Womeni

ntheLands
cape
Ger
trudeJekyl
l
"
ToGer
trud
eJek
ylli
sduenotonl
ythec
omplet
e GertrudeJeky l
lwasborni n1843,andi n1861s heat t
endedt heSout hKens i
ngt on
tr
ans
for
mati
onofhor
ti
cul
tur
alde
sig
n,butal
sotha
twide SchoolofArt .Shedes c
ribedher s
elfasbeingan‘ ar
tist
icgardener ’al
thoughs hewas
amas terofmanyt rades
,Shewast al
entedatpainti
ng,gardeni ng,embroidering,
d
if
fusi
onofkno
wled
geandta
stet
hathasmadeusal
mosta photographyandinteri
ordes ign.I n1882,Jekyl
l’smot herboughtherapat chofl and

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sualEs
say ByChel
seaAker
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hatshei
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ntendedf
n1889,s
orhert
hewasi
tobui
ogar
ntr
l
oduc
den.
edtoEdwi
dherahous ei
nLuty ens
nhergar
,anarchi
den.Jeky
tec
l
t,ands
landLut
heas
y
kedhi
ensbec
m
amef ri
ends,ands tart
edt o
explor ethel andsc
apeandar chitectureofthear ea.Cons t
ruc ti
onofherhous e, Beat
rixFar
randJ
ones
Muns teadWood,begani n1896,andi tbecameknownasoneofLut y
ens’ Beat r
ixJoneswasbor nin1872t oa
mas t
er pieces.Bec auseoft hes uccessofMuns teadWood,Lut yensaskedJeky l
lfor pr ominent ,NewYor kfami l
y.Shel ater
herc olabor ati
oninthedev elopmentofot herpr ojects
.Thes ei nclude;Orchardsi n marriedaf amousYal ehi stori
anbyt hename
Muns tead,whi chwasbuiltentirelyoutofl ocalmat eri
als
,Ti gbourneCour t,Wi tl
ey , ofMaxFar rand.Shewasal ands c
ape
In1890, only17. 5per centofthes aler
yearningwor kf orc
ewaswomen. andGoddar d’si
nAbi nger. ar
chitectf rom theUni tedSt ates,andt heonl y
Ho wever,i
nt hi
sdayandage ,i
tisnotunc ommont os eeaf ami l
ywi t
htwo Pr
ospectPar
k Al t
houghGer t
rudeJeky llwasnotnec essar i
lyalands c
apear chi
tect
,s hegr eatl
y woman, amongt heel e
v enor i
ginalmemberof
Pros
pec tPark,
designedby in uenc edt he eldandt hoset of ol
lowev enaft erherdeat hi n1932.She ASLA.
wor ki
ngpar ent
s.I tisal s
onol ongerunc ommont oseewomenwor ki
ngin apprec iatednature,andt aughtt heimportanceofc olor,s
cent ,textureproportionand Joneshadani n uent i
alimpac tonthe
Ol
ms tedandVauxislocat
ed
eldswhi c
hwer epr eviouslyprimar i
lymaleor i
entat
ed.St arti
ngin1850, i
nBr ookyln,
NewYor k.It str
uc turei nthelandscape. eldofl andscapear c hi
tecture.“Herus eof
Beatri
xFar r
amdJones
garden‘ rooms ’orde nedar eas, which
whenl andscapear c
hitec t
urewasbec omingknownasa el dofs t
udy,many measures585ac r
es.
t r
ans iti
ons harplyfrom onet ot hene xthas desi
gnedtheMemor ai
l
womenwer ewor ki
ngj ustashar dasFr eder
ickLawOl ms t
eadandt hemenlike Cons
truc
tionofMuns
tead becomeahal lmar kofmoder nl ands c
ape Quadrangl
eGardensatYal
e
Pr
ospec
tPar
k Woodbegan. Ol
mst
edDi
ed architec t
ure .
”( Notesf r
om St evi
eFamul ari) Univers
ity
him.Ho wever,
thesewomendi dn’tstarttoreci
evecr editforthei
rwor kunt
il
l
1867 1896 1903 I n1923, Jonesdes ignedtheMemor ial
recentl
y.Whydi dn’
tt hesewomenr eci
evefullcr
editunt i
lno w? Quadr anglegar densatYal eUni versity
. 1923
Somes aythatwomenwer enotpar ti
cipatingint hel andscapeperfession
becaus etheywer enoteduc ated.Thiss t
atementc ontridictsits
elf
,because
womenwer enotal lowedac cesstoaneduc atonunt ilthe1950’ s.Cornel l
, MIT
andUCBer kleybec amet he r stuniversi
ti
est oal l
o wwomens tudent
si nto 1857 1971 1973 1883 1890 1899 1904 1920’
s 1942
1908 Harvardall
ows
theirlandsc apear chit
ecturepr ograms .Exc ept ,
onlywomenofweal t
hy Cent
ralPar
k CornellUniver
sit
y Univers i
tyofI
ll
inoi
s Fi
rstFull
-Ti
meLandscape Only17.
5% ofthe ASLA Mar t
haBrooks Jeky
llDes
ignedthe FlorenceYoc
h&
backgr oundsc ouldaf f
ordt oat t
endthes euniver si
ti
es .Thi swasagr eats tepof al
lowswomeni nt
o al
lowswomeni nto Ar
chitec
tureFi
rm Opened. sal
eryear
ningwork Hutches
ondesi
gns Lucill
eCounci
l womeni nto
Cent
ralPar
k TheAmer ic
anSoc i
etyofLandscpaeAr
chi
tec
ts ManorofCharl
es Landscape
progres s
,e xceptthatwomenf rom from weal thyfami liesdidnotnes s
esar il
y Landsc ape Landsc ape f
orceiswomen. theEsatef
or st
artedworki
ngon
Centr alpar k,desi
gned Ol
mst
ead wasstart
edi n1899byFrederickLawOlmst
ed. Homes Archi
tectur
e
needt hee xt r
ai ncomet os uporttheirfamilies.Thi sledt ot hewomenwi th byOl ms tedandVaux, Architectur
e Architectur
e Itwasfoundedbyelevenori
ginalmember
s. Frederi
ckMosel
ey lms et
sandsmal
l
Freder ic kLa wOl ms tedwasbor ni nHar tfor d, In1908,GertrudeJekyl
ldes i
gnedagar denforthe Program
wast he r stpubli
c program program gardens.
landscapear chit
ecturedegr eestopr imaril
ypr acti
cet hepr ofess
ionasahobby . landsc apedpar kinthe
Connet icuti n1822.Asay oungman, hes tudi ed
Thesemember sincl
uded: homeofCharlesHolme ,
al eadingfounderofthe
journal ism andwasdeepl yi mpr essedbyJos eph Mar t
haBr ooksHut chesonwasbor ninNewYor kin1871. art
sandc r
aft
smo v
ement.T odaythegar deni
ssaid
Asar esultoft his
, manywomendes ignedt hees tatesoft heirwealthyfriends Uni t
edSt ates.Iti
s Paxt on’ s‘Bi rkenheadPar k’.Thi sres ultedi nhi m 1.FrederickLawOl msted
Shewasal andsc apear chi
tect,wr i
terandgar dendesigner. tobeoneofthemos tin uencialandauthenti
cofall
2.NathanBar ret
andf ami l
ies . locatedi nt hecenterof publishi ng“Wal ksandTal ksofanAmer icanFar mer ”i n
3.Beatr i
xFarrandJones
Sheent er edi ntot heLands capear chi
tectureprogram at oftheJekyl
lgardens. Florenc
eYochstudi
edattheUni
vers
it
yofCali
forni
aatBerkel
ey,at
Manhat ten, NewYork 1852. MI T,whent hey r s
tadmi ttedwomeni nt otheprogram in Cornell
,andatt
heUniver
sit
yofIl
li
noisatUr
bana-Champai
gn,wher
eshe
andoc cupiesabout700 Andr ewDo wni ng, al ands capear c hitec tf rom 4.Daniel W.Langton
1900.Howev er,shequi tschoolafteronlytwoy earswi t
hout c
ompl
etedadegr
eei
nlands
capegar
deni
ng. Hi s
tor
ical
ly,womeninthe el doflandsc
apear c
hit
ecturewer es
carce,butwomenl i
keGer-
Anot here xcus epeopleha vefort heeduc atedwomennotr ec i
evingt hef ul
l acresofs pac e
. Ne wYor kCi tyandment ort oOl ms ted, intr oduc edhi m 5.CharlesN.Lo wrie
adegr ee.Af ters hel ef
ts chool,shestart
edt odesigngardens trudeJekyl
l,Eli
zabet
hBul lar
d,BeatrixFerr
andJones ,MarthaBrooksHutc hes
on,Fl
orenc
e
6.War rnerH.Manni ng
recognitiont heydes erve,i
sthatt heyhadne verdes i
gnedanyt hingatal arge toar
provi
chi tec
dedbyDo
tCal v
wni
ertVaux.Af
ng, Olms t
terapr opos
edandVauxent
aldoc
er
ument
edt he
, 1890 7.Johm CharlesOlms t
ead(The r
stPr
esi
dent
)
andes tatesf ors everales t
atesi nBoston.Hermos tnoted
FlorenceYoc hwaspartnerswit
hLuc i
leCounc ilthroughoutmos tofher Yoc handLucil
leCouncilhavepavedthewayf orwomeni nthe eldtoday.Today34% of
wasf orFr eder i
ckMos eleyathi sNewbur yportest
ate thelandsc
apearchit
ect
ur eproff
essi
oniffemale,whic
hi squi
tealeapf rom 1890,whenonl
y
enoughs c aleforr ecogniti
on.Thi sisav ali
dar gument,however,womenwer e Ne wYor kCent r alPar kc ompet ition.I n1858, they
El
iz
abet
hBul
lar
d 8.SamuelPar sons,Jr.
(1904- 1906) .I tisnowMauds layStatePar k.
career.Start
ingint
he1920’ s,t
ogethertheyexecutedmor ethan250
17.5% ofthewholesalaryearningworkforcewaswomen.
El i
zabet hBullardwasi dent
ied 9.Geor geF.Pentecost
,Jr
. gardensand l mset
s,from Pasadenaestatestosmal lbackyardsin
notgi v
ent helargedes ignprojects.Theywer eonlygiventhes mallerones , wer eannounc edt hewi nner s
.Ol ms tedandVaux
ast he r st“profess
ionalwomen 10.OssianColeSi monds Carmel ,f
rom theHoll
ywoodpal ac
esofJac kWar nerandGeor geCukor
continuedwi tht hei rpar tner shipandl at erdes igned In1935,Marthawasnamedaf ell
owbyt
heAmeri
can Womenhav eplayedani mportantpar ti nthedev elopmentofl andscapearchit
ecture.They
suchaspl aygroundsands mallpar ks.Mens uchasOl ms t
ead,whohadal ready Ne wYor kCi ty ’
sPr os pec tPar kaswel l.Al though
landscapear chit
ec t
.” 11.Do wningVaux
Soci
etyofLandsc
apeArchit
ects
,(ASLA)
.Shewasthet
hir
d
tosetsforGoneWi ththeWi ndandRomeoandJul i
et.Student softhe
mayhav enotal waysbeengivent hef ullcredi
tt heydes erve,butt heimpressi
ont heyhave
Shebeganasanas sis
tantto greatgardensofEurope,theyadaptedthef or
maldes ignstothec li
mate
hadt heirnamesi nt hepublicey e
, wer egi v
ent helarge-s
caleprojectss uchas Olms tedandVauxwer eequalpar tner s, Olms teds eemed
herf ather,Oli
verCr osbyBull
ard
womentoreceiv
et hi
sdi
sti
ncti
on.
andl i
fest
yleofSout
hernCal i
forni
a. madewi llalwaysremain.Whet heri tbet helastingimpr essionGer tr
udeJeky l
lhasmadeon
too ver shado wVauxatt imes , duet ohi so ver whel ming, theuseofc olor
,textur
eandt heov erallexperienc eofthel andscape,orthein uenc eBeatr
ix
largepar ksanduni versi
tycampus es
.Si ncethemenwer egivent hel arges cal
e andt ake- char gepes onal ity.
andFr ederi
ckLa wOlms t
ed.
FarrandJoneshasmadewi ththeus eofnat iv
emat er
ials
,al lareever l
ast
ing,andmos tofal
l,
projects
, theyhadamuc hgreateri n uenc eonhi s
toryandbec auset heyhad Whenherf atherdiedi n1890,she
Ev enwi t
houtanyf or mall ands c apear chi tec t
ur e educati
onaltothedes i
gnersproc edingt hem.
ni
shedac ommi ssi
onhehadbeen
createdt he‘ hi
storic’desi
gns,theywer emuc hmor ememor ablefrom t heer a. school ing, in1883, Ol ms tedes t
abol ishedt he r s t
wor kingon, andbeganhero wn
full
-timel ands capear chit ec t
ur er mi nBr ookl ine ,
Ho we v
er, therear ewomenl andscapear chit
ectsfrom thi
seraaswel l,andt his Mas sec hus et tes.Henamedt he r m Fai rst ed, andt here
wor ki nBr i
dgepor t
.
essay,wille xplaintheirstori
esandwor kstheyha vec r
eated. hedes ignedmanynot edpr oj ects,suc hasBos ton’ s 1900
Emer aldNec kl ac eandt heWor ld’sFai ri nChi c ago.He
MITallowswomenint
o "
Oned ayIsa wtheg r
oundsofBellevueHo s
pi
tali
nNe wYo rk,on
alsodes ignedmanyc ollegec ampus ess uchasSt anford whichnothi
n gwa spl
ante
d, a
ndwa sover
comewiththeter
ribl
e
Acordi
ngt oSt ev
ieFamul ari,apr ofess
orofl andsc
ape Univ ers ityandt heUni ver sityofChi cago. Lands
capeArchi
tec
tur
e
ar
c hi
tectur
eandl ands c
apearchit
ec turehis t
ory,FrederickLa w Ol ms edwaskno wnf orhi sphi los ophyt hatal l Progr
am wasteofopport
u nit
yforb
e aut
ywh i
chwa snotbei
nggiv
ent othe
Olmstedwas“Vi leands exi
st.
”Shes tatesofho woneoft he greens pac ess houl dbemadepubl i
cf orpeopl eofal l hundre
dsofp at
ientswhocouldseeitorgotoit,i
nconval
escen
ce.In
onlywomenhehi r edtohisr m wasBeat ri
xFar randJones. kinds.Thi sisho wt hepr imc ipleof“publ i
cpar ks ”and tr
yi
n gtofi
n douth owIcouldgetintouchwithsuchautho
riti
esas
Stevi
esaid,“Shewasawor kingl ands c
apear chitect
,buthe “publ ics pac es ”c amet obekno wn.
Ol ms tedpas seda wayonAugus t28, 1903, att he
th
osewh omi gh
ta ll
owmet oplanttheareaofgro
und,Istumbled
woul donlygivehert hetit
leof‘gar dener’.Thes amewasf or
otherwomenaswel l
,hewouldn’ thirewoment ot hestature ageof81.T ot hi sday ,hei skno wnast hef ounderof upo
nt hefactthatmya i
mwo uldb epoli
ti
call
yimposs
ibl
e,b
u tthat
ofLandsc apearchi
tect,eveni ftheywer equal ied.” landsc apear chitec tur e. th
erewa sacourseinLandscapeArchi
t e
ct
u r
ebein
gformedatthe
Massachus
ettsInsti
tut
eofTe c
h n
o l
ogy,thefi
rs
tcours
ewh i
ch
Americ
ah adeverh e
ld.
"
-Ma rt
h aBrooksHutche
son