Oscillations I

ma F =
Oscillations-I
= +
2
2
hf E =
Muhammad Nadeem
School of Electrical Engineering &Computer Sciences
muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk
2
mc E =
t B E = /
ma F =
Physics
20th Century
21st Century
t
i V
x
= +
h h
2
2
2
hf E =
o
/ = E
mv P =
P r L = h P x.
0 = B
t E j B + = /
o o o

P
h
=
h
G
k
o
R
c
Oscillations
Each day we encounter many kinds of mechanical oscillations,
i.e., swinging pendulum of clock, vibrating guitar string and vibrating
air molecules that transmit sound waves.
In addition to these mechanical oscillations, we can have also
electromagnetic oscillations, such as electrons surging back and forth electromagnetic oscillations, such as electrons surging back and forth
in circuits that are responsible for transmitting and receiving radio or TV
signals.
These oscillating systems whether mechanical, electromagnetic
or other types - have a common mathematical formulation and
are most easily expressed in terms of sine and cosine functions.
Restoring Force
Imagine an oscillating system, such as the pendulum of a clock or
the mass attached to the spring. What must be the properties of
the force that produces such oscillations?
If you displace a pendulum in one direction from its equilibrium
position, the force (which is due to gravity) pushes it back position, the force (which is due to gravity) pushes it back
towards equilibrium. If you displace it in other direction, the
force still acts towards equilibrium position.
No matter what the direction of the displacement, the force
always acts in a direction to restore the system to its equilibrium
position. Such a force is called a restoring force.
Restoring force is responsible for periodic motion, harmonic
motion, oscillation, or vibration.
Amplitude
Amplitude is the magnitude of the maximum displacement form
equilibrium position.
Period T
For any object in simple harmonic motion, the time required to
complete one cycle is the period T.
2
= T
Where is called angular frequency.
Frequency f
The frequency f of the simple harmonic motion is the number of
cycles of the motion per second.
T
f
1
=
= T
f 2 =
A very special kind of motion occurs
when the force acting on a body is
proportional to the displacement of
the body from some equilibrium
position.
Simple Harmonic Motion
position.
If this force is always directed toward
the equilibrium position, repetitive
back-and-forth motion occurs about
this position. Such motion is called
simple harmonic motion (SHM).
Hooke's law
Consider a mass m attached the a spring. The restoring force of an
ideal spring is given by,
where k is the spring constant and x is the displacement of the spring
from its unstrained length. The minus sign indicates that the restoring
force always points in a direction opposite to the displacement of the
kx F =
force always points in a direction opposite to the displacement of the
spring. SI unit of k = N/m.
x
m
k
a
kx ma
=
=
An object moves with simple harmonic motion whenever its
acceleration is proportional to its displacement from some equilibrium
position and is oppositely directed (towards equilibriumposition).
Sixth Sense of 2
nd
Order ODEs
x
dt
x d
=
2
2
x
dt
x d
2
2
2
=
??? ) ( = t x
??? ) ( = t x
x
dt
x d
2
2
2
=
x
dt
x d
=
2
2
x
dt
2
=
??? ) ( = t x
??? ) ( = t x
??? ) ( = t x
x
k x d
kx
dt
x d
m
kx F
=
=
=
2
2
2
According to Hooks law
Simple Harmonic Oscillator
x
m
k
dt
x d
=
2
2
=
m
k
x
dt
x d
2
2
2
=
) cos( ) ( + = t A t x
Lets set
The general solution of this ODE is
where A is amplitude, (t+) is phase,is angular frequency
and is phase constant
) cos( ) ( + = t A t x
m
k
f
2
1
=
f 2 =

2
1
= f
k
m
T 2 =
f
T
1
=

) cos( ) ( + = t A t x
) sin( ) ( + = = t A
dt
dx
t v
) cos( ) (
2
+ = = t A
dt
dv
t a
0 =
Simple Harmonic Oscillator
x=A; v=0; a=-a
max
x=0; v=-v
max
; a=0
x=-A; v=0; a=a
max
x=0; v=v
max
; a=0
x=A; v=0; a=-a
max
TO EMPHASIZE THIS!
THROW THESE AWAY FOR HARMONIC OSCILLATOR!
f i
v v at = +
1
2
2
f i i
x x v t at = + +
The acceleration is not constant!
2 2
2
f i
v v a x = +
f i
x x vt = +
THESE ARE WRONG AND WILL
GIVE
YOU WRONG ANSWERS!!
A 680g block is fastened to a spring of spring constant
k=65N/m. The block is pulled a distance x = 11cm from its
equilibrium position x=0 on a frictionless surface and
released from rest at t=0
(a) What are the angular frequency, the frequency and the
period of the motion
(b) What is the maximum speed of oscillating block
(c) What is the maximum acceleration of oscillating block
sec / 78 . 9
68 . 0
/ 65
rad
kg
m N
m
k
= = =
(a) What are the angular frequency, the frequency and the
period of the motion
Hz
rad
f 6 . 1
2
sec / 78 . 9
2
= = =

sec 64 . 0
6 . 1
1 1
= = =
Hz f
T
(b) What is the maximum speed of oscillating block
) sin( + = t A v
As velocity of oscillator is
So maximum speed of the block will be
s m A v / 1 . 1 ) 11 . 0 )( 78 . 9 (
max
= = =
(c) What is the maximum acceleration of oscillating block (c) What is the maximum acceleration of oscillating block
As acceleration of oscillator is
So maximum acceleration will be
2 2 2
max
/ 11 ) 11 . 0 ( ) 78 . 9 ( s m A a = = =
) cos(
2
+ = t A a
A 1 kg object stretches a vertical spring by 2cm. If the
object is set into oscillation, find the period of the motion. object is set into oscillation, find the period of the motion.
A 1 kg object stretches a vertical spring by 2cm. If the
object is set into oscillation, find the period of the motion.
m N
m
s m kg
x
mg
k
mg kx
/ 490
10 2
) / 8 . 9 )( 1 (
2
2
=
= =
=
As
sec 28 . 0
/ 490
1
2 2 = = =
m N
kg
k
m
T
So
A 2.14 kg object hangs from the spring. A 325g body hung
below the object stretches the spring 1.80cm farther. If 325
g body is removed and the object is set into oscillation, find g body is removed and the object is set into oscillation, find
the period of the motion.
below the object stretches the spring 1.80cm farther. If 325
g body is removed and the object is set into oscillation, find
the period of the motion.
m N
m
s m kg
x
mg
k
mg kx
/ 177
10 8 . 1
) / 8 . 9 )( 325 . 0 (
2
2
=
= =
=
Here
sec 69 . 0
/ 177
14 . 2
2 2 = = =
m N
kg
k
m
T
m N
m x
k / 177
10 8 . 1
2
=
= =
So
below the object stretches the spring 1.80cm farther. If the below the object stretches the spring 1.80cm farther. If the
below the object stretches the spring 1.80cm farther. If the
m N
m
s m kg
x
mg
k
mg kx
/ 177
10 8 . 1
) / 8 . 9 )( 325 . 0 (
2
2
=
= =
=
Here
sec 087 . 0
/ 177
325 . 0 14 . 2
2 2 =
+
= =
m N
kg
k
m
T
m N
m x
k / 177
10 8 . 1
2
=
= =
So
k=65N/m. The block is pulled a distance x = 11cm from its
Q. What is the phase constant for the motion?
As displacement of oscillator as a function of time is
) cos( + = t A x
Here, it is given that at t = 0, x = A=11cm. so
) 0 cos( + = A A
cos 1=
0 = 0 =
) cos( ) ( t A t x =
x
t
0
x
Perfectly fine Perfectly fine Perfectly fine Perfectly fine
Phase Constant
There is no problem as for as angular frequency, linear
frequency and time period of SHM are concerned. OK?
What do you think of phase constant ?
Its time to dig out more about phase constant .
Lets see another problem, same problem with bit modification
.
Lets see another problem, same problem with bit modification
k=65N/m. The block is pulled a distance x = -11cm from its
) cos( + = t A x
Here, it is given that at t = 0, x = -A=-11cm. so
) 0 cos( + = A A
cos 1=
=
) cos( ) ( + = t A t x
x
t
0
x
Perfectly fine again. Perfectly fine again. Perfectly fine again. Perfectly fine again.
k=65N/m and set into oscillation. At time t = 0, this
oscillating mass-spring system has displacement x=A/2.
for the motion? Q. What is the phase constant for the motion?
) cos( + = t A x
Here, it is given that at t = 0, x = A/2. so
) 0 cos( 2 / + = A A
cos 2 / 1 =
Lets start as before!!!!
3 / =
x
t
0
x
) 3 / cos( + = t A x
x
t
0
x
) 3 / cos( = t A x
Which will be the Which will be the Which will be the Which will be the
correct one? correct one? correct one? correct one?
Do I need extra Do I need extra Do I need extra Do I need extra
information? information? information? information?
Yes! Yes! Yes! Yes!
oscillating mass-spring system has displacement x=A/2 and
is moving toward X=A (velocity is positive).
3 / =
oscillating mass-spring system has displacement x=A/2 and
is moving toward X=0 (velocity is negative).
3 / =
The phase constant specifies the oscillator parameters at t = 0
or we can determine phase constant from initial position and
initial velocity of the oscillator.
x
t
m
x x = ) 0 ( Ve v = ) 0 (
m
x
x
t
m
x x = ) 0 ( Ve v + = ) 0 (
m
x
t
m
x x = ) 0 ( Ve v + = ) 0 (
m
x
x
t
) cos( ) ( t A t x =
0 =
) cos( ) ( t A t x =
=
x
t t
) 2 / cos( ) ( = t A t x ) 4 / cos( ) ( = t A t x
2 / =
4 / =
) 4 / cos( ) ( + = t A t x
4 / =
) 2 / cos( ) ( + = t A t x
2 / =
Graphs: General Graphs: General Graphs: General Graphs: General
The graphs show (general case)
(a) Displacement x(t) as a function of time
(b) Velocity v(t) as a function of time
) cos( ) ( + = t A t x
(b) Velocity v(t) as a function of time
(c ) Acceleration a(t) as a function of time
) sin( ) ( + = t A t v
) cos( ) (
2
+ = t A t a
The velocity is 90
o
out of phase with the displacement and the
acceleration is 180
o
out of phase with the displacement
At time t = 0, an oscillating mass-spring system has displacement
10cm, velocity -12m/s and acceleration -20m/sec square. What
is the Phase angle? is the Phase angle?
10cm, velocity -12m/s and acceleration -20m/sec square. What
is the Phase angle?
For harmonic oscillator
) cos( ) ( + = t A t x
) sin( ) ( + = t A t v
2
+ =
(1) cos ) 0 ( A x =
(2) sin ) 0 ( A v =
) cos( ) (
2
+ = t A t a
At t = 0
(3) cos ) 0 (
2
A a =
1 . 0
20
) 0 (
) 0 (
2
= =
x
a
s / 14
) 0 (
) 0 (
cos
sin
x
v
=
From (1) and (3)

From (1) and (2)
1 . 0
20
2
=
) 0 ( cos x
) 0 (
) 0 ( 1
tan
x
v
=
o
83 ) 57 . 8 ( tan
1
=

57 . 8
1 . 0
12
14
1
tan =
=
) 83 cos( ) ( + = t A t x
) 83 sin( ) ( + = t A t v
x
t
0
x
v
t
) 83 sin( ) ( + = t A t v
t
0
v
) 83 cos( ) (
2
+ = t A t a
a
t
0
a
10cm, velocity 12m/s and acceleration -20m/sec square. What
is the Phase angle? is the Phase angle?
10cm, velocity 12m/s and acceleration -20m/sec square. What
is the Phase angle?
For harmonic oscillator
) cos( ) ( + = t A t x
) sin( ) ( + = t A t v
2
+ =
(1) cos ) 0 ( A x =
(2) sin ) 0 ( A v =
) cos( ) (
2
+ = t A t a
At t = 0
(3) cos ) 0 (
2
A a =
1 . 0
20
) 0 (
) 0 (
2
= =
x
a
s / 14 =
) 0 (
) 0 (
cos
sin
x
v
=
From (1) and (3)

From (1) and (2)
1 . 0
20
2
=
) 0 ( cos x
) 0 (
) 0 ( 1
tan
x
v
=
o
83 ) 57 . 8 ( tan
1
=

57 . 8
1 . 0
12
14
1
tan = =
) 83 cos( ) ( = t A t x
) 83 sin( ) ( = t A t v
x
t
0
x
v
t
0
v
) 83 sin( ) ( = t A t v
t
) 83 cos( ) (
2
= t A t a
a
t
0
a
This means = 0
) cos( ) ( t A t x =
) sin( ) ( t A t v =
Initial conditions at t = 0: x(0) = A; v(0) = 0
) cos( ) (
2
t A t a =
0
0 1
) 0 (
) 0 ( 1
tan = = =
A x
v

0 =
This means =
) cos( ) ( t A t x =
) sin( ) ( t A t v =
Initial conditions at t = 0: x(0) = -A; v(0) = 0
) cos( ) (
2
t A t a =
0
0 1
) 0 (
) 0 ( 1
tan =
= =
A x
v

=
Initial conditions at t = 0: x(0) = 0; v(0) = v
This means = - /2
) sin( ) ( t A t x =
) cos( ) ( t A t v = ) cos( ) ( t A t v =
) sin( ) (
2
t A t a =
= = =
0
1
) 0 (
) 0 ( 1
tan
v
x
v

2 / =
Initial conditions at t = 0: x(0) = 0; v(0) = -v
This means = /2
) sin( ) ( t A t x =
) cos( ) ( t A t v = ) cos( ) ( t A t v =
) sin( ) (
2
t A t a =
=
= =
0
1
) 0 (
) 0 ( 1
tan
v
x
v

2 / =

Oscillations I

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Oscillations I

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ma F =

From (1) and (3)

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