Chem Data Booklet

Diploma Programme
Chemistry data booklet

First examinations 2009
4019a
Printed in the United Kingdom by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire
First published March 2007
Revised edition published September 2008
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Diploma Programme
Chemistry data booklet Chemistry data booklet
Contents
1. Some relevant equations 1
2. Physical constants and unit conversions 1
3. The electromagnetic spectrum 1
4. Names of the elements 2
5. The periodic table 3
6. Melting points and boiling points of the elements 4
7. First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the 5
elements
8. Atomic and ionic radii of the elements 6
9. Covalent bond lengths 7
10. Bond enthalpies and average bond enthalpies at 298 K 7
11. Organic compoundsthermodynamic data 8
12. Enthalpies of combustion 9
13. Lattice enthalpies at 298 K (experimental and theoretical values) 10
14. Standard electrode potentials 12
15. Strengths of organic acids and bases 13
16. Acidbase indicators 14
17. Infrared data 15
18.
1
H NMR data 16
19. 2-Amino acids 17
20. Structural formulas of some medicines and drugs 19
21. Structural formulas of some biological molecules 21
22. Structural formulas of some food chemistry molecules 22
23. References 24
Notes
This booklet cannot be used for paper 1 of the examination (SLP1 and HLP1), but the periodic table
given on page 3 will be available as part of these examination papers. Clean copies of this booklet
must be made available to candidates for papers 2 and 3 (SLP2, SLP3, HLP2 and HLP3).
Chemistry data booklet 1
1. Some relevant equations
0
10
log =
I
lc
I
=
a
E
RT
k Ae

ln ln = =
a
E
k A
RT
c=f
= PV nRT
= G H T S

q=mcT E=hf
2. Physical constants and unit conversions
Avogadros constant (L) = 6.02 10
23
mol
1
Gas constant (R) = 8.31 J K
1
mol
1
Molar volume of an ideal gas at 273 K and 1.01 10
5
Pa = 2.24 10
2
m
3
mol
1
(= 22.4 dm
3
mol
1
)
Plancks constant (h) = 6.63 10
34
J s
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 kJ kg
1
K
1
(= 4.18 J g
1
K
1
)
Ionic product constant for water (K
w
) = 1.00 10
14
at 298 K
1 atm = 1.01 10
5
Pa
1 dm
3
= 1 litre = 1 10
3
m
3
= 1 10
3
cm
3
3. The electromagnetic spectrum
10
16
10
14
10
12
10
10
10
8
10
6
10
4
10
2
10
0
10
2
10
4
10
6
10
8
rays X rays UV IR microwaves radio waves
wavelength / m
Energy
V I B G Y O R
wavelength / nm
700 400
1
4. Names of the elements
Element Symbol Atomic
number
Element Symbol Atomic
number
actinium
aluminium
americium
antimony
argon
arsenic
astatine
barium
berkelium
beryllium
bismuth
bohrium
boron
bromine
cadmium
caesium
calcium
californium
carbon
cerium
chlorine
chromium
cobalt
copper
curium
dubnium
dysprosium
einsteinium
erbium
europium
fermium
fluorine
francium
gadolinium
gallium
germanium
gold
hafnium
hassium
helium
holmium
hydrogen
indium
iodine
iridium
iron
krypton
lanthanum
lawrencium
lead
lithium
lutetium
magnesium
manganese
meitnerium
Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
Bh
B
Br
Cd
Cs
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
Db
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
Hs
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Mt
89
13
95
51
18
33
85
56
97
4
83
107
5
35
48
55
20
98
6
58
17
24
27
29
96
105
66
99
68
63
100
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
108
2
67
1
49
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
71
12
25
109
mendelevium
mercury
molybdenum
neodymium
neon
neptunium
nickel
niobium
nitrogen
nobelium
osmium
oxygen
palladium
phosphorus
platinum
plutonium
polonium
potassium
praseodymium
promethium
protactinium
radium
radon
rhenium
rhodium
rubidium
ruthenium
rutherfordium
samarium
scandium
seaborgium
selenium
silicon
silver
sodium
strontium
sulfur
tantalum
technetium
tellurium
terbium
thallium
thorium
thulium
tin
titanium
tungsten
uranium
vanadium
xenon
ytterbium
yttrium
zinc
zirconium
Md
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rb
Ru
Rf
Sm
Sc
Sg
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
101
80
42
60
10
93
28
41
7
102
76
8
46
15
78
94
84
19
59
61
91
88
86
75
45
37
44
104
62
21
106
34
14
47
11
38
16
73
43
52
65
81
90
69
50
22
74
92
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54
70
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3
H2
.
2

2
3
7
2

H
e
5
2
0

6
0

L
i
1
.
0
9
0
0
B
e
1
.
6
8
0
1

2
7
B
2
.
0
1
0
8
6

1
2
2
C
2
.
6
1
4
0
2

N
3
.
0
1
3
1
4

1
4
1

+
7
9
8
O3
.
4
1
6
8
1

3
2
8
F
4
.
0

2
0
8
1

N
e
4
9
6

5
3
N
a
0
.
9
7
3
8

M
g
1
.
3
5
7
8

4
2
A
l
1
.
6
7
8
9

1
3
4
S
i
1
.
9
1
0
1
2

7
2
P
2
.
2
1
0
0
0

2
0
0
+
6
4
0

S
2
.
6
1
2
5
1

3
4
9
C
l
3
.
2

1
5
2
1

A
r
4
1
9

4
8
K0
.
8
5
9
0

2
C
a
1
.
0

6
3
1

1
8
S
c
1
.
4
6
5
8

8
T
i
1
.
5
6
5
0

5
1
V
1
.
6
6
5
3

6
4
C
r
1
.
7

7
1
7

M
n
1
.
6

7
5
9

1
5

F
e
1
.
8
7
5
8

6
4
C
o
1
.
9
7
3
7

1
1
2
N
i
1
.
9
7
4
6

1
1
9
C
u
1
.
9
9
0
6

Z
n
1
.
7
5
7
9

4
1

G
a
1
.
8
7
6
2

1
1
9
G
e
2
.
0
9
4
7

7
9

A
s
2
.
2
9
4
1

1
9
5
S
e
2
.
6
1
1
4
0

3
2
5
B
r
3
.
0

1
3
5
1

K
r

4
0
3

4
7

R
b
0
.
8
5
5
0

5

S
r
1
.
0

6
1
6

-
3
0
Y
1
.
2

6
6
0

4
1
Z
r
1
.
3

6
6
4

8
6

N
b
1
.
6

6
8
5

7
2

M
o
2
.
2
7
0
2

5
3

T
c
2
.
1
7
1
1

1
0
1

R
u
2
.
2

7
2
0

1
1
0

R
h
2
.
3

8
0
5

5
4

P
d
2
.
2
7
3
1

1
2
6
A
g
1
.
9
8
6
8

C
d
1
.
7
5
5
8

2
9

I
n
1
.
8
7
0
9

1
0
7
S
n
2
.
0
8
3
4

1
0
1

S
b
2
.
1
8
6
9

1
9
0

T
e
2
.
1
1
0
0
8

2
9
5
I
2
.
7
1
1
7
0

X
e
3
7
6

4
6
C
s
0
.
8

5
0
3

1
4
B
a
0
.
9

5
3
8

4
5

L
a
1
.
1

6
8
0

H
f
1
.
3

7
6
1

3
1

T
a
1
.
5

7
7
0

7
9

W
1
.
7

7
6
0

1
4

R
e
1
.
9

8
4
0

1
0
6

O
s
2
.
2

8
8
0

1
5
1
I
r

2
.
2

8
7
0

2
0
5

P
t
2
.
2
8
9
0

2
2
3

A
u
2
.
4
1
0
0
7

H
g
1
.
9
5
8
9

1
9
T
l
1
.
8
7
1
6

3
5
P
b
1
.
8
7
0
3

9
1
B
i
1
.
9
8
1
2

1
8
3
P
o
2
.
0

2
7
0

A
t
2
.
2

1
0
3
7

R
n

3
9
3

4
4

F
r
0
.
7

5
0
9

1
0

R
a
0
.
9

4
9
9

3
4

A
c
1
.
1
F
i
r
s
t

i
o
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n

e
n
e
r
g
y

/

E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n

a
f
f
n
i
t
y

/

k
J

m
o
l

1
k
J

m
o
l
1

2
n
d

E
A

/

k
J

m
o
l

1
E
l
e
m
e
n
t
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
i
t
y
5
8
.

A
t
o
m
i
c

a
n
d

i
o
n
i
c

r
a
d
i
i

o
f

t
h
e

e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s

3
0

H
1
5
4

(
1
)

H
e

1
5
2
L
i
6
8

(
1
+
)

1
1
2
B
e
3
0

(
2
+
)

8
8
B
1
6

(
3
+
)

7
7

C
2
6
0

(
4
)

7
0
N
1
7
1

(
3
)

6
6

O
1
4
6

(
2
)

6
4

F
1
3
3

(
1
)
N
e

1
8
6
N
a
9
8

(
1
+
)

1
6
0
M
g
6
5

(
2
+
)

1
4
3
A
l
4
5

(
3
+
)

1
1
7
S
i
4
2

(
4
+
)
2
7
1

(
4
)

1
1
0
P
2
1
2

(
3
)

1
0
4
S
1
9
0

(
2
)

9
9
C
l
1
8
1

(
1
)

A
r

2
3
1
K
1
3
3

(
1
+
)

1
9
7
C
a
9
4

(
2
+
)

1
6
0
S
c
8
1

(
3
+
)

1
4
6
T
i
9
0

(
2
+
)
6
8

(
4
+
)

1
3
1

V

8
8

(
2
+
)

1
2
5
C
r

6
3

(
3
+
)

1
2
9
M
n
8
0

(
2
+
)

6
0

(
4
+
)

1
2
6
F
e
7
6

(
2
+
)

6
4

(
3
+
)

1
2
5
C
o
7
4

(
2
+
)

6
3

(
3
+
)

1
2
4
N
i
7
2

(
2
+
)

1
2
8
C
u
9
6

(
1
+
)

6
9

(
2
+
)

1
3
3
Z
n
7
4

(
2
+
)

1
4
1
G
a
6
2

(
3
+
)

1
2
2
G
e
5
3

(
4
+
)

2
7
2

(
4
)

1
2
1
A
s

2
2
2

(
3
)

1
1
7
S
e
2
0
2

(
2
)

1
1
4
B
r
1
9
6

(
1
)

K
r

2
4
4
R
b
1
4
8

(
1
+
)

2
1
5
S
r
1
1
0

(
2
+
)

1
8
0

Y
9
3

(
3
+
)

1
5
7
Z
r
8
0

(
4
+
)

1
4
1

N
b
7
2

(
3
+
)
6
4

(
5
+
)

1
3
6

M
o
6
8

(
4
+
)

1
3
5

T
c
6
5

(
4
+
)
3
7

(
7
+
)

1
3
3

R
u
6
8

(
3
+
)
6
2

(
4
+
)

1
3
4

R
h
6
7

(
3
+
)
6
0

(
4
+
)

1
3
8

P
d
8
6

(
2
+
)
6
2

(
4
+
)

1
4
4
A
g
1
2
6

(
1
+
)

1
4
9
C
d
9
7

(
2
+
)

1
6
6
I
n
8
1

(
3
+
)

1
6
2
S
n
1
1
2

(
2
+
)

7
1

(
4
+
)

1
4
1
S
b
2
4
5

(
3
)

1
3
7
T
e
2
2
2

(
2
)

1
3
3
I
2
1
9

(
1
)

X
e

2
6
2
C
s
1
6
7

(
1
+
)

2
1
7
B
a
1
3
4

(
2
+
)

1
8
8
L
a
1
1
5

(
3
+
)

1
5
7
H
f
7
6

(
4
+
)

1
4
3

T
a
6
4

(
5
+
)
7
2

(
6
+
)

1
3
7
W
6
6

(
4
+
)

4
2

(
6
+
)

1
3
7
R
e
6
3

(
4
+
)
3
8

(
7
+
)

1
3
4
O
s
6
3

(
4
+
)
3
9

(
8
+
)

1
3
5
I
r
6
8

(
3
+
)
6
3

(
4
+
)

1
3
8

P
t
8
0

(
2
+
)
6
3

(
4
+
)

1
4
4
A
u
1
3
7

(
1
+
)

8
5

(
3
+
)

1
5
2
H
g
1
2
7

(
1
+
)

1
1
0

(
2
+
)

1
7
1
T
l
1
5
0

(
1
+
)
9
3

(
3
+
)

1
7
5
P
b
1
2
0

(
2
+
)

8
4

(
4
+
)

1
7
0
B
i
1
2
0

(
3
+
)

7
6

(
5
+
)

1
4
0
P
o
9
4

(
4
+
)
6
7

(
6
+
)

1
4
0

A
t
6
2

(
7
+
)

R
n

2
7
0
F
r
1
8
0

(
1
+
)
2
2
0
R
a
1
4
8

(
2
+
)
1
8
8
A
c
1
1
2

(
3
+
)
A
t
o
m
i
c

r
a
d
i
u
s

/

1
0
1
2

m
E
l
e
m
e
n
t
I
o
n
i
c
r
a
d
i
u
s

/

1
0
1
2

m
6
9. Covalent bond lengths
Bond Bond length / nm Bond Bond length / nm
HH
CC
C=C
CC
C C (in benzene)
SiSi
NN
N=N
NN
PP
OO
O=O
SS
S=S
FF
ClCl
BrBr
II
0.074
0.154
0.134
0.120
0.140
0.235
0.145
0.120
0.110
0.221
0.148
0.121
0.205
0.189
0.142
0.199
0.228
0.267
CH
SiH
NH
PH
OH
SH
FH
ClH
BrH
IH
CO
C=O
CN
C=N
CN
CF
CCl
CBr
CI
SiO
0.108
0.148
0.101
0.144
0.096
0.134
0.092
0.127
0.141
0.161
0.143
0.120
0.147
0.130
0.116
0.138
0.177
0.194
0.214
0.161
10. Bond enthalpies and average bond enthalpies at 298 K
Bond H / kJ mol
1
Bond H / kJ mol
1
HH
CC
C=C
CC
C C (benzene)
SiSi
NN
N=N
NN
PP
OO
O=O
SS
FF
ClCl
BrBr
II
436
347
612
838
505
226
158
410
945
198
144
498
266
158
243
193
151
CH
SiH
NH
PH
OH
SH
FH
ClH
BrH
IH
CO
C=O
CN
C=N
CN
CF
CCl
CBr
CI
SiO
413
318
391
321
464
364
568
432
366
298
358
746
286
615
887
467
346
290
228
466
7
11. Organic compoundsthermodynamic data
Substance Formula State f
H
/
kJ mol
1
f
G
/
kJ mol
1
S
/
J K
1
mol
1
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
ethene
propene
but-1-ene
cis-but-2-ene
trans-but-2-ene
ethyne
propyne
buta-1,3-diene
cyclohexane
benzene
methylbenzene
ethylbenzene
phenylethene
chloromethane
dichloromethane
trichloromethane
bromomethane
iodomethane
chloroethane
bromoethane
chlorobenzene
methanol
ethanol
phenol
methanal
ethanal
propanone
methanoic acid
ethanoic acid
benzoic acid
methylamine
CH
4
C
2
H
6
C
3
H
8
C
4
H
10
C
5
H
12
C
6
H
14
C
2
H
4
C
3
H
6
C
4
H
8
C
4
H
8
C
4
H
8
C
2
H
2
C
3
H
4
C
4
H
6
C
6
H
12
C
6
H
6
C
6
H
5
CH
3
C
6
H
5
CH
2
CH
3
C
6
H
5
CHCH
2
CH
3
Cl
CH
2
Cl
2
CHCl
3
CH
3
Br
CH
3
I
C
2
H
5
Cl
C
2
H
5
Br
C
6
H
5
Cl
CH
3
OH
C
2
H
5
OH
C
6
H
5
OH
HCHO
CH
3
CHO
(CH
3
)
2
CO
HCOOH
CH
3
COOH
C
6
H
5
COOH
CH
3
NH
2
g
g
g
g
l
l
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
l
l
l
l
l
g
l
l
g
l
g
l
l
l
l
s
g
g
l
l
l
s
g
75
85
105
127
173
199
52
20
0*
8
12
228
187
110
156
49
12
13
104
82
124
135
37
16
137
91
11
239
277
165
109
191
248
425
485
385
23
51
33
23
16
9
4
68
75
72
66
63
209
194
152
27
125
111
120
203
57
63
71
26
13
53
94
166
175
48
113
128
155
361
390
245
32
186
230
270
310
261
296
220
267
306
301
296
201
248
279
204
173
320
255
345
235
178
202
246
163
240
161
219
160
129
160
243
* (0.4)
8
1
2
.

E
n
t
h
a
l
p
i
e
s

o
f

c
o
m
b
u
s
t
i
o
n
T
h
e

v
a
l
u
e
s

o
f

t
h
e

m
o
l
a
r

e
n
t
h
a
l
p
y

o
f

c
o
m
b
u
s
t
i
o
n

c
(
)
H

i
n

t
h
e

f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g

t
a
b
l
e

r
e
f
e
r

t
o

a

t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

o
f

2
9
8

K

a
n
d

a

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

o
f

1
.
0
1

1
0
5

P
a

(
1

a
t
m
)
.
S
u
b
s
t
a
n
c
e
F
o
r
m
u
l
a
S
t
a
t
e
c
H
/

k
J

m
o
l
1
S
u
b
s
t
a
n
c
e
F
o
r
m
u
l
a
S
t
a
t
e
c
H
/

k
J

m
o
l
1
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
s
u
l
f
u
r
c
a
r
b
o
n

(
g
r
a
p
h
i
t
e
)
c
a
r
b
o
n

m
o
n
o
x
i
d
e
m
e
t
h
a
n
e
e
t
h
a
n
e
p
r
o
p
a
n
e
b
u
t
a
n
e
p
e
n
t
a
n
e
h
e
x
a
n
e
o
c
t
a
n
e
c
y
c
l
o
h
e
x
a
n
e
e
t
h
e
n
e
b
u
t
a
-
1
,
3
-
d
i
e
n
e
e
t
h
y
n
e
b
e
n
z
e
n
e
m
e
t
h
y
l
b
e
n
z
e
n
e
n
a
p
h
t
h
a
l
e
n
e
c
h
l
o
r
o
e
t
h
a
n
e
b
r
o
m
o
e
t
h
a
n
e
i
o
d
o
e
t
h
a
n
e
(
c
h
l
o
r
o
m
e
t
h
y
l
)
b
e
n
z
e
n
e
t
r
i
c
h
l
o
r
o
m
e
t
h
a
n
e
m
e
t
h
a
n
o
l
e
t
h
a
n
o
l
H
2
SCC
O
C
H
4
C
2
H
6
C
3
H
8
C
4
H
1
0
C
5
H
1
2
C
6
H
1
4
C
8
H
1
8
C
6
H
1
2
C
2
H
4
C
4
H
6
C
2
H
2
C
6
H
6
C
6
H
5
C
H
3
C
1
0
H
8
C
2
H
5
C
l
C
2
H
5
B
r
C
2
H
5
I
C
6
H
5
C
H
2
C
l
C
H
C
l
3
C
H
3
O
H
C
2
H
5
O
H
gssggggg
llll
ggg
llsg
llllll
2
8
6
2
9
7
3
9
4
2
8
3
8
9
0
1
5
6
0
2
2
1
9
2
8
7
7
3
5
0
9
4
1
6
3
5
4
7
0
3
9
2
0
1
4
1
1
2
5
4
1
1
3
0
1
3
2
6
7
3
9
1
0
5
1
5
6
1
4
1
3
1
4
2
5
1
4
6
7
3
7
0
9
4
7
4
7
2
6
1
3
6
7
p
r
o
p
a
n
-
1
-
o
l
b
u
t
a
n
-
1
-
o
l
c
y
c
l
o
h
e
x
a
n
o
l
p
h
e
n
o
l
e
t
h
o
x
y
e
t
h
a
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m
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n
a
l
b
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z
a
l
d
e
h
y
d
e
p
r
o
p
a
n
o
n
e
p
e
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t
a
n
-
3
-
o
n
e
p
h
e
n
y
l
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t
h
a
n
o
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e
m
e
t
h
a
n
o
i
c

a
c
i
d
e
t
h
a
n
o
i
c

a
c
i
d
b
e
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z
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c

a
c
i
d
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h
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d
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c

a
c
i
d
e
t
h
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l

e
t
h
a
n
o
a
t
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a
m
i
d
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l
a
m
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n
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l
a
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l
a
m
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i
t
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o
b
e
n
z
e
n
e
u
r
e
a
g
l
u
c
o
s
e
s
u
c
r
o
s
e
C
3
H
7
O
H
C
4
H
9
O
H
C
6
H
1
1
O
H
C
6
H
5
O
H
(
C
2
H
5
)
2
O
H
C
H
O
C
H
3
C
H
O
C
6
H
5
C
H
O
(
C
H
3
)
2
C
O
(
C
2
H
5
)
2
C
O
C
H
3
C
O
C
6
H
5
H
C
O
O
H
C
H
3
C
O
O
H
C
6
H
5
C
O
O
H
(
C
O
O
H
)
2
C
H
3
C
O
O
C
2
H
5
C
H
3
C
O
N
H
2
C
H
3
N
H
2
C
2
H
5
N
H
2
C
6
H
5
N
H
2
C
6
H
5
N
O
2
C
O
(
N
H
2
)
2
C
6
H
1
2
O
6
C
1
2
H
2
2
O
1
1
11ssl
gg
llllllsslsgg
llsss
2
0
2
1
2
6
7
6
3
7
2
7
3
0
5
3
2
7
2
4
5
7
1
1
1
6
7
3
5
2
5
1
8
1
7
3
1
0
0
4
1
4
9
2
5
4
8
7
4
3
2
2
7
2
4
3
2
2
3
8
1
1
8
5
1
0
8
5
1
7
4
0
3
3
9
3
3
0
8
8
6
3
2
2
8
0
3
5
6
4
0
9
13. Lattice enthalpies at 298 K (experimental and
theoretical values)
The lattice enthalpy values
lattice
( ) H
given relate to the endothermic process for a solid crystal

breaking into gaseous ions.
For example, for an alkali metal halide:
MX(s) M
+
(g) + X
(g)
Experimental values
The data in these two tables are experimental values obtained by means of a suitable BornHaber
cycle.
Alkali
metal
halides
lattice
H
/ kJ mol
1
F Cl Br I
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
1049
930
829
795
759
864
790
720
695
670
820
754
691
668
647
764
705
650
632
613
Other
substances
lattice
H
/ kJ mol
1
Other substances
lattice
H
/ kJ mol
1
CaF
2
BeCl
2
MgCl
2
CaCl
2
SrCl
2
BaCl
2
MgO
CaO
SrO
BaO
2651
3033
2540
2271
2170
2069
3791
3401
3223
3054
CuCl
2
AgF
AgCl
AgBr
AgI
2824
974
918
905
892
10
Theoretical values
These two tables contain lattice enthalpies calculated from electrostatic principles on the basis of
a purely ionic model for the crystal.
Alkali metal
halides
lattice
H
/ kJ mol
1
F Cl Br I
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
1030
910
808
774
744
834
769
701
680
657
788
732
671
651
632
730
682
632
617
600
Other
substances
lattice
H
/ kJ mol
1
Other substances
lattice
H
/ kJ mol
1
CaF
2
MgO
CaO
SrO
BaO
2640
3795
3414
3217
3029
AgF
AgCl
AgBr
AgI
953
910
897
881
11
14. Standard electrode potentials
Oxidized species Reduced species
E
/ V
Li
+
(aq) + e
Li(s) 3.04
K
+
(aq) + e
K(s) 2.93
Ca
2+
(aq) + 2e
Ca(s) 2.87
Na
+
(aq) + e
Na(s) 2.71
Mg
2+
(aq) + 2e
Mg(s) 2.37
Al
3+
(aq) + 3e
Al(s) 1.66
Mn
2+
(aq) + 2e
Mn(s) 1.19
H
2
O(l) + e
H
2
(g) + OH
(aq) 0.83
Zn
2+
(aq) + 2e
Zn(s) 0.76
Fe
2+
(aq) + 2e
Fe(s) 0.45
Ni
2+
(aq) + 2e
Ni(s) 0.26
Sn
2+
(aq) + 2e
Sn(s) 0.14
Pb
2+
(aq) + 2e
Pb(s) 0.13
H
+
(aq) + e
H
2
(g) 0.00
Cu
2+
(aq) + e
Cu
+
(aq) +0.15
SO
4
2
(aq) + 4H
+
(aq) + 2e
H
2
SO
3
(aq) + H
2
O(l) +0.17
Cu
2+
(aq) + 2e
Cu(s) +0.34
O
2
(g) + H
2
O(l) + 2e
2OH
(aq) +0.40
Cu
+
(aq) + e
Cu(s) +0.52
I
2
(s) + e
(aq) +0.54
Fe
3+
(aq) + e
Fe
2+
(aq) +0.77
Ag
+
(aq) + e
Ag(s) +0.80
Br
2
(l) + e
Br
(aq) +1.07
O
2
(g) + 2H
+
(aq) + 2e
H
2
O(l) +1.23
Cr
2
O
7
2
(aq) + 14H
+
(aq) + 6e
2Cr
3+
(aq) + 7H
2
O(l) +1.33
Cl
2
(g) + e
Cl
(aq) +1.36
MnO
4
(aq) + 8H
+
(aq) + 5e
Mn
2+
(aq) + 4H
2
O(l) +1.51
F
2
(g) + e
(aq) +2.87
12
15. Strengths of organic acids and bases
The acid strengths in the following tables are given in terms of pK
a
values, where
pK
a
= log
10
K
a
.
The dissociation constant K
a
values are for aqueous solutions at 298 K.
Base strengths are given in terms of pK
b
values.
Carboxylic acids
Name Formula pK
a
methanoic
ethanoic
propanoic
butanoic
2-methylpropanoic
pentanoic
2,2-dimethylpropanoic
benzoic
phenylethanoic
HCOOH
CH
3
COOH
CH
3
CH
2
COOH
CH
3
(CH
2
)
2
COOH
(CH
3
)
2
CHCOOH
CH
3
(CH
2
)
3
COOH
(CH
3
)
3
CCOOH
C
6
H
5
COOH
C
6
H
5
CH
2
COOH
3.75
4.76
4.87
4.83
4.84
4.83
5.03
4.20
4.31
Halogenated carboxylic acids
Name Formula pK
a
chloroethanoic
dichloroethanoic
trichloroethanoic
fuoroethanoic
bromoethanoic
iodoethanoic
CH
2
ClCOOH
CHCl
2
COOH
CCl
3
COOH
CH
2
FCOOH
CH
2
BrCOOH
CH
2
ICOOH
2.87
1.35
0.66
2.59
2.90
3.18
Phenols
Name Formula pK
a
phenol
2-nitrophenol
3-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4,6-trinitrophenol
C
6
H
5
OH
O
2
NC
6
H
4
OH
O
2
NC
6
H
4
OH
O
2
NC
6
H
4
OH
(O
2
N)
2
C
6
H
3
OH
(O
2
N)
3
C
6
H
2
OH
9.99
7.23
8.36
7.15
4.07
0.42
13
Alcohols
Name Formula pK
a
methanol
ethanol
CH
3
OH
C
2
H
5
OH
15.5
15.5
Amines
Name Formula pK
b
ammonia
methylamine
ethylamine
dimethylamine
trimethylamine
diethylamine
triethylamine
phenylamine
NH
3
CH
3
NH
2
CH
3
CH
2
NH
2
(CH
3
)
2
NH
(CH
3
)
3
N
(C
2
H
5
)
2
NH
(C
2
H
5
)
3
N
C
6
H
5
NH
2
4.75
3.34
3.35
3.27
4.20
3.16
3.25
9.13
16. Acidbase indicators
Indicator pK
a
pH range Colour change
Acid Alkali
methyl orange
bromophenol blue
bromocresol green
methyl red
bromothymol blue
phenol red
phenolphthalein
3.46
4.10
4.90
5.00
7.30
8.00
9.50
3.24.4
3.04.6
3.85.4
4.86.0
6.07.6
6.68.0
8.210.0
red
yellow
yellow
red
yellow
yellow
colourless
yellow
blue
blue
yellow
blue
red
pink
14
17. Infrared data
Characteristic ranges for infrared absorption due to stretching vibrations in organic
molecules.
Bond Organic molecules Wavenumber / cm
1
CI
CBr
CCl
CF
CO
C=C
C=O
CC
OH
CH
OH
NH
iodoalkanes
bromoalkanes
chloroalkanes
fuoroalkanes
alcohols, esters, ethers
alkenes
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids
and esters
alkynes
hydrogen bonding in carboxylic acids
alkanes, alkenes, arenes
hydrogen bonding in alcohols and
phenols
primary amines
490620
500600
600800
10001400
10501410
16101680
17001750
21002260
25003300
28503100
32003600
33003500
15
18.
1
H NMR data
Typical proton chemical shift values () relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) = 0.
R represents an alkyl group, and Hal represents F, Cl, Br, or I.
These values may vary in different solvents and conditions.
Type of proton Chemical shift / ppm
CH
3 0.91.0
CH
2
R
1.31.4
CHR
2 1.41.6
C
O
RO CH
2
2.02.5
C
R CH
2
O
2.22.7
CH
3
2.53.5
C C H
1.83.1
CH
2
Hal
3.54.4
O CH
2
R
3.33.7
C
O
R O CH
2
3.84.1
C
O
R O H
9.013.0
R O H
4.012.0
HC CH
2 4.56.0
OH 4.012.0
H 6.99.0
C
O
H
R
9.410.0

16
19. 2-Amino acids
Common name Symbol Structural formula
pH of isoelectric
point
alanine Ala
H
2
N CH
CH
3
COOH
6.0
arginine Arg
H
2
N CH
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
NH C
NH
NH
2
COOH
10.8
asparagine Asn
H
2
N CH
CH
2
COOH
C
O
NH
2 5.4
aspartic acid Asp
H
2
N CH
CH
2
COOH
COOH
2.8
cysteine Cys
H
2
N CH
CH
2
COOH
SH
5.1
glutamic acid Glu
H
2
N CH
CH
2
COOH
CH
2
COOH
3.2
glutamine Gln
H
2
N CH
CH
2
COOH
CH
2
C
O
NH
2
5.7
glycine Gly
H
2
N CH
2
COOH
6.0
histidine His
H
2
N CH
CH
2
N
N
COOH
H
7.6
isoleucine Ile
H
2
N CH
CH H
3
C
COOH
CH
2
CH
3
6.0
leucine Leu
H
2
N CH
CH
2
CH H
3
C CH
3
COOH
6.0
lysine Lys
H
2
N CH
CH
2
COOH
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2 9.7
17
Common name Symbol Structural formula
pH of isoelectric
point
methionine Met
H
2
N CH
CH
2
CH
2
S CH
3
COOH
H
2
N CH
CH
2
CH
2
S CH
3
COOH
5.7
phenylalanine Phe
H
2
N CH
CH
2
COOH
5.5
proline Pro
HN
COOH
6.3
serine Ser
H
2
N CH
CH
2
COOH
OH
5.7
threonine Thr
H
2
N CH
CH
COOH
H
3
C OH
5.6
tryptophan Trp
H
2
N CH
CH
2
N
COOH
H
5.9
tyrosine Tyr
H
2
N CH
CH
2
OH
COOH
5.7
valine Val
H
2
N CH
CH
COOH
CH
3
H
3
C
6.0
18
20. Structural formulas of some medicines
and drugs
C
OH
O
O
C
H
3
C O
OH
N
H C
O
CH
3
C H
3
C COOH
H
H
2
C C
CH
3
H
CH
3
aspirin paracetamol (acetaminophen) ibuprofen
O
OH
OH
N
H
2
C CH
2
H
3
C
O
OH
O
N
H
2
C CH
2
H
3
C
CH
3
O
O
O
N
H
2
C CH
2
H
3
C
C
C
CH
3
O
CH
3
O
morphine codeine diamorphine (heroin)
CH
2
CH
CH
3
NH
2
HO
HO CH
OH
CH
2
N
CH
3
H
N
N
N
N
O
O
H
3
C
CH
3
CH
3
amphetamine epinephrine (adrenaline) caffeine
N
N
CH
3
N
O
S
CH
3
CH
3
C
HO
O
H
N
C
R
O
N
N
H
3
C
O
Cl
nicotine
penicillin
(general structure)
diazepam (Valium
)
19
N
N
O
O
2
N
H
nitrazepam (Mogadon
)
N
N
H
N
N
O
H
2
N
CH
2
O
CH
2
H
2
C
OH
N
H
indole
acyclovir
N
O O
H
3
C
O O
CH
3
NH
N
CH
3
C
N
O
CH
2
H
3
C
CH
2
H
3
C
cocaine lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
F
3
C
O CH
2
CH
2
NH
2
+
CH
3
Cl
_
fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac
)
CH
3
O
OH
H
3
C
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
N
O
O
NH
O
O
thalidomide
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
_
N
H
P O O
O
H
CH
2
CH
2
N
+
H
H
3
C CH
3
H
3
CO
H
3
CO
OCH
3
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2
mescaline
Pt
Cl
Cl
NH
3
NH
3
cisplatin
psilocybin
20
21. Structural formulas of some biological molecules
O
O
CH
2
OH
HO
H
OH
H
H
OH
H
O
CH
2
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
H
O
O
CH
2
OH
H
H
OH
H
HO
OH
H
O
CH
2
H
CH
2
OH
H
OH H
HO
H
HO
lactose sucrose
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
CH
C
CH
3
CH
CH
CH
C
CH
3
CH
CH
2
OH
retinol (vitamin A)
O
O
OH
OH HC
CH
2
HO
HO
ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
HO
CH
3
CH
3
H
C
H
3
C CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
CH
3
CH
3
cholesterol
HC
CH
CH
3
H
C
H
3
C CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
CH
3
CH
3
CH
2
HO
vitamin D
HO
CH
3
OH
O
CH
3
C
CH
3
H
3
C
O
O
CH
3
OH
CH
3
estradiol progesterone testosterone
21
HO
HO CH
OH
CH
2
N
H
CH
3
O I
I
I
I HO CH
2
C
H
C
OH
O
NH
2
epinephrine (adrenaline) thyroxine
N
HC
N
C
C
C
N
CH
N
NH
2
H
N
C
N
C
C
C
N
CH
N
O
H
H
2
N
H
N
C
N
CH
CH
C
NH
2
O
H
adenine guanine cytosine
N
C
N
CH
CH
C
O
O
H
H
N
C
N
CH
C
C
O
O
H
H CH
3
uracil thymine
22. Structural formulas of some food chemistry
molecules
Natural pigments
Anthocyanins
O
R
OH
R
O
OH
O glucose
O
R
OH
R
HO
OH
O glucose
+
quinoidal base (blue) flavylium cation (red)
22
Carotenes
CH
3
CH
CH
C
CH
3
CH
CH
CH
C
CH
3
CH
CH
CH
CH
C
CH
3
CH
CH
CH
C
CH
3
CH
CH
H
3
C
H
3
C CH
3
CH
3
H
3
C
-carotene
CH
3
CH
CH
C
CH
3
CH
CH
CH
C
CH
3
CH
CH
CH
CH
C
CH
3
CH
CH
CH
C
CH
3
CH
CH
H
3
C
H
3
C CH
3
CH
3
H
3
C
-carotene
Porphyrins
N
HC
N
CH
N N
Fe
CH
3
H
3
C
C
H
H
2
C
H
3
C
H
2
C
CH
2
OH
O
CH
3
CH
2
H
2
C
HO
O
CH
H
2
C
N
HC
N
CH
N N
Mg
R HC
CH
2
H
3
C
H
3
C
H
H
2
C
H
CH
2
C
O
O
C
20
H
39
CH
2
CH
3
H
C
O O
CH
3
O
R=CH
3
(Chlorophyll a)
R=CHO (Chlorophyll b)
CH
3
heme B chlorophyll
Preservatives
OH
O
CH
3
C
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
OH
C
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
O
CH
3
OH
CH
3
C C
CH
3
CH
3
H
3
C
H
3
C
CH
3
CH
3
2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole
(2-BHA)
3-tert-butyl-4-
hydroxyanisole (3-BHA)
3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-
hydroxytoluene (BHT)
23
Fatty acids
Fatty acid Formula
Octanoic acid CH
3
(CH
2
)
6
COOH
Lauric acid CH
3
(CH
2
)
10
COOH
Stearic acid CH
3
(CH
2
)
16
COOH
Oleic acid CH
3
(CH
2
)
7
CHCH(CH
2
)
7
COOH
Linoleic acid CH
3
(CH
2
)
4
(CHCHCH
2
)
2
(CH
2
)
6
COOH
Linolenic acid CH
3
CH
2
(CHCHCH
2
)
3
(CH
2
)
6
COOH
23. References
The data in tables 416 can be found in the following three sources.
Lide, DR. 2008. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, USA. CRC Press.
Copyright 2008 by CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. David R Lide. Reproduced by
permission from Taylor and Francis Group, LLC, a division of Informa plc.
NVON. 2007. Binas. English Edition. Groningen, The Netherlands. WoltersNoordhoff.
Royal Society of Chemistry. 2002. Royal Society of Chemistry Electronic Data Book CD-Rom.
London, UK. Reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.
For tables 17 and 18, in addition to the sources above, the data were informed by the following.
Aylward, G and Findlay, T. 2002. SI Chemical Data. 5th Edition. Queensland, Australia. John
Wiley & Sons.
Clugston, M and Flemming, R. 2000. Advanced Chemistry. Oxford, UK. Oxford University
Press.
Morrison, RT and Boyd, RN. 1987. Organic Chemistry. 5th Edition. Boston, Massachusetts,
USA. Allyn and Bacon, Inc.
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