Australian Animals

Computer Applications







Name: Clare Alder
Class: 7CAB
Teacher: Mrs. Agnew
Due Date: 20/3/15


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Contents
Koala ................................................................................................................................... 4
Habitat ............................................................................................................................. 4
Diet .................................................................................................................................. 4
Breeding .......................................................................................................................... 5
Threats ............................................................................................................................. 5
The main causes of loss of habitat include: ................................................................ 5
LAND CLEARING .................................................................................................... 5
BUSHFIRES ............................................................................................................... 6
DIEBACK ................................................................................................................... 6
Red Kangaroo ..................................................................................................................... 7
Macropus rufus ............................................................................................................... 8
Status: .............................................................................................................................. 8
Breeding .......................................................................................................................... 8
Diet .................................................................................................................................. 8
Habitat ............................................................................................................................. 8
Platypus ............................................................................................................................... 9
Ornithorhyncus anatinus ................................................................................................. 9
Description ...................................................................................................................... 9
Breeding .......................................................................................................................... 9
Diet .................................................................................................................................. 9
Habitat ............................................................................................................................. 9
Threats ........................................................................................................................... 10

















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Koala













What is a koala?

The koala is a small bear-like, tree-dwelling, herbivorous marsupial
which averages about 9kg (20lb) in weight. It's fur is thick and usually
ash grey with a tinge of brown in places.

Habitat

'Habitat' refers to the types of bushland that koalas like to live in.
They are found in a range of habitats, from coastal islands and tall
eucalypt forests to low woodlands inland.
Koalas today are found in Queensland , New South Wales , Victoria and
South Australia . Their range extends from the Atherton Tableland west
of Cairns in Qld to islands off the coast of Victoria and South
Australia in the south, and west to central and western Qld, NSW and
Victoria.

Diet

Koala's are very fussy eaters and have strong preferences for different
types of gum leaves, then the most important factor which make habitats
suitable are the presence of tree species preferred by koalas (usually
eucalypts, but also some non-eucalypts) growing in particular
associations on suitable soils with adequate rainfall.
In Australia there are over 600 types of eucalypts, but koalas will not
eat a large proportion of these. Within a particular area, as few as
one, and generally no more than two or three species of eucalypt will be
regularly browsed while a variety of other species, including some non-
eucalypts, appear to be browsed occasionally or used for just sitting or
sleeping in.
Different species of eucalypts grow in different parts of Australia, so
a koala in Victoria would have a very different diet from one in
Queensland. Koalas like a change, too, and sometimes they will eat from
other trees such as wattle or tea tree.
Physiology
The Koala is well suited to life in the trees. The koala has an
excellent sense of balance and its body is lean and muscular and its
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quite long, strong limbs support its weight when climbing. The arms and
legs are nearly equal in length and the koala's climbing strength comes
from the thigh muscle joining the shin much lower than in other
animals.Its paws are especially adapted for gripping and climbing with
rough pads on the palms and soles helping it to grip tree trunks and
branches. Koalas have a thick woolly fur which protects them from both
high and low temperatures.It also acts like a 'raincoat' to repel
moisture when it rains. Koalas are mostly nocturnal animals and they are
most active during the night and at dawn and dusk.

Breeding

The main characteristics of marsupials which differentiate them from
other mammals is that they give birth to immature young which then
develop further in a pouch. The word 'marsupial' comes from the Latin
word marsupium, meaning 'pouch.' Most, but not all marsupials have a
pouch in which to raise their young.
The breeding season for koalas runs roughly from September to March.
This is a time of increased activity, and sound levels increase as males
bellow more frequently. This is also when the young from the previous
year are weaning from their mothers.


Threats

Since European settlement, approximately 80% of Australia's eucalypt
forests have been decimated. Of the remaining 20% almost none is
protected and most occurs on privately-owned land.

The main causes of loss of habitat include:

LAND CLEARING

Clearing of the land for expansion of human settlement for
agriculture
housing
mining
forestry
factories
roads

The results of this would include:
loss of habitat
increased disturbance by humans
injury or death from traffic
injury or death from dogs and cats
effects of garden pesticides getting into waterways
increased competition for food and territory because of overcrowding
increased stress on animals, making them more susceptible to disease.
It has also been documented that over 4000 koalas are killed each year
by dogs and cars. It easy to see that the biggest threat to the Koala
population is the human.

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BUSHFIRES

Koala populations in fragmented areas of bushland are at great risk of
localised extinction from a single fire which may wipe out an entire
habitat. Bushfires are extremely common in the Summer months.

DIEBACK

Changes in the balance of the ecosystem can lead to dieback of trees.
The cutting back of the original vast forests has created patches of
forest separated from each other by treeless land. Small, isolated
patches of forest are prone to dieback. Dieback is a general term for
the gradual dying of trees due to factors such as land degradation,
leaching of soil nutrients, changes in the composition of vegetation
communities, rising water levels underground, salination of the soil,
erosion caused by wind and water, exposure to weather and excessive
defoliation (or loss of leaves).
The underlying cause of all these factors appears to be the clearing and
disturbance of forests. Seventy five percent of the main koala food tree
species are declining in numbers as a result of this.




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Figure 1: Koala and baby
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Red Kangaroo

Macropus rufus

Status: Common

The red kangaroo is the largest of all the marsupials and live in family
groups on the plains and deserts of Central Australia.
Description Male red kangaroos have short dense woolly fur and are
pale to brick red in colour, while the females are blue-grey, though in
some areas both sexes are red. Both have distinctive white below. The
muzzle is dusky, naked and sharply defined with a distinctive black and
white patch on each side. Red kangaroos travel with head down. Males
weigh up to 90kg, the females are smaller at 35kg (also known as the
"Blue-fliers"). Males can stand over 1.8m tall.

Breeding
Kangaroos breed throughout the year. Newly born young, known as joeys,
weigh less than 1 gram and make their way into the pouch unassisted by
their mother.

Diet
Green herbage, including grasses and herbivorous plants.

Habitat
Red kangaroos are found in central Australia and prefer open plains with
scattered shade trees under which they rest during the day. They are
semi-nomadic preferring to graze mostly at night but can extend to late
evening and early morning












Figure 2: Red Kangaroo
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Platypus

Ornithorhyncus anatinus

Status: Platypus are common but vulnerable.

The platypus is a monotreme, like the echidna but are extremely
specialized for an aquatic lifestyle in fresh water. For many years,
platypus were hunted for their thick fur. Platypus are mostly nocturnal
and solitary animals.

Description
Platypus have a broad soft leathery bill, dense water-repellent brown
fur, webbed feet and clawed toes. It uses its webbed front feet for
swimming, folding the web under its paw to walk. The Platypus spends
much of its time in the water so its eyes are on the top of its head and
the nostrils open on top of its bill. When submerged, the platypus
closes its eyes, nostrils and ear holes relying on the touch receptors
on the skin of the bill for its information.
The platypus's tail is broad and flat, its hind feet are used to help
steer and brake while swimming The hind ankles of the male have a
venomous spur.

Breeding
Mating starts on August in the warmer areas and as late as October in
Tasmania. Females lay two eggs and incubate the eggs by curling her body
around them as she lies on a nest of grasses at the end of the burrow.
Eggs hatch in about 2 weeks and young are fed for four to five months on
milk that secretes from pore ducts of the mammary glands on the mothers
abdomen.

Diet
Platypus eat a variety of invertebrates such as crustaceans and
molluscs. They collect food from the river bottom and store it in cheek
pouches until the reaching the surface. The platypus then floats on its
back chewing the food between horny grinding plates in its mouth.



Habitat
The platypus lives in burrows on the banks of fresh water streams and
lakes of Eastern Australia including Tasmania. It sleeps most of the day
in its burrow feeding mainly around dawn and dusk. Local climate may
change this behaviour.

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Threats
WIRES looks after platypus which are sick, orphaned or injured due to
lacerations from outboard motors, poisoning from pollution, entanglement
from netting and habitat loss.








Figure 3: Platypus

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References

Authors name:
Title of the work: The Koala Foundation
Title of the complete work:
Address: http://www.savethekoala.com/
Date of visit: 19/02/02

Authors name:
Title of the work: Kangaroo
Title of the complete work: Wires
Address: http://www.wires.au.com/animals/kangaroo.htm
Date of visit: 21/02/02

Authors name:
Title of the work: Emu
Title of the complete work: Wires
Address: http://www.wires.au.com/animals/emu.htm
Date of visit: 21/02/02