Sie sind auf Seite 1von 471

L'ouvrage complet est disponible auprès des Éditions de l'École Polytechnique

Cliquez ici pour accéder au site des Éditions


U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
 POL
O L E  

ÉC


    

 
  
 
                               
                        

U

E      

IQ
 

    
                         

N
 
    
                        


EC H

                      
                        

















Y T
 
   !                         

POL
" #                             
$ #  %                          

O L E
& 
   
                
 '
 
 
  (  )            















"

ÉC  *                     


 +
 
 
 
 ,
    

 +
 
 
 
 ,
  , .   





















"
-

" +
 
     
                 $
" /   0 0                      &
" ' )    
  
  .          

      


 
                                   
 1 (  )  
 ,
    
               

E
  1 .                         
 
 
'              
0    #  2
      
























IQ
 U



"
&
  '.            
H
       
N
      
 "  
  .
         
 $   
         
T E C 




























$

O LY
 3
                                  "

P
 
  , .                           "

LE
 
                              "

ÉC O
   


U E
N
  
   

  
  

 IQ

EC H 

T
 4                                   $"

O LY
 
                              $"

P
 2
   
                        $$

LE
      
 ,                  $&

ÉC O  3  .            


  2
  4         
  2
  .       
















































$-
$-
&
 5   67                             &
 '  0                             &
 3   
                       &&

     
 

UE
 
   .                         -

IQ
 2     0   .  8 0             -
  

  ,           

H N           -

C
  1 .  8 0                           -

T E
 1)                             -$

LY
 9  H 1 (Ω)                             -$

P O
9  H01 (Ω)                             

L E
 5   8
  4                     

ÉCO
  
                         &
" 9  H m (Ω)                            -
 

 
                         
 1 
5 "              
 9  H(div)                            
 9  W m,p (Ω)                           "
 1
                                 $
"   .   0
                           -

     


  


" 
                                   
" 

                             
U

E 

IQ
"  '   
     1                   
"  '   
     /
  
H
       
N
     -
"  ':  . 0         
"  *  
  .        


T

E C




























 "
 

O LY
" +
  ,
                           
"
P
#  ,                       

LE
" 
   %                         &

ÉC O
   


U E
IQ
HN
  
  

T E C
$ 3   .                 
$ 
                     
















"
"

LY
$ 3                       "

P O
$ 7   4%                          ""

LE
$ 7    )  ;   
<         ""
$  )     N = 1                     "$

ÉC O $   )  P1                  
$  '.       ,
        
















"$
$
$   )  P2                           $$
$  *  
  .                        $-
$ "  )  ,=                        &
$  )     N ≥ 2                     &
$  )   
                      &
$ '.       ,
                 -$
$  )   
             
U

E       

IQ
$  )  
 %                      

H N
$" > 
    
 
 
               "

 
   
 

Y T EC
& 7 .                              



&
P O L
& 
                     
+
   0        



















L E
& 5                                  

ÉCO
&  4                               
&  1      ,
 
           "
& >
  ,
 0   
                  -
& *0 .                          -
& >
 
                    
& 3
                              $
& 7  
 
                            
& 1       )                    
& '.       ,
                

 
  ! 
 

E
- 7 .                               "
- 
                       
- 7      ,
  0 
 








IQ
 U



"
$

H
- 7      ,
  #0 

N
      &

T E C
- 9   
     0 
         
-  2
  .                 












-
-
- 
O LY
 
                           

P
-  3                               "

LE
- 9   
     #0 
               "

ÉC O
.    


U E
IQ
HN
- 2
  .                        "
-

T E C
 
                       
- 3                           






"
"

LY
- *  
  .    0 
              "&

P O - ' # 


                    "&

LE
- *  
 
                        "
- *   ? .  )                      $

ÉC O - +
   ( 
                
-" 
    
  
 ,          






$
$
-" *  
  .    #0 
              $"
-" +. 0                            $"
-" ' # 
  
    ,     $$
-" >      )                      $&
-$ 7  
 
    0 
               $
-$  6                           $
-$ 1        6            
U E    &

IQ
-& 7  
 
    #0 
              &
-&

H N
 6                           &"

EC
-& 1        6                &$

 "
!  
LY T 

O
 7 .                               -

E P
 
                              -

L
 9                               -

ÉCO
 1)                            --
 @       )                    -
 9   ,
   
    )                
  9  6                       
  3# .                           
  +
 ,                           &

  !
 
#  
 4                                   
 
                              
 1 ( 0                              

E
 '   ,                             &
  
  ,9
    .
  7
  
             




















IQ
 U

&

 * 6A   B
  5
%A
  
H      
N
      

 5  B
  5
%        
T E C
 * 6                    






















 

O LY
 1
                                  

P
 3                                     -

LE
  
 
                    -

ÉC O
   
 .

U E
IQ
HN
 '                            

T E C
 @     #  0
         
" 3   
 
                    












"
&

LY
" 
                              &

P O
" 3    #   ;    <       -

LE
" 3    #   ;  .  <       
" 7   /C                         &

ÉC O  
   


$%&'(% )* +,--./,0.1',* .2)+ 1%34.*) #.5/)016 
 
                                   "
 *                                "
  1)                            "
  3  
                        "&
  3       
                  $
  1
                                
U E $

IQ
 *#                                  $$

N
 *  
    .              $$

EC H
 7  
 
                 
 *0  D                         
$
&

Y T
 *   # 
                         &$

POL
 *   ,    E                  &$
 *0   F )                       &&

L E
 *0
   G   
A 
,H     

O
-

ÉC
" 3   
                             -"
" 4  
    
              -"
" 3    B
% 
  0  ,0 
. 
G   
                            -$
$                                --
$    .
  ;0   0
 <           --
$ +   0 0                

 7     
 
 7 
8    

 

E
 +
   #                         
 + 
    
 '    0     




























IQ
 U





 7              
H        
N
      "
 7   .        
" 7 
  I

  


T
 E C






























 -


O LY
 '
  .
  . 
                     

P
  7    
                        

LE
  7   4 .6=
                   

ÉC O
.    


U E
N IQ
  7    F                         $

EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
.

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC

  
    
     !" #$   %%  %
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
.   

U E

N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
' 
    
 
I  A     ,
A  6

ÉC
 
  
 J ,# 
 
  ,    3. H  
 
   A  
  
 
,? . 
   ,0I  8 
 
  , 
   
 
    9,&%-':.1',* 9.14%9.1';5) 
  :'95-.1',* *59%0';5) 
  
    0   
    
              
  ;

    ,   
<       
  , ;
   A 
    .
<   ;
 8<
   # 
   6
 0    0 ? ,#  

   
  
 
 A 0 

    
    # 

U E
GA   
 
  
 
  
  
     A

N IQ
7 A 
 ,0 A 
    
  
 K 1  
,  ,  

EC H
 
 
 .      
 
  
 8
 6
    9 (A  
          

Y T
0  
 
,   #  
A    ,    6

POL
 
  
          .   9
8 A 
    . ,       
 
    

L E
  
   *
 
 
 
 
    , 
  


O
.
  
   
 J    ( 
.
  
.
A 

ÉC
          
  , 
  8    


     ; 8   L   
 
M  ,
 8 
   # 
<A        
 ,#     


  
  .

 
. 0    
 J ,   6

  
 
 '    
   
  
  ,

?  0 0

 
    A 
   .  6
 
  
  )
A 

  
    ?  8 

  .   
 
  . J ,       

@ 
       
  
   6
 
           
  
 
 1     .
A  6

 
A 
 8 
A    # 
A   
A   
A 0 6
U E
 
  
   
 ? ,     
 
      )
 J

IQ
 
A   
A      ,   
 ;
    . 0   

N
E C H


  (   ,   
   ,
 
A
 
  , A  ) A  <       N B

LY T
:  
 8  0
  
   
  
  L   
   
 
  I

 0 M  .
       8

P O
   
       
  
 ;   ,   

LE

,    .


       
    ?     L
M

ÉC O
   

U E
N

(       
  
< IQ
EC H
9     ,
 ) 0A  
 * 6
   

   
  
         J &' ' $

Y T
( ")   .   0  G  #0    
  
 


POL
;  I  ) 
, 
<A      
   ;

LE

I
 )  ?   <A    , .  ,#  

;
 
0    
   
       <

ÉC O 3  ; < 


 
 
.   .  
    

,# 
 
       
O   #    

    
 
 
 *  
 ,         6
  
 ,   8  A   A 
 
,
 #     
     8     ', 


    
     
 ,/<)+1'=: &) +) +,50:   8      
 .    
 6
 ;
 
.  
  
  .  <A 
    6

E

  
 
  
     E  GA ,0     
   
U
IQ
 0 
 
 8

   
  0

,
 
   

N
 .    *,52).5> 9,&?-):   *,52).5> .-(,0'149):

EC H
*59%0';5): 
  0 
  
  
  ' A H

 
     ?
     H ? 0    

Y T
I
    
  
 
 9 (A  0
    
  

POL
  
     
  8  
 
  
  
 
 
  
   
      I
   ;5.-'1%    @./'-'1%

L E
 
 

   ' 
 
   P   

O
  
   .         
  
 


ÉC
    
   
. 3
     , 
 

   
   L  
M  ? 
 
  
 
A  ' 
   ? ,
     
 
  &'A%0)*+): @*'): ' 

     ,  .  .  
  
 
 6
  
 .  .  
 

.  '  A A
 "    ?  
   
  -!.330,+4) 2.0'.1',**)--)  6
    ;   
<   
  0 ,
  

 
  A   %-%9)*1: @*':A 
     

'  $      )   ?  0  0


   

 
  
   
  '  &  -  
  
  
30,/-?9): '*:1.1',**.'0): ;
,.
   <A 
   .
 6
U E
 
 
 
 
  -        ? ,# 
 
A

IQ
      &!,31'9':.1',*  '   
   ,
N
E C H
   0 ,     
   ,    
  ?
 0  '    .     ;   

:< , 6

LY T
   
  '      
   .
  


 
 
 9        A    ?  0

P O
    
 
 
 
   . 2 A  '   


LE

  ?  0)+4)0+4) ,3%0.1',**)--) 3 .  
    

ÉC O
   

U E
N IQ
  A 
 
 O
    ,    0   ; ,6

EC H
?6   ,     . 0  < 
   
   )  

T
   
    Q   
      '


Y
POL
    
 
  
         
, 
   
     
   
 J  
     

LE

     
 A  
       0
 .6
   
 
 

 
 L ,
 

  M 

ÉC O
 8     . ,
 
.  
,
     ,   
 ,


.   8  
        

 
  

*
    
  
  

   , 
 
 1  

 0  
 , .

L
6 
M 
 .  
 8
 .  ? ,
 
.  '  
   0 
 
0
 
 ,# 
  
  
    

 A   
        .    ? 
    L0   M 


 
   L  
 M   )  1  

 0A

U E

 .   
 
  A   
 ?   , 8   
 
L # )M 
 
 , H  
  
  
   
IQ

 
     

    
      
N
     L  M 
EC H
   
    
   
 
       
$$    ""   *$"$
T
$" $  "+ "    & ,     

  
  
Y
POL
   ) ,
     
     A   

 ) ,
 
 
,
    
     •    

L E
 0 ?  )  ,
. 

O
        
  
    8 
 

ÉC
  
.    
 
 
         )6



   0 
    C0
 
 
 
  
 
R   
 
      0    
 
  ( 
) A   
      )    
A    
    
  0 .  ,/+3   0 


    C0
 


  
  
       )     
  
0
 ? , 
  22SS .  2 =   @ * 


  0 
 
    C0
 


U E
IQ
*  
A  
  )
 0 6        )
  6
N
E C H
      ? , 
   
   . 
2O  N
. ? ,9  *#  
  
  0 
 
   
C0

LY
 
 
 
  T
P O
 

 
   C0 
   

 
 , .  
 
 ,  

LE
  
 
 .          


ÉC O
   

U E
   

 

!  
N IQ
EC H
  
 
.
     

      .   6

T
 
  
 
 
 . 0)          7 


Y
POL
3 
  
 
  
 


LE


  
   A   # 8 
   3  76
 

ÉC O
 



  .
  
  
 8   ,  

 
 
 
 
 .
     
     
   # 
 .6
   +   
,   :   8  
.  0

 ,   

 
I I? 0   
    
 9 
 A  
   0
6

 ?    
   
 
  E 


A *6  A 
*63 +.  

  8  8     
 ,

   
 


E

 
   

  A  2  EA E

U
IQ
1A   4
0 ;
   ?     
'  < 

N
    
 ? @ .  *F 
 
,   

   .

EC H
0

 , A 
 . )       
   ,

 6
  ? ,.  
 
 
.
 0  
   . 0 
 

Y T
8       A    
    
 ? , 

POL

"  


O L E
ÉC 4 3 
* A   N.  "

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
   

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T

E  POL
O L
ÉC
   
  
     U E
IQ
    
N
CH T E
Y
E POL
L

   

ÉC O
'   
 
  ? 
     A     A  6
 
  
 J  9,&%-':.1',* 9.14%9.1';5)   :'95-.1',* *5
9%0';5)     
 
   

  
0      # 
 
   0 ? ,#  

   
6
  
 
   
 
  
  
     A  
  
    # 
 1  
A    
 
 
 
 
  
  .   ;
   0 <A ,6?6   
 
(  ? 
 
 . 0 ;   , A  <
*
 ,  
    
      8   6
 
  
A ? .  ,#  
   A 
 
 


E
.  
 

 
     
. 9  
 

IQ U
 A 
 .
  

 A  .  I
 )     
 
 ,#  
 /
  . A  (A 
  
 
 
 

H N

      # 
 . 8   
  ;  0< 


E C

. , 
  ,.  
 
 0    
  

T
 
 +  
 8     8  
 6

LY
     
  
A      
  
 
A 

O
P
H  
A 
 8 
A      ,   


LE
E  
  
  0      
 .  6

ÉC O 

      

U E
N IQ
 
  
  8  *,*-'*%.'0): ;.    TUA

EC H
T U<A 
 
     
.  
 0     


T
   1  H 8OA 
 ,.   
  0   A

Y
POL
,6?6   
  ,  
   
 9)A     .
6
 
 8    8A 
  
.
 
D
 ,
 

LE
 
 
   
  
  , 
   
  

 

 J 
   
    
    
   

ÉC O
    
        
.         ?
 
       

 ? -!%;5.1',* &) -. +4.-)50     

 .
       
  
  .   
 , 6
    

    
A # 
A 
    ,   

     
 
  F 8 

 
 
  ?  6
   &'A%0)*+): @*'): 9)A 
       "  )  
,
 30,/-?9) /')* 3,:%   
,
  )   ; <  
  

 .  
U E
N IQ

      

EC H
Y T
     
   0
. 
 

POL
 
    
    8 A  
   

 
A   
        )
 ? 
  , 
 9

L E
(A   0
      
 ,    0 A 
0 

O
 8
    
    
 
  0A 
   8


ÉC
  )    
     / A   
  
 0 
              . I
 
 ,            J  8
 0    
      0  
  
  
 V ', 



 
    ?   
    .  ,
   # 
 
 
A  
 .#   
  
 , .  
 ?  
.  


 
   
   
 
      

   &!%;5.1',* &) -. +4.
-)50A 
,
   (
 
' 
   Ω  ,  ? N   ; RN A .  
N = 1, 2A 
< 
 , 
 
 
  
 A A 

U E


   
 @  x  . 0 , A ,6?6 
    ΩA

IQ
 t  . 0   1 Ω  
   
 ;.
 
 8
N
E C H
    . 0   <   
 8    f (x, t)A
  
  
 
 8    
 θ(x, t)  
   


LY T
   ?  
 θ  .
 cθ R c 
  # 

;

#   
<  
  )
 *
   

P O

 θA 
   .  -,' &) +,*:)02.1',* &) -!%*)0(') 
  
 

LE
 
 1
 .
   V  
  ΩA  .      

ÉC O
      

U E
N IQ

   
   0    
 
   
     


EC

 ? .    3
 A
H
T
   

Y
d

POL
cθ dx = f dx − q · n ds ;<
dt V V ∂V

LE
R ∂V   0  V ; ,  
8  ds<A n     

  

ÉC O
V A  q   . 
 D
  
   
    4
A  0 

q · n ds =

divq dx.
∂V V

+ 
  (   ;< 
    8  
  .
  
V  
 
A   
A   
 ,
   .  
, 
∂θ
c + divq = f ; <

E
∂t

U

  
 
   x ∈ Ω  ? 
  t + 
 ,
 .  

IQ
N
 ) 

H
N

EC
∂qi
divq = . q = (q1 , ..., qN )t .

T
∂x i

Y
i=1

POL
 8
      D
  
 ?  
A   8   ? 

, 
 -,' +,*:1'151'2) 1   A  ,      2
 

L E

   D
  
      
   


O
ÉC
q = −k∇θ, ;<

R k 
    . ;

#   
<  
 . 
 
 + 
 ,
    ) 
 t
∂θ ∂θ
∇θ = , ..., .
∂x1 ∂xN

9 0     .  ; <     


 . ;<A  0 


  
  
 θ
∂θ
c
∂t
− k∆θ = f,

U E
R ∆ = div∇  ,
    
N IQ
N
∂2θ
E C H
T
∆θ = .

Y
∂x2i

L
i=1

P O
 8
 I
 ?  
  
 .0  
    ΩA
  A

LE
 +,*&'1',* .5> -'9'1):A 
 
  
  ?  8  


ÉC O
 
      

U E
N IQ
n

EC H ∂Ω

Y T
POL Ω
O LE
ÉC
  W > 
 
    . , 


0 ∂Ω
 A 
 
   
 
 
  ,     

E

 * . A     ,  t = 0 
 H     A 
 
 +,*&'1',* '*'1'.-)

IQ U
HN
θ(t = 0, x) = θ0 (x), ;<

T E C
R θ0   8     0
      
     Ω 9

P O LY
 
      
   A  
 # 
 
   
 0  
  ? 
 A A

E

 ?  ) ,   
A  
 . )     


L
ÉCO
    1  

θ(t, x) = 0 
 
 x ∈ ∂Ω  t > 0. ;"<

    
  0 
 
 
   , 
A 
 D
  
  
0  
   
 . )     

    /

∂θ
(t, x) ≡ n(x) · ∇θ(t, x) = 0 
 
 x ∈ ∂Ω  t > 0, ;$<
∂n
R n     

   Ω ;.   2
 <   
  6
   
 
 .   
J  D
  
  
0   

U


  
  , 
  ,  
A   
 . ) 
E
   
     2
 

N IQ
∂θ
C H
(t, x) + αθ(t, x) = 0 
 
 x ∈ ∂Ω,  t > 0
E
;&<

T
∂n

LY
R α 
    . *

,  8
    ; ,
     6
O
P
  <A 
         
     1   ;"< +6

LE
0 ) ,
 A       A      
     8 

ÉC O
      "

U E
  
A  0  ,
 
N
  
 IQ

⎪ ∂θ
EC H
T

⎨ c − k∆θ = f 
 (x, t) ∈ Ω × R+

Y

∂t

POL
;-<

⎪ θ(t, x) = 0 
 (x, t) ∈ ∂Ω × R+

⎩ θ(t = 0, x) = θ (x) 
 x ∈ Ω

LE
0

ÉC O
 0 ;-<    
 ,
 
  
  .   
  
   
     ,
       3 
        

   A   
 ;-< 
 30,/-?9) .5> -'9'1):A     
 

,
 30,/-?9) &) .5+4B ? 
        

)9.0;5) CC 1          


A  
 8
  

  
  # 
 J  
 θ ,   B.  ;K <A 

  )
 c  N
  %    B.  ;J/(kg × K)<A  
 . 
 
 ;
   < k  N
    %    B. 

U E
    ;Jm2 /(kg × K × s)< 1,
    .
  
A 
  

IQ

. 
0  
 A  H  A  
 
 c  k . 
;  .  ?      
 # 
<
H N •

Y T EC
)9.0;5) CC /
 .     #     
   A 1  6
A /
A 2
  ;      ,
< 
  

 ,     

POL
8  ∂Ω E  GA  
       
  R     

      J 1   
 ∂ΩD A /
 
 ∂ΩN A  2
  
 ∂ΩF A

L E
. ∂ΩD , ∂ΩN , ∂ΩF 8
      8  ∂Ω
O

ÉC
)9.0;5) CC ,
    
 ;-<  -'*%.'0) 
 R  
 
θ       (f, θ0 ) 9 # 
       
 
. 
 
  8 ,
     
   J
 0  
     (f, θ0 ) 
 ?
 
  θ 
  H 0  
    
    ? 
         
1,
    .
 # 
A     , 
,
 #  ,
 9
(A 
  0 ? 8 .    
A    2
   8
A
  8
     
 
  
 .   
 k   8 
  
 θ      ∇θ ;  
  0 6  <
9   A 
   H   ; A  < 
    ,0      H     2
  

 

U E
IQ
  
D
  
 q .      
 ∇θ 9 (A

N
 # ;L
M ?   .
< P
     J 

E C H

    ?
 .  )      Ω /
 . 
  
;.   +
  <  0     + 
 ,  


Y T
   , 8   #    
    . 

L

P O
)9.0;5) CC  0 ;-< ,  

      

LE
  
    8 
  
 .A    
.   

ÉC O
$ 
      

U E
N IQ
 0
   

   
 ;  8
   6

EC H
    . . 0
0< * A ;-<  
 


T

   &!%;5.1',* &) &'A5:',*A      (
  
   ,


Y
POL
   
  ? .    Ω ;  
 
 (
 
,A 
0 
     
   
 
0< 1  A θ

LE
     
    
 A q   D
  A k   (
 6
. A  c     .
 
  ,  1 HA    .  ; <

ÉC O

 0   A   
    
 . ;<     2 % •

)9.0;5) CC  0 ;-< .  


  )  R     
9,&?-) &) -.+D )1 +4,-):  .   ;-<   
.    
,  ,  ;
< ,
    
.
    x  
, 
  

  k 
 
 
 T  '     
  u 

⎨ ∂u ∂u ∂2u

E
− ru + 1/2rx + 1/2σ 2 x2 2 = 0 
 (x, t) ∈ R × (0, T )
;<
U
∂t ∂x ∂x

IQ
u(t = T, x) = max(x − k, 0) 
 x ∈ R

H N
*
  A u(0, x)     
 t = 0  ,  ,    

Y T EC
,  k ? ,   T > 0A  ,  8 x  t = 0 @  σ  .   
,    r  
 , H +
 
 ;< 
 0 .   

POL
)      A   
       .         ?

 ;-< * 
A  . 
 ;<  0 
 
 
0 


O L E •

ÉC
    0
 .   ,
    
 ;-<  
 6
     N

, 
 . 
 
  
    

   
0  


 ?  
,    

   
 
. A  A
 D
   ,
 .  V (x, t)
;
 8   ? .
 .    RN < 3A  8
      
 .
  D
  
    ,
 D
  (
  ;    < 
,
 D
  .   ;  ?  .  V <A         
?  
   
 
 ?
 0A   +,*2)+1',*&'A5:',*


⎪ ∂θ
⎨ c + cV · ∇θ − k∆θ = f  Ω × R+ ∗

E
∂t
;<

U

⎪ θ=0 
 ∂Ω × R∗ +

IQ
⎩ θ(t = 0, x) = θ (x)  Ω

N
0

C H
 (   ;-<  ;<  ,   ,
   .   @ 


E
T
 0    
.
  .       (
  
 0

O LY
  A  *,9/0) &) %+-)1A ) 

P
OLE
cV L
Pe = , ;<
k

ÉC
      &

U E
N IQ
R L 
 

    

0 ;   
6

EC H
  Ω<  0  *     A   ( (
 8  

T
 ( .  8A     ;-<  
: 
      

Y
POL
0  *  ,   A   ;  
,    ,   ,
 <A 
  ;<  
   
 ;-< * A   0  *   

LE
 A  
   ) ;<  
     (
  @ 0  
,
   &!.&2)+1',*

ÉC O ⎧


⎨ c
∂θ
∂t
+ cV · ∇θ = f  Ω × R+ ∗
; <

⎪ θ(t, x) = 0 
 (x, t) ∈ ∂Ω × R+∗  V (x) · n(x) < 0
⎩ θ(t = 0, x) = θ (x)  Ω
0

+
  (       
     ; <   ? 
 ;< J  ,  
 ?  
 θ ,H 
 
 
  0 ∂Ω
  
    
0 R  .  V  

U E
/
 .                
  . 6

IQ
   (
 A ;-<A ;<A ; <A 
     .   

N
?  .
 (
0  *  E  GA  
  # 
 

H
EC

 
        F (  ,  ? ,
  
  
6

T
       
 J 
 
     
    8


.      L 
M
Y
POL
3)   
    (  8  
   

E
 A 
 
   .   
 R Ω = R  ,  


L
      ;  
.
  
      
   <A R  
O
ÉC

  f  
A  R  .  V   @ 
  
  
 
      * A ;< . 

⎨ ∂θ ∂θ ∂2θ
+V − ν 2 = 0 
 (x, t) ∈ R × R+ ∗
∂t ∂x ∂x ;<

θ(t = 0, x) = θ0 (x) 
 x ∈ R
. ν = k/cA 
   
 
 +∞  
1 (x − V t − y)2
θ(t, x) = √ θ0 (y) exp − dy. ;<
4πνt −∞ 4νt

E
 
   ;-<  8  0
  8  V = 0  ,  ;<

U
>)0+'+) CC    
   
 θ0       
N IQ
E C H
   R           

T
3.  H #   )  A ,
  , .   . 

⎨ ∂θ ∂θ
O LY

 (x, t) ∈ R × R+
P
+V =0 ∗
∂t ∂x ;"<

OLE
⎩ θ(t = 0, x) = θ (x) 
 x ∈ R
0

ÉC
- 
      

U E
@ . ) 

N IQ
EC H
θ(t, x) = θ0 (x − V t) ;$<

Y T

 
   ,
  ;"<

POL
>)0+'+) CC    
   
 θ0   
    

LE
   R            ! "     

ÉC O

      

  ν   # 

)9.0;5) CC , .  ,


    
 ;-< 

 .
0 ;   
 , <A  
  
 

 
   

   ,#  2
  ;.   
   
 T$U< ' 
 
 
 
  L M 
 ;<  )     ,
  
)  +
 
 ,   
 
 ,
    
 

2
   . ,# 
   •

U
)9.0;5) CC  X
  8  (   
  E
N IQ
;-<  ; < 9 (A 
 
   
   
A f = 0A    

EC H
  
 t  
  . A ,
  , .   ; <    
;
    A    
< 3
 A
  

Y T
  
  ,
    
 ;-<  
  H L M

POL

 
 
 .  
    ',  8   8 

      
  J ;$<  .       

L E
 t  V A  
 ;< ;. V = 0  P    
 
  LD M

O

 @  
 ,
  , .    0%2)0:'/-)  A   


ÉC
,
    
  '00%2)0:'/-)   ' 0.   

 8 ? , 
  # 
 J     . 0  A
,
  ;   (
  ,
 
    
   < •

)9.0;5) CC  


 (  8    
  ;-< 
; <  
    &!'*2.0'.*+) 3.0 +4.*()9)*1 &!%+4)--)


   
   
A f = 0   8   .  
  θ(x, t) 
 
 
 ,
    
 ;-<A A 
 
 λ > 0A θ( xλ , λt2 )  
 
  
 H 
  ;

     (< 1 HA  
 

 .  V  A  θ(x, t) 
 
   ,
  , .   ; <A

E
 θ( λx , λt )  
 
  @ .  0  
    ? ,    . 0 
 ,   H   
  +
 
 
A   
 A
,
   .          
IQ U •

H N
E C
)9.0;5) CC    
 ;
   .
   # 
< 
T
,
    
 ;-<  
  
   (x, t)   
  .


LY
       R ;. A  8
 ;<< 9 
 A    
O
P
;<A          . ? 
  A  
 
 

LE
t > 0 ;
    6 <  
       . 
 
 R J 


ÉC O
     

U E
N IQ
A ,(   
  8    L M ? , )  @  
  


EC H
 30,3.() .2)+ 5*) 2'1)::) '*@*') ;  
 0  G
    
 <

T
3
 A  ,
  , .   ;"<       .  ? 

Y
.  V ;.   8
 ;$<< J  #   30,3.(.1',* E 2'1)::) @*')

POL

)9.0;5) CC  4Q  


 8
   ;<  ;$<A  . )  

LE

  
   ,
   .  6 (
  ;<   ,
  , . 6
O
ÉC
  ;"< . )   

min θ0 (x) ≤ θ(x, t) ≤ max θ0 (x) 


 
 (x, t) ∈ R × R+ ,
x∈R x∈R

 30'*+'3) &5 9.>'959 '   ; A 


 0 

   .
  
 
 # 
<    
 8 
 
 ,
   .  6 (
  ;<   ,
  , .   ; < /

,
     
 •

U E

    
N IQ
EC H
1     
     8  

   6

T
 
  0
   
             
Y
POL
 ,
  
  .   
 
 
   
A  
 
  
  I

 X        )


O L E
 . 1  
    
  . 0A  
 
) 
        ? 

É C
  

' 
 .   . A ,
    
 .    
  0
 0      ,   
 9 ,  


⎪ ∂u
⎨ − ∆u = f  Ω × R+ ∗
∂t
;&<

⎪ u=0 
 ∂Ω × R∗ +
⎩ u(t = 0) = u  Ω
0

 ,  ,
 
  ,      ,     ;,   

U
  .    
 .< @  
  
   0 
E
IQ
;.  
    
6   " < /
 . I? .
    
N

 

E C H
 
  J . 0    A    ? .  ) A    

LY T
>)0+'+) CC           
  

P O
   
   
   $ 
  
%
 & 


LE
 
   '   $
(   Ω = (0, 1)    

ÉC O
 
      

U E
N IQ
f = 0 ) u(t, x)     *   & '  
 $ 
 
 u  
 *
 
 
 + x(
 $ *

EC H 1 2
T
 1 
∂u
Y
1 d

POL
u (t, x) dx = −
2
∂x (t, x) dx
2 dt 0 0

"       v(x)  ,  


  [0, 1](   v(0) = 0(

LE
  $ *
  -

O
ÉC

 2
1 dv1
v (x) dx ≤
2
dx (x) dx.
0 0

1
'   
 
      0 u2 (t, x) dx

 



f(x)
U E
Nx IQ

EC H
Y T u(x)
POL
LE
ÉC O  W 1  ,
    


,
              ,  

. 0  * A  
   ,   
   
 

 . 0  ,
 0  
 
 ;   
,
 0
< 9

   , A   
  
     . 0 3
A
 0 

    Ω 
 ,   ,
 8   ?  
,   f A   8        u ;.   2

 < @ 
 
,  ) 
  0 A  

    
   
 1   ,
      u  
    
⎧ 2
⎪ ∂ u

E

⎪ − ∆u = f  Ω × R+
⎪ ∗

U

⎪ ∂t 2
⎨ u=0

IQ

 ∂Ω × R+∗
;-<


⎪ u(t = 0) = u 0  Ω
H N
C



⎩ ∂u (t = 0) = u1  Ω
∂t
Y T E
P O L
+
 
,  ,  ,
 
 

       
,  8
 

       
 u @  
  
   #0 
 ;. 

LE

    
6   " <

ÉC O
     

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC   
   N = 1 $
      

EC H
 
 u0  u1      * (   f = 0
 Ω = R    U1

T
    u1    

Y
POL
1 1
u(t, x) = (u0 (x + t) + u0 (x − t)) + (U1 (x + t) − U1 (x − t)) , ;<

LE
2 2

ÉC O
 
    . 
 

     * 

,
       . ,
  , .   ; <    6
  30,3.(.1',* E 2'1)::) @*') 9 (A ,9    
 

  
   (x, t)     
  .
     
  
  .
 
 .    &,9.'*) &) &%3)*
&.*+) ;
X  
  Y .   2
 < + 
    ,
    ,
    
 

,    A ? .  8
 ;<A

  
   (x, t)   
  .
      

U E
 
    ,
       .     

N IQ

    t  −tA  8  ,
      @ 

 L  M ,
     .     8 
  8   H

EC H
  @  
 ,
      0%2)0:'/-) )* 1)93:

Y T
POL
>)0+'+) CC    
  /
  (x, t)      
 
 u0  u1 $+ 
  
   * [x − t, x + t]  
 

u1 (x)
O L E
u(−t, x)     . 
 Ω × R− ∗   + %
*  *  
   


ÉC t
(x,t)

x−t x+t x
U E
  W 1  
X      ,
    
N IQ
E C H
LY T
>)0+'+) CC           
  $ *

P O
 $ 
   . 
   
   / '  

LE
$
(   Ω = (0, 1)    f = 0 ) u(t, x)     *  

ÉC O
 
      

U E
. '  
 $ 
 
 ∂u

N IQ
   *
 
 
 + x(
 $ *

H
∂t

EC
$ *  2  2

T
d 1 ∂u 1 ∂u

Y
(t, x) dx + (t, x) dx = 0.

POL
dt ∂t ∂x
0 0

0  
 +    
  $ 
  
%


O LE
ÉC
   

*
    
 
  f A  
   ,
    
 ;&<
 
  :1.1',**.'0)A ,6?6  
 u(t, x)  
    u∞ (x) 

  t  . , )  
.A     
   
    1  A 

  
  f (x)   
A 


 
 

      

E
−∆u = f  Ω
; <
u=0 
 ∂Ω,

IQ U
H N

 ,    

     @  
  
  

EC
  
 ;.  
    
6   " < +
 
     


T
 .      ,
     ;<    .  


Y
POL
   0
        ,   
 * A ; < 6
     .  ,
 0  
 
  ?
 8  

L E
f  ) 
  


O  
 
 C
É 

,
   !      ,.
    8   ,  u ,
 


  ?
   V  + 
 u(t, x) 
 8    R+ ×RN ? .

 C  
  
 
 |u|2 ,       00  

   
  
  
. 
  (t, x)    V (x) 

8   ? .
   8   ,  u  
  

⎨ ∂u
i + ∆u − V u = 0  RN × R+ ∗
∂t ; <
⎩ u(t = 0) = u  RN
0

 ,#       
      ; < 

 ,
  
U E
 
 
 ,  ;
,   0 < / A 
 . 
,
  
N IQ
E C H
L 0M ,  8    
 
    
  P
 8 
         ? , )  u 

 ,  

      
    ? , ) 

LY T
P O
>)0+'+) CC           
  $ *

LE
 $ 
  )%1* 2 ) u(t, x)     *   2  

ÉC O
     

U E
IQ
HN
 $
   3  #  
  ∂x 
∂u
 |x| → +∞ "  

T C
      
 v(t) 

E  

LY
∂v 1 ∂|v|2
R v = ,

P O ∂t 2 ∂t

LE
4 R  * 

     v   5*  v  '  
 $ 


ÉC O

 u    *
 
 
 + x(
 $ *
 $ *

2
|u(t, x)| dx =

|u0 (x)|2 dx.
R R

'  


 $ 
 
 ∂t (
∂u
  
 2  2
∂u ∂u0
(t, x) + V (x) |u(t, x)| dx =
2 2
∂x ∂x (x) + V (x) |u0 (x)| dx.

E
R R

  


IQ U
H N
EC
 #   
  
   
      , 6
    
    8  ,
   
 ,#   

Y T
8        ;.   
6   " 
 
   

POL

     < *
 0   #  A  
 
    
    
,   ) 
  0      (  .  6

L E
     
,  ,  ,
 :B:1?9) ,
 A ,6?6   
 


O
ÉC

  
      
 

   Ω  , 
RN  
 ,   ,
 8  f   8A  
   x     x+ u(x)
 8  f (x) 
 8   .    Ω  RN A     u(x)
'    
  

−µ∆u − (µ + λ)∇(divu) = f  Ω
; <
u=0 
 ∂Ω

R λ  µ  
 A   A    

 
6
     
    *
      
  
. ) µ > 0  2µ + N λ > 0     
     1   
 u 

 8  
     
 )  0   
  0 ∂Ω
 # ; <         .     fi  ui A 

U E
IQ
1 ≤ i ≤ N A    f  u   0  
  RN A ; < 

. ?
H N
C
−µ∆ui − (µ + λ) ∂(divu) = fi  Ω

E
∂xi

T
ui = 0 
 ∂Ω

LY

 1 ≤ i ≤ N  +
 
A  (µ + λ) = 0A   
  
 

O
P
 ui  
     .   . A   

LE
N = 1A  #   , 
,
 
 
    
 
 

ÉC O
 
      

U E
    
N IQ
EC H
T
 #  %    , 
 ,
 D
 . 

   0

Y
?   .  @ 
 
  D
 

   Ω  
,    ? 

POL
  
6 A ,6?6  
  .   
 
   ;  

 ?

   
     1  < 
 ,   ,
 8  f (x) ;
 8    Ω

LE
 RN <A  .  u(x) ;
 . 
<     p(x) ;
   <  
 
O
ÉC


⎨ ∇p − µ∆u = f  Ω
divu = 0  Ω ; <

u=0 
 ∂Ω

R µ > 0   .   
D
 +
 
, 
  N 
  ∇p −
µ∆u = f ;   ?  +,*:)02.1',* &) -. ;5.*1'1% &) 9,52)9)*1<A
 # 
 
 
  divu = 0  +,*&'1',* &!'*+,930)::'/'-'1% ;

U E
 ?  +,*:)02.1',* &) -. 9.::)<    ,   N = 1A 

N IQ
#  %   H   .  8  
  .   
  

   
    .   8  *     N ≥ 2A  # 

EC H
%  0 
  J  
 A       .    0

T
  . 
 ; A  A
  <

Y
 
  P
OL
L E   

ÉCO
@    8   
 ,
 
  , 
   ;6
 0 .  
  <   Ω  
8  #   
A
 f (x) ;
 8    Ω  R<  
   8 A   6
 
  u(x) ;
   <  
   ,
   

;   D <

⎨ ∆ (∆u) = f  Ω
u=0 
 ∂Ω ; <
⎩ ∂u
∂n = 0 
 ∂Ω

R   ∂n = ∇u·n . n  . 


 
   
 ? ∂Ω +
 
, 
E
∂u

,  ,
 
  
  .  

       ;

IQ U

 0 6 < ', 

      ,.  
    
   

H N
'    
    
 ,    
 ;   
   
0   
<

T E C
+
 
,    0  I
 ) ,
   
 ; < 


LY
  # 
 ?  
#   ; <  
  8 
O
P
  , 
   
 . F  ,  ? ,
      

LE
 


ÉC O
   
 
!!
 ! "

U E


N
         IQ
 !
    C
E H
Y T
OL
3   

   
 A    0  
  6

P
  
   (    6 
      

LE
,.   
 

 
 
 
  
 
   
  . 

ÉC O

  .  
       
     
  
6
 
  
  
  .    ,0   .
 
 

  ; ,6?6   0 ) < 
F.330,+4)*1G ;
  .0 ?
 <  
    1      8
 0  H    
  
8 
 J  A   
   
      6
 Y 
 A  &':+0%1':)  0    8   

 0 )  .
A ,6?6  
 -!,* 3.::) &5 F+,*1'*5G .5 F&':+0)1GC
    0
   ,   
 
  
  ,
6

E
  
  .   /
   
  
   

IQ U
 
  A     (  )  ;
 . 
  


  A    ) < *
   )   A 
 


H N
   ?   
 ,  ;.   
6    $ 
   

EC

 
< /
 ,0  
 ,  
      
   6

T
 A ,6?6   
    
,   :+4%9.: *59%0';5):
Y
POL
/
 . 
  '   I
 )    
    A ,6?6
 ,
  
 .   ; 
   
      

O L E
   
     
<

ÉC
t

n∆t (tn, x j)

U E
IQ
x
j∆ x

H N
T E C
  W 7    (  ) 

LY
*
      

  6A  



 3.: &!):3.+)
O
P
∆x > 0 
 3.: &) 1)93: ∆t > 0 
  
     

LE
    
 
 @ ) 
    
     

ÉC O
$ 
      

U E
,  
 ;.   2
 <
N IQ
EC H
(tn , xj ) = (n∆t, j∆x) 
 n ≥ 0, j ∈ Z.

Y T
POL
@  unj  .
 ,
 
      
  (tn , xj )A  u(t, x)
 
    ;  
<          (  )   

LE
    .   (  )  
    8
  5#

ÉC O
 
       * A      .    
  ;     
< 
∂ 2u −unj−1 + 2unj − unj+1
− 2
(tn , xj ) ≈ ; "<
∂x (∆x)2
R ,  P  8
  5#
∂2u
−u(t, x − ∆x) + 2u(t, x) − u(t, x + ∆x) = −(∆x)2 (t, x)

E
∂x2

U
; $<
 

IQ
(∆x)4 ∂ 4 u
− O 6

N
(t, x) + (∆x)

H
12 ∂x4

EC
∆x  L MA  8
 ; "< 
 L0M    ;  


T
  
 
<  8
 ; "<   +)*10%)    # 
  j 
Y
POL
*
    ,
   .  6 (
 

E
∂u ∂u ∂2u

L
+V −ν 2 =0 ; &<

O
∂t ∂x ∂x

ÉC
 8
 
       .    8
  

V
∂u
(tn , xj ) ≈ V
unj+1 − unj−1
∂x 2∆x
   
 
,? 8   H  
   .   @    
    8
  (  )  J   A     9 
  8
 L
M
 9    
A  (  )  

∂u un+1
j − un−1
j
(tn , xj ) ≈
∂t 2∆t

U E
IQ

 
   # 
   ? n  j ;
   
:+4%9. &) '+4.0&:,*<
H N
un+1
j − un−1
j unj+1 − unj−1
T E C
−unj−1 + 2unj − unj+1
; -<
Y
+V +ν = 0.

L
2∆t 2∆x (∆x)2

P O
3
 L
M  .   6 A +) :+4%9. ):1 '*+.3./-) &) +.-+5-)0

LE
&): :,-51',*: .330,+4%):  ,
   .  6 (
  ; &< ;. 

ÉC O
   
 
!!
 ! &

U E
N IQ
, 
 
   2
 "< V /
 I
 )    

EC H
  ?    
          *
 , A 6

T

   
  :
 . 
     ( 

Y
POL
)  
    .  
  
       (  )     ;  

LE
 Y   
  :+4%9. &!5-)0 0%10,(0.&)<

ÉC O ∂u
∂t
(tn , xj ) ≈
unj − un−1
∆t
j



 
 

unj − un−1
j unj+1 − unj−1 −unj−1 + 2unj − unj+1
+V +ν = 0. ; <
∆t 2∆x (∆x)2

U E
         # 

   J  (  )   

IQ
. ; .     Y   
  :+4%9. &!5-)0 30,(0)::'=<

N
∂u
EC H
un+1 − unj

T
j
(tn , xj ) ≈

Y
∂t ∆t

POL

 
 

O L E
un+1
j − unj unj+1 − unj−1 −unj−1 + 2unj − unj+1
;<

ÉC
+V +ν = 0.
∆t 2∆x (∆x)2

 (       


      
 ; <   '9
3-'+'1)   8
 

 # ,
     
 
  .

(unj )j∈Z  8    .
    (un−1
j )j∈Z A   
 ;<   )>
3-'+'1) 

,      .
 (un+1j )j∈Z  8    (unj )j∈Z 
      
 ,   n     ; <  ;< , . 

, 

, 
       
. ;< 
  8

unj − un−1
j j+1 − uj−1
un−1 n−1
−un−1 n−1
j−1 + 2uj − un−1
j+1
+V +ν = 0.

E
∆t 2∆x (∆x)2

1      


 
 .  ) A  #  0  G
 
IQ U
H N
   
      n J  .
    (u0j )j∈Z  ) A

E C
 A  u0j = u0 (j∆x) R u0        ,
   .  6

T
(
  ; &< +
 
 
  L
. M    ; -<  # 


LY
:
 
  
  J 
 n = 1   
 0   P
O
P
 .
 (u1j )j∈Z 
,  8
  
 
 ; A    

LE
,
  
 
  <

ÉC O
- 
      

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC  


U E
 " W N IQ
H
  0 . ν∆t = 0.1(∆x)2 

EC
Y T
 " 
    #
  

POL
'O  8  

  
 
       R V = 0
E
L
 ν = 1A ,6?6  
 -!,* 0%:,51 *59%0';5)9)*1 -!%;5.1',* &) -. +4.-)50C

O
ÉC
@             8  

u0 (x) = max(1 − x2 , 0).

*
 
.    
  
 
   .  
   
;<A 
 .
  .  
    ) Ω = RA ,6?6  
A

 
 n ≥ 0A
 )   .
 (unj )j∈Z A   , 
   
      )  V 9     A 
 O  R
  L  M   Ω = (−10, +10) 
     
     1  
/
    .       ;
 )   6
  
 
 6 
< /
 )   ,  ? ∆x = 0.05 J  # 

E
  .
 (unj )−200≤j≤+200 ? 
 + 
   
  .


IQ U
unj 
  , 
    ,
 ,     
 .
        J  A   
  A

H N
 
 ,     0     

   

E C

  (  
 
  0.
 
  )
 


T
  
   A 
 .  8
   ;<A   
 
  
 
  
O LY
P
+  
  
  
   ; -< J  
 ,.  6

LE
 A      0  
  
     ,
  

ÉC O
   
 
!!
 ! 

U E
N IQ
 
 
 
     
   ∆tA     '*:1./-)A ,6

EC H
?6  
  
  
 
       0  ,  
 

T
.
   ∆x  ∆t '      
 ; ,   

Y
 <  
   2
 "   
  8  
 ;5)- ;5) :,'1 -) +4,'>

POL
  ∆t  ∆xA  0.     ; # 
A 0  G< @  
 

LE
       0  I
 )    

   

  
. ;.      <

ÉC O

 

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC  $ W    . ν∆t = 2(∆x)2 

3 ,
    A      ; < 
  L0M

     ,
    
 ;5)- ;5) :,'1     ∆t ;. 
 2
 $< 9 
 A  ,0. I  ,   
 
 
 

       ∆t  ∆x @  
          
0
'         ;< J     
 

 8  
   .

   ∆t     
6

U E
 
   
 ;.   2
 &<      0    8  ?

.   J 
 
        ∆t  ∆x 
2%0'@)*1 
  
N IQ
2ν∆t ≤ (∆x)2

E C H ;<

LY T
    0A   
  ;< ,  . )A      6
0 @  
          0     

P O
0   ;<  5*) &): 0)9.0;5): -): 3-5: :'93-): )1 -): 3-5: 30,=,*&):

LE
&) -!.*.-B:) *59%0';5) 9 8
  
.   - ;. ,    6

ÉC O
 
      

U E
N IQ
   
 V<  '
A 2   A  C# 9  
   

EC H
+,*&'1',* 
,5 +,*&'1',* &) ,50.*1H 0')&0'+4:H )1
)IB

Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC  #


U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC  


 & W    . ν∆t = 0.4(∆x)2 ;


<  ν∆t = 0.51(∆x)2 ;0<

U E
IQ
/
  I
 ) 0 .      0   ;
 # 
 
6

N
  ( 
 
    < +  .      
  8

ν∆t n

ν∆t


E C Hν∆t n

T
n+1
uj = uj−1 + 1 − 2 unj + u . ; <

Y
(∆x) 2 (∆x) 2 (∆x)2 j+1

P O L
    '2  . )A  ; <  
 un+1 
 0  

LE
j
.  .
 
    unj−1 , unj , unj+1 ;
  :   

ÉC O
   
 
!!
 ! 

U E
N IQ
0     ; <    8  
  .
 < 9 
 A  

EC H
    u0  0  
  m  M  


Y T m ≤ u0j ≤ M 
 
 j ∈ Z,

POL

 
  8   
  H     .  
 


LE
 
 


ÉC O m ≤ unj ≤ M 
 
 j ∈ Z  
 
 n ≥ 0. ;<

   ;< H     ,      0 J   
0 
     '2    ;<     
 

  J  ,   ,
. &':+0)1
  
 
 +,*1'*5 
 

    
 
 . .
?  +
  

 
  
     '2     . )A ,6?6  


2ν∆t > (∆x)2 .


U E
N IQ
3A 
           0 ;  
 H 0 


    )  


EC H
      L  M J  A  u0 ≡ 0 V< * 

Y T u0j = (−1)j

POL

 0 
 8 0  
    


O L E 
unj = (−1)j 1 − 4
ν∆t
n

ÉC
(∆x)2


   
 . , ) 
 n  . , )  1 − 4 (∆x)
ν∆t
2 < −1 

      0      '2 ,   8 

>)0+'+) CC            % 


  2/(

 V = 0(  
    
       

   6% ( $ +  
 2/  

  1 ≤ j ≤ J  
 un0 = unJ+1 = 0   n ∈ N )  
  m ≤ 0 ≤ M  
m ≤ u0j ≤ M  1 ≤ j ≤ J     $   
  
  
 un+1     unj  "       n ≥ 0 
 

E
j
 *
  m ≤ unj ≤ M  1 ≤ j ≤ J   
    ∆t  ∆x

IQ U

 . ? 
 
  
    0  
   A

H N

 ,.    
  .  A ,6?6  
    ?   6

E C
   
    /
    

 ?  
  

T
     +
 
  0   A 0  GA
      

LY
 .  A    
: ' 
 
 ,   . ) 6
O
P
   .  
 A ,6?6  
 
   ,  

LE
  .   
  
    
  
 
  

ÉC O

      

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC    


U E
 - W N IQ
H
   . ν∆t = 0.4(∆x)2 
 . .
  ∆x

EC
Y T
POL
.   
 
     0   
    ;
 
. . )  6
    

,  
      0<
  2
 - 
 . )

O L E

 
 
A  , :   ,  ∆x ;
   .
 0.5A 0.1A
 0.05<   
     ∆t       ν∆t/(∆x)2 ;

ÉC
0 '2<A   
  
 
   
  
     
 
  ;   ,( 
 
H  ) t = 1A   0  
  
 
     ∆t  
< '     F2%0'@+.
1',* *59%0';5) &) -. +,*2)0()*+)G          I   
? ,
   8
   
 ; ,6?6   ,#  
   .   
 0 
 : <

 " 


    #
# $ 

9( 

 
    ,   
 
 
 -!%;5.1',* &) +,*
2)+1',*&'A5:',* ; &< .
 .  V = 1  
 /
  
H  
     
         .
U E
IQ
ν∆t = 0.4(∆x)2  /
    , D
    .
     (
6
N
E C H
  ν ;
.
0  * < 
  0  
   2
 
 
     0 
 ν = 1A 0 
 ν = 0.01A  
 
 

LY T
.
    ν = 0.1A    0 0    
    
  (   
    @  0  
 
 , .

P O
0  *  ν   A 
   .  8     
  

LE
(
 8 * 
A     '2 ;<A 0
 
  .  V 

ÉC O
   
 
!!
 ! 

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
OLE
  #


ÉC

U E
N IQ
EC H
T
  

Y
E POL
O L
ÉC

 


U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
O
  W    
 ,
   .  6 (
  . ν∆t =
P
LE
0.4(∆x)2  V = 1 9 
A ν = 1A 
  
ν = 0.1A   0 ν = 0.01

ÉC O
 
      

U E
N IQ

A        .0 
8
  ? 
 
 ν  


EC H
*
    A   -!%;5.1',* &!.&2)+1',* 
,06

T
  ?     ν = 0 +
 
 ,0 
     '2 ;< 

Y
POL

 
  8   ν = 0 ;
 
   ∆t  ∆x<A  
0 6
  .  
  
0   2
 

O LE
ÉC
 #


U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
L
  W     
 ,
  , .   . ∆t = 0.9∆xA
O
ÉC
V = 1A ν = 0

*
 ,
  , .   ; ,6?6  ; &< . ν = 0<A     
;< 
    
V ∆t n V ∆t n
un+1 = uj−1 + unj − u . ;<
j
2∆x 2∆x j+1
'   
 
      2
    H    6
  
  0   2
  @ .  0  
 un+1 j , I  ;


   ∆t<
 0   .  unj−1 A unj A  unj+1    
  # . 
   
 
   
   A  

    
6

E
    0   ;
 
.  

    
 <

IQ
     .  8     /
 
.     U
,    0    
A       ;<A 
 .  

H N
  
 ,. 8  
   .   1
     0 J

E C
  .    
.  
      .  V  0  G 
 J

T

 
 
 V > 0 ;
 
 # 
  .0  V < 0< *


LY
V > 0A    ?     &%+)*10)9)*1 .2.- J  0 
O
P unj+1 − unj

LE
∂u
V (tn , xj ) ≈ V
∂x ∆x

ÉC O
   
 
!!
 ! "

U E
N IQ
    L, 8 M  
.  
 '   
 ?
  
  . L 
M

EC H
Y T un+1 − unj unj+1 − unj

POL
j
+V =0 ;"<
∆t ∆x

LE

 
 
 0 
     3
   &%+)*10)9)*1
.9,*1 ; ,6?6  ? 
  V > 0<A 
.   L, 8 M  

ÉC O
 

V
∂u
(tn , xj ) ≈ V
unj − unj−1
∂x ∆x

 
      
un+1
j − unj unj − unj−1
+V =0 ;$<
∆t ∆x

  
   2
  @ . )   
    ;$< 

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC
 


  W       


 ,
  , .   . ∆t =
0.9∆xA V = 1

U E
IQ
0 

 
.    '2 ; (         '2
N
;<<
|V |∆t ≤ ∆x.
E C H ;&<

Y
9 (A  
    ;$< 
  8
L T
P O
V ∆t n

V ∆t


LE
un+1 = u + 1 − unj ,
j
∆x j−1 ∆x

ÉC O
$ 
      

U E
N

 
A      ;&<   8 Aun+1 IQ

 0   .
H
j

EC
 unj−1  unj  * 
A       ;$< . )
   

T

 
  A  
P  0      , 
&%+)*10)

Y
9)*1 .9,*1 ):1 5*) .510) '&%) 9.<)50) &) -!.*.-B:) *59%0';5) 9 

POL

  
  
  0    
  D
 R  8

,0  
. ;       53I'*&'*(A ,6?6    

LE
. 
 
<A    P  0  ,
  
O
ÉC
  
    
 
 ,
  , .    
 
    
.  6 (
  . 8 0 .
     (
  ν A  8
 0

  . ,   .  8  
.     '2 ;&< 
X 

 ;< 3     
    
   2
 

>)0+'+) CC "  (  


  07 & $ 
 

 (  % 

  
    $ 
 $
   
  
   

u0j = (−1)j 
U E
N IQ
EC H
>)0+'+) CC 8  % 
     
  $ 
  
.    $
  
   -    
 

Y T
 
     $  $ 9   
 

* + 

POL
    
 
7*  '   (   % 
*(  
  
 $
   
 

 
   : 07  ∆t ≤ ∆x

O L E
ÉC
  
        0
  . 
   D 

     5
 ,0 A 
    
 
 L 0M 
8   A   , 8
 @    0  0   ; 
 .  < 
   ,#       J ,    ,H
 ,# 
 
 
   0I  8  
  
  
 9)A 
L0M   
 
  .  
   0    ; 
 A    
 
  A 
   < 

 
  
  ;
 .
 <    # 
 
 

 ,
  
  .   * *) 3)51 &,*+ 3.: =.'0) -!%+,*,9')
&!5*) /,**) +,930%4)*:',* &) -. 9,&%-':.1',* 34B:';5) )1 &): 30,30'%1%:
9.14%9.1';5): &): 9,&?-): :' -!,* 2)51 0%.-':)0 &) /,**): :'95-.1',*:
*59%0';5):C
U E
N IQ

         
E C H
LY T
/
      
   0  )   


P O

 
  ,# 
.   . 0
  #    
. 

LE
 
 
 ,# 
 


ÉC O
"

 
      &

U E
 % 
 &  &
 
N IQ
%@*'1',* CC
EC H
$ )) 30,/-?9) .5> -'9'1): $  "$  & - )
T
"  $  $ "$  & "    """   $"+ $  
Y
POL
   " ),

LE
* A    ; < 
 0 
    3  A ,
 
(    

ÉC O dy
dt = f (t, y) 
 0 < t < T
y(t = 0) = y0
;-<

, 
 0 
    

,  

   (0, T )A .
0 < T ≤ +∞A  ,     L
0 M 
, t = 0 ;   t = T <

%@*'1',* CC $ )) 30,/-?9) &) .5+4B $  "$  & - )
" .' )   $ $ -/ 0$$"  ") t'  $ "$ 1
/ 2 $"  $ "$ $"  "  $ )"$"    $ / t = 0' "
) $ t = T ,
U E
N IQ
* A ,
  (     ;-< 
 0  '
#A  

EC H
    ; < ;
 
           . 0 , 

T
x ? 
 8  I
  X
<

Y
POL
1 0
    ?  8   0 
      0 
'
# 3  A ,
    
 ;-< 
 0  '
#  

E
?  . 0   t 
 0 
      ?  . 0 , 

O L
x 5
    
 
  
   
  
  

ÉC

     0

 8  
,
    
  
 0  '
# 

 0

    ,  
  
 
 
,  ,  ,
 L0M   ,6
  /,* 9,&?-) ,  # 
      # 


     


A   
      
 ' 

  .      
 
       . 

.  H .     
  
 
     # 

   N 
 =   
 )     
,
 L0M
 A    30,/-?9) /')* 3,:% ;
 0      
,
 0 0  < @     f   ;   0A 

E
   A   A  <A u  
    A  A L,
M 

U
IQ
  
 u  ,     0 A A   ?  8  ,
  


N
 .     #        

     0 
  
. u 
  
A(u) = f
E C H ;<

%@*'1',* CC
LY T
$ "   )/+ ,3 " /')* 3,:%  )  " " $$
f
P O
  " $  "$ $  u' "  ""  "$ u )$ $"$4$"  
LE
$$ f ,

ÉC O
- 
      

U E
N IQ
9      )    =  J     8   

EC H
   
 
,
 0   0   * A  8
 
,    

T
 
 
  J , 0        ?   ?
   

Y
POL
    V 1
 A  8
 
  
   
 
 J ,

  
   A ,     
A 
     .   

LE

,  . 8   A  .
  
 
.    L M 
L
M ;.
 L
M
 
 8<     
 .     A    ,
 0 

ÉC O
  L 0M 
 
 

 )   
  * A 
0  
 
     
. 
 
 
  J 
 

X 

X  
   . A   HA 
   .  
*  ? /C Z%A .     .#  .
 8   X  E
 

 A 
X 
,
 I  A  
 
   .
  
  6
 
 =   
   )    #  0   
   

   
    
  J 
    )
  
 
 
 
  
 
A 
  
 
   ;
, .  L
6

E
0 M I

 ?<   A  I  
  
 
80 ',
U
IQ

  
  
   
  
 J 

     

N
 
 A  8
 
I

         L0M 
  ;. 

EC H
, # 
   # 
  F T-U< 5  A  ,    
   .     A  8
 
  
     G  

Y T
3
  0 A  0
 8     A   , 


POL

 
   . &!.330,>'9.1',* *59%0';5) 9 (A 8 
 


 
 ,
 
     ;< .  ? 
0   ;

L E
  
 .   <  ? 
 ;< 
   
0

O
   
0    
 ?    
0   

ÉC

 A  ,#  

   
 
   
  
 
      
  ;

    
   < * 
A      

  
    
  
    0
    

.     
  
 
   +
 
     

   ,
    .
 # 
      
 # 

  , 
,
     . J  ,   0   
 

      
 ?    (A   
  ;< , 

 .
   .A  
 H  
 ? 

 

5   .
 
,?   .
    1)   ;"<  0 
D
A  
 
 

   
    8
 0  G  

U E
IQ

    8             
 A  


N
 
  
   
   
  ,    ( 
,



,
  8 ( V
E C H
  ,  ;0      < P    ,  

LY T
>)0+'+) CC
P O
              0
%:  

LE


  
   )  
  Ω = (0, 1) × (0, 2π)   

ÉC O
"

 
      

U E
N
    0
%:  x    
    y 
 IQ

∂2u ∂2u
EC H
T

⎪ 
 Ω
⎨ − ∂x2 − ∂y 2 = 0

O LY
u(x, 0) = u(x, 2π) = 0  0 < x < 1

P


⎪ √
⎩ u(0, y) = 0, ∂u (0, y) = −e− n sin(ny)

LE
 0 < y < 2π
∂x

ÉC O −

n
   u(x, y) = e n sin(ny)sh(nx)     "   
 
 
         x = 0 *     ;(
 ( 
 x > 0( 
    u(x, y)          
   
 n
  $ 0

 ' (


 
 ) $   
  
   
             
         
 
U E
N IQ
      ! 
 "
  

     "
 "

   "
 #! 
 "
  
"
     $ 
 
%   
EC H
   &  % '    t     &  % '  x    

Y T
"
 "
   "
    (
)!  
         

 
      "
 "
    )!  

      

POL

     % '
  
%    "
  
  %   
          
   ' %   
L E
"
  
  %     

      
 *   
O
 
 % '  u(x, y) 
  ( (  ' 
  & +

 
ÉC
   "
  
  ! ,  "
   
a
∂2u
+ b
∂2u
+ c
∂2u
+d
∂u
+e
∂u
+ f u = g. # !
∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y

  
 
   "
    a, b, c, d, e, f    
    
 
     
  b − 4ac < 0  
 
2

b − 4ac = 0
2
  
  b − 4ac > 0
2

     % '
   ' -      "
 
 
"

 .  //  "
 0 +   '  
"
 "
  

   
ax2 + bxy + cy 2 + dx + ey + f = 0
U E
N I Q


 
'  "
  
*      !
   b − 4ac < 0
2

 '   b2 − 4ac = 0 
 ( '   b2 − 4ac > 0
E C H
1  "
  .  // 
 %   

    "
 
 % 

LY T
% "
   (    2  
 (x, y)   % ' (t, x) 
  
  ! 
  
 "
          
O
"
 "
    % +
 ! "
        "
 
P
LE
        ,    "
      

ÉC O
 
      

U E
  "
 "
  %   ( ' "
  "
IQ
H
N

 "
   "
 0    
 
 !      C
"
   1 3 
  '     
% 
       
4
 %  
   "
 Y T E
 ' "

"
  "
   ' 

( ' "


P L 

O 

  %   "

 '  
     '   
 "
 
 "
   '   5
(     


O L E
     

( ' "
 6 
'
  

 "
  
  %    ' "

+             
ÉC
"
 
         "
  ' "

( ' "
  "
  # !
   
 (    % ' 1  (x, y) → (X, Y )
  (  
 % '   
  &   "
   7 ' J = Xx Yy − Xy Yx  

     Zz   %  Z    & z! , 
       
       "
 # ! %
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u
E
∂u ∂u

U
A 2
+B +C +D +E + F u = G,
∂X ∂X∂Y ∂Y 2 ∂X ∂Y
%    A
IQ
= aXx2 + bXx Xy + cXy2  B = 2aXx Yx + b(Xx Yy + Xy Yx ) + 2cXy Yy 
N
C = aYx2

EC H
+ bYx Yy + cYy2    %  "
 B 2 − 4AC = J 2 (b2 − 4ac) 0  
 

 (    % ' "
      "
  
  %  
T
# ! 
   
  *  8 "
9  
 "
  "
 
 
Y
POL
  
 ∂X ∂ 2
2

+ ∂Y  
 "
   ' "
 & "
    (

2
2

− ∂2
  
 "
  ( ' "
 & "
    ∂X
∂ 2
− ∂Y

 2

E
∂X ∂Y2 2 2

L
     $  ' "
 "
      "
 
  

   ' O
É
  C
%  
     :     

  "
 
  ' 

 
      
      
 %  
%
"
  
  %   # !    "
  ∂2u
%
= 1 
a = 1
∂x2
b=c=d=e=f =0    ' "
     
 ' "
 b2 − 4ac = 0!
 "
    
  % ' y  ;
  

 <! 6 *
   * 


  %   
 
    "
  8  9 •

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
 POL
O LE
ÉC
  
    
U E
N IQ


EC H
Y T
POL
1    
 #    
 
  (  )  /

)   :1./'-'1%   +,*:':1.*+) ,
    
  
A 
 

L E

  
  .      ? :  A  0   0 
O
ÉC
?     ,
    
  +,*2)0()*+)
        
.           ,
   

 
 
'           
    

  ,
     
 ,
  , .     0
    
  8
 
        ,#     (  ) 

    0

 
 
   
  .   .    ?
      ?    8  ?  .      

 
  

5   
    
     (  )  

  
       
  
 
 
  
   

    A      ,  ;  
 
  6

U
 
< 
   
  D
  0 *
 ,
   A E
IQ
   

  
  D
   0A  
8 
. 
N
E C H
    )  / A  0
    (  ) 
 
.  
  
   
 
 3  A    
6

LY T
 

'  - 0    )  
        
 (  )  
              

P O
     (  )   .         0
 

LE
 
. 

ÉC O 
 
     !!
 !

U E


N
!    "       IQ
E C
 *$  )    H
L Y T
O
/
 
    ?   
 ,   
 .# ?  
6  

P
 $ 
    
 
   ,  /
   ,
   

LE

     0 (0, 1)

ÉC O ⎧
⎨ ∂u ∂2u
− ν 2 = 0 
 (x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × R+
∗ ; <
∂t
⎩ u(0, ∂x
x) = u0 (x) 
 x ∈ (0, 1).

*
       (0, 1)×R+ A  

  ,  ∆x = 1/(N +1) >
0 ;. N
     8< 
    ∆t > 0A   )   
 ,

   
 

(tn , xj ) = (n∆t, j∆x) 


 n ≥ 0, j ∈ {0, 1, ..., N + 1}.
U E
N IQ
@  unj  .
 ,
 
      
  (tn , xj )A  u(t, x) 

EC H

     ; <          

Y T
POL
u0j = u0 (xj ) 
 j ∈ {0, 1, ..., N + 1}.

E
    
     ; < 
. H  
 
 #A   
  

L
, .     )       A 

       

O
ÉC
    1  

u(t, 0) = u(t, 1) = 0 
 
 t ∈ R+


 
 
un0 = unN +1 = 0 
 
 n > 0.
* 
A ? 
    
 . ? 
  .
 (unj )1≤j≤N

8
 . 
  RN  /
    
 
    0

 ,
    
 ; < 5
     )   N 
 
; 
   xj A 1 ≤ j ≤ N < 
  
  / .
 unj  3

'   
 . I? 
:+4%9. )>3-'+'1)

U E
un+1 − unj −unj−1 + 2unj − unj+1
IQ
HN
j
+ν =0 ;  <

C
∆t (∆x)2

T E

 n ≥ 0  j ∈ {1, ..., N }A   

:+4%9. '93-'+'1)
Y
un+1 − unj
PO
−un+1L n+1
j−1 + 2uj − un+1

LE
j j+1
+ν = 0. ; <
∆t (∆x)2

ÉC O
 !!
 ! 
#    


U E
N IQ
  8   . ) 
      ; <  (  . 0  ) A ,6
?6  
, 
 
  .
 un+1
j

EC H  8    unj J  (A  8


 .

T
          N

Y
POL
⎛ ⎞
1 + 2c −c 0
⎜ −c 1 + 2c −c ⎟

LE
⎜ ⎟
⎜    ⎟ ν∆t
⎜ ⎟ . c = ; <
O ⎜    ⎟ (∆x)2
,

ÉC
⎝ −c 1 + 2c −c ⎠
0 −c 1 + 2c

      . )    )   8A  . 0 9 8 

0   .  ;  <  ; <A 
 0 ≤ θ ≤ 1A  0   θ:+4%9.

un+1
j − unj −un+1 n+1
j−1 + 2uj − un+1
j+1 −unj−1 + 2unj − unj+1
+ θν + (1 − θ)ν = 0. ; "<
∆t (∆x)2 (∆x)2

U E
E  GA  
.      ;  <  θ = 0A       ; <

IQ
 θ = 1  θ6  ; "<     
 θ = 0 *
  .
 θ = 1/2A
N
 A   
EC H
 0   :+4%9. &) 0.*D'+4,-:,*  
    A  ?  

Y T
POL
j+1 − uj+1
un+1 5(un+1 − unj ) un+1
j−1 − uj−1
n n
j
+ +
12∆t 6∆t 12∆t

E
; $<

L −un+1 − un+1 −unj−1 + 2unj − unj+1


n+1
j−1 + 2uj

O
j+1
+ν + ν = 0.

ÉC
2(∆x)2 2(∆x)2

>)0+'+) CC "    % 


2  $  $
    θ% 


θ = 1/2 − (∆x)2 /12ν∆t
5
    
     E &)5> *'2).5>    8 . 

 
     @ 
 0  G 
    
  .
 J
 
 
   ?    .
 9 

  ; 0<  +  
.

'  A    :+4%9. &) 5,010.*D)-

un+1
j − un−1
j −unj−1 + un+1
j + un−1
j − unj+1
+ν = 0, ; &<

E
2∆t (∆x)2
 :+4%9. &) #).0
IQ U
3un+1 − 4unj + un−1 −un+1 n+1
− un+1
H N
C
j j j−1 + 2uj j+1
; -<
E
+ν = 0.

T
2∆t (∆x)2

LY
/
 . ?  8   0

     V 9    6 
 , 
O
P

 . V   0
  ,# 
 
 . H       

LE
  
   
.       A  GA 
 0


ÉC O
 
     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC ,  # 
   0 f (t, x)  ,
    


EC H
; <A       )  O F 
  0 


T
      f (t, x) 
  (tn , xj ) * A     

Y
POL
,   f (tn , xj )A      ;  < . 

un+1 − unj −unj−1 + 2unj − unj+1

LE
j
+ν = f (tn , xj ).

O
∆t (∆x)2

ÉC

)9.0;5) CC    6 


 
   
 
 
   A
,6?6  
,  8 . 
 0 ) A 
 
   A  .
 unj 
     
 (n , j  ) 
.   ,
    
 
(n, j)   :1)*+'-
  ;    
, 
 #  
 
:533,01< 9 A 
      A 
     G
  : 
?   ;   ? 
  L(  0 MA ,6?6    R  
 
 (n , j  ) 
   
<
U E •

N IQ
)9.0;5) CC @ 
       
     1   

EC H
; <      
     /
A 
0      
   

T
    ; 
< 'O     
   ( 

Y
        /


POL
∂u ∂u
(t, 0) = 0 
E
(t, 1) = 0.

L
∂x ∂x

ÉC O
5
 ,0 A  
   
un1 − un0 un − unN
= 0  N +1 =0
∆x ∆x

 ,    .
 un0  unN +1    
 
  N .

(unj )1≤j≤N  '           /
 , 

 
     

   A    
      

0  ', 

  
 
     ;

   <
un1 − un−1 un − unN
= 0  N +2 =0
2∆x 2∆x

E

 
  A      ,I
  L  )  8M x−1  xN +2  @   
U
IQ
 .
 un−1  unN +2 A   ?    )  8A      N +2

N
.
 ? 
A ? .  (unj )0≤j≤N +1 

E C H
1,
 A     
        ,  .

LY T
u(t, x + 1) = u(t, x) 
 
 x ∈ [0, 1], t ≥ 0.

P O
9          un0 = unN +1 
 
 n ≥ 0A  
 

LE
unj = unN +1+j  •

ÉC O
 !!
 ! 
#    
"

U E
 '

  

N IQ
EC H
E  GA  8
    6 
       
 J 

Y T

 ,
     ,
   .  5#  


POL
,.  
 
'   *
 8       ,
  

 .     (  ) A  
     +,*:':1.*+) 

LE
 30%+':',* E  
 
 ,  
    
 ,
    


ÉC O
; <A 
  
 )        .0 
 ,  


  
  .   
 
  F (u) = 0 +
 
 F (u) 

   

 8    u     .    
   (t, x)
1   
   
 (  )   ) A 
 
   
 0 n, j A   8

 
F∆t,∆x {uj+k
n+m
}m− ≤m≤m+ , k− ≤k≤k+ = 0 ; <

R    m− , m+ , k − , k + )    



 
  ;.  
+
   <
U E
%@*'1',* CC Q-  
' ' )  " "  "$N I  6$"
  #  & 5$  *$ , " " $"$"
"$  & - )"
0 +  ""  "$'
F (u) = 0
-!)00)50 &) 10,*+.150)
E C H
 #'
u(t, x)
*$ )

Y T
L  '   " "$ $" - 7
F∆t,∆x {u(t + m∆t, x + k∆x)}m− ≤m≤m+ ,

, ; <
O
k− ≤k≤k+

"$ - 7' $$"


$ )$ $", E P ) ))" (t, x) ∆t ∆x

$ "L
8 ) ' O    # " )     $ )  "    $ ")
É C  "$ "  , "$ - 7 
p  q
   O (∆x) + (∆t)
p
  q
∆t
" "$ $" - 7,
∆x

)9.0;5) CC  8
       8
 ; < ?
   0
[

 ?  )  
  9 (A  
 
I
 
   ,  

8
 
 
  
: .  ∆t  ∆x    ?  
 ,

  
   . F '      ,  
   V *

.    . A  
 
I
 
  8
 F∆t,∆x ({uj+k n+m
}) = 0
         
A 

 8   
  u(t, x) 
, 

   ,
    
A      ,
   
 ,  


U E
'   
 ,
   
 ,
    O uj+k
n+m

N IQ

     
.
E C H
 8
 ; <  u(t + m∆t, x + k∆x) '      1)    A

LY T

)99) CC   # &) " , " $"$"' )      $ ")
O
"  $ ) , 8 ) '  $ #"  0  $"$"  ))" ν∆t/(∆x)2 = 1/6'
P
LE
   # " )      $ ") " 9 $ ) ,

ÉC O
$ 
     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC 1  
    , 
  $    6

EC H
  )  )          )    ∆t  ∆x

T

,    . F '      ,.
  

Y
POL
     ,
   
 9  
A  0. ( 6
 .                0   

LE
 ∆t  ∆x •

ÉC O
%9,*:10.1',*C   v(t, x)
 8     C 6  * .  5#



  (t, x)A  
 ,
   

  ;  <

v(t + ∆t, x) − v(t, x) −v(t, x − ∆x) + 2v(t, x) − v(t, x + ∆x)



∆t (∆x)2
  ∆t ν(∆x)2  
= vt − νvxx + vtt − vxxxx + O (∆t)2 + (∆x)4 ,
2 12

U E
R vt , vx     .    v  v 
 
   ,
   

IQ

 ; <A  0            
     ? ,  

N
       
  
 
 ν∆t/(∆x)2 = 1/6A   
H
EC
 ∆t   (∆x)2    )  vtt = νvtxx = ν 2 vxxxx  

Y T
POL
 9
   
 0  
 
9  ;  < O ∆t + (∆x)2 0 L2  L∞ 

O L E      '2 2ν∆t ≤ (∆x)2

ÉC
  ; < O ∆t + (∆x)2 0 L2  L∞
 
'%6/  ; "< O (∆t)2 + (∆x)2 0 L2
;. θ = 1/2<  
θ6  ; "< O ∆t + (∆x)2 0 L2    
;. θ = 1/2<   '2 2(1 − 2θ)ν∆t ≤ (∆x)2
 ? $   ; $< O (∆t)2 + (∆x)4 0 L2
 
1
262% ; &< O ( ∆x
∆t 2
) + (∆x)2 0 L2
 
4 ; -< O (∆t)2 + (∆x)2 0 L2

  W 9
   
  0    .   
 ,
   
U E


N IQ
E C H
LY T
>)0+'+) CC - %
  % 
  
)  22(    $

P O
 
    :
 
  <

 2  

  

LE
% 
  
  
   67 7
=

ÉC O
 !!
 ! 
#    
&

U E
 &   
  +  
N IQ
EC H
1  '   
 . .
  0       (  ) 

Y T
  
 )     5
 

 . 
  
 
A 
6

POL
 
A , 0     8       0   
 

 
      
 )    
   0 6

LE
  *
  
 . 0   ) 
  
  
  
 


ÉC O
un = (unj )1≤j≤N  /
     
 
 RN 
   
     ,  ∆x J
⎛ ⎞1/p
N
un p = ⎝ ∆x|unj |p ⎠ 
 1 ≤ p ≤ +∞, ; <
j=1

R      p = +∞   H      un ∞ = max1≤j≤N |unj |


+
 
     )    ∆x ? .      

E

 ? . ,  N  ∆x = 1/(N +1) 4Q  ?      ∆xA  
U
IQ
un p   
 ?   Lp (0, 1) 
  8      


N

  
6 . [xj , xj+1 [  [0, 1] 
.A  ,  L Lp M

H
"C
9  
 
   

     
 .
 p = 2, +∞

%@*'1',* CC :$  #  & 5$ T


Y E
*$ " )   $ '
:1./-)

O L
*$ ) ,'  &" $ $"$" K>0 $ )$ $"  "  
∆t ∆x

P
 -  "$ $" - 7 "
E
O L un ≤ K u0 )  " " n ≥ 0, ;  <

É
 C"  $$ $" ,
 u0
 , $   )   ) " "$"  "$ $0"' $
∆t ∆x
"    # " +,*&'1',**)--)9)*1 :1./-),
)9.0;5) CC *

 
    
.  RN A   

   
    
  0     ?
   
  0 6
    ? 
   7

  ,        
  
 0   ?
       ?
 

;.  
   ,
   6\ ( .  9    <
9 (A    
   1)    -  
  I  
 8
  ? ∆x  H 
   )   ; <    ∆x •
U E
%@*'1',* CC  :$  #  & 5$  *$ " " -'*%.'0)    
N IQ
n+m
F∆t,∆x ({uj+k

E C H
}) = 0   *$" " $ ) ))"   0 $" uj+k
n+m
,

LY T
 0   ,
      ? 
  .
   8  ?  9
(A     
      ? 
  .
 
 ,   
  8
 
P O
LE
un+1 = Aun , ; <

ÉC O
- 
     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
R A 
 
    ;
  A  ,  <  RN  RN  *

EC H
A 
      ;  <    A .


1 − 2c
Y T ⎞

POL
c 0
⎜ c 1 − 2c c ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜    ⎟ ν∆t

LE
⎜    ⎟ . c = , ; <
⎜ ⎟ (∆x)2

O
⎝ c 1 − 2c c ⎠

ÉC
0 c 1 − 2c

  
 
      ; <    A  , .    
; < 3 ,      ,  A   un = An u0 ; A   
An    
  n6  A<A   
  0  
  

. ?
An u0 ≤ K u0 ∀ n ≥ 0, ∀ u0 ∈ RN .

E

     
0  ;.   1)   <

M u
IQ U
N
M = sup ,
u∈RN ,u=0 u

EC H
T
 0  
   
. ?

Y
POL
An ≤ K ∀ n ≥ 0, ; "<

L E

.
  
  
  
   A  0

O
ÉC
1./'-'1% )* *,09) L∞C
 0     L∞     .    
 
   


 . I? .

'   +  )       

%@*'1',* CC :$  #  & 5$  *$ -*  30'*+'3) &5 9.>'
959 &':+0)1  )  " " n ≥ 0 " " " 1 ≤ j ≤ N $ 
   
min 0, min u0j ≤ unj ≤ max 0, max u0j
0≤j≤N +1 0≤j≤N +1

  "  $$ $" u0 ,


U E
IQ
)9.0;5) CC  1  1)             
6

  
 
 
  u0   
  F 
  .
 

H N
C

0      
     1   '       

 
      
Y E
   u0  . )      
     1   ;  
,   <A
T •

P O L
' 
 ,. .

'   ;.  ;<  ,9  <A  . ) 6

LE
 
  
 
        
.

ÉC O
 !!
 ! 
#    


U E

)99) CC 
N Q ,3
I) "
  # &) " , " "/ $ $  "  $" 
L∞

" H
 $ "$ ;< " "",   # " "/ $
  "  )  ") C
2ν∆t ≤ (∆x) 2

$ L∞
"$$$" "/,
Y T E )  $ "  " $ $ 
∆t ∆x

P OL
>)0+'+) CC "    % 
 0
=>% 2! 
 θ = 1/2 

O LE

   L∞  ν∆t ≤ (∆x)2 (    % 
 67 7
= 2&  


ÉC
  L∞  2ν∆t ≤ (∆x)2

1./'-'1% )* *,09) L2 C
1 0
    . )     
 
     
   L0M   *
 
6?A  8
 . )  0   
 

 
   L∞    L2  H  0  ? ,
   0   Q 
? ,
   
  ,#  2
  
 
    *

 8 A 
 
   
     
    
 ,
   

E

   +,*&'1',*: .5> -'9'1): &) 3%0',&'+'1%A 
,  . u(t, x+ 1) =

U
IQ
u(t, x) 
 
 x ∈ [0, 1]  
 t ≥ 0 *
    
 
A  


N

    un0 = unN +1 
 
 n ≥ 0A  
  unj = unN +1+j   
 ? 
 N + 1 .
 unj 

EC H
3 
 . 
 un = (unj )0≤j≤N   
 8   un (x)A  

Y T
 
A   
     A )  
 [0, 1] 

POL
un (x) = unj  xj−1/2 < x < xj+1/2

L E
. xj+1/2 = (j + 1/2)∆x 
 0 ≤ j ≤ N A x−1/2 = 0A  xN +1+1/2 = 1 3 
O
ÉC
) A  8   un (x)   ? L2 (0, 1) @A , ,#  2
 A 

8    L2 (0, 1) 
    
   2
  ;.   
"  T$U< *
    

un (x) = ûn (k) exp(2iπkx), ; $<
k∈Z

1
. ûn (k) = 0
un (x) exp(−2iπkx) dx   8
  * 
 1 
|un (x)|2 dx = |ûn (k)|2 . ; &<
0 k∈Z

U E
+
 
 H  un 
 8   A  :  ûn (k)    

IQ
 2
        
  
   8

N
 2
   8     
   
. J    v n (x) = un (x + ∆x)A
H
 v̂ n (k) = ûn (k) exp(2iπk∆x)

T E C
9 
      
 ,
    ;  < 3.

LY
  A  
      A 
 0 ≤ x ≤ 1A

O
un+1 (x) − un (x)
P
−un (x − ∆x) + 2un (x) − un (x + ∆x)

LE
+ν = 0.
∆t (∆x)2

ÉC O
 
     !!
 !

U E
N
*      8  2
 A  .  IQ

ν∆t
EC H 
(k) = 1 −
T (− exp(−2iπk∆x) + 2 − exp(2iπk∆x)) ûn (k).
n+1

Y
(∆x)2

POL
3
 

OLE
4ν∆t
ûn+1 (k) = A(k)ûn (k) = A(k)n+1 û0 (k) . A(k) = 1 − (sin(πk∆x))2 .

ÉC
(∆x)2
*
 k ∈ ZA  :   2
  ûn (k)  0 
 n  . , )  

   8 
 , )   . ) |A(k)| ≤ 1A ,6?6 
2ν∆t(sin(πk∆x))2 ≤ (∆x)2 . ; -<
    '2 ;<A  2ν∆t ≤ (∆x)2 A   8 A  ,    ; -<
 .  

       2
  k ∈ ZA    8
  *   

E



u 2 =
n 2
 1
|u (x)| dx =
n 2

|û (k)| ≤
n 2

|û (k)| =
0 2
 1

IQ U
|u0 (x)|2 dx = u0 22 ,
0

H N 0

EC
k∈Z k∈Z

T
 
,   ,
 
  0   L2
        '2

Y
,   8 A     0 9 (A  
:     ∆x ;.
6

POL
 
:  <  k0 ;
:  < 
     #

E

 
   2
   
 û0 (k0 ) = 0 . πk0 ∆x ≈ π/2 ;
 π <

L
    
 |A(k0 )| > 1 @      
.
O  # &) " , " "/ $ $
É C;<

)99) CC 
 $ "$ 2ν∆t ≤ (∆x) 2
" "",
L2  "  $" 

1  H 8O  .   0  


   


)99) CC    # ) " ,3 " "/ $ $ L2 ,
)9.0;5) CC  *
      ;  <    ; <     
0   L2   H 
   0   L∞  ' ,  
I
   

,
   •
%9,*:10.1',*C    
 ? 

   
     
U E
IQ

A 
 0 ≤ x ≤ 1A ?
un+1 (x) − un (x)
H
−un+1 (x − ∆x) + 2un+1 (x) − un+1 (x + ∆x)
N
C
+ν = 0,

E
∆t (∆x)2

Y
       8  2
 
L T

ν∆t
P O 

LE
ûn+1 (k) 1 + (− exp(−2iπk∆x) + 2 − exp(2iπk∆x)) = ûn (k).
(∆x)2

ÉC O
 !!
 ! 
#    


U E
3
 
N IQ
EC H 
4ν∆t
−1

T û (k) . A(k) =


n+1 n n+1 0 2
û (k) = A(k)û (k) = A(k) 1+ (sin(πk∆x)) .

Y (∆x)2

POL
' |A(k)| ≤ 1 
 
    2
  k A  8
  *   

LE
 
 ?  0   L2
  

ÉC O
)9.0;5) CC  ,#  2
   
        
   
    @ 
 
 ,( 
  ,
  
  .     



 R 
 
 [0, 1] ;   (  ?
    2
  
X 
,?

   2
 < / A  ,          
 


 
 R 

   

 0 )  .
 unj ? 
  
 n  
,
  
  
 
  
 0 )  .

 0   L2 
 
          
    
1    8
       ,#  2
  * A  

U E
   8  2
           

 0 

IQ
. 
      ,   ; < 
  
. 
 un

. 
 un+1 
H N •

Y T EC
)9.0;5) CC  $::)*1')--) &!5* 3,'*1 &) 25) 30.1';5)6 5
 

8  L M     ,#  2
  
 
.  0   L2

POL
,
   @ I     
    2
 

O L E unj = A(k)n exp(2iπkxj ) . xj = j∆x,

ÉC
   
  .

8 
 , )   A(k) + 
A 
 , 6
A 
 
     
   A ,6?6  
 A(k) 
 0
  C @  +,*&'1',* &) :1./'-'1% &) ,* )59.** ,   

|A(k)| ≤ 1 
 
   k ∈ Z. ; <

     0    > /
   8  ;. .
 
   
 ∆t  ∆x<A      0 
   L2 A    
0
9 A
   0 ;  <  .  ;.   
6  
 < 9  
A
   0   L 
  0M 9 (A H
   ,
           ?  
,

 

U E
   2
  0       A  . 0 
 ,

N IQ
.     
 ;0  
   <   
  
 

E C H
  0          0 P 
,

 

     L M   .  LM  


Y
     
  
 


L T •

P O
>)0+'+) CC "    θ% 
2!  
   L2  

LE
  1/2 ≤ θ ≤ 1(   
  07 2(1 − 2θ)ν∆t ≤ (∆x)2  0 ≤ θ < 1/2

ÉC O
 
     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC "    % 
+   2     

  L2 
EC H
T
    ! 5  



 
      ' 
Y
POL
 % "
  .  )  
   .     (  
 ' 
      

   T > 0  
   K(T ) > 0
LE
  ∆t  ∆x  "


ÉC O un  ≤ K(T )u0  



 0 ≤ n ≤ T /∆t,

"
 "
       u0  5 
%     &   
    = 
%            
  
   "
 
∂2u
∂u
∂t
− ν 2 = cu
∂x

(t, x) ∈ R+ × R,
"
   (    
 v(t, x) = e−ctu(t, x)    & "
    (

  
c > 0 
     
  u  =      ! %
E

      '      '  >  4
 %  
U
|A(k)| ≤ 1 + C∆t 

  k ∈ Z.
N IQ
EC H
 
    
  *  
   &  .  )   ' •

Y T
POL
 '
$ 
  

E
/
 .   
  
  
   .     

L
 (  )   
      
6     5 
O
ÉC
 
: 
A 

     A +,*:':1.*+) )1 :1./'-'1% '93-';5)
+,*2)0()*+)     
   8   0

    
(  )  *
 
   
 
 ; (  ) A  ) A
 <  .      I

 
 
 J 0     6
  ;
 )     .  ,
   ? ,
< 1,
    .

 
A  5     
 J  ,
  
    
;   
 
   <  
 , ,0.  ,   
6
 
 ; ,6?6  
,   0<A   
  
 
     

    ;   . <

4%,0?9) CC $
.>6 " u(t, x)   "$  6$" 0 +   "$
  #  , -  $ "$  & " ))), " unj   "$
$    +" /"$  ) $  #  5$  *$ -  $$ $" U E
u0j = u0 (xj ), $  ))    # " $'   & $- &' $"$"' "
N IQ
"/ )  $ $ ,    # " $-0$"  $ .
E C H
T
 
∀ T > 0, lim

O
∆t,∆x→0
L Y sup en
tn ≤T
= 0, ;  <

 - "  1 2 *$ )P


- en
O L E  )$" enj = unj − u(tn , xj ),

ÉC
 !!
 ! 
#    


U E
8 ) '    # " )     $ )  "IQ
 &" $ $"$" H N
p   $ ")' q
)  " " ") " 
T >0

T E C 
CT > 0


O L Y sup en ≤ CT (∆x)p + (∆t)q .


tn ≤T
;  <

P
LE
)9.0;5) CC /
 ,.     ,    ,
   

ÉC O 
   ,
    
 ; < ;.     
     1  

  
< *
 ,  
 8   ,#  ,    ,
 
,
  
  ;  
   
 <A   
 . 
'  - 

 
  .     •
%9,*:10.1',*C *
   )A  
 
     
     
1    H    
 .0 
     
   
    
    
     /
 ; 
   
   .  H       
   <       ?

  .
 
 ,   
  8   ; <A 
U E
u n+1
= Au , n

N IQ
EC H
R A     ,   ;     N <   u  
  ;


Y T

: 
 <  ,
    
 ; < @  ũn = (ũnj )1≤j≤N

POL
. ũnj = u(tn , xj ) '      A   
 . 
 n  


O L E ũn+1 = Aũn + ∆tn . lim


∆t,∆x→0
n = 0, ;  <

ÉC
  .    n 
 8 
 
   0 ≤ tn ≤ T     
  ? ,  p     ? ,  q  A  n ≤ C((∆x)p + (∆t)q )
9  enj = unj − u(tn , xj )  0   
    ;  < ? ; <

en+1 = Aen − ∆tn

,R  
 

n
en = An e0 − ∆t An−k k−1 . ;  <
k=1

E
@A  0  
  .
  
 un = An u0 ≤ K u0 
 
 
  A ,6?6  
 An ≤ K R   K     n 1,

A e0 = 0A  ;  < 
IQ U
H N
C

n  
en ≤ ∆t
E
An−k k−1 ≤ ∆tnKC (∆x)p + (∆t)q ,

Y T
L
k=1

P O
 
 ,    ;  < .   CT = T KC     

LE
;  <      

ÉC O
 
     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC  5        8  .0 
 
 
 

EC H

  .        
  
 
 R
     

T
  ? 
  .
 
.      0 +
 
 

Y
POL
.   .    ;  <       
  9)A 
 0   
     ;  < , .0 
 

 . 0

LE
  [0, T ]   
,    
0        
N •
O
É C   
$ )
N

, 
 .    #    ? 
  .
A ,6?6
    
   .
  un+1 ?   un 
 @ 

8  .      
  .
A   
  
 . I?

    ?    .
 R un+1   un  un−1 ;  
   +  A  1
262%A 
 4< 9   

 
  
   ?    .
<
U E

       
   
  .
 ;
 
   

N IQ
 1)    -   0   ,
         0

EC H
  .
 5
8 A ,     0        ,  

 

  
 

      ?    .
 9 (A un+1

Y T
     un  un−1 A    
        ; < *

POL
A     
un

E
Un = , ;  <

L
un−1

ÉC O
    
   ,  N A A1  A2 A  


A1 A2

U n+1
= AU =n
U n, ;  "<
Id 0

R    ,   A      2N  '   A U n = An U 1


  0    
. ?

An U 1
An = sup ≤K ∀ n ≥ 1.
U 1 ∈R2N ,U 1 =0 U
1

1  H      ,#  2


  , 
   ?  

U
 .
 Q  ?    .   ;  < 9
 ,A 
 
E

 
  
'  

N IQ

)99) CC
E C H
  # $" , " $"/ $ $ L2 ,

Y T
%9,*:10.1',*C 3.   

    ; -< ,  A 
 x ∈ [0, 1]A
L
un+1 (x) − un−1 (x)
P O
−un (x − ∆x) + 2un (x) − un (x + ∆x)

LE
+ν = 0,
2∆t (∆x)2

ÉC O
 !!
 ! 
#    
"

U E
       8  2
 
N IQ
8ν∆t
EC H
T
û n+1
(k) + (sin(πk∆x))2 ûn (k) − ûn−1 (k) = 0.

Y
(∆x)2

POL
3
 A

OLE
 n+1   
û (k) − (∆x)
8ν∆t
2 (sin(πk∆x))
2
1
Û n+1 (k) = = Û n (k) = A(k)Û n (k),

ÉC
n
û (k) 1 0

 Û n+1 (k) = A(k)n Û 1 (k)  A A(k) 


   ,   
 
 
  ? 
  .
 , 
    *
 k ∈ ZA  . 
 Û n (k)A   
:   2
  ûn (k)A  0 
 n  . , )   
  
  , )   . )
A(k)n U 2
A(k)n 2 = sup ≤K ∀ n ≥ 1, ;  $<
U 2

E
U∈R2 ,U=0

IQ U
R U 2    
   R2  * 
A  ,    ;  $< 

 
H N
.  

       2
  k ∈ ZA   8
  *    


EC

un 22 = |ûn (k)|2 ≤ K |û0 (k)|2 + |û1 (k)|2 = u0 22 + u1 22 ,
k∈Z

Y T k∈Z

POL
,6?6   0   L2
  3 , .A ,    k0  
 A(k0 )n ,

E
 0 
 n  . , ) A      .0  

L
   .
 
   û0 (k0 ) ;  
 û1 (k0 )<A  0  , 0   L2

O
ÉC
 
'    , )   A(k)  # 
 A     
A(k) 2 = ρ(A(k))  A(k)n 2 = A(k) n2 A R ρ(M )    #    
  M ;.    $< 1 A ,    ;  $<   8    

 ρ(A(k)) ≤ 1  .
   A(k)    
#X

 
 
8ν∆t
λ2 + (sin(πk∆x))2 λ − 1 = 0
(∆x)2

  
I
 
         
 .
 −1 * 6

A ,
  
    
   
  ; <  .
 0
A 
 ρ(A(k)) > 1 * 
A          0
  L2  
U E
)9.0;5) CC     ,#  2
  
 
 . ,
  
N IQ
C H
   
    
 

  
    

E
T
  
  .
 
    ? 
  .
 ;.   +
  -<

 n+1 
O
 1  Y

, I     
    2
 A  0 
L
uj
P
uj

LE
n
= A(k) exp(2iπkxj )
unj u0j

ÉC O
$ 
     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
R A(k)   
 9.10'+) , )   ;  

 8 
   <

EC H
@  +,*&'1',* &) :1./'-'1% &) ,* )59.**    

LY T
ρ(A(k)) ≤ 1 
 
   k ∈ Z, ;  &<

P O
R ρ(A(k))   #       A(k) ' 

   
6

 B  

O LE B ≥ ρ(B)  B n ≥ ρ(B)n ,

ÉC
    
      0    > /
 
 +,*&'1',* *%
+)::.'0)  0   L2
  ;   .  < 
    A(k)
 A  . ) A(k) 2 = ρ(A(k))  A(k)n 2 = A(k) n2 ;.   
$<A       > /
 ;  &<      
: ;

. 
 L  M     
     0  
 8.0< ' A  A(k) ,  A        
0    > /
 , 3.: :5J:.*1)   8
 8 
 # 0



    A(k) ;        
< •

U E
)9.0;5) CC  5          :
 
  6

N IQ
 
  .
        L2          6

EC H
 J 
   ,#  2
      .   ;  < •

T
)9.0;5) CC 5
  
 
 .   
  0     .  
Y
POL
   
  .
      
   
  #6
 ,
  1    A   
 (  ?
   
 .   

  <
O E
    
  ;  "<  ?
   , )   ;
 
,
 8 

L •

ÉC
>)0+'+) CC "    % 
 ?
 2.    
 
 *   L2 
>)0+'+) CC "    % 
 67 7
= 2&   

   L2  "  (  
  ∆t  ∆x  ;   
  
 
 ∆t/(∆x)2    (
  % 
 67 7
=  *  
 $  @  A * 

     


E
    (  )  ,  :
 
 0  
6

IQ U
 
   ,  '    ,
    
  

  ,  ;     

   ,  ,  
 6

H N
 
A
    <      
  Ω = (0, 1) × (0, L) .
    
     1  

T E C
Y
⎪ ∂u
⎪ ∂2u ∂2u

L
⎨ − ν 2 − ν 2 = 0 
 (x, y, t) ∈ Ω × R+ ∗

O
∂t ∂x ∂y ;  -<


P
u(t = 0, x, y) = u0 (x, y) 
 (x, y) ∈ Ω

LE

u(t, x, y) = 0 
 t ∈ R∗ , (x, y) ∈ ∂Ω.
+

ÉC O
 !!
 ! 
#    
&

U E
N IQ
*
       ΩA  
 
  ,  ∆x = 1/(Nx + 1) > 0

EC H
 ∆y = L/(Ny + 1) > 0 ;. Nx  Ny 
     8< 3.    

T
∆t > 0A  )     
 ,
    
  ;.   2
 <

Y
POL
(tn , xj , yk ) = (n∆t, j∆x, k∆y) 
 n ≥ 0, 0 ≤ j ≤ Nx + 1, 0 ≤ k ≤ Ny + 1.

LE
@  unj,k  .
 ,
 
      
  (tn , xj , yk )A 
u(t, x, y)  
     ;  -<

ÉC O y

(x j, y k)
k ∆y

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
x
j∆ x

O L E 
ÉC
 W 7   ,
     (  ) 

    
     1    
A 
 n > 0A 
un0,k = unNx +1,k = 0, ∀ k,  unj,0 = unj,Ny +1 = 0, ∀ j.
         
u0j,k = u0 (xj , yk ) ∀ j, k.
    
 0  
:+4%9. )>3-'+'1)  . 

j,k − uj,k
un+1 −unj−1,k + 2unj,k − unj+1,k −unj,k−1 + 2unj,k − unj,k+1
n
+ν + ν = 0 ;  <

E
∆t (∆x)2 (∆y)2

 n ≥ 0A j ∈ {1, ..., Nx}  k ∈ {1, ..., Ny }  
 (  0 .  
IQ U

       
 8  
 .      '2

H N
E C
>)0+'+) CC "    % 
  22/  
   L∞ 
T
O LY
B $      
  
  07

P
ν∆t ν∆t 1
+ ≤ .

LE
(∆x)2 (∆y)2 2

ÉC O
- 
     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
/
 
      ;  < ;

 
 I

  

EC H
.  <   2
  
  .  6 (
  ,
 L0M ;

T
:   (
  .
 0.01   .  (1., 0.)<

Y
POL
O LE
ÉC
  


U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC  


  W    


 ,
   .  6 (
   
 6
U E
IQ
  J     ;
<  
  ;0<

1 HA    :+4%9. '93-'+'1)


H N
un+1
j,k − unj,k −un+1
j−1,k + 2uj,k − uj+1,k
n+1 n+1
−un+1
T E C
j,k−1 + 2uj,k − uj,k+1
n+1 n+1
= 0. ; <
Y
+ν +ν

L
∆t (∆x)2 (∆y)2

P O
+
 
        A 
 
 un+1  8    un A

LE
 
  ,
 #     0 
  
 
,
  

ÉC O
 !!
 ! 
#    


U E
N IQ
,  ;  
            < + 
, 6

EC H
 
A  
: , .
      /
  .  
,  

T

    
 

     ,  
   unj,k    

Y
POL

   j  k A     
 
  
 
   
  % un 
 
8 ,
 . 
  , 
    ;   :  <    

LE

 
 . 
   
 unj,k  ,  

ÉC O un = (un1,1 , ..., un1,Ny , un2,1 , ..., un2,Ny , ..., unNx ,1 , ..., unNx ,Ny ).

+
 
,      
 L   MA   
, 
 

 0  
 8  L    M  L 
M ,0 ,   j 
X 
 k
;Nx   0    Ny 
  < 3.  . A   
  ; < 
 , .      # 
    L 0 M
⎛ ⎞
D1 E1 0
⎜ E1 D2 ⎟
E
⎜ E2 ⎟

U
⎜       ⎟

IQ
M =⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟

N
⎝ ENx −2 DNx −1 ENx −1 ⎠
0 ENx −1 DN x

EC H
Y T
R  0   
 Dj         Ny

POL
⎛ ⎞
1 + 2(cy + cx ) −cy 0



O L E−c y 1 + 2(c

y + c x ) −c

y



ÉC
Dj = ⎜    ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ −cy 1 + 2(cy + cx ) −cy ⎠
0 −cy 1 + 2(cy + cx )

. cx = (∆x)
ν∆t
2  cy = (∆y)2 A   0  6  
 Ej = (Ej )
ν∆t t
 
      Ny
⎛ ⎞
−cx 0 0
⎜ 0 −cx 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜       ⎟
Ej = ⎜ ⎟.
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠
E
0 −cx
0 0 −cx

IQ U
H
3
    M      # 
 '     
N
T E C
   
]A  
P
 
   0
G  

  ,
 #      ? M ;.  , 
 ,# 
 


LY
     +
    <   
     

O
P
      

O LE
ÉC
" 
     !!
 !

U E
N
>)0+'+) CC "    % 
 -

C
%  IQ
n+1/2
− unj,k
n+1/2 n+1/2
−uj−1,k + 2uj,k
EC H
n+1/2
− uj+1,k −unj,k−1 + 2unj,k − unj,k+1
T
uj,k

Y
+ν +ν =0

L
∆t 2(∆x)2 2(∆y)2

P O
LE
n+1/2 n+1/2 n+1/2 n+1/2
j,k − uj,k
un+1 −uj−1,k + 2uj,k − uj+1,k −un+1
j,k−1 + 2uj,k − uj,k+1
n+1 n+1
+ν +ν = 0.

ÉC O ∆t 2(∆x)2 2(∆y)2

   $ 2  


      
   L2 
  
      
 %
  
3 
   G  
 .A    
.      

    ? 
 
   ,    
  A 06

 
   
  &'0)+1',*: .-1)0*%): ;  
    ,
A

:3-'11'*(    < ,    
A 
 
 ,
  0  
;  -<A  .  
 
 
  

U E
∂u ∂2u
− 2ν 2 = 0 
∂u ∂2u

N
− 2ν 2 = 0
IQ
H
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂y

T EC
  L#M   ;  -< * A 
    
   


Y
   '%6/  

     ∆/2A  0 
 :+4%9.

POL
&) &'0)+1',*: .-1)0*%):
uj,k
n+1/2
− unj,k

O L E+ν
n+1/2 n+1/2
−uj−1,k + 2uj,k
n+1/2
− uj+1,k

−unj−1,k + 2unj,k − unj+1,k
=0

ÉC
∆t 2(∆x)2 2(∆x)2
n+1/2 n+1/2 n+1/2 n+1/2
j,k − uj,k
un+1 −un+1
j,k−1 + 2uj,k − uj,k+1 −uj,k−1 + 2uj,k − uj,k+1
n+1 n+1
+ν +ν =0
∆t 2(∆y)2 2(∆y)2
; <
,.    #     
,  
:A ? 
    A , .

       #
   ; , 
 
 
< 9
   A  
:  8     6      
 
    '     
 0     . ,
 
0   ;  -<

>)0+'+) CC  "    % 


  
   2    $
U E
IQ
2  
      
   L2    

      
 %
  
H N
E C
' 
      

     
 ?    6

T
   (  )   .          
 0   6

LY

 
     
. 8 
 9   
   0
O
P
 8
 
A 
  0
 0 A 
8 8 ,
 6

LE
      )  ;.   '  $  -<     

ÉC O
 
   "

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC
zone où l’on veut de la précision

  W +:      (  )  J  F 


   R
, .
 
    
U E
N IQ
EC H
         
,  8   
 
     
 A

T
 0)+1.*(5-.'0):  ,  
I
 8   .
   
 
 

Y
POL
,       
  V *  
A  ,   0  :
      
 . 
  
    
     

O L E
   
    0  8  .   
      ,6
     .   
 8      
  ;∆x  ∆y

ÉC

.       x  y A   .A    .   
 6
8        Y .   2
 <  :    
 (  )  
           F , H *
 
A       
  (  )    
  
 6
 
  :    
  
  .    . 0
 
  0  6  


 # 

 
# $ 

U E
IQ
/
   ,
  , .   
   ,    6
N
  
E C H
  0 (0, 1) .
 .   V > 0      
    




∂u
+V
∂u
LY T
= 0 
 (x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × R+

O

∂t ∂x
P
u(t, x + 1) = u(t, x) 
 (x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × R+ ;  <

LE
⎩ ∗
u(0, x) = u0 (x) 
 x ∈ (0, 1).

ÉC O
" 
     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
@    
I
 ,  .
  ∆x = 1/(N +1) > 0 ;N     8<  

EC H
 . ∆t > 0A    (tn , xj ) = (n∆t, j∆x) 
 n ≥ 0, j ∈ {0, 1, ..., N + 1}A

T
unj  .
 ,
 
      
  (tn , xj )A  u(t, x)  
 

Y
POL
   ;  <     
        
 
   
un0 = unN +1 
 
 n ≥ 0A  
  unj = unN +1+j  * 
A , 6

LE

   ? 
    
 . 
 un = (unj )0≤j≤N ∈ RN +1  /

 

    0 
 ,
  , .   ;  < 3
'  

ÉC O

 . I?   
.   
 

:+4%9. )>3-'+'1)
+)*10%
un+1
j − unj unj+1 − unj−1
+V =0 ; <
∆t 2∆x

 n ≥ 0  j ∈ {0, ..., N }    0      )  
 
.


)99) CC   # &) " $" ,33 " $"$" -  "$  

$"/ $ $ L2, U E


- "$ ,3' )      $ ") "  $ ) '  $ $ "$$$"

N IQ
H
%9,*:10.1',*C 3 ,  ,
 .  5# 


  (tn , xj )A

EC
 . ) 8  
      A   ? ,     

T
   * #  2
 A  
  0   L2  3.     
Y
POL

6    A    2
  ûn (k)  un . )
 

E
V ∆t
ûn+1 (k) = 1 − i sin(2πk∆x) ûn (k) = A(k)ûn (k).

O L ∆x

ÉC
@ . ) 
  

8 
 , )    
I
 
  
 A
 2
V ∆t
|A(k)| = 1 +
2
sin(2πk∆x) ≥ 1,
∆x
.       
 2k∆x ,    1     0 
@ 
   
 .   
     
.  0 J ,
 :+4%9. '93-'+'1) +)*10%
un+1
j − unj j+1 − uj−1
un+1 n+1
+V = 0. ; <
∆t 2∆x

E
>)0+'+) CC "    % 
    2  

 $ 

U
IQ
 $
  22(   + $     2  
(  

   L2 (  * 
H N
E C
,   0
 ?     A  :+4%9. &)
.>0')&0'+4:

T
2un+1
j − unj+1 − unj−1

O LY
+V
unj+1 − unj−1
=0 ; "<

P
2∆t 2∆x

LE

    A 0
A      

ÉC O
 
   "

U E

)99) CC   #  &<  # ,3= " I
N Q$ $   
"/ L2
$ "$ ;<
C H
E  " "$ $" - 7'  "
T
|V |∆t ≤ ∆x.
  ))"
L Y
" 0  $"$"
"O
∆t/∆x ∆t ∆x

 $ $"' P


$"$" -  "$  - "$ ,3 " )      $ )  " "),
LE
$ "$$$" $-0$",

ÉC O %9,*:10.1',*C * #  2


   
 
V ∆t
ûn+1 (k) = cos(2πk∆x) − i sin(2πk∆x) ûn (k) = A(k)ûn (k).
∆x

 

8 
 , )     
 2
V ∆t
|A(k)|2 = cos2 (2πk∆x) + sin2 (2πk∆x).
∆x

U E
IQ
@ . )  
 |A(k)| ≤ 1 
 
 k      |V |∆t ≤ ∆x   8 A
N
EC H
  
,       0 k  
 |A(k)| > 1       
   0 *
 
    A  ( 

 .

T
 5# 

  (tn , xj ) 
  
  u J
Y
POL
2u(tn+1 , xj ) − u(tn , xj+1 ) − u(tn , xj−1 ) u(tn , xj+1 ) − u(tn , xj−1 )

E
+V =

L
2∆t 2∆x

ÉC O
(ut + V ux ) (tn , xj ) −
(∆x)2
2∆t

1−
(V ∆t)2
(∆x)2

u xx (t n , xj ) + O

(∆x)2
+
(∆x)4 
∆t
. ; $<
 
' ,
   
  
   O (∆x)2 /∆t A    ,
    ∆t  . F 
 .  
 (∆x)2  * A    
   ,      ∆t/∆x   *
 0   .  
    
5      ,
 en  
I

I  ,
   
A  
 (∆x)2 
en ≤ ∆tnKC + ∆t .
∆t
   )   ∆x/∆t ,
   I 
  8  ∆t
U E

 0  . FA ,R  .   
N IQ
E C H
)9.0;5) CC     62    ,    ;  

LY T

.  1)    < /          .6
  8
   8    
        ∆t 0



P O

   
  
        '2  0  A  .   

LE
  9  
     62    ,     •

ÉC O
" 
     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
   A  A 
     :+4%9. &)
.>K)*&0,A

− unj unj+1 − unj−1



EC H 
unj−1 − 2unj + unj+1
T
un+1
j V 2 ∆t
; &<
Y
+V − = 0.

L
∆t 2∆x 2 (∆x)2

P O
  .  ,   A 
 
      @  

LE
   
 . ? ,      
   

O
ÉC (∆t)2  
u(tn+1 , xj ) = u(tn , xj ) + (∆t)ut (tn , xj ) + utt (tn , xj ) + O (∆t)3 .
2
9
   ,
  , .        .      .
  

(V ∆t)2  
u(tn+1 , xj ) = u(tn , xj ) − (V ∆t)ux (tn , xj ) + uxx (tn , xj ) + O (∆t)3 .
2
9)A      .      8
  , 
U E
N IQ
H
u(tn , xj+1 ) − u(tn , xj−1 )

EC
u(tn+1 , xj ) = u(tn , xj ) − V ∆t
2∆x

Y T
(V ∆t)2 u(tn , xj+1 ) − 2u(tn , xj ) + u(tn , xj−1 )  

POL
+ + O (∆t)3
+ ∆t(∆x)2
.
2 (∆x)2

L E
@ 
. 0      6\ (      
  

O
    O u(tn , xj )  unj  +
 
A   
   

ÉC
 A      L 
M   .        ,
6
  , .   * 
 A     6\ (    ? , 
      @ 
  
,   . )     
 

  ;.  ,9  < * A   0   L2   . 

     '2 |V |∆t ≤ ∆x

>)0+'+) CC "    % 



DE  
  * 
 L2  |V |∆t ≤ ∆x

>)0+'+) CC "    % 



7%      

   
  07 |V |∆t ≤ ∆x  

 (
   % 


DE     
 
  V ∆t/∆x 
 −1, 0,  1
U E
N IQ
+ $ 2  
      :
E C H
>)0+'+) CC "    % 

DE 2&    % 
 

LY T
O
un+1 = αunj−1 + βunj + γunj+1 ,

P
j

LE
4 α, β, γ     V ∆t/∆x

ÉC O
 
   ""

U E
N IQ
' 
 ,. I?  
'  A
  8  
 0 

EC H
 L0M   
 ,
  , .   ;  <   &%+)*10)9)*1 .9,*1

T
/
   8 
:+4%9. &%+)*10% .9,*1

Y
POL
un+1
j − unj unj − unj−1
+V =0  V >0

OLE
∆t ∆x
; -<
un+1 − unj unj+1 − unj

ÉC
j
+V =0  V < 0.
∆t ∆x
@  I? .

'   
        0   L∞
     '2A |V |∆t ≤ ∆xA   8  '       
,       A  .    L∞ ,    
 H 
  .   L2 .  H    '2

>)0+'+) CC "    % 


    
 2.  

E

 $ 
 $
  22(   + $   
  ( 
 
U
IQ
*   L2  
  07 |V |∆t ≤ ∆x  

 

H N
EC
)9.0;5) CC *
  0 6   ;R  .  V  6

T
H  ,  
 u<A   
    , 
  D
A

Y
POL
       .  
 
 
 
   ?  
  
0
   A 0

 
  
 ,  ;.  ?  
I

E
 
 T-U< 9 
 A 0  
        
 ,  A 

O L
   .  ,   •

ÉC  0   9


   

 
9   ; < 0 O ∆t + (∆x)2
 
  ; < 0 L2 O ∆t + (∆x)2
 2

62    ; "< 0 L2  L∞  O ∆t + (∆x)
∆t
   '2 |V |∆t ≤ ∆x  
6\ ( ; &< 0 L2  O (∆t)2 + (∆x)2
   '2 |V |∆t ≤ ∆x  
1   ; -< 0 L2  L∞  O ∆t + ∆x
U E
   '2 |V |∆t ≤ ∆x

N IQ

C H
 W +
     .   
 ,
  , .  

E
LY T
*
   .   ,
    .
  
A
    

P O
;
 
 8<  
,
  
.

O LE
ÉC
"$ 
     !!
 !

U E
%@*'1',* CC$ ))
N
%;5.1',* %;5'2.-)*1) IQ
 $  #  "$ /"

E C
$$"     "$ "   #, H
$  $ > "$"   + "   )" )$ )  "   "  

Y T
P OL
O LE
ÉC
 


U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC  


U
  W D
    '2 
  (
  
 

   62    E
;
< 
     ;0<
N IQ
E C H
5
    
 
 .  .     ' A  

LY T
I
 ? ,
         ,
   
 ,
  A  
    
     .  
. 
  L
.MA

P O
   H   
   
  
  
. 9 ,


LE
A     L
  M . ,
  
. 
,. ,
6

ÉC O
 
   "&

U E
N IQ
  ,  * ,
   62    ; "< 
 ,
6
  , .  
 J ,

EC H
; $<A         
   
 

T
2
(V ∆t)2
− (∆x) 1 − u  * 
A ,
  
.
   6

Y
2∆t (∆x)2 xx

POL
2    
 

LE
∂u ∂u ∂2u (∆x)2 (V ∆t)2
+V − ν 2 = 0 . ν = 1− . ; <

O
∂t ∂x ∂x 2∆t (∆x)2

ÉC' 
  
. . 
      
 
  6
 
 

  9 (A     62    
 0
   ;? ,  <  ,
   .  6 (
  ; < R  :6
  (
  ν    ;.  
      '2     8 A
 ∆x = |V |∆t< +
 
           A  :6
  (
  ν 
 H       
.     ? 
(
  ;.   2
 <  :   (
  ν  ,
  
.

E
  &'A5:',* *59%0';5) ,    A   
     &'A5:'=

U
IQ
;
  8<   # 
 ,
   (
 8      ? 

N
 )       


     (
 8 
  L
. M  

EC H
Y T
>)0+'+) CC "   $ 
 
   % 
  
 2.

POL

∂u ∂u |V | ∂2u

E
+V − (∆x − |V |∆t) 2 = 0.

L
∂t ∂x 2 ∂x

ÉC O
       
 (
 8 ;
8      '2   6
  8 A  ∆x = |V |∆t< 9 
 A  :   (
   ,
 

.    . , )       . F ;? ∆x )<A
 

       
   62    ;.  
2
 < ' (  (
  
 
  
   2
  R ,

 ,
  , .   

 .  

  .     

      A
      
[ A
  ,  ∆x = 0.01A

.  V = 1 
  ) T = 5 @  
 .

  
∆t = 0.9∆x  ∆t = 0.45∆x

>)0+'+) CC "   $ 


 
   % 

DE 2&
  
U E
IQ
∂u ∂u V (∆x)2 (V ∆t)2 ∂ 3 u
1−
N
+V + = 0.
∂t ∂x 6 (∆x)2 ∂x3

E C H
'     6\ (    ,  A ,
  
. 

LY T
      (
   
 
    A  &':3)0:'=
+
 
  :  .    8 
   
   


P O
 :   (
   
  
.    (
 8 ', 
6

LE

  (  8  
  . A  A 
 

    (
 8 

ÉC O
"- 
     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
 # 
 ,
    8  
,  
     


EC H
 
     
 ;.   2
 "< 9 (A    8  ) 

T
.          
   2
    
  ;
 6

Y
POL
     8
  .<A  
,
  (
 8  8  
,

  
 ;.  ,9  -<

O LE
ÉC
 


U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC
 


U E

N IQ
" W '      62   A  6\ (A   

E C H
 

      
[  ;
< 
 
;0<

LY T
3) , 
   
   
 ( 
 

 .
 

  .     
       A
  ,  ∆x =

P O
0.01A
    ∆t = 0.9 ∗ ∆xA
 .  V = 1 
  ) T = 5 1


LE
#          J 
 ,0
       

ÉC O
 
   "

U E
N IQ

 A
  
A 

         
A
 
;.   2


EC H
"<      ? ,      (
 8 J     
 

T
    6\ (   ? ,    0 

 
  
 

Y
POL
    
  
    8    ,
  
.
      
 


LE
>)0+'+) CC ) $ 

O
ÉC
⎧ 2 3
⎨ ∂u + V ∂u − ν ∂ u − µ ∂ u = 0  (x, t) ∈ R × R+

∂t ∂x ∂x2 ∂x3

u(t = 0, x) = sin(ωx + φ)  x ∈ R,


 V, ν, µ, ω, φ ∈ R "   
  
 
u(t, x) = exp(−νω 2 t) sin ω(x − (V + µω 2 )t) + φ

E

 
   '    
E
 $
   
 (
U
IQ

  
  
   
*


H N
>)0+'+) CC     % 
@
  A 
 *( 
*

un+1
j − un−1
j

Y T unj+1− EC
unj−1

L
+V = 0.

O
2∆t 2∆x

E P
8  

  $  
   % 
 "  


: 
L
7 $  
  
  07 |V |∆t ≤ M ∆x
 M < 1

ÉCO
>)0+'+) CC      % 
 0
=>%
un+1
j − unj j+1 − uj−1
un+1 n+1
unj+1 − unj−1
+V +V = 0.
∆t 4∆x 4∆x
8  

  $  
   % 
 "  


: 
7 $    


 


/
   ,
         0 (0, 1) .   

       
U E
IQ
⎧ 2

N

⎪ ∂ u ∂2u

H
⎪ − 2 = 0 
 (x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × R+ ∗

C
2

⎪ ∂t ∂x

E

⎨ u(t, x + 1) = u(t, x) 
 (x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × R+

LY
⎪ u(t = 0, x) = u0 (x) 
 x ∈ (0, 1)
⎪ T ∗
; <





P O
LE
∂u
⎩ (t = 0, x) = u1 (x) 
 x ∈ (0, 1).
∂t

ÉC O
$ 
     !!
 !

U E
N
3.  H   
   A ,  
   ? 
   IQ
EC H
 
 . 
 un = (unj )0≤j≤N ∈ RN +1      
     6

T
   
 
    un0 = unN +1 
 
 n ≥ 0A  
 

Y
POL
unj = unN +1+j  '     
     )   .
  u 
 6
   , . (0, 1) ;F ? ,        . 0<A 

LE

  u 
    0  A  
 
 ,
   0  
   
 
 * A  u0 ≡ 0  u1 ≡ C  (0, 1)A  
  

ÉC O
; <  u(t, x) = Ct *
     (A  8   ,# 
  . 
     # 

 1
u1 (x) dx = 0. ; <
0

*
 ,
     ; <    0 
   θ:+4%9. +)*10% J 

n ≥ 1  j ∈ {0, ..., N }A

E
un+1 − 2unj + un−1 −un+1 n+1
j−1 + 2uj − un+1

U
j j j+1

IQ
(∆t)2 (∆x)2
;  <
−unj−1 + 2unj − unj+1 −un−1
N− un−1
n−1
j−1 + 2uj

H
j+1
+(1 − 2θ) +θ =0

EC
(∆x)2 (∆x)2

Y T
. 0 ≤ θ ≤ 1/2 
 θ = 0  0 
    A   
   

POL
    θ = 0             

O L E u0j = u0 (xj ) 
u1j − u0j
=
 xj+1/2
u1 (x) dx,

ÉC
∆t xj−1/2

 
  
  .       . ) 
     ; < '

  (  )   
    .     ;  <
 ,  A  θ6   ;  <    ? ,      
+
 
     .       
 ;  

 0 .     . 0      ,
    A .

   
6    <


)99) CC  1/4 ≤ θ ≤ 1/2'  θ # $" ,9 " $ $ "$$$"
"/ $ $ L2,  0 ≤ θ < 1/4'  " "/    $ "$ ;<

U E
IQ
∆t 1

N
< ,
∆x 1 − 4θ

" $"/  ∆t/∆x > 1/



1 − 4θ,
E C H
LY T
%9,*:10.1',*C '    
   ,#  2
  
 0 

P
 O 

LE
û n+1
(k) − 2û (k) + û
n n−1
(k) + α(k) θûn+1 (k) + (1 − 2θ)ûn (k) + θûn−1 (k) = 0,

ÉC O
 
   $

U E
.
N IQ
H
 2

EC
∆t
α(k) = 4 sin2 (πk∆x).

T
∆x

Y
POL
 ,  ,
   ?    .
 
,   
 n+1  2−(1−2θ)α(k)

LE
n+1 û (k) −1
Û (k) = = 1+θα(k) Û n (k) = A(k)Û n (k),

ÉC O ûn (k) 1 0

 Û n+1 (k) = A(k)n Û 1 (k)  .


  (λ1 , λ2 )     A(k)  
 
#X

   
2 − (1 − 2θ)α(k)
λ2 − λ + 1 = 0.
1 + θα(k)
       
  
α(k)(4 − (1 − 4θ)α(k))
U E
IQ
∆=− .

N
(1 + θα(k))2

EC H
,
   0  
       A(k) , 
  

T
  A(k)n 2 = ρ(A(k))n R ρ(A(k)) = max(|λ1 |, |λ2 |)   #  

Y
POL
 A(k) @     . )     *%+)::.'0)  0    >
/
A ρ(A(k)) ≤ 1 ;.   +
 √   <A   .  ? ,9  

E


    
: ∆t/∆x > 1/ 1 − 4θA
   I

  k ; 


O L
sin2 (πk∆x) ≈ 1< 
 ? ∆ > 0A      
   λ1  λ2  A

ÉC
 
   ?  ,
  
  8    
   √ 
  
.
 0
A ρ(A(k)) > 1A       0 ∆t/∆x < 1/ 1 − 4θA
 ∆ ≤ 0 
 
 k A   
     I

  

  ?  * 
A ρ(A(k)) = 1       0    > /

  8  

>)0+'+) CC 7 


  
   2  

 A(k)n (   


  % 
   07 *F + 2

>)0+'+)
√ CC      
     2 ( $ + ∆t/∆x =
1/ 1 − 4θ
 0 ≤ θ < 1/4 "    θ% 
  22  
 
 

E

   
  unj = (−1)n+j (2n − 1)     
# $ $
* $
U
IQ

 @
A  

  un  
    

H N
/
 
      2
 $ 
 
   

E C

 0
 .         θ6    ;
 θ =

T
0.25<  
  ( 
 

 .  

  .    

LY

       A
  ,  ∆x = 0.01A
    ∆t = 0.9 ∗ ∆xA
O
P

  ) T = 5        u0 
  
A   
 u1  


O LE
ÉC
$ 
     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC  


U E
 N IQ
H
$ W  
 ,
    

EC
Y T
POL
/
 . .
  ,9   
 ,
     ; < . )

   .   , A ,6?6  
A 
 
 t > 0A

O L E
E(t) = E(0) . E(t) =
 1
∂u
2

(t, x) dx +
 1
∂u
2

(t, x) dx.

ÉC
∂t ∂x
0 0

  
.  0 
,
   
 
 . ) ;  
  6
.<
 .      .   ,  *
  θ6  

 -!%*)0(') &':+0?1)
2

N
un+1
j − unj
E n+1 = + a∆x (un+1 , un ) + θa∆x (un+1 − un , un+1 − un )
∆t
j=0

.
N 
  
uj+1 − uj vj+1 − vj
a∆x (u, v) = .
U E
IQ
j=0
∆x ∆x

H
' A E n+1 
   A ? O(∆x + ∆t) A  ,   
N
 ,   
T E C
E(tn+1 ) /
   
 
     
    . 

O LY
P
>)0+'+) CC  "    θ% 
  22  $ *  (

LE
$ +  E = E   n ≥ 0
n 0

ÉC O
 
   $

U E
N IQ
 
 8O  )     
 ,
        

EC H
    ; < 
 # ,
 
    


T
∂t  w = ∂x A ; <  
. ?
v = ∂u ∂u

Y
POL
⎧      

⎪ ∂ v 0 1 ∂ v

 (x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × R+

⎪ = ∗

LE

⎪ ∂t w 1 0 ∂x w

O
v(t, x + 1) = v(t, x), w(t, x + 1) = w(t, x) 
 (x, t) ∈ (0, 1) × R+ ; <

ÉC


⎪ ∂u
⎪ w(t = 0, x) =
⎪ 0
(x) 
 x ∈ (0, 1)



⎩ ∂x
v(t = 0, x) = u1 (x) 
 x ∈ (0, 1).

@ 
 
   # 
 
  
   
. . 0
u   
   ; 
    . 0A  <A  v 

 .   w 
 8   #  
 
  ; < P

     ,
  , .   @ 
   ) 
  
 #
.>0')&0'+4:
U E
1

2vjn+1 − vj+1
n
− vj−1
n

1

0 1
 n

N
vj+1 − vj−1
n

IQ
H
− = 0, ; <
− wj−1

EC
2∆t 2wjn+1 − wj+1
n
− wj−1
n
2∆x 1 0 n
wj+1 n

T

0 
    #
.>K)*&0,A
Y
POL
 n+1    n 
1 vj − vjn 1 0 1 vj+1 − vj−1
n

E
− ; "<
wjn+1 − wjn − wj−1
L
n n
∆t 2∆x 1 0 wj+1

ÉC O +
∆t
2(∆x)2

0 1
1 0
2 
−vj−1
n
+ 2vjn − vj+1
n

−wj−1 + 2wj − wj+1


n n n

= 0.

>)0+'+) CC  "    % 



7% 2  
  
L2  
  07 ∆t ≤ ∆x(  $    + $   
   
 
 ∆t/∆x  *
 
  ∆t  ∆x   # 

>)0+'+) CC  "    % 



DE 2!  
  
L2  
  07 ∆t ≤ ∆x(  $    + $ 2  
  
' 
 ,
  , .  A
  8  
 0   L0M
    &%+)*10)9)*1 .9,*1 ' A  ,  ,
 #  

U E
IQ

    ,     .  
   .  
  .  

    9 8 A  
:       
H N
J=

0 1


T E C
O LY1 0

P

 0  
 
  , .    
 
     6

LE
  ( ,
  ,
 '    .
     

ÉC O
$ 
     !!
 !

U E
N IQ
J ;1  −1  ,
 < 
I
  X   . A     

EC H
        

 0  . 
    6

T
  ' #     # 

   
  # #0 


Y
POL
A  
 A 
  # 
  F ;.  T-U 

 
 .# 


   <

O LE
ÉC

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T

E
POL
O L
ÉC
 
    
   
UE
N IQ
E C H

$    
LY T
 
P O
,
 

L E
ÉCO
1    
 
  ? ,#  
  %;5.1',*:
.5> &%0'2%): 3.01')--): &) 1B3) )--'31';5) ;.   1)   ""< 9   6
  
    
   ?    # 
   A
,6?6    
 /
   
  0 
  6
   0   
      
A ,6?6  
,  


 A
 
A     G   ,  
 
 

.   .330,+4) 2.0'.1',**)--) 1  
  
 
 , H 
   A    A         
  H   
,#  
 L
M 

 
 
   
 ,  9 86
8A 
      .   
  0 ,.
  
 ;   # 0 
 
#0 
<A    
 
 6
     
 
   )  
 
 . 
' 

U E
$ *  
A     
   # 
 
  
 

IQ

 3
  
   
  
  8  ,      

N
H


     .   V

T E C
3

       
.A , # ,
  
 6
 .    #   
     
 
 
 
 
0 
    
.

O LY
P
−∆u = f  Ω

LE
;<
u=0 
 ∂Ω

ÉC O $"
$$ 
  !
  $
 

U E
N IQ
R 
      
     1   ;
 .# ?  
6

EC H
    

      < 1 ;<A Ω 
 
. 

T
,  RN A ∂Ω   0 ;
8 <A f 
   0 ;
 

Y
POL
0<A  u  ,  
 E  GA 
  
'  "  0


  ,
  
  .    #   
 

.

LE
,
 Q  ? ,  .  
        
. 1      
  



ÉC O
8
 ,      A  =,095-): &) #0))*A 
 
 )  

,
 =,095-.1',* 2.0'.1',**)--)         
14%,0?9)
&)
.> '-(0.9 
 ,
        

,    ,
   
   8
  .   /
 . 


 
.   
     
0  .  0  , 
C 1 (Ω)  8    G ( 0 
)   L   MA ,6
   0. H 1 (Ω)
' 
  
     ,   ,
   

E

   
  
  .     
   
 

U
IQ

  
 
 ,  .   ;
 .# ? , #   T&U
  

 
  
 
<

H N
  +  
 
Y T EC
POL
 8
  L  
M  ;<A 

  P L
M ?  
.
A   
 
:  
  
  
  u ) 
  
6

L E
   ;<  
   
    Ω 
 ∂Ω + 
 ,0

O
ÉC


   ,   8   
 

%@*'1',* C C " Ω $  -"  RN ' Ω  " , $ $" C(Ω) ) 


"-$"' C(Ω) )   $ "$ $"$  $ Ω ) "-$"' $ Ω,
" $ $" k ≥ 0, $ $" C k (Ω) ) "-$"' C k (Ω) )   $ "$
k  $"$4$" -/ $ Ω ) "-$"' $ Ω,

 :,-51',* +-.::';5) ;  


  :,-51',* =,01)<  ;< 


  u ∈ C 2 (Ω) ∩ C(Ω)A  
 
 
    0 f    
? C(Ω) ' 8
   
  


   0 
0 V      A   
A 
  
 # f ∈

E
C(Ω)A  ,      
    C 2 
 ;<    

IQ U
,   
   
 
 ;N ≥ 2< 9 8 A    0 
 
 A 

  . 
  A    ,    C 2 ; 
 
 

H N

  
8    f  
 
  
 C(Ω)<      


E C
,  ;N = 1<  
  

,   8   
.  
   


T
;.  ,9  <A   
 .   
A H    8.0A

LY
 8
   
  
 
O
P
1  
A 
 
 ;<A 
    8
   
 

LE

 8
 A  .  A 0

 
 . 


ÉC O
 %
  $&

U E
     


#  I Q
H N
E C
9
   ,  ;N = 1<A  Ω = (0, 1)A  0 
    ;<

T
Y
.  ⎧

P O L ⎨ d2 u

− 2 =f
dx

 0 < x < 1
; <

LE
u(0) = u(1) = 0.

ÉC O
' 0     
,   
 
    V

>)0+'+) C C ) f        [0, 1](    2
  
 
 C 2 ([0, 1])   
 

 1  x
u(x) = x f (s)(1 − s)ds − f (s)(x − s)ds  x ∈ [0, 1]. ;<
0 0

E
*
     
6   
  
0   8
   ;< 

,  
I
 ,
. 
  0 
  


IQ
9
   , A ,  L
  
  .  M   U
H N
 I
 

A   ,#  
 
,
 
 . 0A  
 
  

EC
 L ,
  (    M ' A ,
  ; < , 


T

  (  L

M 
 R  
     8      L

Y
POL

 0
M 
X 
,
       
 
    , . [0, 1]
', ?    (  
 0 
    ;.    

0
M<
O L E
L
 
 0
M< 
 0  '
# ;.
        L
 


ÉC
      .  

 A H   
A   
 
 ,
  (           
 

; < ;       
 
< *

 
m ∈ RA     0  '
# 
    .     
 ⎧
⎨ d2 u
− 2 = f 
 0 < x < 1
dx ;<

u(0) = 0, du dx (0) = m.
1 8O .    

 
 
   ;< J  
: ,   

     ;

  ,
     ,    '
#6
   F<  , 

  A  A 
  
   ;< [ 
.   ; < ;   <  
  
    .  ,   
U E

  m  
  
   ;< . ) 
 u(1) = 0    

N IQ
E C H

   ; < ',       9%14,&) &5 1'0 
  
A

 0  ,
    .
  
 
 
 
A  0 
    ; <

LY T
 .A   
 .
  m ;  
  <A     0
 '
# ;< ; 
  I  
 <A 
   
 u(1)   

P O
 .
  m 9  
 ,
   
:   
 ,  .  I


LE
         
 


ÉC O
$- 
  !
  $
 

U E
N IQ
  
   
,  8
     
 0 
    

EC H
,   ? .  .    
 0  '
#

Y T
POL

 #  %  

LE
     ,  .   
  
   
  
 6

ÉC O
 .       ,
  
 8
  
.A  .6
  A 0
    ,
  
   
 8   
 
A
  '          ?         ,6
0    8
  .  A 
 O   



   ?  
I

 +   -

E
1 
  
6   Ω 
 
.  ,  RN ;0 
<A

IQ U
  0 ;
 8 <   ∂Ω /
 
 
 
 Ω 
 
.
0%(5-')0   C 1   )     ,
 
. 
    
 0

H N
  1)    "A       , 0
     


EC
 0     
   
  
: I
  .  
,
 
.

T

   0  
 
.   0 
 #
8  ;
 .  
Y
POL
  N − 1< 
 A  
  
.     
 ,
 
   
8  @ )    *,09.-) )>1%0')50) 
0 ∂Ω    . 


O L E

  n = (ni )1≤i≤N   
   
    Ω    .
, 
  Ω ;.   2
 < 1 Ω ⊂ RN   dx  
 .
 
A

ÉC


  0
    N 
 ∂ΩA   ds  
 
8 
A


  0
    N − 1 
  .  ∂Ω  
   
  
6      
. 
 
   ;.   
&$  T &U 

   
8   ?  
   
( A 
  "  T$U<

4%,0?9) CC $,095-) &) #0))*6 " Ω $  -" 0    C 1 , "
w $ $ "$  C 1 (Ω)   ))" /$ $   Ω,   -*   
 ?$  
∂w
(x) dx = w(x)ni (x) ds, ;"<
∂xi

E
Ω ∂Ω

. ni "  i+ )$"   $ &"  $"  Ω,


IQ U
H N
)9.0;5) CC 1  
,
 8   
  w   
 0   8

E C
Ω .
  
, ,
 ? , )   8 ,  0 @  
 
 

T
8   w 
 
    Ω ;  J  ,  
  
 w

LY
,
 
  0 ∂Ω< 9 
 A ,#
5   ? 

O
P

 0   8   w  Ω  
   ,
. Ω  0 Ω ,

LE
 0A  # 
 
     ;"<  )  •

ÉC O
 
 $
  $

U E
∂Ω N IQ
EC H
LY T yN

P O Q+
OL Eω0 φi
y
ÉC ωi+1
Q
ωi
ωi−1

U E
  W 1)     
  ,
 
.
N IQ
EC H
T
 5     0
   
 
  
  6
Y
POL
    8
  4 ;"<   
 
.
      
     
  8
  4 ;"< V

O L E
,0,--.'0) CC $,095-) &!'*1%(0.1',* 3.0 3.01')6 " Ω $  -" 0 
ÉC
  C , " "  & $ "$ C 1 (Ω)   ))" /$ $   Ω,
1
u v
  -*$"    $"0"$ ) )"
  
∂v ∂u
u(x) (x) dx = − v(x) (x) dx + u(x)v(x)ni (x) ds. ;$<
Ω ∂xi Ω ∂xi ∂Ω

%9,*:10.1',*C  
:    w = uv   5   

,0,--.'0) CC " Ω $  -" 0    C 1 , " u $ $ "$  C 2 (Ω)
" v $ $ "$  C 1 (Ω)' " "  &   ))" /$ $   Ω,  
-*$"    $"0"$ ) )"
  
U E
IQ
∂u
∆u(x)v(x) dx = − ∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx + (x)v(x) ds, ;&<
Ω Ω

H
∂Ω ∂n
N
C
 
. ∇u = "  - "  0 $"  u' "
T E = ∇u · n,
∂u ∂u
∂xi ∂n

Y
1≤i≤N

P O L
%9,*:10.1',*C @  
  '    ? v  ∂u
∂xi     i 

O LE
ÉC
& 
  !
  $
 

U E
$"   &" $ $/ *$  -"H N " 
%@*'1',* CC $ "  $  -"  Ω R I Q   - $
" 0 
N
Ck
k≥1
ω0 ⊂ Ω,
T E
Ω⊂ C∪Ii=0 ωi ,
(ωi )0≤i≤I
∂Ω ⊂ ∪Ii=1 ωi ,
" ' )  # 
  ' P O L Y-  <0  3,'  &" $ )) "$ /> "-
i ∈ {1, ..., I}
$ $/
E
φi Ck ωi

O L  
Q = y = (y  , yN ) ∈ RN −1 × R, |y  | < 1, |yN | < 1 ,

É C $" $- "     ' " " 



Ck

y = (y  , yN ) ∈ RN −1 × R, yN > 0 = Q+ ,
φi (ωi ∩ Ω) = Q ∩ 
φi (ωi ∩ ∂Ω) = Q ∩ y = (y  , yN ) ∈ RN −1 × R, yN = 0 .

Ω Ω

U E
N IQ
EC H
T
  W 1
  ,
.  
  J 
. )
 ? 
A 
. .
Y
POL

    0
 ?  

L E
)9.0;5) CC E  
  2
  
 
. 
  
 0A
O
ÉC
 1)    " , 
 
 ?  
.  0  1)    " ,6

  
  
.   0 , 
 
8  
 A  
  
 
  
. 
      
 ,
 
   

8   2
    
  # 
 ,
.  
  


  
   0A    0
  )
A   
   
0
 '      L .   
M J ,
.
)
  # 

   
 
  0  )
    

 

 @ 
    
 
   
. 
 

 
. L
    
MA ?    
   
  8  
L M  8    (   ;  ,
    0
< 

 2π ;  ,
 )
< 5
            
A
 
 .#   
 ?  +
 & 

 
    
 

U E
IQ
0  
  •

>)0+'+) CC 6   


  ? ! 
  ) =
H N

divσ(x)φ(x) dx = −

σ(x) · ∇φ(x) dx +


T E C σ(x) · n(x) φ(x) ds,


Ω Ω

O LY ∂Ω

P
4 φ     

  C 1 (Ω)  σ    + 
    C 1 (Ω)(

LE
+     
   Ω

ÉC O
 
 $
  &

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC '  N = 3     
 $    Ω 


EC H
R3 ( φ = (φ1 , φ2 , φ3 )(  
   Ω 
 R3   


Y T  

POL
∂φ3 ∂φ2 ∂φ1 ∂φ3 ∂φ2 ∂φ1
rotφ = − , − , − .
∂x2 ∂x3 ∂x3 ∂x1 ∂x1 ∂x2

LE
- φ  ψ (   + 
    C 1 (Ω)( +     
  
O
ÉC
Ω(    
  ? !
  
rotφ · ψ dx − φ · rotψ dx = − (φ × n) · ψ ds.
Ω Ω ∂Ω

 +  


$


*
   )   A 
 
 
 ,
. Ω  0  
 A
 
    0 f  ;<   

 Ω  
     

6        
.
U E
0,3,:'1',* CC " u $ $ "$  C 2 (Ω)
N Q )
, " ) I *$
H
X

X = φ ∈ C 1 (Ω) "  φ = 0
T E C
 

∂Ω .

Y
POL
 u " $  "$ )/+  & " 3,  "  $"  u ))"$"
 X " -* 0"

O L E 

ÉC
∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx = f (x)v(x) dx )  " " $ "$ v ∈ X. ;-<
Ω Ω

0" 3, " ))  =,095-.1',* 2.0'.1',**)--) )/+  & "


3,,
)9.0;5) CC  H     8
  .   ;-< 

, 
    
  u  

 8    C 1 (Ω)A  6
 ?  8
  L  
M ;< 

 
 u   ? C 2 (Ω) @
  I? 
,   
    
 ;-< 
 ;< 

,   
  
  
    
 

E
1  8
  .   ;-<A  8   v   =,*+1',* 1):1
 8
  .    
 8   8
  8 0
0

    ;< 9   
A  8
  .    
 
  
IQ U
H
 L    .
 . 
M 9 # 
A   
 ,
   0  

N
 8
    

T E C

,  v = u  ;-<A  0   
,   .
,


LY
%(.-'1% &!%*)0(')A 
   ,   
    % 
O
P
   Ω ;   
  ;-<< 
       ? f ;

LE
     ;-<< •

ÉC O
& 
  !
  $
 

U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C u  
 
0 
    ;<A  
   ,
6

EC H
   v ∈ X  
    8
 ,      
'   

T
  

Y
∂u

POL
∆u(x)v(x) dx = − ∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx + (x)v(x) ds.
Ω Ω ∂Ω ∂n

LE
@ v = 0 
 ∂Ω 

 v ∈ X A 

ÉC O 
f (x)v(x) dx =


∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx,


,   ,
 
  8
 ;-< + 
A  u ∈ X . ) ;-<A 

   L? ,.M  8
 ,           0 
  
∆u(x) + f (x) v(x) dx = 0 
 
 8   v ∈ X.

U E
' (∆u + f ) 
 8    
A Q  
     
 


IQ
−∆u(x) = f (x) 
 
 x ∈ Ω *  
A  u ∈ X A  
.    

N

    u = 0 
 ∂ΩA ,6?6  
 u  
 
0 
    ;<
H
EC



)99) CC
Y T
" Ω $  -"  RN , " g(x) $ $ "$ $"$  $ Ω, 

POL
)  " " $ "$ φ  C ∞ (Ω)   ))" ) " $ Ω' $ 
E


O L g(x)φ(x) dx = 0,

ÉC

  $ "$ g " $  $ Ω,


%9,*:10.1',*C
 
,   
   x0 ∈ Ω  
 g(x0 ) = 0  
  A  
 
 
 g(x0 ) > 0 ;    −g < *  
A 
 
   .    
. ω ⊂ Ω  x0  
 g(x) > 0 
 
 x ∈ ω   

 8      .A  
A φ ? 
  
  ω  @ 
 
g(x)φ(x) dx = g(x)φ(x) dx = 0,
Ω ω

E


    . ,# 
 g  1 g(x) = 0 
 
 x ∈ Ω 

)9.0;5) CC  9      


     8
  .  6
IQ U
 ;-< 
  8 J 
. u ∈ X  

H N
T E
a(u, v) = L(v) 
 
 8   v ∈ X,C
. 
O LY
P
OLE
a(u, v) = ∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx

ÉC
 
 $
  &

U E
 
N IQ
L(v) =
EC H f (x)v(x) dx,

T

Y
POL
R a(·, ·) 
 8 0    
 X  L(·) 
 8    
 X  ', 

 8 0  
 
 
 ;. 

 #<  8
 

LE
.           •

ÉC O ,      -!.330,+4) 2.0'.1',**)--)    ,    ,


 6
   
    8
  .   ;-<A  
P  H

 
 ,
  ;< ? 
   *    & 9 (A 
 
.  
,   
   ?  8     
 
 #  8
6
  .   /      8   
  ,  

     
    
    8    ;  
    A ,  X < 
    = 0A  
,   

 X = {v ∈ C 1 (Ω), v = 0 
 ∂Ω} 


    L
M 
 

U E
0     :
  ,    ,  .   
 
,  8

  
 
   
 X A ? .  ,   0. H01 (Ω)

 0 
    = 0 ;.   '  <
N IQ
EC H
>)0+'+) CC    


  
    >


Y T

POL
−∆u = f 
 Ω
;<
∂u
∂n = 0  ∂Ω.

O L E
) u     C 2 (Ω) "   u       
  

ÉC
/     u

  + C 1 (Ω)    $ *

 
∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx = f (x)v(x) dx      v ∈ C 1 (Ω). ;<
Ω Ω

'  

$    
 $  $   
 C (Ω)  /
2

  Ω f (x)dx = 0

>)0+'+) CC    $ 


  


⎨ ∆ (∆u) = f 
 Ω

E
u=0  ∂Ω ;<

U
⎩ ∂u
 ∂Ω

IQ
∂n = 0

   X $
    v  C 2 (Ω)   v  ∂n
∂v

H N
$
  ∂Ω )
4

    u

  + X    $ *

T E C
u     C (Ω) "   u       
   

 
O LY
P
f (x)v(x) dx      v ∈ X. ; <

LE
∆u(x)∆v(x) dx =
Ω Ω

ÉC O
& 
  !
  $
 

U E

 &   ' ()  
N IQ
 '  &
EC H
Y T
POL
/
   .
   0  
 0  ,    ,
   

  ,
 8
  .   
    = 0 @  V


LE
   = 0   
    ,     
.  +


ÉC O
  
  
 8
  .  
# J


. u ∈ V  
 a(u, v) = L(v) 
 
 8   v ∈ V. ;<

 # 
 a  L 
 L(·) 
 8     
 
 V A ,6?6  
 v → L(v)    
 V  R     C > 0  


|L(v)| ≤ C v 
 
 v ∈ V ;

U E
 a(·, ·) 
 8 0    
 V A ,6?6  
 w → a(w, v) 
 8

IQ
    V  R 
 
 v ∈ V A  v → a(w, v) 
 8    
N
V  R 
 
 w ∈ V Y

EC H
 a(·, ·)   
A ,6?6  
,    M > 0  


Y T
POL
|a(w, v)| ≤ M w v 
 
 w, v ∈ V ; ;<

O L E
 a(·, ·)  +,)0+'2) ;
  
<A ,6?6  
,    ν > 0  


ÉC
a(v, v) ≥ ν v 2 
 
 v ∈ V. ;"<

' 
  . 

   
6  A 
  # 6 

    
 
.  
 ;< 9 
 A   .   a(·, ·)
  

4%,0?9) CC $
.> '-(0.96 " V $ )   @/" ' L(·) $ 
$ $"$    V ' a(·, ·) $  /$ $"$   -   V ,  
 "$ -"$$ 3,3  " $ $   "$, 8 )  ""  "$
)$ $"$4$"    $ L,
%9,*:10.1',*C *
 
 w ∈ V A ,   v → a(w, v) 
 8   
 
 
 V J  
A  5  -     + F
U E
P 
,   
   V A  A(w)A  

N IQ
a(w, v) = A(w), v 
 
 v ∈ V.

E C H
Y T
*  
A  0     a(w, v)  
 .       ,  
L
O
w → A(w) 1 
A   v = A(w)A   
 ;<  a(w, v)  


P
LE
A(w) = a(w, A(w)) ≤ M w A(w) ,
2

ÉC O
 
  &%
 &"

U E
N IQ
,6?6  
 A(w) ≤ M w   w → A(w)   
  
  6

EC H
 
5  -     + F  
 
,   
 

T
 V A  f A  
 f V = L V  

Y
POL
L(v) = f, v 
 
 v ∈ V.

LE
2 A  0 .   ;<  
. ? J

ÉC O 
. u ∈ V  
 A(u) = f. ;$<
*
     
 8
   
 ,
 A  0 I  8 
V  V ;  
 
 ,    ,
   u<  
  .   

;  

.      
  u   ? L<
  .  ;"<  a(w, v)  

ν w 2 ≤ a(w, w) = A(w), w ≤ A(w) w ,
 

ν w ≤ A(w) 
 
 w ∈ V,
U E ;&<

IQ
,6?6  
 A  I  8 *
  
 A  
I  8A ,6?6  

N
EC H
Im(A) = V ;  
,  .   V     ) <A  
:  

 Im(A)  8  V  
 Im(A)⊥ = {0} 9 (A     .  


T
V = {0}⊥ = ( Im(A)⊥ )⊥ = Im(A) = Im(A)A  

. 0  
 A  
I  8
Y
POL
  A(wn )
 
  Im(A) 
.  . b  V  9 .
 ;&< 


O L E ν wn − wp ≤ A(wn ) − A(wp )

ÉC

 . F 
 n  p   . , )  1 wn 
 
  '
#
 ,   = 0 V A ,6?6  
, .  .
    w ∈ V  3A
  
  A   
 
 A(wn ) .  . A(w) = bA ,6?6  

b ∈ Im(A)  Im(A)   8 1,
 A   v ∈ Im(A)⊥ Y   . 
;"<  a(w, v)  
 

ν v 2 ≤ a(v, v) = A(v), v = 0,
,6?6  
 v = 0  Im(A)⊥ = {0}A  

. 
 A  0 I  8   A−1
 . J ,    ;&< . w = A−1 (v) 
. 
 A−1   
A  

  u   G  f  

)9.0;5) CC ,   = 0 V     )  ;  


, 6
  I    
     
 
 . <A   

U E
IQ
5   67      )  0 9 (A   
N
E C H
)  
          
  , I  .  ;&<  A 

. ?  . 0   @ .  0     ;     <

LY T

 ,#   .    8 0    a(w, v)   0 


,  
 , I  .   A +
 
 )  
A  V = RN A


P O
8
  .   , 
 ,  
A Au, v = f, v 
 
 v ∈ RN A

LE
,
   #    Au = f  •

ÉC O
&$ 
  !
  $
 

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC  
   ;
 
    
   
6

EC H

D
 
 
  <
5   67    

T

. @      I

,?  8
  ;$<
6

Y
POL
0 *
  ,    ,
    
  u  ;$<A  


    : T  V  V A )  

LE
  ν
T (w) = w − µ A(w) − f . µ = 2 ,

ÉC O M
  .  
,     A  

. ,   
,
   u ∈ V  
 T (u) = u ; ,R  
< 9 (A  

T (v) − T (w) 2 = v − w − µA(v − w) 2


= v − w 2 − 2µA(v − w), v − w + µ2 A(v − w) 2
= v − w 2 − 2µa(v − w, v − w) + µ2 A(v − w) 2
≤ (1 − 2µν + µ2 M 2 ) v − w 2

U E
IQ
≤ (1 − ν 2 /M 2 ) v − w 2 .

H N •

T EC
 8
  .     
.
   # 
A 
Y
POL

    8 0     # 
 9 (   A  
   
8
  .   ;<    9'*'959 &!5*) %*)0(') ; 


L E
 # 
 
   
<

O $  )     #!)"#+ A#+ 3,3,  &


ÉC
0,3,:'1',* CC
B0, $  )) $ )     /$ " !"  a(w, v) = a(v, w)
)  " " v, w ∈ V , " J(v) $0 *$ )  v ∈ V )
1
J(v) = a(v, v) − L(v). ;-<
2
" u ∈ V   "$ $     "$ -"$$ 3,3,  u "
   $  )$"  $   $0' "  
J(u) = min J(v).

E
v∈V

IQ
C ) $"'  u ∈ V " $ )$"  $   $0 J(v)'  u "  U
 "$ $     "$ -"$$ 3,3,
H N
T E C
%9,*:10.1',*C u  
    8
  .   ;<A  .6
 ; Q  ?  #   a<

O LY
P
LE
1 1
J(u + v) = J(u) + a(v, v) + a(u, v) − L(v) = J(u) + a(v, v) ≥ J(u).
2 2

ÉC O
 
  &%
 &&

U E
N IQ
' u + v  
 
  V A u     0  ,  J  V  + 6

A   u ∈ V  


EC H
T
J(u) = min J(v).

Y
v∈V

O L
*
 v ∈ V  ) 
 8   j(t) = J(u + tv)  R  R ;  ,  ,


P
#X

     t< ' t = 0 
   
  j A   


LE

 j  (0) = 0 
A 
 
  A     8
  .  

O
ÉC
;< 

)9.0;5) CC /
 . 
   
'   
A 
  8 0  6
  a  # 
A   
 
 
 
  5   6
7   
  
 ? ,    ,
  ,
 
   ;< 9 (A 
   ,   ,

 
      
  ,  J(v)
9 .
  *   A   ,    ,
    
 
  8
  .   •

 . 


  

U E
N IQ
H
9# , 
  5   67   ?  8
  . 6

EC
  ;-<
  .    
     1   '6 ,  
0  
  8 ;< .

Y T
POL

a(u, v) = ∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx

E


O L 

ÉC L(v) =

f (x)v(x) dx,

R   a(·, ·) 


 8 0   A  L(·)
 8    ,  V
;    X < 
 
V = v ∈ C 1 (Ω), v = 0 
 ∂Ω . ;<
' 
    
 V 
   

w, v = ∇w(x) · ∇v(x) dx, ; <


 
   

U E
IQ
 1/2
v = |∇v(x)|2 dx .

H N
C

T E
@ . )   
 ; < ) 
 
    
 V J  
   

Y
L
   ,#       v = 0 ⇒ v = 0 9 (A  ,  

P O
OLE
|∇v(x)|2 dx = 0

ÉC
&- 
  !
  $
 

U E
N IQ
 
 
 v 
   ΩA   v = 0 
 ∂Ω   0  v = 0

EC H
  . 
   ; <  
     0  G  8  
 

T
8 0    a(·, ·)  .51,9.1';5)9)*1 +,)0+'2) 
 ; < @ . ) 

Y
POL
 
   
 a   
 *
  
 L   
A  8
 8 
 ? ,     *  
 $ J   

LE
  1/2  1/2

f (x)v(x) dx ≤
O |f (x)|2
dx |v(x)|2
dx ≤ C v ,

ÉC
Ω Ω Ω

R C 
  
  f     v  1 L   
 

V  5
  #
5   67   0 . )A 

   

 
H      J ,  V , 
  
 = 0   ,   
   
  ; < V ,0
 
 .   
 

    
  ,    
  C 1
 8    ,  V   8O  A 
 
 
 A  

 :
     V  V A  8
 
  
    ; <

U E
. A  , 8  
    :
 J ? 
 
 0  0 , 

IQ
V K     
'   J V  ,   0. H01 (Ω)  

N
   
  8   
    
 
0  

H
EC
:
   .   
   *    & ;
  ,
.  

T
 0 
    ;<   8
  .   ;-<<  . 

   ,  V  V 
Y
POL
/
  .    . 
  

+.0.+1?0) *.150)- )1 '*%-5+
1./-) &): ):3.+): &) ,/,-)2 &.*: -. 0%:,-51',* &): =,095-.1',*: 2.0'.1',*

L E
*)--): ,
  
  .     
 5     

O
ÉC
   
A      *  A 
 
 .
  
 






)99) CC " Ω $  -"  RN /$ $  $ $  "$  ) ,
 &" $ $"$" C > 0 " ' )  " " $ "$ v ∈ C 1 (Ω)  $$ 
   / ∂Ω'  
|v(x)|2 dx ≤ C |∇v(x)|2 dx.
Ω Ω

%9,*:10.1',*C ,# 
    0  Ω  ;
 .

 < 
 
 
 x ∈ Ω     x1  0A −∞ < a ≤
x1 ≤ b < +∞   v
 8    C 1 (Ω) 
 
 
 ∂Ω @ 
 , 
  
  F    Ω ;v  
 8    
   C 1
U E
IQ
  
  RN <    A 
 x ∈ ΩA
 x1
∂v
H N
C
v(x) = (t, x2 , ..., xN ) dt,
a ∂x1

Y
,R , 
  ,     '
#6 CF T E
 x1
∂v

P O L 2


 b
∂v

2

LE
|v(x)| ≤ (x1 − a)
2
∂x1 (t, x2 , ..., xN ) dt ≤ (b − a) ∂x1 (t, x2 , ..., xN ) dt.

O
a a

ÉC
 
  &%
 &

U E
  
 Ω  0 
N IQ

EC
  H
∂v
2

T
b
|v(x)|2 dx ≤ (b − a)

Y ∂x1 (t, x2 , ..., xN ) dt dx,

POL
Ω Ω a

 
  
      ? t  x1 A   


O LE  
∂v
2



ÉC
|v(x)| dx ≤ (b − a)
2 2 (x) dx ≤ (b − a)2 |∇v(x)|2 dx.

Ω Ω ∂x1 Ω

>)0+'+) CC           $


 V (   
 /
    

 2;( $ 
   ) Ω 
    
RN  ) N = 1(    
 

⎨ −x − 1  − 1 < x < −n−1 ,
U E
IQ
un (x) = (n/2)x − 1 + 1/(2n)  − n−1 ≤ x ≤ n−1 ,
2

x−1  n−1 < x < 1.
H N
) N = 2(  0 < α < 1/2(    
 

Y T EC
POL
un (x) = | log(|x|2 + n−1 )|α/2 − | log(1 + n−1 )|α/2 .

O L E
) N ≥ 3(  0 < β < (N − 2)/2(    
 

ÉC
1 1
un (x) = −1
− .
(|x|2 +n ) β/2 (1 + n−1 )β/2

"   


  un   0
%: 
 V 
 $  * 
 
 V
 n   $

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
- 
  !
  $
 

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
LE

O
ÉC
  
U E

  %
N IQ
EC H
T
1    
 )      0. 
 -): ):3.+):

Y
POL
F*.150)-:G &) =,*+1',*: 3)09)11.*1 &) 0%:,5&0) -): =,095-.1',*: 2.0'.1',*
*)--): &!%;5.1',*: .5> &%0'2%): 3.01')--): *# 
A     0.

O L E
,       =,*+1',*: &!%*)0(') @*') '    

 L  
M   
.   .    ,
 
   


ÉC
L
M / A       0  P  
 6 
 

0   


A #        
 
 
 9  
A  ,      P      
 ;
8

  
     

 < ' A 
   
 
 
) ,.    8
 .  ? ,
 
. A 
 .  
  
6
      
 A 

  
 
A # 
.
    
  

  0     

 
, H     0. *:':1,*: )*+,0) 3,50 &'0) ;5) +!):1 -!):30'1
&): 0%:5-1.1: 3-5: ;5) -. -)110) &): &%9,*:10.1',*: ;5' ):1 '93,01.*1 '+'
        
. '     0.  
6
 ?        8   
0   ,  L2  8   

U
 0A       

  ?  
I @ # 
 E
IQ

     &%0'2.1',* =.'/-)        
  )   
N
E C H
 
 
,  8
 0
 P 
     0. 
 
.
 

       

 
   
 

LY T
 

 
 9)A     "  
 
 
P    
 0
  ;
,     <A  8         0. 

P O
 0
  3  )
   ./-).5 C 0%+.3'15-) 1,5: -): 0%:5-1.1:

LE
*%+)::.'0): 3,50 -. :5'1)C

ÉC O -
- 
    $

U E


N
*     +   %  , + IQ
E C H
 /     #


L Y T
5
  
   
6        
  6

P O
 
 T$U   Ω
 
.  RN 
   
  0
 @ )  , 

LE
L2 (Ω)  8   
0   0  Ω 7


   

ÉC O f, g =

f (x)g(x) dx,

L2 (Ω) 
    = 0 ;.      T$U< @ 
 1/2
f L2 (Ω) = |f (x)| dx
2

E
    + 
  8   
0  Ω  ) 

IQ U
30):;5) 3.01,51  Ω J      .
 ,
 8   
0 f 


 
60  Ω  
 
A       8   
0 f 

H N
3
 A 
 8   
0 f  g      f (x) = g(x)

EC

 
  ΩA ,6?6  ,    E ⊂ Ω  
  
  0


T
 E  
  f (x) = g(x) 
 
 x ∈ (Ω \ E)
Y
POL
@  Cc∞ (Ω) ;
D(Ω)< ,   8     C ∞ ? 
  
 Ω +
 
 ,  Cc∞ (Ω) ,  
 ?  
 8   


O L E

 ;  
,  .  V >      $  T$U< / 
 

 8    Cc∞ (Ω) ,
A   
 
 
  .A 
  0  Ω

ÉC
/
   
    
. ;.      T$U<

4%,0?9) CC )  Cc∞ (Ω) " $ $ L2 (Ω)' "   )  " "
f ∈L 2
(Ω)  &" $  " fn ∈ Cc∞ (Ω) " 

lim f − fn L2 (Ω) = 0.
n→+∞

   
.      

,0,--.'0) CC " f ∈ L2 (Ω),  )  " " $ "$ φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω) $ 

f (x)φ(x) dx = 0,
U E
IQ

 f (x) = 0 )  )" " $ Ω,


H N
E C
%9,*:10.1',*C   fn ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)  
  8   
  
.  .
T
f  L2 (Ω)  .

5   @ 

O LY 
P
OLE
0 = lim f (x)fn (x) dx = |f (x)|2 dx,
n→+∞ Ω Ω

ÉC
 !   

   
$  ! -

U E

     
    H N
,R , 
 
 f (x) = 0 
 
  Ω IQ 


T E C
   *   
' 
%


p
L (Ω)
 
 

 '
1 ≤ p ≤ +∞

 ?

1≤p<

Y
+∞ Lp (Ω) p Ω
   
P O L f Lp (Ω) =

|f (x)|p dx
1/p
#!
E  @( & 
  %      

,

L


É C O


Lp (Ω)

L∞ (Ω)

  
 *   
'   '  
 &  "

C>0  "

f
 "
  
   ?
    
|f (x)| ≤ C Ω

p = +∞

 
f L∞ (Ω) = inf C ∈ R+  "
 |f (x)| ≤ C   Ω , #!
L∞ (Ω) 
   @( A  "
  Ω 

%  '    Lp (Ω) ⊂
Lq (Ω) 
1 ≤ q ≤ p ≤ +∞

 *$
0&
U E
N
@ )  
 ,0      . 8 0  L (Ω) '   2
IQ
EC H
    . 

 ;8  A    A  .  8< 

  
     .  
   0
  ;.  T$U 
   
" 

 08 
<
Y T
%@*'1',* CC " v $ O L  , $ " 
P$ "$ v " -/  $
E
L2 (Ω)

O
2

L
/ $ L (Ω)  &"  $ "$ wi ∈ L2 (Ω)' )  i ∈ {1, ..., N }' " '
)  " " $ "$ φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)' $ 
ÉC 
v(x)
∂φ
∂xi
(x) dx = −

wi (x)φ(x) dx.
Ω Ω

;#  wi " ))  i+ - )" /  v " $"  ∂v
∂xi ,
 1)      0 
  J  
 A    wi = ∂x
∂v
i

 .

A  .

'    A  8   wi 
 
 ;   < E 
GA  v   .0 


  
   .     ?
L2 (Ω)A    .

  8 0  v [  1 
  


      
 
   
 8     .0 
 8 0

U E

)99) CC " v $ $ "$  L2 (Ω),  &" $ $"$" C > 0 "
N IQ
E C H
' )  " " $ "$ φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω) " )  " " $   i ∈ {1, ..., N }' $ 

T


∂xi
O LY
v(x) ∂φ (x) dx ≤ C φ L2 (Ω) ,
;<

" -/  $ /, P


LE
 v

ÉC O
- 
    $

U E
%9,*:10.1',*C   L  8    )  
N IQ

∂φ
EC H
Y T L(φ) = v(x) (x) dx.

POL
Ω ∂xi

3   L(φ) , )  


 
 φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)A   Q  ? ,    ;<A 

LE

   L   
 ? 
  8    L2 (Ω)  Cc∞ (Ω)  

ÉC O
 L2 (Ω) ,  5   9 8 A ,    ;< 
. 
  8
   L   
 
 L2 (Ω) 9 .

5  -    
+ FA   
 8   (−wi ) ∈ L2 (Ω)  


L(φ) = − wi (x)φ(x) dx,

 

. 
 v   .0 
 8 0  L2 (Ω) 

E
>)0+'+) CC ) Ω = (0, 1) "   
  xα   

 

U
IQ

 L2 (Ω)     α > 1/2

H N
>)0+'+) CC ) Ω     "  $      Ω(  C 1

 
   

 
 
 L2 (Ω)

Y T EC
POL
>)0+'+) CC ) Ω     "  $   C 1 
 
 


   $ 
  

 
 
 L2 (Ω)

O L E
@ 
.
 
 0  

   .



É C " $ $ "$ 


0,3,:'1',* CC v L2 (Ω) -/  $ / " "
 " "  - )" / ' ) 
∂v
1 ≤ i ≤ N ' $" $ , ' ) 
#  )$" $$&  Ω'  &" $ $"$" C "  v(x) = C ) 
∂xi

)" " $ "" )$" $$&,


%9,*:10.1',*C *
 
 ψ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)A   

∂ψ
v(x) (x) dx = 0. ;<
Ω ∂xi

  Q =] − , +[N

0 
.  
  Ω ;.  > 0<A    θ(t) ∈
Cc∞ (−, +)  

U E
 +

N IQ
H
θ(t) dt = 1.

*
 
 8   φ ∈ Cc∞ (Q)
−

 ) 
T E C
 xi
O L
 +Y

P  
φ(x , s) ds − φ(x , t) dt,

OLE
ψ(x , xi ) = θ(t)
− −

ÉC
 !   

   
$  ! -"

U E

.    x = (x , xi ) 
 x ∈ R 

N
N −1
IQ
 xi ∈ R @ . ) 8  
 ψ
  
 ? Cc∞ (Q)  


EC H
∂ψ 
LY T  +
φ(x , s) ds − φ(x , xi ).
O
(x , xi ) = θ(xi )

P
∂xi −

LE
3.
  8   ψ ,
  ;< . 
O
ÉC   
+
v(x)φ(x) dx = v(x)θ(xi ) φ(x , s) ds dx dxi
−
Q

Q

+

= φ(x , s) v(x , xi )θ(xi ) dxi dx ds
Q −

Q  
  2
0   ' φ  
 
A    
' 
    
  +
U E
IQ
v(x) = v(x , s)θ(s) ds,
−

H N
EC
,6?6  
 v     xi  Q 9   
 
 


T
  xi A  0    
 v(x)    Q ' 
 


Y
POL
   
 H    Ω 
. H   
 P
 
0 ;    . 0< 
  
A  
   
 
 v(x) 

O L E
  
    Ω 

ÉC
@ 
 8     1)        . 8 0 ?  

 (  
 8 .  
   0     .
  ;   
< ',       .   ,
 8  
? .
 .   

 
    


%@*'1',* CC " $ $ "$  Ω $ RN $" " "  )$"
σ
))"$$$"  L (Ω) $ $" σ ∈ L2 (Ω)N , $ "  σ  " $ -0$ 
2

 $ / $ L2(Ω)  &" $ $ "$ w ∈ L2(Ω) " ' )  " "
$ "$ φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)' $ 
 

E
σ(x) · ∇φ(x) dx = − w(x)φ(x) dx.

U
Ω Ω

 $ "$ w " ))  -0$  /  σ " $"  divσ,
N IQ
E C H
 I
 )     1)    $  
A  σ 
 8   
 A 

LY T

         ;.   '   <  
 ,  0 
w = divσ      8 
    .  8 0
  

P O
    
 
. ;  
      
 
 

LE

 , <

ÉC O
-$ 
    $

U E

)99) CC " $ $ "$ 
N Q $"$"
,  &"I $2 N
"
H
σ L (Ω) C >0
' )  " " $ "$ ' $ 
T E C
φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)

L
σ(x) · ∇φ(x) dx ≤ C φ L2 (Ω) ,

P

O LE
  " $ -0$   $ /,
σ

ÉC >)0+'+) CC ) Ω           Ω1  Ω2  


 

  
 Γ = ∂Ω1 ∩ ∂Ω2  "  $      
 C 1 
%
 
 Ω1  Ω2
  *
 
 L2 (Ω)     


  
    + 
 

 Γ

  
 "       %  *'  
  
   
 
 
  Lp (Ω) 
1 ≤ p ≤ +∞ 5  
p = 2  Lp (Ω) 

   B'        %  *' #C!       

U E
IQ

v(x) ∂φ (x) dx ≤ Cφ p % 1 1
 1 < p ≤ +∞,
N
+  =1

H
L (Ω)
∂xi p p

EC

  D(   )      AE     


  


Lp (Ω)  Lp (Ω) %  FGH!


Y T •

E POL



 C
L
!       
O H (Ω)
É 1
1

" $  -" 
%@*'1',* CC Ω RN , )   /- H 1 (Ω) " *$ )

H 1 (Ω) = v ∈ L2 (Ω) "  ∀ i ∈ {1, ..., N } ∂v
∂xi
∈ L2 (Ω) , ;"<

. ∂v
∂xi "  - )" /  v  $   8*$"$ 9,,3,
9 # 
 
   
 ,   0.  
.  ):3.+)
&!%*)0(') 
 R    
  8   ,  )  ; ,6?6  
 u H 1 (Ω) ) <  8   ,  )  
. .
 H L 6
U E
IQ

 M  

  # 
  0 ;    
    

N
   
< @ 
 . H      ,9 
 
 " 

E C H
0,3,:'1',* CC B $ ) "  
LY T
 
P O 

LE
u, v = u(x)v(x) + ∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx ;$<

O

ÉC
 !   
 

  -&

U E
"   $
N IQ
H
 1/2

EC
 
u H 1 (Ω) = |u(x)|2 + |∇u(x)|2 dx

)   /- H 1
"Y
L
(Ω) T Ω
$ )   @/",
P O
%9,*:10.1',*C   .  
 ;$<  0 
 
     H 1 (Ω) 

LE
  ?  
 H 1 (Ω)   
       (un )n≥1

O
ÉC

  '
#  H 1 (Ω) * )       H 1 (Ω)A (un )n≥1   

∂xi )n≥1 
 i ∈ {1, ..., N }   
  '
#  L (Ω) ' L (Ω)
( ∂un 2 2

 A        u  wi  


 un .  . u  ∂xi . 
∂un

. wi  L2 (Ω) @A  )      . 8 0  un A 


 
 8  
φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)A  
 
∂φ ∂un
un (x) (x) dx = − (x)φ(x) dx. ;&<
Ω ∂x i Ω ∂xi

* ?     n → +∞  ;&<A  0 


U E
IQ
 

N
∂φ
u(x) (x) dx = − wi (x)φ(x) dx,
Ω ∂xi Ω

EC H
T
 

. 
 u   .0 
 8 0  
 wi   i6  .  
8 0  uA ∂x
Y
 1 A u   0  ? H 1 (Ω)  (un )n≥1 .  . u 
∂u

POL
i
H (Ω)
1


L E
>)0+'+) CC "       ( C 1 
 
  + 
O
ÉC
 
 Ω(

  + H 1 (Ω)
9   N ≥ 2A  8    H 1 (Ω)     *' +,*1'*5): *'
/,0*%):A     6 
.
>)0+'+) CC ) B 
     RN  ) N = 2(    
 
u(x) = | log(|x|)|α

  + H 1 (B)  0 < α < 1/2( 
 $ 
  


*  $* ) N ≥ 3(    
  u(x) = |x|−β

  +
H 1 (B)  0 < β < (N − 2)/2( 
 $ 
  
 
*  $*
   ,  N = 1 8  L  M ?  6  
  8  
 H 1 (Ω)  ,:   
. RA     A  
Ω = (0, 1)

U E

)99) CC
N IQ
  " " $ "$ v ∈ H 1 (0, 1) " )  " " x, y ∈ [0, 1]' $ 
H


C
y

E
v(y) = v(x) + v  (s) ds. ;-<

LY
x
T
  0$$"' )  " " x ∈ [0, 1]' )) "$ v → v(x)' *$  H 1 (0, 1)
O
$ R' " $  $ $"$    H 1 (0, 1), $ )" ' " " $ "$
P
LE
v ∈ H 1 (0, 1) " $"$    [0, 1],

ÉC O
-- 
    $

U E
N
%9,*:10.1',*C   v ∈ H (0, 1) @ ) 
 8   w(x) 
 [0, 1] 
1
IQ
EC

H x
v  (s) ds.
T
w(x) =

Y
POL
0
' )   
  A  ,     '
#6 CFA
 x  

LE
 1
√ x

v (s) ds ≤ x 
|v (s)| ds ≤ |v  (s)|2 ds < +∞.
O
2

ÉC
0 0 0

9 8 A  H    


  8   w   
 
 [0, 1]
 x  
   1
x
|w(x) − w(y)| = v  (s) ds ≤ |x − y| |v  (s)|2 ds ≤ |x − y| |v  (s)|2 ds.
y y 0

7 
 w   .0 
 8 0  
 w = v     φ ∈ Cc∞ (0, 1) 9
 T     T = {(x, s) ∈ R2 , 0 ≤ s ≤ x ≤ 1}A  
 1  x 
E
 1 

U
  
v  (s)φ (x) ds dx.

IQ
w(x)φ (x) dx = v (s) ds φ (x) dx =

N
0 0 0 T

H
*   
  2
0  A  

EC
  1  1   1
v  (s)φ (x) ds dx =
T
φ (x) dx v  (s) ds = −
Y
φ(s)v  (s) ds,

POL
T 0 s 0
  '
#6 CF   


E
 1

L

w(x)φ (x) dx ≤ v  L2 (0,1) φ L2 (0,1) .


ÉC O
0

1 A w  0   .0 


 8 0   )    w  
 1  1  1
 
− w (x)φ(x) dx = w(x)φ (x) dx = − φ(s)v  (s) ds,
0 0 0

 
 φ ∈ Cc∞ (0, 1)A  
 
 
 w = v      " 
  

 w − v    ?
  
 
  (0, 1)A  
0  ;-<
3    ;-<  
   '
#6 CF  0 
 
 y  1
|v(x)| ≤ |v(y)| + |y − x| |v  (s)|2 ds ≤ |v(y)| + |v  (s)|2 ds,

E
x 0

      ? y


 1


IQ U
N
1
|v(x)| ≤ |v(y)| dy +
0

0

|v  (s)|2 ds

E C H

 1
|v(y)|2 dy +
LY
 1
T
|v  (s)|2 ds ≤

2 v H 1 (0,1) ,
0

P O 0

OLE
 

. 
 v → v(x) 
 8     
 
 H 1 (0, 1) 

ÉC
 !   
 

  -

U E
  
#
   "
 
 *    H (0, 1)
N
1
I Q  
 
  '
EC H
&     %
      %  * "
  *    H 1 (0, 1)   
 
*   
'     "
  "
  
 
     
 ( 
T
  %
  
  v  (   *    H 1 (0, 1)   
 
Y
POL
 
  v! 

         *
   "

 *   
H 1 (0, 1)   *
   *   
"
    
 *    

LE
 "
  
 
    
   
     *    
 
  "
  
! .      
 
  #CC       
ÉC O
   "
 
       *   v ∈ H 1 (0, 1) "
   


      


  .   -): =,*+1',*: 0%(5-'?0): :,*1
&)*:): &.*: -!):3.+) &) ,/,-)2 H 1 (Ω) ' I
 )       ,6
   0. 
P       ,0  8  

         
  8   
     
,  u H 1 (Ω)  '    8   0
  

 L  M ;.        5   "
U E
  0  ,0 
  8   
  
 
  
 


6 
<
N IQ
4%,0?9) CC $&) &)*:'1%6
EC H
 Ω " $  -" /$ 0    C 1 ' 
T
/$  Ω = RN+ '  $   Ω = RN '  Cc∞ (Ω) " $ $ H 1 (Ω),
Y
POL
  
5 " ;
, 
       
< 

E +     6  {x ∈

. ?      + 
    RN

L
RN  
 xN > 0}
O
ÉC
)9.0;5) CC ,  Cc∞ (Ω) 
   H 1 (Ω)   
  8 6
  
    C ∞ ? 
 0 ;
 <   8 Ω 9

 A  Ω  0A 
  8    C ∞ (Ω)    
 
6
 0A   Cc∞ (Ω) = C ∞ (Ω) *  
  8    Cc∞ (Ω) 
,
     
  0  ,
. ΩA  
(    
 Cc∞ (Ω) ;.   +
   < * A  Ω ,  0A  8   
Cc∞ (Ω) ,
 L? , ) M •

)9.0;5) CC     


  ,
 
.   
   16
)    "  ,      P    )    

  ,
 
.  
:  .  0   
 ,   
  0
 ,
.  
 
8  
   
 ,  
   L M ;.  
U E
+
  $< 
 
 O
 
 

 #  
 
N IQ
E C H
 ,
.A  
   
I
    ; 
 0  8
 

  
.  
 A .   6  ,9  < / A

LY T
,#  
  
.  1)    " 
 
. H ( 0  J ,6
  ?    8   C 1 
 H    ,  ? 

P O
  8      F  ;.  T&U< E  
      6

LE
      
A 
 8   
 ) 
   
   


ÉC O
 
    $

U E
N IQ
 , 
   
 

     
 ;R ,#  
 

EC H
   <    ,
. L.   M 
  


T
 
  
 
 
 ;.   (       


 
<
LY •

HO
 1 P
LE
1
(Ω) 0

ÉC O 1)   


 
    0. 

 
6  
H 1 (Ω)  

  
  
  0 .    
    
1  

%@*'1',* CC " Cc∞ (Ω) )   $ "$   C ∞   ))" ) "
$ Ω, )   /- H01 (Ω) " *$   #$   Cc∞ (Ω) $
H 1 (Ω),

E
@ .
 

   ;.   '  $< 
 H01 (Ω)   8   
6
   H 1 (Ω)  
  =,*+1',*: ;5' :!.**5-)*1 :50 -) /,0& ∂Ω 



IQ U
     8    Cc∞ (Ω) 9 A H01 (Ω)  :10'+1)9)*1 3-5: 3)1'1

H N

 H 1 (Ω)  Cc∞ (Ω) 
 
6  :10'+1  Cc∞ (Ω) ;.   5 " 

EC
 +
 $<         R Ω = RN J  (A  

T
 Ω = RN = Ω   5 " : 
 Cc∞ (RN )    H 1 (RN )A
Y
POL
   H01 (RN ) = H 1 (RN ) '        

 , 
  RN ,   0 

" $O
0,3,:'1',* CC E ) "   9,% 
LB $ H 1 (Ω)' )   /-
ÉC
H01 (Ω) )   @/",
%9,*:10.1',*C * )   H01 (Ω) 
 
6  8  H 1 (Ω) ;


    = 0<A  , 

    = 0 
 
   
    
      ,    
6
.

0,3,:'1',* CC  $*%(.-'1% &) ,'*+.0%6 " Ω $  -"  RN /$ $


 $ $  "$  ) ,  &" $ $"$" C > 0 " ' )  " "
$ "$ v ∈ H01 (Ω)'  
|v(x)|2 dx ≤ C |∇v(x)|2 dx.
U E
;<

IQ
Ω Ω

%9,*:10.1',*C *
  8   v ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)   I?  ,    
H N
C
*   ;<    $ *
 
     
  .

Y T
 1)   -<A   
 
 vn ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)  
E

 
 8   v ∈ H01 (Ω) 9 (A  Cc∞ (Ω)    H01 (Ω) ;

P

O L
 

OLE
lim v − vn 2H 1 (Ω) = lim |v − vn |2 + |∇(v − vn )|2 dx = 0.
n→+∞ n→+∞ Ω

ÉC
 !   
 

  

U E
9 
 A   
 

N IQ
 
EC H  
lim
n→+∞ Ω
|vn | dx =
2

LY T Ω
|v| dx 
2
lim
n→+∞ Ω
|∇vn | dx =
2

|∇v|2 dx.

P O
*   
 $A  

O LE  

ÉC
|vn (x)| dx ≤ C
2
|∇vn (x)|2 dx. ;<
Ω Ω

@   ?     n → +∞  


  
   ,    ;<

 0   
    ' # ,
 L  M   
.
    
 

)9.0;5) CC ,     *   ;< ,  .  


  8   
H 1 (Ω) 9 (A  8    ; 
< 
      
U E
;<       
 ,# 
6I     ,   

N IQ
H
 *    
  8    H01 (Ω) ,
 
  0 ∂Ω  ,
. Ω

EC
;.   +
 - 
  .    #< •

Y T
POL
     ,     *     
 
. 
8
 

  
. 
    H01 (Ω)

O L E
" $  -"  /$ $  $ $  "$ 
) ,C
,0,--.'0) CC  Ω RN

É  $
 1/2
|v|H01 (Ω) = |∇v(x)|2 dx

" $ $   H01 (Ω)  -$"   $   $ " )   H 1 (Ω),
%9,*:10.1',*C   v ∈ H01 (Ω)      
 1/2

E
 2 

U
|v|H01 (Ω) ≤ v H 1 (Ω) = |v| + |∇v| dx
2

IQ

 .  1,


 A ,     *  
 $ 
 ?
H N

T E C
v 2H 1 (Ω) ≤ (C + 1)

O

LY|∇v|2 dx = (C + 1)|v|2H 1 (Ω) ,
0

P
OLE
 

. 
 |v|H01 (Ω) 
  
. ? v H 1 (Ω)  

ÉC
 
    $

U E
 2   0   -

N IQ
EC H
/
 . .

,   N ≥ 2  8    H 1 (Ω)     


Y T
;.   6  ,9   < ' 
 
 8   
0A

POL
  
     .
  
 ,
 8   v ∈ H 1 (Ω) 
 L


M  Ω 9 
 A  ,     .    
 )   L.


LE

0 MA 
L M  v 
  0 ∂Ω  ∂Ω 
 0   0 


ÉC O

 
 2 

 
  0 
    
 
 
A 
#  
  H
 # 
 )     v|∂Ω ,
 8    H 1 (Ω) '

  A     A   
.

4%,0?9) CC  $&) 10.+)6 " Ω $  -" /$ 0    C 1 '  /$
Ω= RN
+ , $ *$" )) "$ "  γ0
H 1 (Ω) ∩ C(Ω) → L2 (∂Ω) ∩ C(∂Ω)
;<
→ γ0 (v) = v|∂Ω .
E
v

;"" )) "$ γ0  )$0 ) $"$ " $ $ )) "$ $ $"$ 
 H 1 (Ω) $ L2 (∂Ω)' $" $  γ0 , $ )" '  &" $ $"$" C > 0 IQ U
" ' )  " " $ "$ v ∈ H 1 (Ω)' $ 
H N
Y T
v L2 (∂Ω) ≤ C v H 1 (Ω) . EC ; <

P O L
)9.0;5) CC  4Q  
5      
    

L E
.
 ,
 8    H 1 (Ω) 
  0 ∂Ω ' 
  
0  

ÉCO
,  . 

 8    L2 (Ω) ;.   
  ,9  < •
%9,*:10.1',*C 1  
 
   6  Ω = RN
+ = {x ∈
RN , xN > 0}   v ∈ Cc∞ (RN 
+ ) 3.    x = (x , xN )A  
 +∞
∂v
|v(x , 0)|2 = −2 v(x , xN ) (x , xN ) dxN ,
0 ∂xN

A 
   ,    2ab ≤ a2 + b2 A
 2
+∞ ∂v

|v(x , 0)| ≤
2
|v(x , xN )| +

(x , xN ) dxN .
2 

E
0 ∂xN

*     x A   



IQ U
 
H
2
N
C
∂v
|v(x)| +
E (x) dx,
 
|v(x , 0)| dx ≤
2 2
RN −1

LY
RN
+
T ∂xN

,6?6  v L2 (∂RN ) ≤ v H 1 (RN


P O ∞
)  *    Cc (R+ )  H (R+ )A  06
N 1 N

LE
+ +
     


ÉC O
 !   
 

  

U E
N IQ
*

 
. 0 
    C A 
  
 
  
1

EC H
 
0 
    
  Ω = RN +  /
    

T
 
     ;F   
< 
  H 
 

   

Y
POL
     *    6 
 
 5         
 8    H 1 (Ω) 

LE
8
  4    0  
  8     C 1 
' 

ÉC O
 

4%,0?9) CC  $,095-) &) #0))*6 " Ω $  -" /$ 0   
C 1,  u " v $"  $ "$  H 1 (Ω)'  -*$"
  
∂v ∂u
u(x) (x) dx = − v(x) (x) dx + u(x)v(x)ni (x) ds, ;<
Ω ∂xi Ω ∂xi ∂Ω

. n = (ni )1≤i≤N "  $ $" &"   ∂Ω,


%9,*:10.1',*C + 
  8
 ;<   0  
  8   
U E
IQ
 C 1   '    @
   ? 
.

 
    *

N
   Cc∞ (Ω)  H 1 (Ω) ;.   5 "<A     
 (un )n≥1

.

'     
EC H
 (vn )n≥1  Cc∞ (Ω) 
.   H 1 (Ω) . u  v A   . 9


Y T
 

POL
∂vn ∂un
un dx = − vn dx + un vn ni ds. ;<
Ω ∂xi Ω ∂xi ∂Ω

un  ∂u L E
@ 
  ?     n → +∞   
     ;< 

O
∂xi ;  .A vn  ∂xi < .  . u  ∂xi ;  .A v
∂vn ∂u

ÉC
n

 ∂x
∂v
i
<  L2 (Ω) *
  ?            ;<A 

     
  ,     γ0 A ,6?6  ,    ; <A 

,: 
 γ0 (un ) ;  .A γ0 (vn )< .  . γ0 (u) ;  .A
γ0 (v)<  L2 (∂Ω) @ 0     8
 ;< 
  8   u  v 
H 1 (Ω) 
' 
 
5      0 
    
    ,  H01 (Ω)

,0,--.'0) CC  " Ω $  -" /$ 0    C 1 , )  H01 (Ω)
D$   -   )   H 1 (Ω) $""   $ "$  $$ $"   
/ ∂Ω,
U E
%9,*:10.1',*C ' 
 8    H01 (Ω)     ,
 
  8  
N IQ
E C H
 ? Cc∞ (Ω) 
 0  G
   
A   
  ,  
  γ0  
 
          
 
 @  
 
 H01 (Ω) 

LY T

  
6   H 1 (Ω)  8   
,
 
  0 ∂Ω 
 
  
   
   
 ,
 
0        ;. 

P O
 
.   *    < 
  
       ;    ?

LE
 
.
5 < /
 .# ? T&UA T"U 
 
    

ÉC O
 
    $

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC   '  $ : 
  #
 ,     γ0

EC H
   H01 (Ω)  
  
A   0

 
  A  

T
   ,    γ0  ' 
   
    Im(γ0 ) , 

Y
POL
L2 (∂Ω)A  
 
6   A   L2 (∂Ω)A  
  8   L


 MA   H 1/2 (∂Ω) *
 
   A 
 .# ? TU •

O LE
4Q  
'  $ 
 
. 
 
    

ÉC
*    ?   ,     *   ' 
.  
, 
 L 
 .M    0 

 
     
 
        8  9 (A     0
 . 
 ,     *  A   
 (   ,
  
  .
  3
.
 ,        
  
A  ,  

  , 
      0 ? 
    )

510) &%9,*:10.1',* &) -. 0,3,:'1',* CC C @       
,  ,     C > 0  
A 
 
 8   v ∈ H01 (Ω)A
 
U E
|v(x)|2 dx ≤ C |∇v(x)|2 dx,
N IQ
H
Ω Ω


Y  EC
 .
  
,   
 
 vn ∈ H01 (Ω)  

T
POL
1= |vn (x)|2 dx > n |∇vn (x)|2 dx. ;"<

E
Ω Ω

O L
9 
 A ;"<  
 
  
 vn  0  H01 (Ω) *   

ÉC

5  +   A   
 
6
 vn 
.   L2 (Ω)
1 
A ;"<  
  
 ∇vn .  . F  L2 (Ω) ; 
 < * 
A vn 
 
  '
#  H01 (Ω)A 


    = 0A   .   H01 (Ω) .
    v  '  
 
1
|∇v(x)|2 dx = lim |∇vn (x)|2 dx ≤ lim = 0,
Ω n→+∞ Ω n→+∞ n

  
A  .

  "A 
 v 
   
 6
   Ω 7   v  
 
  0 ∂Ω ; .

' 
$<A v   
 
  
 Ω *  
A
 
U E
IQ
|v(x)|2 dx = lim |vn (x)|2 dx = 1,

N
n→+∞

H
Ω Ω

 

    .  8  
 v = 0

T E C 

LY
)9.0;5) CC           *    
O
P
  8  *  A   ,
 
. ΩA 0  

LE

    C 1 A   0 ∂Ω     
   I  
 

ÉC O
 !   
 

  "

U E
N IQ
∂ΩN  ∂ΩD   
 
)    
 ;.   2
 < @
) 
   V 

EC H
Y TV = {v ∈ H 1 (Ω)  
 v = 0 
 ∂ΩD }.

POL
*   
5    A   8   .  
 V 
 
6

LE
  8  H 1 (Ω)A  
    = 0 
  
    

ÉC O
H 1 (Ω) ' 
 H01 (Ω)A ,
        , 6
  ,
  C > 0  
 
 8   v ∈ V . ) ,    
*   ;< •
*      8
  4
5 "A 
 
.


 8  ,  8    ? H 1 (Ω) ' 8 
, 
  
    
 
 
  
6   6
  )   H 1 (Ω)


)99) CC
U E
" Ω $  -" /$ 0    C 1 , " (ωi)1≤i≤I $
)""$ 0 +  Ω' "   #  ωi " $  -" 0   
IQ
C 1 ' ωi ∩ ωj = ∅  i = j ' " Ω = ∪Ii=1 ωi , " v $ $ "$ $"  " "$ 
N
 H 1 (Ω),
i

EC H
#  ωi' vi = v|ω ' ))"$"  H 1 (ωi ),  v " $"$    Ω'  v ))"$"

Y T
POL
%9,*:10.1',*C '
   . 8 0  v J 
 φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)A    
  8
  4  
 ωi  


O L
∂φ E I 
 ∂φ

ÉC
v(x) (x) dx = vi (x) (x) dx
Ω ∂xj i=1 ωi ∂xj
I 
 I 
∂vi
=− (x)φ(x) dx + vi (x)φ(x)nij (x) ds
i=1 ωi
∂xj i=1 ∂ω i

I 
∂vi
=− (x)φ(x) dx,
i=1 ωi ∂xj

     0 ,


 
 ? 
 9 (A 
    Γ = ∂ωi ∩ ∂ωk

0 
 
 
 
. ωi  ωk   nij (x) = −nkj (x)   A 
 
  v  φA
 

U E
IQ
vi (x)φ(x)nij (x) ds + vk (x)φ(x)nkj (x) ds = 0.

N
Γ Γ

@  
  
 v   .0 
 8 0  


E C H
∂v
=
∂vi

LY . T
O
∂xj ωi ∂xj

P
OLE
9 
 A   
 
 v   ? H 1 (Ω) 

ÉC
$ 
    $

U E
N ∂ΩD IQ
EC H
Y T
POL Ω
O LE
ÉC
∂ΩN

  W *    


   I 
0 ,
 
.

  
# $ 6   *   *    

%  
 Ω 
U E

    
%  
  (ωi )1≤i≤I  B

     #CI  %'
IQ
 
%  ωi   
  
  8 
9 4

   *  
N
       
  #CI
EC H •

Y T
POL
y

O L E y=xr

ÉC Ω

  W 9 ,
 
.  
 

>)0+'+) CC            <%    


 
$ 
 
  $ Ω $ 
  * ) $ Ω ⊂ R2   
 0 < x < 1
 0 < y < xr
 r > 2  
7* 2 ) 
  v(x) = xα  " 
U E
N IQ
 v ∈ H 1 (Ω)     2α + r > 1(
  v ∈ L2 (∂Ω)   
 2α > −1 0  
  
  B    <%  

C H
!    
-  2  *   
 
   
E
 

LY T
P O
>)0+'+) CC          $   
 :
   

LE
 
      L (Ω)( $ + $ $  
  
  C > 0
2

ÉC O
 !   
 

  &

U E
 (      v ∈ L (Ω)( 

N IQ
EC H
T
v|∂Ω L2 (∂Ω) ≤ C v L2 (Ω) .

Y
POL
- (  %   Ω 
   0       
 *  
 Ω *
 +   ∂Ω   
 
 L2 (Ω)   #  0

O L3
E   
ÉC

/
    
6   ? ,
 ,
      


      +  
I

 X        
 0 
    ;.   '  &< 
 

   
 
 
0 ,.
    + 
 ,0 
A 
   
= 0    ) A  ,  . 
A  
 
 0A  

 
 
6
 .  ;
    
    
) A .  ,9  "<

U E
4%,0?9) CC $&) )--'+46
N IQ
 Ω " $  -" /$ 0    C 1 ' 
H
 " "  " /$  H (Ω) $ ) " &" $   " $-0$" $ L2(Ω)
1

Y T EC
$ "  $> "$ $$   H 1 (Ω) $ L2 (Ω) " ) ",

POL
 5   
 H 8
  ,
. Ω ,  0 * A 
Ω = RN A , I    
  H 1 (RN )  L2 (RN ) ,    *


O L E
, .    
:     
 un (x) = u(x + ne) R e 
 . 

 
  u
 8    H 1 (RN ) ;  u      e<    

ÉC

,

 
6
  un  .   L2 (RN )

)9.0;5) CC ,   H 1 (Ω)  H01 (Ω)A   
  56
    +   . A    
  ,      
 

,
. Ω  
  •

  
5    
    ; 8     ?
 8  2
 A   
    ,3  Y . A  A
T&UA T"U< /
  
   
   
    

LM    N = 1
%9,*:10.1',*C @    
   ,  N = 1 A   
U E
IQ
 A  
 
 Ω = (0, 1)   (un )n≥1
 
 0  H 1 (0, 1)A

N
,6?6  
,    K > 0  


E
un H 1 (0,1) ≤ K ∀ n ≥ 1.
C H
LY
1,   A 
 
 x, y ∈ [0, 1]   T
P O 

OLE
|un (x)| ≤ CK  |un (x) − un (y)| ≤ CK |x − y|. ;$<

ÉC
- 
    $

U E
N IQ
;@   
 ,     '
#6 CF ? ;-<<  
 
 ; 00<

EC H
(xp )p≥1     [0, 1] 
    . ; A   

T
 Q ∩ [0, 1]< *
 p )A  
 un (xp )  0  R ? 
    

Y
POL
    ;$< @ 
    
 
6
 
.   R @
 
 ,0     ?  
 un (x1 )   0 
 
6
 un1 (x1 )

LE

.   R *
      
6
A    n1 A
 
.

6
A    n2 A  
 un2 (x2 ) .   R ; A 0  GA   


ÉC O
un2 (x1 ) 
. < 9 # 
 .
 
6
     A
 
 A  
  
 
6
A    np A  
 unp (xp )
. A   
 unp (xk ) 
 1 ≤ k ≤ p . A  
6
 unp 
 
  
 L M ? 
 
 p    *
 .  
,  ,  

  L?    MA 
  
 
 ,    
   3

A   
   
6
 ;   <   0  
6
A
,6?6  
,            
6
 un1 A 
 

     
  un2 A     
  p6    p6

E
unp   
   0
   um   .  
A 
 
 p ≥ 1A  

U
IQ
um (xp ) .   R

N
    x ∈ [0, 1]   > 0 ;
   < '  
 (xp )p≥1

H
EC
   [0, 1]A   
   xp  
 |x − xp | ≤  *  
A 
um (xp ) .   R 
 m  . , ) A    m0  
A 
 


Y T
m, m ≥ m0 A   |um (xp ) − um (xp )| ≤  * 
A  0 

|um (x) − um (x)|

E POL
≤ |um (xp ) − um (x)| + |um (xp ) − um (xp )| + |um (xp ) − um (x)|

O L ≤  + 2CK 

ÉC
 

. 
  
 um (x)   '
#  RA   .  
 

x ∈ [0, 1] *   
  .      0
A 
 
 
  
 um .   L2 (0, 1) 

>)0+'+) CC ) Ω = (0, 1)  un (x) = sin(2πnx) "   


  un 
     
 L2 (Ω)( 
 $ $ 
   *  -

  
( *F +   *
 
 
 ( (      φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)(

 1
lim un (x)φ(x) dx = 0,

E
n→+∞ 0

     + H 1 (Ω)   


     un 
IQ U
    
  
       un * 
 L2 (Ω) ?  


H N
 1  H m (Ω)
T E C
LY
@ 
      1)     ,   0. H 1 (Ω) 

O
P
8   
 m ≥ 0 8   .0 
 8 0 'O  


LE
.  ,  
 0 
    α = (α1 , ..., αN )
 95-1''*+'&)A ,6?6 

ÉC O
 !   
 

  

U E
IQ N

HN

 . 
 ? N      . αi ≥ 0 @  |α| = i=1 αi A


 8   v A

T E C∂ |α| v

LY
∂ α v(x) = (x).
∂x1 · · · ∂xα
α1 N

O
N

P
3     1)        .   8 0A  )   
 

LE

 m   . ,  m 8 0 J   
,
 8   v ∈ L2 (Ω)  m 8   .0

O
ÉC

 8 0  
   .   8 0 ,  m − 1   .0
8 0 
   1)     +
 
A   )   ,

 .  A ,    .  ,  A ? 

 
2 2
CF ∂x∂i ∂x
v
j
= ∂x∂j ∂x
v
i
A  
I
 )    ∂ α v R ,    .  ,
  


%@*'1',* CC   $ $" m ≥ 0' )   /- H m (Ω) " *$ )
 
H m (Ω) = v ∈ L2 (Ω) " ' ∀ α - |α| ≤ m, ∂ α v ∈ L2 (Ω) ,
U E ;&<

.  - )" ∂ α
v "  )$   $ /,
N IQ
EC H
/
   
 
     . )  
 8  
.

Y T
POL
0,3,:'1',* CC B $ ) "  
E
 

O L u, v = ∂ α u(x)∂ α v(x) dx ;-<

ÉC
Ω |α|≤m


"   $ u H m (Ω) = u, u' )   /- H m (Ω) " $ )  
@/",
 8    H m (Ω)    
I
  
 

  ;  
 m      N <A    m  
:   
 8   
H m (Ω)   
 + 
, .

 A    , 
N = 1A  8    H 1 (Ω)   
 /
    
 
.

     
   
 
 ;.     

  A 
  A ,
 
    <

U E
4%,0?9) CC  Ω " $  -" /$ 0    C 1 ' "  m > N/2'
 H m(Ω) " $  )   $/ C(Ω)  $ "$ $"$    Ω,
N IQ
E C H
LY T
)9.0;5) CC *     
5  " ?
 8    ?
  .A  
  8      
  ,   
   k ≥ 0  


P O
m − N/2 > k A  H m (Ω) 
 
6   ,0 C k (Ω)  8   k

LE
8  ( 0 
 Ω •

ÉC O
 
    $

U E
N IQ
 LM
5  "  
 
 m   A 
  8  

EC H
 H m (Ω)  
 A ,6?6   .0 


 ;  
: , 


T

 .  5  " ?
 8   v ∈ H m (Ω)  ?   . ∂ α v ∈

Y
POL
H m−|α| (Ω)<
' 
 H 1 (Ω)A  8   
     H m (Ω) ;
 

LE
,
. Ω  
  Y .   1)    "<   
5 
  "     8  ? H m (Ω) /
      


ÉC O
O 
  
    
.

4%,0?9) CC  Ω " $  -" /$ 0    C m '  /$  Ω = RN+ '
 Cc∞ (Ω) " $ $ H m (Ω),
@ 
 
 0   
      8
  4 ,  

. 
 ,  H m (Ω) * 
   A 
 
    
  m = 2 ;
  
 
 

     
<

4%,0?9) CC
U E
" Ω $  -" /$ 0    C 1 , $ *$" ))
"$ "  γ1
N IQ
EC H
H 2 (Ω) ∩ C 1 (Ω) → L2 (∂Ω) ∩ C(∂Ω)

∂v ;<

T
v → γ1 (v) = ,
∂n
Y
POL
∂Ω

- ∂n
∂v
= ∇u · n, ;"" )) "$ γ1  )$0 ) $"$ " $ $ )) "$
$ $"$   H 2 (Ω) $ L2 (∂Ω), $ )" '  &" $ $"$" C > 0
L E
" ' )  " " $ "$ v ∈ H 2 (Ω)' $ 
O
ÉC
 
 ∂v 
  ≤ C v H 2 (Ω) . ; <
 ∂n  2
L (∂Ω)

%9,*:10.1',*C ,    ,     γ1 ;   < 

  
 
   5     
  8   
H 1 (Ω) 9 (A  v ∈ H 2 (Ω)A  ∇v ∈ H 1 (Ω)N   
  )    
 ∇v 
 ∂Ω 
 8    L2 (∂Ω)N  '   
 8  
 
 0 
 ∂ΩA   
 0  
 ∂n ∂v
∈ L2 (∂Ω) 

  
# ! 1 Ω 

%  '  
   C   
    
2

  D(      #CC $      γ0


U E
H 2 (Ω) ∩ C(Ω) → H 1 (∂Ω) ∩ C(∂Ω)

N IQ #!
H
v → γ0 (v) = v|∂Ω ,

E C
"
        
 
      
  H 2 (Ω)  H 1 (∂Ω)
T

       γ0 (v)     %   1 Ω = RN+   
 
LY
E * &  %   &     .      *
 %  
  
O
P
1 ' % 

 %   ∂Ω!  "
            
 4 

LE
      
"
    
   "
  
  %

ÉC O
       

U E
  8%%9 &  *  
    
  '  I
N Q% 
"

     
   "
 
*"
!
E C H
+
  % 
"
  
*"

'
   
 %


T

L Y
 5     -     
 8    H 2 (Ω)

O
P
8
  4    0  
  8     C 2 
' 

L E " $  -" /$ 0    , 


 

É C O4%,0?9) CC
v ∈ H (Ω)
1
' $ 
Ω C2" u ∈ H 2 (Ω)

  
∂u
∆u(x)v(x) dx = − ∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx + (x)v(x) ds. ; <
Ω Ω ∂Ω ∂n

%9,*:10.1',*C ' ; <  .  


  8     C 2  

 8   
     H 2 (Ω)  H 1 (Ω)A 
  
 
 
  /
 .# ?   
5 " 
 
   
U E
IQ
 
 
 
.
 
,  8

     
  ,    
γ1 A ,6?6  ,    ; <

H N 


    
Y T EC
POL
'    
 H       


E

O L
*

 2  

ÉC
4
  2     Ω = RN "
   
  
% &

  C ∞ N
c (R )       C∞    ! 
RN    H 1 (RN )

nN

ρ ζn
1

E
n

IQ U
1 1 −2n −n

H
n 2n
N
C
n n

T E
  W 2   ρn  
   ;? 
<A  ζn   
 ;?  <
Y
%  '

!  P O L
       +
  
  

  
 1  ρ ∈
Cc∞ (B) B

O L E "
  ρ ≥ 0 B
ρ(x) dx = 1 $ 
 


ÉC
 
    $

U E
8 
 9 N
   
    
I
N Q '

 
H
ρn (x) = n ρ(nx) 1/n
%   J
 #C! $ 
    % 
 
 *  
C
v ∈ H 1 (RN )

Y T E 

L
vn (x) = v  ρn (x) = ρn (x − y)v(y) dy,

O
RN

"
   
P   "
  $ %  *  "
  %
 E
C∞ ∇vn = (∇v)  ρn vn

 !L
 !  % 
∇vn %   %  ∇v !  K  %   %
L2 (RN )

O
v v
 
     *   
   %   D(  
É C  
  
 
    1 
∇v L2 (RN )
#!  
  & 
 *    2

L (R ) 6 
N
 
 "
&  "
  

vn  "

ζ ∈ Cc∞ (RN ) 
0≤ζ≤1 ζ(x) = 1
 |x| ≤ 1 ζ(x) = 0  |x| ≥ 2 $   ζn (x) = ζ nx %  J
 #C!    "
 vn
  ṽn (x) = vn (x)ζn (x) $ %  *  
 "
 ṽn  %  ∇ṽn !
 %  %  v  %  ∇v!  L2 (RN ) 
 D(   #C/   


%  


   

 "
   

 
%  ' %  D(   ##   
  RN 
U E
' 

 " Ω           C      Ω = R   
           ! P  H (Ω)  H (R )
1 1
1
N

N Q  

  I 
N
+

       
    v ∈ H 1 (Ω)
 P v|Ω = v
E C H
# P vL (R ) ≤ CvL (Ω)
LY T
O
2 N 2

$ P vH (R ) ≤ CvH (Ω)


E P
1 N 1

%      C > 0   !  Ω


L
ÉCO
  D
 '       
 
Ω = RN+  $   x = (x , xN )
% x = (x1 , ..., xN−1 ) 1  v ∈ H 1 (RN+ ) $ 



v(x , xN )  xN > 0
v(x , −xN )  xN < 0.
P v(x) =

$ %    "
 
1 ≤ i ≤ N − 1
∂P v
∂v
∂x
i
(x , xN )  xN > 0
(x) =
∂xi ∂v
∂x
i
(x , −xN )  xN < 0,


 "

 xN > 0
E
∂P v
∂v
(x , xN )

U
∂x
N
(x) =
− ∂x (x , −xN )  xN < 0.

IQ
∂xN ∂v 

N
N

5     %  v 


 *   
   
 ;
 

E C H
 "
 v   %' "
 *'  4
       
 *! "

;
     *
   
      L   P v M %  FC/H

 ! $  


P %    C = 2    Ω = RN
L + !
T
        
  
     
Y
P O
1 Ω 

%  '  
   C 1  

 
  8   9

LE

   
 Ω = RN+  0         .  C/ 

% 

ÉC O
       

U E
∂Ω N IQ
EC H
LY T yN

P O ω0 φi Q+

OLE
y
ÉC ωi Q


  W '   ,
 
. 
 
U E
I$Q

   
 
%      
% 

H

 8    
9   &  
%   &   N  
  
(ωi )0≤i≤I
*   
Cc∞ (RN )  "

T E C (θi )0≤i≤I

O L Y 
I

E P
θi ∈ Cc∞ (ωi ), 0 ≤ θi (x) ≤ 1, 
θi (x) = 1 Ω.

L
i=0

É C
$ %  O
 

Pv
     
  "
 K %   (   CI  FNH!

  * 

I

Pv = Pi (θi v),
i=0

: ("
  
Pi       ωi  5  θ0 v  & 
   
 Ω   P0 (θ0 v)      θ0 v  E  (   Ω 
("

i ∈ {1, ..., I}   φi   "
  *  ωi 
    *  Q % 
 .  C/   J
 ##!   

wi = (θi v) ◦ ( φ−1
i
+)
Q
% Q+ = Q ∩ RN+ .
5 *   wi   & H 1 (Q+)   
 
 %    ∂Q+ ∩ RN+  1
U E
    RN+ \ Q+  '
 *   w̃i ∈ H 1 (RN+ ) $ 
  
N
     L  w̃i 
'
 *   P w̃i ∈ H 1 (RN )  
   
IQ
E C H
      P "
  %   
  
RN+ ! $ %  ωi    

Y
Pi (θi v) = (P w̃i ) ◦ φi .

L T
P O
  
  C 1  φi     %   '       
Pi   

LE
P 

ÉC O
 
    $

U E
  

# 
  8   9
 

N IQ    "
  


E
("
 
 % "
   *     C H
  
    ' 
     5 

  
 
    E

T

 1 H(div)LY


P O
& %
L
O E
4
  
 
% 

 
         L2 (Ω)  
 *  
H 1 (Ω)
5    
      %    
É C
 A  "
 //!



 H(div)   & 
 
H(div) = σ ∈ L2 (Ω)N 
 divσ ∈ L2 (Ω) , #C!
% divσ        σ     ' &  #(
$ %  *  "
 
   B'         

U E
IQ


  !

H N
EC
' 

 )     

Y T
POL
σ, τ  = (σ(x) · τ (x) + divσ(x)divτ (x)) dx ##!

L E
    ! σH(div) =
O

σ, σ  H(div)     *  

ÉC
5  
   1 ' %  
   
 
    * 
  
  
        "
        &  

D(   #C/!
% &

 " Ω           C      Ω = R   
1 N
+
Cc∞ (Ω)N    H(div)
,      H(div)  "
      
 (      

 *
  O  %     
  "
    1 ' % H 1 (Ω)
0 +  σ   & H(div)   8  <9 "

 
  '     %
      
    H 1 (Ω)!   
    
 
&      σ · n 
∂Ω
U E
IQ
5 2    "
 γ0        H 1 (Ω)  L2 (∂Ω) % 

H N
 D(      #CC!  "
 Im(γ0 ) = H 1/2 (∂Ω) "
 
 
  
L2 (∂Ω) %   A  "
 #CG! $ 

 H 1/2 (∂Ω)     
%

 "
 E C
YT
 
vH 1/2 (∂Ω) = inf φH 1 (Ω) γ0 (φ) = v

"
  *
   @(   
O
P L
  B' ! $    H −1/2 (∂Ω)
   
  H 1/2

O

L
(∂Ω)
E
ÉC
       "

U E
% &

 ()   * +  , "  
N I Q      
H

   &    +   !,
C
C1 γn

Y T E
H(div) ∩ C(Ω) → H −1/2 (∂Ω) ∩ C(∂Ω)

%
P O L      -        
σ = (σi )1≤i≤N

  !
→ γn (σ) = (σ · n)|∂Ω

E
n = (ni )1≤i≤N ∂Ω γn

O L
   

            
  
  '  
H(div) H −1/2 (∂Ω)

C
σ ∈ H(div) φ ∈ H 1 (Ω)

É 


divσφ dx +



#/!
σ · ∇φ dx = σ · n, γ0 (φ)H −1/2 ,H 1/2 (∂Ω) .

  1 Ω 



%  
   C  0  C *
  *

1

      %     


%
  
divσφ dx + σ · ∇φ dx = σ · nφ ds, #N!
E
Ω Ω ∂Ω


 *   
  σ  φ $   "
  '  "
  8%9   
   #/!  
  "
  8 9    ' 

  #N! $
IQ U
N
%    "
  
    
(  #N!  '
  
φ ∈ H 1 (Ω) 
H
EC
σ ∈ H(div)      *   
   H 1 (Ω)  H(div)    

Y T

(  #N!   
   
         =  
 * 
   
 
        Im(γ0 )   H 1/2 (∂Ω) ,  * 

POL
          *
 #/!       γn (σ)   
'   
    H −1/2 (∂Ω)
E


O L
$ 
 ' -  
 "
%  H01 (Ω) 
 H(div) $  
ÉC

 H0 (div)  H(div)   (   Cc∞ (Ω)  H(div) 5  

  B'  "
     
%   
 !    
  *  
 H(div)         

 1  W m,p (Ω)

     
    W m,p (Ω) 

  m ≥ 0  


  1 ≤ p ≤ +∞ 5     
 
  @( Lp (Ω) %  #!
 #!! 5  
 %   &  A  "
 #)       % *'  &
Lp (Ω) 4
 
%         
%



" .     m ≥ 0   "   W m,p
(Ω)
U E
  & 
W m,p p

 ∀ α  |α| ≤ m, ∂
(Ω) = {v ∈ L (Ω) α
v∈L p

N
(Ω)} ,
IQ #G!
%        ∂ α v      
E C H
?
     ⎛
LY ⎞1/p T
O


P
uW m,p (Ω) = ⎝ ∂ α up ⎠

OLE
|α|≤m

ÉC
$ 
    $

U E
 %  "

N I Q 
     

   @( 5   
m,p

 H
W (Ω)
 
  '     "
 
 '     %     FIH!
 
    '      C
  2       1 
Y T E


% 
'  + - * 4


 
' 
 Ω = RN Ω = RN

L
Ω +
 

⎨ 
E P
p<N O %
W 1,p (Ω) ⊂ Lq (Ω) ∀ q ∈ [1, p∗ ] 1/p∗ = 1/p − 1/N

O L ⎩
p=N W 1,p (Ω) ⊂ Lq (Ω) ∀ q ∈ [1, +∞[ #)!
C  p>N W 1,p (Ω) ⊂ C(Ω),

É % ;   


 &  "
 %
   "
 
  
W 1,p (Ω) ⊂ E C
 "
 

 u ∈ W 1,p
(Ω)

uE ≤ CuW 1,p (Ω) .

   
 p = 1  m = N    "
'   
        

     1 ' %
 

!  W (RN )  / 
  0!        1
U E
IQ
N,1

     R   Cb (RN )   


 u ∈ W N,1 (RN )  
N
N

uL (R ) ≤ uW (R ) .
∞ N

EC
N,1
HN #I!
T
  1  u ∈ Cc∞ (RN ) 
x = (x1, ..., xN )  
Y
POL
 x1  xN
∂N u

E
u(x) = ··· (y) dy1 ...dyN ,

 :   
O L
−∞ −∞
∂x1 · · · ∂xN

ÉC uL∞ (RN ) ≤ 
∂N u
 1 N ≤ uW N,1 (RN ) .
∂x1 · · · ∂xN L (R )

$ Cc∞ (RN )    W N,1 (RN )         D(   ##  

H 1 (RN )! .     '   #I! 

 u ∈ W N,1 (RN ) 

  * 
  Cc∞ (RN ) 
    L∞ (RN )    Cb (RN )  *
 
       ! .  #I!  "
 "
  *    W N,1 (RN )
   
  '  

 * 


A  "
  
 V  
   B'  V   '  *   
U E
 
 
V     
D(   )      AE  
 
N IQ
0  
  
  H01 (Ω) ;

 <  
   

E C H
L2 (Ω)   & L2 (Ω) 
   $ 
 
   
 
   1 ' %



$      "  
L Y   T
   
H01 (Ω) H −1 (Ω)
L, φH −1 ,H 1 (Ω) = L(φ)
P O 
               !  1
H01 (Ω)

OLE
0
      L ∈ H −1 (Ω)       φ ∈ H01 (Ω)

ÉC
       &

U E
$ 
     

N I Q
% %  FGH!
 $     

−1

H
H (Ω)

' 

 
T E C
    
H −1 (Ω)

O L Y 

N
∂vi
!

P
−1 2
H (Ω) = f = v0 + v0 , v1 , ..., vN ∈ L (Ω) .

E
∂xi

L     !           


i=1

ÉC O
2 !
φ∈ H01 (Ω)

     

N
H01 (Ω)

L ∈ H −1 (Ω)

∂φ
L(φ) = v0 φ − vi dx

∂xi
i=1

 v0 , v1 , ..., vN ∈ L2 (Ω)


O P &  H −1 (Ω)  
 
 
%      %  

*    L2 (Ω) 
 *'   "
   % *'   .  #C! .%
 Q
       %  
  
"
   "
   

 %     %  
   '
   ;
 
     
U E
(    '
  
  %     % !
N IQ
EC H
 

 " v ∈ L (Ω) .  1 ≤ i ≤ N     &    !       
2

 H    !


T
∂v −1

Y
(Ω)

POL
∂xi


∂v
, φH −1 ,H 1 (Ω) = − v
∂φ
dx ∀ φ ∈ H01 (Ω), #C !
E
∂xi 0 ∂xi

L


   &
É C O  
 ∂v 

∂xi

H −1 (Ω)
≤ vL2 (Ω) .

"      !       


v ∈ H 1 (Ω) ∂v
 3           L2 (Ω)
 v
∂xi

  $ %  *  "


   '      #C ! 
 * 
   
 
H01 (Ω)   "
  
   Li ∈ H −1 (Ω)  "


∂φ
Li (φ) = − v dx.

∂xi

$ %  
 *  "
   v → Li     
  L2 (Ω) 
H −1 (Ω)  "
       % 

 
 *   v 
  
  
U E
IQ
%  *' 
v ∈ H 1 (Ω)!   "
  
     
   % 
& 
 *    L2 (Ω)    Li = ∂x∂v 
H N 

C
i

  
 
   B'  % 
   5
 0 +    Y 
E


  

# O P 
(        AE   "
  
 
T  "
  
; 
! 
H −1 (Ω)
L2 (Ω)
 H01 (Ω)

O
   
  ;

  %  P
L
 $   ;&   
   
H01 (Ω)
 

   
 
L2 (Ω)

!

LE
 
% !     
   


ÉC O
- 
    $

U E
 −1
 H01 (Ω) Q   


%
 
   
  ! I
 
N
H
H (Ω)
  
E C  

:  
      Y T
H01 (Ω) ⊂ L2 (Ω) ≡ L2 (Ω) ⊂ H −1 (Ω),

OL

E P


O L ' %  +

É C D
      
   (  
  %  (    '
 
%   
 FNH! 1  

 %   '    (    '
  

    1 ' %  
    '  
   ( "
  
 '
    "
 (  ( "
   
      1 ' %
  ( %   

   "
  
  %  ! 5
 (    '
  
  



    
  

"
     "
       "
       ( 
  "
 
 %     R
 
 
   *   %  (  
E

%       
   &  '   '
  5
U
IQ

*   
' 
  "
 
 %       "
  %

  !
' *   
 
   (    '
 
H N
1  Ω

%   RN  $   Cc∞ (Ω) 
D(Ω)!   *     C ∞

T EC
& 
     Ω $
 Cc∞ (Ω) 
 8
    9 &  "
 

      %   Cc∞ (Ω) $  "

 
 (φn )n≥1  Cc∞ (Ω)
Y
POL
 %  %  φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω) 
  
   φn  
   K  Ω

O L E
 


 α ∂ α φn  % 
*    K %  ∂ α φ
     D (Ω)   8
9  D(Ω) &    * 
ÉC
  8 
9 
D(Ω) 
    
           

D(Ω)    
      %  4   
    
D (Ω)          


  4      T ∈ D (Ω)    !      D(Ω)
   &


lim T (φn ) = T (φ)


n→+∞

      (φn )n≥1  Cc∞ (Ω)


    φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)    &  1
$   T, φ = T (φ)   
  
  
  '
 
T ∈ D (Ω) 

*   φ ∈ D(Ω) K   
  
 8  9  

 Ω T φ dx 0 +
 '
  Tf  U E
 %  "
  f 
 *       '  Ω!    
 



N IQ
H
Tf , φ = f φ dx.

E C
  "
    *      '
    Tf ≡ f 
T
LY
$ 
 

 D (Ω) 
      %  K   "

 
 Tn ∈ D (Ω)
* +       %  T ∈ D(Ω)  

 φ ∈ D(Ω)
O
P
OLE
lim Tn , φ = T, φ.
n→+∞

ÉC
"  $  
  

U E
N
5  %  
   '
  
  %  IQ     *' 


 H
 !      &
  %   
8 9
.     *  C
 ∂T


∈ D (Ω)
Y T E    K   
T ∈ D (Ω)

L
∂xi

O
∂T ∂φ

P
, φ = − T,  ∀ φ ∈ D(Ω).

E
∂xi ∂xi

L
$ %  "
+%    % 
  '
  &  "
   '

∂T

O
       %' S 5 & 
  
      '
  $
∂xi

C
É 
 "
 T
% 
 '
 
 
 *    %' 
 "
     % 
 
f
%   %


@ -    =    %  *' 
   .  #C
   

   %  
   '
  . 
 
   Lp (Ω)
 
 1 ' % H m (Ω)    
     '
  D (Ω) 0  
 
 %  "
 
   %      "
   %  

  '
      "
  *
! 0      *
 
U E
%   "
 
 %           "
  
!  "

IQ
  
     
       
   '
 
N
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
 
    $

U E
N IQ
  
H
∈ L (Ω) 
 .0 
 8 0  A ∀ iA
2

EC
u
∂φ

T
;  .  8 0< u dx ≤ C φ L2 (Ω) ∀ φ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)

Y
∂xi

POL

*    H 1 (Ω) 


    = 0 
  


LE


O
   u, v = (∇u · ∇v + uv) dx

ÉC

5 " Cc∞ (Ω)    H 1 (Ω)


;   <

*    ∀ u ∈ H01 (Ω) ;Ω 0<


;     *  < u L2(Ω) ≤ C ∇u L2 (Ω)

5  u → u|∂Ω     



U E
IQ
;   <  H 1 (Ω)  L2 (∂Ω)

H N
EC
5 " ∀ u, v ∈ H 1 (Ω) 
 

T
∂v ∂u

Y
;8
  4< u dx = − v dx + uv ni ds

POL
Ω ∂xi Ω ∂xi ∂Ω

O L E
'  $
;      H01 (Ω)<
H01 (Ω)   
6   8    H 1 (Ω)

,
 
 ∂Ω

ÉC 5  
;  + <
, I    H 1 (Ω)  L2 (Ω)   
;Ω 0 
 <

5  ∀
 u ∈ H (Ω), v ∈ H (Ω)
2 1

∂u
;8
  4< v∆u dx = − ∇u · ∇v dx + v ds
Ω Ω ∂Ω ∂n

  W *  
 
 
     0. 
,  8
 0

P

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
LE

O
ÉC
    
  E
   IQ U
H N
T E C
P O LY


L E


ÉCO
1    
   ,#  
  
  
 6
 .    #   
   
'   *
  
 
0 
     0   
      
A ,6?6  
,
 
 
 A
 
A     G  A 
 
.
-!.330,+4) 2.0'.1',**)--)  
'    

    ):3.+): &)
,/,-)2 
 
'  

        


. 1     " 
  
   

   
    /
   0%:5-1.1: &!)>':1)*+) )1 &!5*'+'1%
U E
 8    ,  .   
    . . # 

IQ
&): :,-51',*: /
  
 
  
  9'*'9':)*1 5*) %*)0(') 
N
E C H

, . )
   0  30,30'%1%: ;5.-'1.1'2):  
 

   .
     ;  
 
A 
 < 

LY T
   "   H     
 ,
   
  

 
 -!%-.:1'+'1% -'*%.0':%) 

 %;5.1',*: &) 1,D): 

P O
  ,    ,
    00 
   A  ,   

LE
H  
    
  .

ÉC O 
 
 " 
   

U E

 -  '  
N IQ
C
 '

 )  E
H
L Y T * 

O
/
    0 
    
.

LE
−∆u = f  Ω
;"<

ÉC O u=0 
 ∂Ω

R Ω 
 
. 0  ,  RN A  f 
   0 
 
? ,  L2 (Ω) ,  .   
 
 ;"<   
   
 
 
  
1.3) 7 0  ,
 8
  .  
1
     8
 
 8
  .  
6
0 
    ;"<A ,6?6  
,  8
 
.
 8 0    a(·, ·)A


U E
8    L(·)A 
    = 0 V  
 ;"<   
. ? J

IQ
HN
5
. u ∈ V  
 a(u, v) = L(v) 
 
 v ∈ V. ;" <

E C
 0
       
  
.  8
  .  

T
LY
;" < Y  . ) ,
.    . ;"< 
  

     


P O
*
 
.  8
  .    
   ,
  ;"< 


L E
8    
  v        ' 
     8

ÉCO

 R , 
 ,     
    
  u ) 
 
 

 ( 
     3 ,    8
  4 ; < ;.  
 ;&<<
 
.    
∂u
f v dx = − ∆uv dx = ∇u · ∇v dx − v ds. ;"<
Ω Ω Ω ∂Ω ∂n
' u    8 
    
     1  A u = 0 
 ∂ΩA 
  
    = 0 V  
 
 8   v ∈ V . ) 
 v = 0 

∂Ω 1  A ,   ;"< . 
 
∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx = f (x)v(x) dx. ;"<
Ω Ω

*
 
    
  ;"<  
   
: 
 ∇u  ∇v  
U E
IQ
? L2 (Ω) ;   <A  
 
       ;"<  

N


   
: 
 v   ? L2 (Ω) ;  
 
 f ∈ L2 (Ω)<
H
C
* 
A
    0 
 ,   = 0  V = H01 (Ω)A 

T E

6   H 1 (Ω)    ,
 
  0 ∂Ω

Y
9  
 A  8
  .    
 ;"<  J

P O L 

OLE

. u ∈ H01 (Ω)  
 ∇u · ∇v dx = f v dx ∀ v ∈ H01 (Ω). ;""<
Ω Ω

ÉC
"     

U E
N IQ
. A 
 . 8 
   0    
  . ? ;""< Y ,


EC H
  
 
  
 ? ,
 8
  .    0  I
6

T
 )    ;""< ,( 
     J 
 ,0 A  
  

Y
POL
  ? . ) 
 ;""<   0 

 
 
 A 
     

  
   ;""<  

 
 
0 
    ;"< ; 


LE
 ?  <

ÉC O
1.3)  7 +
    8
  .  
1  
   
 . ) 
  8
  .   ;""<
 
 
 
 
 *
  

    5  67  
  
 . )  # .   
 
a(u, v) = ∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx  L(v) = f (x)v(x) dx.
Ω Ω

@ .  8  
   ,     '
#6 CF 
 a 
 8

U E
0     
 
 H01 (Ω)  
 L 
 8     
 
 H01 (Ω)

IQ
1 
A  .
 ,     *   ;.   '   Y 
  

N
   0  ,
. Ω<A  8 0    a   .A ,6?6  
, 
H
EC
  ν > 0  


T


Y
POL
a(v, v) = |∇v(x)|2 dx ≥ ν v 2H 1 (Ω) ∀ v ∈ H01 (Ω).
0

O L E
' H01 (Ω) 
    = 0 ;.   *   <A 
  #6

5  67      8    
   


ÉC

,   

 
 
  u ∈ H01 (Ω)   8
  .   ;""<

)9.0;5) CC /
 . 
   
'   
A    A
  8 0    a  # 
A   
 
 
 
  56
  67   
  
 9 (A  
    8
  .  6
     ,
 
      
  ,  )  
1
J(v) = a(v, v) − L(v) ∀ v ∈ H01 (Ω)
2
;.   *   " &< * 
A    
 J 

 
  

E
   
A     0
 
    8
  .   •
1.3)  7 
.  . ,
 
IQ U
H N
     ;     
  <   ? . ) 
, .

E C
 8
  .   ;""<   0  
 0 
    ;"<A 

T
?    
   
   ;""<  

 
   ;"< 9

LY
,
 A  ,  ,   8
  .     
 ?
O
P
,
  *
      
 H       
 
 ?

LE
 8
  .  A     .A    I
 )  


ÉC O
 
 " 
   

U E
N IQ
' I
 )     8   , 
 
  
  u   8
 

EC H
.   ;""<  
  ;   u ∈ H 2 (Ω)<  
 ,
. Ω 

T

 
 A  
 
 8  
    9 (A  
: , .


Y
POL
 8
  4 ; < 

 A 
 v ∈ H01 (Ω)A
 

OLE
∇u · ∇v dx = − v∆u dx
Ω Ω

ÉC


 v = 0 
  0 ∂Ω @  
 

(∆u + f ) v dx = 0 ∀ v ∈ Cc∞ (Ω),

 
 
A  .

'    A 
 −∆u = f  L2 (Ω)A   
,  
−∆u = f 
 
  Ω. ;"$<

U E
1 
A  Ω 
 
. 0 
    C 1 A   5   

IQ
 ;

    '  $< : 
 
 8    H01 (Ω)

N
H

   
 ∂Ω 
  L2 (Ω) @  
A  
 A 


T EC
u = 0 
 
 
 ∂Ω.

Y
;"&<

O L
@   0  
. ,
       
     ;"<
P
,  
 
 
  
  u  ;""<  ,
. Ω  
 A  8


L E
.  .  ;  
 

    8
  4 ; < 
  

ÉCO

 u ∈ H 2 (Ω)< @  σ = ∇u 

 8   ? .
 .   
L2 (Ω)N  * ,     '
#6 CFA  
   8
  .  
;""< 
A 
 
 v ∈ H01 (Ω)A
 

σ · ∇v dx = f v dx ≤ C v L2 (Ω) . ;"-<

Ω Ω

' Cc∞ (Ω) ⊂ H01 (Ω)A ;"-< ,   ,


 
    ,   ,

.   8 0  σ  L2 (Ω) ;.   1)    $     &< 

. )A 
 
 v ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)A
 
σ · ∇v dx = − divσv dx.

U E
IQ
Ω Ω

@  
  

H N

(divσ + f ) v dx = 0
T E C
∀ v ∈ Cc∞ (Ω),

O LY
P
 
 
A  .

'    A 
 −divσ = f  L2 (Ω) * 6

LE

 divσ = ∆u   ? L2 (Ω) ; 
 div∇ = ∆<A   
.

ÉC O
"     "

U E
N IQ
,
  ;"$< @ 
.     
    ;"&<     

EC H
,
. Ω  
    C 1  Ω ,  
 A    
 

T
.
  5     
 0  ;"&< / A    8 

Y
POL
,  ? H01 (Ω) 
         
     1  


 
.  
 A    
 ?    =,09)--)9)*1 
 u = 0 


LE
∂Ω
9  
  
 .   
 
.

ÉC O
4%,0?9) CC " Ω $  -" /$  RN , " f ∈ L2 (Ω),  &" $ $ 
 "$ u ∈ H01 (Ω)    "$ -"$$ =,=, 8 ) ' u -*
−∆u = f )  )" " $ Ω, " u ∈ H01 (Ω). ;"<
 $  )) $ )   Ω " 0    C 1 '  u "  "$ )/+
 & " =,  $ .
−∆u = f )  )" " $ Ω, u = 0 )  )" "   ∂Ω.

U E
@   
  u ∈ H01 (Ω)   8
  .   ;""< :,-5

IQ
1',* 2.0'.1',**)--)
0 
    ;"< *
  
     0 
N
EC H
 A ,* &'0. ;5) -!5*';5) :,-51',* u ∈ H01 (Ω) &) -. =,095-.1',* 2.0'.
1',**)--) $C6 ):1 -!5*';5) :,-51',* &5 30,/-?9) .5> -'9'1): $C 6 '

Y T
   0  G I
 )   5 "  

POL
 
   ;"<A 
 
 . ,0 A  . )  ) ,
   
   
    
 
  L8 0MA ,6?6  
 
 ;
H

L E
  
     
     ,
. ,  
 < @   

O
:,-51',* =.'/-)     
 
  8 
, 
  
 0 

ÉC
  8
   
  ;"< ;.   
6    < 1 HA  
8   8
  .   =,095-.1',* =.'/-)  ,
 

)9.0;5) CC 9 8 A  


  8 0 
 H
 
  8    
0 f  
 
  3
 A ,
       
    
;"< 
. H . ) 
   
A ,6?6  
 
 x ∈ ΩA 

 x ∈ ∂ΩA   . ',  
, 
 
  
  
 

  ;.  
    '  "  &< •

)9.0;5) CC  8
 0         ,  ∆u 
,   ;"<
5 "   *

 8   
 
 v  H01 (Ω) 

,.     ;H 8 0< ?    ∆v  * A 
 
U E
IQ

  u ∈ H01 (Ω)   8
  .   ;""<A 
 .  
 ∆u
  ? L2 (Ω)
H N •

E C
*
 
  0 
    ;"<   0   ;
  =  Y . 

T
 1)   "<A  8
A  
  ,     ,
    
 A 

LY

  
    G   ',
 
   
O
P

5  67      
  
 
.   


LE

.  

ÉC O
$ 
 " 
   

U E
" $  -" /$  ' " "I Q , )) "$
0,3,:'1',* CC
N R f ∈ L2 (Ω)
N

H

  " )$    "$ $     "$
f ∈ L (Ω)
C u ∈ H01 (Ω)
2

 &" $ $"$"
Y T
" ' E
-"$$  =, " $ " $"$  
)  " "
$ 2
L (Ω)
' $ 
, $ )" '
H 1 (Ω)

L
C>0 f ∈ L (Ω)
2

P O ;"<

LE
u H 1 (Ω) ≤ C f L2 (Ω) .

ÉC O
)9.0;5) CC ,    ;"<   
, 
 ):1'9.1',* &!%*)0(')
9   
 ,    
   X      
   ,    
 ,
    .
 # 
  
 
,
    .
  
 •

%9,*:10.1',*C      f → u  .  *


 0    
 
 v = u   8
  .   ;""<
 
|∇u|2 dx = f u dx.
U E
IQ
Ω Ω

H N
@ I      ? ,   ,     '
#6 CFA    

 
    .    8 0   

Y T EC
POL
ν u 2H 1 (Ω) ≤ f L2 (Ω) u L2 (Ω) ≤ f L2(Ω) u H 1 (Ω) ,

L E
,R , 
  


O


ÉC
/
 . I?  
  8
  .     
.
 6
  # 
 ; ,A  A      .
 . 
    
< 9
8 A  
    8
  .   ;""<      
 ,
  
; 
  # 
 
   
<  
 
. 
   
    *   

0,3,:'1',* CC " J(v) $0 *$ )  v ∈ H01 (Ω) )


 
1
J(v) = |∇v| dx −
2
f v dx. ;"<
2

E
Ω Ω

" u ∈ H01 (Ω)   "$ $     "$ -"$$ =,=,  u "
   $  )$"  $   $0' "   IQ U
H N
J(u) = min
1
J(v).
T E C
Y
v∈H0 (Ω)

O L
C ) $"'  u ∈ H01 (Ω) " $ )$"  $   $0 J(v)'  u "
P
  "$ $     "$ -"$$ =,=,
O LE
ÉC
"     &

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC  *   " &     
 
  8  
 

EC H
8 0      8
  .    # 
  ,  

T
A  
    8
  .         ,  ;.  

Y
POL
6  ,9  " <

. ,  # 

    8          

LE
,  J(v)   
0 
  0            
  
  u    
  
 ,
  
  .   ;
 


ÉC O
 .   )  J(u)   
,   8
 
 
 ∆u< '  
)    L
M   8
  .   
 #


  
  .   •

>)0+'+) CC G $
  $
% 

    $   $
 
  
−∆u + u = f 
 Ω
;" <
u=0  ∂Ω

E
4 Ω      $
 RN (  f ∈ L2 (Ω) "   
  
U
IQ
$
5 $  $ # 


    

   $%: % 
 Ω   

H N
Y T EC
>)0+'+) CC ) Ω     RN  G $
  $
% 


   $   $  
     
   E

POL

V · ∇u − ∆u = f 
 Ω
;"<

E
u=0  ∂Ω

O L
4 f ∈ L2 (Ω)  V      *  + 
     divV = 0

ÉC

 Ω

>)0+'+) CC    


  %: %   $' !22 "  
 v ∈ H01 (Ω)   
vV · ∇v dx = 0.

"   
   

 

      
E   
 
 H01 (Ω) $ *
 
1  
J(v) = |∇v|2 + vV · ∇v dx − f v dx.

E
2 Ω Ω

   L
 M
5 "  
  
     
IQ U
N
#   ,  
 ,  
.

E C H
>)0+'+) CC    + 
   
   !   

LY T
$ Ω  :  
 
 + $%:
 xN = 0  B  
  f 
f (x , xN ) = f (x , −xN ) "   
   !

B :  " 

P O
 !  
 +   
     Ω+ = Ω ∩ {xN > 0}


LE
  
    >
  Ω ∩ {xN = 0}

ÉC O
- 
 " 
   

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC N

, 
 . 
 
    0 f  ;"< 6

EC H
  ? L2 (Ω)A  
      
  .0   


T

 
 f ∈ H −1 (Ω) ;   L8  M   
 <  

6
Y
POL
     
 ?       ,  

 Ω f v dx
  
 
  f, vH −1 ,H01 (Ω) ; 
  L(v)  0 
 8

LE
    
 
 H01 (Ω)< 1     A ,   −∆u = f , 
  


,
  ,      H −1 (Ω) ;  
 
 
 

ÉC O
Ω<
' :  
 
   ?
     # 
 6
  *     ,
   0   

 #6

8  
X 
  0
  
 Ω   Γ
 #
8  ;
 .  
  N − 1< 
   
  Ω *
   
  
   

 ΓA   f˜ ∈ L2 (Γ)   )  f ∈ H −1 (Ω) 

f, vH −1 ,H01 (Ω) = f˜v ds,
Γ

U E

 0 
 8     
 
 H01 (Ω)
IQ
Q  
5    

N
H

T EC
)9.0;5) CC  1 ;"< 
 .  
    
    
Y
POL
1   L MA ,6?6  
A   
 
. 
 0     
    6  '   0 
   

O L −∆u = f  Ω
;"<

ÉC
u = u0 
 ∂Ω,

R u0     
 ∂Ω ,
 8    H 1 (Ω)A 
I
  u0  *
 #
;"<   u = u0 + ũA      
  

−∆ũ = f˜ = f + ∆u0  Ω
;""<
ũ = 0 
 ∂Ω.


.  +
 "   
 
 ;""<  ,  .   
f˜   ? H −1 (Ω) 9 (A
 
f˜, vH −1 ,H01 (Ω) = f v dx − ∇u0 · ∇v dx
Ω Ω

U E
IQ
 0 
 8     
 
 H01 (Ω) •

H N
 '

 )   % 

T E C

O LY
/
    0 
    
.

P
−∆u + u = f  Ω

LE
;"$<
∂u
∂n = g 
 ∂Ω

ÉC O
"     

U E
N IQ
R Ω 
 
. ;    0<  ,  RN A f ∈ L2 (Ω) 

EC H
g ∈ L2 (∂Ω) ,
   ;"$< 
 . 
  R 
 . I


T

  ,  F ) ,.  ;   0 <
 :
 
 
  6

Y
POL
 
   
5 " - ,  .   
 
 ;"$< 
 0 (    ?  
6         6

LE
     
    ', 

 
   ? 
.
  
  , 

ÉC O
1.3) 7 0  ,
 8
  .  
*
 
.  8
  .    
   ,
  ;"$< 

8    
  v           
  
  u 

: 
  ) 
 
  
 ( 
      8
 
4 ; < ;.  
 ;&<< 
 

E
f (x)v(x) dx = (−∆u(x) + u(x)) v(x) dx

U
Ω Ω

IQ
 
∂u

HN
= (∇u(x) · ∇v(x) + u(x)v(x)) dx − (x)v(x) ds ;"&<
∂n

TEC
Ω ∂Ω
 
(∇u(x) · ∇v(x) + u(x)v(x)) dx −
Y
= g(x)v(x) ds.

L
Ω ∂Ω

P O
/
 .
       
     /
  ;"&<   , 

L E
    ,         ,   = 0 V  *
 
    

O
 
     ;"&<  
   
:    V = H 1 (Ω) ;

ÉC

    5     
 I
 ) ,    0 <
9  
 A  8
  .    
 ;"$<  J 
.
u ∈ H 1 (Ω)  

  
(∇u · ∇v + uv) dx = gv ds + f v dx ∀ v ∈ H 1 (Ω). ;"-<
Ω ∂Ω Ω

  
. I
 )     ;"-<

)9.0;5) CC     (    8


  .   ;"-<


    
     /
   ;""< 

    


U E
    1   .    
      1          
 ,   
      /
 P   8     

N IQ
  ,       1     )::)*1')--) ;
 <  

C H
 8   ,  ?
  A   
      /
 
E
?  8
  .  
L T
 *.150)--) ;
 <    
  ,       



Y •

P O
LE
1.3)  7 +
    8
  .  

ÉC O
  
 " 
   

U E
N IQ
1  
   
 . ) 
  8
  .   ;"-<

EC H
 
 
 
 
 *
  

    5  67  

T
  
 . )  # .   

Y  

POL
a(u, v) = (∇u · ∇v + uv) dx  L(v) = gv ds + f v dx.

LE
Ω ∂Ω Ω

O
9
   ,     '
#6 CF  ? , 
5    A

ÉC
 .    
 a 
 8 0     
 
 H 1 (Ω)  
 L 

8     
 
 H 1 (Ω) *  
A  8 0    a   8
 . ; , 
  
,  I

  ,  F 
 < 

a(v, v) = v 2H 1 (Ω) ∀ v ∈ H 1 (Ω).

' H 1 (Ω) 


    = 0 ;.   *    <A 
  #6

5  67      8    
   


E

,   

 
 
  u ∈ H 1 (Ω)   8
  .   ;"-<

U
IQ
)9.0;5) CC  *
 #  0 
    ;"$<    R g = 0A
N
H
 
  
H  ,        
     /
  ,  

EC
= 0 V   ,   0     V = {v ∈ H 1 (Ω), ∂n
∂v
= 0 
 ∂Ω} A 


Y T

 8   v ∈ H (Ω) ∂n ,    
 ∂Ω 9 (A ∇v , 
,
 8  
1 ∂v

POL
 L2 (Ω) ;   <     
,  ,#         

∂Ω 
  8    L2 (Ω) @ 
     V = {v ∈ H 2 (Ω), ∂n
∂v
= 0 
 ∂Ω}

O L E

 0 
 
6  8  H (Ω)  .

5     -
2

7  .     
 
. :
 
  J  8 0    a ,

ÉC
  . 
 V    
   
  5  67    ,# 
  #          
     /
  
   ,   = 0 •
1.3)  7 
.  . ,
 
/
     8
  .   ;"-< 
 . )

,  0  
 0 
    ;"$<A 
  ?   /

 
 
    
  ;.   +
 " " 
 ,
 8    #< *
   
  
 
 
 
     ,  
 
.  
  
 
  

E
;.   
6   "  
  
    <


)99) CC 
IQ U
" Ω $  -" 0    C 1  RN , " f ∈ L2 (Ω) "
N
g  "    ∂Ω  $ $ "$  H 1 (Ω),    "$ u    "$
H
-"$$ =, ))"$"  H 2 (Ω),
T E C
 
O LY
4Q  
 "   

    8
  4
5 

P ∂u

LE
∆u(x)v(x) dx = − ∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx + (x)v(x) ds. ;"<
∂Ω ∂n

O
Ω Ω

ÉC
"      

U E
N IQ

 .0 
 u ∈ H (Ω)  v ∈ H (Ω) + 
 ,    0
2 1

EC H
 ;"<  0 
  ? 

5     - 
: 
 


T
u ∈ H 2 (Ω)   .  ∂n
∂u

   L2 (∂Ω) @ 
   ;"-<

Y
POL
 ;"< 
A 
 
 v ∈ H (Ω)A
1

   

LE
∂u
(∆u − u + f )v dx = g− v ds. ;" <

O
Ω ∂Ω ∂n

ÉC ,  v ∈ Cc∞ (Ω) ⊂ H 1 (Ω)  ;" <A    0 P  ,

A  .

'    A 
 ∆u − u + f = 0  L2 (Ω)A  


  Ω * 
A  0  
  ;" <  
A 
  
∂u
g− v ds = 0 ∀ v ∈ H 1 (Ω).
∂Ω ∂n

@ ,    H 1 (Ω)  ,        L2 (∂Ω) ;.   

&<A  
P 
 g − ∂n
∂u

U E
= 0  L2 (∂Ω)A   
 
 
 ∂Ω
9  
  
 .   
 
.

N IQ
4%,0?9) CC 
EC H
" Ω $  -" 0    C 1  RN , " f ∈ L2 (Ω) "

Y T
g  "    ∂Ω  $ $ "$  H 1 (Ω),  &" $ $   "$ u ∈ H 1 (Ω)
   "$ -"$$ =,, 8 ) ' u ))"$"  H 2 (Ω) " "  "$
POL
 =,%  $ .

O L
−∆u + u = fE
)  )" " $ ∂u
)  )" "   ∂Ω.
ÉC
Ω, =g
∂n

>)0+'+) CC 6    $   u ∈ H 1 (Ω)  



 


 !.   $ 
 $ * 
 
 
u H 1 (Ω) ≤ C f L2(Ω) + g L2 (∂Ω) ,

4 C > 0   


      
  u, f  g 
'   
6     A  0 
 ; 
   
H  ? 8
 <   
 ,
 
 
  u ∈ H 1 (Ω)   8
 
.   ;"-<  ,
 
 :,-51',* =.'/-)
0 
    ;"$<

U E
   
     

"
  
  I Q
     (  ,  "
 
%  Ω   
  "
 g  
 

 *    2
L (∂Ω)


H
  *
  %   /)! 
  "
   
  N "
 
% 
1
u ∈ H (Ω)

−∆u + u = f Ω
T E
 "
  
    *


 
C 

  "

0  σ = ∇u ∈ L2 (Ω)N
 
O L
 Y
  
  /)! "
 



 v ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)

P
σ · ∇v dx ≤ uv dx + f v dx ≤ CvL2 (Ω)

E

O

L Ω Ω

ÉC
 
 " 
   

U E
N Q  % 
"
   
  "
      
 % I*' L2 (Ω)

H
σ
 .  #N     #G! $    
C
divσ ∈ L2 (Ω)


Y T E
L # "

(divσ − u + f ) v dx = 0 ∀ v ∈ Cc∞ (Ω),

P O
5  

L E
 "
  "
  % 

$ 
 

O

−divσ = −∆u = f − u 

%     
    4
 
    *'
L2 (Ω)

É C
 
%   
    ! 
 *  
 
1
  ##   
g 
 "

H(div) = σ ∈ L2 (Ω)N
 
 & 
H(div)
 D(  
divσ ∈ L2 (Ω) .
##G   "
  Ω 

%  
   C 1     *
    
  
%
 
divσv dx + σ · ∇v dx = σ · n, vH −1/2 ,H 1/2 (∂Ω) , /!
Ω Ω


v ∈ H 1 (Ω)  σ ∈ H(div)        /!     
  

  H 1/2 (∂Ω)    
   H −1/2 (∂Ω) 1 σ  v  
 *   
  
U E
IQ
8%9    
  "
    ' 

 ∂Ω vσ · n ds 1   *


H N
/!  
  & σ · n 
∂Ω     

 H −1/2 (∂Ω)! 
σ ∈ H(div)
1  "
  
 &   
   /)! % σ = ∇u!   
 "
   

Y T EC
  
    4
  %          

 H −1/2 (∂Ω)
 g ∈ L2 (∂Ω) ⊂ H −1/2 (∂Ω)! 5 
  '   "
    "


POL
        "
  *
  %    
     
   
    4
   ('
   
  &    .    
"
 ∂n
∂u

O L E
= g 
∂Ω •

ÉC
'   
6     A  
  
  
   ;"$<
   
   +
 
A  g = 0A  ,  ;" <   H

  ;"< )  
    .    
     1  
/ A 
          H       


   (A ? .  H01 (Ω)  H 1 (Ω)  *   
. 

       *   

0,3,:'1',* CC  " J(v) $0 *$ )  v ∈ H 1 (Ω) )


  
1  
J(v) = |∇v|2 + |v|2 dx − f v dx − gv ds. ;" <

E
2 Ω Ω ∂Ω

" u ∈ H 1 (Ω)   "$ $     "$ -"$$ =,,  u "
IQ U
   $  )$"  $   $0' "  
H N
J(u) = min J(v).
T E C
Y
1
v∈H (Ω)

O L
C ) $"'  u ∈ H 1 (Ω) " $ )$"  $   $0 J(v)'  u "
P
  "$ $     "$ -"$$ =,,
O LE
ÉC
"      

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC    Ω      *  
 C 1  G $


EC H
 $
% 

    $   $  
  



T

   
    7

POL
−∆u = f 
 Ω
;" <
∂u
∂n + u = g  ∂Ω

O LE
4 f ∈ L2 (Ω)  g  

  ∂Ω $    H 1 (Ω)    
$ *


ÉC
   *  
   -
 
 
v L2 (Ω) ≤ C v L2 (∂Ω) + ∇v L2 (Ω) ∀ v ∈ H 1 (Ω).

>)0+'+) CC    Ω      G $


  $
%


    $   $  
  


  

   B  ⎧
⎨ −∆u = f 
 Ω
∂u
⎩ ∂n
=0  ∂ΩN
U E ;" <

IQ
u=0  ∂ΩD

H N
4 f ∈ L2 (Ω)(  (∂ΩN , ∂ΩD )   
    ∂Ω     

EC
 ∂ΩN  ∂ΩD     
7*  H  
C
 .

Y T
POL
/
 .   
. 0 
   ; I
 ,
 
,  F   ;"$<<  
    0 
   

O L E
−∆u = f  Ω

ÉC
;" "<
∂u
∂n = g 
 ∂Ω

R Ω 
 
. 0   ,  RN A f ∈ L2 (Ω)  g ∈ L2 (∂Ω) 
:
 
.  ;" "<   ? ;"$<  
,  , 
 
  

   f  g . )
 +,*&'1',* &) +,93.1'/'-'1% 9 (A   8 
 .  
 ,   
 
  u ∈ H 2 (Ω)A    ,
  
 Ω ;

0 
    8
  4 ; <<     
 
f (x) dx + g(x) ds = 0. ;" $<
Ω ∂Ω

+
 
 
  u  
   u + C A . C ∈ RA  
 
 
9 8 A ;" $< 
        
: ,   ,
 
 
U E
IQ
 H 1 (Ω)A
 
 ? ,   ,
   +
 
A  ,
.
N
E C H
Ω ,  A   8
    ;" $< 
 
   
Ω  ,
    
  .
 ? ,    ,
   

LY T
 ;.   )   
  
 

.  .0<

P O
)9.0;5) CC  *# 
A       0   ;" $< , 

LE

 +,*&'1',* &!%;5'-'/0) J f  ?
 
  .
 
A  g ?


ÉC O
  
 " 
   

U E
N IQ
D
  
0  *
 
,   
     
,
 0 ; ,6?6 

EC H

 
   ;" "<<A  8
 
  
   0  8  1

T
HA ,
  L?
    . M  ? ,0  ,  

Y
POL
8  
 ,  

  .
  u ;  
  
A 
< •

L E
4%,0?9) CC " Ω $  -" /$ $$& 0    C 1  RN , "
$O
" g ∈ L2 (∂Ω)  -*$"  $ "$  )"/" =,%,  &"
C f ∈ L2 (Ω)

É  "$ / u ∈ H 1 (Ω)  =,=' $    "$  $ $"$" )+,


%9,*:10.1',*C *
 
.  8
  .        

,
  ;"$<  
     
 ?
  
∇u · ∇v dx = gv ds + f v dx
Ω ∂Ω Ω


 
 8    
  v  *
 
  ? 
    
U E
IQ
  A  
     H 1 (Ω)     = 0 V A   
  
 

N
   .    8 0    ' :
      
8 

H
EC

A  u  
 A  u + C  
 
  *
 .    . A
 . ,          .   .  
,. 

Y T
8    # 
 3
 A  

POL
 

E
V = v ∈ H 1 (Ω), v(x) dx = 0

O L Ω

ÉC
  8
  .    ;" "<  J
  

. u ∈ V  
 ∇u · ∇v dx = gv ds + f v dx ∀ v ∈ V. ;" &<
Ω ∂Ω Ω

@ 
      V = H 1 (Ω)/RA ,6?6  
  H 1 (Ω)  
 ;   H 1 (Ω)/R     8    H 1 (Ω)   ?

  <
*
 
.   
  5  67   ?  8
  .  6
 ;" &<A  
 #   ? . )    .    8 0   
'6 ,0  Q  ?
     ,     *  A 
 

  ,     *  6\    J  Ω  0  A   

U E
IQ
 C > 0  
A 
 
 v ∈ H 1 (Ω)A

H
v dx
N
v − m(v) L2 (Ω) ≤ C ∇v L2 (Ω) . m(v) =

T E CΩ dx
. ;" -<

LY
,    ;" -<          
  6
O
P
    *    ;
    
 
   < '

LE
m(v) = 0 
 
 v ∈ V A ;" -< 
. 
 ∇v L2 (Ω) 
   V A

ÉC O
"      "

U E
N IQ

. ?  

 v H 1 (Ω) A   
  8 0      .

 V 

EC H
T
2 A 
  
  
 
 
  ;" &<  0 
 
 

Y
POL

0 
    ;" "<A            6
 
5 "  @ 0    
 
 v ∈ V A
  

LE

∂u
g− ;" <
O
(∆u + f )v dx = v ds.

ÉC
Ω ∂Ω ∂n
@A 

   w ∈ H 1 (Ω)A  8   v = w − m(w)   ? V  9   

  8    ;" <A   
    8 
  

m(w)  
         0   ;" $<   
 ,   Ω ∆u dx =

∂u
∂Ω ∂n
dsA  
   ;" <
   
∂u
(∆u + f )w dx = g− w ds ∀w ∈ H 1 (Ω).
∂n

E
Ω ∂Ω

;" "<
IQ U
@ 
   
  ,0 
 
 u . ) 0   0 
   


H N
EC
>)0+'+) CC 6   $ *
  -
 D * !2.

Y T
POL
>)0+'+) CC    Ω       * ) f ∈ L2 (Ω)
   

 

 
  I  u ∈ H 1 (Ω)  


O L E
∇u · ∇v dx +

u dx
   
v dx = f v dx ∀ v ∈ H 1 (Ω).

ÉC
Ω Ω Ω Ω

6   $   $  


     
 



J
 
  
 
   K ' 
 (     Ω f dx = 0(
    5+     K

 ' 4


 $& 
1  
 
6      
 .    0 

   
 ,
   @ 
 8     
 0

?  
 
 
A    


    E +,)J+')*1:
2.0'./-): ' #  0  
         
  

U
,  ,   
    
 ;     '  <A
E
,

  1  A     0 
   
N IQ

   
   
 .  k(x) 
 8   . 0 ,
   ?


−div(k∇u) = f  Ω
E C H
u=0
LY T

 ∂Ω
;"<

P O
R Ω 
 
. 0  ,  RN A  f ∈ L2 (Ω) E  GA  k(x) ≡ 1A 

LE

.      8      5 "  

ÉC O
 $ 
 " 
   

U E
" $  -" /$  , " I Q , $  )) 
N
0,3,:'1',* CC R N
f ∈ L (Ω)
2

" $ $ "$  / "H



 6 $" &"  & $"$" " "
$" )"-
k(x)
0 < k− ≤ k+ " 
T C
E)  )" "
Y
L /
O  "$
0 < k − ≤ k(x) ≤ k + x ∈ Ω. ;"<

'  &" $P


O L E $   =,3,
u ∈ H01 (Ω)

ÉC
%9,*:10.1',*C *
 
.  8
  .    
   ,
 
;"< 
 8    v        
    8
  4
 ,9   
  
divσ(x)v(x) dx = − σ(x) · ∇v(x) dx + σ(x) · n(x) v(x) ds,
Ω Ω ∂Ω

. σ = k∇u *
         
     1      
H01 (Ω)     = 0A   
.  8
  .    ;"< J
 
U E

. u ∈ H01 (Ω)  
 k∇u · ∇v dx = f v dx ∀ v ∈ H01 (Ω).
N
;" <
IQ
H
Ω Ω


Y
EC
4Q  ? ,# ;"<  . ) 
  8 0     ;" <   

T
POL

k∇u · ∇v dx ≤ k + ∇u L2 (Ω) ∇v L2 (Ω) ,

E

O L
 
,   .

ÉC
 
k∇u · ∇u dx ≥ k − |∇u|2 dx ≥ ν u H01 (Ω) ,
Ω Ω

. ν > 0 Q  ? ,     *   @ 


   
  5 
67  A  
 ,    ,
    
    8
 
.   ;" < *
  
  
  .    0 
 6

 
0 
    ;"<A           
 
5 "   

)9.0;5) CC        ,


  ;"< 
 8 
.   J  
   ) ,   


U E
IQ
−div(k∇u) = −k∆u − ∇k · ∇u,

H N
C
     8 ,   
   :  k   .0 3
 A
,
  ;"< 
  H  k    


Y T E •

P O L
9 8 A 
 ,
  ;"<  
 8  .  A   
L
 8 0M   
 , 8  
    
  
 *
  6

LE
A     .   8 0      
,  

ÉC O
"      &

U E
N IQ
+,*&'1',*: .5> -'9'1): &) 10.*:9'::',*  
 
6   
 

EC H

  
  
 .  ( ' 
  R (Ω1 , Ω2 ) 

T

     Ω 
 
 k(x)     


Y
POL
k(x) = ki > 0 
 x ∈ Ωi , i = 1, 2. ;"<

LE
@  Γ = ∂Ω1 ∩ ∂Ω2 , 8  ;
 
    
  Ω<  Ω1 

ÉC O
Ω2 ;.   2
 "<A  ui = u|Ωi       
  u ? Ωi 

Ω2
Ω1

U E
N IQ
 " W 8   
 
6          

EC H

)99) CC
Y T
  #!)"#+ =,33  )/+ =,3 "  -$" 

POL


⎪ −ki ∆ui = f $ Ωi, i = 1, 2,
E

  ∂Ω,
L
u1 = 0
;"<

ÉC O ⎪


u 1 = u 2   Γ,
k1 ∇u1 · n = k2 ∇u2 · n   Γ.

  & $+ 0$  =,39 $" )) +,*&'1',*: .5> -'9'1): &) 10.*:
9'::',*   $"  Γ,
%9,*:10.1',*C u ∈ H01 (Ω)  
   ;"<A    
5
   A    .  u1 = u2 
 Γ   σ = k∇u  σi = σ|Ωi = ki ∇ui
    ? Ωi A    
 σ A   
  .  A   ? L2 (Ω)
3A  .

5 &A    σ · n 
  
 Γ  
  .  σ1 · n = σ2 · n 
 Γ
+ 
A  

 8
  .    ;"< 
 6
 
,  

 
 
  
[  .  
  u  ;"< @
U E
IQ
  ui ∈ H 1 (Ωi )   
   
 
   Ωi   H 8  

N
 v ∈ H01 (Ω) 9          0 
   
∂u1 ∂u2


E C H  

T
∇u1 ·∇v dx+ ∇u2 ·∇v dx+ k1 + k2 v ds = f v dx+ f v dx.

Y
∂n1 ∂n2

L
Ω1 Ω2 Γ Ω1 Ω2
;""<

P O
' n1 = −n2 ,   
 , 8  Γ P ? 
      


LE
       1,
 A  u  )  u1  Ω1  u2 

ÉC O
 - 
 " 
   

U E
N IQ
Ω2 A         u1 = u2 
 Γ  
 
 u ∈ H 1 (Ω)  .

EC H
  * 
A ;""< ,   ,
 
  8
  .  6

T
 ;" < 

Y
POL
>)0+'+) CC  ) Ω     K  
   RN  

Ω    Ω \ K   * ) f ∈ L2 (Ω)      

LE
   
 Ω 4 K    

   ( $ + 
O
ÉC
$ u 
 
       ( 
   
  

K   
  
    $ $:

    

K  0      


⎪ −∆u = f 
 Ω \ K


⎪ u=C
⎨   ∂K
∂u

⎪ ds = 0  ∂K

⎪ ∂n
⎩ ∂K
u=0  ∂Ω,
U E
N
4 C   
   +   <  
 

 
IQ
E H
  
       $   $ $   (u, C)
C 
  
 %   
  A(x) = (aij (x))1≤i,j≤N T
$ 
      "
   &   

LY&  "
 
  
 $ 
  "
    
*  
A

 "
  "
  
 P O
  % 

  %
"
!
Ω α>0

E

O L 
C
N



 /CN!
É
A(x)ξ · ξ = aij (x)ξi ξj ≥ α|ξ|2 ξ ∈ RN ,
i,j=1

 "
 
*   '  &  "
 
   β > 0  "

 "
  
  Ω
|A(x)ξ| ≤ β|ξ| 

 ξ ∈ RN . /CG!
$      


N  
−div(A∇·) = −

∂xi
aij (x)

∂xj
· , /C)!
i,j=1

       '  
  

U E
−div(A∇u) = f  Ω,

∂Ω. /CI!
N IQ
H
u=0

E C


 %  ("
  
 &   
  /CI! .  
T
   
    (

 
   
"
   
%   
LY
   
    !     
     "
   
%
O
P
A(x)       & !      A(x)     "
   

LE
   &       
 +   %  0 +      A =

ÉC O
"      

U E
A +A       "
 A
s a s t

N IQ
      "
 Aa = (A−At )/2

H
= (A+A )/2

 
     "

C
T E %
Y

N
1 ∂(aji − aij )

PO L
−div(A∇u) = −div(As ∇u) + V · ∇u Vj (x) =
i=1
2 ∂xi
(x),

O L E
: V     
 %   % 

É C/0   



 

  
            
 f ∈ L2 (Ω)
u ∈ H01 (Ω)

$ 
       
    . (  /CI! 
   

    4
 "
 
  
/C)!  
  
N
∂u
= A(x)∇u · n = aij (x)
∂u
ni = 0 
∂Ω,
E
∂nA ∂xj

U
i,j=1

N IQ
: ∂n∂u    %      u   &   
/C)! 5   
 4
    
 
    %
 ("
 
"
    
  L

A

∂Ω
EC H
σ = A∇u     "
       
L
  
 
 '  σ · n = 0 

Y T
POL
/0      f ∈ L (Ω) g ∈ L (∂Ω) 
 ! 
 ! 
 

2 2


E

 Ω,
O L −div(A∇u) + u = f
  ∂Ω.
É C!   $ 
∂u
∂nA
=g


1  
6   
 
 

   
  .  
6
 
  .    
     1   1 
  
6
  A Ω 
 
. 0  RN  f ∈ L2 (Ω)  5 "  8
 


 
 
  u ∈ H01 (Ω) 

−∆u = f  Ω
;"<
u=0 
 ∂Ω.

0'*+'3) &5 9.>'959


U E
N IQ
H
/
 O  
.     
. 
'   ; Q 


 
 
'  
T E C
?  8
      N = 1 Y .   +
  <   

O LY )  )" " $ Ω'


,P
4%,0?9) CC $0'*+'3) &5 9.>'9596 f ≥ 0

LE
 u ≥ 0 )  )" " $ Ω

ÉC O
 
 " 
   

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC    
 
  8  
 

   6

EC H
8  

   .
 # 
 J       ,
6

T
       
A   
( ;f ≥ 0<A  
  
 

Y
POL

I
 
   
  
 
0 ;u ≥ 0<    
 

 .0         ,
 
  ;"-< ? :6
 . 0  L∞ (Ω) 
0   ,    0 ;"$< .   

LE

     /
  . 
  
 
  8 
O
ÉC
  
  L  M  ,
  ; ,6?6  
 ,  
 u  ? .

 R< '   
 
 0   8
  ,  
 u 
? .
 .   ;  
  # ;""$<  , < •
%9,*:10.1',*C @
    8
  .   ;""<  ;"< . v =
u− = min(u, 0) 
  0  ? H01 (Ω)  .

 "   ;  u =
u+ + u− < @ 
   

E
− −
f u dx = ∇u · ∇u dx = 1u<0 ∇u · ∇u dx = |∇u− |2 dx ≥ 0. ;"<
Ω Ω Ω Ω

IQ U
N

7  u ≤ 0  f ≥ 0 
 
  Ω * 
A 
   

u ≥ 0 
 
  Ω
EC H
;"<  
A   u− ∈ H01 (Ω)   
 
 u− = 0A ,6?6  



Y T
POL

)99) CC  v ∈ H01 (Ω)'  v+ = max(v, 0) ))"$"  H01 (Ω) "
∇v + = 1v>0 ∇v )  )" " $ Ω,

O L E
. 1v>0 (x) "  $ "$  - "   . v(x) > 0 "   ,
ÉC
)9.0;5) CC   
 "    F 
    

; 
 H       
< 9 
   

  6
  ,   A   
  

   
 
   
  
: 
,
 8   )  L  
MA  ? H 1
 
 
6     
 
 8    
6    
 8  ? H 1
    9 (A   
     ? v 

 
6   v > 0  ?  
  
6   v < 0A   
   I
 
0  
,   8    
 
6   ; )   v = 0<
,  
  ;
   1)    "< H  v 
 8   
 

U E
I Q
  ?   
 '  "
  v ∈ H (Ω)   G(t) 
 *   
1

N
0
R  R   C  "
 G(0) = 0  G (t)  '  
R  
1 
G(v) ∈ H01 (Ω)

E C H
∇(G(v)) = G (v)∇v      H01 (Ω)  
 
  *   vn ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)
"
  %  %  v      H 1 (Ω)   
  

 

 vn  ∇vn
$ 
LY T
 %   "
  
  Ω %  v  ∇v %  M %      CCC  FNH!

P O  
/#!
LE
|G(vn ) − G(v)| ≤ sup |G (t)| |vn − v| ,

O
t∈R

ÉC
"     

U E
   %  %  
N IQ 
 .
    

2
1≤i≤N

H
G(vn ) G(v) L (Ω)

C
 
∂v
E
∂G(vn ) ∂v  ∂vn ∂v
/#C!
T
  
∂xi − G (v) ≤ G (v ) − G (v) + sup |G (t)| − .
∂xi
Y
n
∂xi ∂xi ∂xi

L
t∈R
∂v
5 
O  % 
|G (vn ) − G (v)| ∂x
P

i
 "
  
 %  

 

!  
 %  E
;   "
  
2 (sup |G (t)|) ∂v &     
(   
L2 (Ω)

L%    '


 %   (   CG  FNH!  
  *  
∂xi

C O
 % 

2
L (Ω)

 
      ;   /#C!  %  
 % 
L2 (Ω)
É '  K   %  % 
  
 
 
  5
( 
G(vn ) "
 
   B
H01 (Ω)
        
% "

w ∈ H01 (Ω)
w = G(v)  L2 (Ω)  "
 ∂w
=  L2 (Ω)  :  

G (v) ∂x
∂v

4
     (  *   t → max(t, 0) 
 
  *  
∂xi i

Gn (t) 
   
   "
 v +   & H01 (Ω) 1  G(t)
 *  
 C 1 (R)  "

 t ≤ 21 , 0 ≤ G (t) ≤ 1  12 ≤ t ≤ 1, G (t) = 1  1 ≤ t.
E
G(t) = 0

IQ U
$  Gn (t) = G(nt)/n 
n ≥ 1     
   "
 Gn (v) ∈
H01 (Ω)  ∂G∂x(v) = Gn (v) ∂x
n ∂v
 .
     %  "

H N
EC
i i

T
+ +
|Gn (v) − v | ≤ sup |Gn (t) − t | ≤ ,

Y
n

POL
t∈R

  Gn (v)  %  %  v+  L2 (Ω) $  


 

 1 ≤ i ≤ N 
E

L
∂Gn (v) ∂v ∂v ∂v

O

∂xi − 1 = |G (v) − 1 | ≤ 1 ,
∂xi
v>0 v>0 0<v<1/n

ÉC
n
∂xi ∂xi
   10<v<1/n  %  %   "
  
  (     %   
 '
 
% "
 ∂G∂x(v)  %  %  1v>0 ∂x∂v  L2 (Ω) $  
  
n

   "


 Gn (v)  %  %  v+  H01 (Ω)  "
 ∇v+ = 1v>0 ∇v
i i


>)0+'+) CC  "   $



 
 v → v+     L2 (Ω)

 B(
   H 1 (Ω) 
 B   
  ∇u = 0 

   $ u−1 (0)

%(5-.0'1%
/
    
  
  ,
 0 
      


U E
Q/$
 
 
  
 .
     
 
  
   

4%,0?9) CC $&) 0%(5-.0'1%6 " $ $" , " $N


, '  $   "$ H
m≥0 I
 -" Ω
  
RN
))"$" 
C m+2, " f ∈ H m (Ω)
, 8 ) ' )) "$ " E C
T " 
$
 =,9
$"$  
u ∈ H01 (Ω)

Y
H m+2
(Ω) f →u H m (Ω)
$ H m+2 (Ω)

P O L
' "   &" $ $"$" C>0

LE
u H m+2 (Ω) ≤ C f H m (Ω) .

ÉC O
 
 " 
   

U E
N IQ
*     
5  
  "  $ 
5  "

EC H
;
   
  8    H m (Ω)<A  0      


T
  
.   +
 " A ? .  
  
  8 0 ,
6

Y
POL
  
  .     
   8   
  8 ;
 
<
    
 

LE
,0,--.'0) CC
O
 Ω " $  -" /$  RN   C m+2 '  f ∈ H m (Ω)'
"  m > N/2'    "$ -"$$ u ∈ H01 (Ω)  =,9 " $  "$
ÉC
"   ))"$"  C 2 (Ω),
$ )" '  Ω " $  -" /$  RN   C ∞ ' "  f ∈ C ∞ (Ω)'
   "$ u ∈ H01 (Ω)  =,9 "   $ C ∞ (Ω),
)9.0;5) CC     0        
 

  9 
 
 ∆uA 

 0   
    
 .     uA   ?
     8  A   
 

1,51):   .     u   ?  H   V E  GA 

U E
IQ
 
  
   .     N = 1 

   

N
[  .   .      ,
  8
     
 
   .   

EC H •

T
)9.0;5) CC  5  
  "  $   '  "  & 
Y
POL
.0 
     
     /
     
 

  
   
 ? :  . 0 ;    
6  

L E
" < 1    A  8
 I
 ? ,# 0 
   .  

O
: A ,# 
  :     C m+1  Ω ;  


ÉC
Ω  0 
    C m+2  
 f ∈ H m (Ω)< •
4
       D(    
  /N  
    

  
   
 
   
 "
    A  "
 /C
    
  
 
  ! $    Ω = RN   

f ∈ L2 (RN )       ' 

−∆u + u = f  RN . /##!


6        
   0  /##! 
"
     ' 
4       &     
  
       
  
0   f  L2 (RN ) 
 %  ( 
    
    "
 
 ( ( u  H 1 (RN
) &  "
 
    u(x) 8 %  E 9 &
U E
  "
   R |u|2 dx  %  , *
  %    /##!  K
IQ
N


% u ∈ H 1 (RN )  "

 
H N
(∇u · ∇v + uv) dx =
E C
f v dx ∀ v ∈ H 1 (RN ).

T
/#/!

Y
RN RN

P O L
,     
D(    ?  CC 
% "
 

"

 
  u ∈ H 1 (RN )  /#/! 0
    "
 & 
 
 "
 
 % 

LE
;& *   (    "
   
    *
  %    


ÉC O
"     

U E
N I Q    
 
   "
  
  %   /##! 4
 
% 

  
 
C H
  E   
 ' !6!  LY T 
'   #$ " f ∈ L2 (RN )  5   
u ∈ H 1 (RN )
      
O          8 (    
2 N
f ∈ H m (RN ) m≥0 H m+2 (RN )

  P
H (R ) u

L E    
 "
 + 
 
 9 

ÉC O h ∈ RN h = 0

Dh v(x) =
v(x + h) − v(x)
|h|

"
   ' & H 1 (RN )  v ∈ H 1 (RN ) $ %    "
 ∇(Dh v) = Dh (∇v)
 "
 
v, φ ∈ L2 (RN )  
 8*
        9
 
(Dh v)φ dx = v(D−h φ) dx.

E
RN RN

.
     
"
 Dh v         /C .  *
 
%   /#/!    v = D−h (Dh u)  "
    
  '
IQ U
 
H N
EC
 
|∇(Dh u)|2 + |Dh u|2 dx =

T
f D−h (Dh u) dx.

Y
RN RN

$  
  ;  
P O L
O L EDh u2H 1 (RN ) ≤ f L2 (RN ) D−h (Dh u)L2 (RN ) .

É C
$      /#)!   

D−h (Dh u)L2 (RN ) ≤ ∇(Dh u)L2 (RN ) ≤ Dh uH 1 (RN ) .

.    Dh uH 1 (RN ) ≤ f L2 (RN )     


  
1 ≤ i ≤ N 
 
 ∂u 
Dh  ≤ f L2 (RN ) ,
∂xi L2 (RN )

"
  "
      /C 
 "
 ∂x ∂u
  & H 1 (RN ) & 
"
 u ∈ H (R )
i
2 N

1
    "
 f ∈ H 1 (RN ) ?   "
 ∂x ∂u
 
"
  
  
H 1 (RN ) 
E
i

−∆ui + ui =
∂f
 RN . /#N!
IQ U
N
∂xi

∂u

E H
1  %                   
  "

C
  & H 2 (RN ) &  "
 u ∈ H 3 (RN )    %
 U %   *
 
T
∂x
%   /#/! %  *    ∂x 
φ ∈ Cc∞ (RN )
Y
i
∂φ

O L
i

 
P
 
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ

LE
∇u · ∇ +u dx = f dx.
∂xi ∂xi ∂xi

O
RN RN

ÉC
 
 " 
   

U E
5  2
u ∈ H (R )
N
f ∈ H (R ) 1 N

N IQ
  
      
'
 
E C H 
/#G!


T
∂u ∂u ∂f
∇ · ∇φ + φ dx = φ dx

Y
∂xi ∂xi ∂xi

"
    %'L
RN RN

P O/#N!  
 "
  $  

"
 /#G!   * 
φ ∈ H 1 (RN )

 L
E

  %    ' 
"
  
  
∂u
∂xi
= ui

O  /#N!
1 N

C
H (R )
     
 
  
É
f ∈ H m (RN ) ⇒ u ∈ H m+2 (RN ) m
%   *  
m=1  

   # .  v ∈ L (R ) h ∈ R  h = 0   & 
   7  
2 N N

v(x + h) − v(x)
Dh v(x) = ∈ L2 (RN ).
|h|

" v ∈ H 1 (RN )    ! 


U E
IQ
Dh vL2 (RN ) ≤ ∇vL2 (RN ) . /#)!
8  
!   v ∈ L2 (RN ) 9           C  
    h = 0
H N
 
Y T
Dh vL (R ) ≤ C, EC
/#I!

POL
2 N

  v ∈ H 1 (RN )  e · ∇vL (R ) ≤ C       e ∈ RN 


2 N

O L E
  .   '  /#)! 
v ∈ C ∞ N
c (R )    

ÉC
 1
h
Dh v(x) = · ∇v(x + th) dt,
0
|h|

"
  ;    1
2
|Dh v(x)| ≤ |∇v(x + th)|2 dt.
0
6   x  %
 1   1
Dh v2L2 (RN ) ≤ |∇v(x + th)| dx dt ≤ 2
∇v2L2 (RN ) dt = ∇v2L2 (RN ) .
0 RN 0

     /#)!  %  



 *    H 1 (RN )
1   v ∈ L2 (RN ) "
 %     /#I! $  
 "
 

 U E
φ ∈ Cc∞ (RN ) 
N IQ




Dh vφ dx ≤ CφL2 (RN ) .

E C H
T
RN

$            



O LY 
P
LE
(Dh v)φ dx = v(D−h φ) dx,

O
RN RN

ÉC
"     "

U E
N
   φ  
      h = te % e ∈ R  e = 0N
IQ
 

EC H
lim D−h φ(x) = −e · ∇φ(x).

Y T t→0

POL
  "
   
 "
 
1 ≤ i ≤ N  
 φ ∈ Cc∞ (RN )  


L
∂φ
v dx ≤ CφL2 (RN ) ,
∂xi
O
É C "
   
  "
       
RN

v & H 1 (RN ) %   . 


#C! 

    # (  , 0"
     
       
  /C % Ω = RN ! 
   
D(   /N $

 

     
     
              
## 1
%       .  C/ 

%  
 %  
  J

##!  
 
%     Ω  
%  (ωi )0≤i≤I 
     

(θi )0≤i≤I  "

U E
I

N IQ
θi ∈ Cc∞ (ωi ), 0 ≤ θi (x) ≤ 1,

EC H
θi (x) = 1 Ω.

T
i=0

Y

%  ω0  &  
 Ω  * ω0 ⊂ Ω!  "
  
 
%  ωi  

POL
i ≥ 1 
%   '  ∂Ω 1  u ∈ H01 (Ω)   
 
"
  /# ! 
  


   u = Ii=0 θi u  %    
   (
    θi u 


O L E
  θ0 u      
   
  u 6    "
 θ0 u    
 

"
  H 1 (RN ) 
ÉC −∆(θ0 u) + θ0 u = f0  RN ,
% f0 = θ0 (f − u) − 2∇θ0 · ∇u − u∆θ0 "
   & L2 (RN )    
     /C   
   "
 θ0 u ∈ H 2 (RN ) 5      

   f0      
%       /C   
 "
 f ∈
H m (Ω)  "
 "
 θ0 u ∈ H m+2 (Ω) 
   
   
    θi u 

i ≥ 1  *
 '  8   9  '  
   
 Ω = RN +  6 *
  
  
 
 
   "
      /C  
Ω = RN+  5



       '         (     
  
"
   %
  
&   % '   
 1
  /C! K 
 %   & FGH 
  0 
  *
  "

 
   
   
   
 

%  
  


%  '  
  •

U E
>)93-) &) :'*(5-.0'1%
N IQ
E C H
>#  
   
  :'*(5-'?0):A ,6?6   
6

LY T
   ,  ,
 0  
 
.  
  
 
  56
  
  "  $   '  "  &  8
 9 
 A 0  
, 

P O
   
  8 0 ; ,6?6   ? ,   0. H 1 (Ω)< 

LE
,#    
  8 ; ,6?6  
 8   .0< 
  0 /


ÉC O
$ 
 " 
   

U E
N IQ
Γ0
EC H Ω

LY T
ΘP O
Γ2 Θ

OLE
Γ2 Γ1
Γ0
ÉC Γ1

 " W  
 
  Ω ,  Θ ;
   

  
 π <

U E

 O    N = 2 , A  
  
  
 
 
Ω )       ;.   2
 " <
N IQ
EC H
Ω = {(r, θ)  
 0 ≤ r < R  0 < θ < Θ}

Y T
POL
. 0 < R < +∞  0 < Θ ≤ 2π ; 
 x1 = r cos θ  x2 = r sin θ< @
 Γ0   
0  Ω R r = RA Γ1  R θ = 0  Γ2  R θ = Θ '

O L E

. Ω    L  MA   
 ,  ;     0  Γ1  Γ2 <

  0 
  
     6 
 *# 
A

ÉC
  ,
   Θ < π   8 ,
 (   A   
   Θ > π
 ?
    ;
H ?
 @::50)  Θ = 2π <
*

   k ≥ 1A  
  
 0 
    
.

⎨ −∆u = 0   Ω
u = cos kπθ 
 Γ0 ;""<
⎩ ∂u Θ
∂n = 0 
 Γ 1 ∪ Γ 2

 ⎧
⎨ −∆u = 0   Ω
u = sin kπθ 
 Γ0 ;""<

E
⎩ Θ

 Γ1 ∪ Γ2
U
u=0

IQ
/
 
  
  
   
   ;""<  ;""<   ,6
N
E C H
  
 
    0. H m (Ω)A  A  
    

  
  # 
 .  ?  
A 
    


LY T
 

  ∇u 
.     ,  1,
   
.
 # 
 
  
A     ?
 D
  
A 


P O
  
A 
?
     J    .    
  

LE
0  
 
 ? , 

ÉC O
"     &

U E

)99) CC  &" $ $   "$ /  I
N Q $ ' $$
=,= H 1 (Ω)
)   
E C H
 r  kπ  

T
Θ kπθ

Y
u(r, θ) = cos . ;"" <

L  "$ /  =,= $ ' $$ ) 


R Θ

  E P O
8 E'  &" $ $  H 1 (Ω)

O L  r  kπ  

ÉC
Θ kπθ
u(r, θ) = sin . ;""<
R Θ
8$   & '  k = 1 " π < Θ'   0 $" ∇u $" ) /$  0$'
"$    k ≥ 2  π ≥ Θ'   0 $" ∇u " $"$  0$,
)9.0;5) CC 
 , 
   1   
  
 0 ;""<  ;""<A  
    
    2
   θ 


E
Γ0   
 ? 
        "  ;  8
   


IQ U
   1   
 Γ0    0 .     
    
 Γ1
 Γ2 < @  
 
A  Θ ≤ π A   
   ;""<  ;""<  
I


H N

  
 
      1   
 Γ0  3
 A  Θ > π A 

EC

   ;""<  ;""< 
. H  
 

T
*# 
A    
  
    
,
   
Y
POL
;Θ > π <   
  
 A 
  ,
   ;Θ ≤ π < 1  A 
8
 8  .       
 D
  
A
    
A 



O L E
    ) ? ,  ,    # 
 1
   

  
. H ? ,     
  6# 
 J ,
 A

ÉC

   , I  L8 M   
.
 
L MA ,
 A 

∇u    A  
     .   
     
 


 ;# 
A
   
 .     2
  ;< .  6
     
 .   
  6H
 8    ∇u< 9 
 
 
A
 
  
  ;
<    
    
 
      
 
  
1   R Θ = 2π A ,
. Ω 
   @::50%    "  

     
     0 ;""<  ;""<  6
      6 ,
 #    0 Ω ;.  ,9  "&< 1
 A  : 
 ,  k = 1      2
  ;




   
  ? , <    =.+1)50 &!'*1)*:'1% &):
+,*10.'*1): 
 
.
            )
 

U E
 

 ;.    T -U<

N

IQ
E C H
)9.0;5) CC  
   
  8
     "    

LY T

  6  
 J  
. H    .   
 
6
 ;.   2
 $-< 3I
 
  
   
  
 
  

P O
:
 
    
 
 ;.   +
 $"<  
)

LE
, H  
 
 •

ÉC O
- 
 " 
   

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC @ 
 
     ,
    
    

EC H
1   
 Γ1   /
 
 Γ2 ;   A  8
   u = sin( kπθ
2Θ ) 


T
Γ0 <  
 (   
   kπ = Θ 
 
    ∇u  0

Y
POL
    
? ,  9 
 A  
. 
 
 k = 1  π = ΘA
/')* ;5!'- *!B .'1 3.: &) +,'*A  
    
  '  G 
 

LE
    
    

   
    8  •

ÉC O
%9,*:10.1',*C /
 
 0 ?    0 ;""< .    

    /
     ;,
 0 ;""<       
H  < @    L.M     
    6 
 ) 
 8   u0 ∈ H 1 (Ω)     
  0 [  . 
   
    @ . )   

 
r2 kπθ
u0 (r, θ) = 2 cos
R Θ
 ?  
 A ,6?6  
 u = u0 + v R v   
  ,
 0
  ⎧
U E
⎨ −∆v = ∆u0  Ω

 Γ0
N IQ ;""<
H
v=0
⎩ ∂v

EC
∂n = 0 
 Γ1 ∪ Γ2 .

T
+
 
  .   0    
 Γ0   0 .
Y
POL
    
    
 Γ1  Γ2 A ,6?6      
   .
 θ ;    . < ,
  θ = 0A 
Θ ' ∆u0   ?

O L E
L2 (Ω)A   

 
 
   ;""<  H 1 (Ω)A   
 ;""<
  


 
 
   H 1 (Ω) > ) 
 ;"" <   

ÉC

 
 
  + 

∂ 2 φ 1 ∂φ 1 ∂2φ
∆φ(r, θ) = + + .
∂r2 r ∂r r2 ∂θ2
 
    

 2   2
∂ 1 ∂  r  kπ
Θ kπ 1  r  kπ
Θ
+ = ,
∂r2 r ∂r R Θ r2 R
 ;"" <  0  
   ;""< @ . ) 
 8  
 ;"" <  
? H 1 (Ω) 2 A  8

         0
(er , eθ )
∇φ(r, θ) =
∂φ
er +
1 ∂φ

U E
IQ
∂r r ∂θ

 
 r  kπ   
H
  
N
∇u =
R
Θ −1 kπ

Θ
cos
kπθ
Θ
T E C
er − sin
kπθ
Θ

LY

A  A ,  0 ? ,   0 < kπ < Θ    
? , 
O
P
 kπ > Θ      kπ = Θ  
 ?
    
  8 

LE
u = x1 V 

ÉC O
"
  #
   

U E

   "  
N IQ

E C H
 #  


L Y T
/
  
 ,  .   ?  
 
# ,
 

P O
 ,     'O          
  


LE
. .

  
  
'   ' 
      8 

ÉC O
,
   
 ,#    8        ;#6
 
 ,0   
     Y ,R   ,  -'*%.0':%)A
.    T$U< @    
      , A ,6
?6    
   Ω
 
. 0  RN   
 8  f (x)A

 8    Ω  RN  ,  
 u ;  <  

 8   
Ω  RN         
 8  .   
  8 A
 e(u)A 

 8   ? .
  ,0    # 

1  1  ∂u ∂uj

i

E
e(u) = ∇u + (∇u)t = + ,

U
2 2 ∂xj ∂xi 1≤i,j≤N

N IQ
  
  
    σ ;
 
 8   ? .
  ,0

H
   # 
< 
   ? e(u)     =%

EC
T
σ = 2µe(u) + λ tr(e(u)) Id,

Y
POL
R λ  µ   :   
 
   

 Ω
*
      # 
  :    . )

O L E µ > 0  2µ + N λ > 0.

ÉC
@ I
 ?    
 .  0   8     
−divσ = f  Ω
RA  )  A  .    σ   . 
  
⎛ ⎞
N
∂σij ⎠
divσ = ⎝ .
j=1
∂xj
1≤i≤N

    8  
 tr(e(u)) = divuA   
  
  
 1 ≤ i ≤ N

E
    

U
N
∂ ∂ui ∂uj

IQ
− µ + + λ(divu)δij = fi  Ω ;"""<
∂xj ∂xj ∂xi

N
j=1

C H
. fi  ui A 
 1 ≤ i ≤ N A    f  u   0  
 
E
T
RN  9 I

    
     1  A  
     

LY
.  A  0 
      

O
P
−div (2µe(u) + λ tr(e(u)) Id) = f  Ω

LE
;""$<
u=0 
 ∂Ω.

ÉC O
 
 " 
   

U E
N
/
 
.    
   
 ,    ,
 
IQ
#  ,    

EC H
Y T
4%,0?9) CC " Ω $  -" /$  RN , " f ∈ L2 (Ω)N ,  &" $

POL
$   "$ / u ∈ H01 (Ω)N  =,=%,

LE
%9,*:10.1',*C *
 
.  8
  .    
   


ÉC O

  ;"""< 
 8    vi ;
,
 
  0 ∂Ω 
   
     
     1  <        
 0 
 N 
   
∂ui ∂uj ∂vi ∂vi
µ + dx + λdivu dx = fi vi dx.
Ω j=1
∂xj ∂xi ∂xj Ω ∂xi Ω

@    
 A 
 i   1 ? N A )  8  P 
.     8   v = (v1 , ..., vN )     )      

N   N 
1  ∂ui
 
U E
IQ
∂ui ∂uj ∂vi ∂uj ∂vi ∂vj
+ = + + = 2e(u) · e(v).

N
∂xj ∂xi ∂xj 2 i,j=1 ∂xj ∂xi ∂xj ∂xi

H
i,j=1

T EC
'   H01 (Ω)N     = 0A  0    8
  . 6
  J 
. u ∈ H01 (Ω)N  

Y
POL
  

E
2µe(u) · e(v) dx + λ divu divv dx = f · v dx ∀ v ∈ H01 (Ω)N . ;""&<

O L Ω Ω

ÉC
@ . )   
 
   ;""&<  0 
 
*
 
.   
  5  67    ?  8
  .6
   ;""&<A  
 #   ? . )    .    8
0    @        * A  

  
2
2µ|e(v)| dx + λ|divv| dx ≥ ν
2
|e(v)|2 dx,
Ω Ω Ω

. ν = min(2µ, (2µ + N λ)) > 0 *


 A 
  
     0 
 J 

  A · B = N i,j=1 aij bij  
   

    # 
A 

   
    # 
 A 
  8
1 1
U E
IQ
A = Ad + Ah . Ad = A − trA Id  Ah = trA Id,

N
N N
    
 Ad · Ah = 0  |A|2 = |Ad |2 + |Ah |2  @  

E C H
Y
2µ|A|2 + λ( trA)2 = 2µ|Ad |2 + (2µ + N λ)|Ah |2 ≥ ν|A|2

L T
P O
. ν = min(2µ, (2µ+N λ))A  
  
 
 A = e(u)  8  
 ν > 0

LE
, 
  J  
   
   # 
 



ÉC O
"
  #
   

U E
N IQ

    µ > 0  (2µ + N λ) > 0     H 1
 A 

EC H

   ,     B ;

X
  
        A

T
.    " 6 
< 

  C > 0  


Y
POL
 
|e(v)|2 dx ≥ C |∇v|2 dx

LE
Ω Ω

ÉC O

 
 v ∈ H01 (Ω)N  5  A 
   ,     *   ; 
 A .   *   < 

  C > 0  
A

 
 v ∈ H01 (Ω)N A  
|v|2 dx ≤ C |∇v|2 dx.
Ω Ω
3
A       
 ?   . 
 
2
2µ|e(v)| dx + λ|divv|2 dx ≥ C v 2H 1 (Ω) .

E
Ω Ω

IQ U
 5  67      ,    ,
    
  

N
 8
  .   ;""&< 2 A 
  
  
 
 

H
EC
 ;""&<  0 
 
 
0 
    ;""$<A      

T
   
5 "  
    

Y
POL

)99) CC " Ω $  -"  RN ,   " " $ "$ v ∈ H01 (Ω)N ' $ 
E

O L ∇v L2 (Ω) ≤ 2 e(v) L2 (Ω) . ;""-<

ÉC
%9,*:10.1',*C   v ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)N  *        0 

2

|e(v)| dx =
2

|∇v| dx +
2

∇v · (∇v) dx =
t

|∇v| dx +
2

|divv|2 dx.
Ω Ω Ω Ω Ω

*    Cc∞ (Ω)  H01 (Ω)A   


 ;""-< 

>)0+'+) CC "   $



  L2 (Ω)N 
 H01 (Ω)N  + f
 
 u( $  
  !! (  
  
,#
0 
    ;""$< .
    
     1 6
  :50 1,51 -) /,0& ∂Ω 
 

      9 (A 

 , 

 
    
    ; A  /
< 

U E

  
0 A       .    8
  .  
N IQ
E C H
.  0

 
 :        ,     

"     A  
   
A      B ;.  

LY T
 " 6 
< + 
,  
 A  A   ,

   
     1   
 ,   
0 ∂Ω   , 

P O
  8  
     )  0  
  0  9  
A 
 

LE
0 ,  0
  
.
  
0   0  0
A 
0  

ÉC O
 
 " 
   

U E
N IQ
8  
8 
   
 

 
   ' 
   )
 

EC H
        
     /
 
,  .

LY T σn = g 
 ∂Ω, ;""<

P O
R g 
 8   ? .
 .        /
 ;""< , 6

LE
   
 g 
 8   
 
  0  g = 0A 

 8  

O
, 
   0 
 0
     J   
  0   0

ÉC
/
       #  ,  .    

    H ;
    1     /
<A ,6?6 

⎨ −div (2µe(u) + λ tr(e(u)) Id) = f  Ω
u=0 
 ∂ΩD ;"$<

σn = g 
 ∂ΩN ,
R (∂ΩN , ∂ΩD ) 
     ∂Ω  
  
 
)   ∂ΩN
 ∂ΩD   
 ;.   2
 < ,#   
.
0 


U E
    
  
 
         
     1   J

IQ
 8

   ,     B 6 



)99) CC $*%(.-'1% &) L,0*6
H N
" Ω $  -" /$ 0    C 1 
R N

Y T EC
,  &" $ $"$" C > 0 " ' )  " " $ "$ v ∈ H 1 (Ω)N ' $ 
1/2

POL
v H 1 (Ω) ≤ C v 2L2 (Ω) + e(v) 2L2 (Ω) . ;"$<

L E
,    ;"$< , 
 0  J  (A  0  
  

O

   .    v  
  0    8  .  
6

ÉC
   0        .   ' ,    .
 ;"$<  . A   
 
  
 0  ;"$<   

.   
 "   
     
  
 ;. A  A TU< /
 ,    
 
 

. 0   ,     B ;"$< 
 v   ? H01 (Ω)N  9
(A   
 0  
 "   ,     *   ;


 
. 0<  0  ,    ;"$<
,     
  ,     B   
. ,  6
 
A   ?  

  8  e(u)  L2 (Ω)A
X  
  u  H 1 (Ω)N A ? ,      
 u  L2 (Ω) ' 
   .   ,9  " A    I

   ?      9,52)9)*1: &) +,03: 0'('&): ,6?6  
U E
  u  
   ,   
 

N IQ
C H
>)0+'+) CC ) Ω     RN  ) $ R  @ 
E
*A  Ω   


LY T 

P O
R = v(x) = b + M x
 b ∈ RN , M = −M t 

 :  . ;"$ <

LE
"   v ∈ H 1 (Ω)N   e(v) = 0 
 Ω     v ∈ R

ÉC O
"
  #
   

U E
N IQ
/
 
.    
 
  
 ,    ,
 

EC H

  #  ,     .    
    H

4%,0?9) CC
Y T
" Ω $  -" /$ $$& 0    C 1  RN , "

POL
f ∈ L (Ω) " g ∈ L2 (∂ΩN )N , $ *$" ) 
2 N

LE
 
V = v ∈ H 1 (Ω)N "  v = 0   ∂ΩD . ;"$<

ÉC O
 &" $ $   "$ / u ∈ V  =,%  )$ $$" "
$"$4$"  $$ f " g,
%9,*:10.1',*C  8
  .    ;"$< ,0    
 
5 " ,  V A )  ;"$<A      

     1   
 ∂ΩD   0 
    = 0  
6 
8  H 1 (Ω)N ;   
5    < @ 0   
8
  .   J 
. u ∈ V  

   

U E
IQ
2µe(u) · e(v) dx + λ divu divv dx = f · v dx + g · v ds ∀ v ∈ V. ;"$<

N
Ω Ω Ω ∂ΩN

EC H
*
 
.   
  5  67    ?  8
  . 6

T
  ;"$<A  
 #   ? . )   
 8    . 

Y
POL
  8 0    3
 A  8
  
,   
  C > 0
 
A 
 
 8   v ∈ V A  

O L E v H 1 (Ω) ≤ C e(v) L2 (Ω) . ;"$"<

ÉC
5
 ,0 A   
 e(v) L2 (Ω) 
  
 V   
   ? . )

  
 , ,#    
 e(v) L2 (Ω) = 0  
 v = 0

 
 e(v) L2 (Ω) = 0 J  ,9  "  
 v 
  
 A ,6?6  
 v(x) = b + M x . M = −M t  @ . ) 8  
A 
M = 0A     xA 
   b + M x = 0A 8
    R3 

    R2  @ v(x) = 0 
 ∂ΩD A 
  
 
8 
  
A 
   M = 0  b = 0 1   ;"$"< 
 
 
   ;.   +
 -< ;"$"<  8
A   
 
 vn ∈ V
 

vn H 1 (Ω) = 1 > n e(vn ) L2 (Ω) .

E
2
9 
 A  
 e(vn )  .   L2 (Ω)N  1,
 A  vn
 0  H 1 (Ω)N A    
5  +   A   
IQ U

 
6
 vn 
.   L2 (Ω)N  ,     B
 "

H N
C
 
 


Y T E
vn − vp 2H 1 (Ω) ≤ C vn − vp 2L2 (Ω) + e(vn ) − e(vp ) 2L2 (Ω) ,

P O L
,R , 
 
  
 vn   '
#  H 1 (Ω)N A  .  .

LE

    v∞ 
. ) e(v∞ ) L2 (Ω) = 0 '  ,  ,
   

ÉC O
 
 " 
   

U E
N IQ

 
      
 v∞ = 0A  

    .  8  

vn H 1 (Ω) = 1

EC H
T
,     8
  .   ;"$< 
 
. ,
 

Y
POL
;"$<  00 ?  
 
 . 8      
5
"  
    .    
     /
 2 A , 6

LE
  (f, g) → u     *
  
,   
  L2 (Ω)N × L2 (∂Ω)N
 H 1 (Ω)N A 
  v = u   8
  .   ;"$< 9
 6

ÉC O
    .    8 0      I  8   A  0 
-!):1'9.1',* &!%*)0(')
C u 2H 1 (Ω) ≤ f L2(Ω) u L2(Ω) + g L2 (∂ΩN ) u L2 (∂Ω) . ;"$$<
4Q  ? ,     *  
  
   A  
 I   
   ;"$$<  C f L2 (Ω) + g L2 (∂ΩN ) u H 1 (Ω) A  

.   



E
)9.0;5) CC *
  #  ,  .     
    
U
IQ
1   ;
 /
<    H 
  
  
,.   

N
;.   5 "  $< * A ?  ( 
 A  ,#   

EC H
  
 
 
  #  ,  ;  
  
 
#  
 
 
 < /
 
 6 
 
 ? 

Y T
2
 " J  ,0   8 A f = 0A     
      /


POL

  8  
 
  8 

 A  1   u = 0 ?    u = e1
? 
 ' .  ?      
A

A ,  A 
   ?

L E

   .  
    

O

ÉC
 " W '6 
 
 
    
 
   
3 
      
A  ?      8 R  D 
    ;  .      <

/
 . I?  
  8
  .   ,   ,
 
 
30'*+'3) &): 10.2.5> 2'015)-:    
 *

.   A , 
U E
V  ,   &%3-.+)9)*1: v +'*%9.1';5)9)*1 .&9'::'/-):A  ,  
2

 # 
 σ ∈ L (Ω) A  
 −divσ = f  Ω  σn = g 
 ∂ΩN A
N IQ
H
2 N

T E C
 
 
  +,*10.'*1): :1.1';5)9)*1 .&9'::'/-): ' 
 
 A  
    8
  .   ;"$<      
 ,

    
 )  
 v ∈ V 

O LY  
1 
P 

LE
J(v) = 2µ|e(v)|2 + λ|divv|2 dx − f · v dx − g · v ds. ;"$&<
2 Ω

O
Ω ∂ΩN

ÉC
"
  #
   "

U E
N
9    
 J(v)     -!%*)0(') &) &%=,09.1',* IQ
1


EC H 

T
2µ|e(v)|2 + λ|divv|2 dx

Y
2 Ω

POL
  -!%*)0(') 3,1)*1')--) &): =,0+): )>1%0')50): ;
.   8   


LE

  <  

ÉC O −

f · v dx −
∂ΩN
g · v ds.

>)0+'+) CC "   u ∈ V  $    



 


!      u 
    V  $ * J(v)   
 ! &
L
 I  
$  
-  

>)0+'+) CC ) Ω      RN      :  


$ 
 
 
   >
 !!/     ∂Ω "   

E
  $ 

f · (M x + b) dx +

g · (M x + b) ds = 0
IQ U
∀b ∈ RN , ∀M = −M t ∈ RN ×N
Ω ∂Ω

H N
EC
     
  M
  $   $ $   


T
H 1 (Ω)N $
   + $
  $ @   *A  ( 
Y
POL
! 2

E
)9.0;5) CC 
  :       
   6

O L
  
    
#  1    A  
   , 

ÉC

.    
   #   ; 
'  <

−µ∆u − (µ + λ)∇(divu) = f  Ω
;"$-<
u=0 
 ∂Ω.
,.   ;"$-<   ? ;""$<  
  
 e(u)  
 
,

     ,     B  8
   8    
 ;"$-<
, 
 
. ? ;""$<   :       x 
   
    
     /
 

  
0  1,
    .

  
A  
         ;""$< •

>)0+'+) CC    Ω      RN   f ∈ L2 (Ω)N 


E
"  $   $  
   ! . 
 H01 (Ω)N 
   $ *

U
IQ
  N   $ 
E
  %: %       M 

  
   µ > 0  2µ + λ > 0
H N
E C
>)0+'+) CC   $ 
  ! .  !!   λ  µ  
  "
T
Y
  ! .  !!     
   λ  µ      * (

O L
B   
 $ 
    ! . 


P
LE
−div(µ∇u) − ∇((µ + λ)divu) = f 
 Ω.

ÉC O
$ 
 " 
   

U E
N IQ
1
   
 A  30,/-?9) &5 +':.'--)9)*1 .*1'3-.*A 

EC H
#  ,        )  0 

,   

T
?  
  ,
 0 
    
    '  

Y
POL
  8 
       
   ,       

 
 ,
     

  
 
  
    

LE
00  ,0 '  
 
   6  
 
,  
.

ÉC O
>)0+'+) CC            
    : 
 $ 
  
  
  
 $   

 
   
 
 : %*  Ω  * L > 0     ω ( 4 ω  
    *  RN −1  M  
 λ  µ  
 
G   ( Ω = ω × (0, L)(   x ∈ Ω(    x = (x , xN )
 0 < xN < L
 x ∈ ω       
   


⎪ −div (2µe(u) + λ tr(e(u)) Id) = 0 
 Ω
E




σn = g
u 
=0
 ∂ω × (0, L)
 ω × {0, L}
IQ U ;"$<

N

(σn) · n = 0  ω × {0, L}

EC H
4 
  

(     v = (v1 , ..., vN )( v = (v  , vN )
 v  ∈ RN −1

Y T
 vN ∈ R    
 
 g   : @

 
A(

POL
$ +  g  = (g1 , ..., gN −1 ) = 0  gN      x 
"   
    ! /    
 u = (0, ..., 0, uN ) 4 uN (x )

L E
 
  

 

O
ÉC

−∆ uN = 0 
 ω
µ ∂u
∂n = gN
N
 ∂ω
4 ∆  

 
 


 x ∈ RN −1 

>)0+'+) CC ?  
 $' !&
 
 $  
   


 :
u = 0  (σn) · eN = gN  ∂ω × (0, L).

>)0+'+) CC G $
  $
% 

    $   $
 
   $ 
  


⎨ ∆ (∆u) = f 
 Ω
U E
u=0
⎩ ∂u
 ∂Ω
N IQ
;"&<

H
∂n = 0  ∂Ω
4 f ∈ L2 (Ω)  

 (  u ∈ H02 (Ω)(

T E C ∂u
∈ H01 (Ω) 

Y
∂xi


|∆u| dx =
2

P

O L
N 
∂ 2 u 2


OLE
∂xi ∂xj dx.
Ω i,j=1 Ω

ÉC
"
  #
   &

U E
N IQ

 
  
  *
 
 I  w ∈ L (Ω)  f ∈ L2 (Ω)   
2

 v ∈ Cc∞ (Ω) 
EC H 

LY T−

w∆v dx =

f v dx,

P O

 (θw) ∈ H 2 (Ω)    
  θ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω)

E   
 L

O
ÉC /
  
 ,  .   ?  
 
# ,
 
 %   Ω
 
. 0   RN   
 8  f (x)A
 8  
 Ω  RN   #  
  
 J  .  u 

 8   .  A
    p 

 8      9   .  A  0 

      ⎧
⎨ ∇p − µ∆u = f  Ω
divu = 0  Ω ;"&<

u=0 
 ∂Ω
U E
N IQ
R µ > 0   .   
D
  
  
   ;"&<    
,   0  
D
A   
      0   8    6

EC H
  
     1      ,  
D
 
   

Y T
)9.0;5) CC  0  % ;"&< 
   :'93-'@% , 
6

POL
 ,
 D
 . 

   0 ;     < 9 (A 

E
L. M 
 

. ,
  D
   
   /. 6 %

L
   ;.    T-U<
O
ÉC

⎨ (u · ∇)u + ∇p − µ∆u = f  Ω
divu = 0  Ω ;"& <

u=0 
 ∂Ω.


  . 
D
 u  8 0A   6   (u·∇)u  
  

 u .    0 @ 0    
   %  8
  . 
? ,  
     .            # 
  .  •

4%,0?9) CC " Ω $  -" /$ $$& 0    C 1  RN , "
f ∈ L (Ω) ,  &" $ $   "$ / u ∈ H01 (Ω)N " p ∈ L2 (Ω)/R 
2 N

=,F  )$ " $   $ $"$"  "- )+ $ Ω,


U E
%9,*:10.1',*C *
 
.  8
  .    
   

N IQ
E C H

 
# ;"&< 
 8    vi ;
,
 
  0 ∂Ω

         
     1  <A      

Y T
   
 i   1 ? N ;
 8  P  .     8  

L
O
v = (v1 , ..., vN )<   
P
LE
µ∇u · ∇v dx − pdivv dx = f · v dx,

O
Ω Ω Ω

ÉC
- 
 " 
   

U E
N
N IQ
.    ∇u · ∇v = i=1 ∇ui · ∇vi  3)          , 6

EC H
 0   divu = 0A         = 0  
6  
.

T
 H01 (Ω)N  
Y
POL
V = v ∈ H01 (Ω)N  
 divv = 0   Ω , ;"&<

 0 
    = 0  
6  8  H01 (Ω)N  @ 
.

LE
  8
  .   J
 

ÉC O 
. u ∈ V  
 µ∇u · ∇v dx =

f · v dx ∀ v ∈ V,

;"&<

 
     
V @ . )   
 
   ;"&< 
0 
 
,  
5  67   ?  8
  .   ;"&<
    0 9 
 A   .    8 0     . 
 H01 (Ω)N ; Q  ? ,     *  <   V 

 
6  
H01 (Ω)N 

E
    
      
  
 
 
  ;"&<  0 
U
IQ

 
 
0 
    ;"&< 9 
  :
  


N
H  
 u  
 A ,6?6    ? H 2 (Ω)N  *

H
EC
     A ;"&<  
 



Y T
(µ∆u + f ) · v dx = 0 ∀ v ∈ V,

POL

E
    
   
 
 (µ∆u + f ) = 0  ,   V  L2 (Ω)N

L
,  .  V 9 (A  .  8  
  φ 
 8   
 A A
O
ÉC

 
 v ∈ V A  
 
∇φ · v dx = − φdivv dx = 0,
Ω Ω

,6?6  
 ,   V   
  
    9 8  
5   + " 
  
 ,   V [    .
,    
4Q  
5   + " 
 
.  
  
 @ 
 
L(v) = µ∇u · ∇v dx − f · v dx,
Ω Ω


 0 
 8     
 
 H01 (Ω)N
E
 
 
 V  * 
A
U
IQ
   p ∈ L2 (Ω)A
 
 ?
  A  


N

L(v) = p divv dx ∀ v ∈ H01 (Ω)N .

E C H
T

Y
2

L
  σ = µ∇u − p Id 
  ? L2 (Ω)N A   




P O

σ · ∇v dx = f · v dx ≤ C v L2 (Ω) ,

OLE

Ω Ω

ÉC
"
  #
   

U E
N IQ
 

. 
 σ  
 .   8 0  L (Ω) A    −divσ = f 
2 N

* 
A   
 


EC H
Y T
∇p − µ∆u = f 
 
  Ω. ;"&"<

POL
1,
 A  u ∈ V A divu  
  L2 (Ω)A  
 


OLE
divu = 0 
 
  Ω.

ÉC
1 HA     
    ,          0 

 u = 0 
 
 
 ∂Ω 

/
 O    
  8  :  

   
 
.    ?     8
  .   ;"&<
# 
% R  .  
V            

 ;  
,  ,  8   
.    

  

E
L M  
6 
 Y .    T U<

4%,0?9) CC $&) &) 4.96


IQ U
" Ω $  -" /$ $$& 0   
N
C 1  RN , " L $  $ $"$    H01 (Ω)N ,  L $$    V
H
EC
 "  $"   &" $ $ "$ p ∈ L2 (Ω) " 

Y T 

POL
L(v) = p divv dx ∀ v ∈ H01 (Ω)N . ;"&$<

O L E
8 )  p " $   $ $"$"  "- )+,

ÉC
)9.0;5) CC  *
 %  
    

 ,   


 )      
     /
 
,  .
∂u
µ − pn = g 
 ∂Ω, ;"&&<
∂n
R g 
 8   ;? .
 .  <  L2 (∂Ω)N  ' 
 , A 
    /
 ;"&&< ,    
 g 
 8   
 

 0  •

)9.0;5) CC *
  #  % ;"&<    H 
  6

"  $< * A  


   % 
 #  
 
 
 A
U E

  
 
    
 #  ,     ;.   5

 ,#      
 
 ; ,  H  
  
 
  #
N IQ
E C H
 , < *# 
A ? 
      ,   0  
D

    0  9 (A  , 

  
  % 


LY T

# 
  ;
<  A  0     
  A  . 
D
     
 . 
 .
   
 


P O
, 
     
# ;  
.     
 
  ,0  

LE
8   
< •

ÉC O
" 
 " 
   

U E
N IQ
' 
  #  ,    
          

EC H
,  ;   &'::'3.1',* 2':;5)5:)< 
  
   %

Y T
>)0+'+) CC  ) V $
  %
    + *    


POL
!& ) J(v) $ *    v ∈ V 


OLE
 
1
J(v) = µ|∇v|2 dx − f · v dx. ;"&-<

ÉC
2 Ω Ω

) u ∈ V 
    

 

 !& "   u

 $     $ *( $ +  J(u) = minv∈V J(v)
C  (   (  u ∈ V       $ * J(v)(

u  
    

 

 !&
1 ,  
. 
  .  
      
  

   %  
 
 

U E
IQ
>)0+'+) CC            
    


N
  ) = 
  

  *     (
    -
H
EC
) Ω = ω × (0, L) 4 L > 0  
*  

  ω 
 (   
  *  RN −1  - x ∈ Ω(    x = (x , xN )
 0 < xN < L 

Y T
x ∈ ω       
   


POL

⎪ ∇p − µ∆u = 0 
 Ω
E


L

⎨ divu = 0 
 Ω

ÉC O ⎪




u=0
pn − µ ∂n
∂u

pn − µ ∂n
∂u
= p0 n
= pL n
 ∂ω × (0, L)
 ω × {0}
 ω × {L}
;"&<

4 p0  pL    


  "   
    !&/ 
p(x) = p0 + xLN (pL − p0 )(  u = (0, ..., 0, uN ) 4 uN  
  

 

−p0 )
−µ∆ uN = − (pLL 
 ω
uN = 0  ∂ω

4 ∆  

 
 


 x ∈ RN −1 

>)0+'+) CC  ?  
 $' !
 
  
  >
) =
U E
!&2
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
 POL
O LE
ÉC
    
 
U E
N IQ
.
#  %  

EC H
  ,
 

Y T
POL
1    
      %-%9)*1: @*': 
  6

E
L
  
 
  8  
  
  
   0 
   

ÉC O
  
A   
 0 
 
#0 
  
  .  

            
 -!.330,+4) 2.0'.1',*
*)--) 
 
 . 
          
,   0       )      ,   = 0
V 
 
    8
  .   
 
6  Vh   
)   0 L M  
 Vh   ?    
  ,

#   A       9.10'+) &) 0'('&'1% *  
A 

        
   Vh    ?  
  
6  Vh
 
 0     V  
  
  uh  Vh   8
 
.     F30,+4)G   
    u  V 
=  
A            )   
     +  '
 ;
      <

U
   A         
 .A 
 AE
IQ
  ,:          "6$ ; 
  

N
E C H
    
< 3    
  
A    
  0 .  8    
      

LY T
      )  . ',  
 
 0     6
    R  ( I

          


P O
 8  8      ?   
  
 
 ;     


LE
 .    
  
    
    
<

ÉC O "
" 
 '      !

U E
N IQ
        
. 1  
      
  

EC H
  
 &!.330,>'9.1',* 2.0'.1',**)--) '*1)0*)     $  

T
 )  
   ,  RA       .0 

Y
POL
  
 
A      
   
   @ 

    
 ;0        A 8
  
 
A

LE
 < 
 
  
 ; .      A      
,
<     $    
  )     
 
 ;N ≥

ÉC O
2< @ 
     9.'--.() ; 
  

 
 <   &)(0%:
&) -'/)01% 
  
 
 
 8     ,
)  @       
   
 I? 0
   
N = 1
5   
    
, 
     ( 
)   , ) A 
  
    
A    0 
,
   
 
  
  ,
  
  .   6
     .
 ) A , )   8  ;
   <A

E
 A  2
 A   ;.    #   TUA T&U< *
 
    

U
IQ
     )  
 .# ? TUA TUA T UA T UA TUA T"U ;.  


N
T"UA T$UA TU 
     
     8 
<

  . )

 


EC H
Y T
POL
/
   ? 
.
   
8  .   


'    
    = 0 V A
 8 0     


L E
  . a(u, v)A 
 8     
 L(v)A     8
 

O
.   J

ÉC 
. u ∈ V  
 a(u, v) = L(v) ∀ v ∈ V, ;$<

    
,  

 
 
    5   67  

!.330,>'9.1',* '*1)0*)  ;$<   ?   ,   = 0 V 

 
6     )  Vh A ,6?6  ?    
   J


. uh ∈ Vh  
 a(uh , vh ) = L(vh ) ∀ vh ∈ Vh . ;$ <

 
   ,    ;$ <  8      

.

" V $ )   @/" ' " Vh $  )   $$U E


IQ

)99) C C
*$, " a(u, v) $  /$ $"$  "  -   V ' " L(v) $ 
H N
$ $"$    V ,  ))&"$ $"$ %,  " $ $  
E C
 "$,    ""  "$ ) " /"$ $ -$" $ !"+ $ 
T
"  *$ )"- " !"   a(u, v) " !" ,
O LY
P
%9,*:10.1',*C ,    ,
   uh ∈ Vh A 
   ;$ <A  


LE
5   67    
 ? Vh  *
   0 



ÉC O
' 
  $
  "

U E
N IQ
8 
  A  

 0 (φj )1≤j≤Nh  Vh  uh = N
 h
j=1 uj φj A 

EC H
 Uh = (u1 , ..., uNh )  . 
  RNh     uh   0 ;$ <
 
. ? J

Y T
POL
⎛ ⎞
Nh

. Uh ∈ RNh  
 a ⎝ uj φj , φi ⎠ = L(φi ) ∀ 1 ≤ i ≤ Nh ,

OLE
j=1

ÉC
 
,   
  8 ,
 #   

Kh Uh = bh , ;$<

. A 
 1 ≤ i, j ≤ Nh A

(Kh )ij = a(φj , φi ), (bh )i = L(φi ).

U E
  .    8 0    a(u, v) P    )   8  

IQ
  Kh A    . 0   9 (A 
 
 . 
 Uh ∈ RNh A  

 Nh
2

H N
EC
 
Kh Uh · Uh ≥ ν  
T
 u j j  ≥ C|Uh |
φ 2
. C > 0,

Y
 j=1 

POL
 
    
.    )  ;| · |    
E
O L

   RNh < 1 HA  #   a(u, v)  
   Kh  1
      
    Kh   9.10'+) &) 0'('&'1%

ÉC


/
     ,
    O ,  V 
 
6  Vh  *
  A 
  I  (  u − uh R
u   
   V  ;$<  uh   Vh  ;$ < *  
.


   J   ν > 0     .   M > 0  
  
   8 0    a(u, v) 
. )

a(u, u) ≥ ν u 2 ∀ u ∈ V,
|a(u, v)| ≤ M u v ∀ u, v ∈ V

E
  
.A G ? N 'A  
      
    u 
 
    uh  I 5*'=,09%9)*1 3.0 0.33,01 .5 :,5:):3.+)
Vh      u  Vh 
IQ U
H N

)99) C C $&) %.6
 "$  %, " uh   %,, $ 
T C
$  )     #!)"#+  %,,, " u 
E
O LY
P
M
u − uh ≤ inf u − vh . ;$<

LE
ν vh ∈Vh

ÉC O
" 
 '      !

U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C *

 Vh ⊂ V A  
A  
    8
 
.   ;$<  ;$ <A 


EC H
Y T a(u − uh , wh ) = 0 ∀ wh ∈ Vh .

POL
9    wh = uh − vh  0 

O LEν u − uh 2 ≤ a(u − uh , u − uh ) = a(u − uh , u − vh ) ≤ M u − uh u − vh ,

ÉC
,R , 
 ;$< 

>)0+'+) C C 6
  
    0
2(    (  


 a(u, v)  : (
 
    

M
u − uh ≤ inf u − vh .

E
ν vh ∈Vh

IQ U
L
 I   

  
  uh   2 

   $
*
H N
EC
2 A 
   .        .  A

T

 
     + 
     Vh  6
Y
POL
 h > 0 ,       )    
 / A 
 


 ,      h → 0 
 ,    ;$ < L . M . 

L E
8
  .   ;$<

O$  )     #!)"#+  %,,, $  )) 


ÉC

)99) C C
&" $  )  V ⊂ V $ $ V " $ )) "$
)) ,3%0.1)50 &!'*1)03,-.1',* " 
rh  V $ Vh

lim v − rh (v) = 0 ∀ v ∈ V. ;$"<


h→0

  "#  ))&"$ -"$$ $"$ $-0' "  


lim u − uh = 0. ;$$<
h→0

%9,*:10.1',*C    > 0 *    V A    v ∈ V  


 u − v ≤ 
*  
A   
 h0 > 0 ;    <  
A 
   v ∈ V A 
U E

N IQ
H
v − rh (v) ≤  ∀ h ≤ h0 .
9 .

 $ A  
T E C
O LY
u − uh ≤ C u − rh (v) ≤ C ( u − v + v − rh (v) ) ≤ 2C,

P
OLE
,R , 
  
 

ÉC
' 
  $
  ""

U E
N IQ
    
    $A $  $ 6 
   

EC H
  ,50 ,/1)*'0 5*) .330,>'9.1',* *59%0';5) &) -. :,-51',* )>.+1) &5

T
30,/-?9) 2.0'.1',**)- $C 6H '- =.51 '*10,&5'0) 5* ):3.+) Vh &) &'9)*:',*

Y
@*') 35': 0%:,5&0) 5* :'93-) :B:1?9) -'*%.'0) .::,+'% E -!.330,>'9.1',*

POL
2.0'.1',**)--) '*1)0*) $C6 / A     Vh ,  .   8


LE

,    
   J

O
    
.  

 
 ,   rh  V  Vh  6

ÉC
8  ;$"< ;R # 
 V 
    8   
 <A
  8
 
  
 
#    Kh Uh = bh     
 ;
 
  #          <
     )      ? 8
    L0M  
Vh  3. ,    A  

       4% 

 
    

  5 - 

U E
N IQ
    4%   
 

       ) 

EC H
E  
, ,  , H 
 
  A   
  ,
   
.
  
 ; 
 ,
  0 6  < 9  

Y T
    ,   .       6 


POL
@ 
 
 ,   = 0 V  0    ) A  
6
PA   *    "A 
,   
 0  0  (ei )i≥1  V  @

L E
    V   
6       0  0  ;  

O
 0      ) < 
 0  G   V  9  h = 1/nA

ÉC
 )  Vh   
6     )      (e1 , ..., en ) 2 6
A ,
 ,   rh     I     

Vh ;
 )   
 V   
  V <
5
  #   $A $  $    8   
 
 
  
    uh .  .  
    u +

 uh  
  .  #    Kh Uh = bh R Uh   . 

 Rn     uh   0 (e1 , ..., en )
7    
  
   
 . 6 
A    
4%   
  ,
    .
 
 
 9 (A    Kh 

, 0      L MA ,6?6  
 
  :  
 
  A  L6   MA ,6?6  
  
  
 


U E

#     0    0 
 
 ,

 


IQ
 
 1     .
A      )   0  
 8
N
    80 ?     4% 

E C H
 
Y T
5   
 (
 6
 
L

)7

P O
          )    
    ,6

L E
    Vh    8  

 H 1 (Ω), H01 (Ω), H 2 (Ω), ... 

O
ÉC
"$ 
 '      !

U E
N IQ
 )    0 
     
  9.'--.()
  Ω 

EC H
   
 .   ,   .
      J   A

T
 A    ;. A  A  2
 $&< /
  


Y
POL
 
 )     ,
             
) 
1     h  Vh  ?  1.'--) 9.>'9.-) &):

LE
9.'--): 

 
     5# 

 0  Vh 
O
ÉC
 
  8     
  -,+.-':% 

 


   '

 
 
   J ,
 A      h → 0A ,  Vh
  
  
 L M      
   
 ,  V 
  A
 ,
 A       Kh
#    ;$<  +0)5:)A ,6
?6  
  
   :   
 ;  
    G  

  
 
<
     )  
     
 :     


  
 
 
 
  0 
    9  ?  0
, 00    
 
 
U E
N
N =1 IQ
.
 -    

EC H
T
*
   ) ,   
 O       6

Y
POL
 )  
   ,       
    
  Ω =]0, 1[ 9   
        
 ,
 6

O L E
      (xj )0≤j≤n+1 ;  
     (  ) A .  
'  <  


ÉC
x0 = 0 < x1 < ... < xn < xn+1 = 1.
      5*'=,09)     xj  
A ,6?6  

1
xj = jh . h = , 0 ≤ j ≤ n + 1.
n+1
   xj  
   :,99)1: ;

<
   * 

   
  A 
 , A  0   
.

−u = f  ]0, 1[
;$&<
u(0) = u(1) = 0,
 
 . 
,   
 
 
 
  H01 (Ω)  f ∈ L2 (Ω) ;.  

U E
'  "< 1 
  

   Pk ,0  #X ? : 
 ,
 . 0     8 
 
  ? k 

N IQ
  
 (
 P1
E C H
Y T
     )  P1  
 ,     8   06
L
 O
  
  : 
 
  
P 

LE
Vh = v ∈ C([0, 1])  
 v [xj ,xj+1 ] ∈ P1 
 
 0 ≤ j ≤ n , ;$-<

ÉC O
'   !   N = 1 "&

U E
 
  
6 
N IQ
EC H
T
V0h = {v ∈ Vh  
 v(0) = v(1) = 0} . ;$<

Y
POL
     )  P1        ,  
.      
6   $  
 
   Vh 
V0h ) 

LE
 ;$-< 
;$<
O
ÉC
vh

U E
N IQ
φj

EC H
Y T
POL
x0 =0 x1 x2 xj xn xn+1=1

O L E
 $ W 7    Ω =]0, 1[  8    0   )  P1 
ÉC
@ 
   8    Vh 
V0h A :   
A ? ,  
8    0    
  L8   
M φ )  

1 − |x|  |x| ≤ 1,
φ(x) =
0  |x| > 1.

    
 8A 
 0 ≤ j ≤ n + 1  )   8    0 ;. 
 2
 $<
 
x − xj
φj (x) = φ . ;$<
h

U E

)99) CC )  Vh ' *$ ) %,' " $  )   H (0, 1)
N
1
I Q  
 & " (xj )0≤j≤n+1
E C H
$$ n + 2' " " " $ "$ vh ∈ Vh " *$  $+ $  )  - 

LY T

O
n+1

P ∀x ∈ [0, 1].

LE
vh (x) = vh (xj )φj (x)
j=0

ÉC O
"- 
 '      !

U E
8 E' V0h ' *$ ) %,' " $  )  
N n' " I Q  $$
H01 (0, 1)
H
" " $ "$ vh ∈ V0h " *$  $+ $  )  -   & "
EC
T
(xj )1≤j≤n

Y 

POL
n
vh (x) = vh (xj )φj (x) ∀x ∈ [0, 1].

LE
j=1

%9,*:10.1',*C + 
, .

 A  8    


ÉC O
   C 1   
   ? H 1 (Ω) 1 Vh  V0h  0 
 
6   H 1 (0, 1)     
.     
 

φj (xi ) = δij A R δij   #0  B % 
.
   i = j     ;.  
2
 $< 

)9.0;5) CC  0 (φj )A )   ;$<A     
 8 6
   Vh   .
 
 

   1     &!%-%9)*1:
@*': &)
.(0.*() /
 . 
   ?  
6   $ " 
, 
 6

 ,
   Vh 
 

 8      A  

U E
IQ
  .
A   
   .
    . @   &!%-%9)*1:

N
@*': &) )09'1)  A   8      P1 A   
 , 
H
EC
Vh A )  ;$-<A  ,    )      ,  
'    )  P1  ? 
.
   , H  

Y T
8
  .   9 (A  8    Vh    
 8   .0

POL

    [0, 1]   ,     
A H     A
,
  ;$&< ; 8    .    ,
 8    Vh 
  

L E
  1  
 

   V< 3
 A   8    

O
ÉC
,
    8    Vh   8
  .   ;$ < 
 


,
 
  . •
1  .  0%:,-51',* 30.1';5)
0  1   ;$&<    
  )  P1   8
  .   ;$ <  ,   
.  J
 1  1

. uh ∈ V0h  
 uh (x)vh (x) dx = f (x)vh (x) dx ∀ vh ∈ V0h . ;$<
0 0

@   uh 
  0  (φj )1≤j≤n    vh = φi  

 
E

n 1 1
uh (xj )
0
φj (x)φi (x) dx =
0
f (x)φi (x) dx.

IQ U
N
j=1

H



C
1
9  Uh = (uh (xj ))1≤j≤n A bh = A   
 
E
f (x)φi (x) dx

T
0 1≤i≤n
9.10'+) &) 0'('&'1%

O LY 

P
1
φj (x)φi (x) dx

LE
Kh = ,
0

O
1≤i,j≤n

ÉC
'   !   N = 1 "

U E
N IQ
 8
  .    V0h .  ? 
  Rn  #   

EC H
Kh Uh = bh .

Y T
POL
'  8    0 φj 
 L M 
A ,     

 φj  φi  
. .    
  :   Kh  
  


LE
   


O
ÉC

 1 ⎪
⎪ −h−1  j = i − 1

2h−1  j = i
φj (x)φi (x) dx = −1

⎪ −h  j = i + 1
0 ⎩
0  

    Kh    


⎛ ⎞
2 −1 0
⎜ −1 2 −1



U E
IQ
⎜    ⎟
Kh = h−1 ⎜    ⎟. ;$ <

N
⎜ ⎟

H
⎝ −1 2 −1 ⎠

EC
0 −1 2

Y T
POL
*
 0     0 bh  8
 
   
 xi+1

O L E (bh )i = f (x)φi (x) dx  1 ≤ i ≤ n.


xi−1

ÉC
,.
   
  0 bh 
 H :  
 0   8 6
  f   
 9  
    
 ?  =,095-): &) ;5.&0.150)
;
8
 ,    
 
< 

      
)  bh  * A  

    8

L    
M
 xi+1  
1 xi+1 + xi
ψ(x) dx ≈ ψ ,
xi+1 − xi xi 2


 8
  LFM
 xi+1

E
1 1
ψ(x) dx ≈ (ψ(xi+1 ) + ψ(xi )) ,
xi+1 − xi xi 2

IQ U

0   
H N
C
   

E
xi+1
1 1 1 2 xi+1 + xi
xi+1 − xi xi
ψ(x) dx ≈
6

LY
6
T
ψ(xi+1 ) + ψ(xi ) + ψ
3 2
.

P O
 
   8
    
  8   ψ :A     

LE
   
  #X

    ;  

 
    bh 

ÉC O
$ 
 '      !

U E
N IQ
f ∈ Vh <  8   ψ  
  
 
A   8
   

EC H
  .
   ,   O(h2 )A  O(h2 )A   O(h3 )   .

T
 
 
#    Kh Uh = bh      
 G
  

Y
POL
       
 ', 

 
    
        8  
  + 
   

LE
Kh     . 0    
 $

ÉC O
)9.0;5) CC       Kh       ?    I?
    ,
     (  )  9 8 A hKh  
       ; < ;
    1/c<
     
  
,
    
 
      . , )  /
 . ?
,9  $  
,   ,   ,
 [   •

0,/-?9) &) )59.**C     


.       )  P1

  0  /
 
.      

U E
IQ
−u + au = f  ]0, 1[

N
;$<
u (0) = α, u (1) = β.

EC H
T
+ 
 ;$<  
 
 
 
  H 1 (Ω)  f ∈ L2 (Ω)A α, β ∈ RA

Y
 a ∈ L∞ (Ω)  
 a(x) ≥ a0 > 0   Ω ;.   '  "<  8
 

POL
.   ;$ <  ,    .  J 
. uh ∈ Vh  

 1

O L E
(uh (x)vh (x)
 1
f (x)vh (x) dx − αvh (0) + βvh (1),

ÉC
+ a(x)uh (x)vh (x)) dx =
0 0


 
 vh ∈ Vh  9   uh 
  0  (φj )0≤j≤n+1 A  8
 
.    Vh .  ? 
  Rn+2  #   

Kh Uh = bh ,

. Uh = (uh (xj ))0≤j≤n+1 A 


 
.     
 
1   
Kh = φj (x)φi (x) + a(x)φj (x)φi (x) dx ,

E
0 0≤i,j≤n+1


1
IQ U
N
(bh )i = 0 f (x)φi (x) dx  1 ≤ i ≤ n,

1
(bh )0 = 0 f (x)φ0 (x) dx − α,

1
E C H
T
(bh )n+1 = 0 f (x)φn+1 (x) dx + β.

LY

 a(x) , 
 8   A   
      

O
P
,
    8
  
 
 
 .
  :      Kh

LE
;  
 ,. 8   ,    
    0 bh <

ÉC O
'   !   N = 1 $

U E
N
>)0+'+) CC G 
 %      P1
   IQ

EC H
−u = f 
 ]0, 1[

Y T
POL
u(0) = α, u(1) = β,

     


    6% %* 


 
 

LE
   :  
    

ÉC O
>)0+'+) CC       >
    
  
 
a(x) = 0 
 Ω "   

  :  
   
 % 
    P1  *  "  $  
    :  

      
   

 1
f (x) dx = α − β,
0

U E
           $      

 0


IQ
  

  <%   !2.

H N
EC
>)0+'+) CC G 
 %  E     0%
  2
 

T
   6%  &   $
  % 
  $ (    

Y
:  
 +  
 
B 
 Kh +  M  
  

POL


    bh E   "B        >


E
 

O L
ÉC
>)0+'+) CC    (n + 2) 
   
*    
  
xj = j/(n + 1)  0 ≤ j ≤ n + 1       
     B

 k > 0 
 + %
 
     * 
 fj  6

$%: %       
  * 
  $ * 
  :  $

    
 
          L   
%%
 
  $   :    $    

 '
$ 
  
#  
*
   .         )  P1 
 6
  ,  
 
.    
   
6   $  /

)  
 ,0
 ,3%0.1)50 &!'*1)03,-.1',* rh ;    
U E
IQ
$<

%@*'1',* CC
H N
$ )) )"  $")"$ P1 )) "$ $ rh 
H 1 (0, 1) $ Vh *$' )  " " v ∈ H 1 (0, 1)' )
T E C
O LY 
n+1

P
(rh v)(x) = v(xj )φj (x).

LE
j=0

ÉC O
$ 
 '      !

U E
N IQ
' )    0 
  A  .

 A  8   

EC H
H 1 (0, 1)   
  
 .
  
   0  )  , 6

T
 rh v ,
 8   v     8   :   
 
[ 

Y
POL
. v 
  
   xj ;.   2
 $ < +
 
,

  ,  ,   )  
 
 8    H 1 (0, 1)A   

LE

 
  8   
   H 1 (0, 1) ;  
     

 
<

ÉC O
rhv

v
U E
N IQ
x0 =0 x2

EC H xn+1=1

 $
Y T
W   P1 ,
 8    H 1 (0, 1)

POL
 .         )  P1  
   
.

E
L " rh )"  $")"$ P1 ,   " "
ÉCO

)99) CC $&!'*1)03,-.1',*6
'  -*
v ∈ H (0, 1)
1

lim v − rh v H 1 (0,1) = 0.
h→0

8 ) '  v ∈ H 2 (0, 1)'   &" $ $"$" C $ )$ $"  h " 


v − rh v H 1 (0,1) ≤ Ch v  L2 (0,1) .

/
 
        
  

  
  
      
6   
0   .   
     )  P1 
  0  1  

" u ∈ H01 (0, 1) " uh ∈ V0h   "$  %,F " %,'
4%,0?9) CC
) "-$", '  "#   $" *$ P1 $-0' "  
U E
IQ
HN
lim u − uh H 1 (0,1) = 0. ;$<

C
h→0

T E
8 ) '  u ∈ H 2 (0, 1)    " -  f ∈ L2 (0, 1)'   &" $ $"$"
Y
C $ )$ $"  h " 

PO L
LE
u − uh H 1 (0,1) ≤ Ch u L2 (0,1) = Ch f L2(0,1) . ;$"<

ÉC O
'   !   N = 1 $

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC     
  ;$<
5 $ $  . 
 

EC H
   0 f   
 ? H −1 (0, 1) ,   ;$"<  


T
 .   .         )  P1  '  I6

Y
POL
     ? hA   
      )  P1 . 
  

LE
+
 
  5 $ $  .    .0 
   
   Kh     0 bh  .
   ' A  6

ÉC O
    )  P1 .  
 
,
    8
  
 

 
 
 
 Kh  bh ;.  T"U< •

)9.0;5) CC /
   5 $ $    ,
   
 6
8A ,6?6     xj 
     [0, 1] ;
 
xj+1 − xj = h<  
 
      ?     
 6
8   
  ;
   1)   $<A     h    
 
  
   J h = max0≤j≤n (xj+1 − xj ) •

U E
)9.0;5) CC @ 
 8 
     .   ,
  
N IQ
EC H
, )    .   ,
    (  )  + 
A
,  5     A  .   ,
   
 (  ) 

T
 
   0          
 
   
. ;86
Y
POL
<           )   X     

   )   I
     ,  
 $ "A  

O L E

  X   0    
      .    8 0   


  
  ;0<  
     •

ÉC
%9,*:10.1',*C   $ "  , 
  
  .  

 $ 
P   ;$< *
 0  ;$"<A  I ,6
  
 $  '

u − uh H 1 (0,1) ≤ C inf u − vh H 1 (0,1) ≤ C u − rh u H 1 (0,1) ,


vh ∈Vh

 
   
 Q  
 $ " 

/
      
 $ " 
  8  


    

U E

)99) CC   &" $ $"$" $ )$ $"  " ' I
N Q" "
) 
H
C h
'
v ∈ H 2 (0, 1)

T E C
v − rh v L2 (0,1) ≤ Ch2 v  L2 (0,1) , ;$$<
"
O L Y
P
LE
v  − (rh v) L2 (0,1) ≤ Ch v  L2 (0,1) . ;$&<

ÉC O
$ 
 '      !

U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C   v ∈ C ([0, 1]) * )  A ,  rh v 
 8  

: A 
 
 x ∈]xj , xj+1 [A  

EC H
T
 

Y
v(xj+1 ) − v(xj )

POL
v(x) − rh v(x) = v(x) − v(xj ) + (x − xj )
xj+1 − xj
 x  xj+1

LE
x − xj
= v  (t) dt − v  (t) dt

O
xj+1 − xj

ÉC
xj xj
;$-<
 
= (x − xj )v (xj + θx ) − (x − xj )v (xj + θj )
 xj +θx
= (x − xj ) v  (t) dt,
xj +θj

      8


     )  . 0 ≤ θx ≤ x − xj  0 ≤
θj ≤ h @  
 
   ,     '
#6 CF

xj+1
2  xj+1

U E
|v  (t)| dt
IQ
|v  (t)|2 dt.
2
|v(x) − rh v(x)| ≤ h2 ≤ h3 ;$<
xj

H N xj

EC
9   ;$<   ? x 
 , . [xj , xj+1 ]A  0 
 xj+1
Y T  xj+1

POL
|v(x) − rh v(x)|2 dx ≤ h4 |v  (t)|2 dt,
xj xj

L E
 
A     j A    ;$$< *    
   
O
ÉC
. 
 
 v ∈ H 2 (0, 1)     ;$&<  
 ? 8      J 

v ∈ C ∞ ([0, 1])  x ∈]xj , xj+1 [    

v(xj+1 ) − v(xj ) 1 xj+1   
v  (x) − (rh v) (x) = v  (x) − = v (x) − v  (t) dt
h h xj
 
1 xj+1 x 
= v (y) dy.
h xj t

. 
    A  
 '
#6 CF 
 8    
j  0  ;$&<A 
 
 .  
 
 v ∈ H 2 (0, 1)    

 &" $ $"$" $ )$ $"  " ' )  " "


E

)99) CC C h
v ∈ H 1 (0, 1)'
rh v H 1 (0,1) ≤ C v H 1 (0,1) ,
IQ U
;$ <
"
H N
v − rh v L2 (0,1) ≤ Ch v  L2 (0,1) .
T E C ;$ <
8 ) ' )  " " v ∈ H 1 (0, 1)' $ 
O LY
P
lim v  − (rh v) L2 (0,1) = 0. ;$ <

LE
h→0

ÉC O
'   !   N = 1 $"

U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C  
.  ;$ <  ;$ <    H   
 

EC H

      v ∈ H 1 (0, 1) 5
 ,0  

Y T
POL
rh v L2 (0,1) ≤ max |rh v(x)| ≤ max |v(x)| ≤ C v H 1 (0,1) ,
x∈[0,1] x∈[0,1]

LE
 .

  1,
 A  rh v  :A  Q  ?   

ÉC O
;-<
  
: 
 v  0      .  v  A  
 xj+1
(v(xj+1 ) − v(xj ))2
|(rh v) (x)| dx
2
=
h
xj
 2 
xj+1 xj+1
1 
|v  (x)| dx,
2
= v (x) dx ≤
h xj xj

 '
#6 CFA  
A     j A 
 ? ;$ < *
 0  ;$ <
   
      ;$-< ,R , 

U E
 xj+1

N IQ
|v(x) − rh v(x)| ≤ 2
xj

EC H|v  (t)| dt.

Y T
POL
9 . 
A 
   '
#6 CFA      ? xA 

   j A  0  0  ;$ <

E
* ?     ;$ <    > 0 ' C ∞ ([0, 1])  

L
 H 1 (0, 1)A 
 
 v ∈ H 1 (0, 1)    φ ∈ C ∞ ([0, 1])  

O
ÉC v  − φ L2 (0,1) ≤ .

@ rh 
       
. ) ;$ <A    


(rh v) − (rh φ) L2 (0,1) ≤ C v  − φ L2 (0,1) ≤ C.

    φ     )A  
  ;$&<  
 ? φ 
A 
 h 
:6
  A
φ − (rh φ) L2 (0,1) ≤ .

* 
A            0 
U E
N IQ
v  − (rh v) L2 (0,1) ≤ v  − φ L2 + φ − (rh φ) L2 + (rh v) − (rh φ) L2 ≤ C,

 
 
 ;$ <
E C H 

LY T
P O
>)0+'+) CC 6   $ 
  <%   2  *   

LE
   >
  

ÉC O
$$ 
 '      !

U E
  
 (
 P2
N IQ
EC H
     )  P2  
 ,   

Y T 

POL
Vh = v ∈ C([0, 1])  
 v [xj ,xj+1 ] ∈ P2 
 
 0 ≤ j ≤ n , ;$ <

LE
 
  
6 

ÉC O V0h = {v ∈ Vh  
 v(0) = v(1) = 0} . ;$ <

     )  P2     ,   .   6


   
6   $  
 ?    Vh 
V0h  '
6  
 8    
A 0 
   
 
, 
  ? ,  
8    0   

ψj+1/2
U E
IQ
1
ψj
H N
Y T EC
E POL
L
0

ÉC O xj-1 xj-1/2 xj xj+1/2 xj+1

 $ W  8    0   )  P2 



 
 ,0      
    [xj , xj+1 ] )  
xj+1/2 = xj + h/2 
 0 ≤ j ≤ n @ )  
 
 8   LM

⎨ (1 + x)(1 + 2x)  − 1 ≤ x ≤ 0,
φ(x) = (1 − x)(1 − 2x)  0 ≤ x ≤ 1,

0  |x| > 1,


1 − 4x2  |x| ≤ 1/2,
U E
IQ
ψ(x) =

N
0  |x| > 1/2.

C H
    
 8A 
 0 ≤ j ≤ n + 1  )   8    0 ;. 
E
 2
 $<
 
LY T  
ψj (x) = φ
x − xj
P O
, 0 ≤ j ≤ n + 1,  ψj+1/2 (x) = ψ
x − xj+1/2
, 0 ≤ j ≤ n.

LE
h h

ÉC O
'   !   N = 1 $&

U E

)99) CC 
N Q$+  $  )  
)  ' *$ ) %,3' " $ I )  H 1 (0, 1)
H
Vh
$$ ' " " " $ "$ " *$ 
2n + 3
-   & "
T E C
"  &  &
(xj )0≤j≤n+1
vh ∈ Vh
(xj+1/2 )0≤j≤n

OL  Y
n+1 
n

P
vh (x) = vh (xj )ψj (x) + vh (xj+1/2 )ψj+1/2 (x) ∀x ∈ [0, 1].

L E' *$ ) %,9' " $  )    $$ '


j=0 j=0

8O
É C" " " $ "$
E' V0h H01 (0, 1) 2n + 1
" *$  $+ $  )  -   & "
vh ∈ V0h
(xj )1≤j≤n "  &  & (xj+1/2 )0≤j≤n

n 
n
vh (x) = vh (xj )φj (x) + vh (xj+1/2 )ψj+1/2 (x) ∀x ∈ [0, 1].
j=1 j=0

)9.0;5) CC    A Vh 


   , )      ; 8 
U E
IQ
+
 $  < '  8      P2 A   
 ,  Vh A

N
)  ;$ <A  ,    )      ,   •

EC H
%9,*:10.1',*C *   
  Vh  V0h  0   
6

T
   H (0, 1) 
     0   
. 8  
1

Y
POL

 
 ψj (xi ) = δij A ψj+1/2 (xi+1/2 ) = δij A ψj (xi+1/2 ) = 0A ψj+1/2 (xi ) = 0
;.   2
 $< 

O L E
1  .  0%:,-51',* 30.1';5)
0  1   ;$&<    

ÉC
  )  P2   8
  .   ;$ <  ,   
.  ? 
  R2n+1  #   

Kh Uh = bh . ;$ "<

*
    #           ,    
     (x1/2 , x1 , x3/2 , x2 , ..., xn+1/2 ) 
  8 (xk/2 )1≤k≤2n+1 A  
0 (ψ1/2 , ψ1 , ψ3/2 , ψ2 , ..., ψn+1/2 )  V0h 
  8 (ψk/2 )1≤k≤2n+1  1 
0 Uh ∈ R2n+1   . 
      
    uh 
. )


2n+1

E
uh (x) = (Uh )k/2 ψk/2 (x) . (Uh )k/2 = uh (xk/2 ), ;$ $<
k=1

IQ U
  

H N
C
   

E
1 1

T
 
Kh = ψk/2 (x)ψl/2 (x) dx , bh = f (x)ψk/2 (x) dx .
0

LY
1≤k,l≤2n+1 0 1≤k≤2n+1

PO
 8    0 ψk/2 
 L M 
A   
  :  

LE
Kh   
  
    
       Kh 

ÉC O
$- 
 '      !

U E
  
N IQ

16/3 −8/3
EC H ⎞

T
0

Y
⎜ −8/3 14/3 −8/3 1/3 0 ⎟

L
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
O ⎜ 0 −8/3 16/3 −8/3 0 ⎟
P ⎜ 1/3 −8/3 14/3 −8/3 1/3 ⎟

LE
−1 ⎜ ⎟
Kh = h ⎜      ⎟.
⎜ ⎟
O ⎜      ⎟

ÉC
⎜ 0 −8/3 16/3 −8/3 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 1/3 −8/3 14/3 −8/3 ⎠
0 −8/3 16/3

+
 
     
 L M 
  0
     
 )  P1 A   
  
 
#    G 
  
  
 *
 .
    0 bh    
 
 H 8

 
 
 ;
8
 ,    
 
< 
    
  P1 
U E
4%,0?9) CC 
N IQ
" u ∈ H01 (0, 1) " uh ∈ V0h   "$  %,F " %,=

EC H
%,%' ) "-$", '  "#   $" *$ P2 $-0' " 

Y T
lim u − uh H 1 (0,1) = 0.

L
h→0

$ )$ $"  " P O


8 ) '     " -
u ∈ H (0, 1)
3
f ∈ H 1 (0, 1)'   &" $ $"$"
C
L E
h

ÉCO
u − uh H 1 (0,1) ≤ Ch2 u L2 (0,1) .

>)0+'+) CC ' *  



 
*     (     <%  
2
 5 $   ,.       )  P2 J   
 
 
 A   .        ;5.&0.1';5) ; .  
.      ? h2 <  
  .   
   ) 
P1  
    ;  ? h< E  G  .  
   J  # 

 8  
 ,  
 ;  2n + 1 
 
 n 
   )  P1 <
     
 8  
  A   
        

 
 
      P1  +
 
   
  ,  
 

U E
IQ
;u ∈ H 3 (0, 1)<  ,#  

 .   
 ;  
  
< ?
   

N
 )  P2 
X 
 P1 

 !   $ 


E C H
LY T
/
 . 
  
  ,
 0  1   . )    

P O
 
 ;.   5 "  <     .     

LE
 .  ,   .   

ÉC O
'   !   N = 1 $

U E
I$Q )) 
HN
0,3,:'1',* CC  $30'*+'3) &5 9.>'959 &':+0)16 f ≥ 0
)  )" " $ ]0, 1[, '   "$ uh  ))&"$ -"$$
E C
%, )  "#   $" *$ P1 -* uh ≥ 0 $ [0, 1],
T
P O LY
%9,*:10.1',*C   uh  
   ;$< 9 .

 $ A  

LE

n

O
uh (x) = uh (xj )φj (x),

ÉC
j=1

R  8   φj   8    0   )  P1  V0h  Uh =
(uh (xj ))1≤j≤n  
 
#   

Kh Uh = bh . ;$ &<

 8   φj   8   L 


M ;.   2
 $< 
   . J
 
:    
 
  
. 
 Uh = (Uhj )1≤j≤n 

U E
  . 
 
. 
  8   uh    . 
 [0, 1] + 
A 
 Uh0 = Uhn+1 = 0A  #    ;$ &<  
. ?

N IQ
EC H
−Uhj−1 + 2Uhj − Uhj+1 = hbjh 
 
 1 ≤ j ≤ n. ;$ -<

Y T
  Uhj0 = minj Uhj  
     Uh J ,  #  
 
 
  

POL
A       
     j0  j0 = 0A  Uhj ≥ Uh0 = 0

O E

 
 j A  
  
    j0 ≥ 1A  Uhj0 < Uh0 = 0A  

L

1
Uhn+1 = 0   
 
 j0 ≤ n ' bjh = 0 f ψj dx ≥ 0  # 
 f A

ÉC
 
  
     ;$ -< 
 j0 

   
Uhj0 − Uhj0 −1 + Uhj0 − Uhj0 +1 ≥ 0,

 

    .       ; <  Uhj0  * 

     )  P1 . )    
 
   
/
 .    
6       
  
 
.   /
 
. 2%0'@)0 *59%0';5)9)*1 -): 2'1)::): &) +,*2)0()*+)
   .  0  1   ;$&<       ) 
.           '  , 
.

U E
IQ
− ((1 + x)u ) + (1 + cos(πx)) u = f 
 0 < x < 1
;$ <

N
u(0) = u(1) = 0

E C H
. f (x) = −π cos(πx) + sin(πx)(1 + cos(πx) + π 2 (1 + x))A   
   

LY T
 u(x) = sin(πx) ,     
 ,
   u − uh H 1 (0,1) A  
     8   
   ,  A  
,     

P O

  u   
 9  
 ; ,  
 
 8  <   

LE
 
 ,
 I  Vh A ,6?6  
, 
 rh (u − uh ) H 1 (0,1) ;

ÉC O
& 
 '      !

U E
N IQ
 
 
,  ,    *,09) &':+0?1)  Vh < , H     

EC H

 , 
 
      

 rh (u − uh ) = rh u − uh ∈ Vh

T
;  .  ?       
 ,    H 1 (0, 1)  Vh <

Y
POL
@    
   rh (u − uh ) H 1 (0,1)  8  

   h

  
   
 A  5 $ $ . 
 .     

LE
; h<  ,
       )  P1 A   
  5 $ 
. 
 .   
  
 ; h2 <  ,
      

ÉC O
)  P2  1    , ;$ <     
 
 ( .

 h 
  2
 $ ;      
<    
    
?  
  
A         8    

8   h2  h3   . +
 
 ,
    ,
    6
  
   0  . 
   .   .     

    ,
  8  
    h @ 0. 
 
 :53)0+,*2)0()*+)A ,6?6  
   )  .  
  

  
 .
    J ,
   h2 
    P1  h3 

 P2  '    G ? ,
 8 
    
      
U E
IQ
 Vh 

H N
0

Y T EC
POL
10

−1
10

L E
−2 +
10

O
+

ÉC
−3 Ο
+
10
+ Ο
−4
10 +
Ο

−5 +
10 +
+ Ο
+
−6
10
Ο
−7
10
Ο

−8 Ο
10 Ο
Ο
−9
10 −3 −2 −1 0
10 10 10 10

 $ W ' ,


 
  
  J  ;$ < /   H 1  ,

U E
 8  
 h
   ;     
  )  P1 A 
N IQ
H
  
  )  P2 A         h → h2  h → h3 <

T E C
 
  ,  
 A  #  
I
 .     .
 . 

LY

 8 0 
  
      
    5 $ $  $ 
O
P
*
 0 
 
   
 A  
   0  H −1 (0, 1)

LE

,   ? L2 (0, 1) 9
   ,   
    


ÉC O
'   !   N = 1 &

U E
  1   '   ,
N IQ

−u = 6x − 2 + δ1/2
EC H
T

 0 < x < 1
;$<

O
u(0) = u(1) = 0
LY
P
. δ1/2    1  
  x = 1/2A   
     u(x) =

LE
1/2 − |x − 1/2| + x2 (1 − x)

O
ÉC
@   ,
 rh (u − uh ) H 1 (0,1)  8    h 
  2
 $" ;  
   
<    
     ?  
  
 ;P1 
P2
  .<A
√         8    
 8  
h  h   . @√ .  
   )  P1  P2 .  ?  H
.    ? hA  
 0  8 
 ?  .   h ;
H h2 <
     
  9 
 A  ,#  

 H ?
    
)  P2 A 
X 
 P1 A 
  

U E
0

N IQ
H
10

EC
+
+

T
Ο
+

Y
Ο

L
+ Ο

PO
+
−1 Ο
10 +
Ο
+

E
+
+ Ο

L
Ο
Ο
Ο

ÉC O 10
−2

−3
10 −3 −2 −1 0
10 10 10 10

 $" W ' ,


 
   
  J  ;$< /   H 1 
,
  8  
 h
   ;     
√ ) 

E
P1 A    
  )  P2 A         h → h  h → h<

*
 
 ,
   2
 $  $" 
 .
  
 
 
IQ U
H
  ' A  6 ,  
A  
      
 
N
E C
  0
 .      
 ) ;
 H  
 . < '

T
 
  +,*2)0()*+) *59%0';5) 
 
 H    
. 
 ,


LY
  
 
A #   ; 

< 
,   ,

 
O
P
 .   ', 
.  
 # L
  
M  . ) 
   

LE
.   ? 
 .    
:
  

ÉC O
& 
 '      !

U E
  
 (
 #8 
N IQ
EC H
3 .  )   )  P1  P2 A   
   8  6

Y T
    )    )  Pk . k ∈ N∗  '  ) A 

POL
   A
    8    0 
 
  
   
 G  .0 5
8 A     
  #X  P3 
.   6

LE
      G  .0 1    .
   . 

O


   
     8   ;.   +
 $  < @ 


ÉC

    %-%9)*1: @*': &) )09'1) P3 
 
 ,   
 
Vh = v ∈ C 1 ([0, 1])  
 v [xj ,xj+1 ] ∈ P3 
 
 0 ≤ j ≤ n . ;$<

 8
 0  8    
   )   ;$<  Vh    
 8 6
  ,  ? C 1 ([0, 1])A   
 
 ? C([0, 1]) ',  
8  
(     )   =      A   .

U E
IQ
1

H N
EC
φj

Y T
POL
ψj

O L E
É C
xj-1 xj xj+1

$$ W  8    0   )  ,=  P3 

@ 
   8    Vh ? ,   8    0   
@ )  
 8   LM

⎨ (1 + x)2 (1 − 2x)  − 1 ≤ x ≤ 0,
φ(x) = (1 − x)2 (1 + 2x)  0 ≤ x ≤ 1,

0  |x| > 1,

 ⎧
⎨ x(1 + x)2  − 1 ≤ x ≤ 0,
U E
IQ
ψ(x) = x(1 − x)2  0 ≤ x ≤ 1,

0  |x| > 1.

H N
E C
    
 8A 
 0 ≤ j ≤ n + 1  )   8    0 ;. 
 2
 $$<
T
 
O LY  

P
x − xj x − xj
φj (x) = φ 
 0 ≤ j ≤ n + 1, ψj (x) = ψ 
 0 ≤ j ≤ n + 1.

LE
h h

ÉC O
'   !   N = 1 &

U E

)99) CC 
N Q$+  $  ) 
)  ' *$ ) %,3' " $ I )  H 1 (0, 1)
H
Vh
$$ 2(n + 2) , A " $ "$  " *$ 
2.-)50: )1 +)--): &) :. &%0'2%)
T E C vh
 & "
Vh
' " $  )  " "
(xj )0≤j≤n+1 x∈
:):

[0, 1]
L Y
PO

n+1 
n+1
(vh ) (xj )ψj (x). ;$ <

LE
vh (x) = vh (xj )φj (x) +

O
j=0 j=0

ÉC
%9,*:10.1',*C  8    Vh    C 1 A  ,  0  ,
 
6
   H 1 (0, 1) @ . ) 8  
  (φj , ψj ) 8
 0  Vh 

 
 φj (xi ) = δij A ψj (xi ) = 0A φj (xi ) = 0A ψj (xi ) = δij ;.   2

$$< 

@ 
 0  G
   ,  Vh ;

   
6   8  

,
    < 
 
  0  1   ;$&<A    ,
 ,
     
 
  Vh  9  
 
   Vh 
 0%:,5&0)
-!%;5.1',* &): 3-.;5): ;.  ;"&<   '  <A 

X  
 
U E
IQ
  N = 1A 
u = f  ]0, 1[
u(0) = u(1) = u (0) = u (1) = 0,
H N ;$<

;
 

 
 
  u ∈

Y T EC
 f ∈ L (0, 1)< 9 (A Vh , 
H02 (0, 1) 2

POL


 
6   H 1 (0, 1)A    

 
6   H 2 (0, 1) ; 

,    
   )     < *
 
 ;$< 


O L E

 0 

6 

C
V0h = {v ∈ Vh  
 v(0) = v(1) = v  (0) = v  (1) = 0} . ;$<

É

)99) CC 
)  
)  Vh ' " $  )  V0h *$ ) %,39' $"   
H 2 (0, 1)'"  H02 (0, 1) ) "-$"'  $$ 2(n + 2)' " 2n
) "-$", A " $ "$ vh  V0h " *$  $+ $  )  - 
"    -  & " (xj )1≤j≤n ' " $  )  " " x ∈ [0, 1]

n 
n
vh (x) = vh (xj )φj (x) + (vh ) (xj )ψj (x).
j=1 j=1

%9,*:10.1',*C   vh ∈ Vh J     C 1 


 [0, 1]  C 2   

1   . vh A   
  C 1   
A   0  ? H 1 (0, 1)
; .

 < * 
A vh 
   H 2 (0, 1)  
U E

  00 
 $ $ 
N IQ
C H
1  . 0 .  
   
  ,
   
 ;$<  
E
   
LY T
    )  ,=  P3   8
  .    , 6

 1
P O  1

OLE

. uh ∈ V0h  
 uh (x)vh (x) dx = f (x)vh (x) dx ∀ vh ∈ V0h . ;$"<
0 0

ÉC
& 
 '      !

U E
N IQ
@   uh 
  0  (φj , ψj )1≤j≤n    Uh = (uh (xj ), uh (xj ))1≤j≤n

EC H
 . 
       0  8
  .   ;$"<

T
.  ? 
  R2n
 #   

Y
POL
Kh Uh = bh .

O LE
ÉC
>)0+'+) CC 0
   

  * Kh   !

.
 -     N ≥2
/
 
 O      ,  N ≥ 2 ;  
 N =
2, 3< *
   ) ,A   
    
,  

E
N = 2A    ,  ?    N = 3 ;
 A 8 A    
U
IQ
  
   
 <
/
    0    1  
H N
EC

u=0
L T
−∆u = f

Y
 Ω

 ∂Ω,
;$$<

P O
E
 
 . 
,   
 
 
 
  H01 (Ω)A  f ∈ L2 (Ω) ;.  
L
ÉCO
'  "<
1 
  

 
 
 
    Ω  3,-B%&0';5) ;#6
  N = 2<A ,6?6  
 Ω 
 
  )   #   RN  +

,
 #  
    )    6   RN  
    
 0 
  ?
 
 #    8    
  #  
,  ,  0      
   
.
/
  
    
  
    
 ? 0  L 
0M
;.   +
 $-<

  
 (
 
  
5
     )   ,
   
  Ω      
U E
IQ
  N = 2        N = 3 @  
      
N
E C H
    8  
   N 6  @  N 6  K 
RN ,. .  (N +1)   (aj )1≤j≤N +1  RN A    K 

LY T
E  G
 26    
    
 36 
   ;. 
 2
 $< @  
  N 6  K         (aj )1≤j≤N +1

P O
,   ?
 H #  RN ;    
    

LE
LM<   (ai,j )1≤i≤N   
. 
 aj A      

ÉC O
'   !   N ≥ 2 &"

U E
     K  
   
N IQ

EC H ⎞

T
a1,1 a1,2 ... a1,N +1

Y
⎜ a2,1 a2,2 ⎟

L
⎜ ... a2,N +1 ⎟

PO
⎜ ⎟
A = ⎜  


 ⎟ ;$&<
⎜ ⎟

OLE
⎝ aN,1 aN,2 ... aN,N +1 ⎠
1 1 ... 1

ÉC
  . 0 ;  
 , 
 
I
   
<  N 6   

 8  
  A 
 6H  (N − 1)6 

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
 $& W 9      
     N = 2
ÉC
%@*'1',* CC " Ω $  -" $$& )!    RN , :$ 9.'--.() "$
0   $ "$0 "$  Ω " $ $/ Th  N )& $$ 0$
(Ki )1≤i≤n  -*$"
, Ki ⊂ Ω " Ω = ∪ni=1 Ki'
, $" "$ Ki ∩ Kj   & N )& "$ " " $ m)&' -
0 ≤ m ≤ N − 1' $" "   " $"    "  Ki " Kj ,
 $ $$ N = 2' $" "$   & "$0 " " - ' "  "
 $ "  $' " $ E"  $ )*1'?0) G $ $$ N = 3'
U E
$" "$   & ""+  " " - ' " $ "  $' " $
E"  $ $"+' " $    $ $"+,
N IQ
E C H
 :,99)1:  *,)5&: 0 Th $"  "  N )& Ki 
 )$",  $-$"$'  )+" h 0$  &   +" 
N )& Ki ,
LY T
P O
    
  1)   $  
 , 
 
,?
 
. #  


LE
  ?
 
. 
 
  1)   $  
   0 

ÉC O
&$ 
 '      !

U E
N IQ
   
     J      
.  9.'--.() +,*=,09)

EC H
      8   ?  2
 $&A   
  2
 $-

T
   
      1)   $

Y
POL
OLE
Ki Ki

ÉC Kj
Kj

 $- W 9   


    

     
 

U E
IQ
)9.0;5) CC /
         
  
6
N
H

     
  ' 
   
A ,    . 8 

EC
       ;     0
    0 


T
  8 <A     F  
         

Y
POL
/
 .# ? ,
.  T U   
    
I •

O L E
>)0+'+) CC ) Th  

*  Ω  Ω    :*

 R2     nt    
*  Th ( nc   
     
*

ÉC
   +  
* $  $  ( ns   
   

*(  n0s         

*    

 ∂Ω 6    
(   $'( nt + ns = nc + 1  3nt + ns = 2nc + n0s 

1
 N 6  K     ,
      0# 6
 
 
 
    

 + 
A  K 
 N 6
       (aj )1≤j≤N +1 A  +,,0&,**%): /.0B+)*10';5):
(λj )1≤j≤N +1  x ∈ RN  )  


N +1 
N +1
λj = 1, ai,j λj = xi 
 1 ≤ i ≤ N, ;$-<
j=1 j=1

U E
N IQ

  0 

 
 
      AA )   ;$&<A  . 0

E C H
+
 
  λj   8   :  x @ . )  


T
 

Y
K = x ∈ RN  
 λj (x) ≥ 0 
 1 ≤ j ≤ N + 1 ,

P O L
 
  (N + 1) 8   K       K   # λj (x) = 0A

LE
1 ≤ j ≤ N + 1 @ 
  ) 
 0     K 
. I



ÉC O
'   !   N ≥ 2 &&

U E
Σ1
N
Σ2
IQΣ3

EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC

U E
 $ W 5   ,  A
N IQ
A   

    ; 
< 
   ;
0<       
  

EC H
Y T
POL
X 
  
  
 J 
 
   k ≥ 1   10)'--': &!,0&0) k
,0

O L E 1
Σk = x ∈ K  
 λj (x) ∈ {0, , ...,
k−1

, 1} 
 1 ≤ j ≤ N . ;$<

ÉC
k k

*
 k = 1  ,   ,0    K A  
 k = 2   
     
  H   
  ;.   2
 $< 1  
A Σk 
 0 )    (σj )1≤j≤nk 
/
 )    ,0 Pk  #X ? :   
RN  R    8 
 
  ? k A ,6?6  
 
 p ∈ Pk ,   
 
8 
p(x) = αi1 ,...,iN xi11 · · · xiNN . x = (x1 , ..., xN ).
i1 ,...,iN ≥0
i1 +...+iN ≤k

E
, H         Σk ,
 N 6  K  
,      

  #X  Pk ;  
 Σk  5*':,-2.*1 
 Pk <

" $ )&,   $ $" ' " N I


" Q U
 
, 'H

)99) CC K N k≥1 Σk
k' *$ ) %,3' $"  )$" $" $"
Pk
 " Y T
E C
(σj )1≤j≤nk
" "$  $+ $  )  -   & )$"
" " )!$H 
, "$"
(σj )1≤j≤nk

OL
"'  &" $ /(ψj )1≤j≤nk Pk

P
LE
ψj (σi ) = δij 1 ≤ i, j ≤ nk .

ÉC O
&- 
 '      !

U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C     Σk      Pk [ 

EC H
T
(N + k)!

Y
card(Σk ) = dim(Pk ) =

POL
N ! k!

; . ) 


 , A 
  
 k = 1, 2< ' ,   
A ?

LE

 #X  Pk A 8     .
 
     Σk    A 

ÉC O

:   
,  I  . 
  
,  0 I  .   

#X p ∈ Pk 
,
 
 Σk  7A  
  
    N A

 p   
 
 
 RN  *
 N = 1A     
,
 #X   
k 
,
  (k + 1)       

  
 . ? , 
N −1 ' x        0#  
 (λj (x))1≤j≤N +1 A
 
 ) 
 #X q(λ) = p(x)    

 k   . 0 λ ∈
RN +1  , )
   λj  ,0 {0, 1/k, ..., (k − 1)/k, 1}  

,  λ = (λ , λj )A  0 
 #X qj (λ ) = q(λ) 
  N − 1
 +1

E
. 0    ;       N j=1 λj = 1<  
 
 
 

IQ U
  
   Σk   ?  .
 )  λj  '    
 
     ,  k ,
 (N − 1)6   ,# λj )A  


H N
 
 ,#  
    
 
 qj = 0 3
 A  8 


EC
λj (λj − 1/k) · · · (λj − (k − 1)/k)(λj − 1) .  q A  

    . 

T
8  
     q(λ)  8 
 
  ? k A 
8  q = 0A  
  

Y
POL
  


)99) CC
O L E
" K " K   & N )& !$" $    $ Γ = ∂K ∩
∂K , " $ $" k ≥ 1, '   "   k ' Σk " Σk D$  $"   ""

ÉC


  Γ, 8 ) ' "$" $$ pK " pK  & )!$H  Pk '  $ "$ v *$


)
pK (x)  x ∈ K
pK (x)  x ∈ K 
v(x) =


" $"$    K ∪ K '  "  $"  pK " pK $"  -   D$  $"


 & )$" "       $ Γ,


%9,*:10.1',*C     
     ?
 8   K      , 
Σk  

    ,  k  ,#   8 A 
 

     8  * 
A     Σk  Σk [  


U E
IQ

 8  
 Γ  #X pK  pK  [  
    Σk ∩ ΓA

N
    
 $    
 
 ΓA  

.   

 v 

E C H 

Y T
9  
A 
   

  #X     
 1    
L
O
     
.  P1  P2 
 N 6  K 
P
O LE
ÉC
'   !   N ≥ 2 &

U E
N
>)0+'+) CC ) K  N     (aj )1≤j≤N +1  "    IQ
:9 p ∈ P1    

EC H
LY T 
N +1

O
p(x) = p(aj )λj (x),

P j=1

LE
4  (λj (x))1≤j≤N +1     
:   x ∈ RN 
O
ÉC>)0+'+) CC ) K  N     (aj )1≤j≤N +1       
 (ajj )1≤j<j ≤N +1 
B   K 
    
: 
1
λj (ajj  ) = λj  (ajj  ) = , λl (ajj  ) = 0  l = j, j  .
2
   Σ2                
B  
  :9 p ∈ P2    


N +1 
U E
IQ
p(x) = p(aj )λj (x) (2λj (x) − 1) + 4p(ajj  )λj (x)λj  (x),
j=1

H N
1≤j<j  ≤N +1

Y T EC
4  (λj (x))1≤j≤N +1     
:   x ∈ RN 

P
I"$" $$
L
/
 .   
  
  
 )       )  Pk 

O $ 0  $  -" $$& )!   Ω'


%@*'1',* CC
L E
 "#   $"
O
*$ '  Pk
Th
%-%9)*1: @*': 10'.*(5-.'0): &)
.(0.*()

C
&!,0&0) k
É
'   

 0' " *$ ) )   "
Vh = v ∈ C(Ω) "  )  " "
v |Ki ∈ Pk

Ki ∈ Th . ;$<
$ )) *,)5&: &): &)(0%: &) -'/)01% $/  )$" (âi )1≤i≤n 
"   k  # $  N )& Ki ∈ Th , $ $ )"  $   
dl

 )$"  D$  $" " ndl "  $/  0  /"   "#  
$" *$ Pk , $ )) &)(0%: &) -'/)01%  $ $ "$ v ∈ Vh $/
 -   v $  $  (âi)1≤i≤n , $ *$"     )  V0h )
dl

V0h = {v ∈ Vh "  v = 0   ∂Ω} . ;$<



 k = 1  
      0 [  .  

U E
IQ
   
 k = 2  
   
 ,
   
  

N
 ,
       
  H   
 

E
)9.0;5) CC ,  L )     M  
 6
C H
LY T
 )        0   .
  
  8   
,  Vh  @ 
 )  ,
 # , ) A    

P O
)   =  ;.   
6   $ "< 
 
      0  

LE
.
  
   8       . •

ÉC O
- 
 '      !

U E
0,3,:'1',* CC
 $$ " *$' 0  $/  0 H
Vh
N I8Q) '  &"
)  ' *$ ) %,9' " $  ) 
 /",
 $"
$ /
H 1 (Ω)

 *$ )
Vh (φi )1≤i≤ndl
T E C
O L Y φi (âj ) = δij 1 ≤ i, j ≤ ndl ,
"  P
O LE 
ndl

ÉC
v(x) = v(âi )φi (x).
i=1

%9,*:10.1',*C    Vh A  


  
 
   Ki   


 ΩA   ? H 1 (Ω) ;.    < 4Q  
 $ 
  Vh    0
  0 
 
 Ki ∈ Th 
#X  Pk 
[  
      0  8  ;  

. 

  
 Vh ,  
 
 
 8   < 9)A  0
 0 (ψj )1≤j≤nk  Pk 
 
   Ki ;8
     $< 
0   0   (φi )1≤i≤ndl  Vh  
U E
N
)9.0;5) CC @ 0 
 
 00 
  
6  V0h A )
IQ
EC H
 ;$<A 

 
6   H01 (Ω)    )    
0 
    0  
 ;     
 
  0 ∂Ω< •

Y T
POL
>)0+'+) CC ) Th  

*  Ω  Ω    :*

 R     nt    
*  Th ( nc   
    
2

L E

*    +  
* $  $  ( ns  

O
    

*(  n0s         

* " 

ÉC
    
 Vh  V0h 

dimVh =
k(k − 1)
nt + kns − k + 1, dimV0h =
k(k + 1)
nt − kns + k + 1.
2 2
1  .  0%:,-51',* 30.1';5)
0  1   ;$$<    
  )  Pk   8
  .   ;$ <  ,   
.  J
 

. uh ∈ V0h  
 ∇uh · ∇vh dx = f vh dx ∀ vh ∈ V0h . ;$ <
Ω Ω

E
@   uh 
  0  (φj )1≤j≤ndl    vh = φi  

ndl  
IQ U
uh (âj ) ∇φj · ∇φi dx = f φi dx.

H N
C
j=1 Ω Ω

9  Uh = (uh (âj ))1≤j≤ndl A bh =




Y

T E
Ω f φi dx 1≤i≤n A   
  9.

L
dl
10'+) &) 0'('&'1%
O
 

P
LE
Kh = ∇φj · ∇φi dx ,

O
1≤i,j≤ndl

ÉC
'   !   N ≥ 2 -

U E
IQ
HN
 8
  .    V0h .  ? 
  R ndl
 #   

T E C Kh Uh = bh .

P O LY
'  8    0 φj 
 L M 
 



âi ;.  
2
 $<A ,     
  φj  φi  
. .    
 

LE
:   Kh  
 @  
    Kh  +0)5:)

ÉC O

U E
N IQ
EC H
T
 $ W 2    0 P1    N = 2
Y
E POL
*
 
  :   Kh A  

    8
 ,     

. @  (λi (x))1≤i≤N +1    0#  

  
 x

O L
,
 N 6  K  *
 
 α1 , ..., αN +1 ∈ NA  

ÉC

α1 ! · · · αN +1 ! N !
λ1 (x)α1 · · · λN +1 (x)αN +1 dx = Volume(K) . ;$<
K (α1 + ... + αN +1 + N )!

*
 
    0 bh ; H .
    Kh <A 
  
 =,095-): &) ;5.&0.150) ;
8
 ,    
 
< 


       
 
 N 6  Ki ∈ Th  * A 
K 
 N 6    (ai )1≤i≤N +1 A  8
 
.   
8
    A 
L    
M   LFM J

ψ(x) dx ≈ Volume(K)ψ(a0 ), ;$<
K

U E
IQ
 +1
. a0 = (N + 1)−1 N
i=1 ai A  0#   K A 

H N
C

Volume(K) 
N +1
ψ(x) dx ≈

Y
N +1
T E
ψ(ai ). ;$"<

L
K i=1

P O
'    9  $$  $-A  8
    
 

LE
8   :      ? ,   h 
  8   
 

ÉC O
- 
 '      !

U E
N IQ
 
      Kh   .::)9/-.() &) -. 9.10'+)   

EC H
 
. 8 
   

 
 H F  
A   

T
G      
  8 0 ' ,      
 

Y
#    Kh Uh = bh 
 ,  3-5: +,M1)5:)      

POL
 
 ;     < 9 
 A  
      

LE
    I
  
 ,
       ) ,9  $ 
 ,    =

A       Kh  +0)5:) ; ,6?6

ÉC O
 
  
     
<A  
       

;
 
    .       
   #     
     ,< + 
    Kh     . 0
   
 $  
,  # 


>)0+'+) CC 6   


     N = 2

>)0+'+) CC "         !  
   ψ ∈ P1 

U E
IQ
>)0+'+) CC ) K  
*  R2    (ai )1≤i≤3   
:  a0 

N
) (aij )1≤i<j≤3      *  $    ai , aj  "   

H
EC
  



T
 
Y
Aire(K)

L
ψ(x) dx ≈ ψ(aij )

O
3

P
K 1≤i<j≤3

L E
 
   ψ ∈ P2 (
  


ÉCO
⎛ ⎞
 
3 
Aire(K) ⎝
ψ(x) dx ≈ 3 ψ(ai ) + 8 ψ(aij ) + 27ψ(a0 )⎠
K 60 i=1 1≤i<j≤3

 
   ψ ∈ P3 

>)0+'+) CC ) (bi )1≤i≤I    $ N  K  (ωi )1≤i≤I  
  )    


 
I
ψ(x) dx ≈ Volume(K) ωi ψ(bi )
K i=1

U E
  
   ψ ∈ Pk  "  (      *  ψ ( 

N IQ
1
 
I

E C H
Volume(K) K
ψ(x) dx =

LY i=1 T
ωi ψ(bi ) + O(hk+1 ),

4 h   
   K 
P O
O LE
ÉC
'   !   N ≥ 2 -

U E
1 5

N
2
IQ
EC H
T
8 9 6

O LY
P 4 7 3

O LE
 $ W 9       
   


ÉC>)0+'+) CC     


 Ω =] − 1, +1[2 
 
 
7* 
0
 

  * Kh      P1
 




 
    >
   
 :   

*

>)0+'+) CC  G 


 %      P1
    6%
   
  
 Ω =]0, 1[2
  

* 
*
    
7* 2
E
"   

  * Kh  
B 
    $  

U
IQ



  
 %  E   + 
   
 h2  (

     bh  E  
H N
Y T EC
E POL
O L
ÉC
 $ W 7    
 
 8 ,
 

>)0+'+) CC    


  $' ;    n   
   

*     
  B   B  %
   
   @* 
 *A    

*   *     "  


  * Kh      P1  
  $  n2   
*
 
  $  2n  n *

"   
B  %   B :  

*    Ω =]0, 1[3
U E
IQ
 +  
 
  $  n3   
*  
  $ 
N
2n2 4 n       * $
B    Ω

E C H
LY T
)9.0;5) CC '   ,  ,9  $    

  
      0 ;
 8O 
.  8  

P O
 0< 
 D
  
  

 
     Kh A ,6?6  


LE
,      
 '  
       ;. A

ÉC O
- 
 '      !

U E
N IQ
 A   <A  

 
     
  

EC H
D
  
  8    
 
#    Kh Uh = bh  *

T
A  , 
  #    
  
# L    

Y
POL
4
MA   . 
    
 
  
 
   

      •

LE
)9.0;5) CC  *
   ) ,# ;
 0  
     
.< 
O
ÉC


  
 8  : 
  
 N 6  K
  
Th ?
 N 6   L8 M K0  *       . 0A 
 

   ?  
 
 K0  9  
A     
.
!
N
K0 = x ∈ RN  
 xi ≤ 1, xi ≥ 0 1 ≤ i ≤ N , ;$$<
i=1

  . )    
 
 N 6  K  ,   
 8 
:  K0  9 (A    0#  
A )   ;$-<  

E
H 
 K  K0 A   λ = (λj )1≤j≤N +1 A x̃ = (x, 1)    
 
U
IQ
K A x̃0 = (x0 , 1)    
  K0 A   Aλ = x̃A  A0 λ = x̃0 A R   

H N
A  A0  )   ;$&<  . 0 @  
  
 x̃ = AA−1 0 x̃0 A

EC
,6?6  
,   
   B A . 0 ,  N A 
 . 
 b ∈ RN 

T

 x = Bx0 + b •

Y
E POL
O L
ÉC 


 $ W 7    


  
 ) 
 
  2
 $&
U E
IQ
,  
.  
      )  P1 . )    

 

H N
E C
>)0+'+) CC    $ 
 
    B = (bij )1≤i,j≤n   "
T
Y

 (   i(

n

P O L bij ≤ 0 ∀ j = i.

LE
bii > 0, bik > 0,

O
k=1

ÉC
'   !   N ≥ 2 -"

U E
N IQ
"     "
       M     
    
EC H
Y T
>)0+'+) CC    
   N = 2 ) uh 
 
%  

POL
   6%      
 
 %      P1   

LE
  
*  
* Ki ∈ Th     *
 + π/2 "  
uh (x) ≥ 0 
 Ω  f (x) ≥ 0 
 Ω L
 I   
(    > 0(

ÉC O
Kh +  Id   "
( 4 Kh  

  * 

U E
N IQ
H
   


Y T EC
E POL
O L
ÉC
 $ W 5 
  f  ,
  ;$$<

 ,#  .  

 :
 ?        )  Pk
? ,
 0 
 ;$$<

>)0+'+) CC  G 


 %      Pk
 :   $ 
 
!!  "   
   

  * Kh  
  
 $ N ndl
4 N  
 $
  ndl       *    

U E
IQ
>)0+'+) CC  '  

  * Kh   


  
 
N
%      Pk
    >


E C H
−∆u + au = f
∂u
∂n = g
LY T

 Ω
 ∂Ω,
;$&<

P O
LE

 f ∈ L (Ω)( g ∈ L (∂Ω)(  a ∈ L (Ω)   a(x) ≥ a0 > 0  
 Ω
2 2 ∞

ÉC O
-$ 
 '      !

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC  "   

  * Kh   


  

EC H
 %      Pk
     E  $' !22 

T
 
 
 : 

Y
POL
>)0+'+) CC          $ 
  


LE
!&; 
   % $      : O    N = 2 - 

O


* 
*
 Th    $
 

ÉC  
Vh = v ∈ C 1 (Ω)   v |Ki ∈ P5   Ki ∈ Th .

"    :9 p ∈ P5  



   
     
* K

  2 
   
 
∂p(bj )
v(aj ), ∇v(aj ), ∇∇v(aj ), j = 1, 2, 3, ;$-<
∂n

U E
4 (a1 , a2 , a3 )      K ( (b1 , b2 , b3 )       K (  ∂p(bj )/∂n

N IQ
 * 
   

   bj  "   Vh   
  H 2 (Ω)
     v  

    
   
  
  .  %


EC H
   $
B   

* '     % $      
$G*:    !&;
Y T
POL
/
    
6    , 
 
 
 
 
 0

      )  P1  


 
0  1   ;$$< 

L E
  0     2
 $ @ 
   0 

O
ÉC
       (
   , ,
 
   
 
 
       
 
   

   
  ;   
.   L#M  0

<   
 
    
 
 
  0  1
     
   J     L  M  
2
 $&A      L)M   2
 $  
   
 
  2
 $"A   . @ 
 
  .
  
  
  
 
 uh  
 . 
     ) 
 
    
  ;       H< ',   8 
8  
  
h
     ,    F   
 
  
    uh
  .  .  
    , I
  
   (
 
 ( 
.   ;  
 .        FA .  ;"<<A
 
 .  ,(      
 
       2
 $$

U E
IQ
;0
 .     )<  .
     
   
   

N
  ,
   .  A  
 0  ? , 
  # 
 


E C H
 . L 
M     .  



Y T
'
$ 
  
#  
L
P O
/
   .      , )  Pk 
  0

LE
 1   ;$$<   
  8  
,  ,  
 ,
 0  A

ÉC O
'   !   N ≥ 2 -&

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC
   #


U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC
  


U E
N IQ
 $" W
E C H

    uh  ,
   (
  ;$$< 
    

Y T
    2
 $& ;
<  
     )   2
 $ ;0<
L
P O
O LE
ÉC
-- 
 '      !

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC    $


U E
N IQ
 $$ W
EC H

    uh  ,
   .  6 (
  ;"<<

Y T
POL
 
    .  
 ,
 0A  
 /

;$&< /
  .  0  ,#  
 
  
 
  

L E
*
 
 N 6  K  
 
   
 J  &'.9?10)

O
diam(K)   0,*&)50 ρ(K)A )       
   0


ÉC

  K A

diam(K) = max x − y ,
x,y∈K
ρ(K) = max (2r).
Br ⊂K

E  GA   
I
 diam(K)/ρ(K) > 1 '   ,
 
  

K  L M J  
  

      ?       K  9
 
A    A  8
 .  ,
    N 6  K   

%@*'1',* CC " (Th )h>0 $  "  0  Ω, $ "  0"  $
 "  9.'--.(): 0%(5-')0: 
,   " h = maxK ∈T diam(Ki ) "$ - '
i h

,  &" $ $"$" C " ' )  " " h > 0 " " " K ∈ Th ' U E
N IQ
diam(K)
ρ(K)
≤ C.

E C H ;$<

LY T
)9.0;5) CC  9   N = 2     ;$<  
. ? 

P O
   
. 
   
   K J   
     
 θ0 > 0

LE

  ;
 8  h< 
     
 K ∈ Th    
  8 

ÉC O
'   !   N ≥ 2 -

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
diam(K)

O LE
ÉC
ρ(Κ)

 $& W 1  diam(K)   


 ρ(K) ,
    K 


     ;$<  
 
    
 
 
 ,# 
.   
. 
. •

U E
IQ
/
 
.      
      
6   

N
:  .         )  Pk  

   

" $  " T  E
0
H
  .   .     
   
 
C 0   , "
Y %,3%'
4%,0?9) CC  (Th )h>0 Ω u ∈

)&"$ $"$ %,9 )O


H01 (Ω)
L
'   "$ )/+  8 #"
P "  
 "# 
" '   $ )
uh ∈ V0h
$" *$ ,   "# 
Pk

O L
Pk
E
 $" *$ $-0'

É C lim u − uh H 1 (Ω) = 0.
h→0
;$"<

8 ) ' u ∈ H k+1 (Ω) "  '  $  ""$  


k + 1 > N/2

u − uh H 1 (Ω) ≤ Chk u H k+1 (Ω) , ;$"<

. C " $ $"$" $ )$ $"  h "  u,


)9.0;5) CC   5 $ , 
  8  ? 
   ,
)   #    ; A   )   
    
6

E
   $< 9 (A  
 

     
  ,
 


IQ U
,   0 
       8    Vh  
 .
 


      0A  
 
I
  0 
   )  

H N
#    ;.   +
 $$< +
 
A 
   # 


k ≥ 1
T E C
  N = 2 
N = 3A     k + 1 > N/2  
I
  8   


O LY
P
)9.0;5) CC  ,   ,
 ;$"<
5 $ , .  


LE
  
    u  
 A  
,  
I
   u , 

ÉC O
 
 '      !

U E
N IQ

 A     
 
  .    
  ;.   2


EC H
$" 
   , < 1,
 A  .   ;$"<A 
  


T
,  L , MA ,  
   .    
  uh 
   .

Y
POL
 2
 $- 
  8  
  0  1   ;$$< . f ≡ 1 
  
L   M R  
    
  ;.    " <

LE
/
 
A  

   uh   . , )     

h  . F ;  
  |∇uh | .
 0.92 
      
 ? -&

ÉC O
A 1.18 
    
  
? $$ A  1.50 
 
  
? -"& < •

 #
  
 


U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
 $- W 7

   uh 
      ;  
  
 ) 

POL

 ?  <

L E
  
5 $  
  )   
. ,
 ,3%

O
ÉC
0.1)50 &!'*1)03,-.1',* rh  
  
 ,     *   $$
+ 
 
 .  (âi )1≤i≤ndl  8   
      0
 (φi )1≤i≤ndl  0  V0h       )  Pk ;.   *  
$&< *
 
 8    
 v A  )   

ndl
rh v(x) = v(âi )φi (x). ;$" <
i=1

 (     . ,


 8     N = 1  
A  8  
 H 1 (Ω) ,   
 
 N ≥ 2A ,
 ,   rh ,
 ) 
 H 1 (Ω) ; .
  
 ,
 8    H 1 (Ω) ,   

E
  < / A  ,     ,# k + 1 > N/2A rh ):1 /')*
&%@*' :50 H k+1 (Ω)   8    H k+1 (Ω)   
 ;H k+1 (Ω) ⊂ C(Ω)
,  5  "<
IQ U
H N
0,3,:'1',* CC 
T E C
" (Th )h>0 $  "  0 0   Ω, $  ))
 k + 1 > N/2, ' )  " " v ∈ H k+1 (Ω) $") rh v " /$ *$' " 
LY
&" $ $"$" C ' $ )$ $"  h "  v' " 
O
P
LE
v − rh v H 1 (Ω) ≤ Chk v H k+1 (Ω) . ;$"<

ÉC O
'   !   N ≥ 2 

U E
N IQ
3  
 ,   *   $$ 
 
.  
 
 ? 

EC
.         )  Pk 
H
Y T
%9,*:10.1',* &5 4%,0?9) CC C @  
    0    
6

POL
   $  *
  ;$"< 
     $ . V = Cc∞ (Ω) 

 0    H01 (Ω) ' Cc∞ (Ω) ⊂ H k+1 (Ω)A ,   ;$"<  

LE
*   $$   . ) ,# ;$"<
 $ ;
 

ÉC O
8   
   ,  0       k + 1 > N/2   *  
$$<
*
 0  ,   ,
 ;$"< 
      ' $ 


 

u − uh H 1 (Ω) ≤ C inf u − vh H 1 (Ω) ≤ C u − rh u H 1 (Ω) ,
vh ∈V0h

 rh u   0  ? H 1 (Ω) *      *   $$ ? u  0 


;$"< 

U E
   %          '  N
h
      N#!   5   
   I Q 
 
   #  D(   NCC  %'  "
 u    
  0 
H
V0h
 0  "
   
C
Kh bh

 *
  "
 
 8  '9  ( 
Y T E
%
       
 &
    
 "

  
4   

Pk  %   

     
O
 
;
 %'  : P
N K L         
N/!
%  FC/H! 0  
    *
  "
 

  < 

 

    

P2k−2

  
 L
O Euh
 
  
    
 %    
 "
! 
  

  *
  "
 
 N##!

P1

É C
N#/!       
 %   %  •

Ωh

U E
 $ W 3   
   #  
 Ωh ,
 
. 
  Ω
N IQ
E C H
LY T
   #" 6"
 ' %   "
    "
    Ω  
P O
  "
   
  
 ! $     ( Ω 
  

LE
  "
 Ωh "
    
   Th %   J
 NI! $ 
 (  Ωh

ÉC O
 
 '      !

U E
N
     %     
 !   I Q   "
 

H
h
  "
   "
   
'
  ! % 
C
C Ω

Y T E dist(∂Ω, ∂Ωh ) ≤ Ch2 .

$    
  L
P
uh
   &   O 
    %       

 0       (     


Vh

 E   
      4
!  "
  "
  
 
Th Pk Ωh ⊂ Ω Vh
  
  L
   1 ' %  "
  ( (   
   
O
V u

C
É  4    

 P1 u ∈ H 2 (Ω)   
;

 
   %  FC/H! "
 
  
N =2

u − uh H 1 (Ωh ) ≤ ChuH 2 (Ω) , N/#!


 "
 
    P2   u ∈ H k+1(Ω)     
 
u − uh H 1 (Ωh ) ≤ Ch3/2 uH k+1 (Ω) . N//!
  "
  (   * 
    P1  
"
   % 
 N/#!  
    "
 N/!  %      
   U E
 Pk % k ≥ 2 $ 
   &  
    
  8  
N IQ
EC H
    "
9 K          Ω   
'     & ' 
8
'9 '
  *    N      *   
 
T
      *     
 &  A  "
 NC !    
Y
POL
   N = 2 
 
%
  *    <      "
 * 

     *  
 8  9  
    
     '  5  
  
  (  *   ∂Ω  ∂Ωh  $ 
     
   
L E
 
  
    "
 N/! %  F H FC/H!
O

ÉC
4
    &            NCN "
   

        
 0     
  
  
   
   ("
  
  1  K
 N         k Σk  $
   
    rK  

 *   v  
 
K 
rK v = p ∈ Pk  "
 p(x) = v(x) ∀ x ∈ Σk . N/N!
.     NCC   "
 
  <   Pk      
"
 
 %
 
    Σk K   "
 N/N!  ' rK  
  
   
 =!
  #! ( 1  2 ,   
 k + 1 > N/2      1
   rK          H k+1 (K)  H k+1(K)          
U E
IQ
C(K) 
    v ∈ H k+1 (K)  

v − rK vH (K) ≤ C(K)|v|H


HN/G! N
C
k+1 (K) , k+1

% |v|H (K)   ! 1 !  &  


k+1

Y T E
|v|2H k+1 (K) =
 

P O L
|∂ α v|2 dx = v2H k+1 (K) − v2H k (K) .

LE
|α|=k+1 K

ÉC O
'   !   N ≥ 2 

U E
  

N Q
 D(   #C/ "
I"
   
H k+1 (K) ⊂ C(K)

H
k +1 > N/2
 %
  
  *      '    *   
C
H k+1 (K)

 E
 
   "
 
  <          
  T
rK v
  -       "
  % 
$  
 "
   Y
v ∈ H k+1 (K) H m (K) m∈N

OL
rK  
 H k+1
 .     
(K)

P  
N/)!
E       
 %  ;& * 

    M %  
vH k+1 (K) ≤ C(K) |v|H k+1 (K) + rK vH k+1 (K) ,

O L
  
É C      
vn ∈ H k+1 (K) "

#/!       ! 6   
 

 
1 = vn H k+1 (K) > n |vn |H k+1 (K) + rK vn H k+1 (K) . N/I!
    
(  N/I!  "
 "
  
 vn  '   H k+1(K)  
  
D(    A( #C  
 

 vn "
  %   H k (K)


       N/I! "


 "
  
   % ∂ α vn  





|α| = k + 1  %  %  E  L2 (K)   "


 vn  %   H k+1 (K)
E


% 
   v "
 %    &     N/I!!
IQ U
|v|H (K) = 0, rK vH (K) = 0.
k+1 k+1

H N NN !

EC
        NN !   "
 v ∈ Pk  K        
T
      #/!     N/N!  rK   rK v = v 
v ∈ Pk  
Y
POL

     NN !     "
 rK v = v = 0  "
 
     %
   
   
(  N/I! 
' N/G!  "
 N/)! & (v − rK v) 
  "
 "
 rK (v − rK v) = 0  "
 |v − rK v|H (K) = |v|H (K) 
"
   %
L E
   k + 1 
  <   Pk   

O
k+1 k+1

ÉC
 % 
  NCI  @  'B'   "
      
N/G!   K       $         

%
  # $   
 k + 1 > N/2 
 diam(K) ≤ 1 :        
C     K 
    v ∈ H (K)  k+1

(diam(K))k+1
v − rK vH 1 (K) ≤ C
ρ(K)
|v|H k+1 (K) . NN!
  $
  A  "
 NC "
   "
 
 N   K 
   
  *    
N    *  K0    N#N!

     
   % ' B 
 %
b   K !  "



 x ∈ K    x0 ∈ K0 % 
U E
N IQ
NN!
H
x = Bx0 + b.

E C

' NN!       N/G! '  K0   "
  ( 
T
  % ' NN! 5 %     
%      & K  
LY
      4
      
   
 "
  
O
P
        '   

  
 FC/H!  7 ' 

LE
(    % '  det(B)    %  K  ' &     %

ÉC O
 
 '      !

U E
N I Q    "

      %   
    
−1

H
K0 B C K


 *   
  %   
C
v(x) v0 (x0 ) = v(Bx0 + b)

Y T E
|v0 |H l (K0 ) ≤ CBl | det(B)|−1/2 |v|H l (K)

OL
|v|H l (K) ≤ CB −1 l | det(B)|1/2 |v0 |H l (K0 ) .

P
LE
$ 
    N/G!

ÉC O |v − rK v|H 1 (K)
v − rK vL2 (K)


CBk+1 B −1 |v|H k+1 (K)
CBk+1 |v|H k+1 (K) .

 
  %  *  "

diam(K) diam(K0 )
B ≤ , B −1  ≤ .
ρ(K0 ) ρ(K)

0  '  
  ' NN! 

   '  #   


   v ∈ H
U E
(Ω)
   
IQ
k+1

  rh v   


N   K     rK v   "


H N
EC
v − rh v2H 1 (Ω) = v − rKi v2H 1 (Ki ) .

Y T Ki ∈Th

POL
$ "
  ;   NN! & ("
  Ki %      C 


!        
   N#I!    ; 
*  

O L E
   diam(Ki )/ρ(Ki ) $  


ÉC

v − rh v2H 1 (Ω) ≤ Ch2k |v|2H k+1 (Ki ) ≤ Ch2k v2H k+1 (Ω)
Ki ∈Th

 "
   
   

>)0+'+) CC  "        



*  *(      
 P1 ( $ 
 $ 
 rh     N = 2  3

v − rh v L2 (Ω) ≤ Ch2 v H 2 (Ω) .

  
 (
  
  
U E
   Ω   #  
  ; ,6?6  
 Ω 
 
. 6
N IQ
E C H
#  
   8   
  
 <A  
     
   ;.   2
 $ < 
  
   , )    /


LY T
 )    )   #    ; ,6?6        6
0   .
  
  8  <A   )  Qk  'O

P O "N
 ) 
 N 6   K  RN   . ;6  < i=1 [li , Li ] .

LE
−∞ < li < Li < +∞ @  (aj )1≤j≤2N    K 

ÉC O
'   !   N ≥ 2 "

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL


O LE
ÉC
 $  W 9      
     N = 2

%@*'1',* CC " Ω $  -" $$& )!    RN , :$ 9.'--.() 0)+


1.*(5-.'0)  Ω " $ $/ Th  N  "$0 $$ 0$ (Ki )1≤i≤n 
-*$"
U E
, Ki ⊂ Ω " Ω = ∪ni=1 Ki'
N IQ
, $" "$ Ki ∩ Kj   & N  "$0 "$ " " $ m "$0' -
EC H
0 ≤ m ≤ N − 1' $" "   " $"    "  Ki " Kj ,

T
 $ $$ N = 2' $" "$   &  "$0 " " - ' " $
Y
POL
"  $' " $    $ $"+,
 :,99)1:  *,)5&: 0 Th $"  "  N  "$0 Ki 

O L E
 )$",  $-$"$'  )+" h 0$  &   +" 
N  "$0 Ki ,

ÉC
/
 )  ,0 Qk  #X ? :    RN  R
   8 
 
  ? k 3.0 0.33,01 E +4.;5) 2.0'./-)A ,6?6  
 

p ∈ Qk ,   
  8

p(x) = αi1 ,...,iN xi11 · · · xiNN . x = (x1 , ..., xN ).
0≤i1 ≤k,...,0≤iN ≤k

+
 
      p 
 H 
 
 ? k A  
(  , 
Qk  Pk 
*
 
   k ≥ 1  )   10)'--': &!,0&0) k
N 6   K 

E
,0

Σk = x ∈ K  

xj − lj 1
∈ {0, , ...,
k−1

, 1} 
 1 ≤ j ≤ N .
IQ U;$$<
L j − lj k k

H N
E C
*
 k = 1  ,   ,0    K A  
 k = 2  N = 2 

T
A      
  H   
 A 
0#  ;. 
 2
 $ <
O LY
P
    Σk ,
 N 6   K  5*':,-2.*1 
 Qk A ,6?6  
,  

LE
    
  #X  Qk 

ÉC O
$ 
 '      !

U EΣ
IQ
HN
Σ1 Σ2 3

T E C
P O LY
O LE
ÉC
 $  W 5   ,  A A   

    ;    
 
  <


)99) CC " K $ N  "$0, " $ $" k ≥ 1, ' " " )!$H
 Qk " "$  $+ $  )  -   & )$" "  
k ' Σk ' *$ ) %,%3,
U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C @ . ) 
     Σk      Qk [ 

EC H
T
N
card(Σk ) = dim(Qk ) = (k + 1) .

Y
POL
' ,   
A ? 
 #X  Qk A 8     .
 
 

E
   Σk    A  
: , 0
 0  Qk    .  

L

  
      
 
   
  
   xµ  Σk
O
ÉC
) 
xµj − lj µj
= . 0 ≤ µj ≤ k, ∀ j ∈ {1, ..., N }.
L j − lj k
@ )   #X p ∈ Qk 
⎛ ⎞
# ⎜ # k(xj − lj ) − i(Lj − lj ) ⎟
N k
p(x) = ⎝ ⎠ . x = (x1 , ..., xN ).
j=1 i=0
(µj − i)(Lj − lj )
i=µj

@ . ) 8  
 p(xµ ) = 1   
 p ,
 
 
  
  
 Σk A  
  
   
U E
N IQ
H
'     
  
 .     
.   
 ?

$A 
 
<
T E C
.
 8  ;
     A 
 ? 8      ? 


O LY
" K " K   & N  "$0 !$" $    $ Γ = ∂K ∩

)99) CC
P
LE
∂K , " $ $" k ≥ 1, '   "   k Σk " Σk D$  $"   ""


ÉC O
'   !   N ≥ 2 &

U E
Q'  $ "$ *$
 & )!$H I
  , 8 ) ' "$" $$ "
)
Γ pK p

H
K
N Qk v

T

E C pK (x) x∈K

Y
v(x) =
x ∈ K
" $"$    O' L"  $"  "
pK  (x)
$"  -   D$  $"
P K ∪ K pK pK 

LE
 & )$" "       $ , Γ

ÉC O 9  
A 
   

    Q1  Q2   2
 $ 

8    0 Q1    N = 2 ; 
 # . ) 
  8    Q1
   :   
    P1 <

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC
 $ W 2    0 Q1    N = 2

>)0+'+) CC ) K = [0, 1]2      N = 2   


a = (0, 0)( a = (1, 0)( a3 = (1, 1)( a4 = (0, 1)    x3 = 1 − x1 ( x4 = 1 − x2 (
1 2

 i  

  i   ?F +  
( %
  ai   

 xi = xi+1 = 0        
  Q1 

pi (x) = xi+2 xi+3  1 ≤ i ≤ 4,

    Q2 


Pi (x) = xi+2 (2xi+2 − 1)xi+3 (2xi+3 − 1)  1 ≤ i ≤ 4
U E
Pi (x) = −4xi+2 (xi+2 − 1)xi+3 (2xi+3 − 1)  5 ≤ i ≤ 8
N IQ
P9 (x) = 16x1 x2 x3 x4 .

E C H
LY T
)9.0;5) CC 9  
A    8  , ) Q2 
 

 ) 
  A  
 
 :  A  Q∗2  9   N = 2A ,

P O
) Q∗2  )   - 8    0 (pi )1≤i≤8  ,9  $ ;  .

LE
   p9 < @ . ) 
      0  Q∗2     

ÉC O
- 
 '      !

U E
N IQ
  
  H
   ;    0# < 9   N = 3A

EC H
, ) Q∗2  )       0 
  -    

T
  
  H

0 ;  ,#        0 ? ,  
< •

Y
POL
%@*'1',* CC I"$" $$ $ 0  "$0  Th  $  -" Ω'  
"#   $" *$ Qk " *$ ) )   "
O LE  

ÉC
Vh = v ∈ C(Ω) "  v |K i ∈ Qk )  " " Ki ∈ Th . ;$$<

$ )) $   &)(0%: &) -'/)01% $/  )$" (âi)1≤i≤n  "


  k  # $  N  "$0 Ki ∈ Th ,
dl

'     
 A  1)   $ " 
  Q  ?    

. ;  
      
 
 
 , <

0,3,:'1',* CC )  Vh ' *$ ) %,%9' " $  )   H 1 (Ω)
U E
IQ
$"  $$ "  $/  0  /" ndl , 8 ) '  &" $ /
 Vh (φi )1≤i≤n *$ )
dl

H N
T
φi (âj ) = δij

Y EC
1 ≤ i, j ≤ ndl ,

POL
" 

ndl

O L E v(x) = v(âi )φi (x).

ÉC
i=1

'   )  Qk    )   #   A  



  H 
  .   
 
      ) 
Pk  /
   
 
     . ) 
   
5
$ , 
 L
  
 M 
 
. ; 1)   $ 
   
  ,   
     
 <

4%,0?9) CC " (Th )h>0 $  "  0  "$0  0   Ω,
" u ∈ H01 (Ω)'   "$ & " )/+  8 #" %,3%' " uh ∈ V0h '
  "$ )) # )  "#   $" *$ Qk ,   "#  
$" *$ Qk $-0' "  
U E
lim u − uh H 1 (Ω) = 0.
h→0

N IQ
C H
8 ) '  u ∈ H k+1 (Ω) "  k + 1 > N/2'  $  ""$  
E
L Y
u − uh H 1 (Ω) ≤ Chk u H k+1 (Ω) , T
" $ $"$" $ )$ $"P O
. C
O L E  "  ,h u

ÉC
'   !   N ≥ 2 

U E
   # " $ 
  
 
      
  
       *   N
I Q 
   

H 
     
 
 $     
   
    

'C
Qk N


T
F
  ! $ %  "

    
Y E  *    &   "
  
[0, 1]N 2

L
 (     ' 
   !$
N 2N
   '    
  
'
 $ 
   
   
     O

N
P 
E    "

("
       
 
'
   
F (Qk )

L

N Qk F (Qk ) = Qk

 
   *   
  "
   ! K   (  
C O
 
N =2  
  
%   A  "
 NC) &  
;!     
É "
   "
 "
 & *    ! 
 
   *   Q1  
   % 

   
 %   & FC/H

   # ! $ 
 
 
    Ω  N   
 
  
N      
 
 (        
  Pk  Qk 


   
 %     & FC/H •

   ##$ $ 
           Pk  Qk 
U E
N IQ
   N = 3  8     "
    k9 1
   "
 Ω =
ω×]0, L[ % ω

%   R2  $  ω      Ti   ]0, L[    

EC H
[zj , zj+1 ] $         R3     
 Ti × [zj , zj+1 ] % "

  Ω $  
    *    '        Pk  Qk
Y T

    

   
 %   & FC/H
O L  

  
 (
P 
L E
ÉCO
          )  ?  # ,
 

  .   ;   #  ,    <    
0 
  ' ,    
  #  
   %
;"&< ? 
      ,   0  
D
 ;
    .  

 
  . < ,    
  0   
  
 

   
  D
   0 I
 ) 
 
   0 .  
 
  ;
 
   
 ,# 
 
 ,  
I

  D
. 
 
 ,   ?   
   #  <
+ 
A 
   0  Ω ⊂ RN A     8 
 
 f (x)A  
     
    ,  
D
 
  A
 
   % ,  .

⎨ ∇p − µ∆u = f  Ω
U E

divu = 0  Ω

N IQ
;$$"<

H
u=0 
 ∂Ω

T E C
R µ > 0   .   
D
 1  
6   " 
 . 
 8
  .    ;$$"<

O LY 
P
OLE
5
. u ∈ V  
 µ∇u · ∇v dx = f · v dx ∀ v ∈ V, ;$$$<
Ω Ω

ÉC
 
 '      !

U E
R V  ,   = 0 ) 
N IQ

EC H 

T
V = v ∈ H01 (Ω)N  
 divv = 0   Ω . ;$$&<

Y
POL
' V      ,   0   divv = 0A    :   6
 
  
     .     ;$$$<  


LE
,. 8  I

,  *
  A  :
   )    ; 6

O
ÉC
<
 
6  Vh  V    )     ,  . Q 

 8    0   )  Pk 
Qk  * A  Th = (Ki )1≤i≤n

     
   ,
.  #  
 ΩA  
 ) 
 
Vh = v ∈ C(Ω)N  
 divv = 0  Ω, v |Ki ∈ PN k 
 
 Ki ∈ Th ,

   ,    
 Vh     L  M   
    

            0 9 
 A    
divv = 0   )    Vh   
    v A  
 

U E
:    
      ,
 0    Vh  @ ,
   

IQ
  8
  .   ;$$&< 
 ) 
   , ) 

N
H
9  
A  

 
 8
  .    
  

EC
% 
  ?   8  ,   0     )    ,   ?

T
       
   8
  .   9 
  
Y
POL
   
   ;$$"< 
 8    v ∈ H01 (Ω)N   
 

  
 
 8    q ∈ L2 (Ω)A  0      

O E
  J 
. (u, p) ∈ H01 (Ω)N × L2 (Ω)/R  

L ⎧   

ÉC

⎪ µ∇u · ∇v dx − pdivv dx = f · v dx

⎨ Ω Ω Ω
 ;$$-<



⎩ qdivu dx = 0,


 
 (v, q) ∈ H01 (Ω)N × L2 (Ω)/R  H 
   ;$$-<  

   ,#        ;$$$<     0  

 . 0 ;# 
 < . ;$$-< /
   
 
   
 . ) 
 ,   
 
.


)99) CC " (u, p) ∈ H01 (Ω)N × L2 (Ω)/R,   ) (u, p) "  "$ 
U
%,%  "  $"  "  "$ /'  $ A#+ =,3,   E
"$  "J %,%=,
N IQ
E C H
   8   

    .     ;$$-<
@ 
     

LY T

P
V0h =  v ∈ C(Ω)N  
 v |Ki ∈ PN
O k 
 
 Ki ∈ Th 

 v = 0 
 ∂Ω ,

LE
Qh = q ∈ C(Ω)/R  
 q |Ki ∈ Pk 
 
 Ki ∈ Th ,

ÉC O
'   !   N ≥ 2 

U E

. ) 0  
 V0h ×Qh 
 
6  
N IQ
  
H01 (Ω)N ×L2 (Ω)/R

EC H
)  ,   .     ;$$-<   
⎧ 

Y T  

POL

⎪ µ∇u · ∇v dx − p divv dx = f · vh dx

⎨ Ω h h h h
Ω Ω
;$$<

LE
⎪ 



O
qh divuh dx = 0,

ÉC


 
 (vh , qh ) ∈ V0h × Qh  9 
   
 ;$$<   
 9
 nV     V0h  nQ   Qh A  
  0 (φj )1≤j≤nV 
V0h   0 (ψj )1≤j≤nQ  Qh 
 .  8    0  
)  ;.   *   $&< @   uh  ph 
  0


nV 
nQ
uh (x) = uh (âj )φj (x), ph (x) = uh (âj )ψj (x),
j=1 j=1

U E
IQ
 

N
9  Uh = (uh (âj ))1≤j≤nV  Ph = ph (âj ) 1≤j≤n A  0   #

H
Q

EC
   
.      
Ah Bh∗ Uh bh
Bh 0
Y T Ph
=
0
, ;$&<

POL


R Bh∗      I  ;
<  Bh A bh = Ω f · φi dx 1≤i≤nV A 
 

O L E    

ÉC
Ah = µ ∇φi · ∇φj dx , Bh = − ψi divφj dx .
Ω 1≤i,j≤nV Ω 1≤i≤nQ , 1≤j≤nV

    


 
,  ,   .    
 
I
 
  #6
    ;$&<   
 
 +
 
    Ah  # 

)    . ,  nV A 
    Bh   
     nQ × nV A
 
A     0  ;$&<  # 
 ,  nV + nQ A  , 
)    . /     
 
.


)99) CC  !"+ $ %,F  " " >  $  "$ (Uh , Ph ) $
RnV × RnQ , - "  Uh " $ ' "$   Ph " $    "$ )+  $
$"  KerBh∗ ,
U E
IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C ' ( KerBh )⊥ = ImBh∗ A   8   .  
 ;$&< 

. ?

H N
E C

. Uh ∈ KerBh  
 Ah Uh · Wh = bh · Wh 
 
 Wh ∈ KerBh .
T
LY
 
:  , 
  5  67    
 0  ,  
O
P
 ,
   Uh  KerBh  * 
A ;$&<   
 
 
 

LE
(Uh , Ph )  RnV × RnQ  ' Uh     ? KerBh A  
 
 

ÉC O
 
 '      !

U E
N IQ
R  *  
A  . )   
 Ph 
 
 ? ,    ,
 
nV

 KerBh∗ 

EC H 

Y T
? R     
A , 
  #
KerBh∗ , I  
 

POL
. 
 
  
,  
 8  H  L M 5
 
  
 8  

E  $!
  k  k    )  
  .   
   

O L $"$"  $  - "  1I  Rn $" " "


É C )$" $" 0 

)99) CC KerBh∗ Q

1, "$" "'  )$  +" ph "  $


*$  $ $"$" )+,
%9,*:10.1',*C   rh ∈ Qh  wh ∈ V0h  * )  

Wh · Bh∗ Rh = Bh Wh · Rh = rh divwh dx.

@ rh = 1   
I
 ? Qh A  
U E
IQ
 
divwh dx = wh · n ds = 0
H N
EC
Ω ∂Ω

LY T

 
 wh ∈ V0h A   
 
 Rh = 1I = (1, ..., 1)   ? KerBh∗  

PO
0 -1 +1 0

O L E -1 +1 0 -1

ÉC +1 0 -1 +1

0 -1 +1 0

 $  W 7  0     



     
 
 8 ;6
 )  P1 
  .     <


)99) CC   k = 2 " k = 1 $" *$ P2 )   -" " P1
)   )$'  $! KerBh∗ "  $$ $' $0$  )  - "  1I
 "$" "'  )$  +" ph " $   $ $"$" )+,
U E
  k = k = 1 $" *$ P1 )   -" "  )$'  $!
KerBh∗ " $ 0$  $$ " "$" )  0$   $  "$" "' 
N IQ
)$  +" ph $" ) $ ' E  $ $"$" )+,
E C H
Y
%9,*:10.1',*C   rh ∈ Qh  wh ∈ V0h  * )  
L T

P O 

LE
Wh · Bh∗ Rh = Bh Wh · Rh = rh divwh dx = − ∇rh · wh dx.

O
Ω Ω

ÉC
'   !   N ≥ 2 

U E


N IQ

 k = 2  k = 1A    ∇rh    
   Ki A 

EC

n H 

LY T
∇rh · wh dx = ∇rh (Ki ) · wh dx.

O
Ω i=1 Ki

P
LE
@  8
  
 
  ,9  $& 
  
A 
 wh ∈ P2 A

O
 

ÉC
|K|
wh dx = wh (aij )
K N (N + 1)/2 j

R  (aij )   N (N + 1)/2     


  H     ai  aj
 K  9  
   
.      
 ;
 
 ? 

 <A  0 
   
|Ki | |Kj |
∇rh · wh dx = wh (aij ) · ∇rh (Ki ) + ∇rh (Kj ) .
Ω N (N + 1)/2 N (N + 1)/2
U E
IQ
aij

N
9  wh 
.
  
      
aij    
A   
 

H
EC
Wh · Bh∗ Rh = 0  
 


Y T
|Ki |∇rh (Ki ) + |Kj |∇rh (Kj ) = 0. ;$&<

POL
 8   rh  
           ,  
E
L
    ,
   ? ,
 ' rh   ? P1    
 


O
ÉC
ΩA         
? , 8   
   * 
A
  
A   
  0    ;$&<  
     rh   
 
A
,6?6  
 rh  
 8    9  
 A    
 Wh ·
Bh∗ Rh = 0 
 
 Wh  
 
 Rh = '1IA 
  
   
1
 6    
 ,  
 k = k  = 1 @
      
 
 8
 Ω =]0, 1[2 ;.   2
 $ < @
)   8   p0 ∈ Qh A . k  = 1A   .
 −1, 0, +1 
   
 
    Ki ;.   2
 $ < 5
I
  )  A  

Bh Wh · Rh = rh divwh dx.

7   wh  :   


 
 
   Ki A  .   
U E
  
 Ki   

N IQ

rh divwh dx =

n
divwh (Ki )
E


C H rh dx

LY
i=1
T Ki

P

.
 F 
 rh = p0  Ki p0 dx = |K3i | (0 + 1 − 1) = 0 * 
 p0

LE
  
 
.
. 
  KerBh∗ A  
  1I 

ÉC O
 
 '      !

U E
1   
A &?: ;5) -. &'9)*:',* &)
N IQ
):1 :10'+1)9)*1 3-5:
KerBh∗

EC H
(0.*&) ;5) 5*H -. 9%14,&) &): %-%9)*1: @*': +,00):3,*&.*1) ):1 '*51'-'

T
:./-)C 9 (A  dim( KerBh∗ ) > 1A  
 
 
  
 
#

Y
POL
   ;$&< . 
 ?     
 
 
    J ,  
   
 
     Ph   (    ? KerBh∗ 
@  
     '*:1./-) +
 I
 
 , p0  

LE
 
 $ ,  
        ?
O
ÉC
, 
   dim(KerBh∗ ) = 1A     8  ,     

     Ph    .
 
 
A 
0     
# 
    Ω 1 
  A  ,#   ,     
 
.  Uh 
 )    
 
 *
 
    
   
, )     
  D
A 
 .# ? TU

/
 ,.    
 ,    
   

#   
;$&< *
  
  
   A  ,FCA 
     ,  6

E
 A 
 
 . 
'    ,  ? ,
  0  ,   
U
IQ
 ,# 
 
  ,    9 
 0 . ,    

N
;
 # .      
'  < @   
  
   %

EC H
 
. ?
 0       ,
   ;.  ,9  "<
/
 . 
A   H  A  
 
#    ;$&< 

Y T

. ?       
.

POL
1
J(Vh ) . J(Vh ) = Ah Vh · Vh − bh · Vh .
E
J(Uh ) = min

L
Vh ∈ KerBh 2

ÉC O
,   ,FC     
  0      

  

*
     G  
A  ,
   
      
 )  P2 
  .   P1 
    @ 
8
 

 A  P1 ^0
 
  .   P1 
     ,     
  )  P1 
  .       
     ,  V0h
 .   I
   0 
 
    
 
 
 RN
 8   /5--) )    
 λ1 (x)...λN +1 (x)A R  λj (x)
    0#  
  x     Ki  '  8  
0
  
 
  0  Ki    . ? ,  
A  
     
 0  0#      '    0    , 
U E
IQ

.

H N
>)0+'+) CC "    
 %      P1 P  

  P1  
 
dim(KerBh∗ ) = 1
T E C
LY
 0         ,     , )  
O
P
  
     (  )  
  H # ,  .6

LE
 A    ,  
.

ÉC O
'   !   N ≥ 2 "

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC     
  ) =   !   N = 1 

EC H
  $

  B  
     u = 0  p     f (

T

           
 - Ω = (0, 1)( 

Y
   

*    xj = jh
 h = 1/(n + 1)  0 ≤ j ≤ n + 1   

POL

 %  E      $ 2 
 

LE
⎧ −uj+1 +2uj −uj−1 −p
+ j+12h j−1 = f (xj )  1 ≤ j ≤ n
p
⎨ µ
O
h2

ÉC
uj+1 −uj−1
= 0  1 ≤ j ≤ n
⎩ 2h
u0 = un+1 = 0.

"    :  $ 



*   
  (   
   

 (pj )    + $


  $ 
     $   $ 
  
  
  (1, 0, 1, 0, ..., 1, 0)

)9.0;5) CC ,    8


  .   ;$$-< ,  6
0 
  
? 
 
   
 *
 

U E
IQ

N
−div (A∇u) = f  Ω
u=0 
 ∂Ω,

EC H
T
  σ = A∇uA  
  8
  .  
Y
POL
⎧  

⎪ − divσv dx =
E
⎨ f v dx

L
Ω Ω
 

ÉC O ⎪

⎩ A−1 σ · τ dx +

udivτ dx = 0,


 
 (v, τ ) ∈ L2 (Ω) × H(div)    , )  
  
 
(   
       9    
  )    •

 9 


  
 
1  
6   
    

  
  2':5.-':.
1',*  
 0
       )   )
 6 


E
    ? , 
  ; 0<  
   

IQ
 R<  F   9   N = 2  
      , .
U
 . 
    
 

 0    ;R ,  
  ? .


H N
^
     ,  A   
  .  
  2
 $" 

E C
$$  8
   8    
    .
   
. 

T
2
 $" R  
   ;   
H 0 
 
   

LY
  <  ,
 0   ,   8   ( 9
O
P
  N = 3     
8  ;
8  R ,  
  < 

LE
0   
 

ÉC O
$ 
 '      !

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC
 

U E
N IQ
 $
EC H
 W ' , .
 
 
  ,
 0  (
  61

Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC

 #
 
 

U E
N IQ

 ?  <
E C H
 $ " W 
8  

 0  (
  61 ;.
  
 

LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
'   !   N ≥ 2 &

U E
N IQ
9
 ,A 
  
 0  (
   ,  ,


EC H
   ;
 
  <   
 
     
   ;

T
0

0< @ 
       )  Q1  0  1  

Y
POL
;$$< .
   0 
 
    
     1   


8 
  0

0 3
   0  
    
    

LE
1   L6 M u = 1A  
     0
    
   
 /
  2
 $    .
  u 
 
A   2


ÉC O
$ "  
8   u
 . 
    
 

 0 .   ;R ,  
  ?
.
  RN <  ( *A  A  
#  , 
;.   
6   "< @ 
    D    . 
 
A
   # ,    :  ?    ?    0  
    
 L 8M
  
   ,   # 
   
  ;
  N = 2 
3< + 
  . 
  
u(x)    

  x 
 ,    8    J  
A    

 

E
8  x+u(x) /
 
  
      
 

U
IQ
, ,
 
   
  0 .  
 ;    
   

N
 1  <   0 
  
 0  ;    
     /
< 
 

EC H
?     ; 8  f 
 . 
  . < Y .   2
 $ $
,.      )
  8  
, 
 # 
   

Y T
,
 
  
      

   

E POL
O L
ÉC


 

 $ $ W 1 
 ?  A  A )
  8A  


    ; .
  .   
 8 < 
 

  
  ?    

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
- 
 '      !

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T

E  POL
O L
ÉC
  

U E
N IQ
/
)%   

EC H
  ,
 

Y T
POL
'      ?       
  
  .  A

O L E
,6?6  ? ,
  .
    8      
  
 .    
  
0 1,
 A  . 
  ,


ÉC
 
  
 A      ;
. 0<A  0
,.
    ?  
  1,
 A 
  

   

     H 0 ,.
  
 
   
.
  '  -
1 
  

   30,/-?9) .5> 2.-)50: 30,30): 
 
  .    
     1   Ω 
 
. 0  RN 
   
 (λ, u) ∈ R × H01 (Ω)A . u = 0A 
  

−∆u = λu  Ω
;&<
u=0 
 ∂Ω.

  λ   2.-)50 30,30)A   8   u(x) 9,&) 30,30) ,5 =,*+
U E
IQ
1',* 30,30) ,0  .
        ;&< @ 


N
8  ,   ;&<   0 
        .
 
. 
  ,
   A ,  nA

E C H
Au = λu

LY T
. (λ, u) ∈ R × Rn , ;& <

P O
 : 
 ,
 −∆ 
 L   M    )  ,


LE
  A    )   
   ;&< 
  
 
 

ÉC O 
 
 ( 
   $
 



U E
N IQ
0 ,.
 A  # 0 
 
#0 
A   
 A

EC H
,6?6  ,
    
 ;&"< 
,
     ;&&< / A

T
 
   ;&<  

   # 
 

  A 

Y
POL
      . 0 
        
. 3 .   . 
   6

LE
0 
 .
  ;&<A 
 .      &
 14%,0')
:3)+10.-) ./:10.'1)      = 0  0
        6

ÉC O
     )   
 0  
   )  
: 


   # 
     0 
 0  '
   .    ,
 
   
 L
MA 
 
   ?

.

  8  
 , ,   
 
 
     

  /
  
      
 
  
  .
    
      & 9 
 A 
  
  6
0   ;&< .&9)1 5*) '*@*'1% &%*,9/0./-) &) :,-51',*: 9)A 
   &    
 
  &!.330,>'9.1',* *59%0';5)  .


E
  8    ,
 
  
  .   9 
 A
U
IQ

 
     9.10'+) &) 9.::) M 
.    

N
     KA  
  
  .
     ;&< 

H
EC

   .
 
# Ku = λMuA  
) , 

T
 ;&<   .    ;& <

Y
O L 


 
  " 
P
L E  &  

ÉCO
3.  
     . 0         A
  
  
  ,
 0 
 .
    



 0 ,.
  *
  
  8 
   .  
6
   # (     )  1 
  

 A  

  # 
 A )    .A ,  n @  λk  .
 
 rk  . 
 A 1 ≤ k ≤ nA  
 Ark = λk rk 
@   
 # ( 
   

⎨ ∂u + Au = 0 
 t ≥ 0
∂t ;&<

E
u(t = 0) = u0 ,

IQ U
H N
R u(t) 
 8     C 1  R+  Rn A  u0 ∈ Rn    0  


 ;&<  
 
 
 
 0
       A *


E C
 A         
  8 u0 = nk=1 u0k rk A  

T


O LY
P
n
u0k e−λk t rk .

OLE
u(t) =
k=1

ÉC
(  $    

U E
N IQ
 
     # ( 

   
⎧ 2
EC H
T


∂ u
+ Au = 0 
 t ≥ 0

Y

⎨ ∂t2

POL
u(t = 0) = u0 , ;&<


LE

⎩ ∂u (t = 0) = u1 ,

O
∂t

ÉCR u(t) 


 8     C 2  R

 
 
 

+
 Rn A  u0 , u1
∈ RN  9  
     
  8 u0 = k=1 uk rk  u1 = nk=1 u1k rk A ;&<  
n 0

n     
u1
u(t) = u0k cos λk t + √ k sin λk t rk .
k=1
λk

E
    
  
  
    
      A

U
IQ
  
  0 ,.
  ;&<  ;&< 3
 .   6 A

N
   
 ? 8   8     
 
  
.

EC H
  
 /
       A  ,
 −∆A ,  Rn
 ,   = 0 L2 (Ω)A  
  L   M    
 


Y T
,
    
 
,
    

POL
3)   .   
 ;&<  0   L0M 8
 
0 

.
  
   A  
  
 
  L 

L E
 . 0M  ,
    
 
,
     
 
   6

O
. 8 9 ,0    
 A   L
0 M ;.  < 

ÉC
           
   A 
  
 
  u  

  
,  . 
  8

u(x, t) = φ(t)u(x),

,6?6  
 ,   . 0    ,  u  
  
,
    

∂u
− ∆u = 0, ;&"<
∂t
 
. ;
  8< 


φ (t) ∆u(x)
= −λ
U E
IQ
=
φ(t) u(x)

H N
C
R λ ∈ R 
      t   x @  
 
 φ(t) = e−λt

Y T E
 
 u   H 
 
0 
 .
 

P O L
−∆u = λu ;&$<

LE

     
     


ÉC O
 
 ( 
   $
 



U E
N IQ
1  H  A  u  
   ,
    
∂2u
EC H
LY T ∂t2
− ∆u = 0, ;&&<

P O
 
. 


LE
φ (t) ∆u(x)
= = −λ

O
φ(t) u(x)

ÉC
R λ ∈ R 
  ' 8 6 √   

√ 
A  λ > 0 ;  

(  .  <A  φ(t) = a cos( λt) + b sin( λt)  
 u     H

   ;&$< +
 
A         
  u 
 H 
 ,
    
  
 ,
    A  ,   
H 
     J      
    

,  P     ;  λ > 0< 
  


)9.0;5) C C /
 .  .  
 ,
        
 
    
  
#
U E
u(x, t) = e −iωt
u(x),
N IQ

EC H
R ω = λ   8
       u(x)  
  
  ,  ?

Y T
,
    
   
  
  .       #

POL
#0 
 ' 
    
 H # 
 .     
  
   ,
 
  ,.
  #0 
 9   

L E
# 
  . 0  ; A  
< 
   ; A  6

O
  
<A        ,0    
  

ÉC

  ,0  
 L ,
0 M       

>)0+'+) C C ) Ω = RN  "   u(x) = exp(ik · x)      & 

 |k|2 = λ H    


   

*
 
 A ? .  -!%;5.1',* &) +40N&'*()0 
   6
 
 
 
 ;.   '  <

>)0+'+) C C )      * V (x) "  (  u(x, t) = e−iωt u(x)
   
∂u
+ ∆u − V u = 0 
 RN × R+ ;&-<
E
i ∗,

U
∂t

IQ

 u(x)    
−∆u + V u = ωu 
 RN .
H N ;&<

T E C
@ 
.  H #  0   
 ;&$<A ? ,   ,
 

LY
,  F  *
 ,
   !    .
  ω , 

PO

    
   .
  0      ? ,6

LE
  , 8 
#     ;&-<  
 .
A 
  A

ÉC O
( 
 
 

U E
N IQ
        
     L 0M 
  6

EC H
  V A   .
 ,      0 ) 00 ;  

 .  .   # 
  $"<

Y T
POL
>)0+'+) C C ) V (x) = Ax · x
 A 
 :       

LE
"   u(x) = exp(−A1/2 x · x/2)      &/  ω = tr(A1/2 ) H

ÉC O
   
 




/
 &   

1     
 

     0    6
   = 0 ;.    T $U<  0

   . 

.
    ?    )   
 0  
   )  

: 
 
   # 
     0 
 0 6

U E
 9    
  
   
  
     

N IQ
 -
 
EC H
T
1 
  

 V  
    = 0  
 ,
 

Y
POL
   x, y

O L E
%@*'1',* CC " A $ )) "$ $ $"$   V $ V , $ ))
-  ))  A $  λ ∈ R "  &" $ $" $$ $  x ∈ V  -*
ÉC
Ax = λx, :$ " - "  x " )) - "  ))     -  )) λ,

4%,0?9) CC " A $ )) "$ $ $"$   V $ V ,  &" $


$  )) "$ $ $"$  A∗  V $ V ' "  >$"' " 
Ax, y = x, A∗ y ∀x, y ∈ V.

%9,*:10.1',*C *
 y ∈ V )A   L ∈ V   8     
 )  
L(x) = Ax, y *   
5  -  + FA   

 

z ∈ V  
 L(x) = z, x @ )   ,   A∗  V  V 
A ?

E

 y    z   @ . ) 8  
 A∗      
A
U
IQ
   0  L(x) = Ax, y = x, A∗ y 

H N
" A $ )) "$ $ $"$   V $ V , $ " 
%@*'1',* CC
A
E C
"  " >$"   D$   - $  >$"' "   A∗ = A,
T
O LY
" A $ )) "$ $ $"$   V $ V , $ " 
%@*'1',* CC
P
LE
A " *$ )"-  Ax, x > 0 )  " " x ∈ V $$ $ ,

ÉC O
 
 ( 
   $
 



U E
N IQ
@   
,   )  
        
6 I  

EC H
  0 
 0  /
  .  
,   ) 

T
 
    
        
 
6 I  


Y
 
 +,93.+1): 
      
  )  

POL
  ,
        


LE
%@*'1',* CC
O
:$  $/ K ⊂ V " " ) " '  " "  " (un )n≥1
$"  K ' $ ) " &" $   " un $-0$" $ K ,
ÉC


:$  $/ K ⊂ V " " "-$" ) " '  " "  " (un )n≥1
$"  K ' $ ) " &" $   " un $-0$" $ V ,


  0  

A  V     ) A   
60  
 V   8 0 7

A  
 , 
 .   
)  9 (A
 
60    
I
 8 0     

,  .       
.


)99) CC 8$ $ )   @/" V  $$ $*$'  /  $" 
U E
 $" > ) ",
N IQ
EC H
%9,*:10.1',*C ' ,      ) A  
 
  

T
    46  
 
  )  (en )n≥1  ' 
 6

Y
POL
  0  ?  0

  8 *  
A 
 n = p  

E
en − ep 2 = en 2 + ep 2 − 2en , ep  = 2,

O L
C " "  & )   @/" " $ )) "$ $
 

. 
,

 
6
  en ,
 
  '
# 

É
%@*'1',* CC V W A
$"$   $ , $ "  " ) "  0 )   /  $"
V W A A
 V " "-$" ) " $ W ,
1   
.A
        
 A     A 


 
 0 xn  V A  
  
 
6
  
 Axn . 
 W  W 
V     ) A  
        

   ' , 
 .  W  V     ) A   
,  
.

>)0+'+) CC "   $



   Id 
  
  O V 
U E
  $ 5

 
      &2 
N IQ
>)0+'+)
 CC ) $
  O 2   
C H
   x = (xi )i≥1  
E
i≥1 |xi | < +∞(    

 x, y =
T
i≥1 xi yi  ) (ai )i≥1   
2

LY
    ( |ai | ≤ C < +∞   i ≥ 1    $

 
 A 

O
P
Ax = (ai xi )i≥1     A    "   A  
    

LE
 limi→+∞ ai = 0

ÉC O
( 
 
 "

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC ) U ( V  W  
  O   ( A 

EC H


 
    V 
 W (  B 

 
   

T
U 
 V  "   $

 AB  
     A  B  
 

Y
'   $

 
   
  $ 5

  $

POL
    


O L E
*  
  #
   

ÉC  
      
6     
.

4%,0?9) CC " V $ )   @/"   $$ $*$ " A $


)) "$ $ $"$ ' *$ )"-'  " >$"' ) "  V $ V ,
  -  ))  A $" $  " (λk )k≥1   " "$" )"
 "$ - ' "  &" $ / #/"$$ (uk )k≥1  V   - " 
))  A' -
Auk = λk uk )  k ≥ 1.

U E
)9.0;5) CC ' 
 
5 & -A  .  H 6
N
 A  0   &%+,93,:'1',* :3)+10.-)  
  v ∈ V IQ

+∞

EC H 
+∞

T
v, uk uk . v = |v, uk |2 .
2

Y
v=

POL
k=1 k=1

L E
>)0+'+) CC    
   %: %   <%   &2. " 
O
ÉC
(  v ∈ V ( $ 
 Au = v
     u ∈ V    
v  

+∞
|v, uk |2
< +∞.
λ2k
k=1


 ,      A ,     5 & - 0 
8
    ,  
.

>)0+'+) CC ) V = L2 (0, 1)  A $



 
  V 
 V   

(Af )(x) = (x2 + 1) f (x)    A   (    (
 
5  


 
  "   A $

  
   
 
 
(A − λ Id)   $       λ ∈
/ [1, 2]

U E

    D(   G) 
 %  '   
      
N IQ
E C H
   $ " V    *              A 
           1/    !   V  V    &
Au, u
L Y
,  M = sup T
Au, u

O
m = inf .
u∈V \{0} u, u u, u

P       
u∈V \{0}

OLE
2  A = max(|m|, |M |)   m M A

ÉC
$ 
 ( 
   $
 



U E
  $ %  *  "
 | Au, u| ≤ Au
N
2
Q
I 
max(|m|, |M |) ≤ A

H
.
      A  
 ;   ' 

 u, v ∈ V
EC
Y T
4 Au, v = A(u + v), (u + v) − A(u − v), (u − v)

POL
≤ M u + v2 − mu
 − v2
2

≤ max(|m|, |M |) u
 + 2v + u − v2

LE
≤ 2 max(|m|, |M |) u + v2 .

ÉC O
$  A = supu=v=1 Au, v 
"
 Au = supv=1 Au, v $  
   "

A ≤ max(|m|, |M |)  :      
  
 
   m ≤ M 
  
  
%  
K   A = M ≥ 0
  A = −m % m ≤ 0 5     A = M ≥ 0 
   A = −m
      "
   2 A  −A! 1 
 
 (un )n≥1  %


   V "
         M  &  "

lim Aun , un  = M  un  = 1.
n→+∞

  v .
     


U E
5  A     
 

  "
 Aun  %   V % 


N IQ
H
Aun , un  ≤ Aun  ≤ A = M,

Y T EC
 :   
 "
 limn→+∞ Aun  = M  &  "
 v = M  J   

P O L  
 


Aun − M un 2 = Aun 2 + M 2 − 2M Aun , un ,

 ' "
 limn→+∞ Aun − M un  = 0 n    "
 "
 un
E


O L
 %  %  v/M 
  M = 0 M   M = 0   % 
"
  "
 "

A = 0!   
  A   
   "
 Aun  %  
 %  Av/M  


ÉC


 %  v! 
       "
 Av/M = v &  "
 v 
 %

     
  v = M = 0!   &  %
   M  

    " V    *   A             ! 


 V  V  .     δ > 0      
  ! &    
       ] − δ, +δ[    1         
        !  & 
  ?   "
   
  % 
     V   
  "
   %
     A 
 %
    λ  "

|λ| ≥ δ > 0 $        1
     "
 
 
 
(uk )k≥1    V      
 
  %
    (λk )k≥1
 "

U E
Auk = λk uk  |λk | ≥ δ 

 k ≥ 1.

N IQ
$   Ek  
 %       *  (u1 , u2 , ..., uk ) 5  Ek−1 
C H

     Ek   
 %

  vk ∈ Ek "
  (  & Ek−1 
E
T
5  |λk | ≥ δ  
 vk /λk  '   V   
"
 A     

Y
  
 

  "
 Avk /λk  %   V  5 
j < k  

 

L
  
P O G !

OLE
Avk Avj vk Avj
− = vk + (A − λk Id) − .
λ
k λj λ k λj

ÉC
( 
 
 &

U E
N
$   %  *  "
 AEk ⊂ Ek  "
 (A − λk Id)Ek ⊂ Ek−1 I Q    
   
 G !
EC H
  &    G !   & Ek−1  5  vk  (  & Ek−1   


Y T  
 Avk Avj 

POL
 
 λk − λj  ≥ vk  = 1,

OLE
 "
 
     %   %    

 Avk /λk    

É C  
   % &  "    G   "
  '  %

   %  "
    G   "
   '   
A
     ' ' %   
   

   
  
A    % 
  %
          % 4   (λk ) 
%
     A  Vk = Ker(A − λk Id)  
        
G 
  
 "
 ("
 Vk      ! $   "
 "
  

   Vk   ( 
 
 & 
 K  +  vk ∈ Vk  vj ∈ Vj % k = j   
  A  
 ;   
U E
Avk , vj  = λk vk , vj  = vk , Avj  = λj vk , vj ,

N IQ
EC H
 :   
 "
 vk , vj  = 0 
"
 λk = λj  1  W (   V  
  
Vk

Y T
P O L "

!

K

W = u ∈ V, ∃K ≥ 1 u= uk , uk ∈ Vk .

O L E i=1

$  
 * 
 ' ('   W  
   ' (   
ÉC
("
 Vk (
       ( 
   
! ?   "
 * W = V
 "
 
%  
 "
  
 (λk )   
"
 V      ! $
 
  (   W  
W ⊥ = {u ∈ V  "
 u, v = 0 ∀ v ∈ W } .
5  W  '  A AW ⊂ W !  %  "
 W ⊥  
 '  A 
Au, v = u, Av = 0  u ∈ W ⊥  v ∈ W  $ 
         A &
W ⊥ "
  

      
 
 ;      

  G   W ⊥ = {0}       

 %
   

%
   u ∈ W ⊥ "
   
 %
 %
    A 5 ' -

    %  * "
    W   ;& 
  %
     A
 "
 W ∩ W ⊥ = {0}   "
      W ⊥ = {0}    W  U E
*    
 "
 W = {0}⊥ = V 
N IQ


          
D(   G) E C H
 %  %
      
 
%L  Y
  % 
    
%   K  %
T   %'   
  
A
      
     &  %
   
!P O        

  '    KerA

LE

 •

ÉC O
- 
 ( 
   $
 



U E
/

N
0   " +  IQ
 ! &  $

C
E H
Y T
OL
/
 . 
  .   
 
'   , H    

P
F   
,  , 
 ?  0
   ( 1
  

LE
 = 0 V 
  
 8 0    a(·, ·)A :B9%10';5)A  
 

ÉC O
 .A ,6?6  
 a(w, v) = a(v, w)A     M > 0  ν > 0  


|a(w, v)| ≤ M w V v V 
 
 w, v ∈ V


a(v, v) ≥ ν v 2V 
 
 v ∈ V.
*
 
.   
  
        A 
 



.   A ? . 
 
    = 0 H  /
 8  ,#

E
8  
.

V ⊂ H . I    
IQ U
N
;&<
V    H.

EC H
T
,  L I    M .
    
 ,
 ,  
  I

Y

? v ∈ V   Iv = v ∈ H   
   ;.   1)   & &<

POL
3
 A ,# ;&<  
 
  
 
 0  V  

 
 
6
 .   H     H  V     

L E
H 
   A  
   ·, ·H  ·, ·V 
 .  
 8
 
O
ÉC
/
    0 .    .
  
. ;
0
 < J 
. λ ∈ R  u ∈ V \ {0}  


a(u, v) = λu, vH ∀ v ∈ V. ;& <

@  
 λ 
 .
 
0 .   ;& < ;
  8
0    a<  
 u   . 
   

)9.0;5) CC 
 ,# ;&<    H  V  
. I  . 
 H 
         
 

 V    H  7 
   0   , I    V  H   ,   
, 

E
  ;.  ,9  & < •

IQ
1 
  

     # 
 ,
   
  *
 U
N

 
. 0 ΩA   V = H01 (Ω)A H = L2 (Ω)A   8 0    # 

H
 )   

T
∇u · ∇v dx. E C
Y
a(u, v) =

P O LΩ

' Cc∞ (Ω)   ?  8   H01 (Ω)   L2 (Ω)A  Q  
5

LE
   + A ,# ;&<  . )A    .

'  " 
 

ÉC O
( $
 

 # 
    

U E
N IQ
8 0    a  0   
   . 
 V  *
      

EC H
 A  .  8  
 ;& <  
. ?

Y
−∆u = λu  Ω

POL
u=0 
 ∂Ω,

LE
,6?6  
 λ  u  .
   8   
 

ÉC O  
   ;& <     
 
.

4%,0?9) CC " V " H  & )   @/"   $$ $*$, $
 ))  V ⊂ H - $> "$ ) " "  V " $ $ H , " a(·, ·) $
 /$ !"  $"$  "  -   V ,   -  )) 
F, $" $  " $" (λk )k≥1   )"  "$ - $*$' "
 &" $ / #/"$$  H (uk )k≥1  - "  ))  ' " 

uk ∈ V, " a(uk , v) = λk uk , vH ∀ v ∈ V.

U E
8 ) ' (uk / λk )k≥1 " $ / #/"$$  V )   ) "   a(·, ·),
N
%9,*:10.1',*C *
 f ∈ H A 
 .  0 .   IQ
EC H

. u ∈ V  
 a(u, v) = f, vH 
 
 8   v ∈ V. ;&<

Y T
POL
  8   . )  #
5   67   
 ;&<

  

 
 
  u ∈ V  @ ) 
       A 

L E
H  V 
? f    
  u = Af  3
 A ,      A

O
 )  

ÉC Af ∈ V  
 a(Af, v) = f, vH 
 
 v ∈ V. ;&<

9  v = Af  ;&<A  0 

ν Af 2V ≤ a(Af, Af ) = f, Af H ≤ f H Af H ≤ C f H Af V

 ,
 , I   I  V  H   
 * 
A ,  
   A   
  H  V  @ )   
      
A = IA  H  H A 
 0   
 ' I   A  
 A 

   ;.  ,9  & < *
  
 A  
6 I A  

E
v = Ag  ;&<   0 A 
 
 f, g ∈ H A

f, AgH = f, AgH = a(Af, Ag) = a(Ag, Af ) = g, Af H = g, Af H ,


IQ U
H N
? 
   #   aA  

. 
 A  
6 I  )   8 

E C
H  @ 
   
  5 & - ? ,
 A 
 . ) 
 
T
O LY
#   
 
    (µk )k≥1     8 
 . A
   
 0  0  (uk )k≥1  H 8  . 
   AA .

P
OLE
Auk = µk uk 
 k ≥ 1.

ÉC
 
 ( 
   $
 



U E
N IQ
+
 
A     A  . 
  uk    
6

EC H
 ? H   
 ? V  +.   
0 
 .
 

T
;& < 

 ,  

Y
POL
a(u, v) = λu, vH = λa(Au, v) ∀ v ∈ V,

LE
? 
   )   ;&<A ,6?6  a(u − λAu, v) = 0A 

O
ÉC u = λAu = λAu.

* 
A  .
  (λk )k≥1
0 .   ;& <   6
  .  .
  (µk )k≥1  AA  
 . 
  
 H @ 
1 uk
λk =  vk = √ .
µk λk

E
* 
 A  . 
  uk 8
 0  0   H  @
. ) 

uk , uj H
IQ U
N
a(uk , uj )
a(vk , vj ) =  = λk  = δkj ,
λk λj

EC
λk λj
H
T
  ,   (vk )k≥1  V  
 ,   (uk )k≥1

Y
POL
 H ;
 
 
. 
 
<A   
 
  (vk )k≥1 8
 0
 0   V 
  
    a(u, v) 

L E
)9.0;5) CC   
  8  
 ,
 AA )  ;&<A  ,6
O
ÉC

  
    8
  .  A ,6?6  
,    


 -!'*2)0:)   8 0    a ', 
    
  .
 
λk   8
  .     .  .
  µk  A
* A    )   8 0    ,   a(u, v) = Ku · v   
A = K−1  1 HA 
      A = (−∆)−1 ;
 , .
 
  A     
6H Y .  ,9  & < 9 8 A ,   
 
    
 
    
  0 
 ?
,       ,
 (−∆)−1  •

>)0+'+) CC 6    



   <%   &2 4 $ 
 $%: % 
   
 
 a(·, ·) 
 $%: %  
 $   

    η > 0  ν > 0  
U E
a(v, v) + η v 2H ≥ ν v 2V   v ∈ V.
N IQ
E C H
6
  
  
  (λk )k≥1   
    ( 
  
 λk + η > 0
LY T
P O
/
  
 
     
   .
 
6

LE
0 .   ;& <A  30'*+'3) &5 9'*9.> ,5 &) ,50.*1':4)0

ÉC O
( $
 

 # 
    

U E
N IQ
*
   
  
   +#  ) A 
 
 8   v ∈ V \{0}A


EC H
T
a(v, v)

Y
R(v) = .

POL
v 2H

" V " H  & )   @/"  


LE
0,3,:'1',* CC $,50.*1':4)06
$$ $*$, $  ))  V ⊂ H - $> "$ ) " "  V " $

ÉC O
$ H , " a(·, ·) $  /$ !"  $"$  "  -   V ,  
k ≥ 0 $ $" Ek $/   )  - "  $$ k  V , $
$" (λk )k≥1   " +0,'::.*1)  -  )) )/+ -"$$ F,,
' )  " " k ≥ 1'  k+ -  )) " $$ )
   
λk = min max R(v) = max min R(v) . ;&"<
W ∈Ek v∈W \{0} W ∈Ek−1 v∈W ⊥ \{0}

$ )" '  )+ -  )) -*


U E
λ1 = min R(v),
v∈V \{0}
N IQ ;&$<

EC H
" " " )$"  $  $ F,% " $ - "  ))    λ1 ,
Y T
POL
%9,*:10.1',*C   (uk )k≥1  0  0 
√  H 8  . 
 
 ;& < 1,  5 & -A (uk / λk )k≥1 
 0  0   V 

O L E
@ 
        H  V ?    
      
;.   +
 & <

ÉC H= v=

+∞
αk uk , v H =
2

+∞
2
αk < +∞ ,
!

k=1 k=1
!

+∞ 
+∞
V = v= αk uk , v 2V = λk α2k < +∞ .
k=1 k=1

@ 
 
  
A   .
  λk     λ1 > 0A
     8  0  P V 
 
6   H  @ 

     
   +# 

E
+∞

U
2
k=1 λk αk

IQ
R(v) = +∞ 2 ,

N
k=1 αk

C H
 
    
 
    .
  
6
E
k
L T
  
6  Wk ∈ Ek     (u1 , u2 , ..., uk ) @ 

Y +∞

P O
2 2
j=1 λj αj j=k λj αj ⊥
k ∀ v ∈ Wk  R(v) = +∞ 2 ∀ v ∈ Wk−1

LE
R(v) = ,
2
j=1 αj j=k αj

ÉC O

 ( 
   $
 



U E
,R , 

N IQ
λk = max
EC H
R(v) = min R(v).

T
v∈Wk \{0} ⊥ \{0}
v∈Wk−1

Y
POL
  W
 
6  
 
  Ek  ' W     k  Wk−1

   k − 1A ,    W ∩ Wk−1 ,  
 ? {0} * 
A

OLE
max R(v) ≥ max R(v) ≥ min R(v) ≥ min R(v) = λk ,

ÉC
v∈W \{0} ⊥ \{0}
v∈W ∩Wk−1 ⊥ \{0}
v∈W ∩Wk−1 ⊥ \{0}
v∈Wk−1

 

.        ;&"< 1 HA  W 
 
6  
Ek−1 A  W ⊥ ∩ Wk ,  
 ? {0}A 

min R(v) ≤ min R(v) ≤ max R(v) ≤ max R(v) = λk ,


v∈W ⊥ \{0} v∈W ⊥ ∩Wk \{0} v∈W ⊥ ∩Wk \{0} v∈Wk \{0}

 

.  
      ;&"<     u
      


U E
 ;&$< *
 v ∈ V A  
  8   f (t) = R(u+tv) ,
 . 0 

IQ
t ∈ R 
 
   
  t = 0 * 
   . ,
  t = 0

N
9     
 f (0) = λ1 A
   
  

H


Y T
f (0) = 2
u 2H EC
a(u, v) − λ1 u, vH
.

POL
' v  
 
  V A     f  (0) = 0 ,   ,
 
 
E
L
8
  .   ;& <A ,6?6  
 u 
 . 
    ? 

O
ÉC
.
  λ1  

 9       

@ 
    
  5 & - ?  8
  .  6

  .    
     1  A  

  

 
.

4%,0?9) CC " Ω $  -" /$ 0    C 1  RN ,  &" $


 " $" (λk )k≥1   )"  "$ - $*$' "  &" $ /
#/"$$  L2 (Ω) (uk )k≥1 ' "  #  uk ))"$"  H01 (Ω) " -*

),), $ Ω U E
IQ
−∆uk = λk uk
;&&<
),),   ∂Ω.
uk = 0

H N
E C
%9,*:10.1',*C *
    .    
     1  A   6
T

O LY
  V = H01 (Ω)A H = L2 (Ω)A   8 0    # 
  )  

P
OLE
a(u, v) = ∇u · ∇v dx,

ÉC
( $
 

 # 
    

U E
  
    
 L (Ω)  0  G
2

N IQ


EC H
Y T u, vH = uv dx.

POL

@ . )    #


5 & - 4Q  
5   

LE
+ A V  0     
  H  ' Cc∞ (Ω)   ?  8 

O
 H   V A V  0    H  9)A   .

'  " 
 

ÉC
8 0    a  0   
   . 
 V  * 
A   


   (λk )k≥1     8 
 . , ) A    
 0
 0   L2 (Ω) (uk )k≥1 A  
 uk ∈ H01 (Ω) 
 
∇uk · ∇v dx = λk uk v dx ∀ v ∈ H01 (Ω).
Ω Ω

*
         ;
H # 
   
  
 
5 "  <  0  ;&&< +
 
 
 ,
  

U E
 
   Ω 
 
 
.   
  5      

  L
 
M ?     
     1  

N IQ 

EC H
)9.0;5) CC ,# 
    0  ,
. Ω  0


T
8    5 &"  ,   8 A  5  

Y
POL
 +  ;
 , I      H 1 (Ω)  L2 (Ω)<    8
A  

  
  5 &" ,   
 9 8 A   
 
,   


E
)  ; 00<  .
  L  M 
 R  8  

L
 ,   ? L2 (Ω) 3  
   ,9  &    
O
ÉC

   Ω = RN  •

>)0+'+) CC '  N = 1(    Ω =]0, 1[ 0


  
   
       


  
 
   6% && G $
  
    
      

C
 &2/(    
 

+∞
ak sin(kπx)
k=1
+∞
* 
 L2 (0, 1)     a2k < +∞(  
 H 1 (0, 1)   

E
 k=1
k=1 k ak < +∞
 +∞
U
2 2

N IQ
>)0+'+) CC     

    Ω =]0, L1 [×]0, L2[× · · · ×]0, LN [( 4

C H
 (Li > 0)1≤i≤N   
    0
      


E
      


  
    6%
&&
LY T
P O
 5 &"      
 ,
    
   

LE
/
   
 
         
.

ÉC O
 
 ( 
   $
 



U E
,0,--.'0) CC
N
" Ω $  -" /$ 0   R N
IQ
$"  $"+ ∂Ω 

EC H
 ) $  & )" >$" 0 + ∂ΩN " ∂ΩD -  <0  9,, 
&" $  " $" (λk )k≥1   )"  $   "$ - $*$' " 
Y T
&" $ / #/"$$  L2 (Ω) (uk )k≥1 ' "  #  uk ))"$"  H 1 (Ω)

POL
" -* ⎧
⎨ −∆uk = λk uk $ Ω

O LE uk = 0
⎩ ∂u
  ∂ΩD
  ∂ΩN .
ÉC
∂n = 0
k

)9.0;5) CC 1   ,


    
    
  /
A
,6?6  
 ∂ΩD = ∅A  8 0    , 
  . 
 H 1 (Ω) *

  '  &&  8
 
   ,9  & •

>)0+'+) CC    + 


   Ω 

     

$' & 0
      
      



  
    >
     ∂Ω
U E
IQ
      .
        '
62   
6
N
. 8
 A    ,  
.

EC H
T
>)0+'+) CC    
   %: %   <%   &! " 
Y
POL
 
  
    
  C 
 $ *
  -
  

-  ;     


  
  λ1  &&

O L E
@ 
 
  
  8   
 A .    


ÉC
    1   
 /
A  
 

0,3,:'1',* CC " Ω $  -" /$ 0    C ∞ ,   $ "$
))  "$  F,F ))"$$$"  C ∞ (Ω),
%9,*:10.1',*C   uk  k6 8    
   H01 (Ω)  ;&&<
@ 
   
 uk  
 
0 
    
.

−∆uk = fk  Ω
uk = 0 
 ∂Ω,

E
. fk = λk uk  ' fk   ? H 1 (Ω)A    
5 "  $

IQ U
 
    
 
  
  uk   ? H 3 (Ω) 1

A   
0 fk  
 
   
 ,
    
   uk  *

H N

 
  8      
 uk   ? H m (Ω) 
 
 m ≥ 1

T E
+
  $<A   
 
 uk    C ∞ (Ω)C
9 .

5  " 
   
  8    H m (Ω) ;.  
 


O LY
P
/
   
 
 
  8   ?   

LE
  .
 

ÉC O
( $
 

 # 
    "

U E
4%,0?9) CC  $&) L0)'*519.*6
A#+ F,3,=, $  ))   -" H N Q ")+
$ )$ I$""$
" $$&,
 #!)"#+
- 
C
)) " ) ,,   )  ))
 ) - "  )) ) " E"T
λ1

E)" )  )" " $ ,


)$ $" "  $$  "

OL Y # Ω

P
LE
)9.0;5) CC  5 &  B 6+
   )
 
 

ÉC O
  L  M ; ,6?6  
 ,  
 u  ? .
  R< ' 

 8
    ,  
 u  ? .
 .   ;.  
   ,

#  , <      (         .  


 
   ,
 
    
 
 ;.   5 "  <

, .0 
       •

%9,*:10.1',*C   u ∈ H01 (Ω)


 . 
   
   ?   
.
  λ1  1,   "      
 u+ = max(u, 0)  
? H01 (Ω)  ∇u+ = 1u>0 ∇u ;  H 
 u− = min(u, 0)< * 
A 

U E
8   |u| = u+ − u−   ? H01 (Ω)    ∇|u| = sign(u)∇u 9 .
 
*   &  '
62   

N IQ
H



EC
|∇v|2 dx

T
λ1 = min R(v) ,
v∈H01 (Ω)\{0} v 2 dx

Y

POL
 
      
  . 
  @ λ1 = R(u) = R(|u|)A  |u| 

O L E

 . 
    ? λ1  ' u+  u−  0       u
 |u|A   
  8      ? λ1 

ÉC
9 8 A  
  
 u  ,
   Ω Q  
  

 
 L8M 
: 
A  w ∈ C 2 (Ω) . )

−∆w ≥ 0  Ω,  w = 0 
 ∂Ω,

   w ≡ 0  ΩA   w > 0  Ω @  


  
 ? u+  u− ;

 
  ? 
   *   &< 
 
.  H 
  

 
A  ,
  
  

  
  
6  
  ? λ1        
   
  @ 
 # 
. 

8    u1  u2  A ,6?6  


E

u1 u2 dx = 0,

IQ U
N

C H
 
  0 

,     A 
  


E


LY T
>)0+'+) CC ) Ω     *   "   
 

PO

  

 
 Ω
  
    >
   

LE
$  

ÉC O
$ 
 ( 
   $
 



U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC  ,0  
   
6      

EC H
:
 
 
   
 

   A ,6?6  
0

T

 .
  
.

Y
POL

−div(A∇u) = λu  Ω

 ∂Ω

LE
u=0

ÉC O
R A(x) 
   # 
  . ;.   
6   " < •

 .    
,   
   
6      ?  
  
 6
 .     
 
  
 
        6
0  
 
.
 /
   . 0 .     


    )  8 J  #  ,       
  

E
%

 
  # 
 
. ; 00 ? ,
    <
IQ U
 
  ;""$<  ,       .  8       

∂2u
H N
EC
ρ ∂t2 − div (2µe(u) + λ tr(e(u)) Id) = f  Ω × R+ ∗ ;&-<
u=0
Y T 
 ∂Ω × R+ ∗,

POL
 
R ρ > 0     .
 

 
 e(u) = ∇u + (∇u)t /2 +

L E

  :   
 
. ) µ > 0  2µ + N λ > 0 9 ,0 

O
 8   
 f ;      ,.
      <

ÉC
 
 
    
       ;&-<  
 ,.
   
 ,
      
6   &  ' 
 ?   

  (, u)
0 
 .
  
.

−div (2µe(u) + λ tr(e(u)) Id) = u  Ω
;&<
u=0 
 ∂Ω,

R  = ω 2      8


   . 0  ;
 .       
.
  
 . 
 8
  .  :    λ< 9   
A
 8    u  
  9,&) 30,30) &) 2'/0.1',*
9 
.     
 6 
 
   
  

 
. ;
      
 
 
 , <
U E
" $  -" /$ 0     , I Q
0,3,:'1',* CC 
  )"  "$ - $*$' "H
Ω C1
N $&"
RN
$  " $"
#/"$$ 
(k )k≥1

T
' "  #  ))"$"
L2 (Ω)N (uk )k≥1
E C 
 &"
"
H01 (Ω)N
/
-*
Y ),), $
uk

P O L
−div (2µe(uk ) + λ tr(e(uk )) Id) = k uk
),),  

LE
uk = 0 ∂Ω.

ÉC O
( $
 

 # 
    &

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC
#


U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC

%

 & W        ,


 L
M   
U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
- 
 ( 
   $
 



U E
N IQ
 
  
  
  8    uk   *   & ,

EC H

 8  
  ,  
0 ;&< *   5

T
& 
         .
      .     

Y
POL
8     8
   ;   8
    
 
< '
 
 
       )  Q1      

LE
 ,
 L
M   0  ) ;    
     1  <  
 
     0 ;    
     /
<     A

ÉC O
  0A   ?  H .
  ;       
# 
     90◦ 
. , z < ;.   2
 &   50
&<
   .
    L 
0M

+
     
>
   "  " --" $

 & W >


    
      2
 &
/
    
 
   % ;"&< 

 . 
U E
IQ
   ,
 0 ,.
   # 0 
 ;.  
   ;- << *

N
H

  0 ,.
     ,
    .
  8  

EC
 (λ, u, p)
0 
.

Y T
⎨ ∇p − µ∆u = λu  Ω

POL
divu = 0  Ω ;& <


 ∂Ω,
E
u=0

O L
R µ > 0   .   A u  .   p   
D
 9 
.   

ÉC
 
 6 
 
 A   
 
 
 ,  
.

>)0+'+) CC ) Ω     *   


 C 1  RN  " 
$      
  (λk )k≥1          $(   

%  (uk )k≥1  
  L2 (Ω)N    + * ( 
 %
 uk

  + H01 (Ω)N (     
   pk ∈ L2 (Ω) 
  ⎧
⎨ ∇pk − µ∆uk = λk uk  
 Ω
divuk = 0  
 Ω

uk = 0   ∂Ω.
 
  
  
  8      *   & ,

 8  
  
   % ;& < *   5 &
U E
IQ

         .
      .      8  

N
H
  8
   ;   8
    
 
<

E C
>)0+'+) CC      
 
   $ 
  )%1
T
O LY
*
     

 V (x) = Ax · x 4 A   
 : 
       $
 %

P
OLE
−∆u + V u = λu 
 RN . ;& <

ÉC
(    
 

U E
    
 H = L (R ) 
2 N

N IQ


EC H 
V = v ∈ H 1 (RN )   |x|v(x) ∈ L2 (RN ) .

Y T
POL
"   V   
  O    


 

LE
u, vV = ∇u(x) · ∇v(x) dx + |x|2 u(x)v(x) dx,

O
RN RN

ÉC
  $5   V 
 H  
  '   $      
 
(λk )k≥1          $   
 %   L2 (RN ) (uk )k≥1
   
        &2 0
   

      %%
uk  
 pk (x) exp(−Ax · x/2) 4 pk
  :9  * k − 1 L   %:   


>)0+'+) CC ) Ω     *  RN        



  $ 
  

  
   $
 


 Ω
U E
IQ
∆ (∆u) = λu
 ∂Ω.
N
∂u
∂n = u = 0

EC H
"  $      
  (λk )k≥1  
      

T
$   
 %  
 L2 (Ω)     (uk )k≥1 

 
Y
POL
+ H02 (Ω)

/

O L E
)    

 C
É *
  
 (

@ .  
       8
  .   6

 ?  
6   &  
 
6  Vh  ,   = 0
V A    ) A     
  (λh , uh ) ∈ R × Vh 
a(uh , vh ) = λh uh , vh H ∀ vh ∈ Vh . ;& <
5# 
A Vh 
   , )   
 
   1) 6
  $"  $ "A  H  ,  L2 (Ω)  
   ,   
;& <  8       
.


)99) CC $  )     #!)"#+ A#+ F,3,,   - 
U E
))  F, $" $  " $" *$
N IQ
0 < λ1 ≤ · · · ≤ λn dl
- ndl = dimVh ,
E C H
 ' "  
L T
"  &" $ /  Vh ' "#$ $ H ' (uk,h )1≤k≤n  - "  ))
Y dl

P O
uk,h ∈ Vh , " a(uk,h , vh ) = λk uk,h , vh H ∀ vh ∈ Vh .

O LE
ÉC
 
 ( 
   $
 



U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C '  
 H   
 .  . 

EC H
5 & ;?  (   
,   )    
 0 ) 

T
.
 < /  
  
   (A 


Y
POL
 0 
A 
 
 ?    
.    
   (φi )1≤i≤ndl

0  Vh ; A  8    0 ,
   , ) A . 

LE
 *   $&< @   uh 
   ;& < 
  8

ÉC O uh (x) =

ndl

i=1
Uih φi (x).


  9.10'+) &) 9.::) Mh )  

(Mh )ij = φi , φj H 1 ≤ i, j ≤ ndl ,

  9.10'+) &) 0'('&'1% Kh )  

(Kh )ij = a(φi , φj ) 1 ≤ i, j ≤ ndl ,


U E
N IQ
 0 ;& <  
. ? 
. (λh , Uh ) ∈ R × Rndl 
  

Kh Uh = λh Mh Uh .
EC H ;& <

Y T
POL
   L       M .      
  
    +
 
A    R Vh 
   ,

O L E
) A       Kh     H   
   

'  $  ,         )  
 0

ÉC
  
 @ . )   
    Mh  Kh  # 

 )    .  # ;& < 
 0   
 .
 
L  M    
   
 ;.      $
 T U< : 
,   
   . 0 Ph  


Mh = Ph Ph∗ ,  Kh = Ph diag(λk )Ph∗ .

* 
A  
   ;& <   .
  (λk )   . 

 (Uk,h )1≤k≤ndl 
  . 
   Ph  ' . 
 
8 
 0A   
 Kh   
 Mh ;
  6

 0 . ?  +
 &  
  0< 2 A 
. 
 Uk,h     . 
      0 (φi )1≤i≤ndl

U
 8   uk,h 
8
 0   Vh 
  
    E
 H 
N IQ 

E C H
)9.0;5) CC 1   &      #
5 & J

LY T
 
 A  8 0    a(u, v)  
 :B9%10';5) @ .  0 
,     #     9 (A   ,  

P O
# 
A   
     # ;& <    0A ,6?6  , 

LE
   
 
0 
 .
  ;& < •

ÉC O
(    
 

U E
N IQ
,  
 & ? ,   .     ) 

EC H

0  1   ;&&<    @  V = H01 (Ω)A H = L2 (Ω)A

T
 ,    V0h   1)   $" ; 
 V0h      

Y
POL

     1  <

>)0+'+) CC      


 
    N = 1

OLE

−uk = λk uk  0 < x < 1

ÉC uk (0) = uk (1) = 0.

    
 

  
  
 %      P1  
  
  
)  2 "   

  
 Mh   

 ⎛ ⎞
2/3 1/6 0
⎜ 1/6 2/3 1/6 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜    ⎟

E
Mh = h ⎜    ⎟,

U
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠

IQ
1/6 2/3 1/6

N
0 1/6 2/3
   
  
EC H
Y T
h

POL
λk (Mh ) = (2 + cos(kπh))  1 ≤ k ≤ n.
3

O L E
"  (     
  

  !(
    Mh = h Id
6
   
( 
  
      
  

ÉC
)9.0;5) CC *
 
  .
  . 
 
0  
  ;& <  8
A  A    
  8     '%#
      Mh = Lh L∗h A 
   
  


K̃h Ũh = λh Ũh . K̃h = L−1 ∗ −1


h Kh (Lh )  Ũh = L∗h Uh ,


 
   ,    
  .
  . 
  /

.# ?      
 
    
     J  


 , ,  
 G
    

@ 
 .   
    K̃h  8  ,     8    

E
'%#  Mh  
  
 8
  
 
 
 .
  :  
U
IQ
   Mh 
   &'.(,*.-) '    ,    
 
  

N
+,*&)*:.1',* &) 9.::) ;
L 
  M    <   8

  
H
C
* A  
    8
  
 
 ;$"< ;

  
 
 

Y E
.
 
 
 ,
 8   
 

  <A  .  8  

T
     Mh   0
    ;.  ,9  &< •

P O L
/
 .   
6   
. 
 :)5-): -): 30)9'?0): 2.-)50:

LE
30,30):   λk,h ; 
  <         .


ÉC O
 
 ( 
   $
 



U E
N IQ
   λk ;H  
  . 
 <  8
  8   

EC H

8  
    .
  ; 
  <
0   ;& <

T
, 

   )   # 
 V * 
A         

Y
POL
.
 
0  1   ;&&<A  8
  
    
:
)
  Ω ) 
     ,  , )  Vh   0  


LE
  
  
/
 
  
6     
  $      

ÉC O
. 0  ,
 0
 ;   
 0 
  ) 
  0 <
@ 
   0  1   ;&&< 
 
  #  @
  

   , )  P1   
     2
 &  
50
&< @ 
 
    .
       
 

        L 
0M

+
      " $
>
  "&- $ $ $ $ "

 &
U E
W >
    
      2
 & 

N IQ
 '
$ 
  
 #  
EC H
Y T
POL
1  
6  A 
 
  , 
 
  .6
        )   
  Pk 
  
  .
 

O L E
. 
 
0  1   ;&&<   0    
  
 
    ? ,
 0  ? ,
 # , ) 

É C "
4%,0?9) CC (Th )h>0 $  "  0 "$0  0   Ω,
"   )  
V0h H01 (Ω)' *$ )  "#   $" *$ Pk ' 
$$ ndl , " (λi , ui) ∈ R × H01 (Ω)' )  i ≥ 1'  -  " - "  ))
"#$ $ L2 (Ω) )/+  8 #" %,3%' $0 )   $"
0 < λ1 ≤ λ2 ≤ ... ≤ λi ≤ λi+1 ...

"  -  ))


0 < λ1,h ≤ λ2,h ≤ ... ≤ λndl ,h ,

 ))&"$ -"$$ F, $ V0h ,   " " i ≥ 1 *&' $ 


U E
IQ
HN
lim |λi − λi,h | = 0. ;& <

C
h→0

T E
 &" $   - "  )) (ui,h )1≤i≤n  F, $ V0h " ' 
Y
λi " $ -  )) )' $ 
L
dl

PO
OLE
lim ui − ui,h H 1 (Ω) = 0. ;& "<
h→0

ÉC
(    
 

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
OLE
 #
  


ÉC

U E
N IQ
EC H
 %


Y T
POL
 


O L E
ÉC

 $
  &


U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
 &
P O
W  $      ,
 0


O LE
ÉC
 
 ( 
   $
 



U E
8 ) '    )  $0$  ) (u1 , ..., ui)
N I Q $
" $   H k+1 (Ω) " 
k + 1 > N/2'  $  ""$  

E C H
LY T |λi − λi,h | ≤ Ci h2k , ;& $<

P O
. Ci $ )$ )  h' "  λi " $ -  )) )' $ 

O LE ui − ui,h H 1 (Ω) ≤ Ci hk . ;& &<

ÉC
)9.0;5) CC   Ci  ;& $< 
;& &<   . +∞ 
 i →
+∞A  
8  
,  ,#  

   
  
   .
 
  ; A λndl ,h <      .
    λi 
,   .    .
    
0  
  .  
 . 
   ,  ? ,
   ,    
,
 
6 I  
, 
. 
      
 
 
     ;.   *    <

U E
 .    . 
   
 ,0  
   .
 

IQ
     9 (A   .
  λi  
 A  
 

N
H
. 
    ui,h 
   .     
 
  

EC
,

  
 ( 0       . 
 


6     ? λi 

Y T •

E POL
O L
ÉC

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T

E  POL
O L
ÉC
 ! 
1
)%   
U E
:  ,
 

N IQ
EC H
'      ? ,#  
  
 
  0

Y T
,.
    ;        
 .  
  0

POL
    . 0  < /
  
 
  # 

# ( ,
  
  .   J   # 0 
A  

L E
 # #0 
 , # 
 ,
  0 
  ,
   

O

 
 
 
    ;   # , ?    


ÉC
 
   
   %   <  # ,
 
#0 
  ,
     
 
 
 
   ;  6

 8   # , ?    
  
   
 
 , # 
 
  ,   < *
 A , 
. , ? 0

 ,
 0 ,.
   A  6
   # 0 
 
#0 
A A  A ,
 
 !       
 
 

        
.           ?


 
    ?      1     -  - 
 6
 ,    ,
    
   ,
    
 
   

   ? 
.
    =,095-.1',* 2.0'.1',**)--) ' 
 ,. 

U
      
6   & A 

   
   /.:): 4'-/)0E
1')**): &) =,*+1',*: 30,30): 
 
'  & /
   
 

N IQ
E C H
   &!):1'9.1',*: &!%*)0(') 
 
 0  ,  # 
  

I
 )      
       1     -  -" 


LY T

   30,30'%1%: ;5.-'1.1'2):  
   
 
  


A   
 ,    ,
    00 
  
 

P O
  
    A -)50: 30,30'%1%: ;5.-'1.1'2): :,*1 3.0 +,*10) 10?:

LE
&'A%0)*1): /
 . 
 
A        
  . 

ÉC O "
$ 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
8 ? , 
  # 
 ;     
 
 
  
A 

EC H
 .   ,  
   <A ,
  
 
A  ? 

T
  
   ;   .      L ) M  

Y
POL

A   . 0       < 5
  
  


 
   
   0 / A 
 
  

LE
  
  
 ,
     ,  
   RN Y    

 0 
 8
     
  
  
 8    4

ÉC O     -$  -&    ?  0%:,-51',* *59%0';5)  ,
6
    
     /
 . I?       
(  )  
  0 ;.   '    < 3
 
 

  
 ,
         %-%9)*1: @*':   
*
  A 8 ? ,
 A 

     )  
 
     A    (  )  
      

:  5  
 )   #
 &  

U E
*      
 0 0 
 
 
 


N IQ
   A   

   
   # 
 
  


EC H
, #      -!%;5.1',* &) -. +4.-)50  ,  # 
 
I?  
 
'     Ω
 
. 0  RN  8  ∂Ω *


Y T
    
     1      ,  

POL
⎧ ∂u
⎨ ∂t − ∆u = f  Ω × R+ ∗

E
u=0 
 ∂Ω × R+ ∗ ;-<

L

u(x, 0) = u0 (x) 
 x ∈ Ω.

ÉC O
 0 
    ;-<    ,.
    
 u(x, t) 

   
 

 

    Ω   0
  

   A ? t = 0A     8   u0 
  0 ∂Ω

 A  
   
 ?
 .
 A
    .

 8  ; ,      1     u(x, t) = 0 
 ∂Ω × R+ < 

   
       8    f = f (x, t) / 
 
. 0 x ∈ Ω  t ∈ R+ I
  X  (  ;-< 

,  , 
,
 
  
  .  
     t 

    
x ;     
 
  . 0  <
 
 
,    ,
   # 

# ;-< * A
;-<    
  (
  ,
    u     ΩA 
0 
,.
 
    u ,
 D
 , 
 
   


U E
;#  1 #<A 
    ,
 
. 0C      Ω
N IQ
E C H
@ 
A 0  GA   ,
    
    ? ,
    6

 ; A
     /
     
 Ω 
 0 
<

LY T
      .   ,
    
 ,0  


P O
,      
 
   


    
 

LE
;.   
6   " < '      A  A   


ÉC O
)  $    &

U E
N IQ
      
 
  
   
   ,


EC H
( .  8  
     ;  . <    # 

T

   %    
 
 .   .
 
 

Y
POL
   9  u  .   p    ,
 D
 . 

 
  ? 
8  f A  # ,  

LE
⎧ ∂u

⎪ + ∇p − µ∆u = f  Ω × R+ ∗

O
⎨ ∂t
 Ω × R+

ÉC
divu = 0 ∗ ;- <

⎪ u=0 
 ∂Ω × R+


u(x, t = 0) = u0 (x)  Ω
R µ > 0   .   
D
 + 
     
     1  
     ,  
D
 ?    Ω ;.   '  <A  

 #  % , .0 
 
  .  8 0 ;.   +

"&<  
  
 
 
 .        ? 
  

U E
:  5  
 )   #
  &  
N IQ
EC H
*    
   
   #0 
 
 
 
6
           -!%;5.1',* &): ,*&):  , 

Y T
# 
  I?  
 
'     Ω
 
. 0  RN  8 

POL
∂Ω *
     
     1      ,  
⎧ 2

L E ⎪ − ∆u = f  Ω × R+
∂ u

⎨ ∂t2 ∗

ÉC O ⎪

u=0
u(t = 0) = u0 (x)
⎩ ∂u

 ∂Ω × R+
 Ω
 Ω.
∗ ;-<

∂t (t = 0) = u1 (x)

 0 
    ;-<   A  A     




  .  ,
 0  
A 
0   , 

,
    
      ,  
 u(t, x) 
 8  
  
 
     -!%-.:1,&B*.9';5) 
  .  ,.
  
  
   ,     ;.   '    "< *   

   8    # 
A ,      .    

 A  0 
 0 ,.
  ,  
  
 ;-< / A
 (   . ;-<  
 ,  

U E
IQ
u(t, x)   
 8   ? .
 .    RN  *
  A 

N
  f (t, x)  
 ;.  <  8   
A    u(t, x)
H
C
 
  



2

Y T E
ρ ∂ u − div (2µe(u) + λ tr(e(u)) Id) = f  Ω × R+

L
⎨ ∂t2 ∗

 ∂Ω × R+
O
u=0 ∗ ;-<

⎪ u(t = 0) = u0 (x)
P  Ω

LE
⎩ ∂u
∂t (t = 0) = u1 (x)  Ω,

ÉC O
- 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
R u0       A u1  .    A  e(u) = (∇u + (∇u)t )/2 

EC H

  8 
      


 ΩA 

T
    ρ > 0A  H 
  
   
. ) µ > 0 

Y
POL
2µ + N λ > 0

)9.0;5) C C @ 
 I
 
 
  ;-<  ;-<
 
 

LE
   A  

O
ÉC ∂2u
∂t2

∂u
∂t
− ∆u = f  Ω × R+
∗.


  :  η    8A  
     ?
 8 
 8     ?  .  @  
 
,  ,  ,
  ,6
  @   &!%;5.1',* &): ,*&): .9,01'): •

)9.0;5) C C    ,
   # 
   
?  
 

U E

  .   #0 
 ' A 
   #0 
 , 

IQ
  
 0 ,.
  ,  
 ',    

N

  ,9
      
 
A 
 
   7C   6
H
EC
  A 
  # ,
  #0 
 , 
 


T
    
     ,  ?  0A   

Y
(  ,          •

E POL
L
1
 2          +

ÉC O
/
  
.
        ,  ?  

 
 

'  " 


 0  ,    ,
    
  ,
 0   

'          J  A 0 
 8
 
.   ; 
6   - <A 
 A  ,    ,
 
  
    8
  .   
  
 0  0 
 8    ; 
6   -  <A   A  
  
 
. ) 0   0 
    
 ; 
6   - <

: +  


$


,   ,  
 8
  .   
0 ?
 %;5.1',*
&'A%0)*1')--) ,0&'*.'0)
   A     ? ;&< *
  
 
 6
U E
N IQ
  ,
    
 ;-< 
 8    v(x) 
  

 t 3 
      
    
    ?  
 v ,


C H

  0  ,
. ΩA  
. 
  ,( 

    
E
/
 0 
LY T
    ;   0 < *
 ,   
     8


∂u

P O 

LE
(x, t)v(x) dx + ∇u(x, t) · ∇v(x) dx = f (x, t)v(x) dx. ;-"<
Ω ∂t

O
Ω Ω

ÉC
)         
 

U E
N IQ
'  Ω  v(x)  .  .   tA  
     
  

 8

EC H
T
  

Y
d

POL
u(x, t)v(x) dx + ∇u(x, t) · ∇v(x) dx = f (x, t)v(x) dx.
dt Ω Ω Ω

LE
9   8  
  . 0 x  t I
  X  (A 
 

ÉC O
 . 0       
  u(t, x) 
 8  

t E 2.-)50: &.*: 5* ):3.+) &) =,*+1',*: )  
 Ω ;H  
 f (t, x)<
*
  A  ,  
  ) T > 0 ;.
   ? +∞<A
   
 u  )  

u : ]0, T [ → H01 (Ω)


t → u(t),

 
  
 ?  u(x, t)  .
 u(t) (x)     ,  H01 (Ω)

U E
 .     

0  
 .  ,
   ?


IQ

 9   ,   ,  
.  
  8
  .  

N

0      1 HA   
  f     
H
EC

 8    t ? .
  L2 (Ω)

T
@ 
   
     L2 (Ω)   8 0    a(w, v) ) 

Y
POL
 
w, vL2 (Ω) = w(x)v(x) dx  a(w, v) = ∇w(x) · ∇v(x) dx.

O L E Ω Ω

9     8     ,  H01 (Ω)A  


   ;-"< 


ÉC
 8 ,
  &!%;5.1',* &'A%0)*1')--) ,0&'*.'0)  t @ 0   
 8
  .   
. J 
. u(t) 8    ]0, T [ ? .
 
H01 (Ω)  


⎨ d u(t), v 2
L (Ω) + a (u(t), v) = f (t), vL2 (Ω) ∀ v ∈ H01 (Ω), 0 < t < T,
dt ;-$<

u(t = 0) = u0 .

  
 
   ?     8
  .   ;-$< 
 


   
   J 
   
     f   uA
 
   ?   .   K 9 
 A  8
 0
 

u(t)    
  t = 0 
 
    ?      u0 
U E
*
  
 . 0  , 

 8  ,  8   
N IQ
H
8    t ? .
      8    x

" $ )   @/"'  )  E C


' YT
%@*'1',* CC X 0$$"' $ )  
K$ # *$   "!) $"'

,   $ $" ' $
 $"$4$" -/  P $
0 < T ≤ +∞ k≥0 L
$"
' 
X = L2 (Ω) H01 (Ω)
O ,  $ $"  $
, " $ ") *$
) 
C(Ω)
 $ "$
C k ([0, T ]; X) k

O L E [0, T ] X v X $ '  X

ÉC
 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
"   - L3M  C k

N Q )   $
" $ )  IK$ #
H
([0, T ]; X)

TE C
k 

 m
d v 
sup 
 

Y
v C k ([0,T ];X) = (t)
 m  .

PO
$ $" L2 (]0, T [; X)
L
)   $ "$ 
m=0 0≤t≤T dt X

]0, T [ $ X "   $ "$

LE
t → v(t) X "  / "   $"0/' "  
O
ÉC

 T
v L2 (]0,T [;X) = v(t) 2X dt < +∞.
0

B $  "" $ L2(]0, T [; X) "   $ )   K$ #, 8 ) '  X " $


)   @/"'  L2(]0, T [; X) " $ )   @/" )   ) "  
 T
u, vL2 (]0,T [;X) = u(t), v(t)X dt.
0

U E
N
)9.0;5) CC X  ,  L2 (Ω)A  L2 (]0, T [; L2(Ω)) ,  ) ? , 
IQ
L2 (]0, T [×Ω) 

A     2
0  A  
 T  
EC H
T
 T

Y
POL
v 2L2 (]0,T [;L2 (Ω)) = |v(t)|2 (x) dx dt = |v(x, t)|2 dx dt = v 2L2 (]0,T [×Ω) .
0 Ω 0 Ω

O L E
*
 1 ≤ p < +∞A  
    1)   -   
 ,  
E  Lp (]0, T [; X)  8    ]0, T [  X  
  8   t → v(t) X

ÉC
  
0   
  p6  0 •
1  
      
  f  ,  L2 (]0, T [; L2 (Ω))A  
   
  u  -!):3.+) &!%*)0(') L2 (]0, T [; H01 (Ω)) ∩ C([0, T ]; L2 (Ω))
'   
 P 0  A     <5:1'@%A  
   6
   ,   ,
 
  
  8
  .   ;-$<A  

 3.0 :,* -')* .2)+ &): ):1'9.1',*: &!%*)0(') ;.  ,9  - < /
I? 
A  8         
   ? .
  L2 (Ω)A
        0 
 
2 A   .     8
  .   ;-$<   H
  
 8 0 

,    8   t → u(t), vL2 (Ω) ,  
,?
L2 (0, T ) ;.     

 )           .<

U E
IQ
2 

A ,   
 
   ;-$<A  ,    ;-$< 
 

N

   .    
  
,  #   
  
 

,  
? L2 (]0, T [)

E C H
: 3
  

LY T
P O
*
  ,    ,
    
    8
  .  6

LE
 ;-$<A 
 . 
   
      & /
 

ÉC O
)         
 

U E
N IQ

.    L   M ,
    
  ?  
 

EC H
,
 8     
  (    
    @ 6

T

  
    = 0 V  H  
 V ⊂ H . I    

Y
POL
  ;.  ;&<  ,   
, 
< 5# 
  
 V = H01 (Ω)
 H = L2 (Ω)

LE
4%,0?9) CC
O
$" V " H  & )   @/" "  V ⊂ H - $
> "$ ) " " V " $ $ H , " a(u, v) $  /$ !" 
ÉC $"$  "  - $ V , " $ ") *$ T > 0' $ $$ $" u0 ∈ H '
" $ "    f ∈ L2 (]0, T [; H),   )/+


⎨ d u(t), vH + a (u(t), v) = f (t), vH ∀ v ∈ V, 0 < t < T,
dt ;-&<

⎩ u(t = 0) = u ,
0

U E
.  "$  ,F    $ / $ ]0, T [  $ $   "$ u ∈
L2 (]0, T [; V ) ∩ C([0, T ]; H), 8 ) '  &" $ $"$" C > 0   $ )$ 
 Ω " 
N IQ


EC H 
u L2(]0,T [;V ) + u C([0,T ];H) ≤ C u0 H + f L2 (]0,T [;H) . ;--<

Y T
POL
)9.0;5) CC
!):1'9.1',* &!%*)0(') ;--< 
. 
  
   ;-&<
  G  A   
  0 0 
 ;-&<  0 

L E
 
  =  

O

ÉC
)9.0;5) CC 1  5 -   
 ( 0  ,#   . 
  8 0    # 
 a(u, v) ;   , I?   ,9 
&< @ 0   H  
   
 
 
,    

   . ν > 0  η > 0  


a(v, v) + η v 2H ≥ ν v 2V 
 
 v ∈ V.

9 (A  , ( 


     8    
 u(t) = eηt w(t)A  . 

 ;-&<  
. ?

⎨ d w(t), v + a (w(t), v) + ηw(t), v = f (t), v

E
H H H ∀ v ∈ V, 0 < t < T,

U
dt

IQ
w(t = 0) = u0 ,

H N
C
R  8 0    a(w, v) + ηw, vH  0   . 
 V  ' #

Y T E
( 0  
 A  A   
   ,9  -  •

P O L
%9,*:10.1',*C     .   
  1
  
A  
 ,   ,
 
  uA 
 0
 8
  

LE

 u 
  8 ,
   0
           H

ÉC O
 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
 V  9 
 A  8
 
. ,
    
  1
 
 

EC H
A 
  
    .      L2 (]0, T [; V ) 

T
C([0, T ]; H)A  
    0 
 
   ;-&<

Y
1.3) C
 
 u ∈ L2 (]0, T [; V ) ∩ C([0, T ]; H)  
   ;-&< 

POL
#  , 
  5 & 
  
 
0

LE

 .
    ?  8 0    # 
 a(u, v) * 
A
  
 0  0  (uk )k≥1  H   . 
   ;& <

ÉC O uk ∈ V,  a(uk , v) = λk uk , vH ∀ v ∈ V.

@ ) 

αk (t) = u(t), uk H , α0k = u0 , uk H , βk (t) = f (t), uk H .

*

 u ∈ L2 (]0, T [; V ) ∩ C([0, T ]; H)  f ∈ L2 (]0, T [; H)A   
 
 αk (t) ∈
C([0, T ])  βk (t) ∈ L2 (]0, T [) ' (uk )k≥1 
 0  0   H A  


U E
IQ
+∞

N
u(t) = αk (t)uk ,

H
k=1

T
    v = uk  ;-&<  0 

Y EC
POL

⎨ dαk + λ α = β  ]0, T [
k k k
dt ;-<

O L E ⎩
αk (t = 0) = α0k .

ÉC
@ . )   
 ,
 
 
   ;-< 
 t
αk (t) = α0k e−λk t + βk (s)e−λk (t−s) ds 
 t > 0,
0

 

 8
   
  
  u ;
 
 
<
1.3) C /
   
   
+∞ 
  t 
α0j e−λj t + βj (s)e−λj (t−s) ds uj ;-<
j=1 0

.   L2 (]0, T [; V ) ∩ C([0, T ]; H)  


  A  u(t)  
  
U E
;-&< '      ? ,  k    

N IQ
k
k 

0 −λj t
 t
−λj (t−s)


E C H ;-<
T
w (t) = αj e + βj (s)e ds uj .

Y
0

L
j=1

P O
'  wk   ? C([0, T ]; H) 

 
 αj (t)   
 7

LE

  
 wk   '
#  C([0, T ]; H) *
 l > k A 
     

ÉC O
)         
 

U E
  8    uj A  
N IQ

 



 
EC H
 t



T
 l
  l

 0 −λj t   ds uj 
Y
−λj (t−s)
w (t) − w (t) H ≤ 
l k
αj e uj  +  βj (s)e 

POL
j=k+1  j=k+1 0 
H H
⎛ ⎞1/2 ⎛ ⎞
 t 2 1/2

LE
 l l
≤⎝ |α0j |2 e−2λj t ⎠ + ⎝ βj (s)e−λj (t−s) ds ⎠

ÉC O ⎛
j=k+1


l
⎞1/2 ⎛
 T 
l
j=k+1
⎞1/2
0

1
≤⎝ |α0j |2 ⎠ + ⎝ |βj (s)|2 ds⎠
2λj 0
j=k+1 j=k+1
⎛ ⎞1/2 ⎛ ⎞1/2
l  l  T
1 ⎝
≤⎝ |α0j |2 ⎠ + √ |βj (s)|2 ds⎠ ,
j=k+1
2λ1 j=k+1 0



  
  .
  (λj )         . '
U E
u0 ∈ H  f ∈ L2 (]0, T [; H)  
N IQ
u0 2H =

+∞
|α0j |2 < +∞, f 2L2(]0,T [;H) =
EC H +∞ 
 T
|βj (s)|2 ds < +∞,
j=1

LY T j=1 0

P O
 
P 
  
 wk (t)   '
#  H  *
  A  

E

 
  
 wk . )
L
ÉCO
 
lim sup w − w H = 0,
l k
k,l→+∞ 0≤t≤T

,6?6  
,   '
#  C([0, T ]; H)
7 
  
 wk  
  '
#  L2 (]0, T [; V ) @ 
  V


    a(u, v) ;
. 

   

 ? 
    . 
 a< *
 l > k  

l
w (t) − w
l k
(t) 2V = a(w (t) − w (t), w (t) − w (t)) =
l k l k
λj |αj (t)|2
j=k+1

l 
l  t 2
λj |α0j |2 e−2λj t
E
−λj (t−s)
≤2
U
+2 λj βj (s)e ds .

IQ
j=k+1 j=k+1 0

@A      ,     '


#6 CF  
H N
 t
βj (s)e−λj (t−s) ds
2  t
|βj (s)|2 e−λj (t−s) ds
  t

T E C
e−λj (t−s) ds


Y

0

1
P O L
0
 t 
0

LE
≤ |βj (s)|2 e−λj (t−s) ds .
λj

O
0

ÉC
 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
*  
A  .

  2
0 
N IQ
  
EC H  

T
T t T T
2 −λj (t−s) −λj (t−s)

Y
|βj (s)| e ds dt = |βj (s)| 2
e dt ds
0 0

PO L 1
0
 T
s

LE
≤ |βj (s)|2 ds.
λj

O
0

ÉC
* 
A   
 

 T 
l 
l  T
2
wl (t) − wk (t) 2V dt ≤ |α0j |2 + |βj (s)|2 ds,
0 λj 0
j=k+1 j=k+1

 
 
 
  
 wk . )
 T
lim wl (t) − wk (t) 2V dt = 0,
U E
IQ
k,l→+∞ 0

,6?6  
,   '
#  L2 (]0, T [; V )
H N
EC
'  
   C([0, T ]; H)  L2 (]0, T [; V )  A  
 
'
# wk .    
 )      u

Y T
POL
lim wk = u  C([0, T ]; H) ∩ L2 (]0, T [; V ).

E
k→+∞

O L
9 
 A  wk (0) .  . u0  H A   
    

ÉC
   .

A u(0) = u0 ;

     8    H < 1,
 A  
  
 u(t)A   
      ;-< . )
√  8
  .  
;-&< 
 
 8    v = uk  ' (uk / λk ) 
 0  0 
 V A u(t) . )   8
  .   ;-&< 
 
 v ∈ V A ,6?6 

 u(t)  0   
      ;-&<
*
 0  ,   ,  ;--<A  
:  
 
 ,  
.
 I 
1
wl (t) − wk (t) H ≤ u0 H + √ f L2(]0,T [;H)
2λ1

E
 
U
T
2

IQ
wl (t) − wk (t) 2V dt ≤ u0 2H + f 2L2 (]0,T [;H) .

N
0 λ1
9  k = 0   8    l . , ) A  0   
,     
E C H
LY
   "  (  , 
 
   

( "
 
 %  T
P O

     %      *
  %   )G!
%
 

LE
 "
 
 ( (    
  u(t)  *   t → u(t), vH    %'

ÉC O
)         
 "

U E
 & I Q  $ 
  

 "
 K    
  &
N
2

 H
L (0, T ) C[0, T ])
   % 
 *' 
  ## 

   '
 ! 
  
   
  C
!   *
T E
 d
u(t), vH & 
 *   
H −1 (0, T )
 
 

Y
dt
H01 (0, T )
$
d
P O L %  T

∀ φ ∈ H01 (0, T ).
E   "
 "
   )G!  

 *'   "
% &
u(t), vH , φ(t) =− u(t), vH (t) dt

L
dt H −1 ,H01 (0,T ) 0
dt

 O
É C  "

 "
 ]0, T [

 T  T  T

− u(t), vH (t) dt + a(u(t), v)φ(t) dt = f (t), vH φ(t) dt
0
dt 0 0



 v ∈ V  
 φ ∈ Cc∞ (]0, T [) 
"
 Cc∞ (]0, T [)    H01 (0, T ) 

 
 
  
K  u 
  
   )G!        "

)G!   % dtd u(t), vH   & L2 (0, T )   
     "
 )G!  

 "
  
  ]0, T [ •
U E
: . 

N IQ
EC
/
  
    
 0 
5 -  ? ,
 H
Y T
  
A  
 
. 
    .    0    

POL

 ,
  
  .   , 

4%,0?9) CC
O L E
" Ω $  -" /$ 0   RN , " $ ") *$ T > 0'
$ $$ $" u0 ∈ L2(Ω)' " $ "    f ∈ L2 (]0, T [; L2(Ω)), 
ÉC
 "$   # 



∂u
∂t
− ∆u = f ),), $ Ω×]0, T [


u=0 ),),   ∂Ω×]0, T [ ;- <
u(x, 0) = u0 (x) ),), $ Ω.
 " $ $   "$ u ∈ L2 (]0, T [; H01(Ω)) ∩ C([0, T ]; L2(Ω)), 8 ) '  &"
$ $"$" C > 0   $ )$   Ω " ' )  " " t ∈ [0, T ]'
  t   t 

E
2
u(x, t) dx + |∇u(x, s)| dxds ≤ C
2 2
u0 (x) dx + 2
f (x, s) dxds .

U
Ω 0 Ω Ω 0 Ω

IQ
;-<
%9,*:10.1',*C /
  
  5 -  ?  8
  .  
H N
E
;-$<  ,
    
 ;- < J  #  8  . ) .
H = L2 (Ω)  V = H01 (Ω) ; 
 A  Ω  0  5  
T C
LY
 +  : 
 , I    H  V   <   ? 
O
P

 ,
 
 
  u ∈ L2 (]0, T [; H01 (Ω)) ∩ C([0, T ]; L2 (Ω))   8
 

LE
.    0 
 
   ;- < 5
 ,0 A     
   

ÉC O
$ 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
 1    
.    
5     ? u(t) ∈ H01 (Ω)

EC H

 
 
 t ∈]0, T [A          I
 )    
 

T
u(t)  t = 0 ;  8   ? .
  L2 (Ω)<

Y
POL
 
  u  
: 
  ; A  ∂u∂t  ∆u  
? L (]0, T [×Ω)A  
 . ,  *   -$<A       A
2

LE
 8
  .   ;-$<  
. ?

O
  

ÉC
∂u
− ∆u − f v dx = 0, ;-<
Ω ∂t


 
 8   v(x) ∈ H01 (Ω)  
 
  t ∈]0, T [ * 
A
 
  ;-< 


∂u
− ∆u − f = 0   ]0, T [×Ω.
∂t
1   
  u   
 
  "
 u ∈ L2 (]0, T [; H01 (Ω)) ∩ C([0, T ]; L2 (Ω)) 
U E
IQ
' 
         ;
        
 
5 *   &  A  "
 )N      )N! 
H N
EC
 T   T   T 
)/!
T

− uv dx dt + ∇u · ∇vφ dx dt = f vφ dx dt

LY  , 
 "
  

0 Ω
dt 0 Ω 0 Ω

O


 *   v(x) ∈ Cc1 (Ω)  φ(t) ∈ Cc1 (]0, T [)
P
L E
 "
  '   '      
   *   v(x)φ(t)  
 Cc1 (]0, T [×Ω) $   σ = (u, −∇u)  *   & %
 %   RN+1  
ÉCO
 %   8 9  ∂u − ∆u  )/! 
  "
  % 
 '
  *' %   .  #N!     &  *   f "
  
∂t

& L2 (]0, T [; L2 (Ω))  :    "


  
  ]0, T [×Ω 6 *
  * 
  "
 
 %    "
  +  ∂u − ∆u   & L2 (]0, T [; L2 (Ω))
  ("
   %
 
∂t


)9.0;5) CC
!):1'9.1',* &!%*)0(') ;-<  
 
     
6
   ,  ,   X        ?  

     
I
 ?  L. M  

# 
 ;    
 
 ,   
    ? Ω u(t, x) dx< ,    ;-<

E
  0
  
   ;--<A  

D      6
  # 
    
.  ,0    ;-< ?
   ,
    
 ;- < 
  
 %(.-'1% &!%*)0(') 
 8 
IQ U
H

, 
 0  # 
 9 
 A     
   , 
N
E C
I
 )     ,  L2 (]0, T [; H01(Ω)) ∩ C([0, T ]; L2 (Ω)) 
 #   

T

   ,   -!):3.+) &!%*)0(') ,6?6  ,   
 
  
  
     ,  
 

O LY •

P
LE
>)0+'+) CC     %: %   <%   .2&    

ÉC O
)         
 &

U E
N
 ' 
  
  u  .2 
#  *  
 ]0, T [×Ω(   IQ
EC H
(   t ∈ [0, T ]( 
$ *
 $ * 
 

T
  t 

Y
1 1

L
u(x, t)2 dx + |∇u(x, s)|2 dx ds = u0 (x)2 dx

O
2 2

P
Ω 0 Ω Ω
 t ;-$<

LE
+ f (x, s)u(x, s) dx ds.

ÉC O 0

2 6   
 
 (
  @  ?Q
A I  z    

   [0, T ] 


 R+  
 t
z(t) ≤ a + b z(s) ds ∀ t ∈ [0, T ],
0

4 a, b   


     (

z(t) ≤ aebt
∀ t ∈ [0, T ].

U E
IQ
 '

    ?Q

 z(t) = 12 Ω u(x, t)2 dx(    . 
(   t ∈ [0, T ](
H N
EC
  t 
1 et

T
u(x, t)2 dx + |∇u(x, s)|2 dx ds ≤ u0 (x)2 dx

Y
2 Ω 2

POL
0 Ω Ω
 T ;-&<
2
+ f (x, s) dx ds .

O L E 0 Ω

ÉC
>)0+'+) CC G   .( 4 

  C   
   T (   
  et $ 
 
  
 
 

5
 .& 0   

 B 
    

  

R 
 (
  

    
?Q

 ) a ∈ R+  g ∈ L2 (]0, T [)   g ≥ 0 "  (  z(t)    
[0, T ] 
 R+   
 t 
z(t) ≤ a + 2 g(s) z(s)ds ∀ t ∈ [0, T ],
0
  t 2


 z(t) ≤ ∀ t ∈ [0, T ].
E
a+ g(s)ds

U
0

2 6   .  (   t ∈ [0, T ](



N IQ

2
u(x, t) dx + 2
 t
|∇u(x, s)| dx ds 2

E C H u0 (x)2 dx
1/2

Ω 0 Ω

LY  T


1/2 2 ;--<

O
t

P
2
+ ds f (x, s) dx .

LE
0 Ω

ÉC O
- 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
,   ,  ;-$< ,   
  0 
 ,
    

   ,  
.

EC H
Y T
POL
>)0+'+) CC     %: %   <%   .2&    ( 
u0 ∈ H01 (Ω)(
  
  u  .2 
#  *  
 ]0, T [×Ω " 

LE
(   t ∈ [0, T ]( 
$ *
 $ * 
 

ÉC
1
2
O 


|∇u(x, t)|2 dx +
 t

0 Ω
∂u
2

(x, s) dxds
∂t =
1
2 Ω

|∇u0 (x)|2 dx
 t ;-<
∂u
+ f (x, s) (x, s)dxds.
0 Ω ∂t

E  GA  5 ,   - &    8  


 ,

   
    
,
 
   
      6
 
.

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC ) Ω     *  R  )   
 T > 0(
N

EC H
    
 u0 ∈ L2 (Ω)(     f ∈ L2 (]0, T [; L2(Ω)) S $
 

T

C
 .2!    $ 
  
%

  
   
>

Y
POL
⎧ ∂u
⎨ ∂t − ∆u = f
⎪ 
 Ω×]0, T [

L E  ∂Ω×]0, T [ ;- <


∂u
⎪ =0

O
∂n
u(x, 0) = u0 (x) 
 Ω

ÉC

     u ∈ L2 (]0, T [; H 1 (Ω)) ∩ C([0, T ]; L2 (Ω))

>)0+'+) CC ) Ω     *  RN  ) A(x)     Ω 

$  
 :     $    
  β ≥ α > 0
 

β|ξ|2 ≥ A(x)ξ · ξ ≥ α|ξ|2 ∀ ξ ∈ RN ,  x ∈ Ω.

)   
 T > 0(     
 u0 ∈ L2 (Ω)(     f ∈
L2 (]0, T [; L2(Ω)) "     
  

E

U
⎨ − div (A(x)∇u) = f
∂u

 Ω×]0, T [

IQ
∂t
u=0  ∂Ω×]0, T [

N


 Ω,
H
u(x, 0) = u0 (x)

T E C

     u ∈ L2 (]0, T [; H 1 (Ω)) ∩ C([0, T ]; L2 (Ω))

O LY
@ 
    5 - & 
 
   %   
P
O LE
ÉC
)         
 

U E
" $  -" /$ 0  $$&I Q , " $ ") *$
 N
4%,0?9) CC R N

"H

' $ $$ $" $ ' " $ "
T > 0
  
T
f ∈ L2 (]0, T [; L2 (Ω))N C
u0 ∈ L2 (Ω)N

E $
,    "$
divu0 = 0
 "J $""$$

OL ⎪Y
⎧ ∂u
+ ∇p − µ∆u = f Ω×]0, T [
P

⎨ ∂t
$
LE
divu = 0 Ω×]0, T [
;- <
⎪ u=0   ∂Ω×]0, T [
O


$
É C ""$" $ $   "$
u(x, t = 0) = u0 (x) Ω

,
u ∈ L2 (]0, T [; H01 (Ω))N ∩ C([0, T ]; L2 (Ω))N

  
'
 *
  %    )! 
  '  

   1
  )        
D(   /C) $  

   B' 
 
V = v ∈ H01 (Ω)N  "
 divv = 0   Ω ,


U E
IQ
 
H = v ∈ L2 (Ω)N  "
 divv = 0   Ω ,

H N
: H 
 
 *   H(div) "
  
 
    (  

%
Y T EC
V  L2 (Ω)N %   1
  ##! 4
 '   *
  %  

POL
⎧   
⎨ d u(t) · v dx + µ ∇u(t) · ∇v dx = f (t) · v dx ∀ v ∈ V, 0 < t < T,
)!
E
dt Ω

L
Ω Ω

O
u(t = 0) = u0 ,

ÉC
: "
   )!  

 *'  ]0, T [ $ "
  D(   )C &
 *
  %   )!  ( (   *  % !   '
  
    
  u ∈ L2 (]0, T [; H01 (Ω))N ∩ C([0, T ]; L2 (Ω))N 
D
  
     
% "
   
   )!  '
  
 
 )!     
    . (  
%    
D(  
#CC    & u(t) ∈ H01 (Ω)N 
 "
 
 t ∈]0, T [       
;
    
  u(t)  t = 0  u0 ∈ H 


% "
             
D(   )G
1   
  u  
  
   '
  
∂u
− µ∆u − f · v dx = 0 )C!

∂t

U E
IQ

 "
 
 t ∈]0, T [  "
 "
   v(x) ∈ Cc1 (Ω)N  "
 divv = 0  Ω 5 
N
C H

  '   1 3    %   1
  /C!  *
 
   )C!
 
 *   p(t, x)  "
 "
  )!  
 6 *
  
 
E
LY T
D(     A( /CI 

   % ! "
   "
 8 (  
%
 & %  
   '  9 5     E 
P O
  
    
  u   
 !  
       

LE

     p      & "
     

ÉC O
" 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC  7  0 . 
,    ,
   
 

EC H

   ; 
, 
 
 ) ,   < 
 0  ,   

T
,
   
   0 ,.
      
   


Y
POL
.   ;.  TU<   
,
  A    6 
 ;.  T&U< '
  
 

  
A   
 
 

, 
  

LE
  ,(    # 
    0  ,
.  
 
#    8 0      8
  .   •

ÉC O
1
 2        3+
'         
 
.  H      
*  ; 
6   -<A  0 
 8
  .  A 
 6
 ; 
6   - <A   ,    ,
    
   
8
  .   
  
 0  0   8   A  6
  ; 
6   - <A   
  
  .   . ) 0 
 0 
   
U E
N IQ
: +  
$

EC H
T
,   ,  
 8
  .   
0 ?
 %;5.1',*

Y
&'A%0)*1')--) ,0&'*.'0)

   A     ? ;&< /
 
   

POL
,
     ;-< 
 8    v(x) 
*) &%3)*& 3.: &5 1)93:

E
t 3 
      
    
   ?  
 v ,
 
  0

L
 ,
. Ω  
 8 
 ?
O
ÉC
  
d2
u(x, t)v(x) dx + ∇u(x, t) · ∇v(x) dx = f (x, t)v(x) dx. ;- <
dt2 Ω Ω Ω

    
 ,  L
M 
  8    v  H01 (Ω) @ 
 
 
     L2 (Ω)   8 0    a(w, v) )  
 
w, vL2 (Ω) = w(x)v(x) dx  a(w, v) = ∇w(x) · ∇v(x) dx.
Ω Ω

 
  ) T > 0 ;.
   ? +∞<A      
 
f ∈ L2 (]0, T [; L2(Ω)) @   
        u0 ∈ H01 (Ω) 
u1 ∈ L2 (Ω)  8
  .   
  ;- <   J 
.


  u  C([0, T ]; H01 (Ω)) ∩ C 1 ([0, T ]; L2(Ω))  

U E
IQ
⎧ 2
⎪ d

N
⎨ u(t), vL2 (Ω) + a (u(t), v) = f (t), vL2 (Ω) ∀ v ∈ H01 (Ω), 0 < t < T,

H
dt2 ;- "<

⎩ u(t = 0) = u0 , du (t = 0) = u1 .
dt
T E C
LY
      0 
   ;- "< Q  
   -!):3.+) &!%*)0
O
P
(') C([0, T ]; H01 (Ω)) ∩ C 1 ([0, T ]; L2 (Ω)) 
  
  u /
 I
 )  

LE
  
 

    0     .     , 

ÉC O
)         *
 "

U E
N IQ
2 A   .     8
  .   ;- "<  

EC H
H   
 8 0 

,    8   t → u(t), vL2 (Ω) , 
,


T
8   .0   

,   ? C 1 (0, T ) ;.      

OL Y
+
 - $ 
 
    <

P
LE
: 3
  


ÉC O *
  ,    ,
    
    8
  .  6
 ;- "<A 
 .   
        & 
 L  6
 M ,
    
  ?  
  ,
 8    

  (    

      V  H 
   
= 0  
 V ⊂ H . I       ;# 
 V = H01 (Ω)
 H = L2 (Ω)<

4%,0?9) CC $" V " H  & )   @/" "  V ⊂ H - $
> "$ ) " " V " $ $ H , " a(u, v) $  /$ !
U E
"  $"$  "  - $ V , " $ ") *$ T > 0' $ $$ $"
IQ
(u0 , u1 ) ∈ V × H ' " $ "    f ∈ L2 (]0, T [; H),   )/+
N
⎧ 2


d
u(t), vH + a (u(t), v) = f (t), vH
EC H
T
∀ v ∈ V, 0 < t < T,

Y
dt2 ;- $<

P O dt L
⎩ u(t = 0) = u0 , du (t = 0) = u1 ,

L E
.  "$  ,%    $ / $ ]0, T [  $ $   "$ u ∈

ÉCO
C([0, T ]; V ) ∩ C 1 ([0, T ]; H), 8 ) '  &" $ $"$" C > 0   $ )$ 
 Ω "  T  " 
 
u C([0,T ];V ) + u C 1([0,T ];H) ≤ C u0 V + u1 H + f L2(]0,T [;H) . ;- &<

)9.0;5) CC
!):1'9.1',* &!%*)0(') ;- &< 
. 
  
   ;- $<
  G  A   
  0 #0 
 ;- $<  0 
 
  =    *   -" 
   # 

 ,
  
       ,  •

)9.0;5) CC '    0 


 ;.   +
 - "<A  


E
( 0  ,#
5 - 
   .    8 0    #6
 
 a(u, v) @ 0   H  
   
 
 
,   

    . ν > 0  η > 0  

IQ U
H N
T E C
a(v, v) + η v 2H ≥ ν v 2V 
 
 v ∈ V.

Y

L
   ,  
 u(t) = e ηt
w(t) 8 ,
   ;- $< 

d2 √ d
P O
OLE
w(t), vH + 2 η w(t), vH + a (w(t), v) + ηw(t), vH = f (t), vH , ;- -<
dt2 dt

ÉC
" 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
R  8 0    a(w, v) + ηw, vH  0   . 
 V  ,
  ;- -< 

EC H

 
       ;.   +
 -<  
:    

T
 5 - ?   
  ;  
 8  0  
 
   8 

Y
POL
 < •
%9,*:10.1',*C      00 ? 
5 - A

LE

 
      
 1
   A   


ÉC O

 
  u 
    8    1
 
  A 

  .           C([0, T ]; V )  C 1 ([0, T ]; H)
1.3) C
 
 u ∈ C([0, T ]; V ) ∩ C 1 ([0, T ]; H)  
   ;- $< 6

  0  0  (uk )k≥1  H   8     
8
  .   ;& < 
. )

uk ∈ V,  a(uk , v) = λk uk , vH ∀ v ∈ V.


+∞
@    u(t) =
E
αk (t)uk . αk (t) = u(t), uk H  9    v = uk 

U
IQ
k=1
;- $<A    βk (t) = f (t), uk H A α0k = u0 , uk H A  α1k = u1 , uk H A 
0  ⎧ 2
H N
EC


d αk
+ λk αk = βk  ]0, T [
dt2
Y T ;- <

POL

⎩ αk (t = 0) = α0 , dαk (t = 0) = α1 .
k k
dt

O L E
;3  ?
 8
   0     J   √    u1 ,  
? .  .  8    uk 
 k = 1< * ωk = λk A ,
 
 
  

ÉC
;- < 
 t
α1k 1
0
αk (t) = αk cos(ωk t) + sin(ωk t) + βk (s) sin(ωk (t − s))ds, ;-<
ωk ωk 0
 

 8
   
  
  u ;
 
 
<
1.3) C *
  
   
 t

+∞
α1j 1
0
αj cos(ωj t) + sin(ωj t) + βj (s) sin(ωj (t − s))ds uj ;-<
j=1
ωj ωj 0

.   C([0, T ]; V ) ∩ C 1 ([0, T ]; H)A  .  


  
 wk =
k
U E
N
  
    a(u, v) 
 
  8  (uj )    * IQ
j=1 αj (t)uj           '
# 1 V 
  6

C H
    H   V  (uj ) ;.   5 & <A  0 A 

E
l > k A  
 
  tA

L

Y T
 l  d  l
O2  dαj 2
l

Pk  (t) .
2
a w − w ,w − w + 
k l k
w −w  = λj |αj (t)| +

OLE
dt H dt
j=k+1

ÉC
)         *
 "

U E
N
@A  
   ;- <  dαk /dt      A  0  IQ

dαj 2


EC H  t

T
+ λj |αj (t)|2 = α1 2 + λj α0 2 + 2 dαj

Y
dt (t) βj (s) (s)ds.

POL
j j
0 dt

OLE
1  8
 ;-<  8 

 t

ÉC
dαj 0 1

dt (t) ≤ ωj αj + αj + |βj (s)|ds.
0

9 0   
 
   

 t
dαj 2
(t) + λj |αj (t)|2 ≤ 2 α1 2 + 2λj α0 2 + 2t |βj (s)|2 ds. ;- <
dt j j
0

E
' u0 ∈ V A u1 ∈ H  f ∈ L2 (]0, T [; H)A  


+∞ 
+∞

IQ U
HN
u0 2V = a(u0 , u0 ) = λj |α0j |2 < +∞, u1 2H = |α1j |2 < +∞,
j=1

T E C j=1

LY
+∞ 
 T

O
f 2L2 (]0,T [;H) = |βj (s)|2 ds < +∞,

E P j=1 0

L
ÉCO
 
 
 
   A       0  
  ;- <A
 . A ,6?6  
  
 wk . )
 2
d l 
lim max w (t) − w (t) V +  (w (t) − w (t))
l k 2  k
 = 0,
k,l→+∞ 0≤t≤T dt H


 A    '
#  C 1 ([0, T ]; H)   C([0, T ]; V ) ' 
   A  
  '
# wk .    
 )      u
k
9 
 A  (wk (0), dw dt (0)) .  . (u0 , u1 )  V × H A  0 
       .

 1,
 A     
 u(t)A   
 
    ;-< . ) √ 8
  .   ;- $< 
 
 8  

E
 v = uk  ' (uk / λk ) 
 0  0   V A u(t) . )  
8
  .   ;- $< 
 
 v ∈ V A ,6?6  
 u(t)  0  

      ;- $< *  
A    8   

IQ U
H N
C
 2  
E
d l 
 k 

T
a(w − w , w − w ) +  (w − w ) ≤ C u0 2V + u1 2H + T f 2L2(]0,T [;H) ,
l k l k

Y
dt

L
H

P O
 ,   ,  ;- &< ,0   8    k = 0   8 

LE
  l . , )  

ÉC O
" 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
: . 

N IQ
EC H
/
  
    
 0 
5 - ? ,
  

Y T
 A  
 
. 
    .    0     


P"O $L -" /$ 0  


,
  
  .   , 

LE
4%,0?9) CC Ω RN ' " $ ") *$ T > 0,

ÉC O
$ $ + $ $$ $" (u0 , u1 ) ∈
L2 (]0, T [; L2(Ω)),   "$  $ 
H01 (Ω) × L2 (Ω) " $ "    f ∈

⎧ 2




∂ u
− ∆u = f ),), $ Ω×]0, T [
⎪ 2
⎨ u∂t= 0 ),),   ∂Ω×]0, T [ ;-<



u(x, 0) = u0 (x) ),), $ Ω


⎩ ∂u (x, 0) = u (x)
1 ),), $ Ω.
E
∂t

IQ U
 " $ $   "$ u ∈ C([0, T ]; H01(Ω)) ∩ C 1 ([0, T ]; L2(Ω)), 8 ) '  &"
$ $"$" C > 0   $ )$   Ω "  T  " ' )  " " t ∈ [0, T ]'
H N
EC
 2   
∂u

T
(x, t) + |∇u(x, t)| dx ≤ C
2 2
|u1 (x)|2 + |∇u0 (x)| dx
Y
∂t

POL
Ω Ω
 t  ;-<
+ |f (x, s)|2 dxds .

O L E 0 Ω

ÉC
%9,*:10.1',*C /
  
  5 - ?  8
  .  
;- "<  ,
     0
 ?  
6   - ; # 
8  . ) . H = L2 (Ω)  V = H01 (Ω)<   ?  
 ,
 


  u ∈ C([0, T ]; H01 (Ω)) ∩ C 1 ([0, T ]; L2(Ω))   8
  .  
 0 
 
   ;-< 5
 ,0 A     
     1  
 
.    
5     ? u(t) ∈ H01 (Ω) 
 

t ∈ [0, T ]A          I
 )    
  u(t)  t = 0 
8   ? .
  H01 (Ω)   du/dt(t)  t = 0  8   ? .
 
L2 (Ω)
 
  u  
: 
 A         8
 
.   ;- "<  
. ?
  2 
U E
IQ
∂ u
− ∆u − f v dx = 0,

N
∂t2

H

E C

 
 v(x) ∈ Cc1 (Ω)  
 
 t ∈]0, T [ @  
  ,
  

T
;-<  
  u ,  
 
  
  
    5

LY
-A  0  
  H ,
  
 L
 
MA   
O
P

    
5 - & ;
 
    < @

LE
∂t , −∇u)  8   ? .
 .    R
 σ = ( ∂u N +1
A   
 

ÉC O
)         *
 ""

U E
IQ
HN
∂2u

,  
 .   8 0  L 6M 
 I
 ∂t2 − ∆u 

T E C
   ? L2 (]0, T [; L2(Ω))
9 ,0   8 A f = 0A  
   ,   ,  ;-< 


P O LY
0 
    +,*:)02.1',* &) -!%*)0(') 1,1.-) 
  

   .
     ,       
  J

E $  )     #!)"#+ A#+ ,3,9 - ,


∂t |  ,
  ,    
 |∇u| 
,
  ,   
 | ∂u 2 2

O L
É C $-"$
0,3,:'1',* CC f =0
 "$   "$  $  ,33 -*' )  " " ' 0" 
t ∈ [0, T ]
 $0
 2   
∂u
(x, t) + |∇u(x, t)| dx =
2
|u (x)|
2
+ |∇u (x)|
2
dx . ;-"<
∂t 1 0
Ω Ω

%9,*:10.1',*C 9    


5 - . f = 0A
,6?6  βk = 0A  
    ;- < 
 ,   , 

 
  .A ,6?6  

U E
IQ

dαj 2 1 2 0 2
2
N
dt (t) + λj |αj (t)| = αj + λj αj ,
H
T
 
 ,   ;
X 
 ,   <

Y EC
POL
 2
d l  
l
1 2
a(wl − wk , wl − wk ) + 
 dt (w − w k 
) = αj + λj α0j 2 ,

O L E H j=k+1

 ;-"< ,0    k = 0   8    l . , )   


 

ÉC
u  
 A  
  
   ;-"<  
   ,
 
   ;-<  ∂u
∂t        ;.  ,9  -< 
/
 .   
 -!):1'9.1',* &!%*)0(') ;-<    6
 f = 0 ,  
.   ;-< 
 H 0
  6
 ?    ;-< ? ,  ,
 
     ? 
  *  
-" 
0 
 %(.-'1% &!%*)0(') 
 8  
, 
 0  # 

9 
 A     
   ,  I
 )     , 
C([0, T ]; H01 (Ω))N ∩ C 1 ([0, T ]; L2 (Ω))N 
 #    
   ,  6
 -!):3.+) &!%*)0(') ,6?6  ,   
    
  

    ,  
 

>)0+'+) CC     %: %   <%   .    
U E
N IQ
 ' 
  
  u  . 
#  *  
 ]0, T [×Ω(  

 2  
E C H
(   t ∈ [0, T ]( 
$ *
 $ * 
 

∂u
∂t

(x, t) dx +

Y
|∇u(x, t)|2 dx =
L T
u1 (x)2 dx + |∇u0 (x)|2 dx

O
Ω Ω Ω Ω
 t
P ∂u

LE
+2 f (x, s) (x, s)dxds.
∂t

O
0 Ω

ÉC
"$ 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
2 '   $    
  C(T )  
    
  
T   

EC H

∂u
2

Y T
  

POL
(x, t) dx + |∇u(x, t)|
2
dx ≤ C(T ) u (x)2
dx +
2
|∇u0 (x)| dx
∂t 1
Ω Ω
 t Ω 

LE
2
+ f (x, s) dxds .

ÉC O 0 Ω

 "  $    


  C  
        : 
T   
 2   
∂u
(x, t) dx + 2
|∇u(x, t)| dx ≤ C 2
u1 (x) dx +
2
|∇u0 (x)| dx

Ω ∂t Ω Ω Ω ⎞
  1/2 2
t
+ f (x, s)2 dx ds ⎠ .

U E
IQ
0 Ω

H N
   ,
 
  .  ,  
 ,  
.

Y T EC
>)0+'+) CC     %: %   <%   .    ( 

POL
     f = 0   
  u  .   *  
 [0, T ] × Ω
"  (     m ≥ 1( 

O L E  m 2

ÉC
d ∂ u m−1 2
+ ∇ ∂ u
dt ∂tm ∂tm−1 dx = 0.

E  GA  5 ,   -    8  


 ,

   
    ; A  /
<A 

 ,
 
 

   
∂2u
− div (A(x)∇u) = f.
∂t2
',
       
 
 
   , # 


>)0+'+) CC ) Ω     *   RN  )     

U E
IQ
(u0 , u1 ) ∈ H01 (Ω)N × L2 (Ω)N (     f ∈ L2 (]0, T [; L2 (Ω))N  "  $
      u ∈ C([0, T ]; H01 (Ω))N ∩ C 1 ([0, T ]; L2 (Ω))N 
H N




∂2u
ρ 2 − div (2µe(u) + λ tr(e(u)) Id) = f
T E C 
 Ω×]0, T [,
⎨ ∂t
u=0
O LY  ∂Ω×]0, T [, ;-$<

P

⎪ 
 Ω,

⎩ ∂u = 0) = u0 (x)
u(t

LE
∂t (t = 0) = u1 (x) 
 Ω.

ÉC O
)  

    $    
 "&

U E
N IQ
' 
  
  u 
#  * (   (   t ∈ [0, T ]( 

$ *
 $ * 
 
EC H
 2
Y
∂u
T   

POL
ρ dx + µ 2 λ ρ
|e(u)| dx + (divu)2
dx = |u1 |2 dx
2 Ω ∂t Ω 2 Ω 2 Ω
   t

LE
2 λ ∂u
+µ |e(u0 )| dx + 2
(divu0 ) dx + f· dxds.

ÉC O Ω

'     


 $ *
2 Ω 0 Ω ∂t

)9.0;5) CC ' 


  0 0 
A ,  L M

   
 0  ,    ,
  ,
  
  .   #6
0 
 ,   
  0 '     
 .   
TU   
   A    6 
 ;.  T&U< '   
 


  
A   
 
 

, 
     ,86

E
8    # 
    0  ,
. Ω  
  #   
U
IQ
8 0    a(u, v)   8
  .   •

H N
1

EC
4     %        +

Y T
POL
/
           
  .   
 
 ,
    
A      
 A 

O L E
# 
 
    .
  t    
 


: C
É '   
  
/
 
     
   ,
    
  
 A ,6?6  
 t  . +∞ /
  . ) 
A 8 ?
, 
  # 
A     0 f (x)    
 tA  

   ,
    
  # 
 .  
  ; 6
 <
  /
 O       ,
    

 

0,3,:'1',* CC " Ω $  -" /$ 0   RN , " u0 ∈ L2(Ω) " u 
 "$ )/+

U E
IQ
⎨ − ∆u = 0
∂u
$ ]0, +∞[×Ω

HN
  ]0, +∞[×∂Ω
∂t
u(x, t) = 0 ;-&<

$ Ω.
u(x, 0) = u0 (x)

T E C
Y
' u(t) $-0 - 7 $ L2 (Ω)   t "$ - +∞
L
PO
lim u(t) L2 (Ω) = 0. ;--<

LE
t→+∞

ÉC O
"- 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C @    
5 -     f = 0A

EC H
,6?6  βk = 0 @ 0  8  
     . )

LY T
wl (t) − wk (t) 2H =

l
|α0j |2 e−2λj t ,

P O j=k+1

O LE
. H = L2 (Ω)A  

A   k = 0  l = +∞A   IA ?

ÉC u(t) 2H ≤ u0 2H e−2λ1 t


 . F 
 t  . , ) 

 λ1 > 0 
  ,
   0  
A   
A 
    

 
   
 


>)0+'+) CC    %: %   


-  . ) f (x) ∈ L2 (Ω)
 u(t, x) 
  
U E
IQ

N
⎨ − ∆u = f
∂u

 ]0, +∞[×Ω

H
∂t
 ]0, +∞[×∂Ω

EC
u(x, t) = 0


 Ω.
T
u(x, 0) = u0 (x)

Y
POL
) v(x) ∈ H01 (Ω) 
  

O L E −∆v = f
v=0

 Ω
 ∂Ω.

ÉC
"   limt→+∞ u(x, t) − v(x) L2 (Ω) = 0
@ 
  8      
    *   -   
,  
.  ,     
.
 
u(t, x) ≈ u0 u1 dx e−λ1 t u1 (x) 
 t → +∞,

R u1 (x)     8    ; <


  && 3#6
 
A 
  
   ,
    
     
    .  H )   
   u1 ;


       <
U E
>)0+'+) CC    %: %   
-  . "  $  
N IQ
 
    C  
E C H
T


O LY
u(t) − α01 e−λ1 t u1 L2 (Ω) ≤ C e−λ2 t ∀ t > 1,
 α01 = u0 u1 dx, ;-<

P

LE
4 λk  * 
k   
  


  
    6% 

ÉC O
)  

    $    
 "

U E
: !
  )
N IQ
EC H
*
 ,
    
A    
 
 
 8 .  

Y T
  
 
 .   
5 "  
   

" L
'P O
0,3,:'1',* CC $  -" /$ 0  
Ω RN ' " $ ") *$ T > 0,

LE
" u0 ∈ L (Ω) f ∈ L (]0, T [; L (Ω)) u ∈ C([0, T ]; L2(Ω)) ∩ L2 (]0, T [; H01(Ω))
2 2 2
' "
 $   "$  ,,  f ≥ 0 )  )" " $ ]0, T [×Ω " u0 ≥ 0 ) 
ÉC O
)" " $ Ω'  u ≥ 0 )  )" " $ ]0, T [×Ω,
%9,*:10.1',*C   u− = min(u, 0) 
  0  ? L2 (]0, T [; H01 (Ω)) 
.

 "    
. )A 
 0 < t < T A
 
∇u(t) · ∇u− (t)dx = |∇u− (t)|2 dx. ;-<
Ω Ω

       ? 

     ;-<  
A 
∂t ∈ L (]0, T [; L (Ω))A 
∂u 2 2

U E

∂u 1 d


N

IQ
H
− −
(t)u (t)dx = |u (t)| dx .
2
;-<

EC
Ω ∂t 2 dt Ω

Y T
/
   
 ,   ;-<  .  H  ∂u ∂t ,   ?

POL
L2 (]0, T [; L2(Ω)) * 
A   v = u−   8
  .  6
 ;-$<  ,
    
  0 

O L E 1 d
   

ÉC
|u− |2 dx + |∇u− |2 dx = f u− dx,
2 dt Ω Ω Ω

 
      
  t  t 
1 − − 2 − 1
|u (t)| dx +
2
|∇u | dx ds = f u dx ds + |u− (0)|2 dx.
2 Ω 0 Ω 0 Ω 2 Ω

' u− (0) = (u0 )− = 0   



  t
1
|u− (t)|2 dx + |∇u− |2 dx ds ≤ 0,
2 Ω 0 Ω

,6?6  
 u− = 0 
 
  ]0, T [×Ω
U E 

IQ
'      
A    
 
 8
   *  
N
E C H
-  8 ? , 
  # 
 1   
    
   

'  A   
    u0 (x)   
   
 
 ?  .


LY T
0 ? 
      
 
   ∂Ω     
  
  8 ;   ?
 (  
( <A      
  


P O
   .  
    ? 
  /
 ,. 8  
 . ) 
   

LE
 
 
 0     
 .

ÉC O
$ 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
  0    
  
 
.   ,  
 
 


EC H
8 
. @ 
A  A  
 
   ;- < J 

T
u0 ≤ ũ0  Ω  f ≤ f˜  ]0, T [×ΩA   u  ũ     . 

Y

   ;- <   
  (u0 , f )  (ũ0 , f˜)   .A 

POL
  u ≤ ũ  ]0, T [×Ω

LE
 
   
. 
 

    
 6

 


ÉC O
>)0+'+) CC ) Ω     *  RN     u1 
   
 

 
 Ω
    6% ( λ1 

 
  

  $  % u1 > 0 
 Ω   <%    NC 
 &;
 
 
 $

 ∂u1 /∂n > 0  ∂Ω ) f = 0( u0 ∈ L2 (Ω)  u $
     *   .2
)  > 0 "   $    
    K  

E
−Ku1(x) ≤ u(x, ) ≤ Ku1 (x) ∀ x ∈ Ω, ;- <
    $    
    C  
IQ U
max |u(x, t)| ≤ Ce−λ1 t
H N
∀ t > . ;-<

EC
x∈Ω

Y T
POL
>)0+'+) CC ) Ω     *  RN  ) u0 ∈ L∞ (Ω)( f ∈ L∞ (R+ ×
Ω)(  u ∈ C([0, T ]; L2 (Ω)) ∩ L2 (]0, T [; H01 (Ω)) $    .2 "  

O L E u L∞(R+ ×Ω) ≤ u0 L∞ (Ω) +


D2
f L∞ (R+ ×Ω) , ;-<

ÉC
2N
4 D = supx,y∈Ω |x − y|   
   Ω  
$
    


 4 f ≡ 0( ( 
  
 *  
(   
  ψ ∈ H01 (Ω)  
−∆ψ = 1 
 Ω

: ! 
; $  
(

/
 . I? .
 ?  +
      
  ,
6
    
 J  
    ?
 .  )  V ' 
  

,
 30'*+'3) &5 9.>'959 =,01 
 
 O    6
  /
  . ) 
 8  
    Ω  ,  RN 

  ;.   
6   -"<
U E
0,3,:'1',* CC
N IQ
" Ω $  -" /$ 0    C 2  RN , " $
L2 (]0, T [; H01(Ω)) )/+
E C H
") *$ T > 0, " u0 ∈ L2 (Ω) " u   "$ $  $ C([0, T ]; L2(Ω)) ∩
⎧ ∂u
⎨ ∂t − ∆u = 0
LY T
$ ]0, T [×Ω
P
u(x, t) = 0
O   ]0, T [×∂Ω
LE

u(x, 0) = u0 (x) $ Ω.

ÉC O
)  

    $    
 $

U E
)  )" " $ I"Q
 N
$  ))  )   u0 (x) ≥ 0  $" )  $"
' $H
Ω u0
$" $ , ' )  " " ")
T E C >0

O L Y u(x, ) > 0 ∀x ∈ Ω. ;-"<

P
', ,    :10'+1)  ;-"< 
 
0 ; .  I?
   

O LE
      
 
   *   - < 9 (A  u0 
 


ÉC
   Ω       
   x ∈ Ω  

  u0 A
 
. 
 u(x, ) > 0 0  
,    u0 (x) = 0 3
 A  
         ,.
    
A H     x 
   8 ;u0 (x) = 0<        
    ; 
  u0 <A
 .   


 
 
  t =  ;H   <A
  u(x, ) > 0 3  -. +4.-)50 :) 30,3.() E 2'1)::) '*@*') 

  (
   H ?     V  ,    ,
 8

 
 
 

 ,   
    
    
 .  
  . 

E
  
  ; 8  ,    2
  ;< 
  8
< ',
  A

IQ U

  .  
  .   ? 0     A  , 
, 
 
 
 
   A 8 ? , 
  # 
A    ,

,
        
H N
T EC
)9.0;5) CC  H    L   ? .  ) M 
 

Y
POL
H 0. 
  
   % ;- < 1   A   , 
 
6
H   
           
 ,# ,   0  

L E
,
 D
 .  ?  
  . 
 #  )  3
 A 
 6

O
  ,   ,   0  A  
      

ÉC
  0   ,
     , 8  ? .  )  •

: "   <   



1     
 
 . .

  
    
    
  ?    1   0 
A   
   ( A  
 
   
 ;f = 0<A   
 )A)1 0%(5-.0':.*1         J
   
A H       u0   

 A  
 
.    
 

" Ω $  -" /$ 0    C ∞  RN ' " " $


0,3,:'1',* CC
") *$ T > 0, " u0 ∈ L2 (Ω)' " u  $   "$ $ C([0, T ]; L2(Ω)) ∩
U E
L2 (]0, T [; H01(Ω)) 
N IQ

⎨ − ∆u = 0
∂u
$ ]0, T [×Ω
E C H
T
  ]0, T [×∂Ω
∂t
;-$<
Y
u(x, t) = 0

L

$ Ω.
O
u(x, 0) = u0 (x)

' )  " "  > 0


E P $ " $
' "   C∞ Ω × [, T ],

OL
u x t

ÉC
$ 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
&%) &) &%9,*:10.1',*C *
X 
,
    

 ;  F  6

EC H
 
  
A .  ,9  -"< 
 
 
 8 

T
 0  ,       
  
  ;   

Y
POL
k

 8     Ω = RN A .  ,9  -< *
 k ≥ 1   v = ∂∂tku 
  . ;8< k 8  ,
    
 ;-$<   


LE

 0  ⎧ ∂v
 ]0, T [×Ω
O
⎨ ∂t − ∆v = 0

ÉC
v(x, t) = 0 
 ]0, T [×∂Ω ;-&<
⎩ k
v(x, 0) = ∂∂tku (0, x)  Ω,
k

  
 
    
 ∂∂tku (0, x)   ? L2 (Ω)A   

 5 - & ,    ,
  ? ;-&< 

  
 v   ?
L2 (]0, T [; H01(Ω)) ∩ C([0, T ]; L2 (Ω)) 9 
 A u  
    1,

A    A v = (∆)k u   
H   * 
    

;.   5 "  $<   
 
 u  
         

  
 
  ?    8  
      

U E
IQ
;-&< ,  F 
  ', 
    
  
   u ,

N
.0 
 
   t >  > 0 

EC H
9     
 A  H   
 
  6

T
    *   -"   
.
 
  
  


Y
 
 
,    . ,   ,  ;-< ; (A , 

POL


 u .    


  ? ;-<<

0,3,:'1',* CC
O L E " Ω $  -" /$ 0   RN ' " $ ") *$ T > 0,
  $ "    f ∈ L2 (]0, T [; L2(Ω)) " $ $$ $" 0 + u0 ∈
ÉC
H01 (Ω)' $ $ +   "$ $  u ∈ L2 (]0, T [; H01 (Ω)) ∩ C([0, T ]; L2 (Ω)) 
 "$   #  ,, ' ""  "$ " )  0 +  $ .
∂t ∈ L (]0, T [; L (Ω)) " u ∈ L (]0, T [; H (Ω)) ∩ C([0, T ]; H0 (Ω)),
∂u 2 2 2 2 1

   "
 $ 
 ' - 8  9  
   ' "
   
  u 
"
    (
)!  
 
  "
   %
 
%
"
    u0 
f    
 %  FGH! 5    %
 "
   
  u   
   
  *
 "
    u0  f %        '   
    )#N     &      u0  %      
  
 . (  "
     
 
  
    D(  
)G!  
       '  '    "
 "
   %

%  u    
  t   
  
  "
    (
%
U E
   
    . (         
  %    
 ∂u (0) = f (0) + ∆u0  
"
 ∂u
IQ
  
   *
   "
    
N
H
%      
    . ( f (0) + ∆u0 = 0 
∂Ω  "
 
   
∂t ∂t

  '   u0  f 
T E C •

       


 !
OL Y
/0  "
 ( 3 ,  "  
   #$   !
  %

P
m≥0

E   )#)!
2m
(Ω) = {v ∈ H 2m (Ω), v = ∆v = · · · ∆m−1 v = 0
L
W ∂Ω},

ÉC O
)  

    $    
 $

U E
Q
  I

 
   
  v2W 2m (Ω)
N   

   &%
2
|(∆) v| dx
m

H
= Ω

 '
  
 
   (wk )
H 2m (Ω)

T E C
 (  
 
  

   + ! 
 )  #*  
 C  ([, T ], W 2m (Ω))

: 
L  Y

  P
O   
   # 

L E    
 "
 ' %    
  "
 
 O
  (
   
   A  "
  (   
% 
C
RN
(     
 
%  '        *   
É ' 
    
'   
    
  
 "
 
 ' "
! 5   "
    (
(   
  RN ,


   
∂u
− ∆u = 0  ]0, +∞[×RN )#I!
u(x, 0) = u0 (x)  RN .
∂t

 
 "
 
%   "
   
  
 '  )#I!    
      
√  % 
       u0 %
 O
  
   =   t U E
N IQ

 u ∈ C(R+ , L2 (RN )) ∩ C 1 (R+∗ , L2 (RN )),    
EC H
% & "
"   
 u0 ∈ L2 (RN ) 2    ;! <=     

Y T 

POL
|x−y|2
u(x, t) =
1
(4πt)N/2
u0 (y)e− 4t dy. )/ !
RN

O L E
  
t ≥ 0, 
  
    *   J
  u(t) %  FNH!
&    *   x → u(x, t)  
ÉC û(k, t) =
1
(2π)N/2


RN
u(x, t)eik·x dx,


k ∈ RN . 1 u ∈ C(R+ , L2 (RN )) ∩ C 1 (R+∗ ; L2 (RN )) %  )#I!  
 "
 
 *    J
 
 
 "
  )#I! 
'

⎨ û ∈ C(R+ , L2 (RN )) ∩ C 1 (R+ 2 N
∗ , L (R )) ,
∂ û
⎩ û(k,
+ |k|2 û = 0 
k ∈ RN , t > 0 , )/!

k ∈ RN ,
∂t
0) = û0 (k)

: û0 (k) = (2π)1 R u0 (x)eik·xdx    *   J


  u0     )/!
E
N/2 N

 
  *2     
"
  
 "
  +  
("
 %

k $ '
û(k, t) = û0 (k)e−|k| t 
(k, t) ∈ RN × R+ ,
2

IQ U
H
   *  
  )/ !   *    J
 %  
"
    N
*    % 
  
   % 
    
  !
T E C 

LY
   "
! 
     *    J
     8  9
O
P
"
    (
)#I!      &   
  
   "
  +

LE
   )/! 5 (        ''    &  (

ÉC O
$ 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N
    
  "
   
 

 
 I Q    0

    

   A  "
 "
 
 C
|k|2 eik·x

        T E


R N H
       

 %
  *     
 J
   
  
  K     
  

|k|

L Y
   

    !
O
k
û(k, t)
  & + 
   "
    (

P
%  0  )#I 
!
E  
 )/ ! 
        *    O  0

  
O L "
$
É C 
|x|2
G(x, t) = 1
(2πt)N/2
    )/ ! 
  * 
e− 4t  & 
u(t) = G(t) ∗ u0

u(x, t) = G(x − y, t)u0 (y) dy.
RN

 *    O     


      "
    (
 RN × R+∗ 
 "
   "
   
 %  "

∂G
− ∆G = 0  ]0, +∞[×RN
G(x, 0) = δ0 (x)  RN .
U E
IQ
∂t

H N

   '
  : δ0     .  &    5    %
 
 

EC
  %  
   '    
 &
 (    
   "
 

Y T
 ' "
 +    ( 8 9 
%  •

POL
  
%    
  "
    (
  ( 

L E
/0  "
   u0 ∈ L2 (RN )  t > 0   S(t)u0
 !  
 !
O
ÉC
  #, -.   S(t)     
 !  L2 (RN )  L2 (RN ) /
 S(0) = Id 
  L2 (RN )) &.   (S(t))t≥0   %"    
    !0  t !%'%  
 &. S(t + t ) = S(t)S(t )   t, t ≥ 0
1 f ∈ C 1 (R+ ; L2 (RN )) 2  
 

∂u
− ∆u = f  ]0, +∞[×RN
 RN .
∂t
u(x, 0) = u0 (x)

    
 u ∈ C(R+ ; L2 (RN )) ∩ C 1 (R+∗ ; L2 (RN ))  
 t
u(t) = S(t)u0 + S(t − s)f (s) ds,

E
0

!%'%
  t
IQ U
|x−y|2
− 4t dy

H N |x−y|2
− 4(t−s) dy ds

C
u(x, t) = u0 (y)e + f (y, s)e .
(2πt)N/2 (2π(t − s))N/2

E
RN 0 RN

L Y T
 *
  )/ !    
%  

   
      "
% 


  '  )#I!
   5  '; 
P
  
% :        
 Ou )/ ! 
 '  )#I! %   

LE
u0 ∈ L2 (RN )

ÉC O
)" 

    $    *
 $"

U E
/0  "
 (+  + , 2      I Q
H N T >0

1


T E
u(x, T )2 dx +C  T 
|∇u(x, t)|2 dx dt =
1

u0 (x)2 dx.

Y
2 2

L
RN 0 RN RN

P O 0, 2   
/0  "
" (    
 u0 ∈ L∞ (RN ) u(t) ∈

O L

L∞ (RN )
E u(t)L∞ (RN ) ≤ u0 L∞ (RN ) ∀ t > 0.

É C2          


  
u0 ≥ 0 RN

/0  "
! ( 4  + , 2   u ∈ C (R × R )
u≥0

∞ N
RN × R+

+

/0  "
$ (     , 2  
lim
|x|→+∞
u(x, t) = 0 ∀ t > 0,  lim u(x, t) = 0
t→+∞
∀ x ∈ RN .

/0  "
 (*   +  , 2    u  E

 u(x, t) > 0  RN × R+∗ 
IQ
0

U ≥ 0 u0 ≡ 0,

H N
1
 4     %     

Y T EC 3+

POL
: "$ & 
 

O L E
/
           
  .   
 
 ,
    A 
  (     
   ,
 

ÉC
  
     
 8A I? .
 
'  A  
0%2)0:'/'-'1% )* 1)93:   
 

0,3,:'1',* CC " Ω $  -" /$ 0   RN ' " $ ") *$ T >
0, " (v0 , v1 ) ∈ × L2 (Ω)' " $ "    f ∈ L2 (]0, T [; L2 (Ω)), 
H01 (Ω)
 "$  $  0%10,(0.&) )* 1)93: $"0 $ $"$"  ")  )"
 T  ⎧


⎨ ∂t
∂ v 2
− ∆v = f2 ),), $ Ω×]0, T [
v=0 ),),   ∂Ω×]0, T [ ;-" <

⎪ v(x, T ) = v0 (x)
⎩ ∂v
),), $ Ω
),), $ Ω
∂t (x, T ) = v1 (x)

 " $ $   "$ v ∈ C([0, T ]; H0 (Ω)) ∩ C 1 ([0, T ]; L2(Ω)), 8 ) '  u(t, x) U E


IQ
1

"   "$   "$  $  ,3 "  v0 (x) = u(x, T ) $ H01 (Ω) "
∂t (x, T ) $ L (Ω)'  $  v(t, x) = u(t, x),
H N
C
v1 (x) = ∂u 2

T E
%9,*:10.1',*C @ 8     ,  
 w(x, t) = v(x, T − t)  ;-" <
Y
P O L
. 
 
     L  .M .      t = 0 
,
  L

M ;-< ;    .    ,  A  ,#    6

LE
     ,
      ,  
< *   A

ÉC O
$$ 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ

5 - ;-" <    0 

 
 
  v0 (x) = u(x, T ) 

EC H
∂t (x, T )A  
  u(t, x)  ;-<  
 
   ;-" < *
 
v1 (x) = ∂u

T
  
 v(t, x) = u(t, x) 

Y
POL
   . 0    ,
       0
 6

   
   
,  ,#  

 )A)1 0%(5-.0':.*1 
 ,
 

LE
   
    
   
 ,
    
 9 (A

O
ÉC
 ,   A     
    *   -"A 
0   
 ( L 
 M    ; 
      
 

   )  T A  
,   0 

 ,( 
   

 , 
< * 
A '- *!B . *' (.'* *' 3)01) &) 0%(5-.0'1% 

 
   ,
       
     @ 
 



 :A       
A 
  
    
  
,
          ?   

'  "  " Ω         R  "  ! & T > 0 
E
N

     u0 ∈ H (Ω)  u1 ∈   !   f ∈ L2 (]0, T [; L2 (Ω))


H01 (Ω) ∩
U
2
H01 (Ω)

IQ
 u ∈ C([0, T ]; H0 (Ω)) ∩ C ([0, T ]; L (Ω))     
  
    <$$
1 1 2

N
2  u   C([0, T ]; H01 (Ω) ∩ H 2 (Ω)) ∩ C 1 ([0, T ]; H01 (Ω)) ∩ C 2 ([0, T ]; L2 (Ω))
H
T EC
4
         )/ "
     &      )#N "
 

%  
   $ 
 ' - 8  9  
  &     
  '
Y
POL
"
   
  u  "
    )CC!  
 
  "
   %
 
%
"

   u0  u1  f    
 % %
      ' 

O L E
  %   A  "
 )#G!
: C
É 
'   
    
#
=

- *!B . 3.: &) 30'*+'3) &5 9.>'959 


 ,
     9 ,0 
  
  ;f = 0<A H   .      
 ;u1 = 0<    
      . ;u0 ≥ 0<A  
  u 
      



' 0     
 
  8 ? , 
  # 
  

   

 0  
 J    8    
   


     A  . . 0    .  
 


    ;
  u     < 7 
A 

E
6 
 ,     
  8 
.   w(x)   
8   
  
   0  Ω .    

    1   1,  5 &A  
   w    
IQ U
H N

 w(x) ≥ 0  Ω 9  λ = ω 2    .
    ? wA  

E C
8   . ) 
 u(t, x) = cos(ωt)w(x)      


 


T
   
 
 
  C([0, T ]; H01 (Ω)) ∩ C 1 ([0, T ]; L2 (Ω))  ,
  

LY
  ;-<   
   .     

O
P
LE
∂u
u(x, 0) = w(x) , (x, 0) = 0  Ω.
∂t

ÉC O
)" 

    $    *
 $&

U E
N IQ
- *!B . &,*+ 3.: *,* 3-5: &) +,93,01)9)*1 .:B931,1';5)   

EC H

 ,
        0 3
 A H    
 

T
f   
A  
  u  .   .
      

Y
POL

   t  . , )  9 
 A  f = 0A , D
     
     H ? 
  

 ,   .    P 

LE
;.  ,9  -<  H 6 u(t, x) = cos(ωt)w(x)  
.  
,  ,#                

 

ÉC O
 
' , .     
 ,
       ;-"< 
  ,  
.

>)0+'+) CC ) η > 0    $ 


  
 

∂2u

⎪ ∂t − ∆u = f
+ η ∂u 
 Ω × R+

⎨ ∂t2
u=0  ∂Ω × R+
∗ ;-"<

 Ω
E

⎪ u(x, 0) = u0 (x)

U
⎩ ∂u

 Ω.
IQ
∂t (x, 0) = u1 (x)

H N
   u     M
  *   .!   f  
 

EC
   " ( + $
 $   ?Q
  $' .2(  u 

T
∂t      #     t   $
∂u

Y
POL
 *   -"  0 
    .   ,   
,0    
   
 
  A  &!%;5'3.01'1',* &) -!%*)0(')A

L E
: 
 ,      
0     
   
O
ÉC
  
A # 
 
    

>)0+'+) CC ) u(t, x) 


 (   M
  * (  $ 

  . ' $
   (   
 t  2  t
1 ∂u
lim dx = lim 1 1
|∇u|2 dx = E0 ,
t→+∞ t ∂t t→+∞ t 0 2
0 Ω Ω


 E0 $ *  

 
2 2
E0 = |u1 (x)| dx + |∇u0 (x)| dx.

E
Ω Ω

- 
  
$ 
 . 
 u    *

 
 
IQ U
: 9   
(

H N
T E C
       ,
      A   30,

LY
3.(.1',* E 2'1)::) @*') /
 . I? .

'   ;   N = 1
O
P
  
 ,  Ω = R< 
,   
 X  
  ;
   6

LE
 < 
 0 
 , 8  
  
   ,
     ;.  

ÉC O
$- 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
2
 < *
  A  
  u  (t, x)   
  .
 

EC H
    u0  u1 
    [x − t, x + t] @  
 
   

T
    ? 
   K = [kinf , ksup ] ⊂ RA   
  
 t 

Y
POL
? 
    [kinf − t, ksup + t] 9  # 
  .
  

 
0        ? .  )  0   '  
 

LE
  
 8  0  (   
  
 ,
    

;  .  *   -< ,  
.     

ÉC O

  
   N = 2, 3

>)0+'+) CC    $ 


   
  $
 RN

∂2u
⎨ − ∆u = 0
∂t2 
 RN × R∗+
u(x, 0) = u0 (x) 
 x ∈ RN ;-"<
⎩ ∂u
∂t (x, 0) = u1 (x) 
 x ∈ RN ,

u(t, x)      



U E

     
 (u0 , u1 )  *   +  
  "   
 


N

IQ
H
∂(M u0 )

EC
u(x, t) = (M u1 )(x, t) + (x, t),
∂t

Y T
POL
4 M    
  :   



E
+t
1
 N = 1, (M v)(x, t) =
L
v(x − ξ)dξ,

O
2 −t

ÉC

1 v(x − ξ)
 N = 2, (M v)(x, t) =  dξ,
2π |ξ|<t t2 − |ξ|2

1
 N = 3, (M v)(x, t) = v(x − ξ)ds(ξ),
4πt |ξ|=t

4 ds(ξ)  
 
  
%  '    
  u  (t, x) 
    
     
 u0  u1  
 |x| ≤ t - 

       $ 
 M (  :
 %
 
/  T U

U E
IQ
>)0+'+) CC    $ 
   .! 
  
 Ω ⊂ RN

   
    6%   >
 %* (    
H N
 
 (u0 , u1 )  *   +  
 
 Ω   $    

E C
T > 0    $ 
 [0, T ] 
      
   
T
$' .!

O LY
P
,  
.    8  (        , 

LE
N = 2 
3

ÉC O
)'   
    
 $

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC $.33-'+.1',* 95:'+.-)6 '

     
* 

EC H
$ 
  (   $ $ 
  $    
 


T

     

 N = 2(
  $   %  
  N = 3
Y
POL
OLE
1
. )            +

ÉC 1    A 


        )  ;6
 
'  $< ,  ?  
  
 
  ,
    
 J

     )  
       A   (  ) 

      

:  = 




 ,      )* ):3.+) :)5-)9)*1  8
  .   ;-$<

U E
 ,
    
 ;-< *
 A      0  6

IQ
 
A 
 

    .     



N

6  V0h  H01 (Ω)A    )  5# 
A V0h 
 
6 
H
EC
, )  Pk ;
Qk < 

     
  ;
 
 < 

T
  
 1)   $"  $ "

Y
POL
  6      ;-$<   ,   .   
. J

. uh (t) 8    ]0, T [ ? .
  V0h  


E

h

O L
⎨ d u (t), v  2
h L (Ω) + a (uh (t), vh ) = f (t), vh L2 (Ω) ∀ vh ∈ V0h , 0 < t < T,
;-""<

ÉC
dt

uh (t = 0) = u0,h
R u0,h ∈ V0h 
          u0  '   ,6
    
 
 
    L    M
@ 
      0 
5 -  
  
 ;-""<
 

 
 
 A     0

 
      . ) 

;-""<   8 
 # &!%;5.1',*: &'A%0)*1')--): ,0&'*.'0): ? : 
   
 8  ,
 
 
  1    
A 


 ;-""<  

 0 (φi )1≤i≤ndl  V0h ;# 
A  0 
 ) <A     uh (t) 
  8

E

ndl
uh (t) = Uih (t)φi ,

IQ U;-"$<

N
i=1

E C H
. U h = (Uih )1≤i≤ndl  . 
     uh      

  ;-"$<  8    0 φi    
  
 
 

Y T
  Uih (t)   8  
 t 1 HA  

L
P O 
ndl
Ui0,h φi ,

OLE
u0,h =
i=1

ÉC
& 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
 ;-""< . A 
 
 1 ≤ i ≤ ndl A
N IQ
⎧ ndl
EC H
T
⎪  dU h (t) 
ndl

Y
φj , φi L2 (Ω) i + a(φj , φi )Uih (t) = f (t), φi L2 (Ω)

POL
dt
⎪ j=1
⎩ h
j=1
Ui (t = 0) = Ui0,h

O LE

 ;     
 &<  9.10'+) &) 9.::)

ÉC
Mh )  
(Mh )ij = φi , φj L2 (Ω) 1 ≤ i, j ≤ ndl ,

  9.10'+) &) 0'('&'1% Kh )  

(Kh )ij = a(φi , φj ) 1 ≤ i, j ≤ ndl ,

,   .   ;-""<  


. 
#    &!%;5.1',*:
U E
IQ
&'A%0)*1')--): ,0&'*.'0): ? :  
⎧ h

H N
EC
⎨ M dU (t) + K U h (t) = bh (t), 0 < t < T,
h h
;-"&<
T
dt
⎩ h
Y
POL
U (t = 0) = U 0,h

E
. bhi (t) = f (t), φi L2 (Ω)  ,    ,
 A   
,
 8
  A 

L
 
   ;-"&< ,0   
         

O
ÉC
 Mh  Kh ;.   
6   & ?  
I< '   :   G

    ;-"&<A   
  
 
 
 ;-"&<     
         0
    
  
 
 

 
  ,
  (     /
  . 



  
6   
. 3. A 
 O
 
  .  
 
  L 6  M  ;-""< .  
     ;-$<

'  " " (T h )h>0     !         Ω " V0h
  1  H01 (Ω)  &   !     !  &  Pk    !  ndl  "
f (t) ∈ L2 (]0, T [; L2 (Ω)) u0 ∈ H01 (Ω)  u ∈ L2 (]0, T [; H01 (Ω)) ∩ C([0, T ]; L2 (Ω))    

  
     <# " uh     
    ! 
   <55  V0h  " limh→0 u0,h − u0 L (Ω) = 0    
U E
IQ
2

H N
lim u − uh L2 (]0,T [;H 1 (Ω)) = lim u − uh C([0,T ];L2 (Ω)) = 0.

C
h→0 0 h→0

T E 
%  
           )N  
 & *   
      %   0 
 Y
&   


P O

 '      
   L  
%
%   % 
FC/H $ 

  

LE

  =     

ÉC O
)'   
    
 &

U E
N IQ
: *
 
 = 

E C H
3 .     ,
    
    
   ,6

Y T
 ) A        
0 
  
   

OL
&'A%0)*+): @*'): )* 1)93: ' A 
       ( 

P
)  
 
  # ,
  (     ;-"&< 
 

LE
 6        /
   
.  0
   I?

ÉC O

 
'    
     
  0   
,    6
  *
   )   A 
   .  # ;-"&<   
      
 h
    

⎨ M dU (t) + KU (t) = b(t)
dt ;-"-<

U (t = 0) = U 0

*
   ) ,#  . 
 
 b(t)   

 [0, T ] @  


E
, .   [0, T ]  n0 . 
   ∆t = T /n0   
U
tn = n∆t 0 ≤ n ≤ n0 .
N IQ
EC H
@  U n ,    U (tn ) 
 
   *
 
 
 6

Y T

  
     ;-"-<     
     

  
  θ:+4%9. ; I? .
A .  ; "<<

M
U n+1 − U n
E

POL 
+ K θU n+1 + (1 − θ)U n = θb(tn+1 ) + (1 − θ)b(tn ). ;-"<

O L
∆t

ÉC

 θ = 0A   ;-"< :+4%9. )>3-'+'1)A 
 θ = 1A :+4%9. '93-'
+'1)A  
 θ = 1/2A :+4%9. &) 0.*D'+4,-:,* @ 
    ;-"< 

 8

(M + θ∆tK)U n+1 = (M − (1 − θ)∆tK)U n + ∆t(θb(tn+1 ) + (1 − θ)b(tn )). ;-$<

+
 
,     M ,   A   
A H 

    A       

 #    
 
 U n+1
 8    U n 
  0 b ;
8  
  
 8
 ,   

 
 
  M  A .   +
 &< . A  



 8
     ,    

'   '  I


E

  
     ?   .
  A  :+4%9. &) #).0A
3U n+1 − 4U n + U n−1
IQ U
N
M + KU n+1 = b(tn+1 ). ;-$<

H
2∆t

E C
'    0  G   ;.   1)    <   
 8 

T
Y
# 
    ;
 
   ?  . 0  <

P O L
>)0+'+) CC "    % 
 0
=>%    ?
  $

LE
2  (
   θ% 
 θ = 1/2  $ 

ÉC O
& 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC    0    
.
   , ) 

EC H
)* ):3.+) )1 )* 1)93:A       , H 
  
8  

T
 R    Ω(t) .   8  
 •

LY
/
   
 )     0       


O
P
.    1)    -

O L E :$  #  & 5$ 


%@*'1',* CC *$ )  ,= " " "/ 
É C.  $"$" " $ )$ $"
C > 0
)  " "
MU n · U n ≤ C 0 ≤ n ≤ n0 = T /∆t,
 "   $$ !"+
∆t ndl
 $ ) 0 h'  ) " )$    $$ $" U 0 '  $
/ b' "  T ,

)9.0;5) CC   

   MU · U   1)   -$ , 

  8  
 MU · U = Ω |u|2 dx . u ∈ V0h  8      U  

E
0     V0h ;M  0  )    .< + 
A   1)  
U
IQ
 -   0   
  (  ) A      ∆x  

N

   U 
 
. 
 ,  .    u  L2 (Ω) •

H

)99) CC
T EC
 1/2 ≤ θ ≤ 1'  θ # ,= " $ $ "$$$" "/'
"$  '  0 ≤ θ < 1/2'  " "/    $ "$ ;<
Y
POL
2
max λi ∆t ≤ , ;-$ <

L E 1 − 2θ
i

.  λi $"  -  ))  KU = λMU - F,3,


ÉC O
)9.0;5) CC @   P     ;-$ <     '2
;'
62   6C#<

 ∆t ≤ Ch2 
 ,
    
 ;.  

6    < 9 8 A  
  
A      Th 
 8

  
 R 
    
 0
  # Ch ;. C > 0  6
     <A    (  . maxi λi = O(h−2 ) @  

 
  . )  8     N = 1   ,9  -$ 6 
 9
 
  ,
     θ6  
 θ < 1/2       0   ;-$ <
 0

  . J  0  ,
         
 
 
 0

  G
 •
%9,*:10.1',*C @       ;-$<   0  
 M 
U E
IQ
  
 K ;.    
 &<

HN
( Id + θ∆t diag(λi ))Ũ n+1
= ( Id − (1 − θ)∆t diag(λi ))Ũ + ∆tb̃ ,
n n
;-$<

E C
. M = P P ∗ A K = P diag(λi )P ∗ A Ũ n = P ∗ U n A  b̃n = P −1 (θb(tn+1 )+(1−θ)b(tn ))
T
Y
@ 
  ;-$< 
   Ũin  Ũ n . )

n
Ũin = (ρi ) Ũi0 +
PO L∆t 
n
(ρi )k−1 b̃n−k ;-$<

LE
i .
1 + θ∆tλi

O
k=1

ÉC
)'   
    
 &

U E
.
N IQ
ρi =
EC H
1 − (1 − θ)∆tλi
.

T
1 + θ∆tλi

Y
POL
1  0      0    U n M = Ũ n ≤ C  * 
A

        
:  0    |ρi | ≤ 1 
 
 iA  
,

LE
  ,
 
     ;-$ <  0 ≤ θ < 1/2A  
 
I
  8  

O
θ ≥ 1/2 

ÉC)9.0;5) CC      ,   ;-$< 


 
 θ   A 
 
:  .   b̃n−k
i    9 8 A     ?

          0
  
 
 
* 
A H  
 
 .
 1/2 < θ ≤ 1  θ6   0A
  
  0      
 θ = 1 ; 
 
 
 
, < ', 

       
 0
  
.
  

  0 L M 0  
,        
     '%6
/ 
U E •

IQ
)9.0;5) CC  # ,
  (     ;-"-<   L 6
N
EC H
M A  
  8  .   
# exp(−λi t)A .
 
 
     ( ; 
 mini λi = O(1)  maxi λi = O(h−2 )<

Y T
      
 
 ,    ,
  (    

POL
  
 :    
  
 
  θ6  '  
   
   +
 6B
 ;. A  A    __  T&U< / A 

L E
# 
   ? 
.  ,
    ,
   
 
 ,  6

O
    0
A   A        # ? 


ÉC
; 
       
0   <
@ 

      .           )  

 
 ? ;-"-< 
  
  0      
θ6 

>)0+'+)
√ CC     θ% 
.!/
 1/2 ≤ θ ≤ 1    U M =
MU · U  6   $ 
  
  $ *
 $ * .&
 T

n0
U M + ∆t
n0 2
KÛ · Û ≤ C U M +
n n 0 2
f (t) L2 (Ω) dt + O(1) .
2

n=0 0

E
- 
(  
  

  .!/
 Û n = θU n+1 + (1 − θ)U n 
U
IQ
>)0+'+) CC "    % 
 ?
 .     

N
E C H
>)0+'+) CC    
     P1  % 
    $ 


LY T
 
%
 .2   N = 1       

  


 M 
*
  
C
 &  $' &  
  

P O

 K    
  2  $

  
    $'

LE
 "   
  
 
  07 . 2    : ∆t ≤ Ch2 

ÉC O
& 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
   "
 
 
    '     N
J  
 
%   
 
   %  I Q  (   
 E C
)NI           !
     
   %T
H          


    "
 

 %   
 %   & FC/H
'  "! " OL Y +>!!   ;,  
    
<# " P    !          "    1
(Th )h>0
u   
 L E  &   !     !  &   "
Ω V0h

C O
!
& 
H01 (Ω)

   ?   "
 !    
V0h     1 ! "
θ
Pk

0
(∆t)
              
É           
h ∈ V0h
un
limh→0 uh = u0
Un
   
L2 (Ω) h
∆t     <(#    
lim max u(tn ) − un
h L2 (Ω) = 0.
h→0, ∆t→0 0≤n≤n0

*
   
 
     ,   
6
   $ 
  (
   , ,
 
   
 
  6
  ;.      ?  2
 $&     0 f ?  2
 $< 

U E
    u0    
      2
 -   


N
.  0  .
      
    . , )  IQ

   ( '   
     
A  
 

EC H
Y T
 

E POL  %


O L
ÉC
 &
  #'


 - W  


  t = 1A 2A 3A 5     
U E
N IQ
1
/ )         
E C H 3+

LY T
   
 
 
 
 ,
       00

P O
;     A    
I
    
< ?  
 
 . .


LE

 ,
    


ÉC O
)(   
    *
 &"

U E
:   = 


N IQ
EC H
@    )* ):3.+) :)5-)9)*1  8
  .   ;- "<  ,
6

Y T
     ;-< *
 A  

    .   

POL
 

 
6  V0h  H01 (Ω)A    )  ;# 
A


6  , ) <   6      ;- "<   , 6

LE
  .   
. J 
. uh (t) 8    ]0, T [ ? .
  V0h 

ÉC


O


⎧ 2
d
⎨ 2 uh (t), vh L2 (Ω) + a (uh (t), vh ) = f (t), vh L2 (Ω) ∀ vh ∈ V0h , 0 < t < T,
dt ;-$"<

⎪ ∂u
⎩ uh (t = 0) = u0,h , h
(t = 0) = u1,h
∂t
R u0,h ∈ V0h  u1,h ∈ V0h           u0  u1 
*
  
 ;-$"<  

 
 
    
   

E
 
A  

 0 (φi )1≤i≤ndl  V0h ;
  
<A 
   uh (t) 
  8

IQ U

ndl

H N
EC
uh (t) = Uih (t)φi ,

T
i=1

Y
POL
. U h = (Uih )1≤i≤ndl  . 
     uh  9 
 
E
ndl ndl

L
u0,h = Ui0,h φi , u1,h = Ui1,h φi , bhi (t) = f (t), φi L2 (Ω) , 1 ≤ i ≤ ndl ,

ÉC O
i=1 i=1

,   .   ;-$"<  


. 
#    &!%;5.1',*:
&'A%0)*1')--): ,0&'*.'0): ,  ? :  


⎪ d2 U h
⎨ Mh (t) + Kh U h (t) = bh (t), 0 < t < T,
dt2
;-$$<

⎪ h
⎩ U h (t = 0) = U 0,h , dU (t = 0) = U 1,h ,
dt
R  
.  H 9.10'+): &) 9.::) Mh )1 &) 0'('&'1% Kh 
 

,
    

(Mh )ij = φi , φj L2 (Ω) , (Kh )ij = a(φi , φj ) 1 ≤ i, j ≤ ndl .
U E
,    ,
 A   
,
 8
  A   
   ;-$$< ,06
N IQ
E C H
  8          
    Mh  Kh 
'   :   G
     ;-$$<A   
  
 
6
 
 ;-$$<          

LY T
P O
>)0+'+) CC 8  :  
 $ 
 E   
  

LE

  
  $ 
  
  .!

ÉC O
&$ 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
:  *
 
 = 

E C H
@
  
    &'A%0)*+): @*'): )* 1)93: 
 
  #6

Y T
 ,
  (     ;-$$< *
   )   A 


OL
  .  # ;-$$<           h

P ⎧

LE

⎪ d2 U
⎨ M 2 (t) + KU (t) = b(t)

O
dt ;-$&<

ÉC

⎪ dU
⎩ U (t = 0) = U0 , (t = 0) = U1 ,
dt
R  
 
 b(t)   

 [0, T ] @  
 , .   [0, T ]
 n0    ∆t = T /n0 A   tn = n∆t 0 ≤ n ≤ n0 A    U n
,    U (tn ) 
 
   *
 0 ≤ θ ≤ 1/2   
θ:+4%9.
U n+1 − 2U n + U n−1  

E
M +K θU n+1 + (1 − 2θ)U n + θU n−1
;-$-<
U
(∆t) 2

IQ
= θb(tn+1 ) + (1 − 2θ)b(tn ) + θb(tn−1 ).

H N

 θ = 0A   ;-$-< :+4%9. )>3-'+'1) ;  ,  8  .   

Y T EC

       M   < *
      8
 P
U 0  U 1 A  
, 0  Q  
      

POL
U1 − U0
0

E
U = U0 = U1 .

L
∆t

ÉC O
   
 8

    
    :+4%9. &) )I9.0D
*
 
  # L M
d2 U dU
M 2
(t) + C (t) + KU (t) = b(t)
dt dt
   U (t), dU/dt(t), d2 U/dt2 (t)    
 U n , U̇ n , Ü n


⎪ MÜ n+1 + C U̇ n+1 + KU n+1 = b(tn+1 )


⎨ n+1
U̇ = U̇ n + ∆t(δ Ü n+1 + (1 − δ)Ü n ) ;-$<



⎪ 2  
⎩ U n+1 = U n + ∆tU̇ n + (∆t) 2θÜ n+1 + (1 − 2θ)Ü n
2

U E
IQ
. 0 ≤ δ ≤ 1  0 ≤ θ ≤ 1/2 
    ,   
 ;C = 0<A
 
     
 U̇ n , Ü n  ;-$<  
. ?
H N
C
 

E
U n+1 − 2U n + U n−1 1 1
M K −
T −
n+1 n n−1
+ θU + ( + δ 2θ)U + ( δ + θ)U

Y
(∆t)2 2 2

P O L 1 1
= θb(tn+1 ) + ( + δ − 2θ)b(tn ) + ( − δ + θ)b(tn−1 ).

LE
2 2
;-&<

ÉC O
)(   
    *
 &&

U E
N IQ
+
 
 
 δ = 1/2     /C%    θ6  9 6

EC H
 
A 
 δ   A 
       8  0
 ; 
 
 


T
 ,  
 . <A H ,      

Y
POL
>)0+'+) CC "    % 
 >Q
=  $    

LE
δ = 1/2( $ 2  δ = 1/2  θ = 1/12(  $   δ = 1/2  θ = 1/12  

O
 
+ $ 
 

  

ÉC @ 
  0       
   1)   -$ *
 . 
 
  
 A    ,
         0   
> /
 ;.   +
   <  
 
.    H  

   $


)99) CC $ $ +   #  NJ ,F,  δ < 1/2'  " " > 
$"/,  ))$   δ ≥ 1/2,  $ "$ $   "/" 
E
($  $$ " " >  -*  δ ≤ 2θ ≤ 1' "$  '  0 ≤ 2θ < δ  $"
U
IQ
""     $ "$ ;<

H N
EC
2
max λi (∆t)2 < , ;-&<

T
i δ − 2θ

Y
POL
.  λi $"  -  ))  KU = λMU - F,3,

L E
)9.0;5) CC @   P     ;-&<     '2
O
ÉC
;'
62   6C#<

 ∆t ≤ Ch 
 ,
     ;.   
$< 9 8 A  
  
A      Th 
 8 
  

 R 
    
 0
  # Ch ;. C > 0     
 <A    (  . maxi λi = O(h−2 )   
  
. )  8 
   N = 1   ,9  -$ '  
 0 
A 
   '2 ;-&< ,   . 

, 
      
∆t  , 
 ,  h ' A 
 ? .
 #    ;


.  
 U n+1  8    U n , U n−1 
  0<A 

  
    /C% 
  .
  δ  θ  
,       
0  
   

   0 
    '2   
R   )>3-'+'1)A ,6?6  
,  ,#    #    ? 
 ? 


E
   9 (A
         
,    

U
IQ
  
  ?  
 
G
  
  0   
   

N
 /C% ;-&< ,H    
 θ = 0  
      M  

E H
  Q  ?
 8
 ,      ;.   +
 &< '
C
     
.
     
 . δ = 1/2 •

LY T
%9,*:10.1',*C 9   00 ? 
 -$"   .  6

P O
     
 
   $ @   U n    

LE
0  ;-&<   0  
 M    
 K *

ÉC O
&- 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N

A ;-&<  
.A   A ? IQ

EC H 

T
Uin+1 − 2Uin + Uin−1 1 1
− − = bni , ;-& <
Y
n+1 n n−1
+λ θU + ( + δ 2θ)U + ( δ + θ)U

POL
i i i i
(∆t)2 2 2

LE
.    .  ; λi   .
 
#  
KVi = λi MVi < '    ;-& <  ?    .
 ;.   
6  

ÉC O
 "<A  

   ,   Ai  

       
Uin+1 Uin (∆t)2 bni a11 a12
= Ai + . Ai = ,
Uin Uin−1 1 + θλi (∆t)2 0 1 0

2 − λi (∆t)2 ( 12 + δ − 2θ) 1 + λi (∆t)2 ( 12 − δ + θ)


a11 = , a12 = − .
1 + θλi (∆t)2 1 + θλi (∆t)2

E
@  
 

     p  bn−p 
n−1

IQ U
HN
Uin+1 Ui1 (∆t)2
= Ani 0
Ui + A i . ;-&<
Uin Ui0
C
1 + θλi (∆t)2 p=0 i 0

T E
LY
        0    > /
  ρ(Ai ) ≤ 1 @ 
 

O
 .
   Ai 
   
#X  µ 
.
P
L E µ2 − a11 µ − a12 = 0

ÉCO
      

−4λi (∆t)2 + λ2i (∆t)4 ( 12 + δ)2 − 4θ

∆= .
(1 + θλi (∆t)2 )2

@ . )   
      #X   
 8 
 
 
?    
     ,
  
  
. J   ∆ ≤ 0  a12 ≥ −1A
  ∆ > 0  1−a12 ≥ |a11 |  
 8 
          

 ?     ;-&< ;.        $A    A   __
 T&U< 

>)0+'+) CC     


     .&( $ + δ = 1/2 
U E
λi (∆t)2 = 1−4θ 
4
"    % 
 >Q
=  
 
  
   

N IQ
 
−2 −1
 

E C H 

T
n+1 n
Ai = ,  Ani = (−1)n .

Y
1 0 −n 1−n

P O L
C
# $ $
* $ 
 @
A  

  Ani  
 

LE
  

ÉC O
)(   
    *
 &

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC 9 ,0    
   
 
# ,
6

EC H
  (     ;-$&<   8    
# cos(ωi t)A

T
. ωi2 = λi  '    
 
 ,     ;-$&<    

Y
POL
?  
 
    ;  
,   (
 8 
  8 Y .  

    1)   "<A  
 
 8
 
    6

LE

   ;-$&< 0 

       
  
  . 
 
Vi
#   KVi = λi MVi  @    
  U (t)  ;-$&< 
 

ÉC O
8
U (t) =

xi (t)Vi ,
i∈I

R I 
    ,          
   6
  
 A  xi (t)   
  ,
 
  (       

d2 xi
(t) + λi xi (t) = bi (t)
dt2

U E

, 
   8 A  A        
 


IQ
    '  A   :53)03,:'1',*: &) 9,&):A  
   

N
H
  
 . 0  9  ,.  ,H 
  .A ,6?6  , 

EC
 
    E  GA  
   
  

  

T

           A   
.  .  

Y
O'L
   # 
 •

E P
J  
 
%   
   "
 
 
   

 
   %    (   
              
O L
)G#           ! 

    "
 

É C
     
   %   %   
 %   & FC/H
'  "
"     +>!!   ;,  
   
u
<$$ " (Th )h>0     !         Ω " V0h   1
  H01 (Ω)  &   !     !  &  Pk  " (∆t)      
!
   ?   " unh ∈ V0h            U n   
  !  &   V0h        !  @A!B " limh→0 u0h = u0 
L2 (Ω) limh→0 u1h = u1  L2 (Ω)   h  ∆t          
    <C    
lim max u(tn ) − un
h L2 (Ω) = 0.
h→0, ∆t→0 0≤n≤n0

*
   
 
     
     ,
  
U E
IQ
 
 
 .   
     
   D   @ 

N
H
 ,
      Ω =]0, 1[2 .
    
     /
A

T E C

 .     
 
      ? 
    # 
 
  
    (0.3, 0.4) 1  2
 -     
  

LY
8  ∇u ? ,      ? " 
 
 ;  # ,  A 

O
P
    A   
 , 
  .  
   

LE
<

ÉC O
- 
 ) 
  #$ 

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC  #
  


U E
N IQ
EC H
 

Y T  %


E POL
O L
ÉC

 $
  &


U E
N IQ
E C H
 -
Y T
W  
  t = 0.0A 0.1A 0.2A 0.3A 0.4A 0.5  |∇u|

L
P O
O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
  POL
O LE
ÉC
  "
!   
U E
N IQ
5
)%   

EC H
>  ,
 

Y T
POL
,    
 
I    
P
 
.  
 ,6

E
L
     
      , 
    0
 6

ÉC O
  J   A  A  )  A   
A 
 
A 0 
A  6
   A     ,   
A  
 A   ,    


 
I  . 

 
 0  

  .  A 
,?  6
    ;    ,      
    

  <A     X   /
  8 
. 
,`
 

I   8
 
 #    
 
 ,
  
 .
  
  ? 8 
1,
    A ,    
 H .
 
    6
   ,# 
 
  
  
  .   
 .

        ' A       
  6
   H 0
  8      0

 
 
  

E
  
 H 
 9 (A  ,  9,&%-':.1',* ,
 

IQ U
# 
 
,
 # 
  ;.
 ? ,  ,
  
  .
 <A  ,  :'95-.1',* *59%0';5) 
   A   

H N
   
 ;
,      
 
 
<  ,H  ? J  

T E C
8
 
. .('0 
   

  # ) ,    
8  '        -!,31'9':.1',*A ,6?6   

LY
      ;
     < ,
 8   
   
 

O
 
P
LE
*  
 
       0 ,    R

ÉC O -
- 
 + 
  , #  

U E
N IQ
     
  ( 1    
  A    

EC H

   
   0 
   ,    ,  
 8   6

T
)  

      )  ;  Rn < 5# 
A ,   
 

Y
POL
 
 8
        
      0
 
 R  8   ?       
  ,
 
 

LE
(     ;
 A  8    )  

   
  ) A  C[0, T ]< @       A    6

ÉC O
    0
  
 
  0 
       
    ? ,     8     
  ,
 
  

 .    ,      
X    #  6
0
 
  0
   A         


 0     

   
     
6   8 
 
 

  # 
   0 ,    +
 
 
       
   

,     6
  ^

 
  (     

  .  
  ?
 # ,
   0 

U E
IQ
@ 
 
  ,     
   0  
   8

N
(  
  . 0   
 
  5# 
A  ,

EC H
   
 8   f (x) . x ∈ Rn A  ,  &!,31'9':.1',* )* 2.0'./-):
+,*1'*5):A   
  x ∈ Zn   (  ?  -!,31'9':.1',* +,9/'*.1,'0) 

Y T
 . 0   7    A ,     . 0  
 

POL

. 
 L8 M 
 ,     . 0     

   
    . 
 8
  
   .
  
 
,   


L E
,    0    
      0
 0

O
       ',
   RA ?   
  


ÉC
 

A D
   0
 L
  
M   
 0   0
8     

*
 )   0. 
  
  
     



'   .     
  
   ,     ,
 
      
A 
       )  
)  9 
 A

 .  X 
   +,*2)>'1% 
 0   
 ,  
   )   '   .     ,    
   
 
 
  
  '    

 
 

         A  
        
   0   *
 
    
 ,    
 .#
  
 
 
.  T"UA TUA T UA TUA T UA T UA TU

U E
>  1)  
N IQ
E C H
*  .
 

 0 # 
 ,   A ,   6

M  ,   


LY T
 
 
 
  A   
  8   
  ( L06

P O
'O  

   0)+4)0+4) ,3%0.1',**)--)A ,6?6 

LE
         
      
 

ÉC O
+  $    -

U E
N
>)93-) C C $30,/-?9) &) 10.*:3,016  ,  ,
     IQ
EC H
   ;
     <  0
  ,     .  ,
 6

T
  ;
 0  
    
< @   M XA  

Y
POL
 1 ≤ i ≤ M A  
 ,
  .
  % si   8
  . N  A 6
  1 ≤ j ≤ N A 
   

 
  rj   G  

LE

    ,X i     j    cij   . 0    
  
  vij       ,X i .    j  @ .


ÉC O
     G
 
   8        ;

 
 M

i=1 si ≥
N
j=1 rj < 3
 A  .
 

⎛ ⎞

M 
N
inf ⎝ cij vij ⎠
(vij )
i=1 j=1


          %    8     


N 
M

U E
vij ≥ 0, vij ≤ si ,

N IQ
vij = rj 
 1 ≤ i ≤ M, 1 ≤ j ≤ N.

H
j=1 i=1

' 0 


  
   0  

Y T EC •

POL
>)93-) C C $30,/-?9) &!.A)+1.1',*6  ,  ,
  ,   

E
0   
 . 0    F .
 ?  H ,
     6

L
    N 8A    1 ≤ i ≤ N A  N A    1 ≤ j ≤ N 
O
ÉC
 8 i  , j  ,  
    
 . 0 ,  aij .

 Y       .
  +  
 J 
     

 
    #   ,     ;@ .   
6   &

  #     ,     V<  0

I
   6
   0       N 8  N  3
 A 
 
 
  σ  ,0  
  SN  {1, ..., N } 

    
 
N
max aiσ(i) .
σ∈SN
i=1

 .    ? 


   .
  aij     ' #  0
  0 ,(   ;  .     
  

U E
IQ
 
  ,(    
    .  
     <

H N
E  
      8    
      0A  

,   

 8 .    ,9   . 0      

E C
vij 
.
  ,  #       8 i  , j     @ .

T
   ⎛
N N

O LY ⎞

sup ⎝
Paij vij ⎠

OLE
(vij ) i=1 j=1

ÉC
- 
 + 
  , #  

U E

   
N IQ

N

EC

M
H
vij = 0 
1,

LY T vij ≤ 1, vij ≤ 1 
 1 ≤ i, j ≤ N.

O
j=1 i=1

P
@ 
    
  0 ,(      

,  # 
 0 )

LE
  0   
,  L
:M ,
 
 
. , 
  ,  0  G ,


O
ÉC

      
  0 0    
   0
 0    0 
H  
 
  
 .   

/  
  0       
  
  :   ;.  

6   &< •

>)93-) C C $30,/-?9) &5 :.+E&,:6  0  


  

 6
?6    n 0I      8 p1 , . . . , pn ∈ RA  ,
     .
u1 , . . . , un ∈ RA  P ∈ R
     
 ,   ?  @ 

E
xi = 1     i6 0I    6?6 A  xi = 0   @ .
   
,
  
 ?  
      J

IQ U
max n xi ui .
H N
EC
 x ∈ {0, 1} 1≤i≤n

T
xi pi ≤ P
1≤i≤n

Y
POL
9 
 8   :
 .    
  . 0 ,    xi   
;.  ,9  " 

    
 < •

O L E
ÉC

  W 5
 

 .# 
     ,9 
U E
N IQ
E C
>)93-) C C $1,50*%) &5 2,B.()50 &) +,99)0+)6   0  H
LY T
    0     0
.# 
     
;
>+*<   .   n .  
 .  .  ?      


P O
   
 @  tij   
 I    .  i   .  j ;.
6

LE
 (  tji < @         n .     

ÉC O
+  $    -"

U E
N IQ
        (tij ) ;.   2
 <  8
  
.
 # 

EC H
   

 
 
 8   
  .     0 

T
  0 

 8  #       . 0  

Y
POL
;.   
6   $ 

    
 < •

LE
>)93-) C C $+4)9'* &) +,M1 9'*'9596  
    G = (N , A)A

O
R N  ,0  a
  A ⊂ N ×N 
 0 ,     a


ÉC
@   ? 
  (k, m) ∈ A
 G w(k, m) @ )
 a
,  i 

a
    j   0
   G   
   ? 
.

  
   i ? j 
 0 
 
 , 
  
G    
 3
 A   
 
  a
 i = 0 , . . . , T = j
 
 (r , r+1 ) ∈ A 
 
 r = 0, 1, ..., T − 1  w(0 , 1 ) + · · · + w(T −1 , T )
   

  a
   . A 
 A  ,0  
   ,

.  ? ,
A  
 w(k, m)     
    .  k  mA 

U E

.  0  


 
   7     0  A

IQ
 0  8  ? 
 #   
         •

H N
EC
>
   0 
    
. A  A     6

T
    )   
   % ;.   
6   $<

Y
POL
>)93-) C C $,31'9':.1',* ;5.&0.1';5) E +,*10.'*1): -'*%.'0):6   A

O L E

    ,  nA # 
 )    .   B
    6

     m × n   b
 . 
  Rn  @ .
 
  0

ÉC inf
x∈ KerB

1

J(x) = Ax · x − b · x .
2

   ,  ? KerB         .  ;.  

6     
  
 < •

 
   0 
    


   +#  

 
  .
  . 
  ,
   # 


>)93-) C C $30)9'?0) 2.-)50 30,30)6   A


    ,  nA
# 
 @ .
     
  
  
U E
Ax · x,
N IQ
H
inf

C
x∈Rn ,x=1

Y T E
R x    
   x /
 . 
,  ,  0  G  . 


P O L
  A   ?  
   .
  ; 8  
6     < •

LE
' 
   
    

ÉC O
-$ 
 + 
  , #  

U E
N IQ
>)93-) C C $+,*:,99.1',* &): 9%*.():6 @  
   

EC H

  n #         8
 . 
 p ∈ Rn+  

T
.
?  
  b > 0A         
 H

Y
POL
   
 8   ,
   u(x)  Rn+  R ;     .<A 


  0)  
            
  x  n 6
    
    . 
 x∗ 
    


O LE
ÉC
max
n
u(x),
x∈R+ ,x·p≤b

,6?6  
   ,
   

    0
   ;.  

6    
  
 < •
* ?
  ,    ,
 #    
 
 
(    A ,6?6  ?
 0  +,99.*&) ,31'9.-)

>)93-) C C $+,99.*&) ,31'9.-)6 @  


 # (   6

U E
  .   
  
  0
  

 0 ;

    A


N IQ
.
A  < ) 
,  
. L

 M
 I    )  ,
0
? ,  t   
 8   y(t) ? .
  RN ;# 
A 

EC H
     . < @   
  0  ,    ,
   v(t) ?

T
.
  RM ;# 
A  
 

A      
A  <

Y
POL
9    8  f (t) ∈ RN        
 
 ?
 #
,
  (     ;
    
   )<

O L E ⎧
⎨ dy = Ay + Bv + f 
 0 ≤ t ≤ T

ÉC
dt ;<

y(0) = y0

R y0 ∈ RN  ,   
#A A  B  
    
    . N × N  N × M  @  z(t)
 I   L 0M  zT

    ) L 0M *
   
 
  0  
     
G
XA  
     # 
   . R, Q, D  

R  
  
 H )    . @ )  
   
  

 T  T
J(v) = Rv(t) · v(t)dt + Q(y − z)(t) · (y − z)(t)dt + D (y(T ) − zT ) · (y(T ) − zT ) .
0 0

+
 
  8   y(t)    . 0 v ? . ;< ' 
U E
IQ
     0  .
    ; 
  ,
 
 

N

. 0<A  

 . 8  .  K  RM 


E C H
,0       0  0    

inf

LY
v(t)∈K, 0≤t≤T
J(v).
T
P O
 8
A 0  GA    
   8        J(v)  

LE
)   
  y  ;< ;.   
6    
  
 < •

ÉC O
+  $    -&

U E
N IQ
>)93-) C C  $9'*'9':.1',* &!5*) %*)0(') 9%+.*';5)6  ,      6

EC H
 ,    
 ,
 0 
0  ,    
 ,
 
6

T

 /
 .# 
 '    " 
 
    
      

Y
POL

     
   Ω
 
. 0  RN  f ∈ L2 (Ω) 1,
 *   " &A 
 
  0  1   
   A  8


LE
    ,  J(v) )  
 v ∈ H01 (Ω) 
 

ÉC O J(v) =
1
2 Ω
|∇v| dx −
2

f v dx.

3
 A  .
 


inf J(v).
v∈H01 (Ω)

@ 
    H 0 
  
  
  
 
 
    
   %  ,9  "A  
  

   %  
. ?      
U E
IQ
  

N
µ
|∇v|2 dx − f · v dx .
H
inf J(v) =
v∈H01 (Ω)N  "
 divv=0

EC
2 Ω Ω

T
+
 
,  # 
   L ,   0  M       A 
Y
POL

     0  ,  /
 . 
  
 8    6
   •

L E
1  
  


  .   =  
A 
O
ÉC
,  ,
  
 . 
 0 ,   A 
 b  .  

   .         
 ? \  .
 )
6
.    

>)93-) C C $30,/-?9) &) '&,*6 >      ,  


 

   1  8   .   ' A   
8
 
  
)  

L  
 
   
 
 0
8M 9  
   
 )
           8

 .   
 
0    

      
.  
   
8   0 ,
# 


  ;  . <   8    

     0  G

  
 ;.  ,9   < 9   

 
  )A
 0   
.  
0   

 ) l ≥ 0 
  . 

U E
IQ
     
   ,   
 3
 A  

 ξ

H N
C
sup y(x) dx,

Y
0

T E
L
.   

P O  ξ 

OLE
ξ ≥ 0, y(0) = 0, 1 + y  (x)2 dx = l,
0

ÉC
-- 
 + 
  , #  

U E
N IQ
R ξ  , 
   y(x)       
0 


  x

 

EC H •

Y T
>  ? ,    ,
 :B:1?9) &':10'/5%A ,6?6     


POL

  
  .  

LE
>)93-) C C  $+,*10O-) &!5*) 9)9/0.*)6 @  
 0 6

ÉC O
 
A ) 
  
A   8 
 ,   ,
 8  f  ' 

,. .
?  
6   A  0     

−∆u = f + v  Ω
u=0 
 ∂Ω,

R u     .    0  v 


 8   X ? 
   ' X  # 

   
  F6  
 
  


   ω
  Ω .
      @ )   ,0 
X    0
U E
N IQ
K = {v(x)  
 vmin (x) ≤ v(x) ≤ vmax (x)  ω  v = 0  Ω \ ω} ,

EC H
R vmin  vmax  
 8    @    X 
 

Y T
  u 
   
  0 ,
     u0 A  
  ,


POL
G   @ )  
  


E
1  

L
J(v) = |u − u0 |2 + c|v|2 dx,

O
2 Ω

ÉC
. c > 0  0  X ,  

inf J(v).
v∈K

  0  G ?         8   


 v   
 
  0 ;.   
6    
  
 < •

>  *(

 


,    
 . 0
  
  J 
 

   
)    
 /
       0      
;  
,  
: ,      
 0 
 0     <
U E
IQ
5
 ,0 A ,   
    0A  V A  
 H
N
E C H

   .   A ,6?6  
 ,
   v  1  
6
    V  ,  RN A   
      
. V 
  

LY T
 = 0  ; 
       A 
 A ,
   
E A ,6?6 
   .    < @    


P O

60 K ⊂ V R , .    
  J   
 K  ,0 

LE
 .&9'::'/-):
0A 
0  
 K )   +,*10.'*1): ,O

ÉC O
+  $    -

U E
N IQ

  0   9)A  +0'1?0)A 
 =,*+1',* +,M1A 
 =,*+1',*

EC H
,/<)+1'=A ?    A  J A 
 8   )  
 K ? .
  R 

T
0 
   

Y
POL
inf J(v). ; <
v∈K⊂V


 ,
      inf 

 0      A   


LE

 ,    A    A   .

  
   A ,6?6  , 

O
ÉC
  v ∈ K  

J(v) = inf J(v).
v∈K⊂V

, .
  
 
  .

  
   A 
    8 
  
min J(v),
v∈K⊂V

    ,   ,
 . 
 . ;
 
 8 
< *
 
0     A    sup  max   inf  minA  6
 . *  

 )    0
U E
%@*'1',* C C
N I Q
$ "  " $ $   $ )$"  $    
H
u
J    "  $" 
K

T E C
u∈K "
 L
Y
∃δ > 0 , ∀v ∈ K , v − u < δ =⇒ J(v) ≥ J(u) .

$ "  " $ $ O


 $" 
u
E P $ )$"  $  0/     "
J K

O L "
C $ )) $*      ' )   $"' - 
u∈K J(v) ≥ J(u) ∀v ∈ K .

É
%@*'1',* C C J K
$ '  $ 0$ )  $""$ ,'  /$  )  $  R
$"$"  $$" J   K ,  J $" ) $   K '  $*  - "
−∞,  K " - ' ) $-$"$ $*  " +∞,
:$  " $$"  J $ K " $  " (un )n∈N " 
un ∈ K ∀ n " lim J(un ) = inf J(v).
n→+∞ v∈K

*  )   H  , )


  J 
 K    
I
  

   

U E
>  ?



(

N IQ
C H
 
   ?  
   ,)>':1)*+) &) 9'*'9. 
 
E
LY T
0 ,        )  /
 
   
6
   ;    < 
 V = RN 
 , 
 

   


N

P O √
u · v = i=1 ui vi     
  u = u · u

LE
 
 F    ,   ,
   
   
.

ÉC O
 
 + 
  , #  

U E
N
4%,0?9) C C $>':1)*+) &!5* 9'*'959 )* &'9)*:',* @*')6 I Q " K $

EC H
$/  $$ -   RN ' " J $ $ "$ $"$    K  -  $ R
-*$"  ))"' " 1$*$  $*$2'
Y T
POL
∀(un )n≥0  " $ K , lim un = +∞ =⇒ lim J(un ) = +∞ . ;<
n→+∞ n→+∞

O LE
  &"  $ $ )$"  $   J   K , 8 ) ' $ ) " &"
 " "  " $$"  J   K $   " $-0$" - $ )$" 
ÉC
$    K ,
%9,*:10.1',*C   (un )
 
      J 
 K      ;<
P 
 un  0 

 J(un ) 
 
   I 1 A 
 
 
6
 (unk ) 
.  .
   u  RN  7  u ∈ K 


K  8A  J(unk ) .  . J(u)   
A ,R J(u) = inf v∈K J(v)
,  1)     

U E
)9.0;5) C C / 
    ;<A 

 
 
 
    6

N IQ
  J 
 K  0A  
 
 . )  K  0 

,0 K ,  0A       
A  K A J  '*@*') E
-!'*@*'
EC H •

Y T
>)0+'+) C C "  
    
  K     J 

POL
    *  
  
  $  $  6   

E
        R 
 R $

 
    R

O L
ÉC
>)0+'+) C C "   $  
 
 @ + $A / 


  

 
inf J(v) < lim inf J(v) .
v∈K R→+∞ v≥R

>)0+'+) C C "   $  


 
   J 
 

     J   

∀(un )n≥0   
 K , lim un = u =⇒ lim inf J(un ) ≥ J(u) .
n→+∞ n→+∞

>)0+'+) C C "  $       ' /( /  /&

U E
IQ
>)0+'+) C C ) a  b   
 0 < a < b(   n ∈ N∗ (  Pn $
N
H
 :9 P  *    *
 + n   P (0) = 1 - P ∈ Pn (   
P = maxx∈[a,b] |P (x)|

T E C
Y
 "     

P O Linf P
P ∈Pn
;<

LE

  

ÉC O
+   #    ! 

U E
N IQ
2  
   :9  <%:%E Tn (X)    
  


EC H
T0 (X) = 1 , T1 (X) = X , Tn+1 (X) = 2XTn(X) − Tn−1 (X) .

Y T
POL
"    *  Tn  *
 + n     θ ∈ R, Tn (cos θ) =
cos(nθ) '   $   n + 1   ξ0n = 1 > ξ1n > ξ2n > · · · > ξnn = −1

LE
  Tn (ξkn ) = (−1)k  0 ≤ k ≤ n   max−1≤x≤1 |Tn (x)| = 1

ÉC O "   $    /   :9


b+a
⎛⎞
− X
 Tn ⎜ ⎟
1
P (X) =  ⎝ 2b − a ⎠ .
b+a
Tn
b−a 2

5
 2 "    

U E
IQ
> 1)  

= )


H N
' 
6      ? 
   
 ,   ,


EC
  
    )  , ./:,-59)*1 3.: (.0.*1')     

T
#  
    , 
5  ' :
   
Y
POL
  
8  
,   )   8 0      V
'O  
  0  
 
 0      

O L E
L8
 ? , ) M 
H  ,   ,
   


ÉC
>)93-) CC   ,   = 0 ;    ) <  
  
0  R
!

+∞
2 (R) = x = (xi )i≥1  
 x2i < +∞ ,
i=1
+∞



    x, y = i=1 xi yi  @    8   J )  

2 (R) 
 2 
+∞ 2
xi
J(x) = x 2 − 1 + .
i

E
i=1

* K = 2 (R)A     0

IQ U
HN
inf J(x) , ;"<

C
x∈2 (R)

Y T E

 
 
   
,  ,         
 > )

 ,0 
 
PO L 

OLE
inf J(x) = 0.
x∈2 (R)

ÉC
 
 + 
  , #  

U E

  
 x  2 (R) )  
n

N
= δin 
 
 i ≥ 1 @ . )
xni IQ
  


EC H
T
1
J(xn ) = → 0 
 n → +∞.
Y
POL
n
' J    .A   
 
 xn 
 
      
  .


LE

  
  
 ' A   .  
,  ,  

 x ∈ 2 (R)  

J(x) = 0 * 
A  ,         
 
 ;"< @ . 

ÉC O
   
  
     xn L ? , ) M  ,   
 2 (R) ;0  
,   0< •

>  
    
,   0  . 
0       ,  
 
 .      
 
,
  
  .   ;. A  A  *   " &< 7 
     )A      8  0   
 
       ,              


>)93-) CC @   ,   0. V = H 1 (0, 1) 


   
U E


1  1/2
v = 0 v  (x)2 + v(x)2 dx
N
;

    = 0    ) A IQ
.   '  < @  K = V A 
 1 ≥ h > 0A   
EC H

Y T  

POL
1
Jh (v) = (|v  (x)| − h)2 + v(x)2 dx .
0

L E
,   J   
 
 V A      ;<  . ) 


O
ÉC
 
1
 1 1
v 2
Jh (v) = v − 2h
2
|v (x)|dx + h ≥ v −
2 2
v  (x)2 dx − h2 ≥ − h2 .
0 2 0 2

7 

inf Jh (v) = 0 , ;$<
v∈V

 
 
 
,  ,      
  Jh 
 V J  (A  ;$<   

  u  
   
  Jh 
 V A  .  .  Jh (u) = 0A ,R u ≡ 0 
|u | ≡ h > 0 ;
 
< 
 (0, 1)A  
  0

U E
N IQ
h/n
E C H
0
LY k/n T 1
P O
LE
  W
     un 
 ,9   

ÉC O
+   #    ! 

U E
N IQ
*
 0  ;$<A  

 
     (u ) )  
 n ≥ 1 
n

⎧ k k
EC H 2k + 1

T

⎨ h(x − )  ≤ x ≤ ,

Y
POL
n n 2n
un (x) = 
 0 ≤ k ≤ n − 1 ,

⎩ h( k + 1 − x)  2k + 1 ≤ x ≤ k + 1 ,

LE
n 2n n

ÉC O
    2
   @ .  8  
 un ∈ V  
   6
. (un ) (x)   
 
 .
 J +h  −h * 
A Jh (un ) =

1 n 2 h2
0 u (x) dx = 4n A  

. ;$<A ,6?6  
 Jh ,     
   
 
 V  9 
A  h = 0A     
 J0  

 
  
   
 v ≡ 0 V •

>)0+'+) CC " 


          $ $  
 
    J  C 1 [0, 1]

E
3  
    6A    :
 
  
U
IQ
  )   
 
 # 
 
.  0 
 


N
,   

 0        
    = 0 

H
EC
  ) 
  V
   .     v    J
 8   )  

  

Y T
K  V ? .
  RA . )     ;< ; )  ? , ) < 3A 


POL

     (un )
0

O L E inf J(v)
v∈K
;&<

ÉC
 0 9   )  ; V = RN <A   
     

6    
       8 0 ;  
 
 K
 8  
 J   
 
 6  
 8 
< 7

A

  
  8
    ) A  
 .    1
  A  
  
     (V, K, J) . )     
. J

 
 
 (un )n≥1  K  
 supn∈N un < +∞  

lim J(un ) =  < +∞ =⇒ ∃ u ∈ K  


 J(u) ≤  . ;-<
n→+∞

3  A 
     ;<  ;-<A  0 ;&<  
 
 

U E
7

A     ;-<  
  0  . )0   V @

    . ) 

  
   0A  

IQ
      
 J  0       +,*2)>) ' 

N
E C H
 .   
6    A  V 
    = 0A K
 +,*2)>)
8  V A  
 J 
 8   +,*2)>)   
 
 K A  ;-< 

LY T
 
  0 ;&<  
 
    .  
 
 
   A ,
 A 
  #  .   
. 


P O
 0

 ,  A  ,
 A 
,  ,  ,
    

LE
0 
 
     
:    7   

ÉC O
 
 + 
  , #  

U E
N IQ
  )  
       
 

 ,   ,
   
 V

EC H
/ A  
  . .   
6   
.A 

T
:

#       6    
.

. 

OL Y
P
LE
> .
  
$ )

ÉC O1 
  

A 
 
 
 V 
    = 0 
 ,


    u, v  ,
    v  + 
,
 0 K 
. ,    
      
 
 
     ;.  
1)    < 1 

    8   .

%@*'1',* CC $ "  $ $ "$ J *$   $ $/ $-& $$ - 


K∈V "  -  $ R " $-&   K  "  $" 
J(θu + (1 − θ)v) ≤ θJ(u) + (1 − θ)J(v)
E
∀ u, v ∈ K , ∀ θ ∈ [0, 1] .

U
;<

θ ∈]0, 1[,
N IQ
8 ) ' J " " " "$" $-&  $0" , " " "   u = v "

EC H
T
)9.0;5) CC J 
    )  
 K ? .
  RA  
Y
POL
%3'(0.34)  J ,0 Epi(J) = {(λ, v) ∈ R × K , λ ≥ J(v)} 3 J 
.   
  Epi(J) 
   .  R × V  •

O L E
>)0+'+) CC ) J1  J2      V, λ > 0(  ϕ   

ÉC
 
     
  R  
 $ J1 (V ) "   J1 +J2 (
max(J1 , J2 )( λJ1  ϕ ◦ J1  

>)0+'+) CC ) (Li )i∈I 


       
M
 V  "   supi∈I Li    V  C  (  J   
    V  "   J  *

 supLi ≤J Li 4    Li 

M
*
  8   .  ,#    (       
 
0
     
   
.

0,3,:'1',* CC  J " $ $ "$ $-&   $ $/ $-& K ' " "
U E
IQ
)$"  $     J   K " $ $  0/ " $/  )$"
 $  " $ $/ $-& -$" $" - ,
H N
  )  J " " "$" $-&'   &"  )  $ )$"  $ ,
T E C
Y
%9,*:10.1',*C   u
   
    J 
 K  1,  1)   A

 
.   

P O L
OLE
∃ δ > 0 , ∀ w ∈ K , w − u < δ =⇒ J(w) ≥ J(u) . ;<

ÉC
+   #    ! "

U E
N IQ
  v ∈ K  *
 θ ∈]0, 1[ 
:  A wθ = θv + (1 − θ)u . ) wθ − u < δ

EC H
 wθ ∈ K 

 K  . 1 A J(wθ ) ≥ J(u) , ;<A   . 

T
 J  
 
 J(u) ≤ J(wθ ) ≤ θJ(v) + (1 − θ)J(u)A  
 0  


Y
POL
J(u) ≤ J(v)A ,6?6  
 u 
   
 0 
 K 
1,
 A  u1  u2  
      θ ∈ [0, 1]A  w = θu1 +(1−θ)u2

LE

   
 

 w ∈ K  


ÉC O inf J(v) ≤ J(w) ≤ θJ(u1 ) + (1 − θ)J(u2 ) = inf J(v) .


v∈K v∈K

 H   . θ ∈]0, 1[  


A  J    .A 
   u1 = u2  

/
 
 .    
 ,
    L8 . M 3-5: 0):10'+1'2)

    . 

%@*'1',* CC $ "  $ $ "$ J *$   $ $/ $-& K "


"$" $-&  "  $"   &" α > 0 "  U E
 
N IQ
J
u+v

EC
J(u) + J(v) α
H
− u − v 2 . ;<

T
2 2 8

Y
POL
$ "   $    J " α $-&,

O L E
1  1)    A  8 .   J ,  
 
  0 6
  .    θ = 1/2 ' , 
    
  8  

ÉC
 
    ,  
.

>)0+'+) CC ) J     α(   (   θ ∈ [0, 1](
αθ(1 − θ)
J(θu + (1 − θ)v) ≤ θJ(u) + (1 − θ)J(v) − u − v 2 . ; <
2

>)0+'+) CC ) A  


 :  $ N  b ∈ RN  - x ∈ RN (
  J(x) = 12 Ax · x − b · x "   J       A 
   (   J          A   
  6
   
(    J 
      

 
  α
U E
>)0+'+) CC ) Ω    RN  H 1 (Ω) $
  )
  

N IQ
6    ) 
  J    Ω 


E C H
T
 
 
Y
1

L
J(v) = |∇v(x)|2 + v(x)2 dx − f (x)v(x) dx ,

O
2

P
Ω Ω

LE

 f ∈ L2 (Ω) "   J      H 1 (Ω)

ÉC O
$ 
 + 
  , #  

U E
N IQ
 
 
.     ,0  ,
 
 ,   ,


EC H
  
    )  9 
 A     
 
,
 8   J

T
8 .   
 

 0 K . 8  .   L ) 

Y
PO"L $-& $"$    $ $/
? , ) M  K A ,6?6  . )    ;<

0,3,:'1',* CC J K $-&  $$

O
 LE
- '   &" $  $ $"$  L ∈ V  " $ $"$" δ ∈ R "

ÉC J(v) ≥ L(v) + δ ∀v ∈ K .
  )  J " "$" $-&   K '   &"  & $"$" γ
;<
> 0 "
δ ∈ R " 
J(v) ≥ γ v 2 − δ ∀v ∈ K . ;<
%9,*:10.1',*C *
. ,0 ;< J  .  
 ;
 
 6  
 8 
< 

 0 K . 8  . A  

E
  Epi(J) ; )   +
   <  . 8  .   

U
IQ
v0 ∈ K  λ0 < J(v0 ) *

 (λ0 , v0 ) ∈
/ Epi(J)A 
 

5

N
     ,
    ,
 . ,    α, β ∈ R  ,

8     
 L ∈ V   


EC H
T
βλ + L(v) > α > βλ0 + L(v0 )

LY
∀ (λ, v) ∈ Epi(J) . ;"<

O
'A 
 v )A  
   λ 0      0 
P
E

  ;"<A     
 β ≥ 0 Y  
A   
   v = v0 

L
 0  
  ;"<A β  
 H 
 @   β > 0A   
 

ÉCO
;"< 
 J(v) + L(v)/β > α/β 
 
 v ∈ K A  

. ;<
*
.   ;<     v0 ∈ K ) *
 
 v ∈ K A ;< 
;<  
 

 
J(v) J(v0 ) v + v0 α L(v) + L(v0 ) α
+ ≥J + v − v0 2 ≥ + v − v0 2 + δ .
2 2 2 8 2 8
@  

α α
J(v) ≥ v 2 − v, v0  + L(v) + C1 ,
4 2
. C1 = (α/4) v0 2 + L(v0 ) − J(v0 ) + 2δ  1, ,     '
#6 CF
 
 ? v, v0     
  LA  |L(v)| ≤ L V  v ;.   1)  
 &<A  . 
U E
IQ
 
α v0
N
α α
J(v) ≥ v − L V +
2
v + C1 ≥ v 2 − C ,

H

4 2 2

 C ∈ R 0    
T E C 

LY
5   
6   
    0  8   . J
O
P
 8   . LM ; ,6?6  
    .
 +∞< 

LE
 


ÉC O
+   #    ! &

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC ) v0 ∈ V  J     
5       

EC H
v0  "   J          

Y T
POL
> "  # )

/
 
.    
   
 ,      


LE
   
  R J  8 . ;α6 .<

O
É C $ $-&  $$ -   $ @/"
4%,0?9) CC $>':1)*+) &!5* 9'*'959H +.: =,01)9)*1 +,*2)>)6

K, '  &" $ $  $ 


V " J $ $ "$ α $-&
u  J   K " $ 
" K
$"$   
4
v − u 2 ≤ [J(v) − J(u)] ∀ v ∈ K . ;$<
α
$ )" ' " "  " $$"  J   $/ K $-0 - u,

E
%9,*:10.1',*C   (un )
 
      J 
 K  1, ;<A J 
 n   U
  
 K A 
 n, m ∈ N    ;<  8 .  P 


IQ 
α n
u − u + J
m 2 u + um
− inf J(v) ≤
1

H N J(u ) − inf J(v)


n

EC
8 2 v∈K 2 v∈K

Y T  

POL
1
+ J(u ) − inf J(v) ,
m
2 v∈K

O L E
 
 
  
 (un )   '
#A   .  .
    uA

   
   
  J 
 K 

 J   
  K 8

ÉC
,
 
     
      *     9)A 
v ∈ K A (u + v)/2 ∈ K  K  .A ,RA 
I
 Q  ? ;<A
 
α J(u) J(v) u+v J(v) − J(u)
u − v ≤
2
+ −J ≤ ,
8 2 2 2 2
 
u+v
 J ≥ J(u) 
2

>)0+'+) CC "    <%   /2 $


 + $' /;  
$ *
  -
 
 H01 (Ω)

>)0+'+) CC ?  
 $' /2.
 E       
 0%

U E
IQ
  ! I


  
    >
  
-  !2 (

   $' !( ) =  $' !;
H N
E C
   0          5  $ 
  8  

T
J 
 
 . ;   8 .< ' A 
 

LY
 
5  $   A 
 
 
.
O
P
   9   
  
     .   8 0 
 ,

LE

    L6 M       


ÉC O
- 
 + 
  , #  

U E
I Q " $ $-&
HN
4%,0?9) CC $>':1)*+) &!5* 9'*'959H +.: +,*2)>)6 K
 $$ -   $ )   @/" V ' " J $ $ "$ $-& $"$    K '
E C
 " 1$*$  $*$2 $ K ' "   -*  $ "$ ,3'  -'
T
P LY
∀(un )n≥0  " $ K , lim un = +∞ =⇒ lim J(un ) = +∞ .
O n→+∞ n→+∞

LE
  &" $ $   J   K ,

ÉC O
)9.0;5) CC  5  &  ,   ,
   
   6
  5  $A       
 ,
   
 ,   ,
 ;$<
+
 
  
 ;$<  8
  
 ,
 ,   
6
 
       

, 8
 
      .   .  
,
 
     (un ) .       
 u •

)9.0;5) CC  5  &  .  , 


   
 V 

    E  D 8 ;  
 
  V   V < •
4
 "
 ' %     
     D(   IG   
U E
N
%       /! $       * +  .  V  IQ

   B'   ' &  "
  
 ' ('   ' '

E H
C !  
 ! $  
     
L Y T
(un ) V u∈V


 'E
O
∀v ∈ V , lim un , v = u, v .

P   1   
n→+∞

 ' 
 
L 
*   '      *  %  "
  .
1 (ei )i≥1 ('      
i = u , e 
un n i

É  O % 


*'  "
% &  * +       
V

  I C
n
u V

  (un
i )n≥1 i≥1
5     "
   %  *' 
    8
 *'9 "
   % 


  V  
"
 limn→+∞ un − u = 0  "
 "
 un  %  *' 
%  u A "
          
 "
  %  *' 
  


 "
     *  8 %  * 9    ! 
   
 un = en  %  *'  %  E    *   
"
 
       &       %  *' % 

 
%
  !  '     u     V        1 
  
n

 ! 
  5   
 u  '  ("
 
 
    u 
n n

U E
IQ
i
'   R 
("
 i    
 

    "
  %  % 

un i

HN
  ui  
         
  '  
 


i


 n  "
 

 i uni  %  %  ui  5 "
 
% "
 un  % 
C
 

*'  %  u   %  "


 u ∈ V !
E
Y T
 * 


: 
 *     
   O
L
P L
1   8  * 9  
  '
V
"
  
 V
{v ∈ V , L(v) ≤ α}
α ∈ R  


LE
    *2      '  % * 

ÉC O
+   #    ! 

U E
  !  4     !       
N I Q  ! 1 1
H
K V
! 
    
C
K

Y
K
T
  6   "
  
E        * 
"
    & L
"
    A "
  
   "
 
       
O  
  
   *  "
    
u0
 $ 
   "
  D(   I    

    
 P
K

 5  E
 %
L
K

     %       
O
u0 u0 u0 ∈ K 

É C  ! # "  !   !       2   !  


   
K V K

'   J     ! 1     !  K   D  =$


        J   ! 1     !  K     
 
      un  %  *'  %  u   L(un )  %  % 
L(u)   "

   *   V  *  
  %  *' 
  I    '     
  
K 
U E
.   ( ( 
J   ' Epi(J)  &  A  "
 I! 

IQ
 % *   R × V      
 *  
  %  *' $  
N
lim inf n→+∞ J(v n ) ≥ J(v)
EC H

   *   
 K   
 (vn )  *'  %  v  K   


Y T
O"
L
 


4
 %   
    
 
   % & !  .  IC! 
 
   (u )  ' 
 $ 
   
 P
n

E
I (u )  %  *' 
n

% 
  
L ?      IC 
CO
u∈V u∈K

É J(u) ≤ lim inf J(unk ) = inf J(v) .


k

      '


 
 

u u K
v∈K

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
 
 + 
  , #  

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T

E  POL
O L
ÉC
   
!   
#  U E
N IQ
EC H
6
$    
Y T
,
 
O L
@ 
E P
O L
1  '   
 
   
 
  ,      6

ÉC

 
 0 ,    1   A 
    ? 0 
        8  
:      ,0I  8  ,

    0

 
  
A 

     ,   
 
 
.
   
   +.-+5-)0 5* 9'*'959 ;8  H 
.  
     V< ,       ,    
H 
  
A 
 , 
 ,
 ,
 8   
 RA   ?
   
   .   ,

'    .  ,  ? ,     .   ;   
,  < 
   ;    ,  < /
 0   

    
*%+)::.'0): ,  A   ,
       .    
, 
 
,#  .   
 ,0      :5J:.*1):A 
  
       
U E
'    ,      
   
. J  x0

N IQ
H

      
    J 
 , . [a, b] ⊂ R ;J 
 8  
 .0 
 [a, b]<A   

T E C
O LY
J  (x0 ) ≥ 0  x0 = a , J  (x0 ) = 0  x0 ∈]a, b[ , J  (x0 ) ≤ 0  x0 = b .

P
7H    0  

 
A       6

LE

 J  x0 ∈ [a, b[A  
    x = x0 + h . h > 0      

ÉC O 
 
 -   #    %
 

U E
N IQ
J(x) ≥ J(x0 )A ,R J(x0 ) + hJ (x0 ) + o(h) > J(x0 )A  
 J  (x0 ) ≥ 0  . 6


EC H
  h   8    h . 0 1 H 0 6 J  (x0 ) ≤ 0  x0 ∈]a, b]

T
   x = x0 − h +
   ; ,     ,  <

Y

  x0 ∈]a, b[   J    .0  x0 A    J  (x0 ) ≥ 0 ; (A  

POL
h2
J(x0 ) + J  (x0 ) + o(h2 ) ≥ J(x0 ) 
 h F  <

LE
2
   ,0               

ÉC O
   J        ;x ∈ [a, b]  , 6 
<

        x0      
  
  
  ;x0 + h . h > 0  x0 ∈ [a, b[, x0 − h . h > 0  x0 ∈]a, b]< J 
  &'0)+1',*: .&9'::'/-): @
   
  )      . ;
 8
  5# ? ,  < 
  
 ',    
 
 
8    

 V
        
.           ?
  

    ?         .0   

U E
      8        ,    
 
  J 
 ,0     .  0 
 '*%;5.1',*

IQ
&!5-)0 Y 
,  ,        
  A  0 
 
 
N
EC H
8  .   95-1'3-'+.1)50: &)
.(0.*()        

14%,0?9) &) L54* )1 5+D)0 
: 
A 
   # 

Y T
. A        ,    
 
: @ # 

POL


 08 O
      &5.-'1%         6
    ,    ?  #      
  ( 

O L E
   

  .   2 A     "    .-(,
0'149): *59%0';5): &!,31'9':.1',* @ 
       

ÉC
 (0.&')*1 
  
    


@  *<
& 
1  ; 
    
 # 
<A 
 


 V 
    = 0 A  
    J 
 8    
 ?
.
  R  
     V  
I
  u, v     
u 
'O  
      .    J 

 
 

 0  
        ,   
,  #  
 
 . 0

 ( 0   
  2 A     )   
.
U E
; ,6?6   ,  V ,  R<A  L0M    
   .0  A

N IQ
E C H
%@*'1',* C C $ "   $ "$ J ' *$   $ -$0  u ∈ V 
-  $ R' " -/  5$"/  $  < #" $ u  &"
$  $ $"$    V ' L ∈ V  ' " 
LY T
O
P - |o(w)|

LE
J(u + w) = J(u) + L(w) + o(w) , lim =0. ;<
w→0 w

ÉC O
- %
  

U E
N I Q  $ " $ $"
$ ))  -   5$"'   0 $"
H
L J u
,
L = J  (u)

T E C
OL Y
)9.0;5) C C  1)      8  .0  V  


   E  ; ,
     
     ;<< ' A  V
P

    = 0A  
      ;<   ) V  

O LE

 V  Q  
5     + F  - 9 (A   


ÉC

 
 p ∈ V  
 p, w = L(w)A  ;< . 
|o(w)|
J(u + w) = J(u) + p, w + o(w) , . lim =0. ; <
w→0 w
@  
 8  p = J  (u)A  

 H ? 8
   8
 ; < 

. 
 L
M 
 ;<A   V = Rn 
V = L2 (Ω) * A
 
 H ,  
 

   
     = 0 

L  
M  V = H 1 (Ω) ;.  ,9  "< •

U E
1  
    A  
: 
.     8   

IQ
 
 L = J  (u) ∈ V    ,  0   ,     p = J  (u) ∈
N
EC H
V 
 V    ) ? V  9  
A   
 8   
. , 
   L 
   pA       
.

Y T
POL
>)0+'+) C C "   ;  
   J  u " 

(  L1 , L2  

O L E
J(u + w) ≥ J(u) + L1 (w) + o(w) ,
;<

ÉC
J(u + w) ≤ J(u) + L2 (w) + o(w) ,


 J   
  L1 = L2 = J  (u)

>)0+'+) C C $)::)*1')- P6 ) a   


 :     V ×
V  ) L   
    V    J(u) = 12 a(u, u) − L(u) " 
 J   
  V   J  (u), w = a(u, w) − L(w)   u, w ∈ V 

>)0+'+) C C ) A  


 :  N × N  b ∈ RN  - x ∈ RN ( 
 J(x) = 12 Ax · x − b · x "   J   
   J  (x) = Ax − b 
 x ∈ RN 

>)0+'+) C C

  $'

;2
 V = 2L (Ω) Ω
   
2

U E
IQ

R ( a(u, v) = Ω uv dx(  L(u) =
N
f u dx
 f ∈ L (Ω) '  
 V  V (

N

   J  (u) = u − f 

E C H
T
>)0+'+) C C   $' ;2
 V = H01 (Ω) Ω
   
RN   $    



O LY
P
OLE
u, v = (∇u · ∇v + uv) dx.

ÉC
 
 -   #    %
 

U E

IQ
  a(u, v) = Ω ∇u · ∇v dx(  L(u) = Ω f u dx
 f ∈ L2 (Ω) "  


EC H
    J  (u) = −∆u − f 
 V  = H −1 (Ω) "  (  

T
  V  V  (
 J  (u) = u0 4 u0  $   
 H01 (Ω) 

POL
−∆u0 + u0 = −∆u − f 
 Ω
u0 = 0  ∂Ω

O LE
>)0+'+) C C ) Ω     RN  
  
 
 4

ÉC
N = 1
 Ω =]0, 1[ ) L = L(p, t, x)       RN ×R×Ω(  


 
 + p  t   (     
  ∂L
∂p  ∂t
∂L
% # 

    V = H01 (Ω)  J(v) = L(∇v(x), v(x), x)dx

 "   J   
  H01 (Ω)  
  
∂L ∂L
J  (u), w = (∇u(x), u(x), x) · ∇w(x) + (∇u(x), u(x), x)w(x) dx .

E
Ω ∂p ∂t

IQ U
2 ) N = 1  Ω =]0, 1[(   (  u ∈ H01 (0, 1) 

 J  (u) = 0(
 u

N
   
∂L  
H
d  ∂L   

EC
u (x), u(x), x − u (x), u(x), x = 0 , ;<
dx
∂p ∂t

Y T
 
  
 $ 
 ]0, 1[

POL
 ) L    
  x  L = L(p, t)   u ∈ C 2 (]0, 1[)     

E

  $ 
 E   ;(    

 

O L   ∂L   

ÉC
L u (x), u(x) − u (x) u (x), u(x)
∂p
 
   $ 
 [0, 1]

)9.0;5) C C    ,
    ( 0  A 
 8 0 
 

  2  * A    
.  )   
. @ 

  8   J A )  

 .     u ∈ V ? .
  RA  ( 0

  4Q
  u ,    L ∈ V   

J(u + δw) − J(u)
∀w ∈ V , lim = L(w) . ;"<
δ0+ δ
, H      
  . )    ;"<  
   
  
;< ' A 
 8    .0 
  2  , 
 

U E
 4Q
A   
  8
A H    ) A   
N IQ
, 
.  R2

E C H
T
x6

Y
J(x, y) = 
 (x, y) = (0, 0) , J(0, 0) = 0 .

L
(y − x2 )2 + x8

P O
'. 
A   

A 
  
,
 8     .0 
,

LE
, 
  2 A 
8    
  •

ÉC O
- %
  "

U E
N IQ
9        0  8   .  .0

0,3,:'1',* C C
EC H
" J $ )) "$ 5$"/  V $ R,  
Y T
"$  -$" $"  -$"

POL J " $-&   V , ;$<

ÉC OLE J(v) ≥ J(u) + J  (u), v − u


J  (u) − J  (v), u − v ≥ 0
∀ u, v ∈ V ,
∀ u, v ∈ V .
;&<
;-<

0,3,:'1',* C C " J $ )) "$ 5$"/  V $ R " α > 0, 


"$  -$" $"  -$"
J " α $-&   V , ;<
α
J(v) ≥ J(u) + J  (u), v − u +
2
v − u 2 ∀ u, v ∈ V ,

U E ;<

J  (u) − J  (v), u − v ≥ α u − v 2 ∀ u, v ∈ V .
N IQ ;<

EC H
)9.0;5) C C     ;<  ;&< 
   6

T
 
   9   ) 
  8   . J(v)  
I
 

  
Y
POL
    u ;   
 8   :  v <     ;<
 ;-<   #   .  9 
 A  J(u) = 12 a(u, u) − L(u)

O L E
. a
 8 0    # 
  
 
 V  L
 8     


 V A  ,9    
 ;<     )    

ÉC
 .   a •
%9,*:10.1',*C  
:    *   "  0. 
  
α = 0   *    7 
 ;<  
 ;< ' J
 α6 .A  . )   ; 
 < 
A 
 
 k ≥ 1A
 
 1 1  1 1 α  1
J 1 − k u + k v ≤ 1 − k J(u) + k J(v) − k+1 1 − k u − v 2 ,
2 2 2 2 2 2

,R
&   '
1 α 1

E
2 J u + k (v − u) − J(u) ≤ J(v) − J(u) −
k
1 − k u − v 2 .

U
2 2 2

N
9 8    k . +∞A  
. ;< *
 0  ;<  
: , 6
IQ
  ;< . 
6H     u  v 

E C H
7 
 ;<  
 ;< *
 u, v ∈ V  t ∈ RA   ϕ(t) = J(u+

Y T
t(v−u)) 3 ϕ   .0    
 
 RA  ϕ (t) = J  (u+t(v−u)), v−uA

L
O
  
A , ;<

P
OLE
 
ϕ (t) − ϕ (s) ≥ α(t − s) v − u 2  t ≥ s . ; <

ÉC
$ 
 -   #    %
 

U E
N IQ
  θ ∈]0, 1[ 9   ,    ; <  t = θ ? t = 1   s = 0 ? s = θA 
0 

EC H αθ(1 − θ)

Y T
θϕ(1) + (1 − θ)ϕ(0) − ϕ(θ) ≥ v − u 2 ,

POL
2
,6?6  ;< 

LE
>)0+'+) C C "  $   J  
  V      
O
ÉC
  
J(v) > J(u) + J  (u), v − u ∀ u, v ∈ V
 u = v ,
 
J  (u) − J  (v), u − v > 0 ∀ u, v ∈ V
 u = v .
5   
6    )   &%0'2%) :)+,*&)  J  +


 ,0 
,    8      1)     ( 0  

 ,
 8   f )  
 V ? .
 
 
    = 0 W
U E
IQ
;   
  R< @  
 f  ( 0 ;
  2 <

N
 u ,   
        
 L  V  W  


H
EC
o(w)

T
f (u + w) = f (u) + L(w) + o(w) , . lim =0. ;<

Y
w→0 w

POL
@  L = f  (u)  (   f  u  )   ;< 
  


L E
)    .  f (u) = J  (u) 

     V  
 V  

O $ $ "$ 
ÉC
%@*'1',* C C " J V $ R, $ "  J "  & 
-/ $ u ∈ V  J " -/ $ $ -$0  u "   - J  (u) "
-/ $ u, $ $" J  (u)  -  $   J $ u  -*
o(w)
J  (u + w) = J  (u) + J  (u)w + o(w) , - lim
w→0 w
=0.

5 
,  )    .     :  ? .
   
 
J  (u)w 
   V   =

A   8    
 v ∈ V  0 

 0. 8 0     
 
 V × V 
 ,  J  (u)(w, v)   

   (J  (u)w) v  /
   
 
     
.  
  

E

.


)99) C C  J " $ $ "$  &  -/  V $ R'  -*
IQ U
H N
1
J(u+w) = J(u)+J  (u)w + J  (u)(w, w)+o( w 2 ),
2
-
T E C lim
o( w 2 )
w→0 w 2
= 0 , ;<

LY
. J  (u) "  $"*  $  /$ $"$    V × V ,
O
P
LE

9  
 , J (u)(w, w) 
 , 


ÉC O
-   #   &

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) C C ) a   
 :     V × V  ) L 

EC H
 
    V    J(u) = 12 a(u, u) − L(u) "   J  

T
  
  V   J  (u)(v, w) = a(v, w)   u, v, w ∈ V  G 

Y
 

   ' ;( ;( ;!

POL

 J  
 8   .0  
.    

  .  J 

LE
  .       .A   8    .

O
ÉC>)0+'+) C C "    J     
  V    
-  ;  ;!    
  +

J  (u)(w, w) ≥ 0  J  (u)(w, w) ≥ α w 2 ∀ u, w ∈ V . ;"<

6
  " 

@ ,

 #1   

  
$ ) 
U E
N IQ
/
 O  8
          
 ,0

EC H
   K  .A  R    
   ;
 


I
 
 K  8  .   
 J   
 

 
. 

Y T
K < ,   

 

  
A 
 
 v ∈ K A  
 

POL
,    u   L       0M (v−u)  u+h(v−u) ∈ K  h ∈ [0, 1]

L E
4%,0?9) CC $*%;5.1',* &!5-)0H +.: +,*2)>)6
O
" u ∈ K $-&, $
 ))  J " 5$"/ $ u,  u " $ )$"  $     J  
ÉC
K ' 
J  (u), v − u ≥ 0 ∀v ∈ K . ;$<
 u ∈ K -* ,% "  J " $-&'  u " $ $  0/  J  
K,

)9.0;5) CC @  ;$<A L 


  ,9
M  ,  ,
   
*%+)::.'0) ,   
.  *%+)::.'0) )1 :5J:.*1)  J  .  8


 
 
A  
  A ;$< :) 0%&5'1 :'93-)9)*1 E
-!%;5.1',* &!5-)0 J  (u) = 0 9    
A  K = V A v − u    
 V 

v    V A   ;$< P J  (u) = 0 1,
 A  u   
 ? K A 
H  
  , 
U E •

%9,*:10.1',*C *
 v ∈ K  h ∈]0, 1], u + h(v − u) ∈ K A  
N IQ
J(u + h(v − u)) − J(u)
E C H
h
LY
≥0.
T ;&<

P O
@  
 ;$<  8    h . 0  
   


LE
 
    ;&< 

ÉC O
- 
 -   #    %
 

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC ) K       V  - x ∈ V (  %% 

EC H
5  xK ∈ K  x  K   <%   2;

Y T x − xK = min x − y .

POL
y∈K

LE
"   
   
  M
  ;   
  
  + 2

ÉC O
>)0+'+) CC ) A  
   $ p × n  b ∈ Rp     
  @
  
 A
inf Ax − b 2 .
x∈Rn

"     


 5      $ 
 $' 

 

>)0+'+) CC   $' /



U E
IQ
1

N
inf J(x) = Ax · x − b · x

H
x∈ KerB 2

T EC

 A 
 :  
  $ n(  B 
 m × n m ≤ n "  $

Y
      A     $    A      " 

POL
     x ∈ Rn  

O L E Ax − b = B ∗ p
 p ∈ Rm .

ÉC
>)0+'+) CC   $' /; "   $ 
 $'   

     u ∈ H01 (Ω) 
  
1
inf1 J(v) = |∇v|2 dx − f v dx
v∈H0 (Ω) 2 Ω Ω

    

 


 
∇u · ∇v dx = f v dx ∀ v ∈ H01 (Ω).
Ω Ω

  
   
 
-  !2&
U E
N IQ
E C H
>)0+'+) CC ) K       V (  a   

:      V (   L   
    V  " 

LY T
 J(v) = 12 a(v, v) − L(v)
      
 K (  u " 
 u 
 $      
  
 



P O
LE
u∈K  a(u, v − u) ≥ L(v − u) ∀ v ∈ K .

ÉC O
-   #   

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC ) J1  J2         
  

EC H
    K ⊂ V     J1    
 "   u ∈ K

T
    J1 + J2    

Y
POL
J1 (u), v − u + J2 (v) − J2 (u) ≥ 0 ∀v ∈ K .

O LE
 
 
.A 
      
5  A

ÉC
. 
  , 
       L
  
    M 

. ?  
6   
.

)9.0;5) CC 9    


  R K 
 
6  : 8
 V  @ 
  
 K = u0 +P A R u0 ∈ V  R P 
 
6  .  
8  V  3A 
 v    K A v − u 
  
 
  P  0 

 ;$< 
.
 ?
J  (u), w = 0 ∀ w ∈ P ,

U E
IQ
,6?6  J  (u) ∈ P ⊥  9 
 A  P 
    )  ,#A

N
,6?6  

P = {v ∈ V , ai , v = 0
EC H

 1 ≤ i ≤ M } ,

Y T
POL
R a1 , . . . , am    V A  ;  
 . ) 
< P ⊥  , 
.        8  (ai )1≤i≤M      ,   ,   

L

  8 J

O E
ÉC

M

u∈K  ∃ λ1 , . . . , λM ∈ R , J (u) + λi ai = 0 , ;-<
i=1

   λi   95-1'3-'+.1)50: &)


.(0.*() /
 . 
5
 - 
 X 
   8  •

)9.0;5) CC
   
 K 
 X . 8A  

  ) 
 K 
 0 . 8  
 λv ∈ K 
 
 v ∈ K  

λ ≥ 0 9  v = 0 
 v = 2u  ;$<A  0  


J  (u), u = 0 .
E
;<
U
* 
A ;$<  
 

N IQ
J  (u), w ≥ 0 ∀ w ∈ K .
E C H ; <

LY T
9 8 A ;$<  
. ? ;<  ; < 1   R

P O
OLE
K = {v ∈ V , ai , v ≤ 0 
 1 ≤ i ≤ M } ,

ÉC
 
 -   #    %
 

U E
N IQ
R a1 , . . . , aM    V A    2%  & ;.  6 
<
  


EC H
Y T 

POL
M
u∈K  ∃ λ1 , . . . , λM ≥ 0 , J  (u) + λi ai = 0 , ; <

LE
i=1

O
 ,   ;<  
 λi = 0  ai , u < 0     8 

 λi 

ÉC
   95-1'3-'+.1)50: &)
.(0.*() /
 . 
5  "

 X 
   8  •

5   


6    
 +,*&'1',* &!,31'9.-'1% &5
&)5>'?9) ,0&0)

0,3,:'1',* CC $  ))  K = V "  J "  &  -/ $ u,


 u " $ )$"  $     J ' 
U E
J  (u) = 0 " J  (u)(w, w) ≥ 0
N
∀w ∈ V .
IQ ; <

C ) $"' ' )  " " v $ $ -$0  u'


EC H
LY
J  (u) = 0 T " J  (v)(w, w) ≥ 0 ∀w ∈ V , ; <

O
 " $ $   P ,
u
L E J

ÉCO
%9,*:10.1',*C u 
      
  A    I? 
 J  (u) = 0 
 8
 ;< 
  ; < + 
A  u . ) ; <A    

 .  5# ? ,  
 ;
.     F< .   

  8   φ(t) = J(u + tw) . t ∈ R    
   
 u 

  
    J ;.   1)   < 

@ 5    



'    ?             
 ,0 K
,  . *
  A 
 
  0 K )   
+,*10.'*1): &!%(.-'1% 
 +,*10.'*1): &!'*%(.-'1% ;
 
 ?  8 < /

O 
 
  
  &'0)+1',*: .&9'::'/-):
U E
N IQ
%@*'1',* CC $ " " )$" v ∈ K ' $/
E C H
T
N

(R∗+ )N
Y
w ∈ V , ∃ (v ) ∈ K , ∃ (ε ) ∈
n n
,

L
K(v) = v n −v

O
limn→+∞ v n = v , limn→+∞ εn = 0 , limn→+∞ =w

P  )$" ,
εn

O L E
" ))  H$   "$  / v

ÉC
-   #   

U E
N IQ
9  
  A  
  
 
 K(v)  ,0  
 

EC H
. 
 
    v ?
 
0 
  K    v ; K

T

 .  
 A K(v)    ,    ? K  v < 3


Y
POL
A K(v)  ,0  
      0  .   ?    v

 )    K 

LE
9  wn = (v n −v)/εn A  
 
   8O 
. 
 w ∈ K(v)
  
    
 
 wn  V 
 
 εn  R  


ÉC O lim wn = w ,
n→+∞
lim εn = 0  v + εn wn ∈ K
n→+∞
∀n .

  8   . ) 


 ,0 K(v) ;

  0  H 
 ? {0} V< 

 X J λw ∈ K(v) 
 
 w ∈ K(v)  
 λ ≥ 0

>)0+'+) CC "   K(v)   9    K(v) = V  v   
+ K  6   4 K(v)    + {0}

E
, H
X        0     
 
.A 

U
IQ

    *%+)::.'0) ,     A   A   6
 
 

H N $ $  
0,3,:'1',* CC $*%;5.1',* &!5-)0H +.: (%*%0.-6
T
  J   K ,  J " 5$"/ $ u' $ 
Y EC " u

POL

J (u), w ≥ 0 ∀ w ∈ K(u) .

O L E
/
               *    &

ÉC
   R K     +,*10.'*1): &!%(.-'1% 
&!'*%(.-'1% 

 
 
 0   .   
  +
     

,*10.'*1): &!%(.-'1%
1      
 
 K   
K = {v ∈ V , F (v) = 0} , ; <
R F (v) = (F1 (v), ..., FM (v)) 
     V  RM A . M ≥ 1 
   *%+)::.'0) ,      8 
.

4%,0?9) CC " u ∈ K . K " $$ ) ,9, $  ))  J "


-/ $ u ∈ K "   $ "$ Fi (1 ≤ i ≤ M ) $" $"$4$" -/ U E
 
$ $ -$0  u, $  ))  )    - "  Fi (u) 1≤i≤M $" 
N IQ
E C
λ1 , . . . , λM ∈ R' )) 95-1'3-'+.1)50: &)
.(0.*()' "  H
$$" $ )$ $", '  u " $ $     J   K '  &"

LY T
O

M

P
J  (u) + λi Fi (u) = 0 . ; "<

LE
i=1

ÉC O
 
 -   #    %
 

U E
 
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C '  . 
 Fi (u) 1≤i≤M       A

EC H
   8        

K(u) = {w ∈ V
Y T, Fi (u), w = 0 
 i = 1, . . . , M } , ; $<

POL

 8O 
.

OLE
(
M

K(u) = [Fi (u)] . ; &<

ÉC
i=1

/
      
.  ; $< 

 
  
  

(  ; 8 A K(u)  ,    ?  .  K 
  u< ' K(u)

   .  A  
   
 . w  −w   *  
 &A  

 ?
(
M

J  (u), w = 0 ∀ w ∈ [Fi (u)] ,

E
i=1
 

IQ U
,6?6  
 J (u)       Fi (u) 1≤i≤M ; 
  
  6


N

      )    
 
<  
   ;

H
EC
 
<     
.   *     

Y T   
)9.0;5) CC 
  . 
 Fi (u) 1≤i≤M      6

POL
 ;
 0<A   
 ,  
 +.: 0%(5-')0 1    A 

O L E
  +.: *,* 0%(5-')0    
 
5  -  8
  
 , 
.

ÉC
* V = RA M = 1A F (v) = v 2 A J(v) = v A ,R K = {0}A u = 0A F  (u) = 0 J 
,   ,
   
  ' J  (u) = 1A ; "< ,   
 •
*
 0     
5  -A 
 , 
 

,9 $ 
1
min J(x) = Ax · x − b · x ,
x∈ KerB 2
R A  # 
 )    . ,  nA  B    m × n . m ≤ n
@  (bi )1≤i≤m  m    B  1  0  #   m  
bi · x = 0    B  mA  (bi )       
  
 
 
  ; "< ; A         A     <
   
 
  
     p ∈ Rm  

      
 x
U E
IQ
. )

N

m

H
Ax − b = pi bi = B ∗ p.
i=1

T E C
A  . 0   B    mA   
   .
  x J  

LY
x = A−1 (b + B ∗ p)A   Bx = 0  0 
O
 −1
P   −1 

LE
p = − BA−1 B ∗ BA−1 b  x = A−1 Id − B ∗ BA−1 B ∗ BA−1 b.

ÉC O
-   #   

U E
N IQ
9 
 A     
. 
  
  
     p 
 
  B 

EC H
  m  ,   A    
,    p 
   BA−1 B ∗ p = −BA−1 b

T

,
 
 
,? ,   ,
 . 

#
 B ∗  @ 
.  

Y
POL
 
  ,9   

OLE
>)0+'+) CC ?  
   
     

   $'
/ 

ÉC
1
min J(x) = Ax · x − b · x ,
Bx=c 2
4 c ∈ Rm      

>)0+'+) CC G  <%   ;2. + $' /&      
     J  
%         A
  + 

    
 

U E
>)0+'+) CC  '  
   
        $' ; ( 

IQ
  
      6 ' /   
 
 
N
H


T EC
>)0+'+) CC   
  
  

 
  

Y
POL
 Ω  
) 

& - 
       
 
K = {v ∈ H01 (Ω), 2
v dx = 1}

E

O L  

ÉC
min J(v) = |∇v|2 dx .
v∈K Ω

"     


     
 K  
  
  
  + $
  <%    C% 2 8 $ 
 $' 
        

     
  
  
          
 

>)0+'+) CC  ) A  


 n × n :       b ∈ Rn 

 "     

sup b · x  sup b · x
U E
Ax·x≤1 Ax·x=1

N IQ
C H
 
   $     H   <%   ;2.  

E
T
       $  

LY
2      
  
 $  
 :   
O
P
  $ n  
  A ≥ B     Ax · x ≥ Bx · x 

LE
 x ∈ Rn  6   
      (  A ≥ B (
 B −1 ≥ A−1 

ÉC O
 
 -   #    %
 

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC  ' %     *
#     *
#    

EC H
    $
 
      
   f (v)  
  
 

T
 v ∈ RN   
   
(  
  *
# ρ( 

Y
  u(  
 
 T (    *F
    
  f (v)

POL
  

LE
1 2 N 1
ρ= f (v) dv , ρu = v f (v) dv , ρu + ρT = |v|2 f (v) dv .

O
RN RN 2 2 2 RN

ÉC
; -<
V #

  $    H(f )   


 
H(f ) = f (v) log f (v) dv .
RN

"   H       $


    f (v) > 0 

  H(f ) < +∞   H   
    
   
;2.(  
 
$        M (v) "   
     "
Q   

U E

N
|v − u|2

IQ
H
ρ
exp −

EC
M (v) = .
(2πT )N/2 2T

Y T
POL
)9.0;5) CC   
  , 
  8   L )  
 V × RM 

O L E L(v, µ) = J(v) +

M
µi Fi (v) = J(v) + µ · F (v)

ÉC
i=1


 , 
.(0.*(')*
0        J 
 K  u ∈ K

   
    J 
 K A  5  - 
   
A   

 A    λ ∈ RM  


∂L ∂L
(u, λ) = 0 , (u, λ) = 0 ,
∂v ∂µ

∂L ∂L


 (u, λ) = F (u) = 0  u ∈ K  (u, λ) = J  (u) + λF  (u) = 0 ,
∂µ ∂v

E
; "< @ 
              ,    ,
6
 
  ;   <
   •

IQ U
/
   
    *%+)::.'0) ,  

 
H N
 

T E C
)   $ "$ O LY
0,3,:'1',* CC $  )     #!)"#+ A#+ ,, " $  )
J " F1 , ..., FM $"  &  $"$4$" -/ "  

P
LE
- "  Fi (u) 1≤i≤M $" $$" $ )$ $", " λ ∈ RM   ") " 

ÉC O
-   #   "

U E
N I Q   
 0$0 *$ )  A#+ ,,,  " " $    K
H
u J
-*

T E C

Y

M (
M

OL
 ⊥
J (u) + λi Fi (u) (w, w) ≥ 0 ∀ w ∈ K(u) = [Fi (u)] . ; <

P
i=1 i=1

O LE
%9,*:10.1',*C
 
,   
      0   C 2 A ,6?6

ÉC

 8   t → u(t)  [0, 1]  V  
 u(0) = u  F (u(t)) = 0 
 

t ∈ [0, 1] * )  A   . u (0)   
X        0
K(u) @ 
   
j(t) = J u(t)  fi (t) = Fi u(t) 
 1 ≤ i ≤ M.
9  .  0 
   
j  (t) = J  u(t) , u (t)  fi (t) = Fi u(t) , u (t) 
 1 ≤ i ≤ M,

    
U E
j  (t) = J  u(t) u (t), u (t) + J  u(t) , u (t)

N IQ
fi (t) =
    

EC H
Fi u(t) u (t), u (t) + Fi u(t) , u (t) 
 1 ≤ i ≤ M.

Y T
' fi (t) = 0 
 
 t  

 0 
   
  j(t)A   


POL
j  (0) = 0A j  (0) ≥ 0A  fi (0) = fi (0) = 0     
   fi (0) = 0 
  


u (0)    

6      Fi (u) 1≤i≤M ;
   ? K(u)

L E

  8    0<A   
 j  (0) = 0   ) 
 J  (u)   
O
ÉC
? u (0) u (0)    
 K(u) 
  8  .        0A 
 
 
 J  (u)   Fi (u)   
H 
6  ;,  
K(u)< @ 
.      
    J    λ ∈ RM  


M
J  (u) + λi Fi (u) = 0. ;<
i=1

    fi (0) = 0  


 


M    
0= λi Fi (u) u (0), u (0) + Fi (u), u (0) ,
i=1

  
 j  (0) ≥ 0 
U E
 
J  (u) u (0), u (0) + J  (u), u (0) ≥ 0.
N IQ
E C H
4Q  ? ;<  
      .    u (0) 
 0  ;
  
   
 <
M
LY T

 

P O 
λi Fi (u) + J (u) u (0), u (0) ≥ 0,

O LE i=1

ÉC
$ 
 -   #    %
 

U E


N

,   ,
 
 ; < 
 u (0)  
 K(u)IQ
EC H
,          0 u(t)   8  
 ,0  u (0)   

T
  
X        0 K(u) 
 
 


Y
POL
  8  
   
 , 
  
 Q  ? ,# 
  8 
Fi (u) 1≤i≤M   0 ;
        
 
 
 
 
< 

LE
>)0+'+) CC  0
 
   
 $ 
     
O
ÉC
' /  /&

,*10.'*1): &!'*%(.-'1%
1  
    
 
 K   

K = {v ∈ V , Fi (v) ≤ 0 
 1 ≤ i ≤ M } , ;<

E
R F1 , . . . , FM  
I
  8    V  R 
 , .
  

IQ U
 X        0 K(v)A   
  
 

  
 

    
     ;<  I
   H X

H N
    v R , 
 K(v) 9 (A  Fi (v) < 0A     
A 
 

EC

:  A  
 
 Fi (v+w) ≤ 0 ;  
    i    .

T
 v < Fi (v) = 0 
     iA  ,    
 , 
 
.
Y
POL

 . 
 w ∈ V  
A 
  > 0 
:  A (v + w)  8  
 
   ;<  .  8       
  


O L E
  A  +,*&'1',*: &) ;5.-'@+.1',* 4  A    
.   
 , 
 8   L.  M 

 ,
   v )  

ÉC
       ( #      
 )   ;
 
 
  
  < /
  
 )         
   
  0 -'*%.0':% ,    0  8   .    
      '     L 
  .  M  . 
)   
.

%@*'1',* CC  " u ∈ K , $/ I(u) = {i ∈ {1, . . . , M } , Fi (u) = 0}


" )) $/  $"$" .+1'2): $ u,
%@*'1',* CC  $ "   $"$" ,3 $" ;5.-'@%): $ u ∈ K 
"  $"   &" $  "$ w ∈ V "  $ " )  " " i ∈ I(u)
U E
IQ
 /$ Fi (u), w < 0 ,
 /$ Fi (u), w = 0 " Fi " 6$ .
H N ; <

T E C
)9.0;5) CC      w   

 
 L    M
LY


  
  ; < 
 u + w ∈ K 
 
  ≥ 0 
:  
O
P
E  GA  
  8   Fi  :A  
   w = 0    

LE
 
 
 
 )  8    
    :  

ÉC O
-   #   &

U E
N IQ
1)      I
 )  
   
 6  
 ) 


EC H
       A   

     ,     

T
:      ;     
'  < •

Y
POL
/
 
.        *%+)::.'0): ,   
 ,0
;<

O L E$" -/
4%,0?9) CC  $  ))  " $$ ) ,3'   $ "$ "
É C " $ $     $ " '  &"
K J
F1 , . . . , FM  $"$" $" * $ , ' 
u u
u J K ' ))  ") " 
λ1 , . . . , λM ≥ 0
 0$0' " 

M

J (u) + λi Fi (u) = 0, λi ≥ 0, λi = 0  Fi (u) < 0 ∀ i ∈ {1, . . . , M }. ;<
i=1

)9.0;5) CC  @ 
        ;< 
  8 
.
U E

M

N IQ
J  (u) + λi Fi (u) = 0 , λ≥0 ,

EC H λ · F (u) = 0 ,

T
i=1

Y
POL
R λ ≥ 0   ) 
 
  
. 
 λ = (λ1 , ..., λM )    .A


A 
 
   i ∈ {1, . . . , M }A     Fi (u) = 0A   λi = 0  8  


O L E
λ · F (u) = 0           •

ÉC
%9,*:10.1',*C '  
 ,0 ,0
K̃(u) = {w ∈ V , Fi (u), w ≤ 0 ∀ i ∈ I(u)} . ;<

;@ 
  
 K̃(u) , 
 
  X K(u)        0<
  w
       0  8  ; <A w ∈ K̃(u)A 
  δ > 0 /

  
 u+ε(w+δw) ∈ K 
 
  ε > 0 F    8
  
    )

 i∈/ I(u)A   Fi (u) < 0  Fi (u + ε(w + δw)) < 0   
  ε  F
 
 i ∈ I(u)  Fi (u), w < 0A 

U E
IQ
Fi (u + ε(w + δw)) = Fi (u) + εFi (u), w + δw + o(ε)

N
;"<

H
≤ εδFi (u), w + o(ε) ,

,R Fi (u + ε(w + δw)) < 0 


 ε > 0 F  
T E C
LY
 9)A  i ∈ I(u)  Fi (u), w = 0A  Fi  : 
O
P
OLE
Fi (u + ε(w + δw)) = Fi (u) + εFi (u), w + δw = εFi (u), w ≤ 0 . ;$<

ÉC
- 
 -   #    %
 

U E
N IQ
2 A  u 
   
    J 
 K A  
   
   


EC H
J  (u), w + δw ≥ 0 ∀ w ∈ K̃(u) , ∀ δ ∈ R∗+ .

Y T
POL
'  
 
 J  (u), w ≥ 0 ∀ w ∈ K̃(u)        Q 

  2%  & 6 
 

O L E $" a1 , . . . , aM  $" *&  V , $ $


É C +  $/

)99) CC  $&) .0D.:6

) *
K = v ∈ V , ai , v ≤ 0 )  1 ≤ i ≤ M ,

"
) 
M *
K̂ = v ∈ V , ∃ λ1 , . . . , λM ≥ 0 , v = − λi ai .

E
i=1

 )  " " p ∈ V ' $  ) "$


IQ U
H
p, w ≥ 0 ∀ w ∈ K =⇒ p ∈ K̂ .
N
E
  )  "$" - $"'  0" $ "  $
T C
 -$ ,

O L Y
%9,*:10.1',*C 'O   
 K̂  8 *

   

E P
 .  
 M = 1A 
     
   
 
, 

L
.  
  0  . 
 ai  8 
 ? M 
O
ÉC

  ,0 
  . 
 (ai )1≤i≤M       
M
  (v ) = − i=1 λni ai
 
 ,  K̂ ;  . λni ≥ 0 ∀ i ∀ n)A
n

.  .


    v ∈ V  3     
 
 
 (λni ) . 
 R+ .
    λi ≥ 0 ;
 1 ≤ i ≤ M < 

  . 
 (ai )1≤i≤M

8
 0  ,  
,     @   v = − M i=1 λi ai ∈ K̂A 

  8
 . 
 (ai )1≤i≤M      A   
   

 8 M i=1 µi ai = 0A   
 
 
 ,
 
   :  µi 
M
    8    v = − i=1 λi ai
   K̂ *
 
 t ≤ 0A 
M

 
    v = − (λi + tµi )ai A   
    t ≤ 0 
 


U E
IQ
i=1

H
λi + tµi ≥ 0 ∀ i ∈ {1, . . . , M }  ∃ i0 ∈ {1, . . . , M } , λi0 + tµi0 = 0 .
N
'    

T E C
M )
+
O LY  *
K̂ =
P
v ∈ V , ∃ λ1 , . . . , λM ≥ 0 , v = − λi ai . ;&<

O LE i0 =1 i=i0

ÉC
-   #   

U E
N IQ
*  #  
 A 
  0     0

EC H
    ;&<  8A       H  K̂

T
+     ,0
  J 
 
 p, w ≥ 0 ∀ w ∈ K  


Y
POL
p∈/ K̂ @ 
 
    5      ,
    ,

. 
  p  K̂ 
 8 A ? ,.  A .   .  

LE
   w = 0  V  α ∈ R  


ÉC O p, w < α < w, v ∀ v ∈ K̂ . ;-<

7  A    .  α < 0 



 0 ∈ K̂ Y ,
 A 
 
 i ∈ {1, . . . , M }

 
.     ;-< v = −λai . λ 0    A  

 
 w, ai  ≤ 0 @ 0   
 w ∈ K  
 p, w < α < 0A  

 0 

>)0+'+) CC  ) A  


 :      $ n(  B 

 
 m×n
 m ≤ n   
* m        


U E
IQ
1
J(x) = Ax · x − b · x ,
N
min
2
H
x∈R ,n Bx≤c

Y T
p ∈ Rm  $    x   EC
G  <%   ;2!    $  $  
 
*
*

E POL
Ax − b + B ∗ p = 0 , p≥0, p · (Bx − c) = 0.

O L
>)0+'+) CC  ) f ∈ L2 (Ω)          Ω -

ÉC
 > 0         *

 


1
min |∇u|2 dx.
u∈H0 (Ω) , u−f L2 (Ω) ≤ Ω

"     


     u  "  (  u = f ( 
u = 0(     λ > 0   u    

−∆u + λ(u − f ) = 0 
 Ω,
u = 0  ∂Ω.

,*10.'*1): &!%(.-'1% )1 &!'*%(.-'1%


U E
IQ
@ 
 0  G    
 #    @ 
  
 K
  
H N
K = {v ∈ V , G(v) = 0 , F (v) ≤ 0} ,

T E C ;<
R G(v) = (G1 (v), ..., GN (v))  F (v) = (F1 (v), ..., FM (v))  
    

LY
V  RN  RM  1  
.
A  8
 
 )    
 
O
P
 
 )      @  
I
 I(u) = {i ∈ {1, . . . , M } , Fi (u) = 0}

LE
,0    ,      .  u ∈ K 

ÉC O
  
 -   #    %
 

U E
%@*'1',* CC 
N IQ
$ "   $"$" ,3 $" $ 
;5.-'@%): u∈K
H
  
"  $"   - "  $" $$" $ )$ $" "  &"
$  "$
,N -  .⊥
T
" 
w ∈ i=1 Gi (u) C
Gi (u) 1≤i≤N

E $ " )  " " i ∈ I(u)

O L Y Fi (u), w < 0 .


P
;<

O LE
/
 
.        *%+)::.'0): ,   
 ,0

ÉC
;<

4%,0?9) CC " . " $$ ) ,3, $  )) 


u ∈ K K J
" F $" -/ $ u'  G " -/ $ $ -$0  u' "  
$"$" $" * $ u  $   8*$"$ ,,, '  u " $
$     J   K '  &"   ") "   0$0 µ1 , . . . , µN ' "
λ1 , . . . , λM ≥ 0' " 

 
E
N M
J  (u) + µi Gi (u) + λi Fi (u) = 0 ,
U
λ ≥ 0 , F (u) ≤ 0 , λ · F (u) = 0 . ;<

IQ
i=1 i=1

H N
  
5   
        

EC
5  -   "A 
 
   
 
 
 , 

Y T
POL
510): =,09): &): +,*&'1',*: &) ;5.-'@+.1',*

E
     
 )        :5J:.*1):  # L 6

O L
 
M 
  8   .    ? ,0 K ?   ,


ÉC
  u ∈ K       
 )     1)      F 
;
 
   ,H   <A   8  :  ? . )     
', 

  
 

.       
 )  

   ;  
 8  ? . )   
<      ;   

. . )<

)9.0;5) CC 1      ,   A  


 ,    
    
  ; 
 ?  +
   
    ,  <
)  
       
P      
 )   
 1)     9 (A 
 u ∈ K      .  LI
M  

  ?          . i ∈ I(u) 
 I
 
  ,       V @ . )     
     
.
U E
IQ
;
 
 u 
   
  
    ,   Fi (u) = 0 

i ∈ I(u)<
(Fi (u))i∈I(u) 
 8   0
H N
C
; <

T E
P ;<A ,6?6  
     
 ) 9 (A  
: 
Y
P O L
  w = i∈I(u) αi Fi (u)  
 Fj (u), w = −1 
 
 j ∈ I(u) ;,  
 :  αi  
  , . 0       (Fi (u), Fj (u))ij     

LE
  
 ; < ,  
  ; < •

ÉC O
-  &. 
  /  /
.    

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC 1      0  ,    ,   A 

EC H

 
 ,         
  
 
    
  

T

 
      
 )     1)    - '   

Y
POL
L8M ; ,6?6    
. . )<  
 )   
   +
(Fi (u))i∈I(u) 
 8   0 ;<

LE
Gi (u) 1≤i≤N

ÉC O
@ . ) 8  
 ;< P ;<A ,6?6  
    

 ) •

)9.0;5) CC +. 


    ,   A 
 .A

 
     
 )    0   
. @ 
 
,   
v ∈ V  
 ,  A 
 
 i ∈ {1, . . . , M }A
 8   Fi  . A
;<
E

0  Fi (v) < 0 ,

0  Fi (v) = 0  Fi  :

IQ U
N
,# ;< P 
     
 )  u ∈ K 
 
H
EC
 1)     9 (A  i ∈ I(u)   Fi (v) < 0A A ,    

T
 .  ;&<

Y
POL
Fi (u), v − u = Fi (u) + Fi (u), v − u ≤ Fi (v) < 0 .

O L E
1,
 A  i ∈ I(u)   Fi (v) = 0A  Fi  : 

ÉC
Fi (u), v − u = Fi (v) − Fi (u) = 0 ,
  1)      
 )        8  . w = v − u
,.   ,# ;<         P    
  
 u   
   .  8   F1 , . . . , FM  •

6
 4(7    8   &97  (

/
 . .
  +
       0 , 
 
 (u, λ) ;     
A 
  
    <  3,'*1 :1.
1',**.'0) &5
.(0.*(')* L /
          
  
U E
      3,'*1:)--)     8
  
N IQ
E C H
   
   
 ;  
.
  
A 
   #A 

. 
     *%+)::.'0):    
    


LY T
:5J:.*1):< /
  0 .  14%,0') &) -. &5.-'1% 
  

@
 , H  
      A  H  

  

P O
.
     
 
  
      "  ) 


LE
     6 I

 X 8    14%,0') &): <)5>

ÉC O
 
 -   #    %
 

U E
@ ! 
=
N IQ
EC H
1   0 A V  Q  
    = 0 A
   

Y T
L 
     V × Q ;
,
   U × P  V × Q<  R 1 

POL
 
5  - ;   ,  <A 
 .  U = K A P = Q = RM 
L(v, q) = J(v)+q·F (v)   
   
 
(    
5

LE
 " ;   ,   <A R 
 .  U = K A Q = RM A P = (R+ )M 

ÉC O
  L(v, q) = J(v) + q · F (v)
1    )   ,
  6A 
.     6
 


%@*'1',* CC $ "  (u, p) ∈ U × P " $ )$"  L   U × P 


∀q ∈ P L(u, q) ≤ L(u, p) ≤ L(v, p) ∀v ∈ U . ;"<
 
 
.           6   0
      .   ,   ; < 
  ,    ;<

         *
   )A 

    
.

U E
    . 
A  8  q ≥ 0 
 
 q ∈ (R+ )M 

N IQ
0,3,:'1',* CC
V ' "  $/ K H
$  ))   $ "$ J, F1 , . . . , FM $" $"$   
EC
" *$ ) ,9  ,3, $ $" P = RM $  
Y T
 $"$" 0" ,9 " P = (R+ )M $    $"$" $0"

POL
,3, " U $  -"  V $"$$" K ,   (v, q) ∈ U × P ' $ ) L(v, q) =
J(v) + q · F (v),

L E
" (u, p) $ )$"  L   U × P ,  u ∈ K " u " $ $  0/
O
 J   K , 8 ) '  J " F1 , . . . , FM $" -/ $ u' $ 
ÉC J  (u) +

M
pi Fi (u) = 0 . ;$<
i=1

%9,*:10.1',*C   .       6


∀q ∈ P J(u) + q · F (u) ≤ J(u) + p · F (u) ≤ J(v) + p · F (v) ∀ v ∈ U . ;&<
9  ,0      ,   *

 P = R A    M

    ;&<  


 F (u) = 0A  u ∈ K     J(u) ≤ J(v) +
p · F (v) ∀ v ∈ U A 
 0  ;  v ∈ K < 
 u 
   
 0
 J 
 K 
1      ,   A   P = (R+ )M       
U E
 ;&<    
 F (u) ≤ 0  
 p · F (u) = 0 ' 
.  
N IQ
  
 0  J 
 K 
E C H

 u ∈ K A    
 8    
     
 u 


LY T
9)A  J  F1 , . . . , FM   .0  uA  
      ;&<
 
 u 
      
     J + p · F  ,
. U A

P O
 
 
 
   . ,
  uA J  (u) + p · F  (u) = 0 ; 8  +


LE
  < 

ÉC O
-  &. 
  /  /
.    

U E
@ 2  A
 2 
N IQ
EC H
/
 . 
0       
   ,    
 6

Y T

 ,0 K    ;<A ,6?6 

POL
K = {v ∈ V , Fi (v) ≤ 0 
 1 ≤ i ≤ m} . ;-<

LE
 5  "  
       ,   1  
6
O
ÉC
   
  .  
      
 :5J:.*1)     
 8   G  +,*2)>): 9 (A  *    : 
A  (u, p)

  6
  A  u      
  J 
 K  *


0       . .    ,    .A 

 0 
  
   
A ,6?6  
A  u      

 J 
 K A     p ∈ (R+ )M  
 (u, p)    6
   @

   
 J, F1 , . . . , FM  .  
 
 V 

)9.0;5) CC ' J, F1 , . . . , FM  .  


A K  .
U E
IQ
8  ,   ,
   
 0  J 
 K  
   5  &

N
 
 K   .   
     L )  ? , ) M ;<  . ) •

EC H
   B
  5
% ; 
 8    B
A B


T
 5
%< : 
A    .A        ,  

Y
P O L $  ))   $ "$
5  "   8 
    *%+)::.'0) )1 :5J:.*1)

J'
E
4%,0?9) CC $&) L54* )1 5+D)06
L
$" $-& $"$    V " -/   $/ K ,9, $
F1 , . . . , FM
O
ÉC
$" "  0$0$ L  
L(v, q) = J(v) + q · F (v) ∀ (v, q) ∈ V × (R+ )M .

" u ∈ K $ )$"  K .  $"$" $" *  $   8*$"$


,,3,  u " $ $  0/  J   K  "  $"   &" p ∈
(R+ )M "  (u, p) " $ )$" 0$0$ L   V ×(R+ )M  '  $+
 -$"' " 

M
F (u) ≤ 0 , p ≥ 0 , p · F (u) = 0 , J  (u) + pi Fi (u) = 0 . ;<

E
i=1

%9,*:10.1',*C u 
   
  J 
 K A  
  
  56
IQ U
N
  "A 
       ,   ;<A ,R , 6

E C H

 8  
 (u, p)   6  L 
 V × (R+ )M ;
    8  

J(v)+ p·F (v)  .< + 
A  (u, p)   6A   I? 

Y T
?  *    
 u 
   
 0  J 
 K 

L


P O
)9.0;5) CC  5   B
  5
%  , 
 
,


LE
  ,   A   
   ,  A   ' A  

ÉC O
  
 -   #    %
 

U E
N IQ
0  
 
    &!%(.-'1% .J*): Av = b 
. ,   


EC H
 8    ,    ;:  .< Av − b ≤ 0  b − Av ≤ 0

T
',
 .   
   , 
  5   B
 

Y
POL
5
% ?
 0       .   ,   : •

,  
.  ,   
  
     pi 

LE
  0     .
     J 
 .      Fi J   6

O
ÉC
 A  :  
    
 G  
 A    
 
8        ?     
A  

>)0+'+) CC       $ 


(   
inf J(v), ;"<
Fi (v)≤ui , 1≤i≤m


 u1 , . . . , um ∈ R   
   %: %   <%   ;  N% 
<=    m∗ (u) 

 
      ;!;
U E
IQ
 "    p    
 
*
*       
N
H
$ + ;!;
 u = 0(


T

m (u) ≥ m (0) − pu .

Y EC ;"<

O L
2 6   ;!   u → m∗ (u)   
(

P
L E ∂m∗

ÉCO
pi = − (0).
∂ui

L     
  $' /.  

@ * 


.  
 ' *  2
  (    
 
  '     
4
 "
  
 '       % %       

    4
 %    &   '     
  '  
( ( 
   (u, p) 
    L(v, q) = J(v)+q ·F (v) ? 
  
%  "
 &  
   (u, p) 
    
   %    

  0  '      
   
  '     

  '     ! "
    0 
  
  4
 "
 
U

 

      "
  
  
 &  
  
 E
IQ

  
  
 '       &       

!
N
A% 
  
      .   C
C H
T
 $# "     *     E     & 
   
     Y
L

L
V Q
       1  
O
U ×P V ×Q (u, p) L U ×P

E P  /!
L
∀q ∈ P L(u, q) ≤ L(u, p) ≤ L(v, p) ∀v ∈ U .

ÉC O
-  &. 
  /  /
.    "

U E
.  v ∈ U  q ∈ P    
N IQ
J (v) = sup L(v, q)
EC H G(q) = inf L(v, q) .  /C!
Y T q∈P v∈U

POL
   ;!  !   ;!  !  !  

OLE
inf J (v) ,
v∈U
 /#!

É C  ;!    ;!  ! !  


sup G(q) .  //!
q∈P

   $# @ -   ( ( 


    
  % "
 J (v) =
+∞ 
  %
  v
"
 G(q) = −∞ 
  %
  q ?
 
  
  (u, p)   .   CN 
 
 "
  
   J  G    ' {v ∈ U , J (v) < +∞}  {q ∈ P , G(q) > −∞}
U E

"
  *     ' !     % 
"
  /!   "


N

%   "
  
  '        
  (u, p) IQ
J (u) = G(p) = L(u, p)   '      
    '
   


H

% & $#" ( ,    E C


! 
L Y T   1  
(u, p) L U ×P  

P O
J (u) = min J (v) = max G(q) = G(p) .  /N!

   $#!L E
v∈U q∈P

ÉCO
 .   /C!     /N!  "
% &
J G
   
J (u) = min
v∈U
sup L(v, q) = max
q∈P
inf L(v, q) = G(p) .
v∈U
 /G!
q∈P

1  
  *      /G! &  "
  
       
% !  %    "
  /G!  
   ' (     
 

 "
 
   L 5 * "
  *
  L       !
"
      "
  
%   &
   •

  1  (u, p)


    L 
U × P  4   L∗∗ = L(u, p) 

v ∈ U        /C! "
 J (v) ≥ L(v, p)  : J (v) ≥ L    /!
5  J (u) = L∗     "
 J (u) = inf v∈U J (v) = L∗  $      
*2  "
 G(p) = supq∈P G(q) = L∗
U E
A "
  
   "
  /N!  
    L∗ = J (u)     /C!
 J   "

N IQ
L(u, q) ≤ J (u) = L∗ ∀ q ∈ P .

E C H  /)!
.     
 K
LY
L(v, p) ≥ G(p) = L∗ ∀ v ∈ U , T  /I!
P O
  
 *    /)! /I! "
 L(u, p) = L∗   "
   "
 (u, p) 

LE
  

ÉC O
 $ 
 -   #    %
 

U E
   $#$ ?          I 
N L Q 
   U ×P

E C H

         
%    .
T
   

L  Y
inf sup L(v, q) ≥ sup  N !
inf L(v, q) .

0 + 

P O 
v∈U q∈P q∈P v∈U

O
supq∈P E 
 
"

inf v ∈U L(v , q)   %  

 
  
L   "
    N !  +   %!    
  ' 
v ∈ U q ∈ P L(v, q) ≥ inf v ∈U L(v  , q) supq∈P L(v, q) ≥
v ∈ V inf v∈V supq∈P L(v, q) ≥

É C    N !    


supq∈P inf v ∈U L(v  , q)

/0  $#    


  3""  
 

"
 4,,  !
&!    .
/0  $## 1 U  !& P   !&  ! !  &  V  !&%
 Q (    
 3""  
  v → L(v, q)  !&    U    
q ∈ P   q → L(v, q)  !!&   P     v ∈ U  2 

 !   
U E
IQ


  L   U × P 

H N
33-'+.1',*

T E
4
 "
  
  
 
 '  C      %
 
%       %
O L Y
E P  N!
L  % 
 $  
    
inf J(v)

%  C O
v∈V , F (v)≤0

ÉJ F = (F1 , . . . , FM ) V

L(v, q) = J(v) + q · F (v) ∀ (v, q) ∈ V × (R+ )M .

.     %  *  "


 

 v ∈ V 
J(v)  F (v) ≤ 0
J (v) = sup L(v, q) =  N!
q∈(R+ )M +∞   ,
 "
   "
   '     inf v∈V J (v)      '    
 N! S .
     *   G(q) 
 '  
  '    /C! 
 /C!  
  '       % . 
 G(q) 
 *    %
   
 *    %  0  IC!   "
   '  U E


N IQ
sup
q∈(R+ )M


  '       %   "
T
G(q) ,

E C
  ' 
H
    N!  

 "
 *  (  ,EV! ,O L Y
       S 5  
           ( 

E P  
 
%
D
3  C#   
  C) 
  
   '   D(    W
( 

O L
ÉC
-  &. 
  /  /
.    &

U E
5  $#   
     J, F , . . . , F IQ
HN
1 M       
 V  " u ∈ V 
 F (u) ≤ 0         
 &   u    
E C
' &  #$ 2   u   !  !!    J  V      p ∈ (R+)M 

 T
P O LY
 p   ! !!    G  (R+)M 
# (u, p)     1    L  V × (R+ )M 

O LE
$ (u, p) ∈ V × (R+)M   &       !     > 

ÉC F (u) ≤ 0 , p ≥ 0 , p · F (u) = 0 , J  (u) + p · F  (u) = 0 .  NC!


   
 
 
5    C   
% 1
   "
 
 '  
      
 * & 
  "
   '       
          
  !   

   
  u 
 ' 
       
        
   
  p 
 '  

.
     "
 (u, p) 
    
   &  "
   

u  
  
 '        

min L(v, p) .
U E
   "
%  ( ( *         
  I
v∈V

N Q 


 
 
  '     
 "
 
'  
H
T E
 C  
 ;

 ( (  *   % C



  5   u
     & 


J

O L Y  C      
 
  
   $# 

 
 
  '   E P "
 "
  %      
 5  

O L    RN

ÉC
) *
min
v∈RN , F (v)=Bv−c≤0
J(v) =
1
2
Av · v − b · v ,  N#!
: A 
   N × N   "
   % b ∈ RN  B
   M × N 
c ∈ RM         

L(v, q) =
1
2
Av · v − b · v + q · (Bv − c) ∀ (v, q) ∈ RN × (R+ )M .  N/!
4
 %  ;& *   N!  
  J    "
   '       
 N#! 0      '  
 
q ∈ (R+ )M    ' 
min L(v, q)
v∈RN

U E
IQ

  
 
"
 
"
 v → L(v, q) 
 *   *    % 5  
 
%  ∂L
∂v
(v, q) = Av − b + B ∗ q = 0   v = A−1 (b − B ∗ q) $ '  

H N
C
 
G(q) = L A−1 (b − B ∗ q), q ,

   '  
    
Y T E

1
P O L 1

 NN!
LE
sup − q · BA−1 B ∗ q + (BA−1 b − c) · q − A−1 b · b .
2 2

O
q≥0

ÉC
 - 
 -   #    %
 

U E
N
5   *   &     NN!  
 
 I Q 
    
5  5    C 
 
 "
C
E H
("
 6     
  '  % *   "
 "



    
 
  $ 
 %  
 "

  
    *  
"

Y
L   
     %! T
?

*           
B
%     
 '  
  NN!
M

O  ' 
BA−1 B ∗

' 
   "
P
% 
* "
        

 *   
    
(q ≥ 0)

O E
L  
 %  



 
 
  

M  
 %  &  1
   /C "

 
  (   
    
  

ÉC
 '  •

D   
    * "
          '    

    (   ;

/0  $#
1  ! !"

⎛ ⎞
1 0 4 2 3 5
⎜ −3 2 −1 2 −5 2 ⎟

E
⎜ ⎟

U
A=⎜ −4 2 −2 0 −1 2 ⎟.
⎝ ⎠

IQ
−2 4 −1 6 −2 2
−1 2 −6 3 −1

H N 1

EC
(      5   ! 
  
" i
   !
 j    
 

Y T
!
 !  
  6  &

  !  
 " 
  

 "
  5     
 !7! aij 
 ! A 
  5   !& 

POL
  −aij  2  
 "  
      !  '  

 %  
   3 5 %
 
 &! ! ! A 8

O L E
6

É C # 
.    
 
  "
"
    
     
 1   "

 
               &   

 ( (            ( (   


@ 
     


5(  / 
 %  %
"
   
  
 '  
   
%

−∆u = f  Ω  NG!

∂Ω,
E
u=0

: Ω 

%  '   RN  f ∈ L2 (Ω)  "
% &     
  
IQ U
 
H

N
C  N)!
1

E
min J(v) = |∇v|2 dx − f v dx

T
v∈H01 (Ω) 2 Ω Ω

LY
%       /G! 4
 %  %
& 0  I) "
  N)!  

"

O
P

 & 0   # "
   "
  0
   *
  %  

LE
  NG!     ("
     N)!  %      NG!

ÉC O
-     

U E
 *  !   
      "
  N
I Q   
  
  *   
  '  "
     
H
u
      "
 
C
f

T
 (    
    
   ;

  Y
E
*          * 
& 
 

NG!

$        "

0&   
O

L  
   "
 

!   
E P
   ("
 
4
    
 

    "
    N)!
  &       N)! ' "
 

O L   
        
 *  

 
  
   

É C&
% ' 
   
e ∈ L2 (Ω)N

    N)!  "
%
1

e = ∇v
 
min J˜(v, e) = |e|2 dx − f v dx .
v∈H 1 (Ω) , e∈L2 (Ω)N
0
2 Ω Ω
e=∇v

$  

       
  ' 

M(e, v, τ ) = J(v,
˜ e) + τ · (∇v − e) dx ,

E

%


    τ
   ( (
∈ L2 (Ω)N 
U
$    e 
' 
IQ
L(v, τ ) = min
H N
M(e, v, τ ).

EC
e∈L2 (Ω)N

5  e → M(e, v, τ )  *    %  



"
    
 


 *   "

Y T
POL
  
L(v, τ ) = −
1 2
|τ | dx − τ · ∇v dx.  NI!
E
f v dx +

L
2 Ω Ω Ω

ÉC O
$ %    "
   '       
    NI!  '  N)!

max L(v, τ )

= J(v) ,
τ ∈L2 (Ω)N

 "
   '  
 
⎧ 
  ⎨
min L(v, τ ) = G(τ ) =
1
2
− |τ |2 dx  − divτ = f  Ω  G !
v∈H01 (Ω) ⎩ −∞ Ω
 
$ 
     
  
% & $
 :     
    (u, σ)    L(v, τ )  H (Ω) ×
E
1
0
L2 (Ω)N
L(u, σ) = max min L(v, τ ) = min max L(v, τ ).
IQ U
N
τ ∈L2 (Ω)N v∈H01 (Ω) v∈H01 (Ω) τ ∈L2 (Ω)N

2 !   u  
2   N  !  !!  J(v)  H01 (Ω) σ  
  
 ! !!  G(τ )  L (Ω) 
E C H
LY T
O
J(u) = min J(v) = max G(τ ) = G(σ),

P
v∈H01 (Ω) τ ∈L2 (Ω)N

LE
          σ = ∇u

ÉC O
 
 -   #    %
 

U E
   $
   '  
  G ! 
    
N Q("

I   5 
max G(τ ) = − min(−G(τ
))
   "
 1

E C
   '
|τ |2 dx H
            ! 
 (       
     &  %  T
2
"
'   *    .

 *
  
   Y
    "
'  O L  , 
   "
 
D(    #  "
  
−divτ = f
 =   

    
v


;

E P
"
    '  '  
     


−divτ = f

L
G(τ ) ≤ J(v)
A  "
 "
  
ÉC O J(u) = G(σ) =
1

f u dx
2 Ω

"
   
  "
   
 %  *   
 •

    
% 
  
  "
   
5    C
   "
 "

           
    
 !   (       ! &
  '       $  
  '  
  G !   
      
"
     −divτ = f
 

 "
 
   x ∈ Ω 4   
  %     *  %  U E

"
 0 +   
   
N IQ
G(τ ) ≤ L(v, τ ) ≤ J(v),
EC H
Y T
   "
   '      
  

"
    
u 

POL
σ  %  $    u   
    NG!
        
  "


O L E    

ÉC
1 1 1
J(u) = |∇u|2 dx − f u dx = − |∇u|2 dx = − f u dx .
2 Ω Ω
2 Ω
2 Ω

1   σ = ∇u  


   NG! "
 −divσ = f    '  
G(τ ) ≤ J(u) = G(σ),

&  "
 σ      
 G   (u, σ)       L(v, τ ) 

@ ' 



$ 
  0  II 
  '         
 "
 "
 $       +       
  

 ! y(t)  & %


  RN
U E

0 ≤ t ≤ T N IQ
H
dy
= Ay + Bv + f
 G!
C
dt
y(0) = y0

Y T E
P O L
: y0 ∈ RN    
  f (t) ∈ RN 
   
 v(t) ∈ RM  
  "
     
    A  B   
     

LE
   % N × N  N × M 

ÉC O
-    

U E
$ %
 (        &  
I  
N Q "
 "

H
v

1
 T

T E
Rv(t) · v(t)dt + C1
 T
1
Q(y − z)(t) · (y − z)(t)dt + D (y(T ) − zT ) · (y(T ) − zT ) ,

Y
J(v) =

L
     8'9       
2 0
2 0
2


  ;   O
: z(t)

  E
P
 "
  %  
8'9 zT

  
    % A  "
 "
  *  
R, Q, D

L
R y(t)
% ' &  %   G!
O
v

C 

v

%  "
  
       
 (    ( 
É '  8

9
(   B'   *   
L2 (]0, T [; RM )    
 *    
  (

  
 
]0, T [ RM

 B' ! 
   %
    
     


 % *    % K  RM "
    '     ' 
 '        
inf
v(t)∈L (]0,T [;K)
J(v).
2
 G!
5 2   %  "
     G!  '  
U E
  $
#   
 f (t) ∈ L (]0, T [; R )  v(t) ∈ L (]0, T [; K) N I Q 2  C
H
2 N 2

EC
!  
    y(t) ∈ H (]0, T [; R )
         [0, T ]
1 N

Y T
  5 
   
  '  
 f  v    

POL
6   
      L2  $
  *
     
   
 

O L E  t
y(t) = exp(tA)y0 +
 
exp (t − s)A (Bv + f )(s) ds

ÉC
0

"
    %    
  y  H 1 (]0, T [; RN )    #CC 

  "
 y   
 
[0, T ] 

$ 
       
      
'  $

:     
 u ∈ L (]0, T [; K)
 !  !  C# -   !1
2

!  ! u      


 T  T
Q(yu − z) · (yv − yu )dt Ru · (v − u)dt
+
 GC!
E
0 0
+D(yu (T ) − zT ) · (yv (T ) − yu (T )) ≥ 0 ,

   v ∈ L2 (]0, T [; K) % yv         C      !! v


IQ U
  $      "
 "
 v → y 
 *    0 + H N
     G!   yv = ỹv + ŷ : ỹv   
  
T E C

Y
L
O
dỹv

P
0≤t≤T
= Aỹv + Bv
 G#!
LE
dt
ỹv (0) = 0

ÉC O
 
 -   #    %
 

U E
 ŷ   
  
N IQ
dŷ
= Aŷ + f

EC H

0 ≤ t ≤ T
T
dt

Y
ŷ(0) = y0

POL
6   "
 ŷ     v  v → ỹv     
  L2 (]0, T [; K) 
H 1 (]0, T [; RN )   "
 v → J(v) 
 *   "
 "
  %  v 


O LE
      
 *  "
 "
  
 *   !   J   %
   *    %     R    % 5  L2 (]0, T [; K) 
ÉC

  % *    %  D(   IN     
 &   & 


   
u   G! .
             

 
D(      J  (u), v − u ≥ 0 

    ( 
 
 -    
     

J(u + w) − J(u)
lim = J  (u), w.
→0 
5  J(v)  "
 "
  
      
"
 yu+w = yu + ỹw  $ '
   GC!    "
 "
 yu − yv = ỹu − ỹv 
U E 

I Q!  "
 
   $
 0           G!    * 

N
  


J  (w) w ∈ L2 ]0, T [

C H
  
  
 


 
 (  
 "
     %   1 
E
 /! $  '

 T

L
J  (w)v dtY T  T  T

O
Rw · v dt + Q(yw − z) · ỹv dt
=
 G/!

: 
 *  L
0

E P  0
+D(yw (T ) − zT ) ·
0
ỹv (T ) ,

É C O "
 "
 L2 ]0, T [ •

       
     GC!   *  ' S 0
+ 
     u     
("
 *    v  

    yv  , 
  *2   %   
    '  '

      J  (u) &     G/! 
 
  
  

 &       6 "
 
    
  *    (  

  <   ?       


  
   
 

         A  "
  #) 
! 
  '   G!
   ;  p     
 
"
 
dp
= −A∗ p − Q(y − z) 
0 ≤ t ≤ T
dt

U E  GN!

IQ
p(T ) = D(y(T ) − zT )

y
H N
:    
    G! 
       ;  % 
u  "

A∗
   '
      
T E C
    ;  "
  =   GN!     ; 
J  (u)
"


% & $


          
O L Y

P
J u

E J (u) = B ∗ p + Ru .  GG!


O L
ÉC
-    

U E
N
D          !     > IQ   ;! C# 
 T

E C H
LY
0 T (B ∗ p + Ru) · (v − u) dt ≥ 0  G)! ∀ v ∈ L2 (]0, T [; K).

   $
PO *
  GG!    

  w ∈ L2 ]0, T [ J  (w) =

O

L
B p + Rw
E
 "

  D(  
& 
   GN! 
 
p    &   
 #N  
     
 
     
 
y

C
w

É G/! "
 

("


  

  v
  ;   GN! 5
 +  *   %  *

*        
  
   G! % 
v

  1  p   
    GN!  ỹv    G#!   

 GN!  ỹv   G#!  p            
 

    
  "
 
%  
   +  D
 '  
            ỹv (0) = 0  p(T ) = D(y(T ) − zT ) 
  T 
U E
IQ
dp
· ỹv + p ·
dỹv
dt = D(y(T ) − zT ) · ỹv (T ).  GI!
N
dt 0
dt
.
    
  "
   '
 
EC H 
T
T   T T

Y  ) !
dp dỹv

L
· ỹv + p · dt = − Q(y − z) · ỹv dt + Bv · p dt.

O
0
dt dt 0 0

$ 
      PGI!   ) !
         G/! 
  %
O L E   

C
T T T

É
J  (u)v dt = Ru · vdt + Bv · pdt,
0 0 0

 "
    
  GG!   G)! 

   $
" 5    ' 
*   '   GN! "
  
;          J  (v) X 0 
 *        

  
      
 '       G! $    "
 
  G!  
      
 % '  v  y   
          J(v)   "
  
  p & 
 T  T
L(v, y, p) = Rv(t) · v(t)dt + Q(y − z)(t) · (y − z)(t)dt
0 0  T  
U E
IQ
dy
+D (y(T ) − zT ) · (y(T ) − zT ) + p· − + Ay + Bv + f dt

N
0
dt
−p(0) · (y(0) − y0 ) ,

: p  

    
     G!   v  y J 
E C H
Y
          G!  '   "
     
L T
   &  "

P O
LE
∂L ∂L ∂L
= = = 0.
∂v ∂y ∂p

ÉC O
 
 -   #    %
 

U E
      %           GG! I  Q
H N
%    ;        "
  % 
    "
 
   6  
 *
C
p y

; 
Y T E
"
  
  
  *   "
       8' 9 "
   

O L  
   '     "
%    

  
D(    #N
P

 "
 E
         %  0   #!    
 
 ( 
L
y u
     G! 
  (     0 ' 
C O
  
É  


   &     
    
   
K = RM
 
%
 8    9 "
    ;        p
 % 
  G)!!
u = −R−1 B ∗ p

'  $


!   
 K = RM  f = 0 z = 0  zT = 0 " P (t) 
    [0, T ]  !      N 
     
 
dP
dt
= −A∗ P − P A + P BR−1 B ∗ P − Q   0 ≤ t ≤ T  )!
P (T ) = D

U E
2  P (t)  ! 
       t ∈ [0, T ]    p(t) = P (t)y(t)
N IQ
EC H
  

 t ∈ [0, T ]   "
 & y0 ∈ RN  *    
(y, p, u)(t)  : u = −R−1 B ∗ p      !       0 

Y T
;%  % 
 0   #   ';%  RN  RN    "
 

POL
  y(t) → p(t)     RN  RN    
   P (t)    N
 "
 p(t) = P (t)y(t) 0  %      
  "
   G!
  GN!  '
O L E
ÉC
dP
y = −A∗ P y − P Ay + P BR−1 B ∗ P y − Qy
dt


 y(t) "
  "
 "
 
"
 y0 ! $  
 "
    )! $
'      P (T ) = D  p(T ) = Dy(T )  y(T )  "
 "
  RN 
$   
    
    )! 

/0  $
 (     K = R  f = 0 z = 0  z
M
T = 0 2      
t ∈ [0, T ]
 T  T
p(t) · y(t) = Dy(t) · y(t) + Qy(s) · y(s) ds + R−1 B ∗ p(s) · B ∗ p(s) ds .

E
t t

/     


  t0 ∈ [0, T ] 
  y(t0 ) = 0 
 y(t) = p(t) = 0     t ∈ [0, T ]
9  ! 

IQ U
H
/0  $
 (
 &
 
   4,$$   )  4,$  
 N
  
  ⎧
T E C


∂y
∂t
O LY
− ∆y = v + f  ]0, T [×Ω

⎩ y = 0   ]0, T [×∂Ω

P
LE
y(0) = y0  Ω

ÉC O
-    "

U E
: y0 ∈ L 2
(Ω) f ∈ L (]0, T [×Ω) v ∈ L (]0, T [×Ω)
2 2

N I Q   

 !
H
TEC
 T   T  
v 2 dt dx + |y − z|2 dt dx + |y(T ) − zT |2 dx,

Y
inf J(v) =

 O L 
v∈L2 (]0,T [×Ω) 0 Ω 0 Ω Ω

: z ∈ L
P
2 2
(]0, T [×Ω) zT ∈ L (Ω)

LE
/0  $
# ;

 !! ! '
   
O
ÉC @ ?
   &
$ 
  0  I &    
  < 
  '  "
 * 

 *   
 f   
   
         '  
 
−∆u = f + v  Ω
u=0 
∂Ω,  )!
: u     %     '   v 
 *     < "
   
U E
IQ
% '     $   

%  ω ⊂ Ω 
"
      <  

*    % vmin ≤ vmax  L2 (ω) 6  
 
  "
 
 "
 
H N
*    L2 (ω)   
  E  Ω\ω $     '    <
 '

Y T EC 

1 P
  D(   / O L
K = v ∈ L2 (ω)  "
 vmin (x) ≤ v(x) ≤ vmax (x)  ω  v = 0  Ω \ ω .  )C!


  "
 

"
  
  u ∈ H01 (Ω) $


 *    - L E
f ∈ L2 (Ω)
( ( &   <   '  
"
  
   u0 ∈ L2 (Ω) $ 

ÉCO

 
J(v) =
1
2
|u − u0 |2 + c|v|2 dx ,  )#!

: u    
    )!      v!  c > 0   '     
 
inf J(v) .
v∈K
 )/!

'  $


$ :     
   E  ! v ∈ K     ;! <5
  $   "
 "
  *   v → u    L (Ω)  H (Ω)  2 1
0
 "
 J(v) 
 *   "
 "
  %  v      % 0 
  *    % 
"
 J(v) ≥ cv2L (Ω)  .
    K 
  % * 
E
2

  %  L2 (Ω)   "


  D(   IN     
 &   &

 
   
  )/! 
IQ U
H N
T E
    1
   #
  ;  p    
"
  
  C

'
         "
    '   

H01 (Ω) 
O LY
 Ω
P
−∆p = u − u0

∂Ω.  )N!
LE
p=0

ÉC O
$ 
 -   #    %
 

U E
'  $
      0      I Q
H N J(v)    K

% 
        T
C
E .  
         

J (v) = p + cv ,

>    !   L


p

O
v
Y
  E
<(
 ! 
P
v

O L E 
−∆u = f + v


Ω,  )G!
u ∈ H01 (Ω),

 ))!
ÉC
−∆p = u − u0 p ∈ H01 (Ω),
Ω,
 p
v = 1Iω P[vmin (x),vmax (x)] −
c
,  )I!
% 1Iω           ω  1 1 
    ω    Ω \ ω 
P[v (x)]        /        ! [vmin (x), vmax (x)]
(x),v
  
 &  P[v (x),v (x)] w = min vmax (x), max vmin (x), w(x) 
min max

min max

  5         ##  (   


 -    

   
   
J(v + w) − J(v)

U E
IQ
lim = J  (v)w dx .

N
→0  Ω

5  J(v)  "


 "
  
        '
 
EC H
Y T
J  (v)w dx =

POL
((u − u0 )ũw + cvw) dx,
Ω Ω

: ũw    

O L E
 Ω
−∆ũw = w

∂Ω.  I !

ÉC
ũw = 0

     
 
  ;  
 K 

 I !  p   )N!  ũw       
 
∇p · ∇ũw dx = (u − u0 )ũw dx
Ω Ω
∇ũw · ∇p dx = wp dx
Ω Ω

       
     
 "

 
J  (v)w dx = (p + cv)w dx,

E
Ω Ω

 :    
        
      
 D(     
IQ U

H N  I!
(p + cv) (w − v) dx ≥ 0

0     &  
 
* 

  '
 T

C ∀w ∈ K .

E 
  *   
 Y
    '
 %  E   
 8  9L
w v ω

 
P O I!   "
! 
   

x ω

p(x) + cv(x)

O L E w(x) − v(x) ≥ 0 ∀ w(x) ∈ [vmin (x), vmax (x)] .

ÉC
-" %
  
 &

U E
5        "
    
N I Q ;  (  
 
H
v(x)

   %   D(    ! J   '
C
−p(x)/c [vmin (x), vmax (x)]

   $
 5 L Y T
E
 )I!    "
 "
  
   *       & 
K ω

A  "
  #) 
 "
   
% 


    P


O
*    )N! "
   ;  $  
       
 ' 
% 'L
O E  !   *
)/! 
     "
 "
    )! "
   


ÉC
v u
 
1  2 2

L(v, u, p) = |u − u0 | + c|v| dx + p(∆u + f + v) dx,
2 Ω Ω

: p  

    
     )!   v  u J  
        '   "
         
&  "

∂L ∂L ∂L
= = = 0.

E
∂v ∂u ∂p

%    ;  p      "


  %    u
IQ U
      %           )I!      "
 

H N
6
 #    
Y T EC
POL
@ ,
 

L E
,0I          # 

    6

O
  
A 

   ,.330,+4)0  
   0 , 6

ÉC
   
    5
     
  (  .

     
 
 
 
  
  0   ,  6
 
'     
 
  
  . J ?   ,
   6
  u0 A 
   

 
 (un )n∈N  
  
,
. A 
   #A .  
  u
0 ,   
  3 .    +,*2)0()*+) &) +): .-(,0'149): ; ,6?6 A 
.     
 (un ) . u 
 
            u0 <A

  

   
 .   .  
1 
     
 
 
  8   0I  8 ?    
J  α6 . ( 0 ' # ,α6 .   F 8A  

 . 
   
,  
 
     .   
U E
   ,        ?        8  
N IQ
E C H
. 
   8 . 
 
. 

   :
A
   (0,::): :
 
  
 ,   ?  

LY T
   
 ,
 8    . V 5# 
A     
. 
 .      
 
      
A 
0     
.

P O
.  .
   
  A    ,
   
 0 ;    

LE
.A 8  *    <

ÉC O
- 
 -   #    %
 

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC /
 
    
 
        


EC H
         #   
 ;
  
A    6

T
 
A  < @
  8  
 
 # 8   ?     00  

Y
POL
;
 
 ,0     
<A 

      ( *
  6
   A  
          
 :  

LE

        8   .A   
       

 ,      (-,/.5> ;  
  
<  8  

ÉC O
 . ;?
   
8  F .   
< •

@ .      


 6 
 

 7
'O  
  
   
  0 ,    
,0       J
 8   α6 . ( 0 )  
 ,6
   = 0  V A     0   
inf J(v) . ; <
v∈V

U E
IQ
1,  5  $   

 
 
  uA    , 
+
    ,
  ,9

H N
EC
J  (u) = 0 .

Y T
POL
-(,0'149) &) (0.&')*1 E 3.: ,31'9.-

E
,        ? L  M ,
  un  
. 

L
   
      ?  8   G J(v)       
O
ÉC
  ?     
    
  un      
J  (un ) 9 (A  ,   un+1 
  8
un+1 = un − µn wn , ;<
. µn > 0    wn
    V A , .         wn =
J  (un )

 , 
  
.  
   .
  J(un+1 ) ; ,0 
J  (un )
,
 8     . 
 
 
   
<
' 
   
 
A    
# ;< 

 L    MA ? ,    (0.&')*1 E 3.: ,31'9.-A 

  

 
   0       ?
 
 . 0
 ;H  V ,     ) < 3    u0 
 
  V A
U E
IQ
 
  
 (un ) )  
un+1 = un − µn J  (un ) ,

E C HN ;<

T
R µn ∈ R    ? 
   


LY
 
J(un+1 ) = inf J un − µ J  (un ) . ;"<

PO
µ∈R

LE
'    .   ,  
  
 
.

ÉC O
-" %
  
 

U E
 #"7$   " " /$  ' "   H N
4%,0?9) CC J α I Q "  " )
$  ))  "  $-& 5$"/ J
V

T E C
∀ M > 0, ∃ CM > 0, v + w ≤ M ⇒ J  (v) − J  (w) ≤ CM v − w .
Y
;$<

*$ ) ,9P"O


L
 0"#  0 $"  ) )" $-0 O   " '   "
,= $-0 -   "$  ,,
u0 (un )

LE
u
 n 

ÉC O
%9,*:10.1',*C  8   f (µ) = J u − µ J  (un )  8 . 
 .0 
 R ; J  (un ) = 0 Y  A   I? . A un = u V<  0 
     ;"<   0 
 
 
 
A        
f  (µ) = 0A  
,   

J  (un+1 ), J  (un ) = 0 . ;&<
'  
 
 L      M 
 .   
*

 ;&<  
 
 J  (un+1 ), un+1 −un  = 0A  
  ,α6 . 
 J 

α
U E
IQ
J(un ) − J(un+1 ) ≥ un − un+1 2 . ;-<

N
2

H
*

  
 J(un )       ; J(u)<A  .   ,   

EC
;-<  
 un+1 − un  . 0 1,
 A ,α6 .   J   8 

T

  
 J(un )  0  
  
 (un )  0 J   

Y
POL
 M  

un ≤ M .

L E
  . ;$< 
 v = un  w = un+1 
   ;&<A  .  8  


O
J  (un ) ≤ CM un+1 − un A  
 
 J  (un )  . 0 ,α6 .  

ÉC
J  
α un − u 2 ≤ J  (un ) − J  (u), un − u = J  (un ), un − u ≤ J  (un ) un − u ,

 
 α un − u ≤ J  (un ) A ,R , 
  .    ,  


)9.0;5) CC  


    , H  
        
   J 
  
.   .  A  
 I 
  
0  ,
 un − u •

-(,0'149) &) (0.&')*1 E 3.: @>)


U E

 un )  
N IQ
,      ?  )       
  ,


un+1 = un − µ J  (un ) ,
E C H ;<

LY T
R µ 
    8 ) '     
   
 ,  
   ?   A 

, 8  ? 
  ,     
 

P O
 ;"<  
 
.  
 
 #  
    

LE
 µ 
 
  .  

ÉC O
 
 -   #    %
 

U E
4%,0?9) CC
N
$  ))  "  $-& 5$"/IQ "  " ) J
H
J α
 #"7$   ' "   &" $ $"$" " 
V

T E C C>0

Y
 
J (v) − J (w) ≤ C v − w ∀ v, w ∈ V . ;<
' 
'   " P O L
' 0"#
0 < µ < 2α/C 2
*$ ) ,=
 0 $"  ) *& $-0 O   "
$-0 -   "$  ,,
LE
u0 (un ) u

O


ÉC
%9,*:10.1',*C
 * v n = un −u ' J  (u) = 0A   v n+1 = v n −µ J  (un )−
J  (u) A ,R  . 
 2
v n+1 2 = v n 2 − 2µJ  (un ) − J  (u), un − u + µ2 J  (un ) − J  (u)
  ;<
≤ 1 − 2αµ + C 2 µ2 v n 2 ,

, ;<  ,α6 .  0 < µ < 2α/C 2 A   8   .  


 1 − 2αµ +

E
C 2 µ2 ∈]0, 1[A   .    
  ;< 

)9.0;5) CC             A   

IQ U
H N
 
 
 , A     .    O ;<

EC
 ,# 
 8 0 ;$<  8
  
 
A 
 ,    6

T
 ?  )A ?  ( 
  ?   A  
 J(un ) , 

Y
POL
    •

E
)9.0;5) CC     0
 
      
#
L
;< 
 
       @      
O
ÉC
,     
  I

  
       
wn   

  J  (un )   
       

   
      /
       
6
   "A 
   
  ,
 8   
  

# 12 Ax ·
x − b · x •

)9.0;5) CC '      


       
 

.  . A  
    (        

 
 
  K            G  

  * A 
 ,. A 
    ,     
?  )     
,
      ?    . A
 ,    H  un A
  
  ?     P
U E
IQ

  8   G 
,
  
  ?  ) @   .  


      A 
. 
  A 
 
  2'1)::) &)

H
+,*2)0()*+)  ,  A 
)  0 ,      
   N
,
 un − u 8 
 ?
    )    
T E C
O LY
* A ,    ;<  
  .    ,   
  ?  )  
   
A 



P 

LE
un − u ≤ γ n u0 − u . γ = 1 − 2αµ + µ2 C 2 .

ÉC O
-" %
  
 

U E
N IQ
' 
 
 , 
A 
 . ,
 # 

. 
A- ? 8

EC H

   µ  .
   α/C 2  , . 0, 2α/C 2 A .
 

T
      γ  9 8 A  
  
  .    
   

Y
POL

 6 
  (  .  
     
  ;  

  ) 
  
  un − u 1/n 
    ) A      0 

LE
1A 
 n  . +∞< •

ÉC O
>)0+'+) CC - V = R2  J(x, y) = ax2 + by 2
 a, b > 0(   
$
* %  *
 + 
  
 *     
  a = b  
x0 y 0 = 0(   
*  *   
 
  
 8 
 

*  $
* %  *
 + 
  I   
  

  µ

*   (   
   
 
 K

@ .      


 6 $  

 7

E
@ 
    
   0 ,    .  
inf J(v) ,
IQ U ; <

N
v∈K

EC H
R J 
 8   α6 . ( 0 )  
 K A 
60 .
8  .   ,   = 0  V   5  $ 
  ,  

Y T
 ,
    
  u  ; <A    ,  5   

POL
   
J  (u), v − u ≥ 0 ∀ v ∈ K . ;<

L E
     
 6 
A 
  8   ?   
O
ÉC
# 
  
 ,0 K 

-(,0'149) &) (0.&')*1 E 3.: @>) .2)+ 30,<)+1',*


,      ?  ) ,  

0 ; < .
  ?     
 
. *
 
  µ > 0A ;< ,  
 
u − u − µJ  (u) , v − u ≥ 0 ∀ v ∈ K . ;<
/ PK ,
  I   
 ,0 . K A ) 
5
   I   

 . ;.   +
  < 3A , 
A ;< ,   ,
 
       u   I  

E
   u − µJ  (u) 
 K  3
 A
 
u = PK u − µJ  (u) ∀ µ > 0 .
IQ U
;"<

H N
  8   .  
 ;"<   8  
. ? ;<A     

E C
 
  u  ; < ,    (0.&')*1 E 3.: @>) .2)+ 30,<)+1',* ;

T

      I<   )  ,  

O LY
 
un+1 = PK un − µJ  (un ) , ;$<
P
LE
R µ 
    8 )

ÉC O
 
 -   #    %
 

U E
4%,0?9) CC
 #"7$     $"$" ' - ,, H
J
'N
α

I Q " ' 0"#
$  ))  "  $-& 5$"/ " )J

CO  ,,
2
V C 0 < µ < 2α/C

*$ ) ,% $-0 - T


Y E
 0 $"  ) *& - )> "$ $-0
 "$
 " '   "
u0 ∈ K (un )

L
u

P O
%9,*:10.1',*C     
5 "  0.

LE

  
.  ;<  
  
 ,   v → v − µJ  (v)

ÉC O
     
 0 < µ < 2α/C 2 A ,6?6  

   
∃ γ ∈]0, 1[ ,  v − µJ  (v) − w − µJ  (w)  ≤ γ v − w .

*

  I  
 PK  8 0   , ;  <A ,  
v → PK v − µJ  (v)     A  

.  .    

 (un ) )   ;$< .  
  u  ; < 
N
>)0+'+) CC ) V = RN  K = {x ∈ RN   i=1 xi = 1} ' 

E
$ 
  5   %*
 PK     
  
 
 ;; 
U
IQ
    
 
*
*

H N
EC
-(,0'149) &!Q.I.

T
 
     
       ?  ) . I  
Y
POL
  0 ?
     0 ,    . .  
7    
    
 

   .
  
A  ,


O L E
 I   PK ,  
    J  I   ,
 
v ∈ V 

 . 8 
 
  V 
 H  :  ?   V

ÉC
      A    )  ;
 V = RM <A  
6
0 K   8
#
M
K= [ai , bi ] ;&<
i=1

;. .
 ai = −∞ 
bi = +∞ 
     i< 9 (A  
 8   .  
A  x = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xM ) ∈ RM A y = PK (x)  
 

yi = min (max (ai , xi ), bi ) 


 1 ≤ i ≤ M , ;-<


 A  
: I
  L
M    x '  
 A I  
 
 
 
         A . 


 ?
 
.    9 (A H   0   8  . 
U E

 0 K  
     0 
 
  I   PK  
 H
N IQ
E C H
   A  0
  8
  

 0
  8 ;&<A # 
 
 (R+ )M  1  A  0
 
 H

LY T

   
  ?  ) . I  A   
 
0
  
 
 H 0
  .
 0       :.*:

P O
+,*10.'*1) ' 
  ?  0  ,   ,FCA 
  8 

LE

         6

ÉC O
-" %
  
 

U E
N
'   0       . IQ
EC H ;<
T
inf J(v) ,

Y
F (v)≤0

POL
R J 
 8   . )  
 V  F
 8   .  V 


LE
RM  
  #
5  B
  5
% A  
  

O
;< .  ? 
.
  6 (u, p)
  

ÉC L(v, q) = J(v) + q · F (v) ,


 V × (R+ )M  3     1)   
 6
;<

∀ q ∈ (R+ )M L(u, q) ≤ L(u, p) ≤ L(v, p) ∀v ∈ V , ;<

 
 
 (p − q) · F (u) ≥ 0 
 
 q ∈ (R+ )M A ,R   A 
 
 
µ > 0A   
(p − q) · p − p + µF (u) ≤ 0 ∀ q ∈ (R+ )M ,
U E
 
A , ; <A  

N IQ
EC H
(p + µF (u)) ∀ µ > 0 , ; <
T
p = PRM
+

Y
POL
PRM+
   I    RM 
 (R+ )M 

E
3
.
              ;<A 
 
.

L

 -!.-(,0'149) &!Q.I. J ?   ,
  
 
 p0 ∈ (R+ )M A
O
ÉC
 
  
 (un )  (pn )      

L(un , pn ) = inf L(v, pn ) ,


v∈V
;<
pn+1 = PRM
+
(pn + µF (un )) ,

µ 
    8 )

4%,0?9) CC $  ))  J " α $-& 5$"/'  F " $-&


" ) #"7$$  V $ RM ' "   &" $ $"$" C " 
F (v) − F (w) ≤ C v − w ∀ v, w ∈ V ,
U E
;<

IQ
"  &" $ )$" (u, p) 0$0$ ,   V × (R+ )M , ' 
N
E C H
0 < µ < 2α/C 2 ' 0"# :7N $-0 O   " $" $" p0 ' 
 " (un ) *$ ) ,3 $-0 -   "$ u )/+ ,,

LY T
%9,*:10.1',*C + ,0 
 ,   ,
 
  u  ;<

P O
 
  
 6 (u, p) ;.   *    <A  
 
 

LE

 
   ,α6 .   J  1 HA pn  )A  0 

ÉC O
 
 -   #    %
 

U E
N IQ
      ;<  0 
 
 
 
 u  1, ,9   $A
n

EC H
 
  ,9
  8   u  un ,  .

Y T  
J  (u), v − u + p · F (v) − F (u) ≥ 0 ∀ v ∈ V , ;"<

POL
 
J  (un ), v − un  + pn · F (v) − F (un ) ≥ 0 ∀v ∈ V . ;$<

O LE
* 
 . v = un  ;"<  v = u  ;$<    A

ÉC
 0 
 
J  (u) − J  (un ), un − u + (p − pn ) · F (un ) − F (u) ≥ 0 ,

,R 
   ,α6 .   J    rn = pn − p
 
rn · F (un ) − F (u) ≤ −α un − u 2 . ;&<

1,
 A  I   PRM
+
E
 8 0   , ;  <A  
6
U
IQ
# ; < ? ;<  0 

H N
EC
rn+1 ≤ rn + µ(F (un ) − F (u)) ,

 
Y T
POL
 
rn+1 2 ≤ rn 2 + 2µrn · F (un ) − F (u) + µ2 F (un ) − F (u) 2 .

O E
   ;<  ;&<A  . 
L  

ÉC
rn+1 2 ≤ rn 2 + C 2 µ2 − 2µα un − u 2 .

0 < µ < 2α/C 2 A  


 
. β > 0  
 C 2 µ2 − 2µα < −β A ,R

β un − u 2 ≤ rn 2 − rn+1 2 . ;-<

'   


  
 rn 2     J  0     ;-<
  . 0A  
P 
 un  . u 

3  A ,   ,FC  ,   


   ;<  6
O  0 .   
 
  0      
   ;< 3 
  A      pn   A
U E
IQ


,   

pn+1
H
= max (pni + µFi (un ), 0) 
 1 ≤ i ≤ M , N
C
i

T E
, ;-<  8
 
  
  5 "       .6
Y
P O L
    
 (pn ) 9 8 A  .   ,  
 
  #

A 
,
 , 
  ,
   , p ∈ (R+ )M  


LE
(u, p)    6 ;.   +
   ,9  " 6 
<

ÉC O
-" %
  
 "

U E
N IQ
  ? 8      ,   ,FC      
 A 

EC H

 ,. I?   + ,0 
  0
  ;< ,  

Y T sup G(q) , ;<

POL
q≥0

LE
RA  )  

ÉC O G(q) = inf L(v, q) ,


v∈V

 
  
  
     p 
 
 
0
 ;<
; <

9 8 A 
  # F A  
  
 G  ( 0
 
    G  (q)      ? F (uq )A R uq  ,
 
 
 

0       ; < 9 (A 8  

G(q) = J(uq ) + q · F (uq ),

   .   ? q


U E
N IQ
G  (q) = F (uq ) + (J  (uq ) + q · F  (uq )) uq = F (uq ),

EC H
T
? 
      ,   
 uq  @ .   
 -!.-(,0'149)

Y
POL
&!Q.I. *!):1 .510) ;5) -. 9%14,&) &5 (0.&')*1 E 3.: @>) .2)+ 30,<)+1',*
.33-';5%) .5
 30,/-?9) &5.-
 

  
  
   ;< 
 ,  

E
pn+1 = PRM pn + µG  (pn ) ;        ? ;$< . 

L
+

O
8  
  0
 ;< 
 0           6

ÉC
  <   
 . )  8        
 

 ? ,  
.

>)0+'+) CC G $


* % $H#
Q

    
C
 ;2
   

   
 
M    ) 

 B 
 
* M (  
 $  p $
  
C
 ;2(    
 
pn *  p

%*.-':.1',* &): +,*10.'*1):


/
  
  
6      . 0 .
 
 # ,6
 
 0       .   
 
  0 
U E
        Y ,   
  3%*.-':.1',*   
N IQ
E C H
/
 .     L M 
L ,  M      
  , 
   ?    
  (  . 

LY T
0    
 
  
   H   ? ,  
,
       
6   "  ' 
  
 , 
 
6

P O
.  :
A   0 L M ; <  
. L   M

LE
;.   
6    <

ÉC O
$ 
 -   #    %
 

U E
N IQ
/
 
 O 
   )    R V = R A  
   
N

EC

.
 0       .
H
Y T ; <

POL
inf J(v) ,
F (v)≤0

LE
R J 
 8   .  
  RN  R  F
 8   .

O
 
  RN  RM 

ÉC
*
 ε > 0A 
 
   0   

1
M
inf J(v) + [max (Fi (v), 0)]2
, ; <
v∈RN ε i=1

 
   
    Fi (v) ≤ 0  L M @ 
  6
  
 
.A 
 
A 
 ε  A  0 ; < L 

E
0 M  0 ; <

0,3,:'1',* CC 
IQ U
$  ))  J " $"$ ' " "$" $-&' " $*$
N
 $*$'   $ "$ Fi $" $-& " $"$  )  1 ≤ i ≤ M ' " 
H
EC
$/  
K = v ∈ RN ,

L Y T
Fi (v) ≤ 0 ∀ i ∈ {1, . . . , M }
u
P
 "$  ,' $   O
" $$ - , $ $"$"  $   "$  , "' )  ε > 0' uε  $ 

O L E
ÉC
lim uε = u .
ε→0

%9,*:10.1',*C ,0 K  . 8A ,    ,


   u
 

M
5       .   J  1 
A  8  
G(v) = i=1 [max (Fi (v), 0)]2   
  . 

  8    R  R

? x   max (x, 0)2  .    @  
 
  8  
Jε (v) = J(v) + ε−1 G(v)    .A  
A  )  ? , ) 


G(v) ≥ 0A  
 
 ,    ,
   uε  ' G(u) = 0A  

  
G(uε )
Jε (uε ) = J(uε ) + ≤ Jε (u) = J(u) . ; <
ε
'  

U E
IQ
J(uε ) ≤ Jε (uε ) ≤ J(u) , ; <

H N
  
 uε  0 ,     L )  ? , ) M @ 
   

E C
  8  (uε )
 
 (uεk ) 
.  .
    u∗ 
 εk 

T
. 0 @   0 ≤ G(uεk ) ≤ εk (J(u) − J(uεk )) , ; < * ? 

LY
  A  0  G(u∗ ) = 0A 
 
 u∗ ∈ K  ' ; <  
 

O
P
J(u∗ ) ≤ J(u)A    u∗ = uA  
 
   A 
  


LE
  (uεk ) .  .  H    u 

ÉC O
-" %
  
 &

U E
N IQ
>)0+'+) CC '   %: %   
-  ;!;(    

EC H
  J  F1 , . . . , FM   , E  
     
 I(u)

T
$   
 
   u(       
    
 

Y
 u
   
6   ;2 '(       Fi (u) i∈I(u)

POL
 
  
 ( M 
 $   
 
*
*

LE
λ1 , . . . , λM   J  (u) + i=1 λi Fi (u) = 0(
 λi = 0  i ∈
/ I(u) " 

(    i ∈ {1, . . . , M }

ÉC O lim
&
2
'
max (Fi (uε ), 0) = λi .
ε→0 ε

)9.0;5) CC /
 . ?  
6    
 
   
    
   8   L0 M •

@ 5 % B

@       )  V = RN  9 


         
U E
IQ
/C   F
 8     C 2  RN  RN    u
 F 
  

N
H
F ,6?6  


Y T EC
F (u) = 0  F  (u)   . 0

POL
 8
  5# 
.     v 
 
 

O L E F (u) = F (v) + F  (v)(u − v) + O u − v 2 ,

ÉC
,6?6   
−1
u = v − (F  (v)) F (v) + O v − u 2 .
    /C   ? 
  8O  .  
     6
   *

      u0 ∈ RN A  

−1
un+1 = un − (F  (un )) F (un ) 
 n ≥ 0. ; "<
+ 
 ,  
  , .     F  (un )  ; "<  

 , 

 #     ,
     ?     
1
   .
  ,   A     /C ,     

.   J
 8     C 3  RN  RA    u
   
  
 J    F = J  A  
  
       
 

       ,   J  (u) = 0 ' A  
 
 .   
U E
   /C 
         3 

.
N IQ
 5#

E C H
T
1
J(w) = J(v) + J (v) · (w − v) + J  (v)(w − v) · (w − v) + O w − v 3 , ; $<

2

O LY
P
 
   J(w) 
.     v 
 8   
  
   

LE
 /C    ?         
  
  ? 

ÉC O
- 
 -   #    %
 

U E
N IQ
   
     
  

     ; $<   
−1

EC H
w = v − (J  (v)) J  (v)     J  (v)  )    . @ 
.  

T
8
  . ; "<

Y
POL
,.          /C   .   0  
  

      

L E  ,, " $"$ "$$-/,


0,3,:'1',* CC 
7O
F    C2 $ ' " $
RN RN u

C 0   &" $  " '




É ) ,= $-0' "     " $-0 - ' "  &" *$
F F (u) = 0 F (u) >0
 "
u0 7 ) #   u $ . ' 
u − u0 ≤  "#   N"$
(un ) u $
$"$" C > 0 " 
un+1 − u ≤ C un − u 2 . ; &<

%9,*:10.1',*C *  


  F      > 0  
 F   . 0  


U E
    0
   u   # 
 
 un       uA

 R u − un ≤ A  F  (un )  . 0 ' F (u) = 0A  
 
; "<
N IQ
H
−1
un+1 − u = un − u − (F  (un )) (F (un ) − F (u))

T

A  .  5# 

  u A . 
Y
n
EC
POL
−1  
un+1 − u = (F  (un )) O un − u 2 .

L E
' u − un ≤ A   
 
,   
  C > 0 ;   
O
ÉC
 n    

   
  F    F  
  0
   u  
# <  

un+1 − u ≤ C un − u 2 . ; -<
  
:      ?  
 C ≤ 1A  
  ; -< 
 un+1
   0
   u   #  '   . )  
 
,# 
 u − un ≤  
 
 n ≥ 0A  ; -<  0    
 
  

)9.0;5) CC  E  GA  8


 . ? ,  
 
    
   /C ; "<     
  ,
 #   A  

G
 1 
A  .     ;  L
  
M<   ; &< ,
 

  F    C 2 A   u0  F    uA # 0  

U E
IQ
  . 
  
 
 . 
   I

,?  9(  .A H
N
E C H
       RA     /C 
 .  
  
    u0 Y  8
  
 
  .   
  
 ; &< 

LY T
 
 
,
.    ,
 F 
 A    ,    
   /C ?  8   F (x) = x 2  RN A 
 
  .  

P O
, 
  
 *  
A    
     /C 
 

LE
     ,
 8   J   
 6 
A   
 
   

ÉC O
-" %
  
 

U E
N IQ
.  .
  
 

   J A    .
   
A   

EC H
8  
     F  J       /C ,   
 


T
 
   
      A       .    

L Y

  
 ; &<     
  

O

   $ 

 =   E P ,  % ;


  (   4V     

L
B 
    %
J  (v) !  "
   '    
F  (v)

C O '    *  


 *   %'  
   (  
É 4V 

4V 
J
%  
      (    "

J  (v) = F  (v)
    
  *2   % 

       Sn (F  (un ))
−1

$      *
  /! 

n ≥ 0.
un+1 = un − S n F (un )

0    
 S n 
 *
  
 

S n+1 = S n + C n

U E
N
&  "
 S n − (F  (un ))−1  %  %  0 

   
 (   "
IQ
: C n 
      "
   un , un+1 , F (un ), F (un+1 ) (    
4V  
 %   & F/H  F#H
EC H •

T
$ 
   (   4V  &     
 *   J % 
Y
POL
     1  J
 *     C 3  RN  R G = (G1 , ..., GM )

*     C 3  RN  RM % M ≤ N !    u
 
  

O L E min J(v) .  I!

ÉC
N
v∈R , G(v)=0

1  %
 (G1 (u), ..., GM (u))            
   
D(    ) 

M

J  (u) + λi Gi (u) = 0 , Gi (u) = 0 1≤i≤M .  C !


i=1

:  λ1 , . . . , λM ∈ R   

     $ 
   
    
 C !  (N + M ) "
  & (N + M )  
 (u, λ) ∈ RN+M 
 (  
4V  $      
J  (u) + λ · G (u)
F (u, λ) =
G(u)
,

U E
      % 
N IQ
H
 

C
J  (u) + λ · G (u) (G (u))∗

E
F  (u, λ) = .
G (u)
T
0

LY
$ 
   "
  (   4V   /! &  *   F (u, λ)    
O
P
F  (u, λ)  % ' 4
   %  "
      8
9 
 : 

LE
   &
 %  
 

 *               

ÉC O
" 
 -   #    %
 

U E
 % '   IQ
        
N ;% 1 



H
F (u, λ) (w, µ)
      


T E C
Y
J  (u)w + λ · G (u)w + (G (u))∗ µ = 0

$  
 "
 P O
L 
Gi (u) · w = 0 1≤i≤M

O LE (
C
M


É
w ∈ KerG (u) = KerGi (u) (J  (u) + λ · G (u))w ∈ Im(G (u))∗ .
i=1

$ Im(G (u)) = [ KerG (u)]⊥ 


 ∗ 
  "
   
  "

 
J  (u) + λ · G (u) (w, w) > 0  C!
∀ w ∈ KerG (u), w = 0 ,

   F  (u, λ)  % ' $   "


 "
  C!       
                  6    
  *  (
 (  C! "
   
  (   4V  $ 
     
 %    (  %  F/H!
U E
6         (   
 (      $
N
 
     L(v, µ) = J(v) + µ · G(v)   %    & v L  L   IQ
 %  "
 "
 
EC H
LY T 
(un+1 , λn+1 ) = (un , λn ) − F  (un , λn )
−1
F (un , λn )

P O
        
"
 un+1  
    

 '  "
 

O E
"
 &    
L Qn (w) ,  C!
% É C
min
w∈RN
G(un )+G (un )·(w−un )=0

 
1  n n
Qn (w) = L(un , λn ) + L (un , λn ) · (w − un ) + L (u , λ )(w − un ) · (w − un ) ,
2
 λn+1  

      
   
  C! $
  "
 "
   C!   +

 %    D &    
  w

    L(w, λn )          G(w) 


  un 
   $  .  C!  

     "
 "
 
 
       *   J  $ 
      
 (   %
  
       "
 "
 &     
%
 
U E
IQ
 CC!
1 
J(v) + J  (v) · (w − v) + J (v)(w − v) · (w − v)

N
min .
2

H
w∈RN
G(v)+G (v)·(w−v)=0

E C
?(

   (  ' 
 CC! 
    %  S 0  
  
T
  % "
  B J  (v)     * 
     
LY
 B 
   "
   *               
O
       !
P •

O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
 POL
O L E 
ÉC
   

   U E
6" 
 & 
$  
-& 7
N IQ
EC H
Y T


E POL
O L
1   A 
  . 
    +@ ;    6

ÉC
< 1 +@A   L M , ,0 

  J  +@
 A     A  0   )   
     
  
    
 3  4 1F A , .
  ,  

 A     


 ,  ,    A    )  

  
 E   - 
    0        
;.  TU 
 
   <    , 
  0 .
 .    0  +@ 0   , 
    .  J  

    0 ,
 ;
  
     
 A 
  # ,
  ,A  <A  
  .
A 

    
A      ,XA      %A , 6
 , A   +@ 
  
  ? 
 
     )
 J
     
      0  A   
 
  

U E
IQ
    
  ? ,   
   Y ? , 8 
A ,
 
N
E C H
.        A 
     0 L8 MA ,6?6
 
0   #     
0A  0 : A

LY T
 ,
  .        A 
L**'M ;
   ,
,
    
 < 

 
   +@  
  

P O
?     00   ;  
    ,   ,6

LE
      
  
  
  
<A ? ,
 
 
?    

ÉC O "
" 
     

 
 

U E
N IQ
I
 ;
  0     # 
<     ,  .  

EC H
+@ .   
  ,
  ;   A    ,
  
A

T
 < /      ,     +@A   
X ,  6

Y
POL
  ?
    
 A ,    0  A 
,
 
   8  ? ,     
          J 

LE
   
 :   
  
     0 0   ,6

 
. 
     .A   
A    0

ÉC O
 0I   ;0  DA 0 ,(  A   
 
# A 
   
A    A  <A  
.   

   
   0  0I 
.   3#
/
  
 .          
30,(0.99.1',* -'*%.'0)A 
8  ,0I       A   
 86
)    0 ,     
 R        ,6
    A 
0   +@ *8 A    0  
.

 
    /
 .      A ? ,       3,

E
-B?&0) )*1')0A 
  
  8   
       
U
IQ
 
A 
 
     0  D      6

N

 
  A  30,(0.99.1',* &B*.9';5)A 
  

EC H

 0  
 
  A  
 
  
      6
0 0   
 :      " 
  ,.-(,0'149)

Y T
(-,51,* J     
    
 
 
  0 

POL

 A     
.
  
 
  
  
 /
 .6
 )      $A 
 
  
      , 
 

L E
 A   
.  0 ,0 
 
     :%3.0.1',*

O
)1 %2.-5.1',* ;L0   0
 M<A ,6?6 A 
   0 

ÉC
0  ?
   
0


 4     
/
 ,.      
 ,9  
 # 
 ,
 
    0A         3
   ,  
 
   0 
 
 .  
     

 *(

   
@ .
 
  0 
.A  30,(0.99) -'*%.'0) :,5: =,09)
U E
:1.*&.0&A
IQ
HN
inf c · x, ;<
 "
 Ax=b, x≥0
x∈Rn

T E C
R A 
      m × nA b ∈ Rm A c ∈ Rn A     x ≥ 0   )

LY

 
    x    . 

 1 
  

 

PO

 
 m ≤ n  
    A    m 9 (A  rg(A) < mA

LE
     A     
  0     J     

ÉC O
 
%
  
 "

U E
N IQ
;   ?   <    0A         

        
 

EC H
T
 0 ;< 0 H
  
        



Y
POL
   ,     

# x ≥ 0  ,   A  

    
#

OLE
inf c · x.
 "
 Ax≥b, A x=b
 

ÉC
x∈Rn


   
  8   ;< 
 ?       
9 (A 
 
 ,0 
    ,   A x = b  . 6
 
. 
   ,    A x ≤ b  A x ≥ b  @ 
  
   
 
. ;
   
    ,   <

inf c · x. ; <


x∈Rn  "
 Ax≥b
1 ; <  
      ,     
  
.
U E
IQ
. 0A  &!%+.01:A λ ∈ Rm     ,    Ax ≥ b   
.6
 ? Ax = b + λ . λ ≥ 0 3  ; <  
. ?
H N
Y T
(x,λ)∈R(n+m)
inf
EC
 "
 Ax=b+λ, λ≥0
c · x. ;<

POL
2 A     
   x      .    .A

O L E
,6?6     x = x+ − x− . x+ = max(0, x)  x− = − min(0, x)A 
0  
 ; <  
. ?

ÉC(x+ ,x− ,λ)∈R(2n+m)


inf
 "
 Ax + −Ax− =b+λ, x+ ≥0,x− ≥0,λ≥0
c · (x+ − x− ). ;<


 0  
 8   ;  . 
  . 0<  ,#   


    ? 
         ;<
/
 . I? 
  .            

0

'   ;.  ,9 < '  
 , 
 
  
. 
     

     ,
 6
   
min x1 + 4x2 + 2x3 . ;"<
x1 ≥0,x2 ≥0,x3 ≥0

E
2x1 +x2 +3x3 =6


  2
  
 .   ,0  (x1 , x2 , x3 ) 
. ) 
  J
     T  ',
 8    R3 A   8  
IQ U
H
 
 x1 + 4x2 + 2x3 #      
 
 ,  M  *
   
N
E C
  
  
    8     x1 + 4x2 + 2x3 = c 6

T
  c 9 
  .
  c ?    −∞A  L0 M ,  R3

LY
I

,?        T A     
 M  0

   L
M
O
P
    3
 A 
      
  ;"<  
  0
  

LE
T   
 8O   .     
  8   x1 + 4x2 + 2x3 
  

ÉC O
" 
     

 
 

U E
x3
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
ÉC x2

x1
U E
N
  W 90    0 
 , ;"< IQ
EC H
Y T
 
  T     
. 
  0  T  *
 , ;"<

POL
      
 ;
 
<    (0, 3, 0)  T  /
 . 
,  , 
,
 8   J
      
 ;,   < 
 
I
  
. 


L E
   ,0  
  . 
 x 
. )    

O
L
:M  ,
 
   )  
.    
 J ,  6

ÉC
  
 8  ;     < ,  
  
 
 .
     
6  
*
 0      
   
       6
 ;<A 
 . 0   

 )   
    
. 0
 

%@*'1',* CC $/ Xad  - "   Rn  "$"  $"$"


 ,' " 
Xad = {x ∈ Rn "  Ax = b, x ≥ 0} ,
" )) $/  :,-51',*: .&9'::'/-):, $ )) "  )$" &"
 Xad " " )$" x ∈ Xad  $ ) " )   ) $ $ /$$ $-&
U E
IQ
$$ "-   &  " )$"  Xad' "  '  &" y, z ∈ Xad "
N
θ ∈]0, 1[ "  x = θy + (1 − θ)z '  y = z = x,

E C H
LY T
)9.0;5) CC  . 0
   ,     
 
  #
@  
  ;   0<
 . 
 
 8     * A

P O

 . 
 
     
  ;<   :,-51',* ,31'9.-) ;
 

LE
   
< •

ÉC O
 
%
  
 ""

U E
N IQ
@ . ) 8  
 ,0 Xad 
 3,-B?&0) ;.
 . <

EC H
;+ 
,
 #  
    )    6   Rn < 

T
  
       #  
 Xad  . A 

Y
P O L  "

.    


c · x = +∞.

L E  &"  $ $  "$ )"  )$"  $ 


inf
x∈Rn Ax=b, x≥0

O
É C)0 $ "$  ,  "  $"   -  $  " *$

)99) CC

−∞ < inf c · x < +∞.


x∈Rn  "
 Ax=b, x≥0
%9,*:10.1',*C   (xk )k≥1
 
      ;< @ 
  6
  A )    
c∗
A=
A
.

U E
 
 Axk   
X 
.
N IQ

n

EC H !

T
C= xi Ai . xi ≥ 0 ,

Y
POL
i=1

R  Ai        A 1,    2%  & 

O L E
X C  8A  
 
 

 

ÉC
z0
lim Axk = ∈ C,
k→+∞ b

    x ≥ 0  
    
z0 c·x
= ,
b Ax
    
     x 

%@*'1',* CC $ )) /.:)    , $ /  Rm   m


$$  A, $ $" B "" /  " $  "   A'    m
$-/, )+ ) ""$   $$ $ ) "   A     (B, N )
. N " $ "   " m × (n − m), 8  E P$ $ ) "  )
U E
IQ
x $ (xB , xN )  " $ 

H N
C
Ax = BxB + N xN .

 )$" - "  $" )) -/  E


# /, :$ :,-51',* /.:';5)
xB

"L
  / "
 $ )   $  )$"  O $ '
$T / "   -/
Y$ "    "$" /  ",
- "  x ∈ Xad
xN
xN = 0

&%(%*%0%) ,
E P xB

O L
ÉC
"$ 
     

 
 

U E
N IQ
    
  0 
  ?     Xad 
H
 " )!+  C$" & "$"   "$ / ,
E

T

)99) CC Xad
Y
O L
 '  "
   "
 4  
  1 x ∈ Xad  
  '"
 
   '  m Rn

P R m
x = (x1 , ..., xm , 0, ..., 0) (b1 , ..., bm ) xb = b

E   
i=1 i i
1
   "
 
 O L
0<θ<1 y, z ∈ Xad x = θy + (1 − θ)z
   
n−m     
       & 
m y z y z Xad

C 
É A "
   
   
 
       
 '  
m
yb =b
i=1 i i
zb =b
i=1 i i

 "
 
x=y=z    

x   Xad
x        '        
Xad
 k

   
 %
       b = ki=1 xi ai :  (ai )       
A 
  "
 x 
  
  '"
  
  
% "
  *  (a1 , ..., ak )
 '   Rm   '
 ' B      * ! 1
   "
  
     K     y = 0  "
 ki=1 yi ai = 0  (yk+1 , ..., yn ) = 0 5  
   (x1 , ..., xk )       %    > 0  "
 (x + y) ∈ Xad 
E
(x − y) ∈ Xad   * "
 x = (x + y)/2 + (x − y)/2            x
U
IQ
  x 
  
  '"
 

H N
EC
 
 8  
. 
  
,   
:   
 
 
    
#  Xad 

Y T
POL
0,3,:'1',* CC &" $  "$ )" )0 $ "$ 
,'   &" $  "$ )" / ,

O L E
%9,*:10.1',*C          ? 
  "  

ÉC
x ∈ Xad
 
     ;< @  k  0   
 
A  
 .
    


k
b= xi ai ,
i=1

R  (ai )     A  8  (a1 , ..., ak )   0  Rm A  x

 
    0 
 (a1 , ..., ak )   A     y = 0  



k
yi ai = 0  (yk+1 , ..., yn ) = 0.

U E
IQ
i=1

N
'   (x1 , ..., xk )      .A     > 0  


H
C
(x ± y) ∈ Xad  ' x 
      
A     

Y
c · x ≤ c · (x ± y),
T E
P O L
,6?6  c · y = 0 @ )  
 8     z = x + y 

LE
  9    .
  = 0A   
 
  
    

ÉC O
 
%
  
 "&

U E
N IQ
,0 Xad I

,?
 .
 0 
?  
    z ≥ 0  . 

EC H
3
 A z0 ∈ Xad   

 (k −1)   
    

T

    @   ,
    . x = z0 
 8 

Y
POL
 (k − 1)  (ai ) 3 8    
      8 A  0  
)
 8   0 
 
    0 
 

LE
)9.0;5) CC 9  
  *    $ 
 c = 0 ;
 
 
O
ÉC
   0    <A  .  Q  
  " 
  
 Xad 
6. A Xad  
 
  '   ,   

  # 

 ;  
  6  R2 < •

>)0+'+) CC C   *


 
 

max x1 + 2x2
x1 ≥0,x2 ≥0

   


  ⎧
U E
IQ
⎨ −3x1 + 2x2 ≤ 2

N
−x1 + 2x2 ≤ 4

x1 + x2 ≤

EC H 5

T
9  
  0  
#  Xad  
   


Y
POL
H     
0  . 0 @  . ) 

 
 ,  
.

>)0+'+)
L E
CC "   $  % 

 A 
 m× n    
O
ÉC
b ∈ Rm  
R  Xad     [0, 1]n−m 
  

M 
 n − m   
 Ax = b '          Xad 

 2n−m 

 .     )


,  
   G ? 4 1F        ?
 
   
#   
     0 I

,?  
, 
.

 
    ;  
           (  .

 
   < ,  
      ,
 

 A   P  .
   8   c·x   ,
  

.
@           ;< + 
,
  ;

U E
IQ

  0 
<  ,0  
     0 Xad     


N
0 B ;m   0  A< 3 
    A  
   

H
A = (B, N )  x = (xB , xN ),
T E C
LY
  
,  Ax = BxB + N xN  5
 
     0 
 ,   xB =
O
P
B −1 (b − N xN ) ≥ 0  xN ≥ 0     ? B  ) ;,   < 

LE
xN = 0  xB = B −1 b ≥ 0    
 c = (cB , cN )   0A

ÉC O
"- 
     

 
 

U E
N IQ
  
   G ,
 
     0 
 
 x . 


EC H
 
  0 
 x @ .  8  
 c · x ≤ c · x   
 

Y T
cB · B −1 b ≤ cB · B −1 (b − N xN ) + cN · xN .

POL
;$<

LE
@  
     ,   
.

ÉC O
0,3,:'1',* CC  ))$    "$ /     B " $$ 0$
' "   B −1 b > 0, :$ $ "$ $  "  6$" )   ""
 "$ /     B " )" " 
c̃N = cN − N ∗ (B −1 )∗ cB ≥ 0. ;&<

 - "  c̃N " )) 2)+1)50 &): +,M1: 0%&5'1:,

U E
IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C   x
 
  0 
      ? B  c̃N ≥ 0A

N
 
 
 
     0 x  

EC H
c · x − c · x = c̃N · xN ≥ 0 ,

Y T
POL


 xN ≥ 0 1     ;&<  
: 
 
 x    
+ 
A 
 
,   
  i  c̃N 
   

L E
  .A (c̃N · ei ) < 0 *
  > 0  )  
 . 
 x()  xN () = ei

O
ÉC
 xB () = B −1 (b − N xN ()) * 
  Ax() = b A  B −1 b > 0A 

 .
 
:       x() ≥ 0A  x() ∈ Xad  1,
 A
x(0) = x A   > 0A  

c · x() = c · x(0) + (c̃N · ei ) < c · x,

 
 
 x ,    1     ;&<     

)9.0;5) CC 1      *    -A   


  0 

    A     ;&<  
:   , 
   

E

IQ U
@ 
   *    -
    
 
  P  .


H N
  8   G c · x ?   ,
 
  0 
 x ;    

E C
 < ' x  6 A   
 
. 
  G

T

 c̃N  
 c̃N · ei < 0 @ )   x()  6 
 *

  G

LY
 P    . A   H ?    
   .
  0  
O
P
 
 ,   Xad  ',      ,  
  
 


LE
  

ÉC O
 
%
  
 "

U E
-(,0'149) &5 :'93-)>)
N IQ
EC H
W      ; < J   
 0    B 0  
  
 

Y T
0 
   x0      0

POL
 
(B 0 )−1 b
x0 = ≥ 0.

LE
0

ÉC O W   ; < J ? , k ≥ 0A   ,


 0 B k  ,
 
 
−1
0 
    0 xk  @ 
  G 
 c̃kN = ckN − (N k )∗ (B k )∗ ckB 
c̃N ≥ 0A  x     ,    )  A   

k k

. 0 60 ,   i  


 (c̃N · ei ) < 0A    ai  
   A @ 
xk () = (xkB (), xkN ()) . xkN () = ei , xkB () = (B k )−1 (b − ai ).
W    
     > 0 
  
 , .
 . xk () ∈ Xad  1
 A    

      −∞

U E
IQ
W     
 .
   k 
   j  
  j 6 6

N
  xk (k ) ,
 @ 0   
 
. 0 B k+1 
 

EC H
B k  O  j 6     ai   
. 
 
   0 0 
 xk+1 
 G 8 
 
  ? 
 xk 

Y T
 
   0     
 ?    ,  
 6

POL
 /
      .


L E
%(%*%0):+)*+) )1 +B+-.()
O
ÉC
@  
I
 c · xk+1 ≤ c · xk A    
 # .       
     0
0 
 xk   A 

   
 
. 
 k = 0 ;  , 
 A      *    -  
     <
@      0     G J ,  
#   


 H  ,    .      #  , 
 A  
  
  #   ,P I 
9 ,0   #  A ,  
   

 
60 
  Xad   
 ;  8O  <  G '  # 
 0
)  A ,        
.
     G
   @     
 
.


)99) CC  " "  "$  / /  xk ) " ) 0
"# )& $" $$ 0$'  0"# $-0 $ $ $/ U E
*$ "),
N IQ
E C H
3    0 ,    ,  
  
 H 
 

LY T

  0   ;
     
0  . 0
n Y .  ,9    < E  
,      ;   
< R , ( 6

P O
 .  A   
     .  
 0 , 


LE

 8   #   n

ÉC O
$ 
     

 
 

U E
4,'> &5 +4.*()9)*1 &) /.:)
N IQ
EC H
T
,  #  
 
 
. 
 G 
 c̃kN     .A

Y
POL
 8
 8 
    ,   *
 
     0A   
      
   .

O LE
ÉC
*'1'.-':.1',*

' 
.
 
     0 0 
   ,      K ;+6
 
     ,   0   xB = B −1 b ≥ 0 ,  .   <
    P
 ? 
   


0 * A 
 
0 ;< 
  m . 0 , A − Idm 
 0    
L 0M    ,    ;< b ≤ 0A  . 
 (x0 , λ0 ) = (0, −b) 

 
     0 0 
 
 ;<
U E
N IQ
1   A  

 
. . 0 y ∈ Rm A
 
.
. 

G k > 0A 
 
.
    

EC H
Y T
POL
inf c·x+k·y ;-<
x≥0, y≥0
Ax+y=b

O L E
R   0 
    −1 
    ,    

ÉC
?     .  b    
 b ≥ 0  . 
 (x0 , y 0 ) =
(0, b) 
 
     0 0 
 
  0 ,   
 
 
   0
       ;<      
  ;< ,
 −∞A   
     ;-< . )    y = 0 9
 
 ,  
  ? ;-<A  
.  
 
     0
0 
 
 ;< ,    
 ,  ,    ; ,6?6   Xad = ∅<A
        
  ;-<    
 . 
 (x, y) . y = 0
. A 
 
.  
 
     0 
 ;<   H
?    k     ? c

U E
*2)0:',* &) -. /.:)
N IQ
E C H
5 
 
 ,.    ,  
    , .  ? 


LY T
   0 B k A  

 H  G
 
  0   
  ;. 0

    

 ,   B k    
0 

P O
 < @ 
   
8  
 B k+1  (  B k 
 
 

LE

  
 
  
   9 (A  ,  j 6  

ÉC O
 
%
  
 $

U E
 A  
N IQ
EC H⎛
1 l1

LY T ⎜





 0


P O ⎜
⎜ 1 
 ⎟

LE
⎜ ⎟
B k+1 = B k E k . E = ⎜
k
⎜ lj ⎟,

ÉC O ⎜







1






0  
ln 1

 E k  8  ? .
⎛ ⎞
1 −l1
⎜   ⎟
⎜ ⎟
E
⎜   0 ⎟

(E k )−1
1 ⎜
= ⎜
⎜ 1 −lj−1 ⎟

⎟.
IQ U
N
1
lj ⎜ ⎟

H
⎜ −lj+1 1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟

EC
⎜   ⎟
⎝ ⎠
T
0  

Y
POL
−ln 1

@
     8
A 
 8 8  A

O L E (B k )−1 = (E k−1 )−1 (E k−2 )−1 · · · (E 0 )−1 (B 0 )−1 .

ÉC
>)0+'+) CC C  
 $
* %    *
 

min x1 + 2x2
x1 ≥0, x2 ≥0, x3 ≥0, x4 ≥0, x5 ≥0

   


  ⎧
⎨ −3x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 2
−x1 + 2x2 + x4 = 4

x1 + x2 + x5 = 5

>)0+'+) CC C  


 $
* %    *
 

2x1 − x2
U E
IQ
min
x1 ≥0, x2 ≥0

H
   
  x1 + x2 ≤ 1  x2 − x1 ≤ 1/2  
$
 $   N
   

 $ 
 
T E C
>)0+'+)
LY
CC C  
 $
* %    *
 

O
P
LE
min 3x3 − x4
x1 ≥0, x2 ≥0, x3 ≥0, x4 ≥0

ÉC O
$ 
     

 
 

U E
   
 
N IQ
EC H
x1 − 3x3 + 3x4 = 6
x2 − 8x3 + 4x4 = 4

Y T
POL
 .     
 
 

LE
1
  .
  B    B% 
0
   -A


ÉC O

.  ,  A      
A  

 
 
          ,   .    
,
 
   
  ;
A  
  A  
  0
# 
Xad <         
 .
 ? ,  
  Xad   I 
 0 
,? .   /
    
      
 , 6
 
 .-(,0'149) &) 10.<)+1,'0) +)*10.-)  #  
  
. 
   J  A        ? ,   6
  
8   L0 M Y 
 A 
  
    /C 


E
 ,
  ?  
.
1  .    
        

IQ U
HN
inf c · x. ;<
 "
 Ax=b, x≥0
C
x∈Rn

T E
LY
@ ) 
      
 
 x > 0

PO

n

E
π(x) = − log xi . ;<

O L i=1

ÉC
*

      µ > 0A  
  0  
.
min µπ(x) + c · x. ;<
x∈Rn  "
 Ax=b, x>0
+
 
,  
    x > 0 ,  
   , I 
  . J 
      ;<   
  L, M
0  x > 0

    8  LM    π(x) . +∞
     ,    I          ;< 

   /C 
  .
  
  
    µ 9 (A 
 µ
 . FA  0   ;<  .       ;<

>)0+'+) CC "  (  Xad    ( 
  
U E
IQ
   
 xµ  8    $ 
     (  /

N
E C H
     
 x0 (
 xµ *  x0  µ   # 

 * 


LY T
P O
    
  ; I? .
    
6   <  
 

LE
       '  ? 
.
       

ÉC O
 
%
  
 $

U E
N

 
    ;    

< IQ
E C H c · x, ; <
T
inf
 "

LY
x∈Rn Ax=b, x≥0

P O
R A 
      m × nA b ∈ Rm A  c ∈ Rn  *
 p ∈ Rm A  

     ; <

O LE L(x, p) = c · x + p · (b − Ax), ;<

ÉCR ,  
 L
 M    ,   @ 
  8  

 
G(p) = min L(x, p),
x≥0


A  
A .


p·b  A∗ p − c ≤ 0
G(p) = ;<

E
−∞  

 0
  ; <  
IQ U
H N
EC
sup p · b. ;"<
 "
 A p−c≤0

T
p∈Rm

Y
POL
,   
     0
0
 ;"<  
Pad = {p ∈ Rm  
 A∗ p − c ≤ 0} .

O L E
+ 
 ,   
     0  ; < 

ÉC Xad = {x ∈ Rn  
 Ax = b, x ≥ 0} .

      ; <  ;"<    &5.-'1% , H  
  . 

 
. 

  
 
5 
 


4%,0?9) CC  ,  ,=  $ -  )" *$'   &"


x ∈ Xad  "$ )"  , " p ∈ Pad  "$ )"  ,= 
-*$"
   
min
 "
 Ax=b, x≥0
c·x = c·x = p·b = max
U
 "
 A p−c≤0 E
p·b ;$<

IQ
x∈Rn p∈Rm ∗

x p
-*$"  $ "$ )""  Q #$ " A J H N
8 ) ' " $"  "$ )"  , " ,=  "  $"  

E C
T $/   "$
L Y
Ax = b, x ≥ 0, A∗ p − c ≤ 0, x · (c − A∗ p) = 0. ;&<

- ,O
 ,  ,=  $ -  )" $*$'
 /   " )/+ " P
O LE
ÉC
$ 
     

 
 

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) CC   
   
5   
 

EC H
 
A  x ∈ Xad  p ∈ Pad  
 
     0  ; <  ;"<A

T
  .A  . )

Y
POL
c · x ≥ b · p.
1 HA  x ∈ Xad  p ∈ Pad . )

O LE c·x= b·p

ÉC
 x  
     ; <  p  ;"< ' 
   
 
. 8   0 
  .
    ; <  ;"<A 
  
 
 (x, p)    •

%9,*:10.1',*C
 
 Xad  Pad   .    x ∈ Xad  p ∈ Pad 
' x ≥ 0  A∗ p ≤ cA  

E
c · x ≥ A∗ p · x = p · Ax = p · b,

IQ U


 Ax = b 9 
 A      
 
  .
  

H N
 
 0A   
A  ) A  
,     
 

EC
   .

   ,   ;$<      ,  

T
;&<  
 
 
5 
  
Y
POL

   
 ,
  
 0   

  

.
   )  *
 )  A   
,  , 
0


O L E
;
 
 # 
 8   
  0  < 3A    
: 
,   
 
    p  ;"< Xad ,  . A  

ÉC

.    
      
)     7 

 Xad ,  .  
        2%  & *
 p ∈ Rm A
 
  . 
  Rm+1
   
b p
b̃ =  p̃ = .
−b · p 1

@ . ) 
 b̃ · p̃ = b · p − b · p ≤ 0A 
 
 p ∈ Pad  1,
 A    
p ∈ Pad 
    
) *  
∗ A
p̃ ∈ C = p̃ ∈ R m+1
 
 p̃m+1 = 1, Ã p̃ ≤ 0 . Ã = .

E
−c∗

IQ U
' b̃ · p̃ ≤ 0 
 
 p̃ ∈ C A    2%  & 
  
,   

H N
x̃ ∈ Rn  
 x̃ ≥ 0  b̃ = Ãx̃A ,6?6  
 x̃ ∈ Xad 
,   . 

E C
2 A 
 
  .
  
0    ; < −∞

T
Pad ,  . A 
 
 x ∈ Xad  
 p ∈ Pad A   c · x ≥ b · p 9 

LY

 
      Xad  0  b · p = −∞A  
0
  1 Pad
O
P
 .          
A   .
    ; < 

LE
) A  Xad  .  

ÉC O
 
%
  
 $"

U E
N IQ
, H  
  
 
       ; <  
 

EC H
1,
 A  ,     A  
 H 
 8   
  0

T

 ;"< ;
 m . 0  n   ,   < 
  0  

Y
POL
; < ;
 n . 0A m   ,    n   ,   <
1,
 A  
 
     
 
  :   
 

LE

   ; < 

    
 8   

 
  

ÉC O
>)0+'+) CC H  

    @+ 

A  
 
 W  
*
 

min 8x1 + 9x2 + 4x3 + 6x4
x1 ≥0, x2 ≥0, x3 ≥0, x4 ≥0

   


 
4x1 + x2 + x3 + 2x4 ≥ 1
x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 + x4 ≥ 1

U E
>)0+'+)
IQ
CC <    
  2 $ 

 

 
  x ≥ 0( $ + $   
*
*
N
EC H
T
L(x, p, q) = c · x + p · (b − Ax) − q · x

Y
POL

 q ∈ Rn   q ≥ 0 0

 !     
 

 

q  '   $ $:

 $ B + @
A
 
 
  x ≥ 0

O L E
ÉC
>)0+'+) CC       
  !  + 
 2

>)0+'+) CC  ) v ∈ Rn ( c ∈ Rn ( A  


 m × n  b ∈ Rm    
 *
 

inf c · v . ;-<
v≥0
Av≤b

"      


      
 
 (
 q ∈ Rm

sup b · q . ;<
q≥0
A∗ q≤c

U
) v  q   
  .  /(    " E
 v  q      
 (   (
N IQ
E
(c − A∗ q) · v = 0  (b − Ac) · q .
C H ; <

LY T
  *
   2; 
  +,*&'1',*: &): %+.01: +,93-%9)*1.'0):

P O

  
(    ?  

 
 4    
 

LE
     
  *
 

ÉC O
$$ 
     

 
 

U E

 43 
N IQ
EC H
/
 . I

,    0 ,,31'9':.1',* +,*1'*5) J  8   ?

Y T
      ( 0A  ,0  
     0   ) 

POL
,    ,
 0 )      A  H ( 0
,,31'9':.1',* +,9/'*.1,'0)A 
 A    0 
 
 ,6

LE
0  
     0  &':+0)1 3  A   
0 ,( 6

O
ÉC
  
 8  ,0I  ,9  A ,0  
     0  
,0  
   n   :
  0 0  
 ,
 A 
 ,  
 
 ,0  
     0A 

   ;    n!   
0 ,(  <A  ,
 A

  
    ,   
     ,     
   ,   ? , 

 ( 
/
    .    
     
A    6
 A     ,     
 
       0 6
  '   (  0 0   # 


U E
sup c · x ,
N IQ ; <

H
x∈P ∩Zn

Y T EC
R P 
 #   Rn A ,6?6 
    ,
 0 )   6
 A  c ∈ Rn   8
  ; <  0   (  
 6

POL
0 0   
 0  
J  
 
0     ,   
 ; <A 
 0

O L E sup c · x , ; <

ÉC
x∈P

 

 0       A 8  
 )  0  

0)-R+4%  ; < ;1   A    0 Q A 
A

  
0     <  0 Q  ; < 
    :6
             J 
  :
  ; < . 
  
 
 
   
    
#  P ; 3,'*1 )*1')0A

     ?    < /
     
     R  
 
0   ; <  
. ? 
  Q   
; < ' A 

. 0   A  
8  ,
      
A     
 
 6
  0  0 0     J 
 
  A (  A
 
  0  D ? G   


U E
 ! 
 ))   
$ ) 
N IQ
E C H
   
.     0 0    0  

LY T
   3,'*1 )>10%9.-A   I?     1)     J

   ,
 . K 
   x  
 x = (y+z)/2  y, z ∈ K P

P O
y = z = x @   K ,0    
  K  + 


LE

  X 
 
60  Rn A   )*2)-,33) +,*2)>)  X A  ,

ÉC O
 * 
  
 $&

U E
N IQ
  X A  
   .  X A   . ) 
,     ? ,0

EC H
 0#  ,
 0 ) ,  X  ,)*2)-,33) +,*2)>) =)09%) 

T
X A   X A   
   . 8  X      ?  8


Y
P O L :$ ) " $-& 
  X   
 
.  8 

" $-)) $-&


LE
4%,0?9) CC $ '*D,I:D'6 Rn
 $/   )$" &" &,

ÉC O '  :  


 K =   K 
 K 
 .  
 Rn  3 8  A K =   K 

 K  8  
.
 
7 %C%  
    ,# ,
A 
  , 
 
   = 0 J
 # : H = {y ∈ Rn | c · y = α}A . c ∈ Rn A
c = 0A  α ∈ R 
 4B3)03-.* &!.335' ,
 . K A 
  x ∈ K A 
α = c · x ≤ c · y A 
 
 y ∈ K  /

   ,0.  
.

 H " $ #!))$ ))   $ $-& K ⊂ Rn '  " "



)99) CC
)$" &"  H ∩ K " )$" &"  K ,
U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C
H
  H = {y ∈ Rn | c · y = α} . c ∈ Rn A c = 0A  α ∈ RA


EC
# ,
 K  x = (y + z)/2 . y, z ∈ K A   x ∈ K ∩ H A  . 

T
α = c · x = (c · y + c · z)/2A   α ≤ c · y  α ≤ c · z A     
Y
POL
α = c · y = c · z A  y, z ∈ K ∩ H  , 
 
 x 
    
K ∩ H A  .   x = y = z A  
 
 x 
     K  

L E
%9,*:10.1',* &5 14%,0?9) &) '*D,I:D' CC C @ 
 . 
O
ÉC

 K = ∅ ; A  
   . < + 
    ,
 .
6.    )       ,  : 
,     @ . 6
    
  
     K  
 ?   Rn 


6  :A  
 
 
 K     n n = 0A K  

?
  A     . )
     
 
  .    

 n − 1A   
 
   x  K 
0#  ,
 0 )    
  K  x 
   8  
K A  '     8
 
 # ,
H  K  x ' K ∩H 

   .    

 n − 1A  #  
 A x 
0#  ,
 0 )    
  K ∩ H A 
 
   

  K ,     *  
   
 

x  K A    D
   :   x ,0 D ∩ K 
  
U E
IQ
  8 [y, z]A R    y, z     8   K  1,  

N
  A y  z  0#  ,
 0 )    
  K  '
x  
H 0#   y  z A    

   ##  (    ?3 V3 


 T E C
 

H 

     

L Y

  *    (    W ?  "
   "

  
O  
      
"
 
P
 %  %   % *    '      
  


LE

  "
 
(    B(@(

ÉC O
$- 
     

 
 

U E
 % *     %   % "
  %N
I Q  % 
 
     @(! $    "
   

E C H    


(   •

Y T
/
  
      7 %C% 
0 ,  6

OL
  0   ; < 1  A  8   G J(x) = c · x    A

P
    
      
   9.>'9':.1',*  8 6

O LE
  .A 
     (   9'*'9':.1',*  8  

ÉC
.   
 '     /
   

 0 X 6
0  A 
 
 P ∩ Zn 

0,3,:'1',* CC $ .>'9':.1',* &) =,*+1',* +,*2)>):6   " " $ "$
$-& J : Rn → R' " )  " "  $/ X ⊂ Rn '
sup J(x) = sup J(x) = sup J(x) , ; <
x∈X x∈  X x∈  X

"  X " /$'


U E
sup J(x) = sup
N
J(x) .
IQ ; <

H
x∈X x∈  X

EC

%9,*:10.1',*C y ∈  X A  
    y = i xi A . xi ∈ X A

T
 1≤i≤k α

Y
αi ≥ 0A  1≤j≤k αj = 1 *

 J  .A   J(y) ≤ 1≤j≤k αj J(xj ) ≤

POL
max1≤j≤k J(xj ) ≤ supx∈X J(x)A  

   . 
 
 y ∈  X A  
supx∈  X J(x) ≤ supx∈X J(x) *  
A 
 
 z ∈  X A  
    z =

L E
limk→∞ yk A . yk ∈  X  '
 8   . Rn → R    

O
ÉC
 
 ; 8 9   &<A   J(z) = limk→∞ J(yk ) ≤ supx∈  X J(x)A  


  . 
 
 z ∈  X A   supx∈  X J(x) ≤ supx∈  X J(x)  

     . A    ; < 
 X  0A  X 
 

0A    1,    7 %C% A  X =    X A 
  
 ; <A supx∈  X J(x) = supx∈    X J(x) = supx∈  X J(x) =
supx∈X J(x)A  

. ; < 
 *    
 
    ,. .  ,0
   0 X = P ∩ Zn   0    ; <

%@*'1',* CC $ )) )*2)-,33) )*1'?0)  $ )!+  P ⊂ Rn ' $-


)) $-&  $/  )$" $"  P '  $ $" Pe =  (P ∩ Zn ),
U E
IQ
  L.  M         
 J ,  A
N
H

 . 
 0I 
 A  
, Pe ⊂ P 

 J : Rn → R C
" $-&' "  T E" $ )!+ ' 
Y
,0,--.'0) CC P ⊂ Rn

P O L
sup J(x) = sup J(x) . ; "<

LE
x∈P ∩Zn x∈Pe

ÉC O
 * 
  
 $

U E
N IQ
3  A  
 
I
    0   ; < 
 0 

EC H
,0    0 
 . 
 J    A  0 ?  

T
 ; "< 
       
 J        :
 

Y
P$O "L  $ )!+ 
 
A 
,  A
#  Pe   # 
  R 
 .  8 

" $ 3,-B?&0) )*1')0  P = Pe ,


LE
%@*'1',* CC P

ÉC O /
         
: ; < 
 
,

#     

 5    
 
   
 #  
 
 
 ,  

P = {x ∈ Rn | Ax ≤ b} ; $<

U E
. A ∈ Rm×n  b ∈ Rm   .    
,
  #   
 

IQ

  #  Xad  
     0
       ; 8
N
H
1)    < J  (A Xad   )    
   X   8  Rn A

EC
 
 .  
 I?  
 Xad ,   6. A  
I
   

T

  
,    

 #  
 
 ; 8 +
  &<
Y
POL
        
  Xad ;  "< ,  
    
.

$"  "$O



)99) L
CC E
:$ )$" &" )!+  *$ ) ,% " $ 
P

n É C  ' " "  - "  


0$
 $ !"+
A b
' . " $  "  $-/  
A x = b A
 0$ )$ $"  , b

%9,*:10.1',*C   x
     P A    I(x) = {1 ≤ i ≤ m | Ai ·x =
bi } ;,0      .  x<A R Ai    i6    A 
8  {Ai }i∈I(x) A ,    nA  
 
.
 . 
  
 y  

Ai · y = 0 
 
 i ∈ I(x) ' x     
   x − y  x + y A 

 0     P    F  A    ,   x 3  A
 
 
.
 
 0 I  ⊂ I(x)    n  
    n × n
      Ai A . i ∈ I  A  . 0  # Ai · x = bi , i ∈ I  A
    x 

U E
IQ
  -   
  
,
 #  , 
,
 0 ) 

N
  


>)0+'+)
E C H
CC "      x     P  
 A x = b (

Y T

 A  b  
   .(
 x      

L
P O
  - 
 ,
   R  
  ,
 #    

LE
 

ÉC O
& 
     

 
 

U E
0,3,:'1',* "
CC A∈Z n×n

N IQ
$ "  $-/,  "$  -$"
$"  -$" O
E C H
' $  Y T ,
, detA = ±1G

OL
, )  " " b ∈ Zn A−1 b ∈ Zn

P
LE
%9,*:10.1',*C ,    ⇒ 
 
 X  8
  ' + 6

A 
 
 A . ) ,   7 ,0 
 A−1  ?

ÉC O
:    9  
 b  i6 . 
   0  
  Rn A
 .  
  i6   A−1 A 
[  . A−1 bA  ? :   
'   . 
 
 1 ≤ i ≤ nA   A−1 ∈ Zn×n  1 detA−1 ∈ ZA 
1 = detA detA−1  
 detA .  1A ,6?6  
 detA = ±1 

%@*'1',* CC  $ "  $ "  A ∈ Zn×n " 5*'9,&5-.'0) $


detA = ±1' "  $ "  B ∈ Zm×n " 1,1.-)9)*1 5*'9,&5-.'0) $
" "  "   &""  B "  "$$" ±1  0,

U E
9   
6  1 × 1A  .   
  
  :  ,


IQ
  
 
  .    ±1 
0 , 
  
N
H
  
 
    .   
 
.

E C $"
,0,--.'0)

' "
CC

,O
T
$31'9.-'1% &): :,-51',*: )*1'?0):6
"  ""$" $ '
'L Y
f ∈ (Z ∪ {+∞}) 'm
D ∈ Zm×n $
f ∈ (Z ∪ {−∞})m ' g ∈ (Z ∪


 )$" &" & )!+ 


{+∞})n

E P
g  ∈ (Z ∪ {−∞})n

O L$", $ )" '  " /$' $ 


Q = {x ∈ Rn | f  ≤ Dx ≤ f, g  ≤ x ≤ g} ; &<

" "É
C
$" $ $"
$ "$ $-&  $ ' $ 
J Rn R
Q Q = Qe ' " ) 

sup J(x) = sup J(x) . ; -<


x∈Q x∈Q∩Zn

%9,*:10.1',*C @ 
   
Q = {x ∈ Rn | Ax ≤ b} , ; <

R b 
 . 
   )  A 
    
       
8 ±Di A . Di
   
 
  DA     8 ±ej A R ej  
j 6 . 
   0  
  Rn A 

   
 
 1 ≤ j ≤ n
U E
@  ,0 
 A  
 
     M
 
6
N IQ
E C H
  k × k    A 7  
  
 k 
 detM ∈ {±1, 0}
k = 1A  
 
 X   
 
   D
  

LY T
 
 
. 
 
  
6    A    


k − 1A    
 M  M  
     ?
 . 
 ±ej A 

P O
. detM   ?   A   
 A  
  
.

LE
M   
     
  A detM = 0A   
   

ÉC O
 * 
  
 &

U E
N IQ

. A M [ A 
 
       A .


EC H

6   DA   D  
 
 A detM ∈ {±1, 0}A  

T
 .  
.   
 
   A

Y
POL
' Q    ; <A . b    A 
 
 A 


 -    *    
    
  QA

LE
,   A   
, 
  
 
 Q  0A Q   A  ,  5

ÉC O
 7 %C% A Q =   Q '  Q  8  . 
  A
Qe =  (Q ∩ Zn ) ⊃   Q = QA    
 ,  
  Qe ⊂ Q   . 
,   ; -<   0
   
  '  $ 

>)0+'+) CC L $
* $
   
 0
  0R

 
  
  
  :  Xad = {x ∈ Rn | Ax = b, x ≥ 0}   

  *
 
 

(
 A ∈ Zm×n  
* m "   
   
   
  I
   b ∈ Zm (      
  Xad    X
U E
IQ
2    
 m × m  A    
 ±1  0

N
) 
 
 D ∈ Zm×n (    Q = {x ∈ Rn | Dx ≤ b, x ≥ 0}  6 
H
EC
 $ 
     $ 
     
   %   
OE
  N=
 I
Y T
POL
   b ∈ Zm (      
  Q    X
 D  
 


)9.0;5)
O L E
CC  @  
  '     

   

ÉC

 J A    .  9 
 A  J(x) = c·x    A     
 
    ,      
   
. 
 
G c •

)9.0;5) CC   '     



  
 
  
 
     1, 
A 
 J    A   
  H  
?   
  
      
 
A  
 0#   
 
  ,
       
    •

)9.0;5) CC      
 Q   0 ,     
 :6
 
 Q = Qe   '   J 
 
     
 # 
0A 
 
:   
 
     
  0 6
U E
IQ
0  A
 
 
   ) , >  T&U 
 
    •

H N
    0
 
 
    
 
  /


E

 0 ? 
    
: 
 
T C
LY
0,3,:'1',* CC  $,'*+.0%6  A " $ "   6 $" ±1  0' -
O
 )  $ 6 $" 1 ) $$' "  )  $ 6 $" −1 ) $$'  A
P
LE
" ""$" $ ,

ÉC O
& 
     

 
 

U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C '    
 . ) A  
 
6 A  
:

EC H
 .  
  A  A detA ∈ {±1, 0} A 
  
A detA = 0

T
A 
  . 

 :  6
A  .   

Y
POL
  ?  A  ,  
  
  
 detA ∈ {±1, 0} 
  
,     R 
   A   
 : 

LE
1   
 :  −1 J A 
     
A 
detA = 0 

ÉC O /
  
  *   " 
 0  D   
6
   
. 1 
 ,    
  R , 
  
 ? 
  ?  
 
 

>)0+'+) CC $0,/-?9) &) +,52)0150)6 H   $


  %

  %
* I ct       
 B   + $
 
t ∈ {1, . . . , T } H 
        

 
     
   
   B :  

U E

$ :
k %
  

 ( $%
 i
 

  
   


IQ
[αi , βi ](
 1 ≤ αi ≤ βi ≤ T (    +

 
   
    Si

N
 

 +  +      


  $
 αi + $
 βi  
H
EC
 uit = 1  αi ≤ t ≤ βi (  uit = 0  Y    

T


Y
inf xi Si . ;<

P O

1≤i≤k L
x ∈ Nk
xi uit ≥ ct , ∀1 ≤ t ≤ T
1≤i≤k

L E
"   $   
      $  

ÉCO
$      $ :   
 2&( 4 

 D  

 $ 
( $ +  
 + M  0, 1    1



      "  $ 
 $ 
  


 0

 ! &   C 
3)  )   0  DA  
    G = (N , A) J
N  ,0  *S5&:A  A ⊂ N × N  ,0  .0+:   

a
i 
a
j     (i, j) @ 
  
  (i, j) ∈ A ,

+.3.+'1% uij ∈ R+ ∪ {+∞}  ,
 +,M1 cij ∈ R ; L uM  uij  
 L

0
 M< @   
  
 a


 D    bi ∈ R
; bi < 0A  ,  ,
 D A   0 
< @  T,1

U E
8   x ∈ RA A (i, j) → xij A . )  -,' &): *S5&: &) L'0+4,A
N IQ
bi +

xji =

xij ,
E C
∀i ∈ N , H ;<
j∈N ,(j,i)∈A

Y
j∈N ,(i,j)∈A

L T
  
       . 

P O
OLE
0 ≤ xij , ∀(i, j) ∈ A . ; <

ÉC
 * 
  
 &

U E
N IQ
9      a
 ;<A  .  
,
       


EC H
,   ,
 D  
    D      


Y T 
;<

POL
bi = 0 .
i∈N

LE
/
 
 
I
 
     ;<  . )  D   .&

ÉC O
9'::'/-) ,   8       
xij ≤ uij , ∀(i, j) ∈ A . ;<

%@*'1',* CC  $ )) 30,/-?9) &) T,1 E +,M1 9'*'959  )0


$

min cij xij 
    (11.31), (11.32), (11.34). ;"<

E
(i,j)∈A

 0  D ? G   


   
 
 
60 A
IQ U
N
  0    ,9 A 
 0 ,(   

H
EC
,9  

Y T
>)0+'+) CC '      Z + ,  

 

POL
   
  $' /  
 *
%

L E
  
  8 
0  D ? G   
   0

O

D  A 
30,/-?9) &) T,1  A 
  
 

ÉC
  ;   G<      
 
 G  
 a
  6

A s  pA    . :,50+)  35'1:A  
 s ,     

;{i ∈ N | (i, s) ∈ A} = ∅<A  p ,   

 ;{i ∈ N | (p, i) ∈ A} = ∅<
  v ∈ R+  @  T,1 .&9'::'/-) &) s E p &) 2.-)50 v
 
  x
 ;<A; <A;<A .
v  i = sA
bi = −v  i = pA
0  

%@*'1',* CC   30,/-?9) &5 T,1 9.>'9.- $"  " - $ R"  
/  s  p  -  &,
U E
>)0+'+)
N
CC "       Z 

  E   

IQ
*
%  
 
 
       Z 


E C H

      Z + , 
 L
 I  

5  



LY T
9  
A    
.  
    ,
 0  D J 

P O
A 
  0    ,9 A     ?  .

LE

. H   A   .
  6   
   .      

ÉC O
& 
     

 
 

U E
N IQ

     
 0  D ? G   
  
 


EC H
 
      3) , 
  '  A  
 

T
  a
  B  ( ;< 
 ,   Ax = bA R    A ∈ RN ×A A

Y
 9.10'+) &!'*+'&)*+) *S5&:.0+:  G A  )  

POL −1  i = k A

LE
Ai,(j,k) = 1  i = j A

ÉC O 0  
   A  0  ) A 
8      R   
 0
A ,6
?6 
  (j, k)  
 j = k   D 
 

 0
 
  0
 

   )     a
  B  ( ;<A 
 ,# 66  

 
   ? 
    0
A  
 
 8   
  
  
/
 
.      ,0  D    0

E
{x ∈ RA | Ax = b, 0 ≤ x ≤ u} . ;$<

0,3,:'1',* CC 
IQ U
 "  $  $  $S    $ 0)# " ""$"
$ ,
H N
T EC
%9,*:10.1',*C ',
 
      *   "
Y


,0,--.'0) CC
O L
$31'9.-'1% &): T,1: )*1')0:6   R" $"$" &0+$
,3%P   "$  /  $ )/+  R"  4"
$" $"' "   ) " $" $"+  $*$' '  )$" &
" &  $/ E
bi uij

$ $" O
$$- 'C
L $ )" '  $/  R"  / " /$ "
$",
É  &" $ R" $" )",
%9,*:10.1',*C ',
 
   
'     
*   - 

>)0+'+) CC "         '    
  
     Z + , (   
 
  $'
 

>)0+'+) CC C    $


E
(   
 $' /2
   5 n *
R  n ( 
 ( aij         

U
%   (i, j)(   %%  
 σ ∈ Sn (    
 E

IQ
HN
max aiσ(i) . ;&<

C
σ∈Sn

E
1≤i≤n

Y T
 "       

   
    
L
PO

max aij xij , ;-<

LE
x∈Bn ∩Zn×n
1≤i,j≤n

ÉC O
 * 
  
 &"

U E
N IQ
4 Bn  * $  
  %
 ( $ + $  


EC
  x = (xij ) 
 n × n  
H
LY T
∀i ∈ {1, ..., n}, 1 =

xik ,

P O 1≤k≤n


LE
∀j ∈ {1, ..., n}, 1 = xkj ,

ÉC O ∀i, j ∈ {1, ..., n}, 0


1≤k≤n
≤ xij

2 "      .      Z   + ,  

 *
% '     :  Bn    J    

 + 
M    $
E
 K
 6           
  %
   
:  $ 
  
  
  %    , + V=%E
 6          +  
(  :
n *
R  n ( %
 *
R

U E

:
   + r (  %
 
:
    + r *
R(
 r ≥ 1( 

IQ
    n   
      
 $ B 

N

  5+    $ + $
   %    , + N1*
H
>)0+'+)
T EC
CC 0     
* % 

  %   Z (
Y
POL
, + 7  7=        Z 

 $  s +   
p 
  *
% G = (N , A)  
6   & - (  

E
$
  

  uij   

 +∞ -  I, J ⊂ N (   
L
x = (xij ) ∈ RA (   x(I, J) = i∈I, j∈J, (i,j)∈A xij    $ 
    N
O
ÉC
   S  S̄    
s  p  s ∈ S  p ∈ S̄ (  $
  u(S, S̄)  

    
 "       (S, S̄)  

 s  p(    Z
 x
 s + p  
 v (
x(S, S̄) − x(S̄, S) = v .
'    

   Z
  s + p  
5  
 


 
    

 s  p
2 8
   Z
 x  s + p(        Gr (x) =
(N , Ar (x)) 4 Ar (x)  * $   (i, j)     (i, j) ∈ A 
xij < uij (   (j, i) ∈ A  xji > 0 "   $    % γ  s + p

U E

  *
%   Gr (x)(        
 Z
 x
 s + p  
      +   x(  
   


IQ
xij  (i, j)  (j, i)  
  % γ        x   
N
   

     (   % x  

E C H
   
 
 $ $:

  %  s + p 
 Gr (x) ) S $

LY T
 [
  s 
 Gr (x)(  S̄   
  S 
 N  " 
 (S, S̄)     

 s  p  


  *
 + 

  Z x

P O
 0  

 

  Z  s + p  *
 + 


 


LE
$   

 s  p 0$  %   @Z 

\ 
A( 

ÉC O
&$ 
     

 
 

U E
@
ZQ\ A(  7  7=
N IQ
EC H
! '   
* % 
 (   

     (  


T
 Z 

  s + p    O(v ∗ |A|)( 4 v ∗  

 

 $ Z

Y
 s + p(  |A|    $


POL
)9.0;5) CC ,  P    LD  c 
   6

LE
M  2  2
% ;
    ,9  -<
  
 
6
O
ÉC
 
           
 
 , 
 ,  ?
    0

0  D  .
  A  
.   
  2  2
% •

   #   (   J   J


3      0  C)
 "
  
     (   L  , %     (  
 (     
L  
 (   
 

 (  0  
W  
 - & . 
    
   O(nm2 )  
  
   : n = |N |     '  Y
  m = |A|     ' 
E
  5     
    &   & ("
    ( 
U
IQ
 J   J
3    
 
 (   s & p &   (   s & p "
 

H N
 
   '    6  

  (   L    +   ( 
8 L V
(9  O '  D ; I)N! "
 
   
   O(n2 m) D

  
Y EC
     
 
 '   L  &  - 
 >  FH 

 
T •



E POL
4    3   + 

O L
ÉC
   
    # 
A .  + E    "A 

     
, 
 
 0       
;      A 
8 
  . 0    8  
<
 ,  
 
 0 ,  )
 0   ,%1.1 3 
 
  
 .
      A  ,
     
# 
    .
 ,
  ?
   ?    


 
    ? ,  
. ;    # 
    ?
,     
     .
 7%.   ?     00  <

 !
 #   D 

U E
 30,(0.99.1',* &B*.9';5)  
     ,    EA
N IQ
E C H


 ,        
 
0

 

  J 
 
 
   ,
 .  A ?
 .  B  
 .  C A

 dXY     X ? Y A  0 


LY T
  
6     A ? C   
 
 
    A ? C  9

P O
OLE
dAB = min(dAC + dCB ) , ;<
C

ÉC
  
%
  * &&

U E
N IQ
R  min    
 ,0  .  C  
 
 
  

EC H
 A ? B  ,
  ;< 
  
  ,
     

T
# 
A 
%;5.1',* &) )--9.*A  .   
 
 . d

Y
POL
  
 dXY  
 
 X  Y   .  .      ,
P 
 J 
 
    0

  dAB A

LE
A  B  
 .  )A  
 .  .  
,  .   0
 
  dCB ;
  
A dAC < 
 
  .     C  

ÉC O
 

  . 0  G H ) 
 8
 
 .    J , 

 
 8   
 
6   

. /
   ,0

.  
  
0A R   P  A   
6
    
 .   
0

 
  A 

 8

 A   
6   

 ! & 
 E
(

' 
   0  
   
A 
     6
U E
IQ
0  X       F )    G = (N , A)
   A

H N

 ,
   c : A → RA 
 
  
 +,M1 +

,
 +4)9'* 
 
  a
   
 .    A  
,


Y T EC
          a
[    +'0+5'1  G
,
     )      G     2 
   T

POL
;, F<A 
 a
   i ∈ N  @ .
 
  G    i 
 F T 
 , 

O L E
ÉC
viT = min c0 ,1 + · · · + cT −1 ,T . ;<
(0 , . . . , T ) 
0 = i

 8   i → viT A 
 , 
  
 . 
 v T ∈ (R ∪ {+∞})N A
     =,*+1',* 2.-)50 ;  F T < /
 . 
  . ;< 
 min ∅ = +∞A  
.  ?    viT = +∞ 
  ,#  
    

 T   i     
     T = 0 J
   
   ;<    

 
 @ .  

 
 
 
A  # 
 
  

 
   
A  
  G  F 9 
 A vi0 = 0
 .
  [.  ;<    ? 
 
     6


 T A   0 P   . T      #6
U E
IQ
 
 . 
   8    
A     ,( 
   #6

N
  ;     #   )    +
 $$<

E H
,  
 
 viT   8  .  , F  ,   A  

C
vk 
 
 0 ≤ t ≤ T  k ∈ N  9 (A  
    
 
 i ∈ N A  t ≥ 1A
t

LY T ;<
O
vit = min (ci,k + vkt−1 ) ,

P
k∈N , (i,k)∈A

OLE
vi0 = 0 . ; <

ÉC
&- 
     

 
 

U E
N IQ
,
  ;< 

   ,    E J  G   6

EC H
  iA  t A  0
       
. i → k A  6

T
  ?      G        
.A ,6?6  ci,k 


Y
POL
 G     k   F t− 1        ; <   .  J
,    

 
 ? I
A   #   @ .  ,   ,
   6
  # 
A 
%;5.1',* &) )--9.*A   ?  0 J 

LE

   
  
   
  . 
 v 0 , v 1 , . . . ∈ (R ∪ {+∞})N 
O
ÉC
  8   
  0 
 
   ) ; < ' 6
    
. 8   .


viT = min c0 ,1 + · · · + cT −1 ,T + φT , ;<


(0 , . . . , T ) 
0 = i

R φ ∈ (R ∪ {+∞})N 
 . 
 
     ? , )

 φ = 0A  
. ;< 
 φ   8      ,
 
j ∈ N A 
U E
IQ
0  k = j
;<
N
φk =
+∞  A

EC H
;< 8  ?    , j A  viT    G     T 

Y T

   i ? j   8   .
 ;< . ) 
I
 ;<A .  
.

POL
      
 ,
   E

O L E v0 = φ . ;"<

ÉC
',    
 
   T 
.   ,
  
E ;<A;"< , 
 )* :)*: '*2)0:)
 # 
 
. 
  I   ;< J      A T    
 ?
I
A 

   
 , 1)09'*.-   I   (0 , . . . , T ) 
6
 ?       '*'1'.-)  ,
   E @  
  

,
   E 
 
  0%10,(0.&) ' . 
 
 
 0     J  , 
. 
,?  ) ,
 
. 
  
,     8    I
 
0

, H  ,
   E ;<  
 v t 
  
 ?   
v t−1   O(|A| + |N |)A R |A|  |N |     .  0 , 
  0  a
A .   +
  
 
    3  A v T 
 

   O(T (|A| + |N |))A ?    .   O(|N |pT )
U E
,
    [8 
     

 T 
  R 


N IQ
H
    p 

 @ 0  ,
    


T E C
    ?    ,
   E ;<A ;"< J   0 = iA

     1      
  ;<A  vT0 = c0 ,1 + vT1−1 A 

O LY

  r+1  
 vTr−r = cr ,r+1 + vTr+1 −r−1
 * 
 A viT =

P
c0 ,1 + · · · + cT −1 ,T + φT A  
 
 (0 , . . . , T ) 
     


LE
 0 ;<

ÉC O
  
%
  * &

U E
>)93-)
N IQ
CC *
 
  
  A     ,
 
(
 

EC H
 
   .      
  2
    .  

T
8    FA =A
 
  
A 3
 A  E
 0 
 ; ,R

Y
POL
 
(
 .    ? . <  
(
   
  8  T 
A
  =A        A 
       
 cA 

LE
,
  A φA 
  8  
 , )     
 @ 
     
 
   A          

ÉC O
  −∞  B   ) 
    .
  )   I
  B  /
 

  
 
     8
      
 ,  ,
 0 
   A ,
      # 
 ,   .  
 

 A  −∞ 
 
 +∞ J
t t−1 t−1
vH = max(3 + vH , 10 + vA )
t t−1 t−1
vA = max(12 + vH , 7 + vB )
t
= max(−5 + vH , −3 + vA )
t−1 t−1

E
vB

IQ U
N
= −∞ .
0 0 0

H
vH = 0, vA = 2, vB

T EC
'
       
   F

Y
  H  

POL G


O L E 
ÉC C B

C
@

/
  W  
(
      


 
: ,.

1
vH = max(3 + 0, 10 + 2) = 12 ;$<
= max(12 + 0, 7 + −∞) = 12
E
;&<
1

U
vA

IQ
1
vB = max(−5 + 0, −3 + 2) = −1 ;-<
2
vH = max(3 + 12, 10 + 12) = 22 ,
H N ;<

T E C
R ,  
    
    
 @  
 
   

LY
 A A  0
 I
 ,0  
 
     ;< ;

O
P
. ,0  = ? 3<A 
  
 
     ;&< ; .   3 ?

LE
=< •

ÉC O
- 
     

 
 

U E
   
 ,   "
     I
N Q (
 ( G=
%
(N , A) n = |N |
%
 K
 %

Y
 
 "

 %
 
m = |A|

5E C

8(9!
T
h ∈ {1, . . . , n}m H
 
 



 -    &   
%

c

89!
t ∈ {1, . . . , n}m
   % & 
     
 &    "
   Y
c ∈ Rm
A 1
  
 -
m

P O
ck = ci,j  L
( 

"
    
 % 
(i, j) ∈ A

    
k &
 $ % 

hk = i tk = j
O(n + m)

O L

 E
*  "
  (
#! 
          '  
 &   
  
O(n + m)
vt v t−1

ÉC  ! &    
 F 
G  #H =

'     0
+4)9'* &) +,M1 9'*'959 
A 
 
  i  j A   ? 
.
    

 0   
 i ? j   G   
  ,  ,
   
0

 


E
  I? .
   
6    J   
   A

  
  
  G    8 9     
  A  
 8
   

IQ U
H N
EC
vi = inf viT = inf c0 ,1 + · · · + cT −1 ,T + φT , ;"<

T
T ∈N (0 , . . . , T ) 

Y
T ∈ N, 0 = i

POL
R  . 
 φ  
  ) 
 
 j    ;< @ 


O L E

  
   φ ∈ (R ∪ {+∞})N 
 
A  
    

 
 @  
 vi    ? .
  R = R ∪ {±∞} ;

ÉC
 ?    ;"< 
. .  +∞A   
A    0 
 
     0 8 
A  ,       6


 0    <  8   .
 v . )  
. 
  
E
 
vi = min φi , min (ci,k + vk ) , ∀i ∈ N . ;"<
k∈N , (i,k)∈A

*   . ;<A    ,


  
     

   0    ,H  ,  
  k .    ) φk A
 
     ;<A    ,H  
 
, j 

E
 
 8
    
  # ;"<   
 
8   .
 + 
,  :,-51',* 9.>'9.-) ,
 
 


  
I 
  

IQ U
H N
4%,0?9) CC
  "$  K$ ,=, T C
 $ "$ -  v *$ ) ,= "   "$ &
E
O LY
P
%9,*:10.1',*C @  I?  
 v . ) ;"<   v ∈ RN
 
 

LE


 
  ;"< 7 
 v ≤ v    (0 , . . . , T )
   
 


ÉC O
  
%
  * -

U E


N
  i ' v . ) ;"<A  
    v r IQ
≤ cr ,r+1 + v r+1 A 
 



EC H
0 ≤ r ≤ T − 1A  vT ≤ φT  9  P    A

Y T vi ≤ c0 ,1 + · · · + cT −1 ,T + φT

POL
   , )
 
 
    (0 , . . . , T )   iA vi ≤ vi  3 

O LE
v  ≤ v A  
 
 v  
     ;"< 

ÉC>)0+'+) CC "   $ 


  V
 ! 
  
  L
 I    *
%
    

>)0+'+) CC >    *


%  
  φ    [
i  *
%(     %  i +  [ j   φj = +∞  
 
   *
% $

    ,  *
   
  φ(

$ 
  V
 !       ( *
 + v  - 
( 
  v  ∈ RN     $ 
  V
 !    $
U E
IQ
  


HN
C = {i ∈ N | φi ≥ min (ci,k + vk )} ,

C
k∈N , (i,k)∈A

T E
 $ %  %
 i ∈ C  [ π(i)  

P O LY
vi = ci,π(i ) + vπ(i)

.

L E
  
 

 π : C → N  "      i ∈ C (   

ÉCO
   k    k     πk (i)( $

  
 + C  0  v  ≥ v 
@ 
    ;"< 
 
     ) v = f (v)A .
 6
)   .   f : RN → RN  3
  5  
66   

v ? ,  ,
       ) *
  
 ?  .     
   )A   
 
. ?  
      A ,# 
 .   8 
X  ?  

 ,  @ 
   ( RN 
,   

A )   A  
   A , 6
  f : x → f (x)    *

 f (φ) ≤ φA
 
    

 f r+1 (φ) ≤ f r (φ)A 
 
 r ≥ 0  
 {f r (φ)}r≥0 
 P . 
   .
 . 
 v  ∈ RN  ;  
  
 , 
  
.
 −∞ 
  :   v  A      .  < @  f (v  ) = v 
  
  f  1,
 A  v  
   ) 
 
  f A    . 6
U E
IQ
 v  ≤ φA  

 f   A v  = f r (v  ) ≤ f r (φ)A 
 
 r ≥ 0A
N
H
   , )
 
  r ≥ 0A v  ≤ v  A  v    
    )

E C
 f  *

 ,  5  A  8   .
  
  
 
 6)  f A  .     
 
.
T
O LY  "  T" - 
4%,0?9)
E P
CC $1%0.1',* :50 -): 2.-)50:6
$ "$ -  *$ ) ,=,
{f r (φ)}r≥0

L
v

ÉC O
- 
     

 
 

U E
N

      
  
     I
Q
 "
     

H
f
%
 

     (    &  
  &  

 
 
  "
 "
    "
 C
f r (φ)


φ
T
!   &   

 !     Y
f (φ) ≤ φ E φ

 
 

 
   "
     
"
 "
   % 
L    <  ("

 (    4V 
x = f (x) φ
   *   
  '      
    
P  O
 "
  
   
 L
O E 5   >  6  66 ( 1 @  ?  II/!  
% 

$ 
 "
 %     . @0AD10W 1 .    

É C  
  %          
 %

       
 %
     .     

/0  
# (5* +     , 2    G    !!  
!0 ! " 
 f |N |−1 (φ) = v 1  ! G   !!   !0 !
"   G  !%!!
   φ &
/ !! 44$*   !  
 f |N | (φ) <
f |N |−1 (φ)

U E
0  #C 
       
  (     
 %

 $ 
  
  
 x0 = φ  xr = f (xr−1 ) 
r ≥ 0  %  &
IQ
("
   xr = xr−1  
"
  xr = v            "
 
N
EC H
    %   
% '

 
  "
 |N | − 1!
    % &
r = |N |       K   "
 
  
   -     * 0

T
 "
         "
   (     
 %
 
Y
POL

<  %  
%   O
1   (   J @  
"
  & ;


 < 
         
 %
 6 

L E

       %  "
     
O G  
É C


7+  ( )  1 , D   9


v ∈ (R ∪ {+∞})N b   r  i, k ∈ N
G = (N , A)  c : A → R F  9

:    9 r ← 0 b ← %  H    i ∈ N  vi ← φi 
I
 r < |N |  b   9
b ← *
 H
   i ∈ N     (i, k) ∈ A  ci,k + vk < vi    vi ← ci,k + vk 
b ← % 
" r < |N | v       r = |N |          0    !   
 
     
 %
      '  
(
+
   
 
 J
      
 &  %
 (    0  
 

 '      H  5    
  
       * 
 H & A  %   "
   22!    (
+
   & * 
  '  
U E
 
       
 vH = +∞       '     
N

     
  <  11 
    ("
 
   
f  IQ
&    /! %
E C H
[f (x)]H =
LY T
max(0, −8 + xH , −1 + xA )
[f (x)]A =
P O
max(2, 1 + xH , −4 + xB )

OLE
[f (x)]B = max(−16 + xH , −14 + xA ) .

ÉC
  
%
  * -

U E
   
 %
   & 
 x
N
0
= φ x = f (x )
1
IQ
0
     
x 0
=
EC H
φ = (0, 2, +∞)

Y T x1H = max(0, −8 + 0, −1 + 2) = 1

POL
x1A = max(2, 1 + 0, −4 + −∞) = 2
x1B
E
= max(−16 + 0, −14 + 2) = −12

 O
L x 2
=  
x1 = v, ,

É C         %  "


       "
   
"
  "
   *
   
B H A
A 

/0  

+  % !


"   <%=

   ! 


 !!   !0 " 8
   
 6  '  %    (   J @  "
 *
*       "
   
  Y
 i     (i, k)   '
 
 (  ## K  
%      "
  8'    ( 9  
 
   (    *     
  (   J @ 
U E
     
  

  (    - 
    

N IQ
(  "
    
   -  *  
!      - 
%   

EC H
* . 
  
   *   '

 
 "
 J @ 
 "
  ( G     
  +

   +  &  "
  
T

    
     ≤  "
   
 (   i & j    i ≤ j  1
%
Y
POL
 Y
   ;& 
           ! .  
      
%
         %     FH 

 

O L E
 $  "

  (           
   ' 

   *    
   (      "
  
  
ÉC
 
 %   A  "
 NN 

   
        
!
, *   Y
    
  v & +∞  +

 
 

*   
'
  vi ← min(φi , mink∈N , (i,k)∈A ci,k + vk ) 
("
 i   
 
i      
'  *   %
  "
  
     ,

    
   "
'  
 :   -    *

 K   
 
   
  (    
  * 1  /!   (  
? .;3  %     FH •

/0  
 >   
/ 
 4 ' &
 
 !
   !%'%
>    !  
     (  ! n 5    !
p1 , . . . , pn ∈ N   
  !& u1 , . . . , un ∈ R 
  P ∈ N
   
 

    '  (  xi = 1   
 i% 5 
 !%'%  xi = 0
 ( &   
 
  ! '    !  
U E
IQ

/!
N
max xi ui .

H
 x ∈ {0, 1}n

C
1≤i≤n
xi pi ≤ P

E
1≤i≤n

  !
  !     1 ≤ t ≤ n  0 ≤ Q ≤ P
LY  T

 


P O
max
 x ∈ {0, 1}
t
xi ui , /C!

OLE
1≤i≤t
xi pi ≤ Q
1≤i≤t

ÉC
- 
     

 
 

U E
  
 &
   
 (  v =
t t

N
t
 IQ
H
vQ (vQ )0≤Q≤P
4 /  v  !  vt−1 '
      "   
EC
t

* /    
"      44* ? 

    !  

"  8
T
 @
 

"  '
 
  & A
Y
POL
max 8x1 + 2x2 + 9x3 . /#!

LE
x ∈ {0, 1}3
2x1 + 3x2 + 5x3 ≤ 6

O
É C  "       &

/0  
 (5  8  *     , 1
(N , A) c ∈ RA 
G =
 !0  τ ∈ NA     
φ ∈ (R ∪ {+∞})N  
 .
 ( .   B   ! s   
 T ∈ N 

 ! !  '  &  !  (0 , . . . , m ) 
"      s  0 = s

 
 " 
c , + · · · + c , + φ  
  
 !   !

0 1

 T    
 ! τ , + · · · + τ , ≤ T  (    
   
m−1 m m

0 1
!!    
 !     
 <
  
"   "  %
m−1 m

      ! 


 @
! A  &  "   
 ! 
 !0    B  1  B  6    
 10  
 
  "  44
   

  
  3""
U E
/0  
 +      C      D 

I  
&  !  &
E @&" 3 &
E !  H N Q  5 
+   !  !!    
 
 &

 C

  !  !
(E
   C    
"
 
 5     
 4 ,,%4 ,T

 Y
!F   
   !
  

    C '
  /
L
 !  E! ' !   ! O
"  E & 

  &
 
  & 
 5   P

        ! 

  '  1  
E
0 5
   !  E   '  
  

     L
O
 E ! !  2   ! 
     '
É C
   !  &
E  "
"
     
 !  ' !0
  

  "   !!    
        

/0  
" (   "    

 2     
  ' !  &!
 (a, b) → a ⊕ b = min(a, b) 
 

! (a, b) →
a ⊗ b = a + b      !
 ' - 2
&   

  29G
4 3  !  
"  !  (R ∪ {+∞}, ⊕, ⊗)   
   
 /

 &.
 H    
      
 
 H 

  "  &. a ⊕ a = a    
   =

 !  



 I . 44$4          ! %

/

E
viT = Mi,k ⊗ vkT −1 ,
k∈N

IQ U
H N
&! Mi,k = ci,k  (i, k) ∈ A  Mi,k = +∞  3    

 H
 !

      
 % %
 !&   

v t = M vt−1 ,  v T = M T φ .
T E C
O L
?  '
   =

 444 

!&Y
P
LE
v = Mv ⊕ φ . //!

ÉC O
" %
  %  -"

U E
2  
 !0     !  
"   

 I  Q
2  
 
  
  44  "
 ' N  :
'    
(M t )i,k

 H
t i k

C
v = M ∗φ M∗ = M0 ⊕ M ⊕ M2 ⊕
···
limT →∞ M T = +∞
T E
 G & 
 )  44$* 2

 !   

Y
    !!   !0 "
G
!7!  " '  G & 

L
+∞

  ! 
/ !! 44$*
P O
/0  L E

! @ 
 5 2J& .  5 '  5   K
!L  KL  
C O

! '    M
  5    "  . '     
 ! 
!
É    
   ""   
!  ""      

  %
!! +   "   . A
 
 5   ! 


 ! ! 
    
5 8 (    
    5 
!       "     
 &
      

! 9! A !    & '
 

 min  max     
   &  
  & A %
 
!  &  5  "" N %
 
 &  5  "" N %
 
! 
   &  5  !
  



U E
   
 % &     
 
      "
 
 
 
N IQ ''

        "
 5  "
 %         "

H


 
 
* "
 
    (  ? 3 %
C   
     
     "
  *    "
    8  
     '  %    E

    9 K
 
;
 (!
L Y T •

P O


O L E
#   

É C-
       



@  
,
    
    
    (-,51,* ;L  #MA  6
 <A ,  

 
     0    ?
 
    A

 ,  ? 
 8  
 
  8   ,
    A   
I   
         
  
     0   06

  
6 A   ,4)50':1';5) (-,51,**) * A  , 

   0       .  ?     A   ,
.
      0   
   ; ,
 . 
0  
L %  M<A  
  
     ?       8  

.
A  ?          O   
  J ,
U E
?
  # 
 ,
  
 
 , H  
  
 

N IQ
E C H
 ,H 
.    ?  
 8
  .  
 #6
 A   
  :
 ? .
 ,  ? , 
      

LY T

   0 
 

   
 8
 
 
 
  ;.  ?  
I  +
 "" 6 
< /
 
  

P O
     


  8  ,   


LE
8
 
 
   

ÉC O
-$ 
     

 
 

U E
N I Q #&  =
 .   A    & 
$
  F 

E C H
Y T
@ ,    ?
  6  /
  V ,0 

OL
A  E ,0  HA 

 
60  ,0   

P
? 
   V  @   {i, j} ∈ E ,  # 
 H     i 

OLE
j  / 
 
 0   
   6 
  A 
  
  ,HA  
 
 .   a
  ,  

 

ÉC
  ;  L V M  L E M .  
     L. M  L M<
  ;6 <   +,**)>)  
  
 
 
.
H   
     ;6 < 
 
 
 H  
 +,93,:.*1): +,**)>):A 
  )     ,
.  
 
  R  
 iRj ,  # 
     i  j  @  =,0U1
 
;6 <  
  .0/0) 
 8H  @  
,
 
6 
G  
.
  G  
   G    ,
 
 H

E
 G    
  ;6 <  G = (V, E)A   H 

&) +,M1 9'*'959   ? 


.
 0 
. T   G
IQ U

  ,
 8   G E → RA {i, j} → cij A  0  ,.0/0) +,520.*1


H N
EC
cij ,

Y T {i,j}∈T

POL
   
 ' 0 ,           0
 Q0 A 
 , .
     

 0    
 

L E
     

  )

O
,    B
% 

 
  8H @    8H 6

ÉC
 
    

 H 3 
 A      I
 ?
 8HA  
  H  , I       
A   
G    
 ,     
  8H 
 0 
.

4%,0?9) CC  G = (V, E) " $ 0)# $$$" $$&'  $  $


$ "$ 4" /" c : E → R' 0"#  Q J  $" $ /  -$"
 4" $ ,
3)    5 "A 
 O
      
0 
.A   . )      
 
 
 , 


)99) CC $
)99) &!%+4.*()6  T " $ /  -$"  $ 0)# G ' "
U
 i " j $"  & "  G '  &" $ $  #$  T $" i  j , $ E
N IQ
 "'  {i, j} " $ E"  G  $))"$" )  T ' $ /"$" $  $ /

E C H
 -$"  $ )  $ E"  $  #$  T $" i  j ) {i, j},

Y T
/
 
.         ,  

L

)99) CC
P O
" G " c  $  A#+ ,=,' " " T $ /
LE
 -$" G ,  "$  -$" $"  -$",

ÉC O
" %
  %  -&

U E
, T "  4" $  G
N IQ
EC H
, )  #  E" {i, j}  $" ) $ T '  $  #$  T $" i "
T
j "  E" $" # $ "  4" $   0  cij G
Y
POL
3, )  #  E" {r, s}  T ' )  " " )$" $$& C 0)#
/"$ $ "$" {r, s}  T ' " )  " " E" {i, j} $" $ &"" "

O LE $   " $ C ' crs ≤ cij ,

ÉC%9,*:10.1',*C ,    ; <⇒; < 



 ,   " J
 {i, j} 
 H 
,   T A   {r, s} 
 H  ,
 
  
 T   i  j A  
 cij < crs A  0    {i, j} ?     {r, s}
 T
 
. 0 
.  G   8 
 ? 
 T 
/
    ; <⇒; < +
 
 ,0 
 
 0
   {r, s}  T    
  A C
 C = V \ C 
 
,  
 H {i, j} . i ∈ C  j ∈ C A  


E
cij < crs  ,
 
       i ? j  T      {r, s}A
 
 
     ; < ,   8 

IQ U
/
  ) ;<⇒;<   T
 0 . ) ;<A    T 
 0

H N
 G  A 
 , 
     
  0 ,H  
 

EC
T  T      @ .  
 T = T   1    A  


T

.
 H {r, s}  T    T     0
 I
 {r, s}
Y
POL
? T   
 
A C A  ,H {r, s} '     

  C  C
 0
 . {r, s} ? T  ' 

O L E

 C   I?
 H   C ? C A ? .  {r, s}A      
 
 
 HA {i, j}A   C  C    T  0
 O

ÉC
{i, j}  {r, s}  T    
 0 
.A ,   ,  A 
    ;<  
  G  T   8 
 
  ? 
 T   3  A
T    
 0 
.  G   
A   T    
 .
T
 H  
 
 T  A    ,#       )  
 T  A @   T  = T  
%9,*:10.1',* &5 4%,0?9) CC C     
 ,    B
6
%A  
 ?
  A   .
 0 
. ' 0 . )
, 
 " 

    
6   '     (   W
3   
O(|E|| log E |) : |E|    '    
( %  FH •

U E
         (  
   
;
     I* 
N Q 

H
   

     
 ;&   
  (  
    ' 
  K  
 %    '    & *' "

 'C
     
  '      T

 *  '     (  "
   Y
E
 
 %  
&     
L
E
&   
 *  %  & ("

   %
 ;&   * PO
E
 & ;
   * 
 %
"
 "
  "
    '  
E

LE

  (  
  "
 *

  
 

ÉC O
-- 
     

 
 

U E
    '       (    N
I Q   

 

  & 
 '!   
%       ( 

 (  
      T E

C
   / 
 
     H 

     %
   "
      "

      (    T 
L Y
  T %     FH
O

P
O

.
LE :         + +(

ÉC  
1  
  ,
 0  +@A
    Q    6
P 
     :   ;     A DA   

A  < , 
 
 8 A  A 
 H .
 0  6
  A    #   , 
  K @ 
 0  G  
 
?  
  
 
 A 
?  6
  
   
  


E

    0
A .  ?  
I  +
 $& 1 ,    
A

 
   
X 
     A ? 0    

IQ
 
  ,  0 A 
  
. ,   U
H N
  
  
.A 

 
 A  
 ,  ? , 


T E C
& 
7
 
 $ 
6&


O L Y
P
'   0 0    

O L E min J(x) ,
x∈X
;"$<

ÉC
. X ) ;  <A  J : X → R 1        .
 
;   A L0   0
 M<A  :%3.0.1',*   ?  ,0 X
 
     0   8
 ,
 0A 
 , .   a

  ,0        ;   ? )  
. 0    A    
<A  a
  
  
    A
 
  ,       ,%2.-5.1',* , A 
 
 a

 s  ,0A 
+,M1 +,*&'1',**)-
v(s) = min J(s ) . ;"&<
s 
     
    s

;  L   M     


A  
    ,0 .   
 
A   8
  0<  
   G     s  
.


 
  0    ;"$< ; 
 A 
 s    A ;"&<
U E
N
[  . ;"$<<A , 

 
    )  0 ;"&<A 
IQ
E C H

 
  , 
  ,
   b(s)
G     s J

T
b(s) ≤ v(s) , ;"-<

LY

 , . )  
 
 a
  ,0 /
 
. ,
 A 

O
P
 ; < /,0*) '*=%0')50) 

   /,0*)   

LE
b(s)

ÉC O
' 
  
  -

U E
N
*,*+% &) -!.-(,0'149) &) :%3.0.1',* )1 %2.-5.1',* IQ
EC H
,       .
    ?   a
  ,0A

Y T
      9 
 , A    mA  G    

POL

  I? 
.A   
  
    @     ,  
. m = +∞ 
  .   
    8 
 a
 s
A 

LE
.
  0 b(s) b(s) ≥ mA    ?   ,  0  )
a

ÉC O
sA   G  8
 
,# 
. ,   
 
  G    


   A  ,  
a
  s )  

. , 
 ,0 ; 
 . 
     
 , +,53)  0   ,0

a
s< 
  b(s) < mA    0 
  0  
 s  
 
    m J  

    ,  
,0A   
 a
 )  s 
  .  ?
 8
  ,0A 


 
     0 x ∈ X  ;"$<A    
,? 
  .

J(x) J  J(x) < mA   
 
  
.  xA    m = J(x)A 

E
,   x ?     ,   
 
  
. @ 

 
,   ,0   
a
   8
 


IQ U
,   .   


 8  
 8
       
R 

H N
0 b   I   
  0  J ,   .     ?

EC

 
  
     0  ;"$<

Y T
POL
--5:10.1',* 7 )>)93-) &5 2,B.()50 &) +,99)0+)

L E
3)      A    0
.# 
   A

O
I? .
  ,9  /
     .  6 

ÉC
.# 
   A 
 
  6  +,93-)1 G = (V, E)
;    ) 
 E  8  
       V < @  
V = {1, . . . , n}A . n = |V| /
   ? 
     {i, j}

 
,  tij ;  

 0.   
 t{i,j} A    tij = tji


    6 <  0
   
.
 
A ,6?6 


   1 , . . . , n  
   G
 
 
 8 A 
 
   
t 1  2 + t 2  3 + · · · + t n  1 ;"<

    

9
   , .  
  ;"<  
  
 A  


U E

I
 
 
 , 
 1A   1 = 1  
    ) 

IQ
 
 
   
 2 , . . . , n−1   :%3.0.1',*
0 .  ?  6
N
E C H
     ,
 
 
 
     * A  
  
    2 ∈ V \ {1 } 
     A     3 ∈ V \ {1 , 2 }

LY T

      A     
 I

,? n−1     
,0       ?
 
6
 (1 = 1 , 2 , . . . , k )A .

P O
k ≤ n − 2A 
 
  L
  M  ,   0 8 
 

LE
G    ;"&<A         
 
 

ÉC O
 
     

 
 

U E
N
 1 , . . . , k  @ 
     0 [. IQ
EC H
T
b1 (1 , . . . , k ) = t1 2 + · · · + tk−1 k + min t k j +

Y
j∈V\{1 ,...,k−1 }

POL
 
min tm1 + (n − k − 2) min tjm . ;$<
m∈V\{2 ,...,k } j, m ∈ V \ {1 , . . . , k }

LE
j = m

ÉC O
9 (A  

 ;"<   


   (1 , 2 , . . . , k )A
  t1 2 + · · · + tk−1 k A 

  ,H {k , k+1 }A 
 ,    
     ;$<A 

  ,H {n , 1 }A 
 ,   # 6

        ;$<A  )A

  (k+1 , . . . , n )
'     

 n−k−2    

   {1 , . . . , k }A
 
            ;$<A  
 

b1 (1 , . . . , k ) ≤ v(1 , . . . , k )
3 
   ,       .
 A .  0 b1 A
?
     .# 
    '   .   # 7
U E
IQ
 
  2
  @   ,0 V = {1, . . . , 5}   

N
  
    
   A    P1 = (0, 0)A P2 =

EC H
(3, 0)A P3 = (1, 1)A P4 = (3, 2)A  P5 = (0, 3) ; 
    . ,9  

<A  tij      
  Pi 
  Pj A ,6?6  
 Pi − Pj 1 
Y T
E POL 1 2

O L 3

ÉC 4

  W  .# 


     7
  
 ,0     
  2
  @ 

a
(1)A 
 ?
 
   .  
  1   .  
    ,     ?       
.   .  
 , .
.  A 

 H 2A 3A 4A 
5 '        2A  

 

a
(1, 2) 
 
 .  ? 
  ,0A .  
  
U E


  ' 
 ,.   
     0 
 , A
N IQ
E C H
m = +∞A     b1 (1, 2) < m  
 
 . )A 
  

 b1 (1, 2) *

.   
  8 
 ,0 J   . 
a

LY T
(1, 2, 3) ;
 . ? 
.
  
  <A 
 
a
(1, 2, 3, 4)A


 8
A       
 
  
     0 x =

P O
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)A   m = 16  
    0
  ? ,  

LE
  8
   . ?
 8
A      8 
  
a

ÉC O
' 
  
  

U E
N IQ
A 
     ?  8
 
.A 
  
  (1, 2, 3, 5, 4)A 

EC H
 18   
 m     
.
a
  (1, 2, 4)A  , 


T
b1 (1, 2, 4) = 13 < m J   
   )  (1, 2, 4)A 
8
   
 

Y
POL
x = (1, 2, 4, 5, 3)A   14A  
  
 
 m J    m = 14 ,

)  (1, 2, 4) 8
 
 
 
    14A (1, 2, 4, 3, 5)  
.
a

LE

. .    (1, 2, 5)A . b1 (1, 2, 5) = 17 ≥ m J  
   
60
  (1, 2, 5)A   
.
a

.  (1, 3) /
     


ÉC O
)   
A     
 x = (1, 2, 4, 5, 3) 
 
    14 
 

(1)

U E
IQ
(1, 2) (1, 3), b1 = 12 (1, 4) (1, 5)

H N
Y T EC
E POL
L
(1, 2, 3) (1, 2, 4), b1 = 13 (1, 2, 5), b1 = 17

ÉC O

16 18 14 14
x = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), m = 16 x = (1, 2, 4, 5, 3), m = 14

  W     ,0     .


 A 
  0 
.# 
      2
 
U E
N IQ
)9.0;5)

E C H
CC  0
.# 
     7 

 
 
.# 
     
A  
 tij      i ?

LY T
j 

    
A A     · 1       


.# 
     
   O   
  A  ,   

P O
 ,
  
 .  
 
  
 ;
.  #     


LE
 ,
 A  0 
 .# 
    
   
 A 
 

ÉC O
 
     

 
 

U E
N
 · ∞ A  <  0
.# 
    ; 
 
<  IQ
EC H

   
  0 /*6 :  ;.   +
 $$<

Y T
POL
) -!'93,01.*+) &) -. ;5.-'1% &) -. /,0*)
  
 
    
  0 b1   0A   .# 

LE
,     
  
  0  
 /


O
ÉC
.   ,   
  A  
        .#6

     7A    8  .   0 n  
>
 I
 
 # 
A   0  a
  ,0   
 .
 A  8    n J

n          

                

  n = 15  I?
  
 

 *'

 /
 .    

,  ,)>3-,:',* +,9/'*.1,'0)
U E
+  .A        0 b1 P J 
 n − k

N
  A   
.      



      IQ
EC H
(1 , . . . , k )  (n − k − 2) 8     
    H  

T
A  .  ? 
  
 
 
  ,  n @ .  


Y
POL

        ,.
 A    0 ,. 

0 

 
:  L# 
M
0

O L E
,0*) &5 1.0/0) 3,50 -) 2,B.()50 &) +,99)0+)

ÉC
1
    ,
  0 
  .# 
    6
   
 
   (1 , 2 , . . . , k )  G A . k ≤ n−2A 
 
 G  
   
 0   V  = V \ {1 , . . . , k }A ,6?6  
 ,0   V   ,0 ,H E  = {{i, j} ∈ E | i, j ∈ V  }
/
   (G  )  G   
 ,
 0 
. G   ;+ 
   
,0 
.   )       "A R 
 . 
 .

,

0 
.  G   
  
   O(|E| log |E|)  ,  
 B
%< @   0 8 
 
.

b2 (1 , . . . , k ) =
t1 2 + · · · + tk−1 k + min t k j + min
U E
tm1 +  (G  ) ;. $<

IQ
j∈V\{1 ,...,k−1 } m∈V\{2 ,...,k }

H
1     R  
     

 
A   k = 1A  
 :
N
T E

  . H    ;?     
 
    
   C
    0 b2   
   A  H {1 , 2 }  {k , 1 }

<A  
  
. 0

O LY
P
LE
b2 (1 ) = min (t1 j + tm1 ) +  (G  ) . ;$ <
j,m∈V\{1 }, j=m

ÉC O
' 
  
  

U E
N IQ
'   0A  
A  
 
    /,0*) &5 1.0/0) ;


EC H
160 ,
  
 
6  8 ,
  ,
 0 
. 


T
   
   
  L 1MA  ,
   
 H

Y
POL
    1  , < * A 
     2
 A ,6
   B
% 8
   160  G     
  2
 "
 G   160  b2 (1) = 13 9 . ? ,0   2
 A 

LE
.  
   b1  b2 
       .      
a

O
ÉC
(1, 3)A  b2 (1, 3) = 14  
 
 ; 8 A  < ?  .
 m = 14    


    .  .    (1, 3)

1 2

U E
IQ
5

H N
 " W E
160 b2 (1)A 
  0
.# 
    

Y T
0 
 1        EC
 2
  ,0 
. G      A  
 H   

POL
5 +4,'> &) -!.0/0) )1 &) -!,0&0) &!)>3-,0.1',* &): /0.*+4):
E
O L
 #    
 
     ,0  
   6

ÉC
  0 X A      
. 
     
 . ? 80 
 
0 3  A 
 .   
6   $ 
, 
     .#6

    
       . 0  A  


 
 {i, j} ∈ E
 . 0 xij . 1  ,H {i, j}   


   0   3.
     A  
 

 0  6
   ,.
  0  A  

        ? )
 .
 ,
 . 0 xij ? 0 
? 1  
     , 
 
  .     J   I

 ,   
 X  0 ; A
      ,0<        
,   
 , D
 

  G   
 A  0
   
  0   
 
  0

E
 ,0 1  H  A     m .  .
 ,
 
  0


  
A 
 
 +∞A  8  
,  ? 
 
 X  0 

IQ U
 " )
 &    &
  
H N
T E C
   # 
 ,0   0 8 
 
  .
  

LY

G ,
 0 0     ? 0)-R+4)0 ;
<  0A
O
P
,6?6  ?   ,0    0    ? 0 
 0 


LE
8 A 8
 
 0 8 
 
  0    
 ,0

ÉC O
 
     

 
 

U E
N IQ
   0      A
    Q   ,
0 

EC H

       /
 . I? .

    

T
.  0
160 
  .# 
    J  
   

Y
POL
 160  
 
   
 .   /
    
   
    

LE
)-.>.1',*: +,*1'*5):
O
ÉC ,:    
         
 
.     
0 0           0   J  0 

 0 8 
  Q     ,   
* 
 
     
.# 
    6
  1F A 2
%A  N 
    "A 
.  ?
,

 0 ? 49 .             6

 
I
 ,
     ? 
 
     .  ;



E
  
 
   ,  A  
   ? L@  
  8

IQ U
.   0MA 1 3 A + E 0#A > '.dA  \ '%A
8 $" B"#,A 9 .
 '7 -A  6 $"6$"$A  
  ? 
   

 
 <
H N
EC
/
             
  .# 
  6

T
  J G = (V, E) 
      ;  E   
  H
Y
POL
  
   V <A .
 8    t : E → RA {i, j} → tij  3 


A   
 . 
 x ∈ {0, 1}E  
 xij = 1  {i, j} 8   

A 

O L E
xij = 0   + 
A
 . 
 x ∈ {0, 1}E   
6  
G # 
 H  {i, j}  
 xij = 1  
 8
     

ÉC
       8  
 x ∈ {0, 1}E 
 
 ' 

 ,
 
    
 .  A x . )   

xkj = 2 , 
 
 j ∈ V  ;$<
k∈V,{k,j}∈E

   ;$<  


:  ?   
 
A  ,0 
H {i, j}  
 xij = 1 
   H  J  8 A  
 .  

 x ∈ {0, 1}E 
   ;$<    
  I 
 
 3) ,    
   A  
 I
   

.A   :,5:1,50A

U E
IQ

 
 S ⊂ V,  
 S = ∅  S = V, xkm ≤ |S| − 1 . ;$<

N
k,m∈S,{k,m}∈E

E C H
@ .  8  
 x ∈ {0, 1}E . ) ;$<  ;$<  A  
  A 

LY T

 
 J  (A 
 . 
   ?
 
 . )   A
  
A  
 x ∈ {0, 1}E . ) ;$< 

 

P O
I   
A  
:   

 S ,0    ,
 
6

LE

   
 
 0  k,m∈S,{k,m}∈E xkm = |S|A   x . ) 

ÉC O
' 
  
  "

U E
N IQ
    
6
 ;$<A      S = V A  
 
 x 6

EC H

 
 ' 
   8
  0  .# 
   

T

       0  

Y
POL
(V C) : min tij xij 
    x ∈ {0, 1}E , (11.63), (11.64),
{i,j}∈E

LE
  0  
 X
 0 8 
          
O
ÉC
 . 0  


(V C) : min tij xij 
    0 ≤ xij ≤ 1, (11.63), (11.64).
{i,j}∈E

7   0       ;$<A    0  6


 :   (V C)      
 @   ?    
{i,j}∈E tij xij 
    0 ≤ xij ≤ 1  ;$<A  
0    
 
6
 ;$< @ 
.  
   x ∈ [0, 1]E  @ . 
  

E
,   
 
 0 S ⊂ V A S = ∅A S = V A 
 
 ,     ;$< 
U
IQ
. A  

  8  ;9  $<  :   ,  ,   A  

N

(V C)  
 
   
.
 S  
 ;$<      8 A

EC H
,     ? 
.
{i,j}∈E tij xij 
    0 ≤ tij ≤ 1  ;$<A
 I
 ,     
6
   ? S  9 

.  
   6

Y T
     I
 
 8 ,   A  0
  ) ?
 
  

POL
(V C)  '   
 ,   
    +,53):
/  ( P  #  
     0
0 (V C) A   

L E
t : x → {i,j}∈E tij xij  8    
 ,        
 , 

O
ÉC

 .  ? ) 
 
     # P 1 ⊃ P 2 ⊃ · · · ⊃ P @
 
 ,0 
 P 1 ,0 )  0 ≤ xij ≤ 1  ;$< @    
,0 t 
 P 1 A     
    
   x1  x1   P A   

(V C) A    


   ;$< .   x1 .  ? :%3.0)0 x1 
P A ,6?6  ? 
.
  6  H 1 
   
 x1 ∈ H 1 A  P ⊂ H 1 A
 , 
. .  ?     t 
  
.
# P 2 = P 1 ∩ H 1 A
0
 L 
M P 1  H  , 80 
  
 
     #6
   
  
 . 
,  L M P 
.   
 
R t     1    
 
. H 8
   
 
0
  (V C)A  ,  0  
. ,
 
A  
 0  A
 ,  
: 0   X
   Pe  P 

>)0+'+) CC "   


    (V C) (   
 
U E
 
    
   
 
N IQ
H


 
 S ⊂ V,  
 S = ∅  S = V,

T E C
k∈V, m∈S\V,{k,m}∈E
xkm ≥ 2 . ;$"<

LY
" (   
  %    7  7= J    $' .
O
P
 $        x ∈ [0, 1]E 

  ! + $
 $
* %

LE
 Z 

ÉC O
$ 
     

 
 

U E
)-.>.1',*:
.(0.*(')**):
N IQ
'   0  
EC H
Y T
POL
    J(x) 
    J
x ∈ X,
;$$<

LE
Fi (x) ≤ 0, i = 1, . . . , m,

O
Fi (x) = 0, i = m + 1, . . . , m + q,

ÉC
R J, F1 , . . . , Fm+q   8    Rn  RA  X 
 
60 6
.   Rn  '      L : X × Λ → RA . Λ = (R+ )m × Rq 
L(x, λ) = J(x) + λ1 F1 (x) + · · · + λm+q Fm+q (x) .
  J ∗  .
    ;$$< /
 . I?    +
 

,  
I
 ,    
  8 0
J ∗ = inf sup L(x, λ) ≥ sup inf L(x, λ) = sup D(λ) , ;$&<
x∈X λ∈Λ λ∈Λ x∈X λ∈Λ

U E
IQ
R

HN
D : Λ → R ∪ {−∞}; D(λ) = inf L(x, λ) ;$-<

C
x∈X

E
  8  
      0)-.>.1',*
.(0.*(')**)   ? 6
T
LY
#    0  ;$&<  0 8 
 
  .
 J ∗

O
0   ;$$< /,  
 
  
     λ ∈ Λ 8
 

P

 0 D(λ) ≤ J ∗ A     
      
 0  0A 
E
L

.  ?    D @ DA 

 )
  8   :A   .

ÉCO
A  ,   
  
  0 0  A X  ) A D 


 )
 )  8   :A 
 8   *,*&'A%0)*1'./-) ;
8
0  G     < 7   D .   ,,31'9':.1',* *,*
&'A%0)*1'./-)A 
          8   . 6 ( 0
;
# 
A        8    . 6 ( 0<
/
  0 . 
     A  9%14,&) &) :,5:
(0.&')*1A 
          
6   "   

8
 ,0 )      :,5:(0.&')*1 ;
  8   .< 

 :50(0.&')*1 ;
  8    .< 
    8 
 # . ;
 
    
 <  
  
   8   . ? .
  R ∪ {+∞}A  # 
 
8    . ? .
  R ∪ {−∞}A     8   D ) 

U E
 ;$-<   .  
    .
 −∞ ; .
 +∞ ,   0A

IQ
 
 .  
  X = ∅< 
 J  .  Rn  R∪{+∞}A 

N
E C H
  J = {x ∈ Rn | J(x) < +∞}  &,9.'*)  J  # 
A  J 

 8    .  Rn  R ∪ {−∞}A  )   J = {x ∈ Rn | J(x) >

LY T
−∞}   ,
     
    8   .A  


 
  
   .  # 
 
  8    . 

P O
 
       
 ? #   
 
   
 ? 

LE
     8  
   ?  0      

ÉC O
' 
  
  &

U E
Q
I $
HN
%@*'1',* CC  J " $ $ "$ $-&  R n
' " 
R ∪ {+∞} x∈
 J ' $ )) :,5:&'A%0)*1')-  J $ x $/
T E C
Y
∂J(x) = {p ∈ Rn | J(y) − J(x) ≥ p · (y − x), ∀y ∈ Rn } . ;$<
 $" 
"   0 $"P O L
$"
∂J(x)
 $
)) ,  $"$    5$"
:,5:(0.&')*1:
$ "$ $ -  $ $" *$ !
" $" E
Rn R ∪ {−∞}

O L $ $-$" $0" $ ,%,

ÉC  
 
 X   1)   ;$< 
  
6 (  ∂J(x) 

. 8  Rn  1,
 A  0 ∈ ∂J(x)A x  . 
   
  
  J 

)9.0;5) CC  


6 (  
. H )   ;$< H

 J ,  .     


  
 J  .A
    ∂J(x) = ∅  
   x ∈  J ; , ?
 
   

E
8  

  =6E <  .     

IQ U
,
.    1)   $  
6   .  )     @

   ( )   
6   ,
 8   
 
 J  Rn 

H N
R ∪ {+∞}A   
 p 
 
6    J 
   x ∈  J  J 

EC
  L

M   8   : y → J(x) + p · (y − x)A ,6?6 

Y T
J(y) ≥ J(x) + p · (y − x) + o(y − x), 
 y → x .

E POL

 J  .A      
. ? p ∈ ∂J(x) •

O L
3 
      ?  8  
 D     

ÉC
  D ? Rm+q   D(λ) = −∞A  λ ∈ ΛA  
)  0 
 8  
 .  Rm+q  R ∪ {−∞} 
 X  ) A  D = Λ  
6  
  8  
 D  
  A ? ,   ,0.  
.

0,3,:'1',* CC  ))$ X *$' " D  $ "$  *$ ) ,%'
" )  " " λ ∈ Λ' )$ Γ(λ) =  x∈X L(x, λ) = {x ∈ X | L(x, λ) = D(x)},
' )  " " x ∈ Γ(λ)' F (x) = (Fi (x))1≤i≤m+q " $  0 $"  D  )$"
λ,
%9,*:10.1',*C *
 
 x ∈ Γ(λ)A  
 
 µ ∈ ΛA   D(µ) − D(λ) ≥
L(x, µ) − L(x, λ) = F (x) · (µ − λ)A  
 
 F (x) 
 
6    D

E

  λ 

)9.0;5)
IQ U
CC  *   $ 
 .  8 0

 
.

H N

  
6 (      8   . J  Rn  R ∪ {+∞}

.A 
 
 i ∈ I A A 
 
 x ∈  J A
T E C
   8 J(x) = supi∈I Ji (x)A R I 
 0 ) A   x → Ji (x) 

∂J(x) = 


O LY + 
;&<
P
∂Ji (x) .

LE
i∈I
Ji (x) = J(x)

ÉC O
- 
     

 
 

U E
IQ
HN
 
.     8  ,0I  ,9  $" •

T E C
  PΛ  I    Rm+q  ΛA λ → 1 , . . . , λm , λm+1 , . . . , λm+q )
(λ+ +

LY
,.-(,0'149) &) :50(0.&')*1 ;I< 
     8    . D
  ? 
  


P O  

LE
ρk
λk+1 = PΛ λk + pk , ;&<
pk

ÉC O
R λ0 ∈ Λ    0  A R pk 
 
6   
 
  D 

  λk A  R ρk 
 
       8  


ρk → 0, ρi = +∞ . ;& <
i

. A  .
 λk+1 , 0  )  
  pk = 0 
 pk = 0A , 6
  ,H J λk     
  J ; )   H  
6  

E
 
  ,
 
6   
    
 
  8       

U
IQ
 <

N

            ,
 

EC H
 G   
 .    A I?    ,9  $
         # 
 /
   


Y T
   G = (N , A)A , (i, j)  

G cij 
 τij  *


POL
)  A        G   
     

 10A

a

  s = 1 
a

 p = 6A   

O L E 1, 4

ÉC
2 4
1, 8 2, 1 2, 2

1 6
3, 6
8, 1 1, 6
3 5
2, 3 ;&<

@   
 
   .
  c  τ A    A  A ,
(1, 2) G c12 = 1   τ12 = 8
   
 
 8
 
 ,0 8
  0 
  8 ;$$< *
 A

 
     . 
 E x ∈ RA  
 xij = 1 
(i, j)   
 A  xij = 0    0  
 
   ,


  s ?
 
 p   

 T ,   
U E
IQ


N
    (i,j)∈A cij xij

    J x ∈ {0, 1}A ,

E C H
x 
    s ? p,
;&<

T


O LY
(i,j)∈A τij xij ≤ T .

P
 #  0  G 
 
   ,  
   ;$$< 3  A , .6

LE
  
 
 .      L x 
    s ? pM 


ÉC O
' 
  
  

U E
N IQ
8   /
 
  
        .    a


EC H
 B  ( ;< 7 
     a
  
 
.   J  


T
              ?  )  


Y
POL
L M 0        
 ?
 0 
  A

0  8  
   0      A ,   

LE
  
,  8
 Q A   , 
0    A  0 
 
 6
0     G   
 9
      A  8  

ÉC O
D : R+ → R ∪ {−∞} ,    (
     
D(λ) = inf cij xij + λ τij xij − T ,
A
x ∈ {0, 1}
x 
    s  p (i,j)∈A (i,j)∈A

= −λT + inf (cij + λτij )xij .
x ∈ {0, 1}A
x 
    s  p (i,j)∈A

3 λ )A  
  D(λ) .  ? 

 0  
     G
  
 :.*: +,*10.'*1): &) 1)93:     G cij + λτij A  


U E
N
 8      # 
A  
 H
      
IQ
EC H
 ,
   
A  ,   
 , ;&< 3 

  ,    
6   ;&< 
   *
 λ1 = 0A  


Y T
8
 
.     G   
 1 → 6    
  G cij +0τij

POL
1

E
2 4

L
2
1 2

ÉC O 1
8
3
1
6

3 5
2

,0 Γ(0)     


  
 
   (1, 2, 4, 6)A  (1, 2, 5, 6)
    A 
 
 G 4 3  A D(0) = 4 − 0T = 4 1, 
*   $A    
6  

p1 = τ12 + τ24 + τ46 − T = 4 .

3.
  ρ1 = 1A ;&<  λ2 = 1A   
.
 
  G
cij + 1τij
U E
IQ
2 5 4
9 3
4

H N
1
9
T E C 6

Y
9

L
7

O
3 5

P
5 .

LE
'      ,   A    H 
6   p2 = p1  9

ÉC O
 
     

 
 

U E
N
   ρ2 = 1A   λ3 = 2A  
   IQ
EC
9 H
T
2 4

Y
6

L
17 4

PO
1 6
15

OLE
10 13
3 5

ÉC
8 .

 #   8  
    
 J Γ(λ3 ) = {(1, 3, 4, 6), (1, 3, 5, 6)}A  G 21
9 
 A  
6     
  (1, 3, 5, 6)  τ13 + τ35 + τ56 −
T = 0 ,    
6   ,H  J maxλ∈R+ D(λ) = D(2) = 31−20 =
11 '    (1, 3, 5, 6)    10 ≤ T   G 11 = D(2)A 
 .
 
  
  0 Q    A 
  ?   
D(λ)A      0    ;&<  8  
  Q    
8
 
 
 
0          9 A 

U E
# 
 
 
 A    x        8  
 ;$-<A

N IQ
.
 
     
 λ  DA 
. 
. H  )  

  G 
  . ?
 
  ;
6 <
0    @
  ,4)50':1';5):
.(0.*(')**):
EC H
T
*
  
  
        A .    6

Y
POL
0
.# 
    
  6   G = (V, E)A 

,
 8    t : E → R+ , {i, j} → tij  @ 
     0
.# 


E
   
 8        0  A 
. ? (V C)A

O L
ÉC
min {i,j}∈E tij xij 
   
E
 {0, 1} ,
x ∈
k∈V,{k,j}∈E xkj = 2, 
 
 j ∈ V A
x 
   ? |V| H 
. 
  

1  

  
  1 ∈ V  A 
 
 j ∈ V \ {1}A  Q  
  k∈V,{k,j}∈E xkj = 2A  0   8  
 D : RV\{1} → R
  
D(λ) = min {i,j}∈E tij xij + j∈V\{1} λj ( k∈V, {k,j}∈E xkj − 2)

   
x ∈ {0, 1}E
k∈V,{k,1}∈E xk1 = 2

U E
IQ
x 
   ? |V| H 
. 
  


H N
3
 − j∈V\{1} 2λj A   P  D(λ)  G   
 ,
 160

E C

   D = (V, E)A  
 H {i, j}  
 
G tij +λi +λj A 


T
i, j ∈ V \{1}A   
 H {i, 1}A 
 i ∈ V \{1}A  
 G t1i +λi  '

LY

 ,. I? 
   
6   $A ,    B
% 
O
P
    "  I
  

 160  G   
  

LE
O(|E| log |E|)A  

     a
. :   ,   

ÉC O
' 
  
  

U E
N IQ

6   ;&< 
 
  0 
. J supλ∈RV\{1} D(λ) ' 0

EC H

0 
  0
.# 
   A 
 ? =  B 

T
0
160 .
   
6   $ [  .  .
 D(0) 0


Y
POL
  8   #        k∈V,{k,j}∈E xkj = 2A 


 j ∈ V \ {1}

LE
>)0+'+) CC 0
 
  
 D(λ)     &(   
O
ÉC

 

  maxλ∈R+ D(λ)

>)0+'+) CC -  




*
* 
    
     
+ !2(  $
 + $' !

>)0+'+) CC
 @ A     :
*    
+    *
%  G = (N , A)(  $    t : A → R+ (  +
%%    

      
 %
 [  

E
   


*
*( 

      %
   λ
U
IQ
  
 
*
*(  
  
  
 D(λ)  +  

N
   $
E
 '    

    
  
H
EC

  O  N
( 
  
 
      :
*  

T
 

Y
POL
>)0+'+) CC >
  
 &;( 
  
 4   Ji

E
      Rn 
 R  $  

 +∞ $ $

L
 (    
$
     
  0%
  ;(
O
ÉC
  
  
     + 
  >  C   
 &;  "   C ⊂ ∂J(x) 2    0 ∈ ∂J(x) '  
 
*
 

min t 
    y ∈ Rn , t ∈ R, Ji (y) ≤ t, ∀i ∈ I ,

   0 ∈ C   0   


  *  
( C = ∂J(x)

    @ "


       ';   
   "
"
  
"
    0 ,  (        !     

  

 


!  '  
 *    <    !
        $  "

  '       
   
 

  (          '   < 
 *  
U E
IQ
     '  "
    8'9 
    "
    0  #C

H N
  "
   '    & 
%
 (    -   
 Y
 &


  
 (     , 
      '      
E C
       (  
  
   
     
T
  
        (      
 "
  
LY
1
  C 
      ! ,    '   '  
O
P
"
  ' 
   
'

   6    4 6
% 

LE

  '       4    
 %  "

  
     

ÉC O
 
     

 
 

U E
N I
Q
"

 
          '   5 
 B   & 
 
H
  
  
 % ("
   
 ( *  

 '   4     %
  
 C
 B         T E
 

"
 "
 %
 
%E %  
     '   %  ("

Y 
4 
 

   "
 O
P L
 ! , 
      ' 
@ 
   '  1 "
   & 
,  '    9' 3

LE
  
 
  "
 
   '   4  "
   "
    
% 
    '         
 
  
   '  
4 O
C
  
* 
     '  9'      '     &
É  %   
4   4 K     '  
 (   - & 5 3
1  5 
 B       '  4  $
 
 "

  '       4 "
  %      4
     
%
  
 B     - 
 & 


 %  
      - 
 
  '  4 M   ' 

&   0  #/
  '  

 
 (  %    
0  #N      4 $ 
  "
   '  4
  % '  
  "
   '   < 
 K   "
   
U E
&    "
 = 4 
  ' 
%  '   
  

N IQ
 "
  
  
 - !        ? A O   . 1 7 ( 
J   IGI  "
 - !    !  5 B   
   Z
II/
EC H •

T
    
 
  (    &  A$    
Y
POL
 
  (    "
   
    
 
  '  "

 ;
   '      


' "
       
L E


%  "
  (    
 
% &    *
+ K  (   ("
    
 "
     %  
O
ÉC
  FCH!
'   %   F/H , (   %   

(
"
 "
   &      
     
% 

 
   ' 1    "
    "
        
'   
 (
"
 
  "
 
  %  % 
 
 
.  (   "
  
 

 ( ( '
    
   "
    %          %  
 
% &

 
 ' ,   ("
     +  "
   
% 

         '    !       
  
5 "
         
  &     "


   '     
   "
 •

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
 

U E
#442': : '2: 2:4#2: !2 ; '<2&
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
/
  0 . 

       = 0 ;
 


ÉC
  A 
 .# 

   
 T$U< *
   )  6
 A     
   ,   = 0 
 R

%@*'1',* C C :$ )   @/"  " $ )  - "   R'  $


 $ ) "  ' 
$" x, y'  " )" )   $     ) "
 ' $" x = x, x, $ ))  $ )  - " $ " )"
 " "  "  ; #! " $  " $-0$" $"  " ))"$"  "
) ,

U E
IQ
1 
  

 
  V
    = 0 A  x, y 

     

H N
%@*'1',* C C :$ $/ K ⊂ V
E C' )  " "
" " $-&
T x, y ∈ K " " "
LY
 θ ∈ [0, 1]' $" (θx + (1 − θ)y)
))"$"  , K

P O
E
 
       I   

 0 . ;. 

L
     T$U<
O
É C
4%,0?9) C C  $&) 30,<)+1',* :50 5* +,*2)>)6
/", " $ $-&  $$ - ,   " "
K ⊂V
" V
x ∈ V'
$ )   @
 &" $ $ 
xK ∈ K " 
x − xK = min x − y .
y∈K

8 P$  -$"' xK "  " )  ))"


xK ∈ K, xK − x, xK − y ≤ 0 ∀y ∈ K. ; <

$ )) xK  )> "$ "#0$   K  x,


U E
)9.0;5) C C
N IQ
 5     ) 
    PK A 6

E C H
 
  I   
 ,0 . K A   PK x = xK  @
. )    
 PK   
  8 0  A ,6?6  


LY T
PK x − PK y ≤ x − y ∀ x, y ∈ V . ;  <

P O
OLE

ÉC
   

U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) C C    
   . 8 K 
 
6  . 6

EC H
  8 W  1  A      ; <  xW . 

Y T xW ∈ W, xW − x, z = 0 ∀z ∈ W.

POL
9 (A  ; <  
:    y = xK ± z . z 
 
  W  •

O LE
  1  y
 
   &  "
 y % 
ÉC
n n
∈K

dn = x − y n  → d = inf x − y
y∈K
"
 n → +∞.
?   "
 yn 
 
  5
( 0
     
 
   
%
1 n 1 1
x − (y + y p )2 +  (y n − y p )2 = (d2n + d2p ).
2 2 2
$    %  K  (yn + yp)/2 ∈ K   x − 12 (yn + yp)2 ≥ d2    "


U E
IQ
y n − y p 2 ≤ 2(d2n + d2p ) − 4d2 ,

H N
 "
   "
 yn 
 
  5
( 5  V 
   B'   

T EC
     
 yn   %  % 
   xK   
   K 
*     xK   & K    "
   d = x − xK  5  
 
Y
POL

     %      *  
"
  xK   
   

 miny∈K x − y

L E
1  xK ∈ K     
 

 y ∈ K  θ ∈ [0, 1]   %  K 
xK + θ(y − xK )   & K   
O
É C x − xK 2 ≤ x − (xK + θ(y − xK ))2 .

0 %         %


x − xK 2 ≤ x − xK 2 + θ2 y − xK 2 − 2θ x − xK , y − xK ,

 "
   
θ > 0
0 ≥ −2 x − xK , y − xK  + θz2 .
0 *   θ %    '      ! A "
    xK "

%       

 y ∈ K  
x − y2 = x − xK 2 + xK − y2 + 2 x − xK , xK − y ≥ x − xK 2 ,
U E
IQ
HN
 "
 
% "
 xK  '   ;  (   x 
K  

%@*'1',* C C 
T E C
" V $ )   @/" )   ) "   , , $ )
Y
) / #/"$$  $//  V $  $// (en )n≥1 
L
PO
$"  V  " "#$ )   ) "   " "  )  - "

LE
$0$  ) ""  " $ $ V ,

ÉC O
 "

U E
" $ )   @/" ) IQ
0,3,:'1',* C C 
$ / #/"$$  ,   " " H
V
N
$"
) "   , "
 '  &" $ $ 
, 
(en )n≥1
 "
E
V
C)
  "    )"
(xn )n≥1
T
p x V
$-0 - $
n=1 xn en x
p

O L Y
"$ - $*$' " ""  " " *$

, 8 ) ' $ 
xn = x, en 

E P x 2 = x, x = |x, en |2 . ; <

$O  "L
n≥1

ÉC x=


n≥1
x, en en .


  1 
 
 (x n )n≥1    "
 limp→+∞ pn=1 xn en = x
    ;  
en     
       p!  
xn = x, en   "
 
% 
   
 (xn )n≥1  ?      
   
 ' ('  

 x ∈ V  

  > 0   y
 '      (en )n≥1   "
 x − y <  O P 
D(    
E

 
     Sp "
 & 
   z ∈ V  *     Sp z = zW 
U
N IQ
: zW    ;  (  
 
 %  W      p    
%
 (en )1≤n≤p  0 % 
 ! (z − Sp z)  (  & 
    W   
  
 & Sp z $  
 "

EC H
Y T
z2 = z − Sp z2 + Sp z2 , #!

POL
 "
  "


E
Sp z ≤ z∀z ∈ V.

O L
5  Sp z       (en )1≤n≤p   "
 (z − Sp z)  (  & (
 
(en )1≤n≤p   %  *  "


ÉC Sp z =

p

z, en en .
n=1


p 
     Sp y = y  y 
  '      (en )n≥1 
  "

Sp x − x ≤ Sp (x − y) + y − x ≤ 2x − y ≤ 2.

$  
   %   Sp x %  x .   %    "
  #! 
  2 2
lim Sp x = x ,
p→+∞

"
   
  "
  *
     C!    %
U E
IQ


H N
,   ,
 0  0  00 ,    
 
 

E C
   = 0     
. 
        
:6

T
Y
 ,   ,
 0  0  00

0,3,:'1',* C C 
O L
" V $ )   @/" )/ ,,  &" $ 
P
LE
$// $ $ V ,   &" $ / #/"$$ $//  V ,

ÉC O
$   

U E
  1   *     
 I
N Q     
% 
H
(vn )n≥1
 "
 & 
    &  
      
 
;
 
 
V vn

E
"
   ' !    
  
T C O  1(  &  *   '
 Y

 *  (    5     
 "
 

 %    L
(en )n≥1 [v1 , · · · , vn ] = [e1 , · · · , en ]

   . P O 


 ' (' 
 T % 
    
(en )n≥1 "
  (vn )n≥1

LE
V (en )n≥1 

ÉC O
%@*'1',* C C  " "  & )   @/" , :$ )) "$ 
V W
$ A  V $ W " " $"$   &" $ $"$" C " 
Ax W ≤ C x V ∀x ∈ V.

 )  )"" $"$" C  -* "" $0" "  $  )) "$


$ A'  "$" "
A =
Ax W
U E
IQ
sup .
x∈V,x=0 x V

H N
EC

. 
       
. ,
 
 
,  

T
    = 0 ;    ,
     

X 
 ,6

Y
       
< V     ) A  
    

POL
    V  W   
A    , 
 .  V    
) 

O L E
ÉC
%@*'1',* C C  " V $ )   @/" , $  V  " $/ 
 $ +,*1'*5):   V ' "  $/  )) "$ $
$"$   V $ R,  *$"$'  $  $ $" L ∈ V  "
|L(x)|
L V  = sup .
x∈V,x=0 x

1
    = 0 
  
      Q  

  + F ;.      T$U< 


 ,  )
   
= 0 ? 
   

4%,0?9) C C  $&) 0)30%:)*1.1',* &) '):Q6 " V $ )   @/"


U E
IQ
' " " V  $ ,   " "  $ $"$  L ∈ V   &" $
$  y ∈ V " 
H N
8 ) ' $  L V = y ,
L(x) = y, x ∀x ∈ V.

T E C


O LY
  1  M = KerL 6   
 
 *   V  L   

1 M = V
E P  
  % 1
    "
  
 M = V     
L
L y=0

ÉC O
 &

U E
 1   
z ∈ V \M zM ∈ M Q  & 
  ;  
 5  I 
   
    D(      (  & N
M z − zM

H
M z

     1   
C
M

Y T E z − zM

L
z0 = .
z − zM 

D
 %

P O  


LE
x∈V

É C O %
x = w + λz0 λ=
L(x)
L(z0 )
.

$ %    "


 L(w) = 0   w ∈ M  5 
% "
 V = Vect(z0 ) ⊕ M  
   zM   z0    w, z0  = 0  "
  "

L(x) = x, z0 L(z0 ),

 :  
   % y = L(z0 )z0 
  %! .
     
y = |L(z0 )|,

U E

N IQ
H
|L(x)| x, z0 

C 
LV  = sup = L(z0 ) sup .
x x∈V,x
=0 x

 
          E
x∈V,x
=0

"
 
LV  = y
L Y T   x = z0   "
  "



P O
L E
 
   
 
.      2%  & ;
 

O
    <      
 
. 
 
 ? 8  8 ?

ÉC
, 
 

4%,0?9) C C $ %3.0.1',* &!5* 3,'*1 )1 &!5* +,*2)>)6 " K $ )


" $-& $$ -  "   $ )   @/" V ' " x0 ∈/ K ,   &"
$ #!))$   V  ) " "$" x0 " K ' "   &" $
 $ L ∈ V  " α ∈ R " 
L(x0 ) < α < L(x) ∀x ∈ K . ; "<

  4   x   ;   x 


K  
"
 x
K 0 / K    xK − x0 = 0
0 ∈
1  L  *     

 y ∈ V  L(y) = xK − x0 , y    α =
(L(xk ) + L(x0 ))/2 .  !   L(x) ≥ L(xK ) > α > L(x0 ) 

 x ∈ K   "

U E
(%     
N IQ


E C H
/
 
 ) 0  
   5  7 %C%  ,


LY T
. 
   A 8  .      ,#6
 ,
 K 
 . ,
    = 0 V A   4B3)03-.*

P O
&!.335'  K 
   x
 # : H = {y ∈ V | L(y) = α}A .

LE
L ∈ V  A L = 0A  α ∈ RA  
 α = L(x) ≤ L(y)A 
 
 y ∈ C 

ÉC O
-   

U E
,0,--.'0) C C $B3)03-.* &!.335'6
)$" $"+  $ $-&   $ ) H
Q ))  $ " "
 &" $ I#!))$
 N@/"  $$ *$,
 C
K
  1 
   *  E
xn → x
x

L
  D(      Y T
I
K    
 

K
*
 


 * 
xn ∈ V \ K
 
 %
 
PO
n Ln

  "
 

Ln (xn ) ≤ Ln (y) 
  $ 
 (      5 
y∈K Ln 1 V



 E
      ( 
      "
 &   

V

L
Ln

 
  "
  %  % 
 *     "
   
 
O
Ln L

C
  
xn − x
 6 
    &    
É  
'
  %
1

L(x) ≤ L(y)
    "

Ln (xn ) = Ln (xn − x) + Ln (x)
"
 "
   y∈K
Ln (xn ) ≤ Ln (y)   "
   ;

|Ln (xn − x)| ≤ Ln xn − x =
  H = {y ∈ V | L(y) = L(x)}

 (  
  K  x 

        
% 
5            K
    
 Ln  '
 %
(  L 
     *'   
 "
 L = 0 5           ' K  
  2 &  
 *

 "
 
  % *   2  
% D
    K   
E
  *     x 
 
  2 &       *   
U
(  
  x
N IQ •

EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
 

U E
#=#'>:2 =)2 2 )#&  2''2
N IQ
EC H
Y T
POL
O LE
'     ? ,# 
 
  A  
  

ÉC

   
   
 
  #    ; 
 

      ) <A  
 
  .
  . 
 
,
   
6 I  ; .   
     ,
  
  
< *
 
    
 .# 
 
.  T U  TU


   3  

@  #     0 


  ? 
.  
 
 
U E
IQ
x ∈ Rn ;   <  ,
   0 
 
.

H N
EC
Ax = b, ;<

Y T
R A   ? ,0 Mn (R)      ,  nA  b ∈ Rn

POL

 . 
    0 E  GA    0 8

 ' 
A 

   . 0 A   (a1 , · · · , an )A  

L E

   ;<   

O
ÉC xi =
det(a1 , · · · , ai−1 , b, ai+1 , · · · , an )
detA
.

@ 
    
  8
   
: 
  0  7   ,
  A   8
  '  1,1.-)9)*1 '*.&.31%): 
 

:    
  ,
 #    9 (A 
 G   ,
 


  
   0  8 J  8
 
 n + 1     
   
 
.    ;
< 
     

 n! 
    3
A     '     
  (n + 1)!

   A  
 .  0 J   
 n = 50A   


E
 ( 
 

  
 8   ?  4 D ;
    , 
   <A    
   ,   4.8 1049  V 7H  
  

  
   
 
        ' ,
IQ U
H
   .   
    
 
  .  ;   0
N
,   # 
  ,   n3 <

T E C
/
 . 
 #     
   #    J 

LY
  A ,6?6  
  
  
    
 0
O
P
) , A    '1%0.1'2):A ,6?6  


 
 

LE

    
.  .  
   

ÉC O
 * 
 


U E
  "   
   I Q
H N
E C
/
 O       *,09) :5/,0&,**%) 
  6

T
Y
  @  Mn (R) ;  . Mn (C)< ,0    

P O L
 ;  . < ,  n 7H  ,     
A     A 
      
 
  ?  +6

L E " $ $ - "   , $     $ $



 A         

O
É C" ' "  / $$  "" $ - "' *$ )
%@*'1',* C C · Cn

Ax
A = sup .
x∈Cn ,x=0 x

* 0
         H 8O   .     

0  @ . )   
,
  
0    )   0 

   
 Mn (C) 

 Mn (R)
U E

)99) C C " · $ $ "   / $$   Mn (C),
N IQ
H
,   " " "  A'  $ A "   *$ )
EC
A = sup

LY T Ax = sup Ax .

O
x∈Cn ,x=1 x∈Cn ,x≤1

E P
,  &" xA ∈ Cn , xA = 0 "  A = Ax A

L .

ÉCO
xA
3,  "   $"" -* Id = 1.
9, $" A " B  & " , $  AB ≤ A B .
%9,*:10.1',*C       .        


  8    
 Ax     
 
    {x ∈ Cn , x = 1}
     . A   
  
  
 
   ,   
ABx ≤ A Bx  

)9.0;5) C C        


  
0  ? 
6

 
0 .     
      
  )  

E
n 2  9 (A   Id =
A = |a | n A  
,   0 



U
i,j=1 ij

IQ
 
0  •

H
@  A p     
0  ?   .   
 Cn
N
C
n

E
1/p
)  
 p ≥ 1  x p = ( i=1 |xi |p ) A  
 p = +∞  x ∞ =

Y T
max1≤i≤n |xi | @ 
 
        
0 

L
;1 
  

   A∗     I   A<

P O
LE
>)0+'+) C C "  

ÉC O

   *  
 

U E
N
 A 2 = A 2 = 
  
 *   A(

IQ

2 A 1 = max1≤j≤n ( ni=1 |aij |) (
 
EC H
 A ∞ = max1≤i≤n
Y T n
|a | 

POL
j=1 ij

)9.0;5) C C     


 H     
  

LE
 Mn (R)A   
    Mn (C)  R ⊂ C · C 
 

O
ÉC
.    Cn A  
 )      · R ? Rn 
 

 
.    Rn  *

    A ∈ Mn (R)A  
  )  

   
0  A C  A R 
Ax C Ax R
A C = sup  A R = sup .
x∈Cn ,x=0 x C x∈R ,x=0 x R
n

3    
 )   
. H    4Q  
 8
   
,9  A    
, [   x C 
   x 1 A x 2 A

U E

x ∞  ' A 
 ,
  .    
 .  A C > A R 

IQ
*  
A   
.   *   &   0    )   


N
C    
0  H       ', 

 
   C
H
EC
  1)       
0  •

T
%@*'1',* C C " A $ "  $ Mn (C), $ )) !$ ) "  A'
Y
POL
" $ $" ρ(A)'  &      -  ))  A,

O L E
 #   ρ(A) , 
  
 Mn (C) 9 (A  
 . 
ρ(A) = 0 . A = 0 ; A  A
    
  .  F

ÉC

   < ' A   6 
  
 ,
  

,0    


)99) C C  U " $ "  $" U ∗ = U −1' $  U A 2 = AU 2 =
A 2 ,  $ $"'  A " $ "  $ A∗ A = AA∗ '  A 2 =
ρ(A),
%9,*:10.1',*C ' U ∗ U = IdA  
U Ax 22 U ∗ U Ax, Ax
U A 22 = sup = sup = A 22 .
x∈Cn ,x=0 x 2 x, x
2
x∈Cn ,x=0

1,
 A     . 0 y = U x . ) x 2 = y 2 A  
U E
AU x 22 Ay 22 Ay 22
N IQ
AU 22 = sup
H 2 = A 2 .
2
= sup = sup

C
−1 y 2
x∈Cn ,x=0 x 2 y∈Cn ,y=0 U y∈Cn ,y=0 y 2
2

E
2

LY T
A  A     0 
 0   . 

   
  
    
 A 2 = diag(λi ) 2 = ρ(A) 

P O
LE
@      ,
   A .  #   ρ(A)

ÉC O
 * 
 


U E
$ $  / $$  I Q , $ 
0,3,:'1',* C C " ·
H N Mn (C)

T E C ρ(A) ≤ A .

L Y "  " 
C ) $"' )  " " "  " )  " "  '  &" $ $
  O
A  > 0
 / $$
E P
· )$ A 

O L A ≤ ρ(A) + . ; <

ÉC %9,*:10.1',*C   λ ∈ C
 .
   A  
 ρ(A) = |λ|A  x0 = 0

 . 
    ;Ax0 = λx0 < @ 

λx0 = ρ(A) x0 = Ax0 ≤ A x0 ,

,R , 
 ρ(A) ≤ A  '  . 
  x0 
 H A 
   ,
  
  .   
 Cn H 

   

E
; 8 +
 < + 
A   
   U . 0  

T = U −1 AU    
  
 
 *
 
 δ > 0  ) 
  
  Dδ = diag(1, δ, δ 2 , · · · , δ n−1 )    
    Tδ )  
IQ U
H N
EC
Tδ = (U Dδ )−1 A(U Dδ ) = Dδ−1 T Dδ

. )
Y T
POL
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
t11 δt12 ··· δ n−1
t1n t11 t12 ··· t1n


Tδ = ⎜
O
0
L E 








. T = ⎜
0






⎟.

ÉC
⎜    ⎟ ⎜     ⎟
⎝    δtn−1n ⎠ ⎝     ⎠
0 ··· 0 tnn 0 ··· 0 tnn

9   > 0A  


    δ 
:   
 
   6
 
  Tδ      
 A   
 
A 
 
 1 ≤ i ≤ n−1A

n
δ j−i |tij | ≤ .
j=i+1

3 ,   B → (U Dδ )−1 B(U Dδ ) ∞ 


  
0  ;
6
  A  < 
. ) 0  ; < 

U E

)99) C C
 -$"
" A $ "   Mn (C),  " $ "$  -$" $"
N IQ
, limi→+∞ Ai = 0'
E C H
, limi→+∞ Ai x = 0 )  " " - "  x ∈ Cn '
3, ρ(A) < 1' LY T
P O
9,  &"  $ $ $ "   / $$ "  A < 1,
O LE
ÉC

   *  
 

U E
N IQ
%9,*:10.1',*C 7 
 ,0 
 ;<  
 ; < ,   

EC H
Ai x ≤ Ai x

Y T
POL
 
 limi→+∞ Ai x = 0 9
A ; <  
 ;< A  ρ(A) ≥ 1A    
λ  x = 0  
 Ax = λx  |λ| = ρ(A)A A  
A  
 Ai x = λi x 

LE

  .  .  ' L;<  
 ;<M 
 
   

ÉC O
  *   &A    
 
,?  
 ;<  
 ;< *
 A
       
0   
 A < 1A   

Ai ≤ A i → 0 
 i → +∞,

 
 
 Ai  .  

  '



  & 

E
3.          
   #   A  
 8

U
IQ
.
  0       0  
 
 
 ,  9 (A

N

  
  ,#    
  A          ? 


H
EC

0  0 
   
   0  J ,0 
  

T
$ 0  ;  
8  ? 
 - 
$  (   )  8<  8
  8  

Y
  
 . 0 
 ,  ? 
    

 ,
 


POL
   
 
  
   #    
, )  

   0 9  
A 
        
 ?

L E
 8  )J+.+): )1 :1./-): '  )    
     
O
ÉC
  *
 
 )  A  
       
,
  

%@*'1',* C C " $ $ "   / $$  $ $" A -
 8*$"$ 3,,, $ )) $ "$$$"  $ "  A ∈ Mn (C)' "
 "" $'  -  *$ )
cond(A) = A . A−1 .

'       .   


 , )    6

   ;  0 
 < 



0,3,:'1',* C C 
U E
" A $ "  $-/, " b = 0 $ - "  $$ $ ,
, " x " x + δx   "$ ) "-  !"+
N IQ
C H
Ax = b ' " A(x + δx) = b + δb.
E
 $ 
LY T
P O
δx
≤ cond(A)
δb
. ;<

LE
x b

ÉC O
 * 
 


U E
  "$ ) "-  !"+I Q
, " x " x + δx
' " C H
N
Y T
Ax = b
E (A + δA)(x + δx) = b.

POL
 $ 
δx δA
≤ cond(A) ;<

LE
.
x + δx A

O
8 ) '  $0" $" )",
ÉC
)9.0;5) C C @  
,
    0         6
      ; .
   <  
,       
      3 
  
   *   A  6
 
  8
 8    
 
 ,   

 #   


       •
%9,*:10.1',*C *
     
A  
 
 Aδx = δbA
  δx ≤ A−1 . δb  @A   
 b ≤ A x A  
 ;<
U E
IQ
'       
 
. J 
 
   AA    δb 
N
H
x ;
   A<  
 ;<   8 
    9 (A ,


EC
      
0  ;.     <    x 

T

 b = A x     δb  
 δx = A−1 δb 
Y
POL
*
 0  ;<  
 
 Aδx + δA(x + δx) = 0A   δx ≤
A−1 δA x + δx A  
 
 ;< *
   ,  A  .

O L E
 
 
 
   A   
 
0  δA 
   0
b 
 
  #     4Q  
     y = 0  
 A−1 y =

ÉC
A−1 y    
     
 @  δA = Id  b = (A + δA)y  @ . )
 
 y = y + δx  δx = −A−1 y A   δA = ||  0  ,   
;< 

     



     
 

condp (A) = A p A−1 p 


 p = 1, 2, +∞,

R   A p    )      @ . )
8 
   0   
  

>)0+'+) C C )  


 A ∈ Mn (C)   
U E
 cond(A) = cond(A−1 ) ≥ 1( cond(αA) = cond(A) ∀α = 0(
N IQ
2   
 ( cond2 (A) = µµn1 (A)
H
( 4 µ1 (A), µn (A)   
(A)

E C
 
     
 *
 
 *   A(
T
O Y
   
 
( cond2 (A) = |λ
L |λ1 (A)| ( 4 |λ1 (A)|, |λn (A)|   
n (A)|

P
 
     
 *
 
     A(

LE
    
 
 U ( cond2 (U ) = 1(

ÉC O

   *  
 "

U E
N IQ
!    
 
 U ( cond2 (AU ) = cond2 (U A) = cond2 (A)

EC H
>)0+'+) C C "       

  * Kh (  

Y T

  2  
 %      P1
 


( 

POL 4

LE
cond2 (Kh ) ≈ . ;"<
π 2 h2

ÉC O
  
  
   Kh 



λk = 4h−2 sin2 1 ≤ k ≤ n,
2(n + 1)

     uk   


  
 
 
jkπ
ukj = sin 1 ≤ j, k ≤ n.
n+1

U E
IQ
)9.0;5) C C  ,   ;"<
         6

N
 Kh 0    A .   
 9 (A     
H
EC
)  .   h = 1/(n + 1)  . F 3
 A  
   

T

. H 0
 
               7 

Y
  A  . 0 
 , 
    0 

   

POL
 
 ,H   ) 
      
    uh 
(        2 

A  ,      
  

L E
  0 bh
#    Kh Uh = bh ,  
 
    
O
ÉC
      *      ,     
,       A  ,O  
,  0
 

 . 
 b 

 . 
   Kh   ?  
   .
  λn  1, ,96
 A
  . 
    8 
     ; 
     ,
   ? ,
<    0 bh  
 L
 M
; ,6?6  
,   0       K   . 
  uk  Kh <A
 
    
   *     0
δx δb
≤ C(K) ,
x b
R C(K) 
      n ',    
 . 

U
 
A        I
 ) ,
         
E
)       ,
 ,   
 
  


N IQ •

  5    
E C H
%14,&) &!%-'9'*.1',* &) #.5::
LY T
P O
,             ?  
  ,
 #

LE
         
  9 (A  
  ,
 #   A

ÉC O
$ * 
 


U E
N IQ
T x = bA R    T   
   . 0A   8    

0 
  
 . 9 (A  #

EC H

Y T ··· ···

POL

⎪ t1,1 x1 + t1,2 x2 + t1,n xn = b1

⎪ 

⎪ 
⎨ t2,2 x2 + ··· t2,n xn = b2

OLE
   .

⎪   

ÉC

⎪ tn−1,n−1 xn−1 + tn−1,n xn = bn−1


tn,n xn = bn

 
  
 ,0 xn = bn /tn,n A 
 xn−1 A     
 I

,? x1 
@      0)9,*1%) ;    ,
    
  8 
A
        

     
   x1 ? xn  
&):+)*1)< +
 
 ,    
 # T x = b  . 
  T  1  H  A    ,     4
 . 
 
# Ax = b  
 , .     A
U E
IQ
   ,     4
        J

N
; <     J 
 ,
   M . 0  
 M A = T    6
H
EC

  
 
A

T
; <   ? I

  0 J 
  
  M bA

Y
; < 
0 
  J 
 
#  
  T x = M b    6

POL


E
,   ,
    M      
 
.   .

L

   
 . 
,   ,
 
    ,  6
O
ÉC
   4


0,3,:'1',* C C  " A $ "   $-/  $$,  &" 


$ $ "  $-/ M "   "  T = M A " "$0   )
 ,
        
 
 
    Ak  1 ≤ k ≤ n  
 (k − 1)             E  
         

%    A1 = A & An = T "
   
  
 
 $   akij 1≤i,j≤n
       Ak     %   Ak   akkk  
  
  Ak &    Ak+1  
 
 '  "
  %  akkk   
 1
  
  k    %
 
    
       % 

U E
IQ
    
 
    &     
      k    
 
   k     *   '        
 %
 k   
H N
E C

     +
     
% $
 Ak 
  
T
 
  P k 
' Ãk = P k Ak  "
   %  ãkkk     
 1 akkk = 0
LY
   
     P k = Id 1    akik = 0 % i ≥ k + 1  
 
O
P
k    %  i     P k = (e1 , ..., ek−1 , ei , ek+1 , ..., ei−1 , ek , ei+1 , ..., en ) 

LE

      k     
    akik % i ≥ k   
    

ÉC O

   *  
 &

U E
  & *  S! 
 
 Ã k

N I Q

     k

H
E

 EC
⎛ ⎞

T
1

Y
⎜ ⎟

L
⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟

PO
⎜  ⎟
⎜  ⎟

OLE
⎜ 1 ⎟
E =⎜
k 
⎜  ãk ⎟,
⎟ CN!
⎜ − k+1,k
1 ⎟

ÉC
ãk
⎜   ⎟

k,k
⎜  ⎟
⎜   ⎟
⎝ ãk

0 − ãn,k
k 1
k,k

 "
   
      k      
     $  
⎛ ⎞
ã111 ··· ··· ··· ··· ã11n
⎜   ⎟
⎜ 0  ⎟

⎜  


U E
IQ
⎜  ãkk,k ãkk,k+1 ··· ãkk,n ⎟
k+1
= E Ã = ⎜
k k
⎜ 

H N
A ⎟
⎜  0 ak+1 ··· ak+1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 
C  
k+1,k+1 k+1,n

⎝ 
T E   ⎠

LY
0 ... 0 ak+1
n,k+1 ··· ak+1
n,n

% ak+1 P O
= ãkij − ã ãkk,j 
k + 1 ≤ i, j ≤ n    Ak+1    '  * 
k

E
i,k

L
ij k

  %  k        


"
   E  
     
ÉCO
k,k

(n − 1)     An   


  
 
  %  An = M A % M =
E n−1 P n−1 ...E 1 P 1     M  % '  detP i = ±1  detE i = 1
$ 
   & ;
    '  &  
 M b! 
*
 & 

"
   
    P k  E k  $  

 
     '  (bk )1≤k≤n
 
b1 = b, bk+1 = E k P k bk 
1 ≤ k ≤ n − 1,
   ' bn = M b 

       Ax = b    
 "
& 
 
   An x = M b : An = T 
    
  
 
 

   #
6  
"
"
   "
   (    
 O

 $  
 ;  M S $   '  
    E k  P k 

U E

 M b  An 
 1 A   % '  % 
%
      An = T 
   
N IQ
C H
%  
%  
  T x = M b         
;
  '
E
k + 1 & n
LY T
C  k    "
       k + 1 & n         

P O
# 5  
 
      O
  
 
     

LE
  A 0 +   detA = ± detT     '   
  +


ÉC O
- * 
 


U E
(  

   %   
%  N
I Q

  

/ 
'
 
' 
 "
   

 H
      
  
 *
 (   
  %   'C
ãkkk



 $  "
   *
Y
akkk
% T
  
  
 E 

%
' 
 ?   "
  % 
  &  
 
  % 
ãkkk


! $P  O
      
k L         *      


       
  %   ' 

LE
  
"
   *
 %         
  %   '
 * 
        
ÉC O 
      !
(n − k) × (n − k)

%14,&) &) -. =.+1,0':.1',*



      ? 8      A 
 
  
  
 
  A = LU A R L   
  8 
 ;L 
 LCM    < 

U E
U   
  
 
 ;U 
 L
M    <  ,   8 
H
   
 
 ,     4
    
  R ,* *) 3'2,1)

IQ
<.9.':  8  0   8      AA  
 
#   
N

 U x = y 
EC H
Ax = b  
. ?    
   
 #  
  Ly = b

Y T
POL
0,3,:'1',* C C  " $ "  A = (aij )1≤i,j≤n   n "  " "
  "  0$   k' *$ )

O L E ⎛ ⎞

ÉC
a11 ··· a1k
⎜ ,, ,,, ,, ⎟
∆k = ⎝ , , ⎠,
ak1 ··· akk

$" $-/,  &" $ $   )  "  (L, U )' - U "$0 
 ) ' " L "$0  $  !$" $ 0$  ' " 
A = LU.

)9.0;5) C C  ,#   *   " ,   0


9 (A   .   A  A A  )    . 9 (A  ∆k ,
 . 0A    
 . 
  
 xk ∈ Ker∆k     
U E
N
 F  

 . 
  
 x = (xk , 0) 
. ) Ax · x = 0A  

IQ
     )   8  A

E C H •

LY T
%9,*:10.1',*C
 
,

  ,     4
  ,#    06
   8   
  
     .A ,6?6  
 
   . 6

P O

 akkk   
 3A .      *      An =

LE
E n−1 ...E 1 A . E k )   ;$< @  U = An  L = (E 1 )−1 ...(E n−1 )−1 

ÉC O

   *  
 

U E
N IQ
3   A = LU      ? . ) 
 L  0   
  86

EC H
 
  
 8   
 (E k )−1 ,0  8  ?    E k  6

T
      
   A ,6?6  
A  lik = aki,k /akk,k A

Y
POL

 k + 1 ≤ i ≤ nA  
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 1

OLE
⎜  ⎟ ⎜  ⎟
⎜ 0  ⎟ ⎜ 0  ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟

ÉC
⎜  ⎟ ⎜  ⎟
⎜  ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
Ek = ⎜
1 ⎟ , (E k )−1 = ⎜  1 ⎟.
⎜   ⎟ ⎜   ⎟
⎜  −lk+1,k  ⎟ ⎜  +lk+1,k  ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜    ⎟ ⎜    ⎟
⎝    ⎠ ⎝    ⎠
0 −ln,k 1 0 +ln,k 1

 
 
  
 L   
  8 
  
  k 6  
 H 
   (E k )−1
⎛ ⎞
U E
IQ
1 0 ... 0

⎜ l2,1    

 ⎟
 ⎟
H N
EC

L=⎜  ⎟.
  ⎟
⎝   

Y T 0 ⎠

POL
ln,1 . . . ln,n−1 1

 8
   . ) 
   .  ,
  
 ,# 8  


L E
   ∆k  @  . )  
      . a11   
 

O
ÉC
  ? ∆1 
 . 0 @ 
 
 
   . I

,? ,  k − 1 
 
 7 
  
.
 . akkk  
  
 '  k − 1
   .   
A   

   0    Ak  @   
 ,   (E 1 )−1 ...(E k−1 )−1 Ak = A 
  8 ,
      
 0   k  k   k 
L11 0 U11 Ak12 ∆ A12
= ,
Lk21 Id Ak21 Ak22 A21 A22
. U11k
A Lk11 A  ∆k  0      k A  Ak22 A IdA  A22  0  
   n − k  9  
     
        0 A 
0 
Lk11 U11
k
= ∆k ,

U E
IQ
R U11
k

    
  
 
A  Lk11
    
  86
= (Lk11 )−1 ∆k 
N
 
 .   
    @  
 
    U11k

@
E C H
. 0  
    . 0       


k
detU11 =
# k

LY
akii = 0, T
P O i=1

LE
   . akkk ? , k   


ÉC O
  * 
 


U E
N IQ
   
 
,? . ) ,
    
        6
  A = L1 U1 = L2 U2  @  
 
 L−1

EC H −1 −1
2 L1 = U2 U1 A R    L2 L1

T
−1
  
  8 
  U2 U1   
  
 
  .



Y
& 9   
  
  A       L−1

POL
2 L1
   A   L−1 −1
2 L1 = U2 U1 = Id 

O LE

)99) C C  " T $ "  "$0  $ , $ $-  &"
ÉC
"   $ "  "$0  $  "  $" 0$ & $"  $
-  $" 0$ &  T , " T  $  " "  "$0  $ ,
 ) " T T  "   "$0  $ ' "  $" 0$ & $"  )
"  $" 0$ &  T "  T ,
/
   
 
     
 &

.-+5- 30.1';5) &) -. =.+1,0':.1',*


C @ 
 
  8    LU
U E
IQ
;   < ,
   A   )    A 

 LU  9 
A = (aij )1≤i,j≤n A 

H N
EC
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞

T
1 0 ... 0 u1,1 ... ... u1,n

Y
⎜    ⎟ ⎜  ⎟

L
⎜ l2,1    ⎟ ⎜  ⎟
⎟, U = ⎜ 0 u2,2

PO
L=⎜
⎜  ⎟ ⎜  
⎟,

⎝    ⎝   
  0 ⎠   ⎠
E


O
ln,1
L . . . ln,n−1 1 0 ... 0 un,n

ÉC
 L   
  8 
  U  
  
 
A 
 1 ≤ i, j ≤ n 
. 
n 
min(i,j)
ai,j = li,k uk,j = li,k uk,j .
k=1 k=1

9  )         A   


    L 
 U  3  A  .  
  (j − 1)     L   U  8  
 (j − 1)     AA     j 6   A

 
E
i i−1

U
ai,j = li,k uk,j ⇒ ui,j = ai,j − li,k uk,j 
 1 ≤ i ≤ j,

IQ
k=1 k=1

N
j j−1

H
ai,j − k=1 li,k uk,j
⇒ li,j = 
 j + 1 ≤ i ≤ n.
C
ai,j = li,k uk,j

E
ujj

T
k=1

LY
@ 
   j      j 6   U   n − j
O
P
     j 6   L  8    
 (j − 1)  

LE
 @ .     . ujj 
   H  
 V

ÉC O

   *  
  

U E
N IQ
-(,0'149) *59%0';5)C @     
6   8 
 ,  

EC H
  ?          @ .   .  
 ,  


T
   A    J ? , k  
  k 6   LA 


Y
POL
 8  P  F 
      k 6   ( 
 
0        k 6   . 
     k + 1 ? n '

LE
? , k  k       k − 1        
 
  )A  
  % 
 H 0
A     

ÉC O
  AA    Ak  Lk = (E 1 )−1 ...(E k−1 )−1 ;   % 
  
  . 
  Lk ?     F  Ak 
      k − 1  
< 3  )  0
      L  U ;L     86
 
 ;     <  U     
 
<

( k = 1, n − 1 ←− )  k
( i = k + 1, n ←−   i
aik = aakk
ik
←−     *
( j = k + 1, n
U E
IQ
aij = aij − aik akj ←−        i  k

N
+     j
+     i
+     k
EC H
Y T
POL
,931) &!,3%0.1',*:C *
 
 ,:    ,      6
       0 ,     ?     ;

L E
   ?   ,
  

  
< @  
 

O
ÉC
   0 , A    
     .6
 # 
 
    n    1 
A 
   )
   
  
     .   ;        0
  
H     
<
W 9    
     J  0 ,  Nop 

n−1 
n 
n
Nop = (1 + 1),
j=1 i=j+1 k=j+1


A 
   A  Nop ≈ n3 /3
W
0 
  ;
6   
  
 #  
 < J 
0 ,  Nop     8


U E

IQ
n
Nop = 2 j,

H N
C
j=1


A 
   A  Nop ≈ n 
Y
2
T E
P O L
3
  
  ,
 #    Ax = b       8   
   Nop ≈ n3 /3    n2    0 . n3 
 n 

LE
 

ÉC O
 * 
 


U E
N IQ
)9.0;5) C C  @
   
      8     
 


EC H
    , . ,
   *
 0  A−1 A    A 

T
8 
    
 n #    .     0  . 


Y
POL
 0 (ei )1≤i≤n ; 
0 
   
 A    . 
  0 ei  
0
  
A  
    ,    . L<
 0 ,  
 
 A−1 

OLE n3  j 2
n

ÉC
n2
Nop ≈ + + n( ) ≈ n3 .
3 j=1
2 2

*
 
     AA    A  8 
    

    U ; 
 L .
 <A  
    
  
   
  
  U  
 ;n − 1 
   <  0 , 

 
 detA   Nop ≈ n3 /3 •

%14,&) &) 4,-):DB


U E
N IQ
',
   
 , 
 
,
   # 
 A ) 
  . 9   ? 8  
   A 
  8 A = BB ∗ R B 

EC H

    
  8 
 ; B ∗   I  
<

Y T
0,3,:'1',* C C " A $ "  !"  ' *$ )"-,  &"

POL
$ $  "   B "$0  $ ' "  "   $" 0
$ & $" )"' "  -*
O L E
ÉC
A = BB ∗ .

%9,*:10.1',*C *      *   "A   



 
 

   (L, U )  
 A = LU . U  
  
 
  L  
 
8 
 #
     @  D      )   D =

diag( uii )    0              
"
U 
 
  
        0   
 ki=1 uii =
det∆k > 0A R ∆k   
6    ,  k    AA  

uii      8 @   B = LD  C = D−1 U 
. ) A = BC 
' A = A∗ A   
 C(B ∗ )−1 = B −1 (C ∗ ) 9 .

 &
   C(B ∗ )−1   
  
 
A   
 B −1 C ∗   
 

U
 B  C   HA      B −1 C ∗ ,  
 
  A E
8 
 9   
  
   1 
A    


IQ
,6?6  
 C(B ∗ )−1 = B −1 C ∗ = IdA  C = B ∗  *
  ,
 
N
E C H
       '%#A  
 
,    
 8    A =
B1 B1∗ = B2 B2∗ A ,R B2−1 B1 = B2∗ (B1∗ )−1  1
 &A   
 


LY T
B2−1 B1 = D = diag(d1 , ..., dn )A   
 A = B2 B2∗ = B2 (DD∗ )B2∗  ' B2
 . 0A  .  D2 = Id  di = ±1 @ 
  :   
 ,


P O
     '%#    8  # 1 di = 1A  
 


LE
B1 = B2  

ÉC O

   *  
  

U E
N IQ
.-+5- 30.1';5) &) -. =.+1,0':.1',* &) 4,-):DBC 9  
A  
  8 6

EC H

  '%# B   )    ,   A = BB ∗    A = (aij )1≤i,j≤n A

T
B = (bij )1≤i,j≤n . bij = 0  i < j  *
 1 ≤ i, j ≤ nA  . 

Y
POL

n 
min(i,j)
aij = bik bjk = bik bjk .

LE
k=1 k=1

ÉC O
9  )         A ;
  A  
.  

H 

 A  # 
<   
    B  3  A  . 

  (j − 1)     B  8    (j − 1)   
 AA     j 6   A  
    
1
2
j 2 
j−1
ajj = (bjk )2
⇒ bjj = 3ajj − (bjk )2
k=1 k=1
 j−1

E
j
ai,j − k=1 bjk bi,k

U
ai,j = bjk bi,k ⇒ bi,j = 
 j + 1 ≤ i ≤ n.

IQ
bjj
k=1

H N
@ 
   j 6   B  8     (j − 1)   

EC
3 

   A   G 
A  A  # 
 )    .A

Y T
  
       
   8 3
 A  A ,

POL
 )    .A  
. 
 ajj − j−1 (b
k=1 jk )2
≤ 0 

    j A 

H     ,  

O L E
-(,0'149) *59%0';5)C ,    '%# 
 ,    8O  6

ÉC
  
  
 
 0

    A  
   
?


8 
 B  +
 
,  
:   %     8 
  A 


A  # 


( j = 1, n
( k = 1, j − 1
ajj = ajj − (bjk )2
+     k

ajj = ajj
( i = j + 1, n
( k = 1, j − 1
aij = aij − bjk bik
U E
+     k
N IQ
H
aij
aij =

C
ajj

E
+     i
+     j

LY T
P O
,931) &!,3%0.1',*:C *
 
 ,:        '%# 

LE
  0 ,  ;
 
  
   <    ?   6

ÉC O
  * 
 


U E
N IQ
   0      n 
   0   
, 

EC H
T
W 2     '%# J  0 ,  Nop 

Y
POL
⎛ ⎞

n 
n
⎝(j − 1) + j⎠ ,

OLE
Nop =
j=1 i=j+1

ÉC W

A 
   A  Nop ≈ n3 /6

0 
  J  8
 ( 

  
   
  #
 
    ? B  B ∗   0 ,   
   
Nop ≈ n2 
    '%#     . &)5> =,': 3-5: 0.3'&) 

  4
 

   # 
 )    .

.10'+): /.*&): )1 9.10'+): +0)5:):


U E
N IQ

,
    0

  :  
A   
,  +0)5:) 

EC H
  
    ?       A   
    



 /.*&) *
  
 #    ;
  


Y T
      )     
  
  <A 

POL

     ,        %     
 


 #    '        


O L E
:$ "  " " "  /$ '  0 
 /$ 
0 
C
%@*'1',* C C
É   /$  "  ,
# 0$ p∈N
A ∈ Mn (R)

2p + 1
 $" -*$" ) 
ai,j = 0 , 
|i − j| > p

, H    0  .      


.

>)0+'+) C C "   


 
 H   0%=:  
 
 
  


)9.0;5) C C  8       '%# .  





E
0    A  ,    H  
 

 
 9 A 
A  
 ;H ? ,  
 ,
 0 <A  8 
 L  U A 
B  B ∗ 
L M ;    
< ? ,  
   H 0 
IQ•U
H N
T E C
,  
.   
 )    
,  #  ?
      0 

LY
>)0+'+) C C "  (   
 
 $ n   
*
O
P
 
 p(    $ 
  

 
 H  O(np2 /3)    

LE

 
  0%=:  O(np2 /6)

ÉC O

   *  
  "

U E
N IQ
* 
    
 9 
 ,0      %

EC H
   
       
 '    % 
 

T
  
    A  0 
       0 /
 6

Y

     % A  :1,+D.() ,0:)A 

   A

POL
 

,  ,
     
 
 
        

LE
      ⎛ ⎞
9 0 −3 0

ÉC O A=⎝
⎜ 7 −1 0 4 ⎟
0 5
1 0 −1 2
2 0
⎠.

   A   %A     A 


 0
?
 
 

 @ ) 
 0
 
 
  0
     A 

 J 
   
; ;i<<       
 
   i @  
 0  ,
 0
 


 
    

  %  
 J  ai,j   %  
(k)A   

(k) = j 

U E
 0   
  A    ?   
. 
  

;

. 
 
<  0     A    ?   
. 
 
1  A  
N IQ

  


EC H
Y T
POL
9 1 1
−3 3 3

E
7 1 6

O L −1 2 8

ÉC
4 4
5 2
2 3
1 1
−1 3
2 4

9 A  8       '%# ,


   
 

 8 
 L M . 
,  
 ;        
 6
    L  M       :   
      
0 < 9  
A    
  
.   
   6
 . 
 
 .   
6    6 
 9 (A  

U E
IQ
 6. 
  8  ? .
 .  #   % 

H N
;5'2.-)*+) &!,3%0.1',*: )1 .-(,0'149) &) 10.::)*
$   "
 "
 
  (    
  T C
E   
  
 
             "
  
Y
OL6
 
n3  %  %   A  "
 C)!
   
 
% "
   P


   
     n     
  T   

O L E    "
 %   
  

ÉC
 $ * 
 


U E
N
      "
 
   
   ' I Q"
 %    ' &
    %

    ' 
  "
!
C H
  #     !   T  E
 !
   Y
 !     !     !6!  !1
O L       !

         !        

E
  !    P

    !    
  
           
O(nα ) α≥2
         
L 1    '      

 
  ( 
O(nα )

O
 
É C   "
   C
I(n)
% 
α≥2  ?   "
 
  ( 
I(n) ≤ Cn α
A−1



   
     '     
AB   "
  

P (n) C
"
 P (n) ≤ C  nα %      α $   "
 "

−1
Id A 0 Id −A AB
0 Id B = 0 Id −B .
0 0 Id 0 0 Id

  "
   
 AB  '
 % 
   C *  
  . 
U E
P (n) ≤ I(3n) ≤ C3α nα .
N IQ
EC H
1   P (n)   '      

 AB 
  (    
"
  C  α %  P (n) ≤ Cnα  ?   "
 
  (  


Y T
A−1     '      I(n)   "
  C  
"
 I(n) ≤ C  nα %

POL
     α $   "
 "


E
 −1  

O L A B
=
A−1 + A−1 B∆−1 CA−1
−∆−1 CA−1
−A−1 B∆−1
∆−1
.

ÉC
C D

% ∆ = D − CA−1 B   *      1(


! $  

I(2n) ≤ 2I(n) + 6P (n),

        0    *


 
n = 2k   '


k−1

k−1

I(2k ) ≤ 2k I(1) + 6 2k−i−1 P (2i ) ≤ C 2k + 2k−i−1+αi .


i=0 i=0

5  α ≥ 2   

I(2k ) ≤ C  2αk .
1 n = 2k 

 k   k  "
 2k < n < 2k+1  $        A 
U E

 
      2k+1
N IQ

A 0


E C H
T
0 Id

: Id      2k+1 − n $ '


O LY
P
LE

I(n) ≤ C (2 k+1 α
) ≤ C  2α nα ,

ÉC O

   *  
  &

U E
 "
   
   IQ
N      
%  ! 

E
$      
"
 
   H
C ? 

 
%   1 
 
T
n
 
%   *       
 INI   "
   Y
n3

P

     L
"

%  0 + 1    
 
  (  
O
      
  '

      
 6  n

LE
'

   ( 
O
É C5 

%
Nop (n) = O(nlog2 7 ) log 2 7 ∼ 2, 81. CG!

 
 & * 
   
     K   
% 
   ( 
 
  "
     '         % 
  n
  
;
  
%  
 (   ' &  
 "
  
 


    α  "
 Nop (n) = O(nα )! 0%  
     
      
    (      '  (   1 
 +%  
 
 
  
! ?(

    (  

%   '   ' 
 "
      
  ! "
  


   "

 (   1    
   
%   ' '  S
U E
  # # (+  -  ,      !  
N I Q   # 
 ;  
E C H
    C !     <       < !        

  ,   


  Y "
 T
 
P 
OL  

E
a b α β m1 + m2 − m4 + m6 m4 + m5

L
= ,
m2 − m3 + m5 − m7

ÉCO
c d γ δ m6 + m7
%
m1 = (b − d)(γ + δ) m5 = a(β − δ)
m2 = (a + d)(α + δ) m6 = d(γ − α)
m3 = (a − c)(α + β) m7 = (c + d)α
m4 = (a + b)δ
$   ' G
   )   

   
     CC  "
    
   1 
 
 %'          
  '    
% 0
 
     %  
   ' 
1   
     n = 2k  $ 
     # '   
k−1
   "
     1  1      
  
 
E
2
 
      '      Nop (n) 
+
   
  

  % 
IQ U
N
k k−1 k−1 2
Nop (2 ) = 7Nop (2 ) + 18(2 ) ,

E C H
    
     n "
  n2   , 
    

L
Nop (2k ) = 7k Nop (1) + 18
Y

k−1

T
7i 4k−1−i ≤ 7k (Nop (1) + 6) .

$  
 *  "
   ' P O i=0

O L E       Nop (n) %   '  CG!

ÉC
 - * 
 


U E
  5  $ 
N IQ
EC H
    .  
   
    

Y T
  
   
 9 (A         
.

POL
. 
 G  
    %      0  8 ;  
 
8     
 '%#    ,   n3  < 'O

LE

         .

ÉC O
%@*'1',* C C " A $ "  $-/, $ $" " $  )"$
0 +  A $ $0 1)""$02' "  $  )  "  (M, N ) -
M $-/ "    $- $  )"  "  A = M − N ,  "# 
""- /    )""$0 (M, N ) " *$ )

x0 $$ $ Rn ,
;-<
M xk+1 = N xk + b ∀k ≥ 1.

U E
 
  
    xk .  .
    x 
 k  .

IQ
, ) A A    ?          
  ;-<A  0 
N
(M − N )x = Ax = b.
EC H
Y T
POL
* 
A   
  
    . A      8 
 
 
#   

O L E
1,
    .
  
A  8
 .  
  
 H   A ,6
?6  ? 
  xk  
:     
   
 x '

ÉC
  P  xA   
    ,H  
  
 x − xk ≤  R
        *   P Ax ;
.
 b<A 
   ,H
8

    b − Axk ≤  ' A     A−1    
  
 H 
 

x − xk ≤ A−1 b − Axk ≤  A−1



   H  

%@*'1',* C C $ "  $ "#  ""- " $-0$" ' ;5)- ;5)
:,'1 -) +4,'> &5 2)+1)50 '*'1'.- x0 ∈ Rn '   "   "$ )) # xk
$-0 -   "$ & " x,
U E
N IQ
H
@    
        
:  .  

1)   " 
     #  <
T E C
,
    . ? , 
#       ,   ;.  

O LY
 "#  ""- *$ ) 3, $-0  "  $" 

)99) C C
P
LE
 !$ ) "   "  ""$ M −1 N -* ρ(M −1 N ) < 1,

ÉC O

   *  
  

U E
%9,*:10.1',*C @ )  ,
 ek = xk − x @ 
N IQ
EC H
ek = (M −1 N xk−1 + M −1 b) − (M −1 N x + M −1 b) = M −1 N ek−1 = (M −1 N )k e0 .

Y T
POL
*   
 -A   
 
 ek  . A 
 
   e0 A
  
  ρ(M −1 N ) < 1 

O LE
.   "
      
     & 
  *
 

 %
   ! 5 
"
 
 
     
   % 
ÉC  "
 

  #  " A  !   !   &     "    !  
  ;  A  &   A = M − N  M   2   !   (M ∗ + N ) 
!  '   (M ∗ + N )    &      
ρ(M −1 N ) < 1.
  D
 '    "
 M ∗
+N  ' (  K
(M + N ) = M + N = (A + N ) + N = A + N ∗ + N = M ∗ + N.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

U E
IQ

$     %  |x|A = Ax, x 
Rn "
  '
    A 
N
  %! $   .      
'   & |.|A  $ %   "

H
EC
M −1 N  < 1  "
  "
  
   P &      CG $ 


Y T
M −1 N 2 = max |M −1 N v|2A .

O L  
|v|A =1

E P
$       C   v M −1 N   "
 |v|A = 1 
L
−1
|M N v|2A = M −1 2
N .
5 
É C O
N = M −A
|M

−1
 '   
N v|2A = −1
AM N v, M N v
w=M
−1
−1
Av 

= AM −1 (M − A)v, M −1 (M − A)v
= (Av − AM −1 Av), (I − M −1 A)v
= Av, v − AM −1 Av, v
+ AM −1 Av, M −1 Av − Av, M −1 Av
= 1 − M −1 Av, M M −1 Av
+ AM −1 Av, M −1 Av − M M −1 Av, M −1 Av
= 1 − w, M w + Aw, w − M w, w
= 1 − (M ∗ + N )w, w.
$ (M ∗ + N )w, w > 0   (M ∗ + N )    %  w = 0  A  M % '
. 
U E
IQ
−1 2 ∗
M N  = 1 − (M + N )w, w < 1,
 "
       
H

N
E C

"
  (   %   
          &  
T

 
 
    
       (  

LY
       %  "
   
       
   
 
O
P
  %   ( 
     *   %  %   *
  
  J 

LE
(

             
 
%

ÉC O
 * 
 


U E
  # " "    !     ;   & I Q
     N 

  A = M−N

H
A M
  "    !!    
C
b ∈ Rn x ∈ Rn Ax = b

! E

 
   !      7      %
   !    $< T
k k ∈ Rn xk+1
 E 
L Y
O 
       !            
P xk+1 = M −1 N xk + M −1 b + k .

O
 L E 
  



ρ(M −1 N ) < 1

ÉC
 k≥0
k  ≤ .
2           K 
   
  M −1 N  

lim sup xk − x ≤ K.
k→+∞

  $     


ek = x k − x     ek+1 =
M −1 N ek + k  $  

 k 
k−1
 i
U E
ek = M −1 N e0 + M −1 N

N
k−i−1 .
IQ CI!

H
i=0

T EC
         CG  
     
'    · s 
"
 M −1 N s < 1 
"
 ρ(M −1 N ) < 1 $       *2     % 
Y
POL
  $ 
    %  
Rn   "
% K    

  C ≥ 1 "
    "
  M −1 N   "


O L E C −1 y ≤ ys ≤ Cy ∀y ∈ Rn .

ÉC
0 ;  CI!  %

k−1
C
ek s ≤ M −1 N ks e0 s + M −1 N is C ≤ M −1 N ks e0 s +
1 − M −1 N s
i=0

 :   '  
 % K = C 2 /(1 − M −1 N s ) 

        


  
     .
0 

     
 

%@*'1',* C C $9%14,&) &) V.+,/'6


diag(aii )  0$
" A = (aij )1≤i,j≤n , $ $" D =
 A, $ )) "#  
 /  "#  ""-  
U E
   )"$
N IQ
M = D, N = D − A.

E C H
LY T
 ,    
       . *
 
,   0  ) A 
8
 0  G 
      D   . 0 *   


P O
 &A    R A  # 
 A     N 0 .   A 

LE
2D − A  )    .

ÉC O

   *  
 

U E
"I Q
. H N "  0$'
%@*'1',* C C $9%14,&) &) #.5:: )'&)-6 , $ 
A = (aij )1≤i,j≤n
)     "
A A = D−E −F

T C D = diag(aii ) −E

E"#   ?    "#  ""-


 )" "$0  $  " "$"' " "  )" "$0   )
−F

     )"$L


O
A
Y
  " "$"  , $ ))

P
O LE M = D − E, N = F.

ÉC *
 
     4
6     0  ) A  8
 
    D − E
  . 0A ,6?6  
 D   . 0 ;   (D−E)  8  ? .
    
 < *   
  &A  A  # 
 
)    .A     4
6   . 

%@*'1',* C C $9%14,&) &) 0)-.>.1',* $ 66 " ω ∈ R+ , $ ))


"#   &"$ C $ $0 )  1 - - C&"$2' )  
)+" ω'  "#  ""-      )"$
U E
M=
D
− E, N=
1−ω
D+F
N IQ
ω ω

EC H
T
*
 
         0  ) A  8
   
   

Y
D   . 0 *
 ω = 1A  
.     4
6   ω < 1A

POL
  
,  ,  ,
    
6 A   
 ω > 1  ?

E

    
6  9 A   
    ωopt 

L
     #       ,   M −1 N A   
   
O
ÉC
.   .  

>)0+'+) C C ) A  


 %      "   
 ω ∈ ]0, 2[( 
 %  

 *

>)0+'+) C C "  (  


 %  

( 
5
ρ(M −1 N ) ≥ |1 − ω| , ∀ω = 0,

  $   *   0 < ω < 2

%@*'1',* C C $9%14,&) &5 (0.&')*16 " $ )+"  α = 0, $


)) "#  0 $"  "#  ""-      )"$ U E
 
N IQ
M=
1
Id " N=
1
C H
Id − A .
E
T
α α

LY
  
  0   
    . 
     6
O
P
A    
     
          

LE
8   f (x) = 12 Ax · x − b · x 


 
    0  

ÉC O
 * 
 


U E

)99) C C
... ≤ λn , λ1 ≤ 0 ≤ λn
A
'   "#  H N
0 $"
I$Q $-0
" $ "  0$/  -  )) λ1 ≤ λ2 ≤
)   $
' C
-   α,  0 < λ1 ≤
 $"  0 < α < 2/λn
Y T
... ≤ λn
E )"'  $
' "  )+"
 "#  0 $" $-0  "
' "
ρ(M −1 N )

P O L "
α

λn − λ1

LE
2
αopt = min ρ(M −1 N ) = .

O
λ1 + λn α λn + λ1

ÉC
)9.0;5) C C λ1 ≤ ... ≤ λn < 0A   
 
 # 


 )   8    α  −α *


     αopt A  #
      ,   
 8    
 λn /λ1  A
 
 I A    , 
 
     cond2 (A)  
  A * 
A 
    A  0    A  
  
.      
  •

%9,*:10.1',*C 1,    $A    


   
  
U E
IQ
.    
  ρ(M −1 N ) < 1 @ M −1 N = ( Id − αA)A 

H N
EC
ρ(M −1 N ) < 1 ⇔ |1 − αλi | < 1 ⇔ −1 < 1 − αλi < 1 , ∀i.

Y T
'  
 
 αλi > 0 
 
 1 ≤ i ≤ n * 
 
  .


POL
  A  . H  
 
H   
 α   
 
 .     λ1 ≤ 0 ≤ λn A   

   α A 
 A  

L E
0 < λ1 ≤ ... ≤ λn A    
 
,  8
 0 < α < 2/λn  *
 
 

O
ÉC
   αopt A  
 
  8   λ → |1 − αλ|    

 ] − ∞, 1/α] 
   
 [1/α, +∞[A 

ρ(M −1 N ) = max{|1 − αλ1 |, |1 − αλn |}.

* 
A    
   8   α → ρ(M −1 N )    
  , 6
   αopt = λ1 +λ
2
n
  
   

  5   
 
I
  
  I

      .    
 


U E
 #         # 
  )    .  , 

IQ
,
     
     
  ;

   0 

N
.
    A .   1)   < *
 
   
H
T E C

  I

A  
    ,   B#.

%@*'1',* C C
O LY
" r0 $ - "  $ Rn , $ )) )   Q!-  
 - "  r0 ' " $ $" Kk '   )  - "  Rn $0$  )  k + 1
P
LE
- "  {r0 , Ar0 , ..., Ak r0 },

ÉC O

   *  
 

U E
N IQ
    B#. (Kk )k≥0 8
 
    
6  . 6

EC H
  Kk ⊂ Kk+1 ∀k ≥ 0 ' Kk ⊂ Rn A  
 .  8  6

T
   ?   ,
     *
  A 
     
 . )

Y
POL

,   
     
 k0 A . 0 ≤ k0 ≤ n − 1A  


dimKk = k + 1  0 ≤ k ≤ k0 ,

O LE dimKk = k0 + 1  k0 ≤ k.

ÉC9  r0 = b−Ax0 A   8   .  


A 
   
 A , 
xk   ? ,  : [x0 + Kk−1 ] ; )  ,0  . 
 x
 
 (x − x0 ) ∈ Kk−1 <A  
 
 
  
rk = b − Axk   ?
,   B#. Kk ;  

   r0 <
*
     
 A     L 
   M xk 
,  : [x0 + Kk−1 ]   
  I

  A ?   ,

. 
    x0 ∈ Rn    
r0 = b − Ax0 A ? 

 
 


 k ≥ 1
U E
. 
 xk ∈ [x0 + Kk−1 ]  
 rk = b − Axk    

6  Kk−1 A

" $ "  !"   *$ N I


)"-Q   , "
  "  )  H

)99) C C A n

"#  0 $" $> 0  " *$' )  E C


'
x0 ∈ Rn r0 = b − Ax0 ' "(Kk )k≥0  Q!-    , 
r0

L "Y
T k≥1 ' )

O
xk ∈ [x0 + Kk−1 ] rk = b − Axk ⊥Kk−1 .
P $ $  - "  $$ ) 3,, 8 ) ' ""
;<

  " " k≥1

O E
'  &"
"#  $-0L
/$ xk
-   "$ !"+ $ $'  ) ' ""$,
ÉC
Ax = b n

)9.0;5) C C   $  


 ,  
  6
I

 
,  O

    .   8 
    


,  .  
 0 ) ,   ;  k0 + 1 R k0  
    
  B#.< ' A    
  ,
   

   . 
.  L
 
M  0

    k0 + 1 6
  
 .   8   .  

    I

   
    9 (A  
rk    ?
 
6  Kk  
 

   •
%9,*:10.1',*C 7 
 ,0 
,    0 

 
 xk 
 6

U
8   # ' A  )    .A  
 )   
   
E
     ,    rk . 
N IQ
x, yA = Ax · y 
 Rn  @   xk 
  8 xk = x0 + yk . yk ∈ Kk−1 A

A−1 r0 − yk , yA = 0
E C H
∀ y ∈ Kk−1 ,

LY T
 
,   ,
 
       yk  I     

P O
A−1 r0 
  
6  Kk−1 ;
  
    , A < ' 
. ,  

LE
 ,
   xk 

ÉC O
 * 
 


U E
N IQ
  k0      
     B#.A ,6?6  
A 
 


EC H
k ≥ k0 A dimKk = k0 + 1 9 
 A AKk0 ⊂ Kk0 +1 = Kk0 A  rk0 +1 = b −

T
Axk0 +1 = r0 − Ayk0 +1   ? Kk0 
  
   * 
A

Y
POL
rk0 +1 = 0  xk0 +1   
   
#    

LE
)9.0;5) C C   
  I

    

   ,      ? ,   B#. /
 . 
  

ÉC O

A    
.A  
 , 
 
 0      
*
  A xk ∈ [x0 + Kk−1 ]      
  [x0 + Kk−1 ] 

1
f (x) = Ax · x − b · x,
2

0     
rk = b − Axk      Kk  8  
1 −1

E
g(r) = A r·r

U
2
. r = b − Ax
N IQ •

EC H
>)0+'+) C C ) A  
 :      ) (xk )0≤k≤n 

Y T
    
%    
 
 %  *
 5*   

POL
rk = b − Axk  dk = xk+1 − xk  "  
 $
  N: Kk 
 *
 +

O L E Kk = [r0 , ..., rk ] = [d0 , ..., dk ],

ÉC
 
  (rk )0≤k≤n−1   %*


rk · rl = 0   0 ≤ l < k ≤ n − 1,

 
  (dk )0≤k≤n−1  5*  
 
 + A

Adk · dl = 0   0 ≤ l < k ≤ n − 1.

 )   
 , .       
  I

 

  
 9 (A  ,   
 ,   
 
 rk

E
  ? Kk−1 A     
 xk    
   
.

U
IQ
  8
  
 
    
 
  . 


0,3,:'1',* C C

E C
" (xk , rk , pk ) "  " *$ )  "$   $  HN
" A $ "  !"  *$ )"-' " x0 ∈ Rn ,

LY T ⎧

" )  O
⎨ xk+1 = xk + αk pk
p0 = r0 = b − Ax0 ,

E P 0≤k

rk+1 = rk − αk Apk ;<

OL
pk+1 = rk+1 + βk pk

ÉC

   *  
 "

U E
-
N IQ
αk =
rk 2

EC H" βk = r rk+1 2
2
.

T
Apk · pk k

Y
' (xk )0≤k≤k +1 "   "   "$ )) #   "#  0 $"
POL
0
$> 0  *$ ) 3,,

O LE
  6  *     
 "
   

ÉC
rk+1 = rk − αk Apk
r0 = b − Ax0  xk+1 = xk + αk pk

 "
 "
  
 rk  '  

 & %  rk = b−Axk , 
  

*   "
   

rk = rk−1 − αk−1 Apk−1
r0 = p 0  pk = rk + βk−1 pk−1

 "
 "
 pk  rk   &   W  % Kk  

 k ≥ 0 $  

     
 xk+1 = xk + αk pk  "
 xk+1   ' &  
U E
N

      
 "
 rk+1  (  & rj  

 0 ≤ j ≤ k  IQ
[x0 + Kk ] 
 
  
 *
   "
 rk+1  (  & Kk  D
 ' 

EC H
"
 pk+1   ;

 & pj  

 0 ≤ j ≤ k &  "
 Apk+1 · pj = 0   
 
Y T
POL
2
r1 · r0 = r0  − α0 Ap0 · r0 = 0
 p0 = r0  

L E
Ap1 · p0 = (r1 + β0 p0 ) · Ap0 = α−1
0 (r1 + β0 r0 ) · (r0 − r1 ) = 0.

É C O 

$ 
  "
 ;
"
&    k  
rk · rj = 0  Apk · pj = 0 
0 ≤ j ≤ k − 1.
0 ≤ j ≤ k − 1,

?   "
    %  &    k + 1 
   *
  
 "
  
xk+1  
rk+1 · rj = rk · rj − αk Apk · rj ,
 & 
     rj = pj − βj−1 pj−1  '
rk+1 · rj = rk · rj − αk Apk · pj + αk βj−1 Apk · pj−1 .


  ( (  
   
 *  "
 rk+1 · rj = 0  j ≤ k − 1
 "
  *
 
αk  "
 "
 rk+1 · rk = 0 .
     *
 

 "
   pk+1  
 &
U E
Apk+1 · pj = pk+1 · Apj = rk+1 · Apj + βk pk · Apj ,
N IQ
   Apj = (rj − rj+1 )/αj   

E C H
Apk+1 · pj = α−1
LY T
j rk+1 · (rj − rj+1 ) + βk pk · Apj .

P O

j ≤ k −1 ( (  
   (   rk+1 "
   %  ' !

LE

% "
 Apk+1 · pj = 0 
j = k  ' Apk+1 · pk = 0 P 
 *
  

ÉC O
$ * 
 


U E
I Q  (  
HN
αk  βk  5    
 5   *  (rk )0≤k≤k 0
 '   "
 rk = 0 $ rk ∈ Kk   "
  = Kk = [r0 , ..., rk ]   
 
E C
        "
 rk+1  ' (  & Kk    
 xk  '
 
  ;

 T
LY


P O
   #
$ $  "
  
 (p )  6+    & A   
LE
k
(  
  
   x, yA = Ax · y 5     "
     

ÉC O
 &  ( 
 
   
     *
 C!  
  8%9
0 *  
  "
 &      CCI 
    0  C)
  "
  
 dk = xk+1 −xk   ;

    & A  "
  
  
   (d0 , ..., dk )  T % Kk  $  
  
   "
   
 
  
 dk K  "
     (     O  1(  & (r0 , ..., Ak r0 )

  
   x, yA  
  
%    
 pk "
    
   & dk   
% "
 dk = αk pk ! O P &      A  *
  O  
1(  "
  pk      '    '
   "
"


! 
 *
 C!
U E •

N
-(,0'149) *59%0';5) 1   
A 
,   
. ,   IQ
EC H

  I

A  8
 ;<   *      

T
    
.

POL
    x0
  
r0 = p0 = b − Ax0

O L E ⎧ rk−1 2

ÉC

⎪ αk−1 = Apk−1

⎪ ·pk−1

⎨ xk = xk−1 + αk−1 pk−1
) k ≥ 1 rk = rk−1 − αk−1 Apk−1

⎪ rk 2


⎪ βk−1 = rk−1 2

pk = rk + βk−1 pk−1

1 
 rk = 0A ,    . A ,6?6  
 xk   
 
#
Ax = b @   
  .       k0 +1  A R k0 ≤ n−1  
    
     B#. ;
 ,  P     < ' 
   
A  
 
  
  
I
 
I ?  
 , A
   
.    rk0 +1 = 0 ', 

 A  

 e e
  ;# 
 10−4 
10−8       <A     

U E
IQ
,    .   

rk
≤ .
H N
r0

T E C
*  
A 
  #      ;
 
 n  k0  e  eA

LY
 ,   104 ? 106 <A   
  I

 
   

O
P
   .A ,6?6  
, . A 

  6 
A 


LE
0 ,   0  8 
 ? k0 + 1 ; 8 *    6 
<

ÉC O

   *  
 &

U E
)9.0;5) C C
N IQ
EC H
 9 A   ,  ,    
  
 A     ,     

T
 
  I

  x0 = 0  

 
  0
Y
POL

( 
  
A  
     x0   
    
 3 
    , 0   8  
,
 
 
  6. 
A ?

LE
.  Apk A  rk  
   8
  
       

ÉC O rk = b − Axk 
 *
   
.   
  I

A  ,    
  %    A 
 0
    
  
  
. 
 Ay 
 
 . 
 y 
   
  I

   :    
   9  0
6

  .  
   A  
    
# 
 )    .

E

IQ
>)0+'+) C C )    
 %  *
 5*    % U
H N
 (    
  
   

( k0 = n − 1(   $ 


EC
 
       :  
  Nop = n3 (1 + o(1))

L Y T
/
    
  .   
. ;.  TU<

"P O
E
0,3,:'1',* C C $ "  !"   *$ )"-, "
  "$ & "L
A x
!"+ , "   "   "$ )) #
ÉCO
Ax = b xk
0 $" $> 0 , 
 k
 cond2 (A) − 1
xk − x 2 ≤ 2 cond2 (A)  x0 − x 2 .
cond2 (A) + 1

@  
    ,
   # 
  )    .A 
       8
 cond2 (A) = λn /λ1 A R λ1 , λn   6
 .  
     
   .
   A  *   
      
.
  
   
  I


.  0

 
 .  
   
 
@ 
   
   
   5
 ,0 A   

  I

 8   0  
    . 9 (A H
U E
IQ
   8    n   
 
 . A   
 ,
  
N
E C H
 x  xk ,
 
 
,  1,
 A  .   .   
    
    AA   
   
6

LY T
H  
   
      
  I


.   0

 
 .  
 
    ;  
  .6

P O
   
  
 
 
,H   < 9)A  .    ,
 


LE
  
 cond2 (A)     A ,6?6  
 A  0    

ÉC O
- * 
 


U E
0%+,*&'1',**)9)*1
N IQ
EC H
'  .   .      
  I

 

Y T
       AA , 
      
   

POL
#    Ax = b 
   C −1  
      (C −1 A)
  
   
 
 A 9  
    
   C L M  A

LE
  
 8  ? .

O
É C "$$$" 
%@*'1',* C C "     !"+ $ Ax = b, $ )) ) $
A' $ "  C    $- "  cond2 (C −1 A) "
)  )""  cond2 (A), $ )) !"+ ) $ "$$  !"+  -$"
C −1 Ax = C −1 b,

9 A    C −1 A , 


 # 
A  
 0 

 
   
  I

 ', 

   
 
.

    L# 
M 
 
   .  
 ;


U E
  )< 
 C
   # 
 )    . 
 
    

IQ
 '%# C = BB ∗  @    #   Ax = b   #

.
H N
EC
Ãx̃ = b̃, R Ã = B −1 AB −∗ , b̃ = B −1 b  x̃ = B ∗ x. ; <

Y T
   Ã  # 
 )    .A  

   ,  
6

POL
 I

 
 
  # / A   P  
I
 
8     '%#  C ;
0    .
   8   
,  <

L E
   
 # 

  8 ,  
  I



O

  # ; < 
    R 
 C P ;   8 
 B <

ÉC
>)0+'+) C C    
   ˜·    
  
  + $
* %
 *
 5*

 :  
 2 ) xk = B −∗ x̃k ( rk = Br̃k =
b − Axk (  pk = B −∗ p̃k  "   $
* %  *
 5*  2

 $   


⎨     x0
   r0 = b − Ax0

p0 = z0 = C −1 r0
⎧ ·rk−1

E
z
⎪ αk−1 = Apk−1
⎪ k−1 ·pk−1

U


IQ
⎪ xk = xk−1 + αk−1 pk−1

rk = rk−1 − αk−1 Apk−1
) k ≥ 1
⎪ zk = C −1 rk
H N
C



E
zk ·rk

⎪ βk−1 = zk−1

T
⎩ ·rk−1

Y
pk = zk + βk−1 pk−1

P O L
   

      :        
 


LE
.    /
  
      0  C

   

ÉC O

   *  
 

U E
N IQ

  
       
     L    6

EC H
M J    ?   C = diag(A)   

 
:  A  

T

8 
.  L    @+M ;
 # @+< 9 

Y
POL
D = diag(A)    ,
   # 
 A  −E     
8 
  
 A = D − E − E ∗ A 
 ω ∈]0, 2[A  

LE
   
ω D −1 D ∗

O
Cω = −E D −E .
2−ω ω

ÉC
ω
@ . ) 
A  A  )    .A  C , 
   # Cz = r 
8  ? 
  C  I? 

 8 8    
   
 
          . 
8  
, . C . 
? ( 
 
   
 .      .    ; @+<A
. 
   ,   # 
 ,
  ,


>)0+'+) C C ) A 

 $ n   
 
 

 
 N = 1
  
 $
 
 h = 1/(n + 1)
U E
IQ
⎛ ⎞
−1 ···
N
2 0 0

H
⎜   ⎟

EC
⎜ −1 2 −1   ⎟
⎜ ⎟
−1 ⎜   ⎟
A=h ⎜ 0

Y T  0 ⎟
 ⎟
. 

POL
⎜   ⎟
⎝   −1 2 −1 ⎠

E
0 ··· 0 −1 2

O L
"    

  


ÉC ωopt =
2
π  2(1 −
1 + 2 sin 2n
π
n
)

    

 Cω−1 A  
5 

1 1
cond2 (Cω−1 A) ≤ + π ,
2 2 sin 2n
  (  n *
(  *
*    n 
 
   *
      L     '%#  M   
C    
  8 BB ∗ R B   8 
 L  M   8   
 '%#  A ;.   *   < '    
  8 

U E
IQ
B  0
   
 ,    8     '%# ? A  8O
N
E C H
,   bij = 0  aij = 0 '  )    ,   
A ,
  
 
8 
 B  
 
 
    AA  ,
  
  
   8 


LY T
   0

    ;   
< 
  

8 
  
 A  
 ;  
   
           ) <

P O
      '%#    
.      

LE

 :     


ÉC O
 * 
 


U E


N
   %   %  IQ
EC H
1     
  
  
  .
   

Y T
. 
  ,
   # 
    # 
    

POL
   
  ,     )  ,
 
  
  .
  1  A  .
  . 
       

LE
  
  # 
 
6I  ;.  ;& <<

O
ÉC
*

  .
  ,
   A       #X
   
 det(A − λ Id) *
 
  .
 A  
  
[. 
,  L
:M  8    #X    
  ,    J
   
 4   30 
,  
  
     
;  A 
   A      <    ,
 #X 
 

   
 
 
  ? " *
 , .  A  
 
 
 , 

 #X    nA
 
P (λ) = (−1)n λn + a1 λn−1 + a2 λn−2 + · · · + an−1 λ + an ,

U E
IQ
  #X    
 ; .   ?    < 

N
   ⎛ ⎞
⎜ 1

−a1 −a2 · · · · · · −an
0 ··· ···
EC H
0 ⎟ ⎟
A=⎜

Y T 



 ⎟
⎟.

POL
⎜ 0  ⎟
⎜      ⎟
⎝      ⎠

O L E 0 ··· 0 1 0

ÉC
* 
A   
         ; ,6?6  
 

 
 0 ) , < 
  
  .
  V  , 
 
     . 
 
  .
  ;  . 

<   
. 
  
  
  .
  . 
  ,

  
 Q  0

 
 :  
  
  ,
 #   
2 

A      # 
  ;

 
 
   


,  
: 
    <  0  
   
      

6 I 
/
  
     # 
 ;  #   ,
A .
 

:     
  
<      
    
    
      0       4 .6=
    


E

 ;

 
< .
    
 
     .  ? 

U
IQ

  .
  2 A      FA 
L0M 

N
  I

A  ?  0  0
 .   



E C H

    
 :   
      


 5  



LY T
P O
      
 
  
   
 
   .


LE
 ; 
< ,
   ;
 . 
   <     

ÉC O
   $
  $ 
 

 

U E
N IQ
 
            
  .
  H 
 ,

EC H

   H   ;
 
     ? A ,6?6  
   

T


6      <   A
   # 
 

Y
POL
,  nA  .
  (λ1 , · · · , λn ) . λn > |λi | 
 
 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1 
    
  
 
  
   .
  λn  )  

LE
,   6 


ÉC O#
,    x0 ∈ Rn   x0 = 1


,)   k ≥ 1
#
yk = Axk−1

xk = yk / yk

        xk − xk−1 ≤ ε-  .

1    .   ε 


   0 A # 
   ? 10−6 

E
δk = xk − xk−1   A  xk 
 . 
     A  .


U
IQ
   yk  Axk − yk xk = Aδk 

H N
$  ))   "  A " !"  '  -
EC
0,3,:'1',* CC
  )) (λ1 , · · · , λn )'    $ / "#$  - "  ))
Y T
(e1 , · · · , en )' "   -  ))  )  0$   λn " ) " )"-'

POL
"   |λ1 |, · · · , |λn−1 | < λn , $  ))     - "  $" x0 $"
) "#0$  en,   "#    ) $  $-0' "  

O L E - x∞ = ±en.
ÉC
lim yk = λn , lim xk = x∞
k→+∞ k→+∞

 -"  $-0$  " ))"$$  ))" |λn−1 |/|λn |



λn−1 2k λn−1 k

| yk − λn | ≤ C ,
xk − x∞ ≤ C .
λn λn

)9.0;5) CC  .     


  .
    yk
 
   
   . 
    xk ;
  
 
 

  <      
  8   
 
     #6
 
A    .    yk  
       •

U E
IQ
n
%9,*:10.1',*C   x0 = i=1 βi ei  . 
   A . βn = 0  . 
 xk
   ? Ak x0 = n
i=1 βi λi ei A ,R  . 
k

H N
n−1 
T E
k C
xk = 
O Y
βn en + i=1 βi λλni
L
ei
 .
Pn−1 2  λi 2k 1/2

LE
2
βn + i=1 βi λn

ÉC O
 * 
 


U E
N IQ
' |λi | < λn   
 
 xk .  . sign(βn )en  1 HA  

EC H 
n−1 2  λi 2(k+1) 1/2
T
2

Y
βn + i=1 βi λn

POL
yk+1 = λn   ,
n−1 2  λi 2k 1/2

LE
2
βn + i=1 βi λn

ÉC O

.  . λn 
9  
 ;  
  
  .
       


,
 0 
      
<A   

    3-5: 3)1'1)
.
 A  
A  A @ 
       A  

     
  .  ,       6 
 @  

   # 
  A   
   .
   
   
     . 0 < λ1 < |λi | 
 
 2 ≤ i ≤ n
#
,    x0 ∈ Rn   x0 = 1


,)   k ≥ 1
U E
#
)  Ayk = xk−1
N IQ

xk = yk / yk

EC H
T

        xk − xk−1 ≤ ε-  .

Y
POL
δk = xk − xk−1   A  xk−1 
 . 
     .

   1/ yk  Axk−1 − xyk−1
k
= −Aδk 

O L
0,3,:'1',* CC E $  ))   "  A " !"  '  -
ÉC
  )) (λ1 , · · · , λn )'    $ / "#$  - "  ))
(e1 , · · · , en )' "   -  ))  )  )""   λ1 " ) " " "$"
)"-' "   0 < λ1 < |λ2 |, · · · , |λn |, $  ))     - "  $
" x0 $" ) "#0$  e1 ,   "#    ) $  $- $-0'
"  
lim
1
k→+∞ yk
= |λ1 |, lim xk = x∞
k→+∞
- x∞ = ±e1.
 -"  $-0$  " ))"$$  ))" λ1 /|λ2 |
2k k
λ1
yk −1 − λ1 ≤ C λ1 , xk − x∞ ≤ C .
λ2 λ2
U E
IQ
        ?    *      
   
N

 
 
 , 

E C H
LY T
)9.0;5) CC       +
   , 
 
 ?
     
  . *
    .  A  
 
I


P O
   ?
       A 
,    A − σ Id . σ


LE
    λ1  •

ÉC O
   $
  $ 
 

 

U E
 5 -$
=8    I Q
H N
E C
    4 .6=
     
  
 . J 


T
Y
,0 ,    =
  


   # 
 A 


P O L
     ;   ,( 
 
 0 ) , <A 

,    0     4 . 
8
  ;     .<  .


LE
 ,
     

É C
O

)99) CC $&) ,5:)4,-&)06
&" " 
(n − 2) "#0$
" $ "  !"    
"  Hk
A n,

T = (H1 H2 · · · Hn−2 )∗ A(H1 H2 · · · Hn−2 )


" " 0$, K$ 4' A " T $"  E -  )),
     A   

 
    (Ak )1≤k≤n−1  "

A1 = A  Ak+1 = Hk∗ Ak Hk % Hk
   (  (      "

Ak   

  '  
%
 
U E
IQ
Tk Ek∗
Ak =

N
Ek Mk

EC H
: Tk 
          k Mk 
      
n − k  Ek 
   
  & (n − k)    k      
    
T
     ak ∈ Rn−k    

Y
     O L
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
× × ···

P  
0 0 ak,1
 
E
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
 
OL  
⎜ × ⎟ ⎜ ak,2 ⎟
Tk = ⎜ ⎟, Ek = ⎜ ⎟.
  ⎝ ⎠ ⎝    ⎠

6 É
C
 "

×
×
× 0

··· 0

An−1   
 *     $   "
 "
 A  ' 
 

ak,n−k

*  
k = 1 1     Hk  
 
Idk 0
Hk = ,
0 H̃k

% Idk        k  H˜k      B


(      n − k
 
vk (vk )∗
H˜k = Idn−k − 2 , % vk = ak + ak e1 , CC!
vk 2
: e1      %
  '  "
  Rn−k  A  "
 "
 H˜k ak = −ak e1 
 "
 Hk  (     "
 4   "
 H˜k  '  "
  vk = 0
U E
  2        k      Ak  ;& 
     
 
   Hk = Idn  ,   
   "
 N IQ
C H⎛ ⎞

T E  
0 ··· 0 −ak 
 
Y
⎜ ⎟
Ak+1 = Hk∗ Ak Hk =
Tk
H̃k Ek
(H̃k Ek )∗

P
H̃k Mk H̃k
O L % ⎜
H˜k Ek = ⎜
⎝ 



0



⎟,

OLE
0 ··· 0 0

ÉC
 * 
 


U E
IQ
HN
  Ak+1   ' 
  *    
9
   ,  
  # 
 
T E C  0     4 . 

    6

P O

LY
b1 c1 0

LE
⎜   ⎟
⎜ c1   ⎟
A=⎜ ⎟,

ÉC O ⎜

0




cn−1
cn−1
bn

R  
A     A 
 ci = 0 
 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1 9 (A , 
 
   i  
 ci = 0A   .  8  


det(A − λ Id) = det(Ai − λ Id) det(An−i − λ Id)

R Ai  An−i  
  
H # 
 A   ,  i  n − i
  . 1 
 ,0 
    

U E
 "I Q

)99) CC   1 ≤ i ≤ n' $ *$" $ "  Ai
H N i)

b1
T E C c1
,,, ,,,
0

Y
⎜ ⎟

L
⎜ c1 ⎟

O
Ai = ⎜ ⎟.
,,, ,,,
P
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
E
ci−1

L
O $ )!$H  "" ,   "
0 ci−1 bi

ÉC
" pi (λ) = det(Ai − λI)
  $ 
pi (λ) = (bi − λ)pi−1 (λ) − c2i−1 pi−2 (λ) ∀i ≥ 2,
pi -*   

- p1 (λ) = b1 − λ " p0 (λ) = 1, 8 ) ' )  " " i ≥ 1'  )!$H pi )+  
))"  -$"
lim pi (λ) = +∞'
, λ→−∞
,  pi(λ0 ) = 0'  pi−1 (λ0 )pi+1 (λ0 ) < 0'
3, pi  " i  $  "$ "  )$" " "$"  (i + 1)  $
 pi+1 ,
  0 %  det(Ai −λ Id)    &        '  U E
*
  
            %    
 < 
N IQ
 pi (λ0 ) = 0  
E C H
  "
 

%  
     "
   *
  
 "

2

Y
pi+1 (λ0 ) = −ci pi−1 (λ0 ).

L T
5  ci = 0   pi−1 (λ0 )pi+1(λ0 ) ≤ 0 5     *     pi−1 (λ0 ) =
P O
pi+1 (λ0 ) = 0     
  "
 "
 pk (λ0 ) = 0 

 0 ≤ k ≤ i + 1 

LE
"
    ' 
"
 p0 (λ0 ) = 1

ÉC O
   $
  $ 
 

 "

U E
Q "
  

              I   "

N
H
pi (λ) i
    
"
    "
  ?    

C
λi1 ≤ ... ≤ λii Ai

  T E
"
           
i pi     D
 '  
pi−1
    %  

O L Y i=2

P
p2 (λ) = (b2 − λ)(b1 − λ) − c21


 L "
E            ?  
 
  "
    
 
(λ21 , λ22 )   
λ11 = b1  $ λ21 < λ11 < λ22

"
O 
p1 (λ)

C
pi (λ) i pi−1

É              $ 


  < 
qi
pi+1 i+1
2i
qi (λ) = pi−1 (λ)pi+1 (λ).
pi

$  = ;& i − 1   qi   pi−1 !     i %


  λ    pi !
 "
 qi (λ) < 0 &  "

k ) = 0 1 ≤ k ≤ i − 1,
qi (λi−1 qi (λik ) < 0 1 ≤ k ≤ i,

%
U E
IQ
λi1 < λi−1
1 < λi2 < ... < λi−1 i
i−1 < λi .

0  λik  λik+1    qi 


 
 
    γk = λi−1      
%
 

    qi    pi+1    qi  
 "
 λi−1
k

H N
k       

EC

  
'    % qi   
 
  λi−1 k  $ λk  
i−1
i−1

Y T
   pi−1    λk  
   pi+1  ? & 
      


POL
 
%  "
 λi−1 
  

   <  pj % 0 ≤ j ≤ i + 1  "

   '  p0 = 1   "
  %    "
  ("
 

k

λik , λik+1  


 
   γk = λi−1 
 <  qi    pi+1 
  
L E
%  
% (i − 1)    pi+1 "
     pi   

O
k

ÉC
qi (λi1 ) < 0  qi (λii ) < 0  "


lim qi (λ) = +∞.


λ→±∞

$  
   
  
     qi     pi+1  "

    pi  


)99) CC   " " µ ∈ R' $ *$"

0$  pi(µ)  pi (µ) = 0,
sgnpi (µ) =
0$  pi−1 (µ)  pi (µ) = 0.
" N (i, µ)  $/  #$0$"  0$ $" $" $ "   
 $$ E(i, µ) = {+1, sgnp1 (µ), sgnp2 (µ), ..., sgnpi (µ)}, ' N (i, µ) "  $ U E
/   $  pi  $" " "$" $   µ,
N IQ
C H
  $   "
 '  "
 sgnp (µ)     '
T 
"
 
E
T
i
   pi−1 (µ) = 0& 
 
   
  CN $    

Y
pi (µ) = 0

 
  %   

L
i i=1

P O
µ ≤ b1 ⇒ E(1, µ) = {+1, +1} ⇒ N (1, µ) = 0,

O L E
µ > b1 ⇒ E(1, µ) = {+1, −1} ⇒ N (1, µ) = 1.

ÉC
$ * 
 


U E
$ 
   
 %  ;
"
&    i 1 
N I Q 
 
(λik )1≤k≤i (λi+1

H
pi k )1≤k≤i+1
  pi+1         $ 

T E C
LY
λi1 < ... < λiN(i,µ) < µ ≤ λiN(i,µ)+1 < ... < λii ,


P O
 % 
L E C 
  CN 6       '
λiN(i,µ) < λi+1 i
N(i,µ)+1 < λN(i,µ)+1 ,

O
É C 11

 
  
λiN(i,µ) < µ ≤ λi+1
N(i,µ)+1
  
sgnpi+1 (µ) = sgnpi (µ) N (i + 1, µ) = N (i, µ)
λi+1 < µ <   
λ i
sgnp i+1 (µ) = −   
sgnp i (µ) N (i+1, µ) = N (i, µ)+1
#
N(i,µ)+1 N(i,µ)+1
1 µ = λiN(i,µ)+1    sgnpi (µ) = sgnpi−1 (µ) = − sgnpi+1 (µ)   N (i + 1, µ) =
N (i, µ) + 1 & 
 

    
  CN
. 
   N (i + 1, µ)  '   '     pi+1 * 
   
& µ 

-(,0'149) 30.1';5) &) #'2)*:C @  λ1 ≤ · · · ≤ λn  .


   A
       *
 
 
 
  i6 .
  λi A
U E
IQ
 
 . [a0 , b0 ]  
   G 
 λi  
. ; 

N
H
−a0 = b0 = A 2 < @ 
   0 N (n, a0 +b
2 ) )     &
0

EC
; .
   
 pj ( 2 )A 
 1 ≤ j ≤ nA  
   8
 
a0 +b0

Y T

 
  $< ,   
. 
 N (n, a0 +b2 ) ≥ iA    
 

0

POL
λi   ? , . [a0 , 2 [ 
   
. 
 N (n, a0 +b
a0 +b0
2 ) < iA
0

 λi   ? ,


 . [ 2 , b0 ] 1 
     .  
a0 +b0

L E

 , .    
  λi  *  A ,6?6    

O
 
  .    , .  λi A     .
    λi

ÉC
.      

 5 
E 
     F   
  .
  ,
   #6
 
  
      ,   B#.A I? 
 ? 
 ,  
  I

 '   ;  0
  6
 <   :   
          ,  
  
        
        
 

1  

A   A
   # 
  ,  nA r0 = 0 ∈
Rn
 . 
   
A  Kk ,   B#.  A     
U E
IQ
. 
 {r0 , Ar0 , · · · , Ak r0 } + 
,   
   k0 ≤ n − 1A 

N
    
  B#.A  
A  k ≤ k0 A  8  (r0 , Ar0 , · · · , Ak r0 ) 
 0  dimKk = k + 1A   
  k > k0   Kk = Kk0 

E C H
,     F   ? 

 
  . 
 (vj )1≤j≤k0 +1

Y
  8
  
  
.A 
 2 ≤ j ≤ k0 + 1A
L T
P O v̂j

LE
v̂j = Avj−1 − (Avj−1 · vj−1 )vj−1 − v̂j−1 vj−2 , vj = , ;<
v̂j

ÉC O
   $
  $ 
 

 &

U E
N IQ
. v0 = 0  v1 = r0 / r0  *
 
   k ≤ k0 + 1A  ) 
   Vk

EC H
   n × k      . 
 (v1 , · · · , vk )A   
,
  

T
# 
 10'&'.(,*.-) Tk    k × k    

Y
POL
(Tk )i,i = Avi · vi , (Tk )i,i+1 = (Tk )i+1,i = v̂i+1 , (Tk )i,j = 0  |i − j| ≥ 2.

O L E
3.   A  
    F . )    
0

É C" "

)99) CC   " (vj )1≤j≤k0 +1 " /$ *$ ) 3,9  v̂j = 0 ) 
1 ≤ j ≤ k0 +1' "$   v̂k0 +2 = 0,   1 ≤ k ≤ k0 +1'   (v1 , · · · , vk+1 )
D$   -  / "#$  Kk $" " )  )    ? # "
))     (r0 , Ar0 , · · · , Ak r0 ), 8 ) ' )  1 ≤ k ≤ k0 + 1' $ 
AVk = Vk Tk + v̂k+1 e∗k , ;"<
. ek "  k+ - "    / $$   Rk '
Vk∗ AVk = Tk " Vk∗ Vk = Idk ,

U E ;$<
. Idk "  "   $""  " k × k,
N IQ
EC H
  $
'  
    C#!   
 (vj )1≤j≤k +1 
 2     
%         "
  "
% & C#!!
0

Y T
POL

j−1

v̂j = Avj−1 − (Avj−1 · vi )vi , vj =


v̂j
v̂j 
, j ≥ 2, CG!

E
i=1

L
% v1 = r0 /r0  @ -  CG!    "
  v̂j  = 0 1 v̂j  = 0   "

O
ÉC
 (    &  j     vj  (  & vi 
1 ≤ i ≤ j − 1 

  %  *  "
 vj ∈ Kj−1  5   
    W  % Kj 
     
j ≤ k0 +1   
 "
  "
  (     
 %
 (v1 , · · · , vj ) * 
 ' (    Kj−1    "
 vj 
(  & (v1 , · · · , vj−1 )  
 (  & Kj−2  0  
   *  (v1 , · · · , vj )
  CG!  T %  ' (    Kj−1  
    
 O  1(  "
 &  *  (r0 , Ar0 , · · · , Aj−1 r0 ) 5 
% "
  ( 
     &      "
  W  % k0  &  "
 v̂j  = 0  "

j ≤ k0 + 1  v̂k +2 = 0
0
?    "
    C#!  CG!   
 (vj )   "

5  A    "
  

E
i

Avj−1 · vi = vj−1 · Avi = vj−1 · v̂i+1 + (Avi · vk )(vj−1 · vk ).

IQ U
N
k=1

j − 3 H
O P 
     (    (vk )   
 "
 Avj−1 · vi = 0  1 ≤ i ≤
C
 "
 Avj−1 · vj−2 = v̂j−1  .     C#!  CG!  T
E
LY T
J     C/!            
  "

  

  C#!    v̂j      Vk∗ Vk = Idk 
 
   (  
P O
  *  (v1 , · · · , vk )  "
    Vk∗ AVk = Tk  '    


LE
 C/! & 
(  Vk∗  Vk∗ v̂k+1 = 0 

ÉC O
- * 
 


U E
N
)9.0;5) CC ,     F P 
    
6 IQ
EC H
  
 8     ,    =
  .
  

T
/ A ,     F , 
     
 
  

Y
POL
      A 
 n  A  
 , 
   
,      . 
 vj   
   •

LE
/
      .
   . 
  

ÉC O
  A  Tk0 +1 ;
    H      < @ 
λ1 < λ2 < · · · < λm  .
      A ;. 1 ≤ m ≤ n<A 
P1 , · · · , Pm     I     
  
6   6
   A @  


m 
m
A= λi Pi , Id = Pi ,  Pi Pj = 0  i = j. ;-<
i=1 i=1


)99) CC   -  ))  Tk +1 $" ) " $"   - 
E
0
))  A, C ) $"'  $  ))  r0 -* Pir0 = 0 )  " " 1 ≤
i ≤ m'  " "  -  ))  A $"   -  ))  Tk +1 "
k0 + 1 = m,
IQ U 0

H N
)9.0;5) CC

Y T EC
1   R Pi r0 = 0 
 
 iA    A  Tk0 +1
    H .
 A   .
 
   .


POL
( 

  .
   Tk0 +1    @ .   6
 
   
,    

     . 
  

L E
A  Tk0 +1        
 r0 
   
     0 

O
   9 (A  r0 
 . 
   AA  k0 = 0     Tk0 +1

ÉC
  

 
 .
   
   ? r0 
  1  λ  y ∈ Rk0 +1


%
   
 %
    "

Tk0 +1 y = λy  5  v̂k0 +2 = 0    C/! % 
k = k0 + 1 AVk0 +1 =
Vk0 +1 Tk0 +1        
%
y   ' A (Vk0 +1 y) = λ (Vk0 +1 y) 
%
Vk0 +1 y   
  y = 0       Vk0 +1   '    "

Vk0 +1 y  '
 %
    A   &  %
   λ "
    *  
  &
  λi 
A "
    
  
 %  Em  Rn      %

(P1 r0 , · · · , Pm r0 ) 1 Pi r0 = 0 

 1 ≤ i ≤ m  %
   '     ; 
Pi   
 & 
 (    "
      Em     m
4
     "
      m = k0 + 1  C)!   Ak r0 = mi=1 λki Pi r0 
&  "
 Ak r0 ∈ Em       W  % %  Kk ⊂ Em 

 k ≥
U E
IQ
0 0  
    "
 "
 dimKk0 = k0 + 1 ≤ m  
   '

H N
(P1 r0 , · · · , Pm r0 )  Em      
%
Ak r0   (λk1 , · · · , λkm )
   
 *  (r0 , Ar0 , . . . , Am−1 r0 )  Em      ' (P1 r0 , · · · , Pm r0 )  
  M  

T E C⎞

1

λ1

O LY
λ21 ··· λm−1
1


P
M =⎝ ⎠.

LE
1 λm λ2m ··· λm−1

O
m

ÉC
   $
  $ 
 

 

U E
N
   M 
    > . ?     m I"
Q % '  
 
EC H
λi    .   *  (r0 , Ar0 , . . . , Am−1 r0 )  '  
"
 (P1 r0 , · · · , Pm r0 )
 5  "
 "
 dimKm−1 = m   m − 1 ≤ k0  . :   
   "

m = k0 + 1  Em = Kk 
Y T
POL
0
O P &  *
 C)!   A(Pir0 ) = λi (Pi r0 ) 5  Pi r0    
   
' 
 %
    A   &  %
   λi  5  Em = Kk  "
 
LE
0
    Vk +1 * 
 '  Kk    
 "
 
 %
  

0 0
yi ∈ Rm  "
 Pi r0 = Vk +1 yi  $
         CN!  yi 

ÉC O
'
0

Tk0 +1 yi = Vk∗0 +1 AVk0 +1 yi = Vk∗0 +1 APi r0 = λi Vk∗0 +1 Pi r0 = λi Vk∗0 +1 Vk0 +1 yi = λi yi ,


    yi  %
    Tk +1 
 %
   λi  5 "
   
0
    

 

   
      
,  8
  
  
6
    F I

,? ,     k0 + 1A 
 
  .
 
 Tk0 +1 ) , 
  .
    . 
   A ' 6
U E
       F 0 ?   4 .6=
  ;  k0

N
  ,   nA  
   ,        
 < 1IQ
EC H

A  
        F   0 
 
 ? 


T
   ,    . 
 vj 
   . 0 
 ,

Y
POL
;.   +
  <
2 

A  
 
.  
 
,  ,      8 

O L E
0

 ,     
    F 
 0   .
 
 Tk 
   0       A ;. k 0

 
  

ÉC

 k0 
n<

0,3,:'1',* CC  " $ $" 1 ≤ k ≤ k0 + 1, " λ $ -  ))  Tk


" y ∈ Rk $ - "  )) $$ $   ,  &" $ -  )) λi  A "

|ek · y|
|λ − λi | ≤ v̂k+1 ≤ v̂k+1 ,
y
. ek "  k+ - "    / $$   Rk ,
)9.0;5) CC      
    *      
A 
v̂k+1   A   .
   Tk   0    
U E
IQ
  .
   A  
   
    
  
 
 J      ,
 . 
   Tk   A  

H N
C
.
    
 0    ,
 .
   A

Y T E
  1 
 %
     
 y
C/!  y  '
P O L ∈ Rk  "
 Tk y = λy  ?


LE
AVk y = Vk Tk y + (ek · y)v̂k+1 ,

ÉC O
" * 
 


U E
 :   

N IQ
$      
 '  %
C H
A(Vk y) − λ(Vk y) = (ek · y)v̂k+1 .

E    
CI!
Vk y

L Y T A

O

m

P Vk y = Pi (Vk y).

E    CI! %   &     C)!  


$  L
i=1

ÉC O   


m
Vk y

C !
(λi − λ) |Pi (Vk y)|2 = (ek · y) (v̂k+1 · Vk y).
i=1

0           ;  


  
(     5
(
1(V E  % 2
min |λi − λ| Vk y ≤ y v̂k+1  Vk y.
1≤i≤m

'
U E
5       Vk   (     Vk y = y      
min |λi − λ| ≤ v̂k+1 .
N IQ
H
1≤i≤m

EC
5   
        "
  5
(1(V E 
  < ek , y >
 C ! .    
%
Y T
POL
|ek · y|
min |λi − λ| ≤ v̂k+1  ,
1≤i≤m y

L E
 "
       
O


ÉC

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
  $% &'  POL
O LE
É C
TU 3=N3 +BA 734/3/5 5A @+/ NEA "NJ RNA *  =A 6
   + .A /C N# ;<
T U 33+9 4A B3E9+  7A 0+/ $ $  , ;  " &  '
   9 A *  ;  <
TU E9/37 7A 9 B3+@ /A
U E
$  "'     ,  *#6
  
A * 
; "<
N IQ
EC H
TU E9+/3+1 'A 7313Z ZA +3*955 2A 8 ""$ -"$$ 
)/+  & " )" ' 7 
  3   "A   A
*  ; <
Y T
POL
T"U E@//3/ NA 4E9+5 N6'A 973+9'=3 'A 343 5b3E3 'A )
""$ $  ' 7 
  3   &A   A *  ;&<
O L E
T$U E@/Z N67A ;  $!, A#  "/ "$ " $!  < '
ÉC    ,  *#  
A * 
; <
T&U E+9b =A $! $ "$$' 7A *  ;-<
T-U '=>f53 >A $ )0$0A 2  'A /C Z% ;-<
TU '3+95 *4A $" "$  $! $   "  "  )"
"$' 7A *  ;- <
TU '3+95 *4A A# *$" $" "#   )" )/' /6= A
3  ;&-<
TU '3+95 *4A @/ N6A @$ /J  $   $!' /6= A
3  ;<
T U '@@B NA '///4=37 \=A *9ZE3/B \+A
U
'=+N>9+ 3AE
;/$" )"7"$A \ #A /C Z% ;-<
N IQ
TU '@+3/5 +A =E9+5 +A
C H
B"#   "#"  )#! ' N \ # g
$" "$  )""$' T E
A /C Z% ;-<
TU '@ N6'A

O L Y "$ $   $ ;UU'


   9 A *  ;<

P
T"U 13/33 A =9'=5 2A *+@//93 @A

E
L
1
 A *  ; <

ÉC O "
" %


U E
N
T$U 13/33 A N@Z *A B3E9+  7A *@ 59 7A I Q$" "$   
EC H
 $"*  )  )" ' 1
 A *  ; "<
T&U 135+3Z +A @/ N6A $! "#"  "   $   )  

Y T
 $  "  " #$ ' 7A *  ;--<
POL
T-U 1E@ 2A 19 *+9 EA !"+ #!)/     $-"$ G )

LE
) "$   !$   07'     ,  *#  
A * 

ÉC O ; "<
TU 1>35 4A @/ N6A  $ "$ $  $  " $ )#! ' 1
 A
*  ;& <
T U 9B93/1 A 59737 +A $! $-& " )/+ -"$$' 1
 A
*  ;&<
T U 9+/ 3A 49+7@/1 N6A $" *$ O "#' )) "$'  $
 -' 7 
  3   $A   A *  ;  <
T U 23++9 *A $! $  , " )""$'   *#  
A 96
 A    7%  A *  ;--<
U E
$" *$' 7A *  ;< N IQ
T U 49@+49 *A ?$"$  ""   0' )) "$  & "# 

EC H
T U 4+35 >A +3>3+5 *63A <$" $" "#   -"J  
T
"$ O "#! $ 0"#'   A E  ;-$<
Y
POL
T "U 4@>9+ 2A 34/3 7A A/  #' B
CA E ;&<

O L E
T $U 4'=3+195 3A $"0"$, $! #/"$$'   *#  
A 96
 A    7%  A *  ;-<

ÉC
T &U 319/E3'= 2A ;  5$" " $"0'     ,  *# 6
 
A * 
; <
T -U 9735+9 NA '=3E@'=9 N6A B $   " &  ' 1
 A
*  ;-"<
T U @/ N6A V   "#    "$  )/+  & " $$
$' 1
 A *  ;$<
TU @/ N6A 7349/9 9A /+  & " $$ #0+$ " )) 
"$' 1
 A *  ;&<
TU '/ EA *+@//93 @A $" "$     $"* ' 7A

E
*  ;$<
T U 7@=37731 EA 3h3' N6=A "     "$ $  ' 1
 A
IQ U
N
*  ; <

E C H
TU *31E9+4 7A $ )"7"$ $ &"$$A   A E  ;<
TU *+@//93 @A B"#   $" *$ )   R  ' 7A * 
;--<
LY T
O
T"U +3>3+5 *63A 5=@73 N67A $" "$  $! $     
P
LE
"$  & - )"' 7A *  ;-<

ÉC O
%
 "

U E
T$U 39/i@/ NA B $ 
N IQ
  & $"$ '     ,  *# 6
 
A * 
;  <
A#!  $E$ C
H
T&U '=+N>9+ 3A
;-$<
L Y T $"0 )0$0 A \ #A /C Z%

T-U 59737 +A


P O  "$, A#! $ $   $!'
-"J 37

LE
' *
0   A *.  A + ; <

ÉC O

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
E POL
O L
ÉC

U E
N IQ
E C H
LY T
P O
O LE
ÉC
U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
() POL
O LE
ÉC
 I    1   
 2
  
(   &
    /
 
 2  E -   
 

 -"    '2 A "A A &A & A &&
   ?  )      
 )   $
   ?    -       

U E
IQ
   I

 A -    

N
   I   -$
 B
% -$

  "&
EC H
   
 
 
6   -
Y T   . $

POL
,FC  
 ) $A  
0 -$ X --A 
  &
H -$
O L E .   8 0 -
.   
 
 &

ÉC
0      -

6 I  
. A 
. 
α6 "
0 "" 8 "
0  0     
0   & G -A &


  .   -& )    . 
  &     0 &
 $   &

E
  &&       "

 &&
 . &
 . 8 0 -
 .    $
IQ U
   < 
H
(  )  "
N
  ;
6 < 
  ;  <  E C
( 0  

T

  2  
 
O LY 
  4Q
 
  A  $
P (
 8 "&

LE
   
    (
  
 
 "&

ÉC O "
 ""

U E
      0 
N IQ
  I  
    "

EC H
  &

T
 8 "&

Y 8   

POL
 0
  -
.     -
 '%# 

LE
 
    A $& D &

ÉC O ,
 8   . $

  "A $A $
8  
G 
0I  8 -
 4 $
    $"  
( 
  $$  &
   ,  &A $ .
 &&
  A  8H -$
 )  8    $
    & 8
  8 0 "

U E
8
  .   &

IQ
 =  &
8
  4 $-A 
N
 
  
 
  &
     4
 $
EC H
  A -A 
  
 A &
Y T I

 A 

POL
      I 
. 

L E
. $$

O
  $-
 -
   -$

ÉC
     &

 
#0 
 

  .   
# ,
$&A &
 E &&
  
   &
 (
  A $     *   &-A 
 !    
  ,9
 &
    )
 -
 
 A & ) ? , ) 

. "$ 0 

E

    ,  $&    
 
 "

   
 "
 
  $A 
IQ U
N
.      ,  -
,  -$A A $A "A ""
 E  -
E C H
. 0 -

 = 0 
 0. -$
LY T
   A 
 

P O
   ,  $A  A A    

LE
 &$ 

ÉC O
"$ 

U E
 ' "
N IQ
   &
 E06= 0 

EC H
 
0  

T
 2% -

Y 
 $

POL
  a
  B  ( &
 
   "A "$A &"A " ,
   

LE
   
  --
O
,
   "

ÉC
  
 8 "$ 
. 
  $
 
0 
 
0   
 , A    "

  "
   "A $
  
 
   "A "A "-A 
  $
,   -
 $$

 
8 
 $-
 
 
#  &A $
U E
IQ
 4
6   
#    $

N
 4 .6=
  

H
#  
 &
 N 0 

EC
#  ;  < 
  F $
  
  
Y T    "

POL
   "A $
 /C &
  
   
  

O L E

  

 
 A A -A  A $A
"A $$

ÉC

 6 

  I

 
 .
 . 
 &A 
 . 
0
  


    &A $&
0 -
0   &
  -
 '
# &A $&
   $

  "A $
    A A &A A &A A &A
   "A $
"A $
  $$

.     
  -

 6   -
     "

  
     
   # 
 &$
U E
IQ
I     
/*6  
N 6   
H N
   ? .  )  A A $A

C
$&

E
N 6  &
/. 6 % &

&"A &
LY T

 
 "

O

   +#  
0  *  $
P
OLE
  
 $-   &

ÉC
 "&

U E
     - A "
N IQ

 . &&A "

  

EC H
.
  
T

  ;  < --

Y .
  -

POL

  ;
.< $
     $ . 0 ,  "
. 
  

LE
. 0 -A A $A $"
+@ " > /
 A $

ÉC O
     &
  
  .
 A 
0 "
 
  "

 
   0 "
0 
 ""

E
8 $$
8 0 "
  -
IQ U
  "
H N
EC
.   "
 "$A -$
Y T
POL

6 (  &

6   &
   "

O L E
0 A &A &

ÉC
   
  
% A &

 0 $-A -

   -

     -
# 
#    

 B
  5
%  
 67   &
U E
IQ
 7 %C% $&
 +  &

H N
C
   
 -A &
   &&A "
Y T E
 
  &"

P O L
LE

 
  &

ÉC O
"-    

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
()
E  && * $( POL
O L
ÉC
 .   ,
                                                        &
   6                                                           $
                                                           -$A 

    
                                                 A $A "&
X ,
 0                                                  --A "
.  6 (
  ,
                                    $A &A -$
U E
(
  ,
                                             -$A &A &
N IQ
EC H
  . 0                                                                A "
                                                                     -$A  

T
                                                                A A &
Y
POL
 # 
                                                           $A &
)                                                                             $

L E
)
   

                                                           $

O
  
                                                                       -

ÉC
  
  D
                                              A &A -A 
  
 
 
                                                    A  A -
0  
                                                          A "
  
 
                                                                  $

  
                                                        A $A 
0 ,(                                                       -A &
0  D                                                               &
0                                                            -
0
 6?6                                                      -A -
   ,                                                A &A "A $"
                                                            "
   
  F                                                        
U E


.# 
                                             -A -
N IQ
H
. 0                                                                       $

T E C
O LY
P
O LE
ÉC
     "

U E
N IQ
EC H
Y T
()
E  ($ $( POL
O L
ÉC
A∗    I                                                              
 X . .  X                                                   $$
C k (Ω), C k (Ω)    8   k 8   G  .0                 $$
Cc∞ (Ω)    8   )   .0 ? 
          - A -
Cc∞ (Ω)    8   )   .0 ? 
 0                -
D(Ω)    8   )   .0 ? 
                 -
U E
IQ
D (Ω)     0
                                                   -
N
EC H
δij #0  B %                                                       "-
dx 
 .
 
 ;  0
<                                              $-

T
ds 
 
8 
 ;  0
<                                              $-
Y
POL
∂ α  .   ,  α                                                    -
∂Ω 0 ,
 
. Ω                                                          $-

L E
Epi(J)   ,
 8   J                                              

O
 K 0    
 ,
 . K                          $$

ÉC
H 1 (Ω)    0.                                                        -$
H01 (Ω)    0. ?   
                                           
H m (Ω)    0. ,  m                                             
H 1/2 (∂Ω)                                                           
H(div)      . 
                                           
J  (  ,
 8   J                                                
L2 (Ω)    0
                                                        -
L∞ (Ω)    0
                                                       -
n 
    
                                                    $-
|N |   ,
 0 ) N                                              &-
Pe .    P                                                      $-
Pk    #X     k                                       &&
U E
Qk    #X     
 . 0 k                         "

N IQ
H
+  6                                                                  
RN

T E C
V 
 ,
   V                                                          $

O LY
P
O LE
ÉC

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen