Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited

Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited
PREFACE
Knowledge is precious, but wisdom comes through experience”. A famous philosopher once
quoted these wise words to make people understand the important of practical knowledge.
Theory of any subject is important but without practical knowledge it becomes of no

importance, particularly for engineering student cannot be a perfect engineer or a professional
without practice understanding of a field of study. Hence an in-plant vocational training
provides a golden opportunity to interact with the working environment.
The principle of in- plant is to get familiar with the various equipment, unit operation, and
unit processes used in the industries.
Its attractive feature is to learn about industrial management and marketing. Which are of
equal to learn about industrial management and marketing trends which are of equal
importance. In plant training is very much advantageous for the engineering students who
have a wide idea about the theoretical concept of the various unit operations, unit process.
This training helps in understanding the basic concept and other practical ideas involved in
industries.
More than everything it strictly includes discipline, which is most important in industries as
well as in practical life. Then we learn to live in industrial atmosphere.
My short Training to GSECL Gandhinagar gave me an opportunity to develop both these

skills i.e.(practical knowledge & ability to develop principle), these training has only added to
my technical knowledge, but also developed a new disciplined and enthusiastic spirit with me.
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Apex Institute Of Engineering And Technology
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take this opportunity to thank all the honourable member of management and
administration for giving us this opportunity to gain the vast knowledge present within its
giant promises.
We express our heartily gratitude towards Mr A.J. Tatu sir Who warmly welcomed us on the
very first day and ensured us of all possible support from his side, along with his fellow
officials, They kept their promise and helped us lot ways we needed them.
We specially thanks to Mr Ramanuj Sir, Mr Gupta sir for his guidance.
We thank all the officials’ engineers and technician together for all their supports which were
useful and inevitable.
I am also grateful to Head of Electrical Department. Mr Aakash Sakhsena sir & Mr.
Sunil S. Agarwal sir and all faculty member of Apex institute of engineering and technology,
Jaipur.
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INDEX
1- GENERAL
2- INTRODUCTION
3- DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL COAL-FIRED THERMAL POWER STATION
4- SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THERMAL POWER PLANT
5- CYCLES
6- PROCESS DESCRIPTION
(6.1)- Boiler
(6.2)- Super Heater
(6.3)- Economizer
(6.4)- Air Preheater
(6.5)- Condenser
(6.6)- Turbine
(6.7)- Alternator
(6.8)- Exciter
(6.9)- Transformer
7- COAL HANDLING PLANT

8- SWITCH YARD
9- AUXILIARY SYSTEM
10- CONTROL SYSTEM
11- BIBLIOGRAPHY
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GENERAL
Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited (GSECL) was incorporated in August 1993 and
is registered under the Companies Act, 1956 with the objectives to initiate a process of
restructuring of Power Sector and to mobilize resources from the market for adding to the
generating capacity of the State and improving the quality and cost of existing generation.
The Company was promoted by erstwhile Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB) as it’s wholly
owned subsidiary in the context of liberalization and as a part of efforts towards restructuring
of the Power Sector.
The Memorandum and Articles of Association of GSECL envisage a wide spectrum of

activities to improve the electricity infrastructure of Gujarat. GSECL has initiated its activities
in the field of Generation of Power. The Government of Gujarat (GoG) has also given to the
GSECL the status of Independent Power Producer (IPP) with approval to undertake new
power projects.
The Company commenced it’s commercial operation in the year 1998. However, the
operations of GSECL were limited to Power Stations units Gandhinagar #5, Wanakbori #7,
Utran GBPS & Dhuvaran CCPP till the complete unbundling of erstwhile GEB was
undertaken, i.e. up to 31st March 2005.
As a part of the ongoing reforms process in the state power sector, in the year 2003, The
Government of Gujarat under the provisions of Gujarat Electricity Industry (Re-Organization
& Regulation) Act, 2003 framed the Gujarat Electricity Comprehensive Transfer Scheme,
2003 (the Transfer Scheme) vide Government Notification No: GHU-2003-58-GEB-3537–K
dated the 24th October, 2003. The Government of Gujarat issued Notification No. GHU-
2004–99-GEB-1104- 7318-K dated the 31st December 2004, notifying the Provisional
Opening Balance Sheet as on 31st March 2004 of the Six Transferee Companies containing
the value of assets and liabilities transferred from erstwhile Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB)
to the Transferee Companies.
Assets of the Board were disaggregated into six companies – One each in Generation and
Transmission and Four in Distribution. As a part of the above exercise, all the generation
plants of GEB have been transferred to GSECL, which was a company already, in existence
since 1993.
Existing Power Plants

Name of Power No. of
Sr. No. Total MW/ Station
Stations Units
I. Thermal Power Stations
1. Gandhinagar Thermal i. 2x120 870
Power Station
ii. 3x210
2. Ukai Thermal Power i. 2x120 850
Station ii. 2x200
iii. 1x210
3. Wanakbori Thermal i. 7x210 1470
Power Station
4. Sikka Thermal Power 2x120 240
Station
II. Gas Based Power Stations
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1. Dhuvaran GBCCPP i. 1x67.85 107

Unt-I
ii. 1x38.77
2. Dhuvaran GBCCPP i. 1x72.51 112.45
Unt-II
ii. 1x39.94
3. Utran Gas Based Power I. 3x30 135
Station (STG)
ii. 1x45
III. Lignite Power Station
1. Kutch Lignite Thermal i. 2x70 215
Power Station
ii. 1x75
IV. Hydro Power Stations
1. Ukai Hydro Power i. 4x75 300
Station
2. Kadana Hydro Power i. 4x60 240
Station
3. Ukai left Bank Canal i. 2x2.5 5
Hydro Power Station
4. Panam Canal Mini i. 2x1 2
Hydro Power Station
Total (I+II+III+IV) 4766
Power Projects Under Implementation
1. Kutch Lignite Thermal Power Station 1 x 75 75

2. Utran Gas Based Power Station 1 x 370 370
3. Sikka Coal based Power Satation 2 x 250 500
4 Ukai Coal based Power Station 1 x 500 500
Total 1445
SECTOR STRUCTURE
As a part of the reform process,the Government of Gujarat has unbundled the

various functions of GEB. As a result of this unbundling,Gujarat State
Electricity Corporation Limited (GSECL) has taken up the responsibility of
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electricity generation. Electricity Transmission has been entrusted to the already

existing company - GETCO. Distribution network in the state has been split up
among four distribution companies, which cater to the northern, central,
southern, and western parts of the state respectively. All these companies have
been structured as subsidiaries of a holding company, Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam
Limited (GUVNL). GUVNL is also the single bulk buyer in the state as well as
the bulk supplier to distribution companies. It will also carry out the trading
function in the state. The pictorial representation of the restructuring is as given
below:
Commercial Arrangements
As per the new sector structure, GSECL has entered into a Power Purchase
Agreement (PPA) for selling energy with GUVNL. The contractual /
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commercial arrangements post unbundling are represented diagrammatically

below:
2 : Contractual Framework Post Unbundling
INTRODUCTION
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GUJARAT ELECTRICITY BOARD
Installed capacity of various power station of Gujarat state as on 31-12-2000.
Sr no Name of the power station Installed/derated capacity

A-GEB
1 DHUVARN TPS (4×63.5+2×140+2×27=588) 0588 MW
2 UKAI TPS(2×120+2×200+1×210=850) 0850 MW
3 WANAKBORI TPS (3×210+3×210=1260) 1260 MW
4 GANDHINAGAR TPS(2×210+2×120=660) 0660 MW
5 SIKKA TPS (2×120=240) 0240 MW
6 K.L. TPS (2×70+1×75=215) 0215 MW
7 UTRAN TPS (OLD) (3×15) 0045/39 MW
8 KADANA HEP (3×60=180) 0180 MW
9 UKAI HEP (4×75=300 ) 0300 MW
10 UKAI LBCH (2×2.5=5) 0005 MW
11 UTRAN TPS (NEW) CCPP (3×30+1×45=135) 0135 MW
12 PANAM HYDRO PROJECT (2×1=2) 0002 MW
TOTAL (A) 4540/4534 MW
B-IPP
1 GANDHINAGAR TPS (1×210) 0210 MW
2 A.E CO. (4×15+2×30+3×110+2×32.5+35) 0550/510 MW
3 G.I.P.C.L (3×32+49=145+169) 0555 MW
4 ESSAR (300) 0300 MW
5 GUJ. TORRENT ENERGY CO.(3×138=414) 0414 MW
6 WANAKBORI -7 (1×210) 0210 MW
TOTAL (B) 2480/2440 MW
C- CENTRAL SECTOR
NCP TARAPUR APS 190/160 MW
NCP KAKARAPAR APS 0125 MW
NTPC KORBA 0360 MW
NTPC VINDYACHAL O230 MW
NTPC KAWAS 0184 MW
NTPC JHANOR 0234 MW
TOTAL (C) 1323/1293 MW
Total installed capacity of Gujarat state A+B+C = 8343/8217 MW
GEB GANDHINGAR TPS:-
India relies heavily on Thermal Power Stations fueled by coal ,oil ,and natural gas to meet its
electrical demand.Our country is a develoipng nation and electricity is directly related with
our economic growth.
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Gandhinagar thermal power station one of prestigious power stations of the Gujarat
electricity board is situated at the right bank of river sabarmati , is mainly constructed to meet
with the power need of north Gujarat and to improve the village condition of the grid.
Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB) satisfies most of the power demand of whole
gujarat state. TPS of Gandhinagar is one of the most prestigious power stations across the
state situated at the bank or the river Sabarmati,with the capacity of 870 MW. It is mainly
constructed to meet the power need of North Gujarat and to ameliorate voltage condition of
grid system.
This power station has taken shape in three phases :
• FIRST STAGE(unit 1&2)
It comprises of two units of 120 MW each for which construction work was started
int the year 1974 and completed within record period of 3.5 years.
• SECOND STAGE(unit 3&4)
It comprises of two units of 210 MW each for which construction work was
started int the year 1990/91. Unit 3&4 has the advance features like protection and
interlocking system for automatic sequential start up and shut down of important
auxiliaries,also modern technical features like EAST (Electronic Automation of Steam
Turbine) and ATRS (Automatic Turbine Run up System) and DAS (Data Acquisition
System).
• THIRD STAGE( unit 5)
This unit has installed capacity of 210 MW and was set up in the year 1997/98. This
unit has latest technologies like DDS control with WSPOSE system(Distributed Digital
Control with Work Station Base Plant Operator Environment System).
Important and notable point is that this plant is working at very good load factor and has also
received many Awards for that.
First stage comprise of 2×120 MW units for which the construction work had
started in the year 1974 and completed within a record period of 3 ½ years and that too by
saving of rupees four crores from the estimated budget provision of rupees sixty crores . since
than these two units of 120 MW each are running continuously without giving any major
trouble .
Similarly stage –II consisting of 2 units of 210 MW each have also added to the installed
capacity of this TPS from the year 1990/91 and are running at full load without any
problem .further one more unit No.5 of 210 mw capacity has been added to the installed
capacity of Gandhinagar TPS to bring it to 870 MW .
SPECIAL LATEST TECHNOLOGY ADOPTED FOR UNIT NO 3,4AND 5
For providing uninterrupted power supply to the consumers and for doing so GEB has done in
for the latest technology available . in Gandhinagar unit No. 3& 4 the advance features like
protection and inter locks systems for automatic sequential start up and shut down of
important auxillaries also,( Automatc turbine run up system have been incorporated).
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Similarly for 210 mw Unit no.5 GEB has gone for some more lattest technology and have
introduced first time DDS control with WSPOSE system (Distributed digital control with
work station base plant operator environment system) .by this system GEB has embarked in
complete plant automation of worlds largest technology . the automation system controls and
monitors plant start up , operation as well as shut down . This system will than automatically
and immediately respond without time delay to bring the plant or process into a safe operating
state with respect to environment , process components and human beings . The fast response
time also prevents and individual plant component trip causing a tripping chain reaction and
un –necessarily shutting down the entire plant. This system provides operating personal with
which the necessary tool to increase overall plant availability and efficiency . Such system
have been adopted at various power station viz Dhanu TPS, Chandanpur power plant , koradi
TPS etc in India.
POLLUTION CONTROL
Due to poor quality of coal , daily we are separating out about 300 MT ash from the flue
gasses coming out from the boilers with the help of wonderful device known as ESP
(Electro static precipitator) installed in between boiler flue gasses discharge after air
preheaters and I.D fans . This ash is pulled out from the bottom of ESP hoppers with the
help of vaccum and brought to ash plant. Here it is mixed up with water and disposed to
waste land area known as dykes, at the right side of river sabarmati.
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Diagram of a typical coal-fired thermal power station
Typical diagram of a coal-fired thermal power station:-
1. Cooling tower 10. Steam Control valve 19. Superheater

11. High pressure steam
2. Cooling water pump 20. Forced draught (draft) fan
turbine
3. transmission line (3-phase) 12. Deaerator 21. Reheater
4. Step-up transformer (3-phase) 13. Feedwater heater 22. Combustion air intake
5. Electrical generator (3-phase) 14. Coal conveyor 23. Economiser
6. Low pressure steam turbine 15. Coal hopper 24. Air preheater
7. Condensate pump 16. Coal pulverizer 25. Precipitator
8. Surface condenser 17. Boiler steam drum 26. Induced draught (draft) fan
9. Intermediate pressure steam
18. Bottom ash hopper 27. Flue gas stack
turbine
CYCLE
We can devide this process in various cycles as follows:-

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1. AIR CYCLE : SECONDARY AIR
For burning anything we need air . In the Boiler we need air to burn oil and coal to heat up
water for forming steam to run turbine. For air we normally have two F.D fans(forced draft).
These Fans are sucking air from the atmosphere . The air so sucked is passed through SCAPH
(steam coil air preheater) for primary heating.Than this air is passed though air Pre heater .
Here the air is heated up with the help of flue gases temp. After the air heating at preheater it
comes to windbox and thereafter goes to boiler for burning the fuel.
AIR CYCLE : PRIMARY AIR
This air is also sucked from the atmosphere by primary air fans. These fans may be two in
numbers or individually one for each coal mill. The air sucked by the fans goes to 2/3rd
portion of air pre heaters . After the air being heated up at air pre heater comes to coal mills
and from here the mixtures of coal and air goes to boiler furnance. This way the primary air
has two functions .
1. Being used as carrier of coal mill upto boiler and
2. After reaching to boiler furnance it takes part in combustion.
2- OIL CYCLE: L.D.O(LIGHT DIESEL OIL)
Initially the boiler furnance is lit up using L.D.O coming from Gujarat refinery by road
tankers with help of pumps these tankers filled up of LDO are emptied in LDO tank .from the
tank the LDO is pumped to boiler furnance at elevations AB from four corners i.e AB-
1,2,3&4 . here the burns in the furnance with the help of ignitors.
OIL CYCLE: R.F.O (RESIDUAL FUEL OIL)
As the LDO is costly one so after achieving some temp. and pressure the LDO is replaced by
RFO . this RFO oil is also coming from Gujarat refinery by railways . after oil reaches to tps ,
it is heated up with the help of steam. After the oil being heated up , the same is transferred to
FRO tanks . from the tanks the oil is pumped to boiler furnance at elevation AB, CD and EF
from corners 1,2,3&4 . in order to maintain the temperature of the RFO the carrier lines are
supported by heat tracing lines which may be by steam or electricals heaters .
3- COAL CYCLE
In order to generate to Power to the tune of MW daily we need about Mts coal which is
coming from far away coal Mines situated in M.P/Bihar/orissa etc. First the coal wagons
through Railway track comes to wagon trippler. Here the wagon are emtied with the help of
wagon trippler by turning it down to 180. From here the coal comes down to big hooper
below 00 level. From the hooper the coal with help of conveyor belts is taken to primary
crusher. Here the coal is crushed to a very small size. The Coal after Primary crusher goes to
secondary crusher . Here coal is crushed to very small size of about one inch .After the
secondary crusher the coal with help of conveyer belt comes to big bunker having capacity of
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about 500MT each. From the bunker the coal with the help of coal feeder comes to coal mills
and here the coal is crushed to very fine powder to about 200 mesh size. This powder coal
with the help of primary air is taken to boiler furnace from elevation A B C D E & F and
corners 1,2,3,4. and purns for heating the water in side water walls to from steam to run the
turbine.
4- WATER AND STEAM CYCLE
For generating power to about 660 MW we need lot of water and the same is arranged from
river sabarmati from three French well. Each well is having three pumps of 200 KW each.
The water pumped , mainly devides to three parts (1) to overhead tank to meet with colony
requirement. (2) for the make up of cooling water (C.W. system) and the (3) major part is
stored in a big sump . At the sump some primary alum chlorine treatment is given to the water
and then the water is taken to D.M water is than coming to CSTs situated very near to boiler
for filling up the boiler and thereafter making up the wter losses initially the boiler drum filled
up with water to its half (4) level. From boiler drum the water goes to water walls . here
the water is initially heated up and the steam formed in the water wall goes to upper half of
the boiler drum from upper half of the boiler drum the stem goes to superheater (14) no. from
the final 14 no. superheater the steam coming out is known as superheated steam having a
pressure of 155 kg/cm2 and temperature of 540 c (210 MWsize) . this steam is taken to
turbine through steel pipe line to run the HP turbine . the turbine is mainly divided in three
parts . the main steam roils the HP turbine and after its energy being utilised in rolling the
turbine the CRH (cold reheat) steam is taken back again to reheaters in boiler turbine and
from here it goes to LP turbine. Fro LP turbine the steam in condenser is collected in hot well
. from hot well the water is pumped to various heaters and finally reaches to deaerator . in the
dearator the dissolved air is separated out and the water collected at the bottom of the dearator
comes to the suction side of feed pumps . these pumps are of very high rating to pump the
water from 00 to 54 mts level .
From boiler feed pump discharge water goes to boiler drum through HP heaters and
economisers . and this way the whole water and steam cycle continous.
5- T.G.CYCLE:
By generating the steam in boiler we run turbine to 3000 RPM to rotate the generator rotor .
The generator rotor is charged by exciter rotor to generate flux and flux is cut in the stator
windings and EMF is produced and this is called electricity .
The Power produced/ generated
p=√3VI cos Ө = 1.732* 15.75 KV * 9050 Amps *0.85 = 210 MW.
The power generated is at the vo;tage of 17.75 KV For transmitting it to various sub-stations
it is stopped upto 220 KV by generating transformer (GT). After stepping up the voltage the
power comes to 220 bus bars A& B from here through 220 kv double circuit lines it is
transmitted to various substation i.e Ranasan/chhatral/soja (Nardipur). At these sub-station
the power is further stepped down to 132 KV and transmitted to other 132 kv S/s and from
here to 66 kv S/s and then to 11 KV and then 440 volts and 230 volts for utilising the same
for residential agriculture and industrial purpose.
6- C.W.CYCLE (CIRCULATING WATER/COOLING WATER):
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As mentioned above after rolling turbine (LP) steam is dumped to condenser for converting in
to water. The condenser is mainly devided in four part e.g. left,right,top and bottom in the
condenser there are thousands of steel tubes and gets cooled down to water.where as cold
water coming from the bottom of the cooling tower duly pumped by CW pumped comes
inside steel tubes of the condenser get heated up.This hot water inside the condensor tubes
from bottom left and right side of the condenser come to top R and L side of the condenser
and then taken to the cooling from getting cooling the hot water falls from the height of about
8 mts duly spreaded in to fine showers and gets cooled down. The cooling effect is due to
very high height of the cooling tower wich creates a natural draft (air circulation) At top of
the cooling tower air pressure remains low where as at bottom of the cooling tower it is (air
pressure ) high. Thus air blow/flows from bottom to top side of the cooling tower and water
falls from top to bottom and gets cooled down by coming in contact of air circulating. The
loss in cooling water is make up by French well water mentioned initially in water /steam
cycles.
7- FLUE GASES CYCLE:
As already mentioned earlier for forming steam we have to burn oil and coal in the boiler
furnace with the help of Primary and secondary air. After coal burning smoke is formed. This
is known as flue gases are coming out from the Boiler contains CO2 , SO2, and huge quantity
of ash particles as the quality and contains about 40% ashes . As already mentioned in coal
cycle daily for generating power to about 660 MW we need coal to about 8500 Mts . and as
just mentioned the ash contained are about 40% we have to separate the ash of about 2600
mts from the flue gasses coming out from the boiler 1st the flue gasses are coming to
economiser. Here the feed water is heated up by conduction method. Thereafter the flue are
coming to air preheater A&B here the flue gasses temp is utilised for heating primary and
secondary air. After this from outlet/discharge side the flue gasses enters to ESP. here the ash
particles contain in the flue gasses are separate out and pure smoke with the help of ID fan is
thrown to atmosphere through chimney . the ash particle separated out in ESP falls in the
bottom hoppers of ESP with the help of rapping mechanism . from the hoppers the ash
collected is brought to the ash plant with the help of vaccum & here in ash plant the ash is
mixed with water & slurry is found . this slurry is than pumped to big dykes through pipe
line . when one filled up the pipe line are shifted to other dykes . the dykes filled up earlier
isleft open for some time for drying out and half feet is spreaded over the dyke and on this
upper surface of the dyke plantations is done. At gandhinagar we have planted thousands of
trees and the results are very good.
Over and above , six to seven major cycles there are many other cycles also e.g ACW
system , BCWsystem , service air , instrument air cycle , stator water system, seal oil system ,
6.6 KV control room , 440 volts control room, excitation system , air washery system, switch
yard , fire fighting , LDO/FO pump house, CW pump house , DM plant , coal plant HP/LP
bypass , PRDS,DAS, ATRS and many others , which may need separate detailed study.
Process description
A generating station converts heat energy of coal combustion into electrical energy is know as
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thermal power station.
Steam is produce in the Boiler by utilizing the heat of coal, Lignite,oil or gas combustion.
Steam is then expanded in the prime mover (i.e. steam turbine) and is condensed in a
condenser to be fed into the boiler again. The steam turbine drives the alternator which
converts mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy. This type of power station is
suitable where coal and water available in abundance.
As per energy conversion as shown in figure a , chemical energy of fuel is converted into heat
energy in the furnace and water is converted into steam in boiler. Now in steam turbine heat
energy is converted into mechanical energy. Alternator coupled with steam turbine which
converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Important Equipments in Thermal Power Station
Different Equipments are used in Thermal Power Station. Mainly they are grouped into two:-
(1) Mechanical Equipments:-
a) Boiler Furnace and Steam Drum

b) Super Heater-Radiant Super Heater & Convection Super Heater.
c) Economiser.
d) Air Preheater.
e) Pumps.
f) Condensor-Jet Condenser & Surface Condenser.
g) Prime Mover-Impulse Turbine & Reaction Turbine.
(2) Electrical Equipments:-
a) Alternator.
b) Exciter.
c) Transformer-Main Transformer ,Station Auxiliary,& Unit Auxiliary.
d) Switch Gear-Circuit Breaker,Relays,Switches,& Control Devices.
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5.1 Boilers
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The main Parts of Boiler
• Drum
17
• Super heater
• Reheater
• Economizer
• Air Preheater
• Furnace
• Feed Water Heater
• Deaerator
Boiler is a device meant for producing steam under pressure. Steam boilers are broadly
classified into fire tube and water tube types. Generally water tube boilers are used for electric
power station.
If the hot combustion gases are restricted to inside the tubes and the tubes are surrounded with
water the boiler is a fire tube boiler while if the arrangement is opposite, i.e. water is inside
the tubes and hot gases are outside the tubes, the boiler is water type.
Fire tube boilers have low initial cost, are more compact but are more likely to explode.
Further, because of water volume being more and circulation being poor they cannot meet
quickly the changes in steam demand. For the same output the outer shell of fire tube boiler is
much larger than that of a water tube boiler.
Water tube boilers have less weight of metal for a given size and are less liable to explosion,
produce higher pressure, are easily accessible and can respond quickly to changes in steam
demand.
Tubes and drums of water tube boilers are smaller than those of fire tube boilers, whereas the
maximum working pressure in a fire tube boiler is limited to only 17 kg/cm*cm.
Gauges pressures are as high as 125 kg/cm*cm. Gauges and temperatures from 315 C to 575
C are attainable with water tube boilers. Water tube boilers required lesser floor space. In the
boiler heat transfer takes place through the wall of the tubes and the drum or drums are
protected from direct contact with hot flue gases.
The steam is super heated in a super heater before passing through the boiler to the prime
mover.
The flue gas is burned in the furnace of the boiler. For efficient combustion enough air has to
be supplied by natural F.D. fans. Heat is produced owing to combustion of the fuel. The gases
products of combustion give most of their heat to the water in the economizer tubes. The
gases then pass through an air heater arrangement thus providing initial heat to the air before
it is admitted to the furnace. Finally the flue gases pass out to the atmosphere through the
chimney.
Arrangement for feeding fuel to the boiler furnace is discussed in a subsequent section. Air is
supplied through the F.D. fans below the grate. The ash pits receive the burnt fuel in the form
of clicker and ash. As stated earlier the fuel gases after leaving the boiler damper flow
through the economizer, air preheater, I.D. fans to thechimney.
Water tube boilers are available in a number of different designs. They may be straight or
bent tubes, longitudinal or cross drum, horizontal, vertical or in inclined tube, forced or
natural circulation, single or multi drum etc.
The most important consideration in the design of water tube boiler is the circulation of water
within the tubes. Special designs of boilers using high steam pressures employ forced
circulation while most of the conventional water tube boilers depend upon natural circulation
of water through the tubes.
Steam Drum
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The boiler drum contains both steam and water, the former being tapped from the top of the
drum whereas highest concentration of dry steam exists a number of accessories such as water
level indicators, feed water regulators, safety valves, blow down valves, soot blowers,
automatic alarms, pressure gases, etc., are usually fitted on the boiler. The use of these
devices assists in adequate control and operations of the boiler as also in safety against
accidents.
Each unit is having separate boilers for supplying steam to steam turbine. Each boiler is of
natural circulation type and capable of generating 383 tones of steam per hour at a pressure of
147 kg/cm*cm and temperature of 540 C at reheater outlet by burning pulverized coal.
The unit is of natural circulation type with complete water furnace, tangentially fired balance
draught radiant reheat type, dry bottom with direct pulverized coal with bowl mill. In natural
circulation boiler the water flow from down comer end from water wall to drum is established
by force created by difference in specific weight of cold and hot water.
The furnace is arranged for dry ash discharge and is fitted with 20 no. of coal burner with
capacity to maintain MCR (Maximum Continuous Rating) of boiler which are locked at
different elevation at each four corner sandwiched between coal nozzels. The unit is provided
with 5 no. of coal mills, four of which are capable to take load up to MCR.
Two no. of F.D. fans are provided per boiler to provide sufficient air required for proper
combustion at MCR.
The no. of I.D. fans is provided per boiler to maintain the furnace draught at MCR.
The mixture of steam and water goes to the boiler drum at the top where steam is seperated
from water by density difference. The dry and saturated steam coming out of the drum goes to
superheat. In super heater, it is superheated to 147 kg/cm*cm and temperature to 540 C. The
type of super heater used is radiant superheated which uses the radiation phenomena to heat
the steam. This outlet of super heater is to HP turbine. The steam from HP turbine goes too
reheated where the steam is again heated up to temperature 540 C and pressure 147
kg/cm*cm. This reheat steam goes to IP turbine to L.P turbine.
Boiler Data:-
* Furnace width : 13868 mm.
* Depth : 10582 mm.
* Volume : 5140 m*m*m.
* Fuel Heat input : 529.9*1000000 Kcal/hr.
* Height : 63 m.
Design Parameters:-
* Main Steam : Steam flow at super heater outlet

690 t/hr.
19
Steam pr. at super heater outlet 55 kg/cm*cm
Steam temp. at super heater outlet

540 C.
* Reheat Steam : Reheat steam flow 594 T/hr.
Steam pr.at RH inlet 40kg/cm*cm.

Steam temp. at RH inlet 339 C.
Steam Temp. at RH outlet 244 C.
Data on Mills:-
* Size & type : BCP 2360/77.

*No. of mills : 6 no. /unit.
*Make : m/s steam industries FRANCE.
*Basic capacity of mill : 47.t/hr for 70% through 200 mesh.
with grind ability.
*Mill Motor : 425 kv, 6.6 kw, 1000 rpm, BHEL.
*Weight of Mill : 98.6 t. ID 2360 mm.
Data on BCW System:-
• BCW storage tank capacity : 20 m*m*m.

•
• BCW overhead tank capacity : 5 m*m*M.
•
• No. of BCW pump : 2.
•
• Pump capacity : 220 m*m*m/re
•
• Delivery head/suction head : 60MWC/2.5MWC.
•
• Pump size : 150 mm+125 mm.
•
• Pump make : Kirloskar Brothers.
• Pump stage :
two stage, horizontal
centrifugal pump
having tangential
entry and exit.
• Pump Motor : 65 kw, 415 v,3 ph
induction motor,
1480 rpm & directly
coupled with pump
through flexible
coupling.
Application of Bearing Cooling Water:-
• For cooling of 2 ID fan motor bearing lubrication oil.

20
• For cooling of GR fan bearing lubricating oil.

• For cooling 5 no. pulverizer gear lubrication oil.
• For cooling boiler auxiliary.
For cooling of sample of saturated steam.
Super heaters:-
The function is to super heat the steam to the desired temperature. By

removing the last traces of moistures (1 to 2%) from the saturated steam coming out of the
boiler and by increasing its temperature sufficiently above saturation temperature there is an
overall increase in cycle efficiency. Decides, too much condensation (exceeding 12%) in the
last stages to the turbine is avoided.
Type Heating Surface
* Low type super heater 3320 m*m.

* Platen super heater 545 m*m.
* Final super heater 875 m*m.
Economizers:-
The economizer is a feed water heater driving heat from the flue gases
discharge from the boiler. The justifiable cost for economizers depends in the total gain in
efficacy. In turns, this depends on the gas temperature out of the boiler and feed water
temperature to the boiler. Regenerative cycle inherently gives height of feed water
temperature. Therefore the adoption of economizers must be studied very carefully.
A boiler producing between 10 to 100 tons of steam per hour operating at

30% or more loads should be evaluated for possible retrofitting with an economizer. The cost
benefits depends upon the boilers size of fuel used an exhaust gas temperature. It has been
estimated that about 1% of fuel cost can be saved for every 6 C rise in the temperature of the
boiler feed water. Saving upto maximum 20% can be achieved by incorporating economizer
where boiler operation is very efficient.
When more heat is available, that can be used in increasing the sensible heat
of the feed water or pass in through an air heater, however, in most economizer, the feed
water's not heated higher that to within 25 C of the temperature corresponding to the
saturation temperature of steam in the boiler thus preventing steam formations in the
economizer.
Reheater (Economizer):-
Type Pendant
• * Heating surface 1924 sq.mt.

• * No. of stages one.
Air Preheater:-
The heat carried with the flue gases coming out of economizer are further
21
utilized for preheating the air before supplying to the combustion chamber. It has been found
that an increase of 20 C in the air temperature increases the boiler efficiency by 1%.
The air heater is not only considered in terms of boiler efficiency in modern
power plants, but also as a necessary equipment for supply of hot air for drying the coal in
pulverized fuel system to facilitate grinding a satisfactory combustion of fuel in the furnace.
The use of Preheater is much economical when used with pulverized fuel
boiler because temperature of the fuel gases out is sufficiently large and high temperature
(250 to 350) is always desirable for better combustion.
Air heater are usually installed on steam generator that burn solid fuel but
rarely on gas or oil fired units by contrast, economizer are specified for most boilers burning
liquid or gas or coal whether or not an air heater is provided.
The principle benefits of preheating are:
(1) Improved combustion.

(2) Successful use of low grade fuel (High ash content).
(3) Increased thermal efficiency.
(4) Saving in fuel consumption.
(5) Increased generation capacity (Kg/m*mm-hr) of the boiler.
The air Preheater must provide reliabilty of operation, should occupy small space,
must be reasonable in first cost and should be accessible.
The air preheater is not essential for the operation of steam generation but they are
used where a study of the costs indicates that some money can be saved or efficient
combustion can be obtained by their use. The decision for its adoption can be made when the
financial advantages is weighted the capital and maintenance cost of the heater. The decision
cannot be taken so easily as the economic advantages of hot combustion, maintenance of
furnace and the saving in heat discharged to the chimney.
The different types of air heaters which are in use are discussed below:
The air preheater is generally divided into two groups as recuperative and
regenerative type.
The recuperative heaters continuously transfer the heat from hot gases to cold air the
regenerative heater alternately gets heated and cooled by the hot gases and cold air.
Unlike the recuperative type the regenerative is discontinuous in action and operates on
cycle. In rotory regenerative type the cycle action applies to the heating and cooling on an
individual element of the surface but the following steam of air receives heat
continuously.
Type Bare Tube
* Heating Surface 2500 sq.mt.

* No. of Blocks one.
Condensers:-
Steam after expansion through the turbine goes through the condenser the use of
22
condenser improves the efficiency of power plant by decreasing the exhaust pressure of the
steam blow atmosphere, another advantage of condenser is that countenanced steam can be
recovered and this provides a source of good and pure feed water to the boiler there by
reducing considerably the water softening plant capacity. Air and noncondensable gases are
also removed from the steam when it passes through the condenser.
Cooling water for condensing steam in the condenser is quite large in quantity,
therefore a source of water capable of supplying water throughout the year is essential.
Generally water from river is taken for this purpose by means of circulating water pumps after
use, the warm water is returned to the river. If a plentiful supply of water is not available
water has to be cooled and used again.
In the later case water is first obtained from a tube well or some other source and
stored in a tank. From the tank it is pumped into the condenser. Generally a centrifugal pump
is used for this purpose. The water there absorbs the latent heat from the exhaust steam and
gets warm; the warm water is passed to a spray pond or a cooling tower.
TURBINE:-
Steam Prime Mover:-
The steam turbine has several advantages over the stem engine as a prime
mover. It has a higher thermodynamic efficiency since steam can be expanded to a lower final
temperature that is possible in a steam engine. The basic construction of steam turbine is
simple. There is no need to piston rod mechanism and slide values; no flywheel is needed.
Also a steam turbine can be build involved maintenance of a steam turbine is comparatively
much simple. Problem of vibration is also much less high operating speed result in a lower
weight of rotating parts for the same power.
Each turbine is of the horizontal close coupled,tandem compounded,reheat & impulse type
designed for stop value steam conditions of 147 kg/cm*cm & 540 C steam exhausting from
the high pressure cylinder.
The turbine has a continuous maximum economical rating of 210 MW of unit no.3 at the
generator terminals at 300 rpm steam is extracted from suitable stages of the expansion to
provide for 6 stages regenerative feed heating,with a final feed water temp. of 230 C.
The turbine is a single axis machine,suitably compounded so that the expansion of the steam
23
takes place in three cylinders one high pr.,one intermediated pr. & one low pr.cylinder.
The rotating element of the turbine consist of the high pr.rotor,the intermediate pr.rotor & the
low pr.rotor,solidly coupled together to form a single shaft,supported,in five journal bearing
and located axially in the turbine casing & housed in the center pedestal. The direction of
rotation of the rotor is clockwise when the machine is viewed from the front pedestal.
An oil system provides low pressure oil for bearing lubrication and high pr.oil for the turbine
control gearing & generator shaft sealing system. A high pr.jacking oil system is incorporated
in the lubrication system to enable the completer rotor assembly to be floated in the bearing
during staring and shutdown when the turning gear is in operation.
Turning gear is mounted on the rear end pedestal between the turbine and generator to
provide a slow,high torque drive,sufficient to start the rotor assembly to be floated in the
bearing during staring and shutdown when the turning gear is in operation.
The steam turbine is generally of two types: Impulse and Reaction.
In an impulse turbine the steam expands in the stationary nozzles and attains
a higher velocity, potential energy in steam due to pressure and internal energy is converted to
kinetic energy when passing through the nozzle. The type of turbine also has fixed and
moving blades.
Commercial turbines use series combination of impulse and reaction types is because steam
24
can be used more efficiently by using impulse and reaction blade on the same shaft. The
steam expanded through the turbine from a high pressure at the throttle valve to back pressure
corresponding to a vaccum of 71 to 73.5 cm Hg or an absolute pressure of 5 to 2.5 cm Hg.
In Power Plant three stages of Turbine are used for efficient usage of steam.
(1). High Pressure Turbine.

(2). Intermediate Pressure Turbine.
(3). Low Pressure Turbine.
The main steam rolls the HP turbine and after its energy being utilized in rolling the turbine,
the cold steam is taken back to reheater in boiler for reheating. The steam so heated in
reheater is known as hrh(hot reheat), it comes to the IP turbine and from here it goes to the LP
turbine. From the LP turbine the steam is dumped to condenser to convert it into water. Water
so converted from steam in condenser is collected in hot well. From the hot well the water is
pumped to various heaters and finally reaches to deaerators. In the deaerators the dissolved air
is seperated out and the water collected at the bottom of deaerator comes to the suction side of
feed pumps. This pump is of very high rating to pump the water from 00 to 54 m level. From
boiler feed pump discharge water goes to boiler drum through HP heaters and economizers.
Thus the whole water and steam cycle is performed.
Alternators:-
Most of turbo alternators in centre power stations are 2-pole, corresponding

to speed of 3,000 rpm for 50 Hz operational and 36,000 rpm for 60 Hz operation. Largest
available size of turbo alternators have cylindrical rotors and therefore avoid critical speed.
The rotor and stator of a turbo-alternator may be air-cooled in size upto 40 MW. Above this
rating it is usually more economical to cool the rotor and stator by hydrogen. Besides,
hydrogen cooling offers a number of other advantages.
For turbo-alternators having rating above 150 MW hollow stator conductors may be
employed, cooling of such conductors depending upon the size of the machine. Turbo
alternators are usually rated at 11 KV, 3-phase star connection of stator windings being
universal. Standard frequency of generation is 50 Hz. For large power systems higher
voltages are employed since with higher voltage rating there is more expenditure and
insulation becomes a more serious problem. Moreover in any case step up power transformer
is to be used for stepping up the generation voltages for transmission.
Generally turbo-alternators are rated at 0.8 power factors lagging. Main

exciters are compound d.c. generators of 115 V to 230 rating capable of supplying required
excitation for main generator on full load and with an over load of about 20% at rated power
factor. Minimum of 10% overload capacity under normal operating conditions is provided in
case of generators. Static exciters are also now in much use.
25
Coal Handling Plant
In any Thermal Power plant, electrical power is generated by rotating a rotor

of a generator with help of steam turbine. For, this steam is produced by heating water. Water
can be heated by burning coal, diesel ,oil, or natural gas. Heat can also be obtained by fusion
as nuclear energy. In Gujarat Electricity Board's Gandhinagar Thermal Power Plant Station
coal is used for heating water for getting steam.
For generating one Mega Watt Power, normally 15.556 mt. coal is required,
one train approximately bring about 1080 kilo. mt. to the plant..Quantity of coal required
depends upon quality or grade of coal.
Certain specifications of coal are as under:
GRADE Lower Limit of Calories

Values in kilocalories/kg.
A 7200
B 5600
C 4900
D 4200
E 3300
F 2400
Relevant Data of Coal:-
1. Total Moisture 7%
2. Total Moisture in Monsoon 17%
3. Volatiles 23%
4. Fixed Carbon 43%
5. Ash 27%
6. G. H. No. 55
7. Density 800 kg/m
In India Coal India Limited and its subsidiary Western Coal Fields organize mining of coal
and selling through their regional offices.
Coal is brought from coal mines situated in various states are Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa,
Chhatisgarh, etc. The coal supplying countries are Australia, Bangladesh, etc.
Wagon Trippler:
The coal is brought through trains. The train is kept in yard. Each wagon is emptied with the
help of wagon trippler.
26
Features of Wagon Tripplers are as under:

Two types of Wagon Tripplers are deployed in GEB's TPS.
Main details are as under:
Features
Unit 1 & 2 Unit 3, 4 & 5
Make Elecon Engg. Co. Elecon Engg. Co.

Type Side discharge Rotary
Angle of tilting 150 170
Weight bridge 100 mt. 280 mt.
Capacity 12 boxes/hr 20 boxes/hr
Motor 80 hp-900 rpm 60 hp
Common Hopper Capacity 210 mt. 300 mt.
Method:
Coal from Wagon Trippler is collected in big hoppers, which are situated below ground level.
From hopper coal is taken to primary crusher through apron feeder. Apron feeder is big steel
chain, which is capable of sustaining weight of lumps of coal boulders falling from wagon
trippler.
Big lumps of coal are crushed to a small size about 200 cm*cm*cm, this coal is taken to
crusher house with help of conveyor belt and it goes to crusher house.
Hopper is situated on ground. The apron feeder, crusher, conveyor belt, etc., are located
underground. The depth of plant is about 22 m below ground.
The crusher house is about 20 m above the ground. Prior to feeding the coal from conveyor
belt into crusher house, any metal pieces present in coal are separated out. For this metal
deflectors are placed near conveyor belt in transform tower.
If the metal particles are not separated from coal, then metal particles may damage the crusher
jaws, stones, etc., present in coal, are separated manually.
In the crusher house the coal brought by conveyor belt is sent to roller screens(RS). Here the
small size coal particles are separated and big lumps are transmitted to ring grinder(RG). Here
the coal is grinded and brought to size of about 1 cubic inch.
The coal from RS & RG that falls on conveyor belt is taken to bunker. The trolley is used to
drop the coal in different bunkers. Bunker is a big hopper, like container having capacity of
500 mt. each.
Features of Coal Crusher are as:
27
Total No. : 2 no.

Capacity : 250 tones/hr.
Electrostatic Precipitator
ESP is an important device in operation of power plant. ESP is used to seperate out ash
content from the flue gases so as to reduce air pollution and increases efficiency of chimney.
ESP, as an assembly consists of Electronic Controller, Transformer Rectifier set and ESP
itself.
ESP utilizes electrostatic forces to seperate dust particles from the gas to be cleaned. The flue
gases are passed through the chamber containing vertical steel plants. These plates divide the
chamber into number of parallel paths for passage of gas. A frame with electrode is located
within each passage. High voltage negative DC supply is applied between electrode and
found, which creates a strong electrical field between electrodes and steel plates. The electric
field becomes strongest near the surface of wires, so strong that an electrical discharge i.e. the
corona discharge develops along the wires. The fuel gas is ionized due to corona discharge
and large quantities of positive and negative ions are forced. The positively charged ions are
immediately attracted towards the negative wires by the strenght of electrical field. The ions
collide with ash particles and in turn ash particles are also charged and deposited on the ash
plates. Using rappers the ash is collected into hoppers while flue gases are drained out by
induced draft fan through chimney.
Electrostatic Precipitator
Deaerator
28
Diagram of boiler feed water deaerator (with vertical, domed aeration section and horizontal
water storage section
A steam generating boiler requires that the boiler feed water should be devoid of air and other
dissolved gases, particularly corrosive ones, in order to avoid corrosion of the metal.
Generally, power stations use a deaerator to provide for the removal of air and other dissolved
gases from the boiler feedwater. A deaerator typically includes a vertical, domed deaeration
section mounted on top of a horizontal cylindrical vessel which serves as the deaerated boiler
feedwater storage tank.
There are many different designs for a deaerator and the designs will vary from one
manufacturer to another. The adjacent diagram depicts a typical conventional trayed
deaerator.If operated properly, most deaerator manufacturers will guarantee that oxygen in the
deaerated water will not exceed 7 ppb by weight (0.005 cm³/L)
Switch yard
The components are listed as follows. In order of arrangement from, power line to utility.
29
Equipments:-
(1). Lightning Arrestor.

(2). Relays.
(3). Circuit Breakers.
(4). Isolator.
(5). Insulator
(6). Earthing Switch.
(7). Transformers.
Lightning Arrestor:-
Light is one of the most serious cause of over voltage. If the power equipment especially at
door Sub Station is not protected the over voltage causes burning of insulation. Lightning is a
huge spark causes by electric discharge taking place between clouds, within the clouds and
earth.
Various types of lightening arresters in use today are listed below:
(1) Rod gap type

(2) Horn gap type
(3) Multi gap type
(4) Expulsion type
(5) Valve type or Thyrite type
(6) Metal oxide gapless type
The lightening arresters used in the plant are thyrite type lightening arresters & Zns(a
metal oxide) gapless type arresters. A material used in lightening arrester should have
the characteristic of resistance decreasing with the voltage across it increased. Thyrite
is one such compound of ceramic nature. Across this if voltage is doubled, current
increases 12.6 times. The series gap provided to prevent current from flowing at the
normal voltage. At IFFCO Kandla plant, in switchyard horn gap type lightening
arrester are used.
Relays:-
30
An electrical device to initiate a part of an electrical

installation or to operate an alarm signal in the event abnormal condition or a fault.
A. Secondary indirect acting Relays:
This group of relays includes practically all kinds of relays

for e.g. current, voltage, power impedance reactance frequency whether minimum or
maximum.
B. Secondary direct acting Relays:
A group of over current and under voltage designed to

operate instantaneously or with time lag these are primarily relays of electromagnet type,
which are built into C.B. operating mechanisms.
Function of Protective Devices:
1. To sound an alarm so that the operator makes some corrective action.
2. To close the trip circuit of circuit breaker so as to disconnect a component

during an abnormal fault condition such as overloads, under voltage temperature rise etc...
3. To disconnect the faulty parts as quickly as possible to minimize the damage

to the fault part.
4. To localize the effect of fault by disconnecting the faulty part from healthy
part causing least disturbance to the healthy system.
5. To disconnect the faulty part as quickly as possible to improve the system

stability and service continuity.
Classification of Relays:-
Depending upon there principle of operation they are classified as under:
(1). Electromagnetic Attraction Type:-
This relay is operated by virtue of plunger of being drawn into a solenoid or

an armature being attracted towards the soles of an electromagnet respectively.
(2). Induction Type Relays:-
In this type of relay a metal is allowed to relate between two electromagnets.

The fields produced by the two magnets are displaced in magnitude and phase. The torque is
developed by interaction on the flux of one of the magnets and the eddy current induced with
disc by the other.
(3). Thermal Relays:-
31
They operate due to action of heat generated by the passage of current

through the relay element. The strip consist of two metals having different coefficient of
expansions and firmly fixed together the length so that different rates of thermal expansions
of two layers of metal cause to the stroke to bend when current is passed through it this
principle is used in this relay.
(4). Static Relays:-
Static relays contains electronic circuitry, which may include the transistors,
ICs, diodes and other electronic components. There is a comparator circuit in the relay, which
compares two or more currents or voltage and gives an output, which is applied to either a
slave relay or thyristor circuit. The slave relay is an electromagnetic relay, which finally close
the contact. A static relay containing a slave relay is semi-static relay. A relay using a
thyristor circuit is a wholly static relay. Static relay possess the advantages of having low
burden on the C.T. & P.T. fast operation.
(5). Microprocessor based Protective Relays:-
Microprocessor based Protective relay is the latest development in this area.

With the development in VLSI technology, sophisticated and fast microprocessor is coming
up. Their application to the problem of protecting relaying schemes is of current interest to
power engineers. The inherent advantages of microprocessor based relays with or a very
limited range of application, are attractive flexibility due to their programmable approach.
(6). Moving Coil Relays:-
In this relays a coil is free to rotate with magnetic field of a permanent

magnet. The actuating current flows through the coil. The torque is produced by the
interaction between the field of permanent magnet and field coil.
(7). Distance Relays:-
This type of relay operates when the ratio of the voltage and current change
beyond a specified limit.
(8). Differential Relays:-
Operation takes place due to difference of Electrical quantities.
Relays can be classified also depending upon their applications also:
(1). Over voltage, over current and over power relays in which operations takes
place when the voltage, current or power rises above a specified value.
(2). Under voltage, under current and under power relays in which operations
takes place when the current frequency or power fall below a specific value.
(3). Direction or reverse current relays are the relays in which operations occurs
when the direction of applied current changes.
Relays can be classified according to their operation:
32
(1). Definite - time over current relays:
A definite time over relay operates after a predetermined time when the
current exceed its pick-up value. The operating time is constant irrespective of the magnitude
of the current above the pick-up value.
(2). Instantaneous over current relays:
An instantaneous relay operates in definite time when the current exceeds its
pick-up value. The operating time is constant irrespective magnitude of current. There is no
intentional time relay.
(3). Inverse time over current relays:
An inverse time over current relay operates when the current exceeds its
pick-up value. The operating time depends on the magnitude of the operating current. The
operating time decreases as the current increases.
Data required for Relay Setting:-
(1). A single line diagram of the system, which should give the ratings and
impedance of rotating parts, transformer, feeders etc.
(2). Maximum and minimum values of short circuit currents at all the relay
points.
Circuit Breakers:-
Both the lines A&B are independently capable to take up complete load of plant. Still
under normal working condition both the lines shall be energized to share load among
them. In case of one of the lines fails, it is possible to interconnected two 66KV side
by closing circuit breaker. In case of the failure of the transformer or any of control
gears fails, it possible to supply complete load from the other transformer by closing
3.3KV bus tie switch gear. It is an automatic switch of high capacity. It can make or
break the normal as well as abnormal condition.
The most general way of classification of circuit breaker is on the basis of

medium use for arc extinction.
33
(1)Air break circuit breaker

(2) Air blast circuit breaker
(3)Vacuum circuit breaker
(4) Oil circuit breaker
(5) Sf6 (sulphur hexa fluoride) circuit breaker
It is an automatic switch of high capacity. It can make or break the normal as well as
abnormal condition. Air break circuit breaker, Air blast circuit breaker, Oil circuit
breaker& Sf6 circuit breaker are the types of circuit breaker, vacuum circuit breakers
are used in MASS.
There are three types of C.B. as explained below:
(1). SF-6 Circuit Breakers:

Sulphur hexafluoride is an inert, heavy gas having good dielectric and have
extinguishing properties. The dielectric strength is increased with pressure and is more than
various manufactures for rated major types have developed that of dielectric oil at a pressure
of 3 Kg/cm*cm.
Several Types of SF-6 C.B. are as follows:
(1). Single Pressure Type.
(2). Doule Pressure Type.

At ginger switch yard in 220 KV single types C.B. are used.
Specification & Rating of SF-6 C.B.:
For 220 KV, Make H.B.B.
* Rated Voltage : 245.
* Trip coil voltage and close coil voltage : 220 V DC.
* Rated frequency : 50 Hz.
* Impulse Voltage : 1.2/50 Hz 1050 KV.
* Normal Current : 2500 Amp.
* Gas weight : 21 Kg.
* Breaking Current : SF-6.
* Weight : 6 Kg/cm*cm (at 200 C).
* Symmetric : 40 KA.
* Asymmetrical : 48 KA.
* Mass : 3900Kg.
* Short current time : 40 KA/3 sec.
Merits of SF-6 C.B.:
34
* The breaker is silent and does not make sound like A, B, C, D, during operation.
* Excellent insulation is extinguishing physical and chemical properties of SF-6 gas are
greatest advantage of SF-6 C.B.
* Ample overload margin for the same size of conductors.
* The same gas is circulated in the circuit hence requirement of SF-6 is small in the
long run.
* No over voltage problem.
Demerits:
* Sealing problem arises.
* Imperfect joints lead to leakage of gas.
* In flux of moisture in the gas system is very dangerous to SF-6 gas C.B.
* The single pressure SF-6 is generally slower than A, B, C, D.
Vaccum Circuit Breaker:
VCB incorporates a specially designed and completely vaccum interrupter to perform its
basic function of opening and closing when called up to do so, both under normal operation
condition and under fault conditions as short circuit..
When two currents carrying contacts are separated in a vacucm module, and arc in drawn
between them. An intensely hot spot is created at the instant of contacts separation from
which metal vapour shoot off, constituting plasma. The amount of vapour in the plasma is
proportional to the rate of vapour emission from the electrode, hence to arc current. With
alternating current arc, the current decreases during a portion of wave, and tends to zero.
There by the vapour emission tends to zero, the remaining metal vapour condenses
and the dielectric strength builds up rapidly, and restriking of arc is prevented. This principle
is used in vacuum circuit breaker.
The vacuum circuit breaker comprises of one or more sealed vacuum interrupter units
per pole. The moving contact in the interrupter is connected to insulating operation
mechanism. The contact travel is of the order of a few millimeters only. The movement of the
contacts within the sealed interrupter unit is permitted by metal bellows.
In VCB type VK upto 2000 A ratings, the vaccum

interrupters also provide adequate inter phase to earth segregation. The barrier is mounted on
the rear side of VCB mechanism cabinet.
A spring operating mechanism mounted inside a sheet steel cabinet is used to provide the
energy required for the operations.
Working of Operation Mechansim:
35
Charging Operation:
Initially the VCB is opened and closing spring is discharged. Charging of closing spring is
done either manually or electrically through a motor. The charged/discharged inductor shows
the status of closing spring.
There are two types:
(1). Manually Charging.

(2). Motor Charging.
Closing Operation:
When the springs are fully charged, the linkages attain certain positions, now VCB is Ready
for closing operation.
Manually closing.
Electric closing.
Opening operation.
When the VCB is closed the linkages attain certain position and breaker is ready for opening.
There are two types as follows:
Manually opening.
Electric opening.
The VCB is provided with a facility of auto re-closing. This feature is achieved since it is
possible to share the closing springs as soon as they get discharged, during closing operation.
The mechanism is thus kept ready to re-close the VCB as soon as it is opened.
Interlocks:
Interlocking mechanism provided by VCB and cubicle ensures safeoperations, protection to

personal and the correct sequence of operations.
Air Blast Circuit Breakers:
36
At Gandhinagar in 220 KV switch yard A, B, C, D, type C.B. are as under:
Specifications and Rating of A,B,C,D.
* Rated Voltages : 245 KV.
* Frequency : 50 Hz
* Normal Current : 2000 Amp.
* Breaking Current : 31.4 KV.
* Asymmetrical : 35.4 KV.
* Mass : 1630 Kg.
* Short time Current : 55 KA.
* Time coil Voltages : 220 V DC.
* Impulse Volatges :1.2/50 Y.5 1050 KV peak.
* Operating Pressure : 27 to 31 Kg/cm*cm.
Air blast C.B. is used today from the 11 to 1100 KV for various applications.
They offers several advantages such as faster operations, suitability for repeated operations,
auto re-closer, unit type multi-break construction, simple assembly, modest maintenance etc.,
a compressor plant is necessary to maintain high air pressure in the air receiver. A,B,C,D are
especially suitable for railway and air furnaces where the breaker operates repeatedly.
Construction of an Air Blast C.B.:
In air blast C.B. high pressure air is forced on the arcs through a nozzle at the instants of
constant separation. The ionized medium between the constant is blown by the blast air. After
the air extinction, the chambers are filled with high pressure air.
* Reliable operation due to external source of extinguishing energy.

* Air can be used at high pressure.
* Clean, non-inflammable.
* Freely available everywhere.
* High speed of operations.
* Clean service no need of maintenance.
Isolators:
37
Isolators are disconnection switches. Which operates under no load condition. Isolators are
designed to open and close under no load condition. Isolators do not have rated making
current or breaking current capacity.
To prevent Mal-operation, the isolator is provided with inter-locking.
• Inter locking between three poles for simultaneous operation.

• Inter locking with the C.B.
Types of Isolators:
* Vertical break type.
* Horizontal break type.
* Center break.
* Double break.
* Vertical Pantograph type.
(1) Double Break Isolator:
An isolator is a disconnecting or isolating switch, operates under NO LOAD

condition only. They are to be used in connection with circuit breaker. The
main function of isolator is to isolate the equipment or the part of the system
as and when desired for maintenance or other purpose. There are types of
isolator:
(1) Single break isolator(SBI)

This type of isolator disconnects the circuit and it is open on one side
of contact.
(2) Double break isolator (DBI)
This type of isolator disconnects the circuit and it is open on both
sides of contact.
In switch yard DBI are used.
INSULATOR
38
Insulators are used as a link between line conductor and line supports cross arms. Insulator
prevent the leakage current from the line conductors to the earth through
arms.
From O.H. transmission lines following four types of insulators are used.
(1) Pin type insulator.
(2) Suspension type insulator.
(3) Strain type insulator.
(4) Shackle type insulator.
Suspension & strain types insulators are used in the project and as explained below.
Suspension Type:
In pin type for very higher voltage (more then 66kv ) becomes complicated,bulky and
costly . In case damage whole pin insulator is required to be replaced and service is
disturbed.
For higher voltage it is more suitable economical, and convenient to use suspension
insulators. They are designed for normal 11kv working voltage.Hance as the line voltage
increases 11kv, 22k, 66kv and so on, numbers of insulators are joined in series to from a
string of insulator. It is nowa practice to use suspension type insulator.In the string of
insulator, if one of the insulators is damaged, that particular unit is required to replaced by
new one.
Suspension type insulators are also called disc type insulators and also as a tension
insulators are mainly of two types.
Ball and socket type or cemented type.

Tongue and clevis type.
Strain Type
When the over head line teminates i.e. there is dead end of the line, or there is sharp turns of
the line or a corner, much more tension is observed in the line. In order to withstand the
tension on the line strain insulator can be used . The disc of strain insulator are kept in the
vertical plane. For heavy strain, strain insulator string is used or some times to or more strings
are connected in parallel to handle more strain.
Earthing Switch:-
Earthing switch is connected between the line conductor and the earth.
Normally it is one when the line is disconnected. The earthing switch is closed so as to
discharge the voltage trapped on the line and is disconnected.
Normally the earthing switch is mounted on the frame of isolator.
Sequence of operations while opening/closing a circuit.While opening.........
* Open circuit breaker.
* Open isolator.
* Close earthing switch.
Transformers:-
39
Two types of Transformers are used in Switch Yard:
* Current Transformer.
* Potential Transformer.
(1). Current Transformer:
The function of C.T. is to transform the high current in an electrical power system to lower
value, which are convenient for the operation of associated instrument of protective device. It
also serves simultaneously to isolate these measuring instrument of protective device from the
high voltage power circuit.
Current transformer is used to step down the current for metering and protective relaying
purpose. The primary winding of the C.T. is connected in series with the circuit whose current
is to be sensed, and across the secondary of CT the operating coil of the CT or the meter
terminals are connected. CT used for metering will not have taps, as a fix primary secondary
current relationship is always required. When full load current is flowing in the primary, the
secondary current is usually 5 A rated. While CT used for protection have taps so that
secondary current can be a varying function of primary current.
Measuring C.T.:
Measuring C.T. is intended to supply the indicating instrument, in degrading meters and
similar apparatus. It has to be accurate in specified working and integrating meters.
Protective C.T.:
Protective C.T. is intended to supply current to the protective device. It is also general to have
such accuracy class at normal current but on the contrary degree or accuracy on current in
fault condition such as over current etc.
Construction:
40
The C.T. has two windings-one is primary and second is secondary winding. The primary
conductor have high voltage with respect to earth. Hence it is insulated by means of an
insulator column filled with dielectric oil. The normal rated secondary current is 5 Amp.
Sometimes the voltage of 5 Amperes or 1 Ampere is also taken as secondary current. Some
details are shown below:
Specification of C.T. for 220 KV type:
* Make : W.S. insulator of India Ltd.

* B.I.L. : 46080 (rhs)/1050 (peak).
* Frequency : 50 Hz.
* S.T.current : 40 KA.
Polarity making:
Each CT should be tested to verify that polarities making on the primary and
secondary winding are correct.
CT ratio check:
Using primary injection set carries out this check. The test set compresses of a
portable injection transformer arranged to operate from the local main LT (low tension)
supply and having several low voltage heavy current winding. The injection transformer is
usually of about 10KVA rating with a typical ratio 250/10+10+10 Volts. This permits current
up to 250 A.
Potential Transformer:
It steps down the voltage of high voltage system making suitable for the relay
operation and to measures high voltage. To measure high voltage, voltmeter is connected on
secondary side of potential transformer i.e. on low voltage side and calibrated for high
voltage measurement, as reduced voltage is proportional to high voltage. It isolates
electrically proactive relay and measuring circuit from the main HV circuit.
Power Transformer:
41
It is static device which transform electric energy from one circuit to other circuit
without changing its frequency. It works on the Faraday’s low of electromagnetic induction. It
is an electric circuit which linked by a common magnetic circuit.
When the output voltage of the transformer is higher then its input voltage it is called step
up transformer or in either case it is called step down transformer. Its basic construction
requires no moving parts so there is no friction or winding losses typical transformer at full
load lie between 96%.
Fittings & accessories of transformer:
1) Primary winding
2) Secondary winding
3) Oil
4) Oil conservator
5) Temperature recorder
6) Oil cock
7) Tap changer
8) Radiating tube
9) Bushing
10) Breather
11) Buccholz relay
12) Explosion went
There are four transformer installed in our 66KV switchyard. Three transformers are
of 5 MVA rating & one is of 10 MVA.
Tap Changer:
Transformers are necessary for stepping down AC voltage level for long distribution
and utilization system with high efficiency. Distribution voltage can be automatically
regulated by means of OLTC (On Load Tap Changer).
OLTC are fitted with the transformer 4 wire 3 phase AC distribution system is
obtained from the star connected secondary side of substation transformer.
Utilization transformer are necessary with power utilization devices for obtaining
require voltage, for on line regulation of supply voltage for controlling power input to load to
match with the load.
Auxiliary systems
42
Fly ash collection
Fly ash is captured and removed from the flue gas by electrostatic precipitators or fabric bag
filters (or sometimes both) located at the outlet of the furnace and before the induced draft
fan. The fly ash is periodically removed from the collection hoppers below the precipitators or
bag filters. Generally, the fly ash is pneumatically transported to storage silos for subsequent
transport by trucks or railroad cars.
Bottom ash collection and disposal

At the bottom of the furnace, there is a hopper for collection of bottom ash. This hopper is
always filled with water to quench the ash and clinkers falling down from the furnace. Some
arrangement is included to crush the clinkers and for conveying the crushed clinkers and
bottom ash to a storage site.
Boiler make-up water treatment plant and storage
Since there is continuous withdrawal of steam and continuous return of condensate to the
boiler, losses due to blowdown and leakages have to be made up to maintain a desired water
level in the boiler steam drum. For this, continuous make-up water is added to the boiler
water system. Impurities in the raw water input to the plant generally consist of calcium and
magnesium salts which impart hardness to the water. Hardness in the make-up water to the
boiler will form deposits on the tube water surfaces which will lead to overheating and failure
of the tubes. Thus, the salts have to be removed from the water, and that is done by a water
demineralising treatment plant (DM). A DM plant generally consists of cation, anion, and
mixed bed exchangers. Any ions in the final water from this process consist essentially of
hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions, which recombine to form pure water. Very pure DM water
becomes highly corrosive once it absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere because of its very
high affinity for oxygen.
The capacity of the DM plant is dictated by the type and quantity of salts in the raw water
input. However, some storage is essential as the DM plant may be down for maintenance. For
this purpose, a storage tank is installed from which DM water is continuously withdrawn for
boiler make-up. The storage tank for DM water is made from materials not affected by
corrosive water, such as PVC. The piping and valves are generally of stainless steel.
Sometimes, a steam blanketing arrangement or stainless steel doughnut float is provided on
top of the water in the tank to avoid contact with air. DM water make-up is generally added at
the steam space of the surface condenser (i.e., the vacuum side). This arrangement not only
sprays the water but also DM water gets deaerated, with the dissolved gases being removed
by an air ejector attached to the condenser.
Oil system
43
An auxiliary oil system pump is used to supply oil at the start-up of the steam turbine
generator. It supplies the hydraulic oil system required for steam turbine's main inlet steam
stop valve, the governing control valves, the bearing and seal oil systems, the relevant
hydraulic relays and other mechanisms.
At a preset speed of the turbine during start-ups, a pump driven by the turbine main shaft
takes over the functions of the auxiliary system.
Generator heat dissipation
The electricity generator requires cooling to dissipate the heat that it generates. While small
units may be cooled by air drawn through filters at the inlet, larger units generally require
special cooling arrangements. Hydrogen gas cooling, in an oil-sealed casing, is used because
it has the highest known heat transfer coefficient of any gas and for its low viscosity which
reduces windage losses. This system requires special handling during start-up, with air in the
chamber first displaced by carbon dioxide before filling with hydrogen. This ensures that the
highly flammable hydrogen does not mix with oxygen in the air.
The hydrogen pressure inside the casing is maintained slightly higher than atmospheric
pressure to avoid outside air ingress. The hydrogen must be sealed against outward leakage
where the shaft emerges from the casing. Mechanical seals around the shaft are installed with
a very small annular gap to avoid rubbing between the shaft and the seals. Seal oil is used to
prevent the hydrogen gas leakage to atmosphere.
The generator also uses water cooling. Since the generator coils are at a potential of about 22
kV and water is conductive, an insulating barrier such as Teflon is used to interconnect the
water line and the generator high voltage windings. Demineralized water of low conductivity
is used.
Generator high voltage system
The generator voltage ranges from 11 kV in smaller units to 22 kV in larger units. The
generator high voltage leads are normally large aluminum channels because of their high
current as compared to the cables used in smaller machines. They are enclosed in well-
grounded aluminum bus ducts and are supported on suitable insulators. The generator high
voltage channels are connected to step-up transformers for connecting to a high voltage
electrical substation (of the order of 110 kV or 220 kV) for further transmission by the local
power grid.
The necessary protection and metering devices are included for the high voltage leads. Thus,
the steam turbine generator and the transformer form one unit. In smaller units, generating at
11 kV, a breaker is provided to connect it to a common 11 kV bus system.
The crushed coal is conveyed from the storage pile to silos or hoppers at the boilers by
another belt Other systems
44
Monitoring and alarm system
Most of the power plant operational controls are automatic. However, at times, manual
intervention may be required. Thus, the plant is provided with monitors and alarm systems
that alert the plant operators when certain operating parameters are seriously deviating from
their normal range.
Battery supplied emergency lighting and communication
A central battery system consisting of lead acid cell units is provided to supply emergency
electric power, when needed, to essential items such as the power plant's control systems,
communication systems, turbine lube oil pumps, and emergency lighting. This is essential for
a safe, damage-free shutdown of the units in an emergency situation.
Transport of coal fuel to site and to storage
Main article: Fossil fuel power plant
Most thermal stations use coal as the main fuel. Raw coal is transported from coal mines to a
power station site by trucks, barges, bulk cargo ships or railway cars. Generally, when
shipped by railways, the coal cars are sent as a full train of cars. The coal received at site may
be of different sizes. The railway cars are unloaded at site by rotary dumpers or side tilt
dumpers to tip over onto conveyor belts below. The coal is generally conveyed to crushers
which crush the coal to about ¾ inch (6 mm) size. The crushed coal is then sent by belt
conveyors to a storage pile. Normally, the crushed coal is compacted by bulldozers, as
compacting of highly volatile coal avoids spontaneous ignition.conveyor system.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Thermal Power Plant

Advantages:-
* The fuel i.e. coal is used which is quite cheap.
* Less initial cost as compared to other generating stations.
* It can be installed at any place irrespective of the existence of coal.
* The coal can be transported to the site of the plant by rail or road.
* It requires less space as compared to the Hydro electric power station.
* The cost of generation is lesser than that of the diesel power station.
Disadvantages:-
* It pollutes the atmosphere due to the production of large amount of smoke

and fumes.
* The Efficiency of coal plant is overall low(approximately 30%).
* It is costlier in running cost as compared to the Hydro electric plant
45
CONTROL SYSTEM
AUTO CONTROL SYSTEM

Auto control system performs the following functions;
1) Generator voltage control.

2) Undelayed limiting control for the output current of the Thyristor set.
3) Limiting control for the under exited range.
4) Delayed limiting control function over excited range.
5) Automatic field separation during shutdown of generator.
6) Delayed limiting control for the stator over current.
7) v/Hz limiter to prevent over fluxing of the limit transformer and of generator.
Auto control system performs the following components:
1) Actual voltage feedback signal forming unit.

2) Reactive/ Active current detection unit.
3) Li miters.
4) Voltage regulator unit.
5) Universal amplifier.
6) Gate control.
Set Generator terminal voltage feedback is taken from generator PT. Output of PT
(11GV) given to actual voltage feedback sign forming unit, which produce DC signal (-8V)
proportional to generator voltage.
Output of the reactive/active detection unit, which is proportional reactive current,

added vectorically to actual voltage signal to compensate for reactive drip of unit
transformer/when generator is connected to the net through unit transformer.
The rectified, filtered compound voltage given as an actual value to voltage regulator
is compared to actual value, reference value and limiters output. Its output (10V) is directly
depends on the:
1. Differences between actual value and reference value.

2. Setting of its proportional and integral feature.
Limiters intervene.
Output of AVR is given to the gate control circuit, which produces firing pulses displaced by
60, this firing pulse is given to the gate control circuit of Thyristor Bridge, Firing angle,
which devices conduction period of Thyristor depends on the firing pulse. Thus according to
input signature to gate control circuit, Thyristor bridge output varies and control the
excitation.
MANUAL CONTROL SYSTEM
46
In case when any part of auto control system fails, to continue the operation, manual
channel is provided. Manual channel is provided. Manual channel consists of following units:
1. Universal Amplifier
2. Reference Value Generator
3. Current Regulator
4. Gate Control Set For Manual System
The Thyristor set input AC current which is proportional to main exciter current i.e.
output DC current of Thyristor set, in sensed by using CT’s having buren resistors is AC
voltage developed across the resistor is given to universal amplifier. Where it is rectifier and
filtered. Output of universal amplifier is used as an actual value to current regulator; the
reference value (10V) is derived from highly reliable and stabiliezed power supply by higher
and lower commands. This voltage signal (10V) given as a reference value to current
regulator. Current regulator compares actual values with set point and its output directly
depends on
1. Difference between set point and actual value.

2. Setting of its proportional integral factors.
3. Limitations of generator voltage given to current regulator.
This output of current regulator after being six firing pulse displaced by 60”. ‘1 his firing
pulse given to the gate circuit of Thyristor Bridge and it controls the firing angle of Thyristor
Bridge output current to set point value.
LIMITATION OF THE MANUAL CHANNEL

1. It does not ensure synchronism during transient condition.
2. it controls the excitation irrespective of generator terminal voltage within
limitations given to the excitation current regulator.
3. It also does not ensure safe operation of machine near operating limits.
Because of the above limitations manual channel is used only in
emergencies.
MAIN FEATURES CONTROL FUNCTIONS
 Voltage regulator with adjustable FID controller (AUTOMATIC MODE)

 Field current regulator with adjustable PI controller (MANUAL MODE)
 Reactive power influence (droop or compensation)
 Under excitation and over excitation limiters.
 Automatic follow-up between Automatic<->Manual as well as Channel 1<->
Channel 2.
 Superimposed controller for machine or T-line power factor or MVA-r
MONITORING AND PROTECTION FUNCTION

 Over current, inverse time and instantaneous loss o excitation.
 Over fluxing protection (V/Hz relay)
 Converter temperature
 Thyristor conduction monitoring
 Supply voltage monitoring
BATTERY CHARGER
47
D.C. SUPPLY
D.C. supply is heart of the power station. Battery and battery chargers should be kept in
service continuously to ensure reliable supply. The failure in D.C. supply cannot be tolerated.
Battery should be always in charger condition and ready to take load in case of A.C. power
supply failure. On resuming A.C. supply the battery is recharged by putting charger on boost.
After charging of battery cells again charger should be put on float charging to supply station
demand and keeping battery in float charging condition.
D.C. supply is used to run the D.C. motors as D.C. seat & D.C. flushing motors and D.C.
emergency lighting in case of total power supply failure. Also D.C. supply is used for various
control circuit such as 22KV 6.6 KV and 415 volt breakers closing, tripping and indication,
Relay control circuits, MFF circuits, MARP circuits and annunciations circuits. DC system
can be divided mainly into three parts.
A. STATION BATTERY:
Two battery sets are installing having 110 cells in each set two supply 220 DC two battery
sets are installed having 25 cells in each set two supply 50 DC which is for boiler control desk
annunciation.
B. BATTERY CHARGER FOR 220 VOLT DC SYSTEM:
The general purpose of this battery charger unit is two DC power to power station in
conjunction with 110 lead acid sells to ensure an interrupter supply irrespective of AC mains
supply AC input 415 volt 3- phase supply to given two battery charger from 415 volt
emergency MCC.
Float charger is capable fro floating 110 lead acids sells from 1085 volt per cells 2.65
volts/cell at a maximum charging current of 80 amp. During the normal time battery is floated
by means float charger, which also supplies the constant load. In case of emergency the
constant load is being taken care of the battery which is connected to the bus by means of
switch SW-10.
When the mains resume there is a need for the battery to be recharged since the same would
have discharged during emergency. For this purpose the float/boost change over switch is
kept in the boost position. During the boost charging the load is taken care of by the float
rectifier in the unlikely event mains failure during boost charging, the float/boost change over
switch SW-10 must be put position.
During change over of the switch from the boost to float position the continuity of supply is
maintain through the silicon diode MP-3 the output supply of DC bus is kept appreciable
constant.
IN BRIEF BATTERY CHARGER
Purpose of battery in power station:
48
1. To run D.C. emergency flushing oil pump and seal oil pump of turbine
generator set in case of total supply failure of the station.
2. For D.C. emergency lighting of the station in case of total power supply
failure.
3. For trip free operation of circuit breaker and reliable protection and controls
in emergency. For safety of the station, it is important to maintain the batter
vigilantly, for emergency services.
Points for the battery charger to be observed:
1. Check the indication for the following are ok:

a. A.C. three phase main supplies input to charger.
b. A.C. three phase control supply.
c. D.C. output.
2. Check that the charger D.C. output voltage and current are normal.
3. The charge/discharge meter indicates whether the battery to getting
charged or discharged. See that the meter indicated the charging
condition of the battery.
4. See that no alarm is persisting. No abnormal indication to appearing.
5. See that the battery charger is clean.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Sr. No. Name of the book Author
1. Switchgear and protection R.P.Ajwaliya
2. Electrical Power System J.B.Gupta
3. Electrical machine B.L.Theraja
4. Power System V.K.Mehta
49

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Theory of any subject is important but without practical knowledge it becomes of no

My short Training to GSECL Gandhinagar gave me an opportunity to develop both these

We specially thanks to Mr Ramanuj Sir, Mr Gupta sir for his guidance.

7- COAL HANDLING PLANT

The Memorandum and Articles of Association of GSECL envisage a wide spectrum of

Existing Power Plants

1. Dhuvaran GBCCPP i. 1x67.85 107

Power Projects Under Implementation

1. Kutch Lignite Thermal Power Station 1 x 75 75

As a part of the reform process,the Government of Gujarat has unbundled the

electricity generation. Electricity Transmission has been entrusted to the already

commercial arrangements post unbundling are represented diagrammatically

2 : Contractual Framework Post Unbundling

GUJARAT ELECTRICITY BOARD

Installed capacity of various power station of Gujarat state as on 31-12-2000.

Sr no Name of the power station Installed/derated capacity

Total installed capacity of Gujarat state A+B+C = 8343/8217 MW

GEB GANDHINGAR TPS:-

This power station has taken shape in three phases :

• FIRST STAGE(unit 1&2)

• SECOND STAGE(unit 3&4)

• THIRD STAGE( unit 5)

SPECIAL LATEST TECHNOLOGY ADOPTED FOR UNIT NO 3,4AND 5

Diagram of a typical coal-fired thermal power station

Typical diagram of a coal-fired thermal power station:-

1. Cooling tower 10. Steam Control valve 19. Superheater

We can devide this process in various cycles as follows:-

1. AIR CYCLE : SECONDARY AIR

AIR CYCLE : PRIMARY AIR

2- OIL CYCLE: L.D.O(LIGHT DIESEL OIL)

OIL CYCLE: R.F.O (RESIDUAL FUEL OIL)

4- WATER AND STEAM CYCLE

6- C.W.CYCLE (CIRCULATING WATER/COOLING WATER):

7- FLUE GASES CYCLE:

thermal power station.

Important Equipments in Thermal Power Station

(1) Mechanical Equipments:-

a) Boiler Furnace and Steam Drum

(2) Electrical Equipments:-

The main Parts of Boiler

* Furnace width : 13868 mm.

* Depth : 10582 mm.

* Volume : 5140 m*m*m.

* Fuel Heat input : 529.9*1000000 Kcal/hr.

* Main Steam : Steam flow at super heater outlet

Steam pr. at super heater outlet 55 kg/cm*cm

Steam temp. at super heater outlet

* Reheat Steam : Reheat steam flow 594 T/hr.

Steam pr.at RH inlet 40kg/cm*cm.

* Size & type : BCP 2360/77.

Data on BCW System:-

• BCW storage tank capacity : 20 m*m*m.

Application of Bearing Cooling Water:-

• For cooling of 2 ID fan motor bearing lubrication oil.

• For cooling of GR fan bearing lubricating oil.

For cooling of sample of saturated steam.

The function is to super heat the steam to the desired temperature. By

Type Heating Surface

* Low type super heater 3320 m*m.

A boiler producing between 10 to 100 tons of steam per hour operating at

• * Heating surface 1924 sq.mt.

The principle benefits of preheating are:

(1) Improved combustion.

* Volume : 5140 mmm.

• BCW storage tank capacity : 20 mmm.