ELECTRONS IN ATOMS

How does the quantum

mechanical model describe the
arrangement of electrons in an
atom?
What happens when electrons in
an atom absorb or release
energy?
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
The fixed energies an
electron can have are
called energy levels.

A quantum of energy is
the amount of energy
required to move an
electron from one
energy level to another.
BOHR MODEL
The quantum
mechanical model
determines the
allowed energies an
electron can have and
the probability of
finding them in
various locations.
QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL
Energy levels of electrons are labeled
principle quantum numbers (n).
Energy sublevels have one or more
atomic orbitals.
Atomic orbitals describe the probability
of finding an electron at various
locations around the nucleus.
ELECTRON ADDRESS
Principle
Energy
Level
Sublevels
Atomic
Orbitals
ELECTRON ADDRESS
PRINCIPLE ENERGY LEVELS AND
SUBLEVELS
Principle energy level (n) = 1, 2, 3..7
Whole numbers
Sublevel = s, p, d, f
s holds 2 electrons (1 orbital)
p holds 6 electrons (3 orbitals)
d holds 10 electrons (5 orbitals)
f holds 14 electrons (7 orbitals)

SUBLEVELS- ANGULAR MOMENTUM

SUMMARY
Principle Energy
Level
Number of sublevels Type of Sublevel Maximum Number
of Electrons
n = 1 1 1s 2
n = 2 2 2s, 2p 8
n = 3 3 3s, 3p, 3d 18
n = 4 4 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f 32
Electrons occupy the orbitals
of lowest energy first.
AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
EXAMPLES
ATOM # of electrons Electron Config.
H 1 1s
1

He 2 1s
2

Li 3 1s
2
2s
1

Be 4 1s
2
2s
2

B 5 1s
2
2s
2
2p
1

C 6 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2

YOU TRY!
Wri te the el ectron confi guration for:

Ga
Short Hand!
ORBITAL DIAGRAM- ELECTRON SPIN
e
-
have spin

Spin up Spin down



Pauli Exclusion Principle- paired
electrons cannot have the same spin:

ORBITAL DIAGRAM CONT.
We know each orbi tal ( s, p, d, f) hol ds a di f ferent # of e
-
. Now
l et s draw thei r posi ti on wi th spi n.

Each box holds 2 electrons
Ex. Carbon 6e
-


1s
2
2s
2
2p
2

ONE MORE RULE!
Hund s Rul e- You must fi l l boxes for each subl evel wi th 1 e
-

before adding a second.

Ex. Ni ckel 28e
-




1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
8


Ferromagnetic materials have a hi gh susceptibi lity to
magnetic fi el ds. (Ex. manganese)




Di amagnetic materials have a very l ow susceptibil ity to
magnetic fi el ds. (Ex. zi nc)
MAGNETISM



a. I and II
b. I, III, and IV
c. IV
d. II and IV
e. III
WHI CH RESPONSE I NCLUDES ALL THE FOLLOWI NG STATEMENTS
THAT ARE TRUE, AND NO FALSE STATEMENTS?

I . EACH SET OF D ORBI TALS CONTAI NS 7 ORBI TALS.
I I . EACH SET OF D ORBI TALS CAN HOLD A MAXI MUM OF 14
ELECTRONS.
I I I . THE FI RST ENERGY LEVEL CONTAI NS ONLY S AND P ORBI TALS.
I V. THE S ORBI TAL I N ANY SHELL I S ALWAYS SPHERI CALLY
SYMMETRI CAL.



a. V
b. Ca
c. P
d. As
e. Se
WHI CH ELEMENT HAS THE ELECTRON CONFI GURATI ON BELOW?
1S
2
2S
2
2P
6
3S
2
3P
6
3D
10
4S
2
4P
3
WHAT I S THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ORBI TALS I N THE
FOURTH ENERGY LEVEL (N = 4. )
A) 4
B) 24
C) 16
D) 9
E) 18


WHI CH OF THE FOLLOWI NG I S THE CORRECT
ABBREVI ATI ON FOR ATOMI C CALCI UM I N THE
GROUND STATE?
A) [Ne]3s
2
3p
6
4s
2

B) [Ne]4s
1

C) [Ne]4s
2

D) [Ar]4s
1

E) [Ar]4s
2



WHAT IS THE ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION FOR O?
A) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6

B) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
C) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2

D) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
7



WHAT IS THE ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION FOR P?
A) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2

B) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1

C) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3

D) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5



WHAT IS THE ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION FOR F
-
?
A) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5

B) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6

C) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1

D) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2



WHAT IS THE ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION FOR K
+
?
A) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6

B) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2

C) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1

D) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
1



WHAT WOULD BE THE OUTER ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION OF HALOGENS?
a. ns
2
np
6
b. ns
2
np
5
c. ns
2
np
7
d. ns
2
np
4
e. ns
2
nd
5
np
0
WHICH ATOM IS REPRESENTED BY THE
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION:
1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
3s
2


a. Na

b. Mg

c. Ne

d. Al

e. Si