UNI T I

1.1 THE TENSE SYSTEM

1. AUXI LI ARY VERBS
The Auxiliary verbs are: be, do and have.
Be:
1.Be is used with a verb + ING to make continuous verb forms.
Youre lying PRESENT
They were reading PAST
Ive been swimming PRESENT PERFECT
We`ll be having dinner at 8 oclock FUTURE
I,YOU, HE , SHE,IT, WE, THEY AM /IS/ARE VERB + ING
YESSICA SHES IS PLAYING/TALKING/WRITING
LALO AND ISAAC THEYRE ARE TALKING
IM, YOURE, SHES, HES. ITS
WE`RE , THEYRE

IM NOT, YOURE NOT /YOU
ARENT/HE/SHE/IT ISNT/
WE/YOU ARENT WERE NOT
/YOURE NOT

PAST WAS/WERE VERB+ING
JUANITA WAS SPEAKING SOFTLY
PEPE AND LALO WERENT PAYING ATTENTION
I WAS, YOU WERE, HE/SHE/IT
WAS/They were
We were
Wasnt/werent
Present perfect Continuous Has/have+ been Verb + ing
Vicky Has been Writing All the notes.
Isaac and Juan de Dios Have been participating In programation
I HAVE/YOU HAVE/HE/SHE/IT
HAS/WE /YOU HAVE
HASNT BEEN
HAVENT

FUTURE CONTINUOUS
I/YOU/HE/SHE/IT/WE/YOU/THEY
WILL BE
WILL+ BE VERB+ING
VICTOR WILL BE LEARNING ENGLISH
INFINITIVE
I/YOU/HE/SHE/IT/WE/YOU/THEY
BE
BE VERB+ING
JORGE COULD BE LYING
ERIKA AND JUANIS MUST BE TAKING NOTES


2. BE IS USED WITH THE PAST PARTICIPLE TO MAKE THE PASSIVE
PRESENT PASSIVE
I/YOU/HE/SHE/IT/WE/YOU/THEY AM/IS/ARE VERB IN PAST
PARTICIPLE

THE STUDENTS ARE TAUGHT BY THE TEACHER
THE TEACHER TEACHES THE STUDENTS
APPLES ARE BOUGHT BY MY MOTHER
MY MOTHER BUYS APPLES
PAST PASSIVE
I/YOU WE/YOU/THEY WAS /WERE VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE
WERE
HE/SHE/IT WAS
WHERE WERE YOU BORN?
THE TEST WAS MADE BY THE TEACHER
I WAS BORN IN MEXICO
PRESENT PERFECT
PASSIVE

SUBJECT HAS/HAVE +BEEN VERB IN P.PARTICIPLE
THE CAR HAS BEEN SERVICED
THE CLASSROOM HAS BEEN CLEANED BY ESTEBAN /BY THE
CLASSMATES/YESTERDAY
THE APPLES HAVE BEEN EATEN BY US
PAST PERFECT PASSIVE HAD +BEEN VERB IN P.PARTICIPLE
THE CITY HAD BEEN DESTROYED
DOLLY HAD BEEN ANNOUNCED
INFINITIVE PASSIVE BE V. IN PAST PARTICIPLE
THIS WORK SHOULD BE DONE
THE CLASS MUST BE GIVEN

DO
1 DO/DOES/DID ARE USED IN THE PRESENT SIMPLE AND THE PAST SIMPLE
PRESENT INTERROGATIVE DO YOU LIVE NEAR HERE?
DOES LALO LIVE IN GONZALEZ?
PAST DID SHE STUDY HARD?
DID THE UPV STUDENTS HAVE CLASS?
WHEN DID THEY ARRIVE?
PRESENT NEGATIVE DONT/DOESNT VERB IN PRESENT
She /he DOESNT UNDERSTAND
I/YOU/WE/THEY DONT UNDERSTAND
PAST NEGATIVE
I/YOU/HE/SHE/IT/WE/YOU/THEY DIDNT COME TO SCHOOL.

2 DO/DOES/DID ARE USED TO EXPRESS EMPHASIS WHEN THERE IS NO OTHER AUXILIARY.
I`M NOT INTERESTED IN SPORTS, BUT I DO LIKE TENNIS
IF ONLY SHE HAD A CAR! SHE DOES HAVE A CAR
WHY DIDNT YOU TELL ME? I DID TELL YOU


HAVE
HAVE IS USED WITH THE PAST PARTICIPLE TO MAKE PERFECT VERB FORMS
PRESENT PERFECT HAS/HAVE VERB IN PAST
PARTICIPLE

ROSA HAS VISITED LOUVRE MUSEUM
I HAVE BEEN IN CUBA
HAVE YOU EVER TRIED SUSHI?
WE HAVENT FINISHED THE TASK.
PAST PERFECT HAD VERB IN PAST
PARTICIPLE

MY CAR HAD BROKEN DOWN BEFORE
THE CHILDREN HAD PRACTICED A LOT
FUTURE PERFECT WILL HAVE VERB IN PAST
PARTICIPLE

I `LL HAVE FINISHED SOON
THE BOYS `LL HAVE ARRIVED LATE.
INFINITIVE PERFECT TO HAVE PAST PARTICIPLE
I D LIKE TO HAVE MET BENITO JUAREZ
THEYD LIKE TO HAVE ENJOYED THE PARTY
PARTICIPLE PERFECT
HAVING HAD LUNCH, WE CLEANED UP.
HAVING MET HIM, I INVITED HIM .


OTHER USES OF AUXILIARY VERBS
1 IN QUESTION TAGS
ITS COLD TODAY, ISNT IT?
SHE ISNT HAPPY, IS IT?
YOU DONT UNDERSTAND, DO YOU?
JOSE LIKES ENGLISH, DOESNT HE?
YOU HAVENT BEEN TO CHINA, HAVE YOU?
SHE HAS A BEAUTIFUL HOUSE, HASNT SHE?
2. IN SHORT ANSWERS. YES OR NO ALONE CAN SOUND ABRUPT.
ARE YOU ANGRY? NO, IM NOT.
DO YOU LIKE MUSIC? YES, I DO.
DID YOU SLEEP WELL? NO, I DIDNT.
HAS SHE BOUGHT THE CAKE? YES, SHE HAS.
3. IN REPLY QUESTIONS. THESE ARE NOT REAL QUESTIONS. THEY ARE USED TO SHOW THAT THE LISTENER IS
PAYING ATTENTION AND IS INTERESTED.
THE PARTY WAS AWFUL. WAS IT? WHAT A PITY.
I LOVE CHEESE BURGERS! DO YOU? I HATE THEM
IVE BOUGHT YOU A PRESENT HAVE YOU? HOW KIND


2. MODAL AUXI LI ARY VERBS
THE MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS ARE: CAN,COULD, MAY,MIGHT,WILL, WOULD,SHOULD,MUST,OUGHT TO,NEED.
THEY ARE AUXILIARY VERBS BECAUSE THEY HELP OTHER VERBS. THEY ARE DIFFERENT FROM BE, DO AND HAVE
BECAUSE THEY HAVE THEIR OWN MEANINGS.
HE MUST BE AT LEAST 70. (=PROBABILITY)
YOU MUST TRY HARDER (=OBLIGATION)
CAN YOU HELP ME? (=REQUEST)
YOU SHOULD TAKE A NAP. (=ADVICE)
I LL HELP YOU (=WILLINGNESS)*Buena
voluntad