Part I A Brief History PART II Cellular Concepts PART III GSM-Radio Interface

28-Sep-14 RAJIV/CMTS 1
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
PART I A Brief History
PART II Cellular Concepts
PART III GSM- Radio Interface
CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO
MOBILE COMMUNICATION
REVOLUTION IN TELECOM.

MOBILE COMMUNICATION IS A VERY RAPIDLY
GROWING AND A POPULAR SERVICE.
MORE THAN 40 FOLD INCREASE IN LAST 10 YEARS
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
IT HAS BECOME A BACKBONE FOR BUSINESS
SUCCESS AND EFFICIENCY

CHANGED THE LIFE STYLE ALL OVER THE
WORLD.

WHAT
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
PHONES ON THE MOVE
IT ALLOWS TO COMMUNICATE TO PEOPLE
WITH ANYBODY WHILE ON MOVE
(PHONES FOR THE PEOPLE , NOT FOR THE PLACES)
PROVIDES VOICE , FAX, SLOW SPEED DATA (today)
WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL (WAP)
ENABLES HIGHER BANDWIDTH ACCESS
(WIRELESS ACCESS TO INTERNET)
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
Any time Anywhere
Mobility & Roaming
High capacity & subs. density
Efficient use of radio spectrum
Seamless Network Architecture
Low cost
Flexibility
Innovative Services
Standard Interfaces
OBJECTIVES
HISTORY
1946 Appeared in St .Louis USA

1970 BELL LAB introduced Cellular Principle

1979 AMPS System in US

1980s TACS & NMT systems

1990s Digital Systems

ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C

1946- 1960s 1980s 1990s 2000s

Appeared 1G 2G 3G

Analog Digital Digital

Multi Multi Unified
Standard Standard Standard

Terrestrial Terrestrial Terr. & Sat
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C

FREQUENCY BANDS

GSM 890-915 MHz (Uplink)
935-960 MHz (Downlink)

DCS 1710-1785: 1805-1880 MHz

DAMPS 824-849 : 869 - 894 MHz
CDMA 824-849 : 869 - 894 MHz

PDC 940-956 : 810 - 826 MHz

ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C


1 G -analog (cellular revolution)
- only mobile voice services

ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
WIRELESS GENERATIONS
2 G - digital (breaking digital barrier)
- mostly for voice services & data delivery
possible

3 G - Voice & data ( breaking data barrier)
- Mainly for data services where voice services
will also be possible


INTERNATIONAL MOBILE TELECOM 2000. ( IMT-2000)

IMT
A FUTURE STANDARD IN WHICH A SINGLE
INEXPENSIVE MOBILE TERMINAL CAN TRUELY
PROVIDE COMMUNICATIONS ANY TIME AND ANY
WHERE
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
THIRD GENERATION (3 G ) STANDARD

INTERNATIONAL MOBILE TELECOM 2000. ( IMT-2000)
ITUs VISION FOR THIRD GENERATION MOBILE
SYSTEM
SINGLE UNIFIED STANDARD (Data & Multimedia Services)
ANYWHERE, ANYTIME COMMUNICATION
ACROSS NETWORKS, ACROSS TECHNOLOGIES,
SEAMLESS OPERATION USING A SMALL POCKET
TERMINAL WORLDWIDE.
HIGH SPEED ACCESS 384 KB/S & 2MB/S FAST WIRELESS
ACCESS TO INTERNET
FULL MOTION VIDEOPHONE
TERRESTRIAL & SATELLITE COMPONETS

ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
THIRD GENERATION (3 G ) S DTANDARD
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
RADIO IN LOCAL LOOP
LIMITED AVAILABILITY OF RF SPECTRUM
INTERFERENCE PROBLEM
INTERFERENCE AND SYSTEM CAPACITY
FREQUENCY REUSE PATTERN
TRUNKING EFFICIENCY
CELLULAR PRINCIPLE
CELLULAR ENVIRONMENT
CAPACITY CONSIDERATIONS
FUTURE TRENDS

ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
FERQUENCY SCARCITY PROBLEM
Tel
Ex.

WIRED NETWORK
100,000

50 Khz = 5 Ghz (NOT POSSIBLE)
Hence Individual RF Loop is not extended
But a Common group of channels is shared


ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
CELL
RADIUS
(KM)
COVERAGE
AREA(KM
2
)
No. Of
SUBS.
No. of
CHANNELS
REQD.
1 3.14 100 8
3 28.3 900 38
10 314 10,000 @ 360
25 1960 60,000 @ 2,000
ASSUMPTIONS Traffic /User = 30 mE , GOS = 1%


ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
360 * 25 * 2 * 1000 = 18 Mhz
FOR A CELL OF 10 KM RADIUS ONLY
WHICH IS IMPOSSIBLE TO BE ALLOCATED
HENCE FREQUENCY REUSE IS A MUST TO
COVER THE TOTAL SERVICE AREA WITH
A LIMITED AVAILABLE RF RESOURCES
HENCE THE NEED FOR A CELLULAR PRINCIPLE
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
OMNI DIRECTIONAL CELLS

1
2


ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
WHAT IS A CELL ?
A base station (transmitter) having a number of RF channels
is called a cell
Each cell covers a a limited number of mobile subscribers
within the cell boundaries ( Coverage area)
Typical Cell Radius Aprrox = 30 Km (Start up), 1 KM (Mature)
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
A CLUSTER OF CELLS

4
5
6
7
2
3
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GIVEN FREQ.
RESOURCE


ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
1 4
2
1
3
5
6
7
2
6
3
4
5
7
D
R
CELLULAR PRINCIPLE N=7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Frequency Reuse Pattern N=7
Given Freq Resource


Cellular Principle

SIMULTANEOUS RE USE OF SAME FREQUENCIES
AT DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS

ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C

SERVES MORE COVERAGE AREA
REQUIRES LESS RF BW TO COVER A GIVEN
AREA
FREQ. REUSE INTRODUCES INTERFERENCE
INTERFERENCE LIMITED SYSTEMS
COMPROMISE BETWEEN SPEECH QUALITY &
SYSTEM CAPACITY



ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
FREQUENCY REUSE PATTERN
*
1
2
3
f
1

f
2

f
3

Three Sectored Cell
CDMA = 1/3 ; 1 Cell Pattern & each cell with 3 sectors
GSM = 4/12 ; 4 Cell Pattern & each cell with 3 sectors
DAMPS = 7/21 ; 7 Cell Pattern & each cell with 3 sectors


ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
TRUNKING EFFICIENCY
More The Number Of Access Channels In A Cell
Further Increase In The System Handling Capacity
The Number Of Users Served In A Cell Are Directly
Proportional To The Access Channels Allocated In A Cell
TRUNKING EFFICIENCY
It is better to have a single cell than to split into two
with half the number of access channels
20

10

10

132 Subs
50 subs 50 subs


ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
An Example
Freq
Reuse
Pattern
Voice
Chls/Cell
Calls/Cell/hour S/I dB
4 99 2610 14
7 56 1376 18.7
12 33 739 28.3
Assume Number of Voice Channels = 395,
Average Call Duration = 2 Minutes , GoS = 2%

Using Traffic Tables we get :


Cellular Environment

Cellular Environment is quite different from fixed radio
systems
-Cellular approach
-MOBILITY of the user
-Dynamically changing surrounding terrain conditions

RF Signal attenuates, RF d
- =4 (generally)

Multipath Fading Distortions

Signal fluctuations due to mobility of the user

ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C

CELLULAR ENVIRONMENT
-COUNTER MEASURES

Techniques
Power Control
Channel Coding
Interleaving
Equalization
Slow Frequency Hopping
Antenna Diversity

ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C

MODULATOR
b/s Hz

ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
BASIC RADIO
BASE BAND

Speech Coder

32Kb/s,13Kb/s
or LESS
MODULATOR

Spectrum &C/No

Q P S K or
Its Variants
TRANS/RECE

Cellular
Principle

N=1,3,4,7
TRANS/RECE
BASE BAND
INFORMATION

ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
..
MOBILE
SUBSCRIBER
TYPICAL
ARCHITECTURE
MOBILE
SWITCH
BASE
CONTROLLER
BASE
STATION
GSM
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
1
1
1
1
2

8

8 Access Channels
1--Signaling
7- Voice
With 2 % GoS

2.94 E

2.94E/25mE=120 Subs
120 Subs/Sector 3 = 360 Subscribers
GSM
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
1
1
1
8 Access Channels
1--Signaling
7- Voice
12
12
12
4
4
4
32 Access Chls
3--Signaling
29- Voice
96 Access Chls
9--Signaling
87- Voice
120 3 = 360 Subs
840 3 = 2520 Subs
3200 3 = 9600Subs
PROJETED MARKET SIZE

WORLD CELLULAR PCS MARKET 1N 2004

ASIA -PACIFIC 35% 225 M
WESTERN EUROPE 30 % 192.85 M
NORTH AMERICA 17 % 109.25 M
LATIN AMERICA 8 % 51.5 M
EASTERN EUROPE 5 % 32.25 M
AFRICA 3 % 19.25 M
MIDDLE EAST 2 % 12.5 M

ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C

PROJETED MARKET SIZE

CELLULAR MARKET
WORLD INDIA
2000 426 M 3 M
2005 850 M 25 M
2010 1700 M More than fixed lines
2015 3000 M ----

It wont be long before we ask
Phones used to have wires -- why?

ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C

Public Land Mobile Network
INDIA has adopted GSM standard for PLMN.
Digital Cellular System.
Operates at 900 MHz.
International Roaming facility.
Power class 0.8 to 20W.
Cell Radius upto 35 Kms.
Maximum mobility speed 250 Km/hr.
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
GSM - RADIO INTERFACE
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
IN THIS PRESENTATION
GSM - RADIO INTERFACE
Radio Interface
Frequency Bands
Specifications
Multiple Access Method FDMA & TDMA
Digital Voice Transmission
Modulation Method
FDMA /TDMA Frame Representation
Physical Channels User & Control
Operational Concepts
Communication - Mobile
Telephone
Exchange
Subscriber
Line
(2W)
Inter-Exchange
Junction
Mobile Switching
Centre (MSC)
BSC BTS
MS
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
GSM
RADIO INTERFACE
Most Important Inerface
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
Full Compatibility between mobile stations of various
Manufacturers & Networks of different vendors to help
roaming
To increase spectral efficency
-- Large number of simultaneous calls in a given
bandwidth
-- Frequency Reuse
-- Interference
-- Use of Interference Reduction Techniques
GSM
Specifications - I
Frequency Bands
GSM 900 Mhz
DCS 1800 MHz
GSM 450 Mhz ?
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
GSM
Specifications - I
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
GSM 900 Mhz
Mobile to Cell (UP-LINK) - 890 to 915 MHz
Cell to Mobile (DOWN -LINK) - 935 to 960 MHz
GSM 1800 Mhz
Mobile to Cell (UP-LINK) - 1710 to 1785 MHz
Cell to Mobile (DOWN -LINK) - 1805 to 1880 MHz
GSM - MULTIPLE ACCESS
GSM uses both FDMA & TDMA
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
Freq
Mhz.
890.2
0
890.4
1
890.6
2
890.8
3
891.0
4 5
915
123
FDMA Access along Freq. axis
Each RF carrier 200khz apart
Total 124 RF Channels available.

One or more carrier assigned to each base station
Absolute Radio Freq Carrier Number (ARFCN) 0 & 123 not used
untill it is co-ordinated with Non -GSM operators in adjacent freq. bands.
In most cases 124 RF Channels are used
...
FDMA/TDMA Scheme
BP1
BP2
BP3
BP4
BP5
BP6
BP7
BP8
BP1
BP2
TIME
890.0
890.2
890.4
890.6
890.8
891.0
891.2
915.8
FREQ
MHz
BURST
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
5
5
5
5
5
FRAME OF 8 TIME SLOTS
FRAME REPETITION
PHYSICAL CHANNELS
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
PHYSICAL CHANNELS
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
GSM
ALT CENTRE
A
L
T
T
C
LOGICAL CHANNELS

USER INFORMATION( TRAFFIC)

SIGNALLING INFORMATION (CONTROL)
GSM

ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
CONTOL CHHANELS OVER LOGICAL CHANNELS
THREE TYPES OF CONTROL CHANNELS
Intended to carry signalling and synchronisation
Broadcast control channel BCCH
Common control channel CCCH
Dedicated control channel DCCH
GSM

ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
THREE TYPES OF CONTROL CHANNELS
Dedicated control channel DCCH
P - P For Registration SDCCH
,authentication SACCH
& Handover FACCH

Broadcast control channel BCCH
P- MP For Freq Correction FCCH
For Syncronisation SCH
BCCH
Common control channel CCCH
For ACCESS Management PCH
RACH
AGCH
OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS
Subscribers are not allocated dedicated channels
TCH Allocated to users only when needed
Hence IDLE MODE & DEDICATED MODE
DEDICATED MODE
-- When a full Bi -directional P to P CHL
has been allocated during an established call
IDLE MODE MODE
-- When MS is powered on (active)
without being in dedicated mode
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
IDLE MODE
-- When MS is powered on (active)
without being in dedicated mode
MS stays continuously in touch with BS
Listens to transmissions from BS to intercept
Paging Messages ( for incoming calls)

Monitors Radio Environment in order to evaluate Chl
Quality & choose the most suitable BS

Monitors Radio Environment in order to evaluate Chl
Quality & choose the most suitable BS

Listens to BS to avail short message broadcast service

ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
ACCESS PROCEDURE
-- Access to system
( switch over from IDLE to DEDICATED Mode)
MS indicates to BS that it needs a connection
BS accepts the request & indicates which
traffic CHL it may use

For above purpose specific transmission is done over
Common Channels

ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
MOBILE O/G Call
MS sends access over RACH
System allocates SDCCH through AGCH

Lastly TCH is assigned through SDCCH when a
conversation can start

Set up information exchanged over SDCCH
( Authentication , Measurement Reports, Power Control)

ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
MOBILE I/C Call
Paging to MS through PCH since MS is monitoring PAGCH
MS responds by sending a page response over RACH

Set up information exchanged over SDCCH
( Authentication, Measurement Reports , Power Control)

As a result system allocates SDCCH to MS over AGCH
Lastly TCH is allocated to mobile over SDCCH .
Mobile starts conversation.

ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
IDLE MODE
IDLE MODE ----FCCH
---- SCH
----BCCH
ACCESS PROCDURE DEDICATED MODE
MS O/G Call ----RACH
---- AGCH
----SDCCH
---- TCH
MS I/C Call ---- PCH
----RACH
---- AGCH
----SDCCH
---- TCH
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C
Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)
Speech activity only 40% of time.
Needs Voice activity detection.
Determination of voice threshold vis--vis noise.
Annoying clicks/inefficient DTX.
Generation of Comfort Noise at receiver to avoid
the feeling of the set being dead.
ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C

THANK YOU

ALT CENTRE
A L
T
T C

Part I A Brief History PART II Cellular Concepts PART III GSM-Radio Interface

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Part I A Brief History PART II Cellular Concepts PART III GSM-Radio Interface

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

28-Sep-14 RAJIV/CMTS 1

Multipath Fading Distortions

Signal fluctuations due to mobility of the user

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen