VOLCANOES

VOLCANO
A volcano is a rupture on the
crust of a planetary mass
object, such as the Earth,
which allows hot lava,
volcanic ash, and gases to
escape from a magma
chamber below the surface.
What is a volcano?

A volcano is an opening on the surface of a
planet or moon that allows material warmer
than its surroundings to escape from its
interior. When this material escapes, it causes
an eruption. An eruption can be explosive,
sending material high into the sky. Or it can be
calmer, with gentle flows of material.
These volcanic areas usually form mountains
built from the many layers of rock, ash or
other material that collect around them.
Volcanoes can be active, dormant, or extinct.
Active volcanoes are volcanoes that have had
recent eruptions or are expected to have
eruptions in the near future. Dormant
volcanoes no longer produce eruptions, but
might again sometime in the future. Extinct
volcanoes will likely never erupt again.

The Sakurajima Volcano in Japan is one of the most
active volcanoes in the world.

What Causes Volcanoes?
Volcanoes occur when material significantly
warmer than its surroundings is erupted onto
the surface of a planet or moon from its
interior. On Earth, the erupted material can be
liquid rock ("lava" when it's on the surface,
"magma" when it's underground), ash,
cinders, and/or gas. There are three reasons
why magma might rise and cause eruptions
onto Earths surface.
DIAGRAM
Volcanoes on Earth form from rising magma. Magma
rises in three different ways.
What Causes Volcanoes? Cont`d
Magma can rise when pieces of Earth's crust called tectonic
plates slowly move away from each other. The magma rises
up to fill in the space. When this happens underwater
volcanoes can form. Magma also rises when these tectonic
plates move toward each other. When this happens, part of
Earth's crust can be forced deep into its interior. The high
heat and pressure cause the crust to melt and rise as
magma. A final way that magma rises is over hot spots. Hot
spots are exactly what they sound like--hot areas inside of
Earth. These areas heat up magma. The magma becomes
less dense. When it is less dense it rises. Each of the
reasons for rising magma are a bit different, but each can
form volcanoes.
Advantages of a volcano
Provide energy
Volcanoes provide resources for energy
extraction, also called geothermal
resources. Heat from the earth's crust is being
converted to energy. The big advantages to
this type of energy are that it is very clean and
the resources are nearly inexhaustible.


Advantages of a volcano- Cont`d
Fertile soil
When a volcano erupts it throws out a lot of
ash. At short notice this ash can be very harmful
to the environment, but on the long term the ash
layer, which contains many useful minerals, will
be converted to a very fertile soil. Nearly
everywhere volcanoes are located people use the
rich soil for farming. Even after an eruption
people still return because of the fertile soil
around the volcano.

Advantages of a volcano- Cont`d
Tourism
Volcanoes attract millions of visitors every year,
for different reasons. Around the volcano may be
warm bathing lakes, hot springs, bubbling mud
pools and steam vents. Tourism creates jobs in
shops, restaurants, hotels and tourist centers /
national parks. Locals economies can profit from
volcanism throughout the year, whereas skiing,
for example, has only a limited winter season.


Disadvantages of a volcano
Sea - during a volcanic eruption earthquakes happen, and
tsunamis may be created. Also, if it is a volcanic island, the
island may be destroyed, and there is no escape.
Lava flow - these are very slow moving, but destructive as
they cannot be stopped and they set fire to everything in
their path.
Pyroclastic flow - these are impossible to outrun, travelling
at about 300 km/h, and are extremely destructive.
Mudflow - these are mud rivers that have the consistency
of cement, and destroy everything in their path, including
buildings.

Diagram of a Volcano
CHART OF A
VOLCANO
English: Volcano

1. Magma chamber
2. Bedrock
3. Conduit (pipe)
4. Base
5. Sill
6. Branch pipe
7. Layers of ash emitted by the volcano
8. Flank
9. Layers of lava emitted by the volcano
10. Throat
11. Parasitic cone
12. Lava flow
13. Vent
14. Crater

15. Ash cloud
TEACHER`S SAMPLE
Pupils` Research Work
Activity : PAINTING
Activity : PAINTING
Activity : PAINTING
Experiment