Pe Math Notes

Fourier Series for the Periodic Waveform x(t)
x(t) = X
DC
+

n=1
a
n
cosnt +

n=1
b
n
sinnt
where
X
DC
=
1
T

0
T
x(t)dt =
1
2

0
2
x(t) d(t)
a
n
=
1

0
2
x(t) cosnt d
(
t
)
b
n
=
1

0
2
x(t) sinnt d
(
t
)
T =
2
Alternate Form for the Fourier Series

x(t) = X
DC
+

n=1
c
n
cos(nt
n
)
where
c
n
= a
n
2
+ b
n
2
n
= tan
1
bn
an
(four-quadrant arctangent)
Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics
Roger King, Prof. EECS
1
Waveform Attributes for the Periodic Waveform x(t)
DC (average) value:
X
DC
=
1
T

0
T
x(t)dt =
1
2

0
2
x(t)d(t)
RMS value:
X
rms
=
1
T

0
T
x
2
(t) dt =
1
2

0
2
x
2
(t) d(t)
or intermsof Fourier components
X
rms
= X
DC
2
+
a
1
2
2
+
b
1
2
2
+
a
2
2
2
+
b
2
2
2
+
or
X
rms
= X
DC
2
+
c
1
2
2
+
c
2
2
2
+
Average power conveyed by the v(t)-i(t) pair:
P
AVG
=
1
T

0
T
v(t) i(t) dt =
1
2

0
2
v(t) i(t) d(t)
or intermsof theFourier components
P
AVG
= V
DC
I
DC
+
a
v,1
a
i,1
2
+
b
v,1
b
i,1
2
+
a
v,2
a
i,2
2
+
b
v,2
b
i,2
2
+
or
P
AVG
= V
DC
I
DC
+
c
v,1
c
i,1
2
cos(
v,1

i,1
) +
c
v,2
c
i,2
2
cos(
v,2

i,2
) +
2
Useful Trigonometric Identities
sin
(
x
)
= sin
(
x
)
= sin(x ! ) and cos
(
x
)
= cos
(
x
)
= cos(x ! )
sinx = cos
(
x

2
)
cosx = sin
(
x +

2
)
sin
(
A! B
)
= sinAcosB ! cosAsinB
cos
(
A" B
)
= cosAcosB ! sinAsinB
cosAcosB =
1
2
[
cos
(
A + B
)
+ cos
(
A B
)]
sinAsinB =
1
2
[
cos
(
A B
)
cos
(
A + B
)]
sinAcosB =
1
2
[
sin
(
A + B
)
+ sin
(
A B
)]
sinA ! sinB = 2sin
1
2
(
A ! B
)
$ cos
1
2
(
A" B
)
cosA + cosB = 2cos
1
2
(
A+ B
)
$ cos
1
2
(
A B
)
cosA cosB = 2sin
1
2
(
A+ B
)
$ sin
1
2
(
A B
)
sin2x = 2sinxcosx
cos2x = 2cos
2
x 1 = 1 2sin
2
x = cos
2
x sin
2
x
sin
x
2
= !
1
2
(
1 cosx
)
! dependsonthequadrant of
x
2
cos
x
2
= !
1
2
(
1+ cosx
)
x
2
tan
x
2
=
1cosx
sinx
=
sinx
1+cosx
= !
1cosx
1+cosx
x
2
sin
2
x =
1
2
(
1 cos2x
)
cos
2
x =
1
2
(
1 + cos2x
)
3
a cost + b sint = c cos(t )
where c = a
2
+ b
2
and = tan
1
[
b
a
]
Four-quadrant arc tangent (not principal value).
See example figure above; example below.
cost sint = 2 cos
(
t 225
)
)
= 2 cos
(
t + 135
)
)
(complete phasor set identity, M phases)
n=0
M1
cos
(
t n
2
M
)
=
n=0
M1
sin
(
t n
2
M
)
= 0
(the three-phase case) cos
(
t
)
+ cos
(
t
2
3
)
+ cos
(
t
4
3
)
= 0
Useful Integrals (n and m are integers)
sinx sinmx dx =
sin(nm)x
2(nm)

sin(n+m)x
2(n+m)
if n
2
! m
2
sinx cosmx dx =
cos(nm)x
2(nm)

cos(n+m)x
2(n+m)
if n
2
! m
2
cosnx cosmx dx =
sin(nm)x
2(nm)
+
sin(n+m)x
2(n+m)
if n
2
! m
2
x sin
(
ax
)
dx =
1
a
2
sinax
x
a
cosax
x cos
(
ax
)
dx =
1
a
2
cosax +
x
a
sinax
sin
2
nx dx =
x
2

sin2nx
4n
cos
2
nx dx =
x
2
+
sin2nx
4n
sinnx cosnx dx =
cos2nx
4n
4
Useful Definite Integrals (n and m are integers)
0
2
sinnx sinmx dx =
0
2
sinnx cosmx dx =
0
2
cosnx cosmx dx = 0 if n
2
! m
2
sin
2
nx dx =
0
cos
2
nx dx =

2
for n ! 0
0
2
sin
2
nx dx =
0
2
cos
2
nx dx = for n ! 0
0
2
sin
2
nx dx =
0
2
cos
2
nx dx = for n ! 0
5
Attributes of Common Waveforms
A. Sine Wave x(t)
average value X
dc
= 0
rms value X
rms
=
X
P
2
Fourier series x(t) = X
P
sint
B. Half-Wave Rectified Sine Wave x(t)
average value X
dc
=
X
P
rms value X
rms
=
X
P
2
Fourier series x(t) =
X
P
+
X
P
2
sint
2X
P

n=2
cosnt
(n+1)(n1)
nevenonly
=
X
P
+
X
P
2
sint
2X
P
1
3
cos2t +
1
15
cos4t +
1
35
cos6t +
6
C. Full-Wave Rectified Sine Wave x(t)
average value X
dc
=
2X
P
rms value X
rms
=
X
P
2
Fourier series
x(t) =
2X
P

4X
P

n=2
cosnt
(n+1)(n1)
nevenonly
=
2X
P

4X
P
1
3
cos2t +
1
15
cos4t +
1
35
cos6t +
D. Two-Pulse Controlled Rectifier Waveform x(t)
average value X
dc
=
2X
P
cos
rms value X
rms
=
X
P
2
Fourier series
x(t) =
2X
P
cos +
2X
P

p=1
cosp
cos[2pt + (2p+1)]
2p + 1

cos[2pt + (2p1)]
2p 1
or x(t) =
2X
P
cos +
2X
P

p=1
c
2p
cos
(
2pt +
2p
)
where c
2p
=
1
(2p+1)
2

2cos2
(2p+1)(2p1)
+
1
(2p1)
2
7
E. Three-Pulse Controlled Rectifier Waveform x(t)
average value X
dc
=
3 3 X
P
2
cos
rms value X
rms
=
3 3 X
P
2
2
2
27
+

6 3
cos2
3 3 X
P
2
cos +
3 3 X
P
2

p=1
cosp
cos[3pt + (3p+1)]
3p + 1

cos[3pt + (3p1)]
3p 1
or x(t) =
3 3 X
P
2
cos +
3 3 X
P
2

p=1
c
3p
cos
(
3pt +
3p
)
where c
3p
=
1
(3p+1)
2

2cos2
(3p+1)(3p1)
+
1
(3p1)
2
8
F. Six-Pulse Controlled Rectifier Waveform x(t)
average value X
dc
=
3X
P
cos
rms value X
rms
=
3X
P

2
18
+

4 3
cos2
3X
P
cos +
3X
P

p=1
cos[6pt + (6p+1)]
6p + 1

cos[6pt + (6p1)]
6p 1
or x(t) =
3X
P
cos +
3X
P

p=1
c
6p
cos
(
6pt +
6p
)
where c
6p
=
1
(6p+1)
2

2cos2
(6p+1)(6p1)
+
1
(6p1)
2
9
G. Square Wave x(t)
average value X
dc
= 0
rms value X
rms
= X
P
Fourier series
x(t) = 0 +
4X
P

n=1
sin n

2
n
cosnt for noddonly
=
4X
P
cost
1
3
cos3t +
1
5
cos5t
1
7
cos7t +
H. Triangle Wave x(t)
average value X
dc
= 0
rms value X
rms
=
X
P
3
Fourier series x
(
t
)
= 0 +
8X
P
2

n=1
sin n

2
n
2
cosnt for noddonly
=
8X
P
2
cost
1
9
cos3t +
1
25
cos5t
1
49
cos7t +
10
I. Pulse Waveform x(t) (D is the duty factor)
average value X
dc
= D X
P
rms value X
rms
= D X
P
Fourier series
x
(
t
)
= DX
P
+
2X
P

n=1
(
sinnD
n
)
cosnt for all n
= DX
P
+
2X
P
sinD $ cost +
sin2D
2
$ cos2t +
sin3D
3
$ cos3t +
J . General Sawtooth Ramp Waveform x(t) (D is the duty factor of the rising slope)
The sweep waveform is either of two special cases: D =1, illustrated below, or D =0, not
shown.
11
average value X
dc
= 0
rms value X
rms
=
X
P
3
Fourier series x
(
t
)
=
n=1
b
n
sinnt for all n
where
b
n
=
2X
P
n
2
2
sin(nD)
D(1D)
andfor thetwospecial cases:
b
n
=
2X
P
n
for D = 0
b
n
=
2X
P
n
cosn for D = 1
rev. April 2009
12

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Fourier Series for the Periodic Waveform x(t)

Alternate Form for the Fourier Series

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