Name:___________________________________________ Date:________________________

Group Members:___________________________________

YEAR 10 SCIENCE

Booklet 4
Demonstrations &
Experiments

Name:_______________

Name:___________________________________________ Date:________________________
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Demonstration 1: Pass the salt

Equipment:
Safety glasses & lab coat

50ml burette

Wire shaped into a loop with a handle

Retort stand, bosshead and clamp

Small funnel

Tripod and gauze mat

1M HCl solution

Bunsen burner, heatproof mat and matches

20ml pipette

1M NaOH solution
Evaporating dish

Pipette bulb

Silver nitrate solution in a dropping bottle

100ml conical flask

Sample of NaCl

White tile

Test tube

Dropping bottle of phenolphthalein

indicator

Method:
1. Rinse the burette with a small amount of the HCl solution. Then using the funnel, fill the burette with
the HCl solution. Record the starting level of HCl.
2. Rinse the pipette with NaOH solution using the pipette bulb.
3. Set up the equipment as shown in the diagram below.

4. Use the pipette and bulb to transfer 20ml of the NaOH solution into the conical flask.
5. Add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the NaOH.
6. Add the acid from the burette carefully until the pink colour of the indicator disappears. The colour
change indicates that the neutralisation reaction is complete.
7. Pour the contents of the flask into an evaporation dish.
8. Heat the evaporation dish with the Bunsen burner and gently evaporate the water. Be carefulsplattering may occur.

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9. When the water has nearly evaporated, turn off the Bunsen burner and allow the dish to cool and the
remaining water to evaporate without further heating.
10. Test the white crystals for the presence of sodium ions by placing a few crystals on a wire loop and
heating in a Bunsen burner flame. Compare this flame colour with that of a known sample of NaCl.
11. Test for the presence of chloride ions by dissolving a few crystals in half a test tube of water and
adding a few drops of silver nitrate. A white cloudiness indicates that chloride ions are present.
Record your observations.

Results
HCl

Starting:

End level:

Test for Na+ ions

White crystals observation:

NaCl observation:

Test Cl- ions:

Observation:

Amount used:

Discussion questions:
1. Comment on the information that the flame and silver nitrate tests provided. What conclusion can
you draw? ________________________________________________________________________
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2. Write a word equation for the neutralisation reaction.
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3. Write a balanced equation, using formulae, for the neutralisation reaction.
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4. Design a test to show that water was the other product of the reaction.
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Name:___________________________________________ Date:________________________
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Demonstration 2: Indicators
There are many household substances that are either acids or bases.
Common laboratory acids are hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
A common base is sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
How can we identify acids and bases?
Substances called indicators can be used to find out whether substances are acids or bases?
Indicators are chemical substances that change colour when placed in acids or bases.
Demonstration by teacher of different indicators:
Observe each and record your observations in the table below
Name of indicator
Colour in acid (HCl)
Red litmus paper
Blue litmus paper
Methyl red
Methyl orange
Phenolphthalene
Bromothymol blue
Universal indicator
Equipment:
Safety glasses & lab coat
Test tube x14

1cm 2M HCl in 7 x test tubes

1cm NaOH in 7 x test tubes

Each type of indicator above (or those available)

Test tube rack x 4

Colour in base (NaOH)

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Demonstration 3: Determining which are acids and which are bases

You are given a number of containers of different substances such as: lemon juice, mouthwash, toothpaste,
liquid detergent, bleach, shampoo, vinegar
Equipment:
Safety glasses & lab coat

Range of common household acids & bases

Red & blue litmus paper

Universal indicator

Spotting tiles

Method
1. Fill in the table with the name of each substance
2. Place a small amount of each into the spotting tile. Test each to determine if it is an acid or a base.

Results
Substance

Result (what did you test with? what was the result?)

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1. The reaction of an acid with a base

Equipment:
Safety glasses & lab coat

White tile

50ml burette

Dropping bottle of bromothymol blue

Retort stand, bosshead and clamp

Small funnel

20ml pipette

0.5M HCl solution

Pipette bulb

100ml conical flask

Method/ Results:
1. Set up the equipment as shown in the diagram below.

0.1M NaOH solution

2. The burette will already be filled with HCl solution. (The burette does not need to be full- half full is
enough) The starting level in the burette is ______________
3. Rinse the conical flask with a small amount of NaOH. Empty into sink.
4. Use the pipette and bulb to transfer 20ml of the NaOH solution into the conical flask.
5. Add a few drops of bromothymol blue to the NaOH. What colour is the indicator in the base?
__________________________________________________________________________
6. Add the acid from the burette carefully until the pink colour of the indicator disappears. The colour
change indicates that the reaction is complete. What colour does the indicator turn as more acid is
added? _________________________________________________________________
7. The end level of the HCl in the burette is ___________.
8. Empty the conical flask into the sink. Rinse well. Do NOT empty the burette.
9. Top up the burette with HCl using the funnel provided.

Post Lab Questions

10. The amount of HCl added to the conical flask was (starting measurement- end measurement)
_______________.
11. This tells us that the solution in the flask is more _____________(acid/basic?)
12. When the solution changes to a green colour this means the solution is ____________________.
13. This reaction is called a __________________
14. Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
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2. The reaction of an acid with a carbonate

Equipment:
Safety glasses & lab coat

Test tube & test tube rack

Sodium bicarbonate (sodium hydrogen carbonate NaHCO3) (=bi-carb soda)

2M HCl

Clear lime water (calcium hydroxide)

Method
1. Label the diagram below (what is going in each test tube?). (Hint you want the gas between the acid
and the carbonate to be bubbled through limewater).

2. Place a small amount (approximately - 1 cm) of Sodium bicarbonate in a test tube.

3. Add a few mm of HCl to the test tube. Place stopper in test tube. Record observations:
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4. Test the gas that is given off by bubbling it through some clear lime water (calcium hydroxide).
What do you observe?
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Post Lab Questions

5. What conclusions can you draw from this?
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6. Write a balanced equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid.
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7. Write an equation for the reaction of the gas with the clear lime water.
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3. Dancing at the Disco: Redox reactions

Equipment
Safety glasses & lab coat

Spotting tile
Dropping pipette x 3 (1 per solution)

Beaker

Pen for labelling

Small pieces of iron, copper & zinc metals

0.1M metal salt solutions:

o Iron (II) sulphate
o Copper (II) Sulphate
o Zinc sulphate

Method:
1. Place 1 small piece of Fe in each of the first 3 tiles of the 1st column.
2. Place 1 small piece of Cu in each of the first 3 tiles of the 2nd column.
3. Place 1 small piece of Zn in each of the first 3 tiles of the 3rd column.
4. Add a small amount of FeSO4 to each of the top row of your spotting tile (ie add solution to 1 piece
of Fe, 1 piece of Cu and 1 of Zn).
5. Record your observations in the table provided.

Results

Fe

Cu

Zn

FeSO4

CuSO4

ZnSO4

Post Lab Questions

1. Give the results table a correct title.
2. Referring to your Dancing at the Disco sheet to assist you, what does this tell you about the
reactivity of iron, copper and zinc?
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Name:___________________________________________ Date:________________________
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4. Reaction of an acid with a metal

Students have already completed this as part of an earlier practical.
Answer the questions below based on your prior experience & new knowledge about chemical equations.
Equipment
Safety glasses & lab coat

Test tube x3 & Test tube rack

2M HCl

Matches

Small piece of magnesium & zinc metals

Method:
1. Place a piece of magnesium metal into 2M HCl in a test tube. Describe your observations.
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2. Collect some of the gas given off by holding an empty test tube upside down over the first test tube.
Ignite the gas with a match. What happens?
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3. What type of gas was this?
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4. Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
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5. Place a piece of zinc metal into 2M HCl in a test tube. Describe your observations.
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6. Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
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7. Write a general reaction for the reaction of an acid with a metal.
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8. In the space below draw a labelled diagram illustrating how to collect the gas produced.

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Reactions of acids
The reactions of acids can be summarised in the following general reactions:
1)
2)
3)
4)

ACID + METAL SALT + HYDROGEN

ACID + METAL OXIDE SALT + WATER
ACID + BASE SALT + WATER
ACID + CARBONATE SALT + WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE

If hydrochloric acid (HCl) was used than the salt will always be a chloride.
If sulphuric acid (H2SO4) was used than the salt will always be a sulphate.
Exercise:
1. Complete the word equations for the following reactions and then write and balance the formula
equations
a. Iron + hydrochloric acid ____________________________________________
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b. Zinc + sulphuric acid _______________________________________________
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c. Hydrochloric acid + potassium carbonate _______________________________
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d. Sodium hydroxide + sulphuric acid ____________________________________
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2. Write down an equation to show the neutralisation reaction between Lithium Hydroxide and Nitric
Acid.
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3. How would you compare the following salts:
a. Copper sulphate
b. Iron chloride
c. Magnesium nitrate
d. Sodium sulphate
e. Calcium chloride
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