Naveen Patel

Example 1
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
No.
=
=
=
=

of Subnet
2n 2
21 2
22
0 Subnet

One bit masking is Invalid, You are not getting any

networks when you convert 1 host bit to network bit.

Naveen Patel

HELP

Example 2
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
No.
=
=
=
=

of Subnet
2n 2
27 2
128 2
126 Subnet

No. of Host
= 2h 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 21 2
= 2 2 = 0 Hosts/Subnet
In this case, You are not getting any host when you
convert 7 host bit to network bit.
Naveen Patel

HELP

Example 3
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
No.
=
=
=
=

of Subnet
2n 2
28 2
256 2
254 Subnet

No. of Host
= 2h 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 20 2
= 1 2 = -1 Hosts/Subnet
In this case, You are not getting any host when you
convert all host bit to network bit.
Naveen Patel

HELP

Requirement of Hosts is 40 ?
Example 1
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
No. of Host
= 2h 2 Req. of Host
= 26 2 40 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 64 2
= 62 Hosts/Subnet
No. of Subnet
=
=
=
=

2n 2 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)

22 2
42
2 Subnet

Naveen Patel

HELP

Example 1 (Continued)
Customized
= Bits to Network Bits
If you Subnet
convertMask
2 Host
255.
192
2255.
Subnet & 255.
62 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Customized Subnet Mask
255.255.255.192
Range of Networks
Network ID
Broadcast ID
Subnet Range

192.168.1.63 x
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.127
192.168.1.64

192.168.1.127
192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.191
Valid Subnets
192.168.1.128
192.168.1.191
192.168.1.192

Naveen Patel

192.168.1.255 x

Requirement of Hosts is 2 ?
Example 2
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
No. of Host
= 2h 2 Req. of Host
= 22 2 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 42
= 2 Hosts/Subnet
No. of Subnet
=
=
=
=

2n 2 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)

26 2
64 2
62 Subnet

Naveen Patel

HELP

Example 2 (Continued)
Customized Subnet Mask =
255.
255.
255.

252

11111111.11111111.11111111. 11111100
Range of Networks
Network ID

192.168.1.0
192.168.1.4

192.168.1.8

192.168.1.12

192.168.1.248
192.168.1.252

Naveen Patel

Broadcast ID
x
192.168.1.3
192.168.1.7
192.168.1.11
192.168.1.15

192.168.1.251
192.168.1.255 x

Valid Subnets

Cisco / Notation
Example 1

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0/29

Extra Network Bits = 29 24 = 5

Put n value = 5
No. of Subnet
= 2n 2
= 25 2 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 32 2
= 30 Subnet
No. of Host
= 2h 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 23 2
= 82
= Patel
6 Hosts/Subnet
Naveen

HELP

Example 1 (Continued)
Customized
= Bits to Network Bits
If you Subnet
convertMask
5 Host
255.
255.
255.
248
30
Subnet &
6 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11111000
Customized Subnet Mask
255.255.255.248
Range of Networks
Network ID
Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
x

192.168.1.7
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.8 to 192.168.1.15
192.168.1.8

192.168.1.15
192.168.1.16 to 192.168.1.23
192.168.1.16

192.168.1.23
192.168.1.24 to 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.24

192.168.1.31
192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.39
Valid Subnets
192.168.1.240
192.168.1.247
192.168.1.240 to 192.168.1.247
192.168.1.248
192.168.1.255 x

Naveen Patel

Cisco / Notation
Example 2

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0/28

Extra Network Bits = 28 24 = 4

Put n value = 4
No. of Subnet
= 2n 2
= 24 2 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 16 2
= 14 Subnet
No. of Host
= 2h 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 24 2
= 16 2
= Patel
14 Hosts/Subnet
Naveen

HELP

Example 2 (Continued)
Customized
= Bits to Network Bits
If you Subnet
convertMask
4 Host
255.
255.
240
14
Subnet &255.
14 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11110000
Customized Subnet Mask
255.255.255.240
Range of Networks
Network ID
Broadcast ID
Subnet Range

192.168.1.15 x
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.16 to 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.16

192.168.1.31
192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.47
192.168.1.32

192.168.1.47
192.168.1.48 to 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.48

192.168.1.63
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.80
Valid Subnets
192.168.1.224
192.168.1.239
192.168.1.224 to 192.168.1.239
192.168.1.240
192.168.1.255 x

Naveen Patel

Requirement of Networks is 2 ?
Example 1
Class B : N.N.H.H
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class B : 172.16.0.0
No.
=
=
=
=

of Subnet
2n 2 Req. of Subnet
22 2 2 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
42
2 Subnet

No.
=
=
=
=

of Host
2h 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
214 2
16384 2
16382 Hosts/Subnet

Naveen Patel

HELP

Example 1 (Continued)
Customized
Subnet Mask
If you convert
2 Host=Bits to Network Bits
255.
255. & 16382
192. Hosts/Subnet
0
2 Subnet
11111111.11111111.11000000. 00000000
Customized Subnet Mask
255.255.192.0
Range of Networks
Network ID
Broadcast
Subnet
Range ID

172.16.63.255
x
172.16.0.0 172.16.64.0
to 172.16.127.255
172.16.64.0

172.16.127.255
172.16.128.0
to 172.16.191.255Valid Subnets
172.16.128.0

172.16.191.255
172.16.192.0

Naveen Patel

172.16.255.255 x

Requirement of Hosts is 126 ?

Example 2
Class B : N.N.H.H
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class B : 172.16.0.0
No. of Host
= 2h 2 Req. of Host
= 27 2 126 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 128 2
= 126 Hosts/Subnet
No. of Subnet
=
=
=
=

2n
29
512
510

Naveen Patel

2 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)

2
2
Subnet
HELP

Example 2 (Continued)
Customized
= Bits to Network Bits
If you Subnet
convertMask
9 Host
255.
255.
128
510
Subnet &255.
126 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 10000000
Customized Subnet Mask
255.255.255.128
Range of Networks
Network ID
Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
x

172.16.0.127
172.16.0.0
172.16.0.128 to 172.16.0.255
172.16.0.128

172.16.0.255
172.16.1.0 to 172.16.1.127
172.16.1.0

172.16.1.127
172.16.1.128 to 172.16.1.255
172.16.1.128

172.16.1.255
172.16.2.0 to 172.16.2.127 Valid Subnets
172.16.255.0

172.16.255.127
172.16.255.0 to 172.16.255.127
172.16.255.128
172.16.255.255 x

Naveen Patel

Cisco / Notation
Example 3

Class B : N.N.H.H
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class B : 172.16.0.0/22

Extra Network Bits = 22 16 = 6

Put n value = 6
No. of Subnet
= 2n 2
= 26 2 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 64 2
= 62 Subnet
No. of Host
= 2h 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 210 2
= 1024 2
= Patel
1022 Hosts/Subnet
Naveen

HELP

Example 3 (Continued)
Customized
= Bits to Network Bits
If you Subnet
convertMask
6 Host
255.
252. Hosts/Subnet
0
62255.
Subnet & 1022
11111111.11111111.11111100. 00000000
Customized Subnet Mask
255.255.252.0
Range of Networks
Network ID
Broadcast ID
Subnet Range

172.16.3.255 x
172.16.0.0
172.16.4.0 to 172.16.7.255
172.16.4.0

172.16.7.255
172.16.8.0 to 172.16.11.255
172.16.8.0

172.16.11.255
172.16.12.0 to 172.16.15.255
172.16.12.0

172.16.15.255
172.16.16.0 to 172.16.19.255 Valid Subnets
172.16.248.0

172.16.251.255
172.16.248.0 to 172.16.251.255
172.16.252.0

172.16.255.255 x

Naveen Patel

Requirement of Networks is 500 ?

Example 1
Class A : N.H.H.H
0xxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class A : 10.0.0.0
No.
=
=
=
=

of Subnet
2n 2 Req. of Subnet
29 2 500 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
512 2
510 Subnet

No.
=
=
=
=

of Host
2h 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
215 2
32768 2
32766 Hosts/Subnet

Naveen Patel

HELP

Example 1 (Continued)
Customized
= Bits to Network Bits
If you Subnet
convertMask
9 Host
255. 510255.
128. Hosts/Subnet
0
Subnet & 32766
11111111.11111111.10000000. 00000000
Customized Subnet Mask
255.255.128.0
Range of Networks
Network ID
Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
x

10.0.127.255
10.0.0.0
10.0.128.0 to 10.0.255.255
10.0.128.0

10.0.255.255
10.1.0.0 to 10.1.127.255
10.1.0.0

10.1.127.255
10.1.128.0 to 10.1.255.255
10.1.128.0

10.1.255.255
10.2.0.0 to 10.2.127.255 Valid Subnets
10.255.0.0

10.255.127.255
10.255.0.0 to 10.255.127.255
10.255.128.0

10.255.255.255 x

Naveen Patel

Requirement of Hosts is 260000 ?

Example 2
Class A : N.H.H.H
0xxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class A : 10.0.0.0
No. of Host
= 2h 2 Req. of Host
= 218 2 260000 (-2 is for Network ID & BroadcastID)
= 262144 2
= 262142 Hosts/Subnet
No. of Subnet
=
=
=
=

2n 2 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)

26 2
64 2
62 Subnet

Naveen Patel

HELP

Example 2 (Continued)
Customized
= Bits to Network Bits
If you Subnet
convertMask
6 Host
255. 62 Subnet
252. & 262142
0.
0
Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111100.00000000. 00000000
Customized Subnet Mask
255.252.0.0
Range of Networks
Network ID
Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
x

10.3.255.255
10.0.0.0
10.4.0.0 to 10.3.255.255
10.4.0.0

10.7.255.255
10.8.0.0 to 10.7.255.255
10.8.0.0

10.11.255.255
10.12.0.0 to 10.15.255.255
10.12.0.0

10.15.255.255
10.16.0.0 to 10.19.255.255 Valid Subnets
10.248.0.0

10.251.255.255
10.248.0.0 to 10.251.255.255
10.252.0.0

10.255.255.255 x

Naveen Patel

Cisco / Notation
Example 3

Class A : N.H.H.H
0xxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class A : 10.0.0.0/20

Extra Network Bits = 20 8 = 12

Put n value = 12
No. of Subnet
= 2n 2
= 212 2 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 4096 2
= 4094 Subnet
No. of Host
= 2h 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 212 2
= 4096 2
= Patel
4094 Hosts/Subnet
Naveen

HELP

Example 3 (Continued)
Customized
Subnet Mask
= Bits to Network Bits
If you convert
12 Host
255. 4094
255.
0
Subnet &240.
4094 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11110000. 00000000
Customized Subnet Mask
255.255.240.0
Range of Networks
Network ID
Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
x

10.0.15.255
10.0.0.0
10.0.16.0 to 10.31.255.255
10.0.16.0

10.0.31.255
10.0.32.0 to 10.47.255.255
10.0.32.0

10.0.47.255
10.0.48.0 to 10.63.255.255
10.0.48.0

10.0.63.255
10.0.64.0 to 10.79.255.255 Valid Subnets
10.255.224.0

10.255.239.255
10.255.224.0 to 10.255.239.255
10.255.240.0

10.255.255.255 x

Naveen Patel

VLSM

Subnetting a subnet is called as Variable Length Subnet Mask

VLSMs provide the capability to include more than one subnet
mask within a major network

Naveen Patel

Scenario
ZOOM Technologies is having 100 PC
ZOOM Technologies 192.168.1.0/24
MCSE
CISCO
FIREWALL
SOLARIS
TRAINING
Administrators requirement : Inter-department
communication should not be possible ?
Best Solution is :

FLSM i.e. Subnetting

Naveen Patel

Scenario (continued)
Now we are also having sub departments

Naveen Patel

AEGIS Technologies
MCSE
CISCO
Ccna
Ccnp
FIREWALL
ISA
Checkpoint
Net ASQ
Clavister
Cisco PIX
SOLARIS
Linux
Unix
Solaris
TRAINING

Scenario (continued)

Administrator does not want inter-department

communication in the sub departments ?
Answer : You will use the subnet range to further
divide it into smaller ranges, this time its
Subnetting of a Subnet i.e. VLSM.

Naveen Patel

Calculation of FLSM
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
No.
=
=
=
=

of Subnet
2n 2 Req. of Subnet
23 2 5 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
82
6 Subnet

No.
=
=
=
=

of Host
2h 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
25 2
32 2
30 Hosts/Subnet

Naveen Patel

HELP

FLSM

(Continued)

Customized
= Bits to Network Bits
If you Subnet
convertMask
3 Host
255.
224
6255.
Subnet & 255.
30 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11100000
Customized Subnet Mask
255.255.255.224
Range of Networks
Network ID
Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
192.168.1.31 x
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.63.
192.168.1.63
192.168.1.32
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.95
192.168.1.95
192.168.1.64
192.168.1.96 to 192.168.1.127
192.168.1.127
192.168.1.96
192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.159
Valid Subnets
192.168.1.159
192.168.1.128
192.168.1.160 to 192.168.1.191
192.168.1.191
192.168.1.160
192.168.1.192 to 192.168.1.223
192.168.1.223
192.168.1.192
192.168.1.255 x
192.168.1.224

Naveen Patel

Assigning of the Ranges

AEGIS Technologies
192.168.1.32 1.63/27
MCSE
CISCO
192.168.1.64 1.95/27
Ccna
Ccnp
192.168.1.96 1.127/27
FIREWALL
ISA
Checkpoint
Net ASQ
Clavister
Cisco PIX
192.168.1.128 1.159/27
SOLARIS
Linux
Unix
Solaris
TRAINING
192.168.1.160 1.191/27
Naveen Patel

Calculation of VLSM for CISCO Dept.

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.64
No.
=
=
=
=

of Subnet
2n Req. of Subnet
21 2
2
2 Subnet

No.
=
=
=
=

of Host
2h 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
24 2
16 2
14 Hosts/Subnet

Naveen Patel

HELP

VLSM

(Continued)

Customized
Subnet1Mask
If you convert
more=Host Bit to Network Bit
255.
240
2255.
Subnet & 255.
14 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11110000
Customized Subnet Mask
255.255.255.240
Range of Networks
Network ID
Broadcast ID
Subnet Range

192.168.1.79
192.168.1.64
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.79
Valid Subnets
192.168.1.80

192.168.1.95
192.168.1.80 to 192.168.1.95

Naveen Patel

Assigning of the Ranges

ZOOM Technologies
192.168.1.32 1.63/27
MCSE
CISCO
192.168.1.64 1.95/27
192.168.1.64 1.79/28
Ccna
192.168.1.80 1.95/28
Ccnp
192.168.1.96 1.127/27
FIREWALL
ISA
Checkpoint
Net ASQ
Clavister
Cisco PIX
192.168.1.128 1.159/27
SOLARIS
Linux
Unix
Solaris
TRAINING
192.168.1.160 1.191/27
Naveen Patel

Calculation of VLSM for Firewall Dept.

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.96
No.
=
=
=
=

of Subnet
2n Req. of Subnet
23 5
8
8 Subnet

No.
=
=
=
=

of Host
2h 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
22 2
42
2 Hosts/Subnet

Naveen Patel

HELP

VLSM

(Continued)

Customized
Subnet3Mask
If you convert
more=Host Bit to Network Bit
255.
255.
252
8 Subnet &255.
2 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11111100
Customized Subnet Mask
255.255.255.252
Range of Networks
Network ID
Broadcast
Subnet
Range ID

192.168.1.99
192.168.1.96
192.168.1.96
to 192.168.1.99
192.168.1.100

192.168.1.103
192.168.1.100
to 192.168.1.103
192.168.1.104

192.168.1.107
192.168.1.104
to 192.168.1.107
192.168.1.108

192.168.1.111
192.168.1.108
to 192.168.1.111
Valid Subnets
192.168.1.112

192.168.1.115
192.168.1.112
to 192.168.1.115
192.168.1.116

192.168.1.119
192.168.1.116
to 192.168.1.119
192.168.1.120

192.168.1.123
192.168.1.120
to 192.168.1.123
192.168.1.124

192.168.1.127
192.168.1.124
to 192.168.1.127
Naveen Patel

Assigning of the Ranges

ZOOM Technologies
192.168.1.32 1.63/27
MCSE
CISCO
192.168.1.64 1.95/27
192.168.1.64 1.79/28
Ccna
192.168.1.80 1.95/28
Ccnp
192.168.1.96 1.127/27
FIREWALL
192.168.1.96 1.99/30
ISA
192.168.1.100 1.103/30
Checkpoint
Net ASQ
192.168.1.104 1.107/30
Clavister
192.168.1.108 1.111/30
192.168.1.112 1.115/30
Cisco PIX
192.168.1.128 1.159/27
SOLARIS
Linux
Unix
Solaris
TRAINING
192.168.1.160 1.191/27
Naveen Patel

Calculation of VLSM for Solaris Dept.

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.128
No.
=
=
=
=

of Subnet
2n Req. of Subnet
22 3
4
4 Subnet

No.
=
=
=
=

of Host
2h 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
23 2
82
6 Hosts/Subnet

Naveen Patel

HELP

VLSM

(Continued)

Customized
Subnet2Mask
If you convert
more=Host Bit to Network Bit
255.
255.
248
4 Subnet &255.
6 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11111000
Customized Subnet Mask
255.255.255.248
Range of Networks
Network ID
Broadcast
Subnet
Range ID

192.168.1.135
192.168.1.128
192.168.1.128
to 192.168.1.135
192.168.1.136

192.168.1.143
192.168.1.136
to 192.168.1.143
Valid Subnets
192.168.1.144

192.168.1.151
192.168.1.144
to 192.168.1.151
192.168.1.152

192.168.1.159
192.168.1.152
to 192.168.1.159

Naveen Patel

Assigning of the Ranges

ZOOM Technologies
192.168.1.32 1.63/27
MCSE
CISCO
192.168.1.64 1.95/27
192.168.1.64 1.79/28
Ccna
192.168.1.80 1.95/28
Ccnp
192.168.1.96 1.127/27
FIREWALL
192.168.1.96 1.99/30
ISA
192.168.1.100 1.103/30
Checkpoint
Net ASQ
192.168.1.104 1.107/30
Clavister
192.168.1.108 1.111/30
192.168.1.112 1.115/30
Cisco PIX
192.168.1.128 1.159/27
SOLARIS
192.168.1.128 1.135/29
Linux
192.168.1.136 1.143/29
Unix
Solaris
192.168.1.144 1.151/29
TRAINING
192.168.1.160 1.191/27
Naveen Patel

VSNL ROUTER

192.168.1.0/24

1.32/27

1.160/27
1.64/27

1.144/29

1.128/27

1.64/28

1.136/29
1.96/27

1.79/28

1.128/29

1.96/30

1.112/30

1.100/30

1.108/30
1.104/30

Naveen Patel

CIDR
Classless Inter Domain Routing

It is reverse (inverse) of Subnetting

Combining of Multiple Networks to Single Networks

Converting Network Bits to Hosts Bits
i.e. Converting 1s into 0s
Generally design for Class C networks
Easier Summarization
It is also known as Supernetting

Naveen Patel

Power table
POWER TABLE
21 = 2

29 = 512

217 = 131072

225 = 33554432

22 = 4

210 = 1024

218 = 262144

226 = 67108864

23 = 8

211 = 2048

219 = 524288

227 = 134217728

24 = 16

212 = 4096

220 = 1048576

228 = 268435456

25 = 32

213 = 8192

221 = 2097152

229 = 536870912

26 = 64

214 = 16384 222 = 4194304

230 = 1073741824

27 = 128 215 = 32768 223 = 8388608

231 = 2147483648

28 = 256 216 = 65536 224 = 16777216 232 = 4294967296

Naveen Patel

Naveen Patel