l i s h e r s f o r A r c h i t e c t u r e , M u n i c h , 2 0 0 3
1 4 4 H A S E L H U H N R , D i c k e s E n d e f r d n n e Z e l l e n ? , S o n n e n e n e r g i e , M a r c h 2 0 0 3
1 4 5 H A R V E Y L D , A h a n d b o o k o n L o w E n e r g y B u i l d i n g a n d D i s t r i c t - E n e r g y S y s t e m s , E a r t h s c a n , L o n d o n , 2 0 0 0 6
1 4 6 J A K O P U , S o l a r P o w e r e d D i f f u s i o n A b s o r p t i o n C o o l i n g M a c h i n e s : S o l a r C o o l i n g f o r t h e U s e o f D e v e l o p i n g C o u n t r i e s , P r o c e e d i n g s o f E r n e u e r b a r e E n e r g i e e n i n d e r
E n t w i c k l u n g s z u s a m m e n a r b e i t , 2 0 0 2
1 4 7 C L A U V , K h n A , Z i e g l e r F , A b s o r b t i o n s k l t e a n l a g e n k l e i n e r L e i s t u n g i m E i n s a y m i t g e o t h e r m i s c h e n T e c h n o l o g i e n , V D I B e r i c h t e N r 2 0 2 6 , V D I V e r l a g G m b H ,
D s s e l d o r f , 2 0 0 8
1 4 8 P E U S E R F A , R e m m e r s K H , S c h n a u s s M , S o l a r T h e r m a l S y s t e m s : S u c c e s s f u l P l a n n i n g a n d C o n s t r u c t i o n , J a m e s & J a m e s , L o n d o n , 2 0 0 2
1 4 9 H E N N I N G H M , S o l a r - a s s i s t e d A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g i n B u i l d i n g s - A H a n d b o o k f o r P l a n n e r s , S p r i n g e r V e r l a g , V i e n n a , 2 0 0 4
1 5 0 H A S T I N G S S R , M o r c k O , S o l a r A i r S y s t e m s : A D e s i g n H a n d b o o k , J a m e s & J a m e s , L o n d o n , 2 0 0 2
1 5 1 L G A , W a s s e r E r w r m e n u n d H e i z e n m i t d e r S o n n e , I n f o r m a t i o n s z e n t r u m E n e r g i e , L a n d e s g e w e r b e a m t B a d e n - W r t t e m b e r g , S t u t t g a r t , 1 9 9 9
1 5 2 K A L T S C H M I T T M , W i e s e A , E r n e u e r b a r e E n e r g i e n S y s t e m t e c h n i k , W i r t s c h a f t l i c h k e i t k e i t , U m w e l t a s p e k t e , S p r i n g e r V e r l a g , H e i d e l b e r g , 1 9 9 7
1 5 3 S A N T A M O U R I S M , N a t u r a l C o o l i n g T e c h n i q u e s . P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e W o r k s h o p o n P a s s i v C o o l i n g , p p 1 4 3 - 1 5 3 , J o i n T R e s e a r c h c e n t e r , I s p r a , 1 9 9 0
1 5 4 B O H N E D , k o l o g i s c h e s G e b u d e t e c h n i k , K o h l h a m m e r V e r l a g , S t u t t g a r t , 2 0 0 4
1 5 5 S T E T I U C , F e u s t e l H E , E n e r g y a n d P e a k P o w e r S a v i n g s P o t e n t i a l o f R a d i a n t C o o l i n g S y s t e m s i n U s C o m m e r c i a l B u i l d i n g s , E n e r g y a n d B u i l d i n g s , V o l 3 0 , p p 1 2 7 - 1 3 8 ,
1 9 9 9
1 5 6 O L E S E N B W , R a d i a n t F l o o r H e a t i n g i n T h e o r y a n d P r a t i c e , A S H R A E J o u r n a l , V o l 4 4 , n o 7 , p p

1 9 - 2 6 , 2 0 0 2


2 4 9

1 5 7 H E G G E R M , F u c h s , S t a r k T , Z e u m e r , E n e r g i e A t l a s : N a c h h a l t i g e A r c h i t e k t u r , B i r k h u s e r , B a s e l , 2 0 0 7
1 5 8 G A L L O W A Y T , S o l a r H o u s e : A g u i d e f o r t h e S o l a r D e s i g n e r , A r c h i t e c t u r a l P r e s s , O x f o r d , 2 0 0 4
1 5 9 B E H N E M , I n d o o r A i r Q u a l i t y i n R o o m s w i t h C o o l e d C e i l i n g s . M i x i n g V e n t i l a t i o n o r r a t h e r D i s p l a c e m e n t V e n t i l a t i o n ? , E n e r g y a n d B u i l d i n g s , v o l 3 0 , p p 1 5 5 - 1 6 6
1 6 0 F I S C H N , S o l a r t e c h n i k i n A r c h i t e k t u r u n d S t a d t p l a n u n g - d i e g r t e n S o l a r s i e d l u n g e n D e u t s c h l a n d s , C o n f e r e n c e P r o c e e d i n g s , S u n a n d S e n s e C o n f e r e n c e , B e r l i n , 2 0 0 8
1 6 1 Q U A S C H N I N G V , S i m u l a t i o n d e r A b s c h a t t u n g s v e r l u s t e b e i s o l a r e l e k t r i s c h e n S y s t e m e n , D r . K s t e r V e r l a g , B e r l i n 1 9 9 6
1 6 2 H B E R L I N H , A l l m h l i c h e R e d u k t i o n d e s E n e r g i e e r t r a g s n e t z g e k o p p e l t e r P h o t o v o l t a i k a n l a g e n i n f o l g e p e r m a n e n t e r V e r s c h m u t z u n g i n T g a u n g s b a n d 1 4 . S y m p o s i u m
P h o t o v o l t a i s c h e S o l a r e n e r g i e , O T T I T e c h n o l o g i e K o l l e g , R e g e n s b u r g , 1 9 9 9
1 6 3 C l i m a t e C h a n g e a n d t h e I n d o o r E n v i r o n m e n t : I m p a c t s a n d A d a p t a t i o n s , T h e C h a r t e r e d I n s t i t u t i o n o f B u i l d i n g S e r v i c e s E n g i n e e r s , C I B S E P u b l i c a t i o n , L o n d o n , 2 0 0 5
1 6 4 U C A R A , I n a l l i M , T h e r m a l a n d e c o n o m i c c o m p a r i s o n s o f s o l a r h e a t i n g s y s t e m s w i t h s e a s o n a l s t o r a g e u s e d i n b u i l d i n g h e a t i n g , R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y 3 3 , p p 2 5 3 2 2 5 3 9 ,
2 0 0 8
1 6 5 D R C K H , S o l a r e H e i z u n g s u n t e r s t t z u n g m i t K o b m i a n l a g e n , P r o j e k t i n f o 5 - 1 , B I N E I n f o r m a t i o n s d i e n s t , F a c h i n f o r m a t i o n s z e n t r u m K a r l s r u h e , B o n n , 2 0 0 1
1 6 6 S C H M I D T M , R e g e n e r a t i v e E n e r g i e n i n d e P r a x i s , B i b l i o t h e k G e b u d e t e c h n i k - H L K T e c h n i k , V e r l a g B a u w e s e n , B e r l i n , 2 0 0 2
1 6 7 R E o l 2 0 0 5
1 6 8 H E P B A S L I A , A k e y r e v i e w o n e x e r g e t i c a n a l y s i s a n d a s s e s s m e n t o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s f o r a s u s t a i n a b l e f u t u r e , R e n e w a b l e a n d S u s t a i n a b l e E n e r g y R e v i e w s
1 2 , p p 5 9 3 6 6 1 , 2 0 0 8
1 6 9 K A L O G I R O U S A , S o l a r t h e r m a l c o l l e c t o r s a n d a p p l i c a t i o n s , P r o g r e s s i n E n e r g y a n d C o m b u s t i o n S c i e n c e 3 0 , p p 2 3 1 2 9 5 , 2 0 0 4
1 7 0 A K I N O L U B G , S h a r i a h A M , E c e v i t M , S o l a r d o m e s t i c w a t e r h e a t i n g i n T u r k e y , E n e r g y 2 4 , p p 3 6 3 3 7 4 , 1 9 9 9
1 7 1 A R G I R I O U A , M i r a s g e d i s S , T h e s o l a r t h e r m a l m a r k e t i n G r e e c e r e v i e w a n d p e r s p e c t i v e s , R e n e w a b l e a n d S u s t a i n a b l e E n e r g y R e v i e w s 7 , p p 3 9 7 4 1 8 , 2 0 0 3
1 7 2 S t i f t u n g W a r e n t e s t , 0 3 / 2 0 0 8 . w w w . t e s t . d e
1 7 3 B I A O U A L , B e r n i e r M A , A c h i e v i n g t o t a l d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r p r o d u c t i o n w i t h r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y , B u i l d i n g a n d E n v i r o n m e n t 4 3 , p p 6 5 1 6 6 0 , 2 0 0 8
1 7 4 O E C D F a c t b o o k 2 0 0 8 : E c o n o m i c , E n v i r o n m e n t a l a n d S o c i a l S t a t i s t i c s - I S B N 9 2 - 6 4 - 0 4 0 5 4 - 4 , O E C D 2 0 0 8 , a v a i l a b l e o n t h e i n t e r n e t : s t a t s . o e c d . o r g
1 7 5 P r e s s d e c l a r a t i o n o f T h e C h a m b e r o f E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r s E M O , C h a m p i o n o f E n e r g y P r i c e I n c r e a s e : T u r k e y , 1 1 . 1 0 . 2 0 0 8 , a v a i l a b l e o n t h e i n t e r n e t : w w w . e m o . o r g . t r
1 7 6 L E E M A N N R , M e t h o d e n d e r W i r t s c h a f t l i c h k e i t s a n a l y s e v o n E n e r g i e s y s t e m e n , B u n d e s a m t f r K o n j u k t u r f r a g e n , B e r n , 1 9 9 2
1 7 7 C A K M A N U S I , R e n o v a t i o n o f e x i s t i n g o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s i n r e g a r d t o e n e r g y e c o n o m y : A n e x a m p l e f r o m A n k a r a , T u r k e y , B u i l d i n g a n d E n v i r o n m e n t 4 2 , p p 1 3 4 8 1 3 5 7 ,
2 0 0 7
1 7 8 O Z K A H R A M A N H T , B o l a t t u r k A , T h e u s e o f t u f f s t o n e c l a d d i n g i n b u i l d i n g s f o r e n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n , C o n s t r u c t i o n a n d B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l s 2 0 , p p 4 3 5 4 4 0 , 2 0 0 6
1 7 9 E I F F E R T P , T h o m p s o n A , U . S G u i d e l i n e s f o r t h e E c o n o m i c A n a l y s i s o f B u i l d i n g - I n t e g r a t e d P h o t o v o l t a i c P o w e r S y s t e m s , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f C o m m e r c e , N a t i o n a l
T e c h n i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n S e r v i c e , C o l o r a d o , 2 0 0 0












2 4 9

1 5 7 H E G G E R M , F u c h s , S t a r k T , Z e u m e r , E n e r g i e A t l a s : N a c h h a l t i g e A r c h i t e k t u r , B i r k h u s e r , B a s e l , 2 0 0 7
1 5 8 G A L L O W A Y T , S o l a r H o u s e : A g u i d e f o r t h e S o l a r D e s i g n e r , A r c h i t e c t u r a l P r e s s , O x f o r d , 2 0 0 4
1 5 9 B E H N E M , I n d o o r A i r Q u a l i t y i n R o o m s w i t h C o o l e d C e i l i n g s . M i x i n g V e n t i l a t i o n o r r a t h e r D i s p l a c e m e n t V e n t i l a t i o n ? , E n e r g y a n d B u i l d i n g s , v o l 3 0 , p p 1 5 5 - 1 6 6
1 6 0 F I S C H N , S o l a r t e c h n i k i n A r c h i t e k t u r u n d S t a d t p l a n u n g - d i e g r t e n S o l a r s i e d l u n g e n D e u t s c h l a n d s , C o n f e r e n c e P r o c e e d i n g s , S u n a n d S e n s e C o n f e r e n c e , B e r l i n , 2 0 0 8
1 6 1 Q U A S C H N I N G V , S i m u l a t i o n d e r A b s c h a t t u n g s v e r l u s t e b e i s o l a r e l e k t r i s c h e n S y s t e m e n , D r . K s t e r V e r l a g , B e r l i n 1 9 9 6
1 6 2 H B E R L I N H , A l l m h l i c h e R e d u k t i o n d e s E n e r g i e e r t r a g s n e t z g e k o p p e l t e r P h o t o v o l t a i k a n l a g e n i n f o l g e p e r m a n e n t e r V e r s c h m u t z u n g i n T g a u n g s b a n d 1 4 . S y m p o s i u m
P h o t o v o l t a i s c h e S o l a r e n e r g i e , O T T I T e c h n o l o g i e K o l l e g , R e g e n s b u r g , 1 9 9 9
1 6 3 C l i m a t e C h a n g e a n d t h e I n d o o r E n v i r o n m e n t : I m p a c t s a n d A d a p t a t i o n s , T h e C h a r t e r e d I n s t i t u t i o n o f B u i l d i n g S e r v i c e s E n g i n e e r s , C I B S E P u b l i c a t i o n , L o n d o n , 2 0 0 5
1 6 4 U C A R A , I n a l l i M , T h e r m a l a n d e c o n o m i c c o m p a r i s o n s o f s o l a r h e a t i n g s y s t e m s w i t h s e a s o n a l s t o r a g e u s e d i n b u i l d i n g h e a t i n g , R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y 3 3 , p p 2 5 3 2 2 5 3 9 ,
2 0 0 8
1 6 5 D R C K H , S o l a r e H e i z u n g s u n t e r s t t z u n g m i t K o b m i a n l a g e n , P r o j e k t i n f o 5 - 1 , B I N E I n f o r m a t i o n s d i e n s t , F a c h i n f o r m a t i o n s z e n t r u m K a r l s r u h e , B o n n , 2 0 0 1
1 6 6 S C H M I D T M , R e g e n e r a t i v e E n e r g i e n i n d e P r a x i s , B i b l i o t h e k G e b u d e t e c h n i k - H L K T e c h n i k , V e r l a g B a u w e s e n , B e r l i n , 2 0 0 2
1 6 7 R E o l 2 0 0 5
1 6 8 H E P B A S L I A , A k e y r e v i e w o n e x e r g e t i c a n a l y s i s a n d a s s e s s m e n t o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s f o r a s u s t a i n a b l e f u t u r e , R e n e w a b l e a n d S u s t a i n a b l e E n e r g y R e v i e w s
1 2 , p p 5 9 3 6 6 1 , 2 0 0 8
1 6 9 K A L O G I R O U S A , S o l a r t h e r m a l c o l l e c t o r s a n d a p p l i c a t i o n s , P r o g r e s s i n E n e r g y a n d C o m b u s t i o n S c i e n c e 3 0 , p p 2 3 1 2 9 5 , 2 0 0 4
1 7 0 A K I N O L U B G , S h a r i a h A M , E c e v i t M , S o l a r d o m e s t i c w a t e r h e a t i n g i n T u r k e y , E n e r g y 2 4 , p p 3 6 3 3 7 4 , 1 9 9 9
1 7 1 A R G I R I O U A , M i r a s g e d i s S , T h e s o l a r t h e r m a l m a r k e t i n G r e e c e r e v i e w a n d p e r s p e c t i v e s , R e n e w a b l e a n d S u s t a i n a b l e E n e r g y R e v i e w s 7 , p p 3 9 7 4 1 8 , 2 0 0 3
1 7 2 S t i f t u n g W a r e n t e s t , 0 3 / 2 0 0 8 . w w w . t e s t . d e
1 7 3 B I A O U A L , B e r n i e r M A , A c h i e v i n g t o t a l d o m e s t i c h o t w a t e r p r o d u c t i o n w i t h r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y , B u i l d i n g a n d E n v i r o n m e n t 4 3 , p p 6 5 1 6 6 0 , 2 0 0 8
1 7 4 O E C D F a c t b o o k 2 0 0 8 : E c o n o m i c , E n v i r o n m e n t a l a n d S o c i a l S t a t i s t i c s - I S B N 9 2 - 6 4 - 0 4 0 5 4 - 4 , O E C D 2 0 0 8 , a v a i l a b l e o n t h e i n t e r n e t : s t a t s . o e c d . o r g
1 7 5 P r e s s d e c l a r a t i o n o f T h e C h a m b e r o f E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r s E M O , C h a m p i o n o f E n e r g y P r i c e I n c r e a s e : T u r k e y , 1 1 . 1 0 . 2 0 0 8 , a v a i l a b l e o n t h e i n t e r n e t : w w w . e m o . o r g . t r
1 7 6 L E E M A N N R , M e t h o d e n d e r W i r t s c h a f t l i c h k e i t s a n a l y s e v o n E n e r g i e s y s t e m e n , B u n d e s a m t f r K o n j u k t u r f r a g e n , B e r n , 1 9 9 2
1 7 7 C A K M A N U S I , R e n o v a t i o n o f e x i s t i n g o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s i n r e g a r d t o e n e r g y e c o n o m y : A n e x a m p l e f r o m A n k a r a , T u r k e y , B u i l d i n g a n d E n v i r o n m e n t 4 2 , p p 1 3 4 8 1 3 5 7 ,
2 0 0 7
1 7 8 O Z K A H R A M A N H T , B o l a t t u r k A , T h e u s e o f t u f f s t o n e c l a d d i n g i n b u i l d i n g s f o r e n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n , C o n s t r u c t i o n a n d B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l s 2 0 , p p 4 3 5 4 4 0 , 2 0 0 6
1 7 9 E I F F E R T P , T h o m p s o n A , U . S G u i d e l i n e s f o r t h e E c o n o m i c A n a l y s i s o f B u i l d i n g - I n t e g r a t e d P h o t o v o l t a i c P o w e r S y s t e m s , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f C o m m e r c e , N a t i o n a l
T e c h n i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n S e r v i c e , C o l o r a d o , 2 0 0 0












249

157 HEGGER M, Fuchs, Stark T, Zeumer, Energie Atlas: Nachhaltige Architektur, Birkhuser, Basel, 2007
158 GALLOWAY T, Solar House: A guide for the Solar Designer, Architectural Press, Oxford, 2004
159 BEHNE M, Indoor Air Quality in Rooms with Cooled Ceilings. Mixing Ventilation or rather Displacement Ventilation?, Energy and Buildings, vol 30, pp155-166
160 FISCH N, Solartechnik in Architektur und Stadtplanung- die grten Solarsiedlungen Deutschlands, Conference Proceedings, Sun and Sense Conference, Berlin, 2008
161 QUASCHNING V, Simulation der Abschattungsverluste bei solarelektrischen Systemen, Dr. Kster Verlag, Berlin 1996
162 HBERLIN H, Allmhliche Reduktion des Energieertrags netzgekoppelter Photovoltaikanlagen infolge permanenter Verschmutzung in Tgaungsband 14. Symposium
Photovoltaische Solarenergie, OTTI Technologie Kolleg, Regensburg, 1999
163 Climate Change and the Indoor Environment: Impacts and Adaptations, The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, CIBSE Publication, London, 2005
164 UCAR A, Inalli M, Thermal and economic comparisons of solar heating systems with seasonal storage used in building heating, Renewable Energy 33, pp 2532 2539,
2008
165 DRCK H, Solare Heizungsuntersttzung mit Kobmianlagen, Projektinfo 5-1, BINE Informationsdienst, Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe, Bonn, 2001
166 SCHMIDT M, Regenerative Energien in de Praxis, Bibliothek Gebudetechnik- HLK Technik, Verlag Bauwesen, Berlin, 2002
167 REol 2005
168 HEPBASLI A, A key review on exergetic analysis and assessment of renewable energy resources for a sustainable future, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
12, pp 593661, 2008
169 KALOGIROU S A, Solar thermal collectors and applications, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 30, pp 231295, 2004
170 AKINOLU B G, Shariah A M, Ecevit M, Solar domestic water heating in Turkey, Energy 24, pp 363374, 1999
171 ARGIRIOU A, Mirasgedis S, The solar thermal market in Greecereview and perspectives, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 7, pp 397418, 2003
172 Stiftung Warentest, 03/2008. www.test .de
173 BIAOU A L, Bernier M A, Achieving total domestic hot water production with renewable energy, Building and Environment 43, pp 651660, 2008
174 OECD Factbook 2008: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics - ISBN 92-64-04054-4, OECD 2008, available on the internet: stats.oecd.org
175 Press declaration of The Chamber of Electrical Engineers EMO, Champion of Energy Price Increase: Turkey, 11.10.2008, available on the internet: www.emo.org.tr
176 LEEMANN R, Methoden der Wirtschaftlichkeitsanalyse von Energiesystemen, Bundesamt fr Konjukturfragen, Bern, 1992
177 CAKMANUS I, Renovation of existing office buildings in regard to energy economy: An example from Ankara, Turkey, Building and Environment 42, pp 13481357,
2007
178 OZKAHRAMAN H T, Bolatturk A, The use of tuff stone cladding in buildings for energy conservation, Construction and Building Materials 20, pp 435440, 2006
179 EIFFERT P, Thompson A, U.S Guidelines for the Economic Analysis of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Power Systems, U.S. Department of Commerce, National
Technical Information Service, Colorado, 2000












249

157 HEGGER M, Fuchs, Stark T, Zeumer, Energie Atlas: Nachhaltige Architektur, Birkhuser, Basel, 2007
158 GALLOWAY T, Solar House: A guide for the Solar Designer, Architectural Press, Oxford, 2004
159 BEHNE M, Indoor Air Quality in Rooms with Cooled Ceilings. Mixing Ventilation or rather Displacement Ventilation?, Energy and Buildings, vol 30, pp155-166
160 FISCH N, Solartechnik in Architektur und Stadtplanung- die grten Solarsiedlungen Deutschlands, Conference Proceedings, Sun and Sense Conference, Berlin, 2008
161 QUASCHNING V, Simulation der Abschattungsverluste bei solarelektrischen Systemen, Dr. Kster Verlag, Berlin 1996
162 HBERLIN H, Allmhliche Reduktion des Energieertrags netzgekoppelter Photovoltaikanlagen infolge permanenter Verschmutzung in Tgaungsband 14. Symposium
Photovoltaische Solarenergie, OTTI Technologie Kolleg, Regensburg, 1999
163 Climate Change and the Indoor Environment: Impacts and Adaptations, The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, CIBSE Publication, London, 2005
164 UCAR A, Inalli M, Thermal and economic comparisons of solar heating systems with seasonal storage used in building heating, Renewable Energy 33, pp 2532 2539,
2008
165 DRCK H, Solare Heizungsuntersttzung mit Kobmianlagen, Projektinfo 5-1, BINE Informationsdienst, Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe, Bonn, 2001
166 SCHMIDT M, Regenerative Energien in de Praxis, Bibliothek Gebudetechnik- HLK Technik, Verlag Bauwesen, Berlin, 2002
167 REol 2005
168 HEPBASLI A, A key review on exergetic analysis and assessment of renewable energy resources for a sustainable future, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
12, pp 593661, 2008
169 KALOGIROU S A, Solar thermal collectors and applications, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 30, pp 231295, 2004
170 AKINOLU B G, Shariah A M, Ecevit M, Solar domestic water heating in Turkey, Energy 24, pp 363374, 1999
171 ARGIRIOU A, Mirasgedis S, The solar thermal market in Greecereview and perspectives, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 7, pp 397418, 2003
172 Stiftung Warentest, 03/2008. www.test .de
173 BIAOU A L, Bernier M A, Achieving total domestic hot water production with renewable energy, Building and Environment 43, pp 651660, 2008
174 OECD Factbook 2008: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics - ISBN 92-64-04054-4, OECD 2008, available on the internet: stats.oecd.org
175 Press declaration of The Chamber of Electrical Engineers EMO, Champion of Energy Price Increase: Turkey, 11.10.2008, available on the internet: www.emo.org.tr
176 LEEMANN R, Methoden der Wirtschaftlichkeitsanalyse von Energiesystemen, Bundesamt fr Konjukturfragen, Bern, 1992
177 CAKMANUS I, Renovation of existing office buildings in regard to energy economy: An example from Ankara, Turkey, Building and Environment 42, pp 13481357,
2007
178 OZKAHRAMAN H T, Bolatturk A, The use of tuff stone cladding in buildings for energy conservation, Construction and Building Materials 20, pp 435440, 2006
179 EIFFERT P, Thompson A, U.S Guidelines for the Economic Analysis of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Power Systems, U.S. Department of Commerce, National
Technical Information Service, Colorado, 2000

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen