aleqsandre oniani

qcevis kategoria Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi

qcevis saxelwodebiT aGiniSneba zmnis pirebs Soris kuTvnileba-daniSnulebis mi-
xedviT urTierTmimarTebis gamoxatva, `...qceva anu versia aris forma, romelic aG-
niSnavs, Tu ra urTierTobaa kuTvnileba-daniSnulebis TvalsazrisiT subieqtsa da
obieqts Soris an obieqtebs Soris" [1, gv. 323]. gardamavali zmnis mixedviT rom vim-
sJeloT, qcevis formiT, maSasadame, gamoixateba, subieqts ganekuTvneba pirdapiri obi-
eqti, irib obieqts, Tu ar aris gansazGvruli, Tu romeli maTganisaTvis aris igi da-
niSnuli. es urTierTmimarTeba nebismieri enis siGrmiseul struqturaSi aris moce-
muli, zedapirul struqturaSi ki is morfologiuri markerebiT zog enaSi gamoixa-
teba, zogSi ki _ ara. Sesabamisad qcevis morfologiuri kategoria zog enaSi arse-
bobs, zogSi ki - ara [2, gv. 334]. qarTvelur enebSi es kategoria morfologiuri sa-
SualebebiT (prefiqsebiT) gamoixateba da am gamoxatvis meqanizmi Kvela maTganSi, ar-
sebiTad, erTnairia.
Tu zmnas ganvixilavT konstruqciaSi, e.i. mis gverdiT mocemul sitKvebTan kav-
SirSi, maSin ganxilva, cxadia, sintaqsuri gamova. magram radganac qarTvelur enebSi
qcevis mixedviT opozicia morfologiurad (prefiqsuli morfemebiT) erTi sitKvis
(zmnis) farglebSic gamoixateba, irgvliv mocemuli sitKvebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe
(mag., a-Senebs _ i-Senebs _ u-Senebs...), amitom es opozicia, uwinares Kovlisa, mo-
rfologiuri TvalsazrisiT unda iqnes ganxiluli. aseTi ganxilva ki ar unda iqnes
gagebuli rogorc Tanamedrove sintaqsuri (da, saerTod, aramorfologiuri) Teorie-
bis sawinaaGmdego Tvalsazrisad. Sdr., mag., [3, gv. 89-149; 4, gv. 132-145; 5, gv. 5-68;
6, gv. 192-204; 7, gv. 130-140].
tradiciulad gamoiKofa qcevis mixedviT opoziciis sami wevri: saTaviso, sasxviso
da saarviso (an: sasubieqto, saobieqto da neitraluri). magram am gagebis gverdiT
arsebobs meore (Tumc naklebad popularuli) gagebac, romlis mixedviTac qcevis mi-
xedviT dapirispirebas aqvs mxolod ori wevri: saTaviso da sasxviso, rac Seexeba sa-
arvisos, igi, am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, qcevis mixedviT opoziciis wevrad ar gamo-
dgeba, radganac is kuTvnilebiT urTierTobas ar gamoxatavs [8, gv. 207-211; 9, gv.
058; 10, gv. 87-100; 11, gv. 189; 12, gv. 56-57].
vimsJeloT erTi konkretuli nimuSis mixedviT: i-Senebs _ u-Senebs _ a-Senebs.
gamoxatulebis planSi es formebi, rogorc vxedavT, TvalnaTliv gansxvavdebian er-
TmaneTisagan; gansxvavdebian prefiqsebiT i-, u-, a-. morfologiuri opoziciis wevrTa
moTxovnilebas am mxriv isini mTlianad akmaKofileben. Sinaarsis planSic (e.i. kuTvni-
leba-daniSnulebis gamoxatvis mixedviTac) isini aseve TvalnaTliv upirispirdebian
erTmaneTs: erT SemTxvevaSi moqmedeba xdeba TavisTvis _ subieqtisaTvis (pirdapiri
obieqti ganekuTvneba subieqts) _ i-Senebs, meore SemTxvevaSi _ sxvisTvis _ obieqti-
saTvis (pirdapiri obieqti ganekuTvneba irib obieqts) _ u-Senebs, mesame SemTxvevaSi
ki ara Cans, Tu visTvis xdeba moqmedeba _ TavisTvis, Tu sxvisTvis (subieqtisaTvis
Tu iribi obieqtisaTvis) _ a-Senebs. opoziciis mesame wevri (a-Senebs), maSasadame,
imiT gansxvavdeba pirveli ori wevrisagan, rom aq ar aris gansazGvruli, Tu visTvis
aris gankuTvnili pidapiri obieqti _ subieqtisaTvis, Tu iribi obieqtisTvis. es ki
sruliad sakmarisia kuTvnileba-daniSnulebis gamoxatvis mixedviT opoziciis warmo-
saqmnelad; sakmarisia, radganac saarviso qcevis forma am mxriv arc saTaviso qcevis
formas emTxveva da arc _ sasxvisosas. tipologiurad viTareba aq, maSasadame, iseTi-
vea, rogoric, vTqvaT, pirTa mixedviT opoziciaSi: I piri aris informaciis gadamcemi
piri, II _ informaciis mimGebi, III ki aris piri, romelic ar aris arc informaciis
gadamcemi da arc mimGebi (e.i. ar aris arc I piri da arc _ II). saarviso qcevis for-
ma, maSasadame, isevea qcevis mixedviT opoziciis wevri, rogorc III piris forma aris
piris mixedviT dapirispirebis wevri.
qcevis es samwevrovani opozicia SeiZleba binaruli principiTac davaxasiaToT;
opozicia maSin aseT saxes miiGebs: 1. kuTvnilebagansazGvruli wevri (i-Senebs, u-Se-
nebs), 2. kuTvnilebaganusazGvreli wevri (a-Senebs). opoziciis kuTvnilebagansazGvru-
li wevri, Tavis mxriv, or sapirispiro formas Seicavs sapirispiro mniSvnelobiT: sa-
Tavisos (i-Senebs) da sasxvisos (u-Senebs). es opozicia sqematurad SeiZleba ase gamo-
ixatos:
 kuTvnilebagansazGvruli kuTvnilebaganusazGvreli
saTaviso (sasubieqto): i-
Senebs
sasxviso (saobieqto): u- saarviso (neitraluri):a-
Senebs... Senebs...

opoziciis wevrTa kuTvnileba-daniSnulebis gamoxatvis mixedviT daxasiaTeba, maSa-

sadame, aseT saxes miiGebs:
saTavisoa (sasubieqtoa) qcevis forma, sadac pirdapiri obieqti subieqtisaTvis
aris gankuTvnili: i-Senebs, i-keravs.
sasxvisoa (saobieqtoa) qcevis forma, sadac pirdapiri obieqti iribisaTvis aris
gankuTvnili: u-Senebs, u-keravs.
saarvisoa (neitraluria) forma, sadac ar aris gansazGvruli subieqts ganekuT-
vneba pirdapiri obieqti, Tu _ irib obieqts: a-Senebs, keravs.
aqve SevniSnavT: termini saarviso, Tu mas pirdapir gavigebT, ar aris zusti, rad-
ganac zmnis saTanado forma ar gviCvenebs, rom pirdapiri aravisTvis aris gankuTvni-
li (arc subieqtisa da arc iribi obieqtisaTvis). formidan mxolod is Cans, rom
pirdapiri obieqtis kuTvnileba ar aris gansazGvruli, Tumca sinamdvileSi is an su-
bieqtisaTvis aris gankuTvnili, an _ obieqtisaTvis. es naTlad Cans iseT SesitKveba-
Ta arsebobis SesaZleblobidan, rogoric aris: v-a-Seneb CemTvis, v-a-Seneb sxvisTvis.
Tu aqamde naTqvamidan amovalT, maSin gamodis, rom qceva mxolod gardamavali
(pirdapirobieqtiani) zmnis kategoriaa, ramdenadac pirdapiri obieqti, romlis kuT-
vnilebac ganisazGvreba qcevis formiT, mxolod gardamaval zmnas moepoveba. am viTa-
rebis anareklia, rogorc Cans, a.SaniZis naTqvami: `qcevaTa bunebisa da Tvisebis gamo-
rkveva ufro gardamavali zmnebis saSualebiT aris SesaZlebeli" [1, gv. 324].
magram qcevis mixedviT opozicias, amis miuxedavad, gardauval zmnebSic adasture-
ben, aGniSnaven oGond gardamavali zmnebisagan Semdeg gansxvavebebs: 1. `gardauval
zmnebs qceva an srulebiT ar moepovebaT, an, Tu moepovebaT, mxolod ori: saarviso
da sasxviso, saTaviso ki akliaT"; 2. `...sasxviso qceviT gamoxatulia, rom subieqti
ekuTvnis iribs an daniSnulia iribisaTvis. maSasadame, gansxvaveba aqtivsa da pasivs
Soris sasxviso qcevaSi is aris, rom aqtivSi iribs ekuTvnis an iribisaTvis gankuTvni-
lia pirdapiri... pasivSi ki _ subieqti" [1, gv. 339-340]; 3. gardauval zmnaSi, garda
prefiqsiani vnebiTisa, sasxviso qcevis i- u-s saarviso qcevis formaSi niSnis uqonlo-
ba upirispirdeba [1, gv. 339-342]; 4. prefiqsian vnebiTSi vnebiTis niSnebis damatebi-
Ti funqcia aris qcevis mixedviT dapirispirebis gamoxatva: i- saarviso qcevas gamoxa-
tavs, xolo e- _ sasxvisos [1, gv. 341-342]; 5. gardauval zmnaSi saarviso qcevis for-
ma KovelTvis erTpiriania, sasxviso qcevisa ki _ KovelTvis orpiriani [1, gv. 339-
342].
zogi winaaGmdegoba, rac gardauval zmnaSi qcevis kategoriis daSvebas axlavs,
erT dros SemCneul iqna: `Taviseburi viTareba iCens Tavs qcevis sakiTxSi gardauval
zmnebTan. uSendeba..., ukeTdeba..., ufiTrdeba..., uSreba... Kvela gadmogvcems kuTvnile-
bas, Kvelgan kuTvnileba saobieqtoa, Kvelgan am saobieqto qcevis Sesabamisi u- Tav-
sarTi gvaqvs. saobieqto qcevaSi ori obieqti unda gvqondes: erTi obieqti unda iKos
gankuTvnili meorisaTvis. magram aq mxolod erTi obieqti gvaqvs: aq saobieqto qceva
aGniSnavs, rom obieqtisaTvis subieqtia gankuTvnili" [9, gv. 058-059]. winaaGmdegoba-
Ta erTi nawilis sworad SemCnevis miuxedavad, aq raime konkretuli daskvna ar aris
gakeTebuli.
ufro gvian iseTi Sexedulebac gaCnda, romlis mixedviTac saarvisos forma qce-
vis mixedviT opoziciis wevri ar aris [12, gv. 56-57], gardauval zmnaSi, romlisTvi-
sac saTaviso qceva ucxoa saerTod, sasxviso qcevis arseboba mainc daSvebul iqna:
`sasxviso qceva u- prefiqsiT gamoixateba vnebiTsa da mdgomareobiTs zmnebSic: u-ber-
d-eb-a..., u-bnel-d-eb-a..., u-keT-d-eb-a..., u-Sen-d-eb-a..., u-gav-s..., u-Zev-s... [12, gv. 163-
164]. gamodis, rom sasxviso qcevisaa forma, romelsac ar gaaCnia am kategoriis mixed-
viT sapirispiro arc erTi forma, arc saTaviso, arc saarviso.
gardauval zmnaSi qcevis mixedviT opoziciis daSveba ewinaaGmdegeba qcevis arsis
zemoT mocemul gansazGvras; ewinaaGmdegeba, radganac pirdapiri obieqti, romlis
kuTvnilebac qcevis formebiT gamoixateba, gardauval zmnas ar moepoveba. es niSnavs:
an qcevis kategoriis gansazGvraa Sesacvleli, an gardauval zmnaSi am kategoriis kva-
lifikacia. amasTan dakavSirebiT, vfiqrobT, gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi garemoebebi:
1. qcevis mixedviT opozicia gardauval zmnaSi, gardamavalTan SedarebiT, defeq-
turi gamodis; defeqturi gamodis ori TvalsazrisiT: Jer erTi, gamoiKofa opozici-
is mxolod ori (da ara sami) wevri: sasxviso da saarviso; meorec, morfologiuri
niSniT warmodgenilia mxolod sasxviso. marTalia, gardauvali zmnis es Tavisebureba
qcevis mixedviT opoziciis daSvebis SesaZleblobas ar gamoricxavs, magram sxvagvari
kvalifikaciis sayiroebis signals mainc iZleva.
2. gardauval zmnaSi saarviso qcevis formad miCneuli wevri mudam erTpiriania
(sasxviso qcevisa ki _ orpiriani). pirebs Soris kuTvnilebiTi urTierTmimarTebis
(e.i. qcevis) gamoxatva, cxadze ucxadesia, mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, rodesac
zmnis forma or pirs mainc Seicavs. erTpirian zmnaSi aseTi urTierTmimarTebis gamo-
xatva SeuZlebelia masSi erTaderTi piris arsebobis gamo. saarvisooba aseT zemnaSi,
amdenad, Sepirobebulia ara morfologiuri opoziciiT, aramed _ aramorfologiuri
faqtoriT, kerZod ki imiT, rom aq ar arsebobs meore piri, romelTan kuTvnilebiTi
urTierTmimarTebis gamoxatvac iKos SesaZlebeli. erTpiriani zmna amitom SeuZlebe-
lia miCneul iqnes qcevis mixedviT opoziciis wevrad. da maSin, gardauval zmnebSi
rCeba erTaderTi forma, romelsac sasxvisos vuwodebT. magram radganac mas ar moe-
poveba arc erTi sapirispiro forma _ arc saTaviso da arc saarviso, amitom, raGa
Tqma unda, qcevis mixedviT opoziciis wevrad arc misi miCneva aris SesaZlebeli.
magram aseTi gagebis SemTxvevaSi axsnas moiTxovs gardauval zmnaSi i- u- prefiqs-
Ta arseboba, romlebic gamoxatulebis planSi sasxviso qcevis niSnebs emTxvevian:

m-i-Sendeba Sdr. m-i-Senebs

g-i-Sendeba g-i-Senebs
u-Sendeba u-Senebs.

Zneli misaxvedri ar aris, rom i-, u- prefiqsebs, garda sasxviso qcevis gamoxatvi-
sa, aqvT meore funqciac _ zmnis formaSi iribi obieqtis SemoKvana. es naTlad Cans
im faqtidan, rom ar arsebobs am prefiqsTa Semcveli zmna, romelic ar Seicavdes
irib obieqts. literaturaSi amis Sesaxeb miTiTeba, marTalia, arsebobs [12, gv. 173-
176], magram aqedan saTanado daskvna ar aris gakeTebuli. daskvnam, Cveni azriT, aseTi
saxe unda miiGos: gardamaval zmnaSi es prefiqsebi orive zemoaGniSnuli funqciiT
aris aGyurvili, gardauval zmnaSi ki maTi funqcia mxolod iribi obieqtis gamoxat-
vaa (Sdr. Sendeba _ u-Sendeba, Tbeba _ u-Tbeba, Zgers _ u-Zgers da a.S.).
amrigad, qcevis morfologiuri kategoria gardamavali zmnis kategoriaa, gardau-
val zmnas ki am kategoriis mixedviT sapirispiro formebi ar moepoveba. aseTi gageba
Tavidan gvacilebs vnebiTi gvaris i-, e- prefiqsTa qcevis gamomxatvelad miCnevas [13,
gv. 131-132] da gasagebs xdis im faqts, rom gardauval zmnaSi ar arsebobs i-, u-
prefiqsTa sapirispiro qcevis niSnebi.
Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi saTaviso qceva mudam i- prefiqsiT gamoi-
xateba: i-Senebs, i-keravs, i-xatavs, i-vsebs...
sasxviso qcevis morfema warmodgenilia morfologiurad Sepirobebuli ori alo-
morfiT: i- da u-. i- im SemTxvevaSi dasturdeba, rodesac iribi obieqti I an II piria:
m-i-Senebs, g-i-Senebs, m-i-vsebs, g-i-vsebs, m-i-keravs, g-i-keravs, m-i-xatavs, g-i-xatavs, u-
ki im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac iribi obieqtia III piri: u-Senebs, u-vsebs, u-keravs, u-xa-
tavs.
saarviso qcevis morfemac ori alomorfiT aris warmodgenili: a- da O. a- zmnaTa
erT nawilSi dasturdeba: a-Senebs, a-vsebs, O ki _ meore nawilSi: keravs, xatavs.

damowmebuli literatura
a . S a n i Z e , qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, 1973 w.
Š. b. c = ì * ! å ë , ä ƒ å , b ÷.b“.h " = … % " , h…ä%å"!%CåL“*, L ƒ/* , , …ä%å"!%CåLö/, I,
1984 ã.
Winfried Boeder, Uber Versionen des georgischen Verbs, Folia Linguistica, Acta Societatis
Linguisticae Europaeae, Tomus II, 1/2, Mouton, 1968.
g . n e b i e r i Z e , qcevis kategoria qarTulSi, macne, enisa da literaturis seria,
4, 1976 w.
m . m a y a v a r i a n i , qcevis gramatikuli kategoriis semantika, 1987 w.
r . a s a T i a n i , zmnur prefiqsul xmovanTa funqcionaluri kvalifikacia qarTve-
lur enebSi, macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 3, 1987 w.
“. c. Š å “2 å ë å ö , nKAå*2, "…= "å!“, " *=!2"åëü“*, . ƒ/*=., k, …ã", “2, ÷å“*, å
, ““ëåä%"=…, . Š, C%ë%ã, . d, =ëå*2%ë%ã, . }2, ì%ë%ã, . j%ìC=!=2, ", “2, *=. qK%!…, * “2=2åL.
)=“2ü 2, l., 1984 ã.
g . r o g a v a , kuTvnilebiTi afiqsi i qarTvelur enaTa zmnisa da saxelis morfo-
logiur kategoriebSi (qcevasa da brunvebSi), saq.ssr mecn.akademiis moambe, t. III, #2,
1942 w.
a . C i q o b a v a , qarTuli enis zogadi daxasiaTeba, qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leq-
sikoni, t. I, 1950 w.
q . l o m T a T i Z e , qcevis kategoria qarTvelursa da afxazur-adiGur enebSi, ibe-
riul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis weliwdeuli, III, 1976 w.
f . e r T e l i S v i l i , qcevis sakiTxisaTvis qarTulSi, Tsu Sromebi, t. 114, 1965
w.
b . J o r b e n a Z e , zmnis xmovanTavsarTuli warmoeba qarTulSi, 1983 w.
g . m a y a v a r i a n i , zmnis ZiriTadi morfologiuri kategoriebi qarTvelur enebSi
(sakandidato disertacia), 1953 w.
 A. Oniani

The Category of Version in Contemporary Literary Georgian

Summary

The category of version inolves three elements of the opposition: subjective, objective and neutral.
Of these, the first two elements may be qualified as possession-defined, and the third – as possession-non-
defined.
Version is a category of a transitive verb only; as for intransitive verbs, the opposition is not
characteristic according to this category.
From the morphological point of view, it is possible to characterize the category of version as far as
the opposition has been expressed with a morphological means (prefixes) within the limits of a single
word (viz. a verb), disregarding the surrounding words; e. g. i-šenebs, u-šenebs, a-šenebs.
In contemporary Literary Georgian Subjective Version is expressed by i - (i- šenebs, i-keravs),
Objective Version – by i – ... u – (m-i- šenebs, g-i- šenebs, u- šenebs, m-i- keravs, g-i-keravs, u-keravs),
NeutalVersion – by a-œ Ø (a-šenebs, keravs).