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bsX\ $< #|{q d+dsD u>+> $< d+es+ |< s> qq+> sb+~+q
bs|d\T |yX|{sT. 6 qT+& 9 s>T\ #]+q $$< ueq\qT |qXsD#d +&jT{
e\dq |H~ *d, < nqTd+<q+#d |< s> bs|D[ sb+~+~. CrjT $<|D[
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|] o\q\T, #] H|< \T, $_q <VsD\T C&+#sT. { uXd b<jTT&T + eTT+<T
bs+ yTT+ H $e]+#\ |jT+#+& |\\T $$< nudq dyX\ bZ+ HsTe&
neX+ *+#*. #]+#&+ , nHw+#&+ , |j >\T #jT &+ <s |\\ T k++> HsT H bV+#+.
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XHu+ qT+& >T&> #d sjT&+, +s|&+ e+{ n\yqT neX+ +& #&*. bs+ q
|X\| #]+#&+, |j>\T, bC\T #sTT+#&+ nqT+< n+X\T | #]+#&+ <s |\\T $$<
ueqqT dT\u+> ns+#dT >\T>TsT. ueq HsT& e*dq |PsCq+ @yTs nedsy
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$wj\| |\\ ne>Vq *+#+<T w#j*.
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#sTT+ |j>X\ ]sTqT sV+|CjT&+. HT|d\T d]>, k++> sd #&&+ neds+. |\\
|> s+s+ |]o*d djT+> HsT=H+<T &&*. XdjT n_sT |+b+~+#+<T $$< dqT
e>H\T |d\T bsX\ >+<\jT+ +& #&*. dqT s> >~ |j>X\, >+<\jT+ s+&T
+{$. y{ deTs+> sV+#&+ H b<jTT e |s+yTq $d+ <+T+~.
bs $wj \qT |d + qT+& $<] #sy j
T &+> +& |\* +|#d , nHw+|#d |X \<s
#s \ bZq#d s> >~ u<q qq +b*. dq T HsT e&+ n+f |d \ |]$T+e&+
< $_q ueq\qT J$+ $$< d+<s\ |]o*d, nqsTTd = D+ d+#&+ n
>T]+#*. e\+ |<es>H |*\ k<q |jT+#&+ +& 6e s> qT+& |\\T #d #]d,
bZ+ d++> HsTe&+ n\e& b<jT|DT\T w#ks, {#<Te\ +<H\qT+& |\*
$eTT+#d H|D\ k<q djT nud\T> es r]~<Ts d..............
$CH_e+<H\

o.. >bs&
~ : 31-5-2014
d\+ : V <su<T

d+#\\T
sw$<|]X<q Dd+d,
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qq bs|d\T ` b<q

II.

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III..

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18

IV.

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29

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72

VI.

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88

VII.

sD eT+q+

105

VIII.

d+>VD eT+q+

120

IX.

b<jTT d+d<

177

X.

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180

XI.

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183

I.

qq bs|d\T ` b<q

CrjT $<|D[ #+ ` 2005 d#q\T, $<V #+ ` 2009, sw $<|D[

|]~|+`2011 Xj\yTs eTq sw+ qq bs|d\T sb+~+#T+Tq $wjT+
eTq+<] *dq<. +<T u>+> 2014 `15 $< d+es+ |<e s> qq bs |d \qT
|yX|{sT. bsX\ $< |<es> n+ \yTq~. B bsX\ $< e]yTT>
u$keTT. $<] |<es> |P]#dq s #<eujT +sY MT&jT{ sT> < s
b{| \ |j >|& $<+ > |<e s> d\dt (bs+X\) qT nqTd+<q+ #jT e\dq neds+
q~. n< $<+> 6 qT+& 9e s> es #~$q n+X\T |q:XsD #d qq ueq\T
HsT=H~> +&*. +<T >ZT> qq bs|d\qT sb+~+#&+ ]q~.
sw$<|D[ |]~ |+ |s=qT bs|d\T +~ n+X\qT |_+_+# $<+>
sb+<sTT.

1. { $<H dd|\* :
bs |d + @ n+X+ L& { |{s jT& nedsy T q de#s+ |+#<T .<VsD
=y=, m\T, |BH yTT eT< @yTH d++< >T]+#s! n~ @$T{ ? n |+#&+
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|j >, |* eT< d++< >T]+#>\ T>TsT. bs |d + n+X\qT ueq\qT ne>Vq
#dTe& $$< \qT sb+~+#&+ ]+~.
< :
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d+w n+X\qT \TdTe& b #sT\qT |j+#Te&+.

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#&&+ .
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n+X\qT >T]+|CjT&+.
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\ bZ+ |\\T $$< ueq\ | ne>VqqT b+<>\T>TsT.

2. HsTe&+ bs|d\ |]$T+ s<T :

bs|d+ q \T, bC|qT\T #jT&+ <s |\\T eT]+ CH b+<>\TZsT.
n+<T |bs+ T \T, #s\T, bC |qT\T e+{$ b+<T|s#&+ ]q~. |\* s>
>~jT{ rdT= y>*q|& = $wj\T HsTe& neX+ +T+~. bs|d\
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HsTT.

3. s>>~ HsTq n+X <q+~q J$+ |j+#T>Z* :

|d+ bs+X\ n+X\T eTq J$+ eTT&|&q $wj\qT <s+> #dT=
sb+<sTT. J$ dyX\ <VsD\qT |j +#TH \T |j >\T #s j+X\T
b+<T|s#& HsTT.
J$+ eTq m<TsjT nH nqTuy\qT >T]+ bs\ b+<T |s#&+ ]+~.
Be\ |\\T J$+ m<TsjT deTd\qT s>>~ b+~q CH |j+#T= deTk
|]cs\T #jT>\T>TsT.

4. |\\ keTs\qT y* rd eT+H $<H\T+&* :

bs|d+ n+X\qT {|{ sd +& ysT b+~q CH eT n_bj\qT
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\T, b# s T q T ne>Vq #dT = e |s# > \ &Z + , de#s b# sT\ s|+, |{ \ s|+
b+<T|s#>\Z&+ e+{ H|D\ bs|d+ #T *+#&+ ]+~.
b#sT\ <s $<H\| $<sT\ >\ ne>VqqT eT]+ yTsT>T |s#& M\T
\T>TT+~. |\\ H|<+, y d+d, y] >\ n_sT#T\T, #jT>*> keTs\T e+{
y+{qT|j+#T e& q neX+ \ b+<T|s#&+~.
|\\T XdjT |< $CqXk n<jTq+ #jT& qq bs|d\T m+>H
|j>|&sTT. >TD $<k<q u>+> |\\+<s s> >~ s+q $<|eD\qT
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$<+> |\* +|CjT&+. |j>\T, \ bZq#jT&+, |+|#jT&+, #]+#&+
yTT<q u<Hudq ePV\qT b<jTT\T nqTd]+#*.

qq bs|d+ ` \D\T :
O
O

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sV+#sT e+{ dsyTq n+X\qT bs+X\ |yX|{sT. M{ <s |\\ dH|
d |sT>TT+~. = $wj\T \TdT&, |j>\T sV+#& X #|sT.
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|\\T >T]+#>\T>TsT.
bs+X+ eT< |\\qT +|Cd |X\T yd y] ne>VqqT |+#&+ <s s+s
deT>eT+H #T*+#&+ ]q~.
$CqXk HsTe&+ |]o\q\T, |j>\T, T|qT\T, #s\T, bC |qT\T e+{
\<s XdjT |< n<jTq+#j*. { | bs+X+ L& $$< ueq\qT
n<jTq+ #jT&+ d+ \qT bs+X\ b+<T |s#&+ ]q~.
|\\ T s> >~ sV+# |j >|* \H d+| #+< +& |j >+ $$< s\qT
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k|]Xs\ \ueTjT edTe\H d++> |j>\T #jT>\T>TsT. s\qT esT
|j >\qT d]#dT+{sT. Be\q ueq\T eT]+ \|&& + bT = n+X\T \T+{sT.
bs|d+ $wj +&, qq $wj\qT \TdTe& |\\T k++> #d, #d
ne>Vq b+< $<+> \T e&sTT.
bs|d+ ueq\T eT]+ #> ne>Vq b+<+<T \T m+>H |j>|&sTT.
bs|d+ \qT $$< s+>T\ dw+> |\\T ns+ #dT=H $<+> sb+~+#&+
|. #es 3& ueT\T, 2& \qT, yde \qT b+<T|s#&+ ]q~.
$$< u skjTq Xd ueq\ >T]+ ne>Vq *+# eT+ y] dT\u+ > ns+ e&
M\T> b#sT\qT, |{\qT b+<T|s#&+ ]q~.
bs+X\ d+wyTq ueq\qT |]#jT+#d|&T y] ne>Vqd+ J$ d+<s\qT
C&+ #| &+ ]q~. # es |\\ T bs +X\ <s HsT q n+X\q+{ J$
d+<s\ |j+#TH $<+> HsTT.
bs|d+ #]+# n+X\T, sV+# \T n ksT ]wyTq de<H #$>
+& +&*. z|H m+&& \T e&+ <s |\\T e >+> +#&, sjT&
neX+ \T>TT+~. { +#+& ` #]+#+& e+{ o]\ +{ \T e&+
]+~.
3

bs|d\ q \T, $<sT\T #dq |]\q\T s]+#T e& d]#dTe&

<V<|&$> HsTT.
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\T sb+~+#sT.
|\\ |> s+s+ eT~+| #jT& M\T> bs+ eT<, bs+ esq mH s\ |X\T
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bs+ q $wjT +bT n<q+> de#s+ \TdTe& nqTe> MT \Tk? nqT+<+
yTT<q n+X\T b+<T|]#sT.
|\\ $Xw D
#H $<q+qT sb+~#& nedsy T q # de#s |{ \ s|+
e&+ ]q~.

qq bs|d\T |<q+> |\\T neTsueq\qT d+ ns+#dTe& |]o\q\T,

|]X<q\ <s HsT e& |j>|& $<+> sb+~+#sT. #d, #d HsTe&+ e\
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yKsT\T *q ysT> m<>& qq bs|d\T m+ |j>|&sTT.

II.

bs\ m+| ` e\T

e\T b+| #jT&+ |\\ keTs\T, ke neds\T Xd k+ s+>\

$Xw+> sT>TTq w eqe eqsT\T, u$wY neds\T, | |sesD+ esT\T >T]+
b+<T|s#&+ nedseT CrjT $< |D[ #+`2005 d++~. sEsE $d+>
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$$< e< e\ <s nedsy T q n+X\qT, n+X|s y T q yTs d]+#TH HsT qT |+b+~+#Te&+
n\yT #j*, B <s nedsyTq CH k++> ]+#Te& M\T\T>TT+~. 8, 9
s>T\T d\dt =qk+|> 10e s> qq bs|d+ n+X\T, d\dt sb+~+#&+
]q~.
8, 9 s>T\ qq bs|d\T 6, 7 s>T\ d\dt =qk+|> sb+<sTT. sw
$< |D[ |]~ |+`2011 Xj\ yTs |sds<] $< CqsD
|+b+~+#Te& <V<|& sD $< |_+_+# $<+> bs|D[ sb+~+~.
8, 9, 10 s>T\ $CqXk u skjTqXd+, JeXd+ nH s+&T ysT ysT $u>\T>
+T+~. | $u>+q bs+X\ b+|, e\ <s+> ]+~. uskjTqXd+ @ @
e\qT <s+> #dT bs+X\ s|\q ]+< |]o*<+.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

|<s\T (materials)
edTe \T b |#ksTT (How things work)
~ edTe \T, |\ #q\T (moving things people, ideas)
dV eqsT\T (natural resources)
dV <wj \T (natural phenomena)

| e\qT <s+>#dT= bs+X\ b+| ]+~. |<s\T nH e+

6, 7 s>T\ $e]+q eTq#T +& |<s\T, |<s\qT ysT#jTT |<T\T, |<s\T b
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bd\T, V\T, nV\T yTT<q bs+X\T sb+~+#sT. n<$<+> edTe\T b |#ksTT
nH e+ <s+> <, $<TyV yTT<q bs\T sb+<sTT. \+, |TsD, y>+, #\q+,

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11

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10

skjTq +<+
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12

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13

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14

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13

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14.11 dT\T, db|wH, $Td*

u<H u dq ePV\T (Teaching Learning Strategies)

{| & + , e yjT &+, |d \, > & T |X \ u+\ n+X\qT msjT&+ < j++>
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u<Hudq |jT \+ y*.
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14

k \T, < n+X\T, XeTJe\ nqTuy\qT u<Hudq ePV, |jT eqsT\T>

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15

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16

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17

III.

bs sDeT+

bs sDeT+ :
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(Improve Learning)

18

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| n+X\ <s+> bs |d + |bs+ sb+~+#sT. M{ eT]+T> $Xw + #&+
bT j kbH\qT s>>~ m sV+# |]o*<+!

1. |]#jT+ :
bs ns+ #dTe& M\T> |\\T > nqTuy\ <s+> bs+u dyX+ bs+
bs+ueTT+~. = bs+X\T #H |X\ L& bs+ueTsTT.

19

<VsD w+ bs+ @& s> #]+q n+X\qT |qXsD #jT> skjTq #s\T,
dMTsD\T bs+ u>TZ eT+&+#&+, b\T |sT>T> es&+ e+{ d+<s\ #s bs+uyT+~.
#H |X \qT n& #]+#&+ <s y]>n qTuy \qT \TdTe&+ bT bs+X
HsTy\q X *+# bs+X\T sb+<sTT.

m sV+#*?
$CqXd bs+X ns+ #dTe&+ |\\ > nqTuy\qT |]o*+#& m+ neds+.
+<Td+ bs+ q bs+u n+X+| |\\ #]+#*. \ n+X+ <s+> yT+ & e|+>
sV+#*.
<VsD sH < dyTH\T bs+ bs+_+#|&T sH >T]+ |\\ *dq
n+X\ yT+& e|+> #sTT+#*. |{\T, & e+{$ +<H\T<? $ sH @s&qy.
+{y eT]= #|+& e+{ #H |X\T n&T>T yT+& e|+> #sTT+#*.

sH

yT+&e|+> #sTT+#|&T +~ s>T |\\T HsTq n+X\qT >T]+ |d #]d

y] ne>Vq \TdT+ q\ \| sj*.

2. \T / |j>\T :
|j>\T / \T sV+ |*\qT T> $X+#&+ <s $$< ueq\| ne>Vq
\TZT+~. +<Td+ |\\T k+> \_+# edTe\H sV+#& M\T> \T / |j>\T
sb+~+#&+ ]+~. |\\T b<jTT |syD e>+> > > #jT& M\T>
HsTT. + / |j>+ |PssTTq s ueq\ ne>Vq d+ |j>+/ $Xw+#&+
d+ #H |X\qT e&+ ]+~.
<VsD u]jT+ d T @s&&+ , d\ HCl, + deTV+ V &H @s&&+ , dw< w
d <s+ =\e&+, XD de+s d+<H\T, njTk+ \sK\T.

m sV+#*?
O
O

#jTujT + / |j>+ m+<Td+ sVdTHy |\\ #]+#*.

+ / |j> <X q\\| sj*.
20

O
O

O
O
O
O
O
O
O

|* |\\ }V+|Cj*. y] }V\qT usT MT< sj*.

+ / |j> sV+#& e\dq ke, sVD $<q+ \TdTH+<T
bs|d +> #~$+#*.
|j >+ / + |]o\H+X\qT qy<T #dT H+<T nedsy T q |{ \ T |]o\H+X\qT
b<jTT&T |\\ n+~+#*.
e>+> / / b<jTT dVjT+ |\\T #j*.
|]o\H+X\T e >+> >, > qy<T #j*.
}V+q |]\q\qT |j> |*\qT b*#&*.
#H |X\&T>T |\\ y~\qT s> >~ |<]+ #]+#*.
bs|d+ q eTT+|\qT, $$sD\qT e>+> #~$ eT ne>VqqT #]+#*.
|*\ <s+> sq = #q\T / deTd\T #]+#*.
|ejT esZ\T, |]s\T |j+ |\\# |j> #sTT+ y] #q\T
nqTuy\| #]+#*.
+ / |j >+ <s eTT |]o*+q, ns+ #dT q n+X\qT HT|d + sdTy*.

3. +#+&, #]+#+& :
bs+ $wj eT]+T> ne>Vq #dTe& o] +< #H |X\T
+{sTT. $ |\\qT $_q D\ +| #jT& |j>|&sTT.
<: =y= <sD+ |<H+| + <s+jTT |_++ m& @s&TT+~? eTq Xs+
+& skjTH\ pH $\Te |] @$T sT>TT+~?

m sV+#*?
O
O
O

|X #<y*. |\\qT n& +|#j*. y] e{&+#*.

ne>Vqd+ ~X sX+ M nqT+< |X\T L& yj*.
de<H\T HT|d+ ssTT+#*q neds+ <T. $ ueq\ eT]+ \|&T
&&sTT.
nedsyTq d+<s\ |\\T nqT+< |j>\T #jT&, |]o*+#& neX+
*+#*.

21

4. MT \Tk?
|bs+ q $$< ueq\qT eT]+ T> ns+ #dT e& <| $d +> |]o*+#&
bs|d+H = n<q| |]o\H+X\T MT \Tk! o] b+<T|]#sT. <VsD |dsD
` s|dsD eed bs+ *$T+>\+, @qT>T, eqe&T, {{ |, >T+& sTe, V<jT
d+<q\T d+KqT >] $e]+#&+ ]q~. n<$<+> jT+D eed bs+ yTyk|P&
dsqT esq #\q+q sD\qT $e]+#&+ ]+~. $wj\T #<e&+ e\q $<sT\ =
$wj\qT \TdTy\H |q \T>TT+~.
<: esq |{ sV\T, VH\T yTT<q y{ |sT m e+~. yT+&y |]\q\T,
|d>V +.

m sV+#*?
O

O
O

bs+X u<q u>+> #H |X\T n& u n+X |\\T w+>

#~y+<T bVs+> #]+#*.
< e>+> #~$+, |\\ #]+#*.
B d++~+q nqT+< de#s bs\T, >+<\jT |d\T, +s{ qT+&
d]+#& bV+#*.
|\\T d]+q n+X\T (de#s+, \T, |X\T, |d\T) bsX\ T{H usT /
>& | +#*.
$ |+#<$ e. { M{| dyT{y, bs{y |\ |X\T n&>s<T.

5. |j>X\ \T :
qq bs|d\ |j>X\ sV+#e\dq |j>\ n~ b<q e&+~.
+<Td+ ys |j >X\ |]jT& (s+&T 45 $Tc\ |]jT&T) {sTT+|&+~. |bs+
|j >X\ sV+#e\dq bs |d + dw+ > |s=HsT. bs |d + # |j >\T
q|{ |j>X\ sV+# \T |yTq$. M{ sV+#& ]wyTq ke,
s +q |]d T sV+#* +T+~. |j >X\ |j >+ sV+#& nedsy T q |]s\T
skjT |<s\T |\T eTT+<T>H d<+ #dTy* +T+~.
<: yV| bfjT u<+ $<TY |yV nqTeqTb+ +T+< *| zyT jTeT+
|{ eueq >TD+ qT>=q&+.

22

m sV+#*?
O
O

O
O

|j>X\ + s> >~ , |j>X\ > sV+#e#T.

|j>+ sV+#& nedsyTq |]s\T, |<s\T, |]o\H+X\ #+~q |{\qT
d<+> +#Ty*.
e\dq |]s\T d<+> + nedsyTq # b<jTT&T >T d#q*d |\\
|j>X\ + #sTT+#*.
qy<T #dq |*\qT yTT+ s> #]+#*, $Xw+#*.
|j> |]dT\qT, s\qT esTd |*\T m +{j }V+| #d |j>\T
sV+| #j*. ssD seTH*. = $wj\T \TH bV+#*.
|\\T #dq |j> |j>]sT sjTeTH*.

6. |{\T +|&+ ` $Xw+#&+ :

qq bs |d\T |\ |j H|D\T |+b+~+| CjT& $$< |<T\ nudq
\T *dTq~. |\\T k++> de#s+ d]+#&+, < eZ]+#&+, < |]o*+
$Xw + ssD \T #jT &+ |< qyTq nu dq |jT > neT\T s>*. bs |d + de#s+
+|q |{ \ T, de#sdsD , $Xw D H| D\qT |+b+~+# |{ \ T #sT. $ |\\ T bs+X
deTse++> ns+#dTe& |eksTT. <VsD nqTe+ bs+ yT+& s yTT\
(F s+ d+sD) m+| #dTq |<q \D\T nq |{ qq \qT d+
#=|+#&+ e\q Xdy #dq |]o\q\T dT\u+ > ns+ nesTT. n<$<+ > |ds D
` |<ss y D
eed bs+ Vs |j > d++~+ |{ q T , <e T, ds\ HsT > U\qT |P]+#eTHsT.
Be\q |\\T dT\u+> sH\ $<T\qT dT\u+> \TdT>\sT.
1

<: |<s\ eT, s duy\T >T]+#&+, $$< |<s\ jq\ eueq >TD\T, ss\T,
]{ d+K, eT\\T y kH\T.

m sV+#*?
O

bs+X+ <s+> bs|d+ q |{\d+ de#s+ b d]+# eTT+<T>

d#q*y*.
e>+>/ de#s >+<\jT |d\T, +s{, |]o\q\<s d]+#*.
+<T q deTjT+ {sTT+#*.
|\\T d]+q de#s / |{\qT |<]+|Cd yTT+ s> #]+#*.
23

#]+#&+d+ bs|d+ q nqT+< |X\T n&T>T y{ <s+> $wj\|

ne>Vq |+b+~+#Te& neX+ +&*.
bs|d+ q~ d]bb HT|d+ q >&T\T T= de#s |\qT
sb+~+#T= + sV+#*.
|{\ <s d]+q de#s+ <s+> >|\T, b #sT\T sb+~+ |<]+|Cj*.
|{ +b*q n+X\| #s sb*.
|{\T +||&T nedsyTq d#q\T y*.
b<jTT&T <VsD*y*.
|\\ <VsD\T #|+#*.
e>+> $<sT\# |{\T +b*.
|{qT bs+X u<q u>+> s> >~H sV+#*.
nedsy
T q d+<s + |{ \ qT bsX \>, +{ e<> , de#s+ \_+# |<X \>,
d]+ |{qT |P]#j*.
= |{\ de#s +|& me deTjT+ |&TT+~.

7. |{\T, ueT\qT |]o*+#&+, b#sT\T #jT&+ :

me de#s d+|s|+ n+<CjT& |{\T, ueT\T m+ |j>|&sTT.
+ m+ de#s n+~dT+~. Je, uXk\T s+&+{ # ueT\T, HDyTq
b{\s|+ qT, yTk| \s|+ e&sTT. n+]sD *|$, |]s\
neT]qT $e]+# e+{ y{ \s|+ e&q~. $Cq Xd+ e|\T, |{\ eX L &
m+ +~. $<TY e\j\T, njTk+ \sK\T, + $XwD, eueq sU\T, skjTq
#s\T ` s\ |]s\ neTsT, ]{, nDTsD\T, d+sD+

m sV+#*?
O
O
O
O
O
O

nedsyTq d+<s\ ne>Vqd+ |{\T, ueT\T, b#sT\T $j+#Ty*.

2& s|+ q \qT ^jT& nud+ *+#*.
bs+X #~$ ueT u>\qT >T]+|Cj*.
d]+q de#s >|\ s|+ |<]+#eTH*.
|j> sVD |]s\ neT] \qT, Xsu>\ n+s \qT ^sTT+#*.
e&q d>+ |{ |P]+|#jT&+.
24

|<es> ueT\T ^jT&+ <s ue|ks+ nH $< |eD |\ |+b+~+|

#jT& bs|d+ q ueT\T ^jT& =+ es eyT |j>|&sTT. n+<Te\
$$< Jeeed\ T, nejTe sD\qT *| s U\qT s |d \qT+& rdT= |\\ ^sTT+#*.
|Ps bs|d\T, +&jT{, &^ bs>+<\T +<T |j>|&sTT |{\ m+|
10e s> ksTT <w +#Ty*.

8. <\T, e #]\T, nqT+< n+X\T :

dqT $$< $wsD\ yqT>\ #] H|<\T #<e&+ e\ |\ dqT | d
\TZT+~. $$< s\ |j>\qT, |*\qT, #<$qf n+X+ | y]q ueq\T dsqy
y \Te& &&TsTT. < : VAMTuu, +eTD H>X seT#+<se, &\sY |&].
e #]\T #<e&+ <s $$< $wsD\ yqT Xdy\ w, |q, s+s XeT, y]
#H$<q+, $w]+q rsT e+{$ ne>Vq \Z&+ e\ |\\ Xdy\T nqTd]+q
$<H\ = $wsD\ s|\q neX+ \TZT+~.
ueq\ >T]+ eT]+ T> $|\+> \TdTe& nqT+< n+X\T &&sTT.

m $j+#*?
O

bs nqT+<+ > q <\ T, e #]\T, nqT+< n+X\T |\\ eyT #~$+#*.

|\\T @$T >V+#s #|eTH*.
bs+X\ #+~q s nqT+< $wj \qT ~q|\T, +sYH{ <s d]+ >&|
|<] +|#j
*.
<\ T, e #]\T, nqT+< n+X\T #~$+#&+ <s |X+ d+# >TD |\ |+b+~+|
#j *.
Xdy \ J$ #]\T, nHwD\T, #<e &+ <s Xdy \ w |X+ d+#*. n_y~+#*.
d] b+<*.
eTTK+> >T]+#*q n+X+ @eT+f <\T, e #]\T, nqT+< n+X\T |\
<+q$ e. $ dqT | d *Z+#& <+q$.

9. qeTH\T jsT#jT&+ ` |<]+#&+

u Xk\ ueq\qT $e]+#& 2& sV \T, |{\T, >|t\T q|{ $<TY
y{sT, $$< nDTe\ T\T yTT<q n+X\qT 3& L& |]#jT + *+#&+ |j >s + >
+T+~. Bd+ qeTH\T neds+ nesTT. |ejT e~sT\T jsT #sTT+#&+ e\
|\\T ueq\T ns+#dT>\T>TsT.
25

m $j+#*?
de#s d]+ < ns+#dTe&+bT> < sT\ nseTjT q #q\T
C&+ dsq k+ |<C\+ |j+ e]+#*. |\\T sb+~+q y{ |<]+|Cd
neX+ +&*.
O
O
O
O
O

|\* T> < e>+> bs+ $wj\ <s+> qeTH\T jsT#sTT+#*.

qeTH >T]+ $e]+# s|t L& jsT#sTT+ s>>~ |<]+|Cj*.
eTT sb+~+q qeTH\qT |<]+ <>T]+ e{&+|Cj*.
Workding models e+{$ sb+~+q|&T n$ |#d $<H nqTesH
\qT L& #| +#*.
|\\T sb+~+q, d]+q qeTH\T s> >~ u<|]#+<T M\T> >T #s\T
rdTy*.

10. \ |<\T
bs+ #]+q eTTKyTq ueq n+X\qT \ |<\T> bs+ es b+<T|s#sT.
\ |<+ <s+> |\\T j ueq\ d++~+q eqd \T @ss#Te&+ bT
y{ $Xw+#>\T>TsT.

m sV+#*?
O
O

O
O
O

\|<\T bs+X #+~q d+| ueq\T.

bs HsT H d+<s + \ |<\qT (H|t ) ueq\qT, |j >\T, \ <s ne>Vq
*+#*.
bs+ MT< ne>Vq \>&eT+f \|<\qT >] |\\T <s+> $e]+#>\>&yT {
y{>T]+ |\\ e{&+#*.
eTT+<T n<j\ HsT q \|< \T sT y n<j\T HsT e&+ $j+#T>\>*.
\|<\ b<jTT\T HsT> s#H\T #|L&<T.
\|<\ <s+> yT+&e|+> #jT>\>*.

11. eTqyT$T HsTH+.

~ |qXsD n+X+. +<T bs+ #]+q eT* ueq\qT |+> n+~e&+ ]q~.
M{ <s+> bs+ @jT n+X\qT #]+#s \TdTe#T. bs+X+ <s eTq+ @+
HsTH+? @+ HsTy*? nH djT eT~+| |j>|&TT+~.
26

m sV+#*?
O

= n+X+ / y+ >T]+ |\\ #]+#*. < >T]+ |\\T @$T ns+#dTHs

#| +#*.

M{ <s+> ueqqT $e]d HT|d+ sjTeTq&+.

eTqyT$T HsTH+ o] n+X\T bs $wj\ |q:XsDd+ eyT <T.
bs$wj eTsk] #]+#&, $Xw+#& nud+> |j+#Ty*.
n<q| de#s dsD, nqT+< \ sVD M{ <s+ #dTy*.
M{ { |{+#L&<T.

O
O
O
O

nudH yTsT>T|sT#T+<+
s] $< |eD\T k~+|#jT&yT u<Hudq \ |<q <X+. b<jTT&T q
u<q <s bs+ HsT+Tq|&+ $< |eD k~+#& eT~+| #dTq|{ |\\T
bs+X m ns+#dTHsT. y{ m $j+#T >\T>TTHsT n |]o*+#Te&
nudH yTsT>T |sT#T+< n+X\T |j>|&sTT. ~ D+ nsTT |\\T eTqT
eTT n+#H ydTe& $ |j>|&sTT.

b sV+#*:
O

O
O

O
O
O
O

o] n+X\T bs+ $wj \qT e> + > HsT e& eTs=k] #d |jT +>
+{sTT.
eT+qyT nsTTq|{ bs+ b+ es HsT Hs n |]o*+#& < +q$ e.
s+s deT> eT+q+ u>+> nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+ n+X\T bs
eT]+ deT>+> HsTe& (Assessment for learning) <V<|&sTT.
+<T |X\+{ bs|d+ HsT> de<H\T <=se.
$wj ns+#dT=, |\\T k++> de<H\qT sd bV+#*.
s]+q $< |eD\qT b+es k~+#s \TdTe& M{ |j+#Ty*.
M{ e> / T / yTT+ s> +> #jTe\dq n+X\T L& +{sTT. { y{
n< sV+#*.
B \T, | e+{$ L& +{sTT. $ L& eT+q+ u>yT . $ $wj e>Vq
|j>|&sTT { M{ e~*yjT+& |d]> sV+#*.

27

O
O

O
O

nqT+< |j >\T L& +{sTT. M{ L& sV+#*. HT|d + y~\T ssTT+#*.

n_sT #T\T, |X+ d+#&+ , Jey$ < +, J$ nqjT+ yTT<q $<|eD\ d++~+q
|X\ >T]+ |\\ e>+> de<H\T ssTT+#*. M{ be b<qy*.
$<|eD\ k<q nedsy T q # b<jTT&T k++> eT]= |X \qT j sT#dT y*.
d]+#+&, qy<T#jT+& e+{ |sq\ d++<+ q |X\ q deTjT$T
sV+#*.
bs+ eT< +& |X\qT L& n|{|& (e>+ / T) HT|d\ ssTT+#*.

bs |d + bs+ sD e ns+ #dT e&+ <s u<H u dq |jT \T msb+~+#T

y b<jTT ne>Vq \TZT+~. bs+ @ n+X+ >T]+ u~+#& m d+d<T\T
y ne>Vq \TZT+~. u<Hudq |jT $$< o]\T eq|&T bs+X+ m $T[+
#dT= u~+# ne>Vq \TZT+~.

28

IV.

$<|eD\T

APSCF - 2011

$<V#+ <s |\\+<s j s>T\ s+q $<|eD\qT

k~+q|& n~ >TD $<> |]>D+|&TT+< s+#&+ ]+~. n+<T | s> |
du $< |eD\qT s]+#Te&+ ]+~. bs|d+ de#s+ +f de#s+
<s+> |\ $< |eD\T k~+#&yT u<Hudq |jT\ eTTK <X+.
+Te\ | <jT, || d d+<q, dVq+, deTue+ *Zq qq deC
sb+~+#&yT $CqXd |<q\+. <X+ + m<Ts=+Tq sTe, y<T\T yTT<\>T deTd\
|]cs+ #b*q u< dq T<. n+<T eTq |\\ qT u$ us $Cq Xd y\ T> s|~<T y\+f
bs|d\T u<Hudq |jT\T, |$<q+ yTT<\>T n n+X\ esT\T se\d q~.

$< |eD\T :
$<] ueq >] deT>yTq ne>Vq >T]+ ~ ddT+~. $<] ueq
| ne>Vq ]+~ n+f n&T ueqqT >T]+ $e]+#*, eZ]+#*, $Xw+#*,
<VsD\T e>Z*, sD\T #|>Z*, eqd \T @ss#Ty*. n+<T $wje>Vq
nH $<|eD+ $e]+#&+, eZ]#&+, $Xw+#&+, <VsD\T e&+. sD\T #|&+,
eqd \T @ss#&+ e+{$ eksTT.

$wje>Vq :
$<] ueq >T]+ b+~q deT>yTq ne>VqqT ~ ddT+~. $wje>Vq
n+f $e]+#&+ , eZ] +#&+ , $Xw + #&+ , <VsD*e&+, sD\T#| &+, b*\T u< \T #| &+,
eqd \qT @ss#Te&+ #jT>\>*.

1. $e]+#&+ :
$<] ueq >T]+ deT>yT q ne>VqqT ~ ddT+ ~. $wj e>Vq n+f $e]+#&+ ,
eZ]+#&+, $Xw+#&+, <VsD*e&+, sD\T #|&+, eqd \T @ss#Te&+
O qT |]o*+q < #~$q < #dq d+|Tq\qT >, ueq\qT >, \qT
>T]+ >, dsq k+ |<C |jd $e]+#&+.
29

sT \T q < d]+q $es\qT, de#s VT<y T q #q<s ns+ #dT =

eT k+ uy\qT C&d $e]+#&+.

2. eZ]+#&+ :
O
O
O
O

deTV+ edTe\T, \D\ eT< b*\T, &\qT >T]+#>\>&+.

| \D\ <s+> de#s eZ]+# >\>&+.
eZsD nqTd]+q $<H #|&+.
$$< ueq\ >T]+ b*\T &\ <s+> eZ]+#>\TZ&T.

3. $Xw+#&+ :
O
O
O

q k+ uw d+|TqqT >, d+<s> $e]+#&+.

dVTyTq sD\ $$< ueq\qT $Xw+#&+.
d\T, dMTsD \T, |j >\T yTT<q y{ $Xw + #&+ <s y{ eT< >\ n+'d\qT
>T]+ = d++<\qT @ss#>\>&+.

4. <VsD*e&+ :
O
O
O

b<jTT&T #|q n+X\ q nqTue+ <VsD\T C&+ #|&+.

keq, | \D\ <s+> <VsD*e&+.
$<] s> >~ qT \TdTq ueq\ #+~q <VsD*e>\TZsT.

5. sD\T #|&+ :
O
O
O
O

|j> |*\T, ueq\T, <wj\T yTT<qy{ >\ sD\T #|&+.

#s |#s >\ d++<\qT >T]+ sD\T #|&+.
sD\qT <s+ #dT= |]o\H+X\qT $e]+#&+.
$$< d+|Tq\ <wj\ sD\qT #|>\TZsT.

6. eqd \T @ss#Te&+ :
O

|qTuy\<s ns+#dTe& M\T neTs ueq\qT >Dsb\, ]

#q\<s ns+#dT= eqd ueq\qT @ss#Te&+.
@ss#Tq eqd ueq\qT nedsyTq d+<s\ ] $j+#&+.

30

II.

|X\T n&>&+, |]\q\T #jT&+

O

O
O

O
O

|\ |+# + be> +T+~ { $wj +X\qT V\+ |]o*+ |+#

keTs+ *e+&&+. $$< ueq\| #H |X\T n&>&+.
b+#Tq n+X T> $Xw+#& #H |X\T yjT>\>&+.
de#s d]+# d+<s+, |]o*+# d+<s+, +s #jT& nedsyTq
|X\qT sb+~+#&+.
|+#&+ |\\+& dV \D\T $ nHwD |]X<q eT\T { |\
|+# keTs =qkd |]\q\T #d keTs |+b+~+#*.
deTk |]cs <V<|& eTT+<dT #q\T #jT&+ <s |*\qT }V+#&+.
|j >\T, |]o\q\T #d|&T |* \qT >] eTT+<T> }V+#&+ , |]\q\T #jT &+.

3. |j>\T ` |]X<q\T
B |]s\qT m+|# j
T &+, neTs&+, |]o*+#&+ , qy<T#jT &+, $Xw D #jT &+, s]+#&+ ,
k<sD]+#&+ yTT<q H|D\T +{sTT.

|]o*+#&+:
O

|j>+ sT>TTq|&T esT\qT, H\qT, #s\qT +> |]o*+#&+.

qy<T#jT&+:
O

d]+q, |]o*+q $wj\qT |{> HT|d+> qy<T#jT&+.

$Xw+#&+:
O

q k+ uw d+|T qqqT>, d+<s>, $<H, |* \qT sD\ $e]+#&+ .

@<q d+|Tq>T]+ dVTyTq sD\qT b>T|]+#>\>&+.

\TdT=q n+X\ | dsqy y k\ <s+> >T]+#>\>&+.

$wjT |{\T, >|\T, y~\qT +> |]o*+ ueq\qT sb+~+#&+.

s]+#&+:
O

|]\q\T d]> }V+#&+ ] M{ |j>|Ps+> |]o*+, $Xw+ |*

#| &+ s]+#&+ neT+~.
+~ |j>\qT sV+#* +T+~.
31

| |j>\T |j>\T sV+#&+ e\ |\\T |j> sVD dsq |]s\qT

m+| #dT e&+, y{ neTs&+, |]o*+#&+ , qy<#j
T &+, $Xw + #&+ , s]+#&+ , k<sD s D
#jT&+. yTT<q H|D\T k~+#>\T&T.

4. de#s H|D\T ` bC|qT\T

de#s H| D\T:
de#s H| D\ eTTKyTq $ de#s+ d]+#&+ , d]+q de#s <+X s|+
|<]+#&+. <+X $Xw+#&+, ssD se&+ nH~ # eTTK+.
O

HsTH eT+ $<sT\T nH |<T\ de#s+ d]+#e\dq neds+ @s&TT+~.

n d]+q de#s+ eZ]+, |{\T sb+~+#&+, sb+~+q |{\ >T]+
$Xw+ k++> y~> sjT>\>*.

de#s dsD, H|D+ e\q |\\T nH s\ Jeq |]dT\qT, d+dT\qT, sT\

n_bj\qT >s$+#&+.

|]ds\ | kqTu * +&&+. u<\T d]+#& d<+> +&&+.

q \T, \Vq\qT n+^]+#&+. #=se#|&+, bZq&+.
sT \ *d |#jT &+, |+#Te&+ sT \ dV jTsT\T> +&&+ .

O
O

bC |qT\T:
O

bC nq> $<sT\T deTdqT bqT= deTd |]cs $$< kbH\T nqTd]+

s]+# |jT.

~ |\ n+sZ X\T, dH X\ $j> |j>|&TqT.

z|, dVq+ |*\T e#< b<TsT#&&+.

T HjT>, nqTjjTT&T> L& |e]+#&+.
y~\T sjT&+, y{ |<]+#&+.
$XwD+>, <VsD\ <s\ $e]+#&+.

O
O
O

~ T|, dVs ue+, dVque+, |+b+~+#&+.

|\\# +~ bC|qT\T #sTT+#e#T.

32

5. \T ` >|t\T ^jT&+ ` qeTH\T #jT&+ M{<s ue|ks+.

O

+<T ueT\T ^ $e]+#&+ \ <s n_esD, + u>\qT >T]+#&+ e+{

n+X\T +{sTT.

|]ds\ neT]qT, |]o\q\qT (d<]) ueT\T^jT&+.

u &j>yT, b#sY, eZsD |{\T sb+~+#&+.

q n_bj\qT, #qqT dH \ <s, qeTH\T, |ejT |]s\T

jsT#jT&+ <s e]+#&+.

q d]+q de#s ,|*\qT $$< sU\ s|+ (usY >|t\T, | >|t\T)

e ] +#&+ .
+< *q \T |\\# >sTT+#*.

6. k+<s dV ` |X+d ` $\Te\T

O

|\ b{+ |+#&+, z$T, >\T| deq+> d]+# + |+b+~+#&+.

|\ ydH n+^]+#&+, |X++#&+ e+{ \D\T |+b+~+#&+.

| $$< n+X\qT |]o*+ y{ <eq d++<\qT >T]+#&+ <s y{ b<qqT

>T]+#&+

Je, u, skjT n+X\ |\qT #d q+~+#&+.

Xdy \ w |X+ d+#&+ .

dH T\T, d$THs bZq&+.

H<\T, s|\T, $\T yTT<q s#q\T #jT&+.

33

10e s> ` k~+#*q $<|eD\T

1. w+
1. $wje>Vq :
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

w+, c>\ ueq\qT k+e $e]k&T.

w+, c>\ ueq\ eT< >\ &\qT $e]k&T.
w deTd, c> m+<T $e]+# sD \T|&T.
c>qT >X <s+> $e]k&T.
$cw+ qT $e]k&T. < qT>=q& dMTsD+qT s&&T.
$cw ueq d++~+q <VsD\T k&T.
$TXe\ |< q k+e $e]k&T.
uwueq+, k+BsD\ <VsD\T k&T.
uwueq+, k+BsD\ >\ &\qT $e]k&T.
eTsT>T, sT>T, |Tueq+\qT $e]k&T.

2. |+#&+ ` |]\q\T #jT+ :

O
O

O
O
O
O

eT]>|&T T&>\T m+<T ekjT |k&T.

eTs>&+ yTT<\sTTq c 100+ C #]q s c> esT m+<T +&<
|k&T .
#sTe\ <>Zs #*\+ y#>qT m+&\+ #\>qT m+<T+T+< |]\q #k&T.
eTsT>T uwueH eT< >\ &qT ne>Vq #dTe& |k&T.
#*\+ =]qH, HsTT >&&sTT. |*qH m+<T >&< |k&T.
50 $T.. { jsq @dt |Tq|]eD+ m+<T me +T+< |]\q #k&T.

3. |j>\T ` |sq\T :
O
O

|Tq|<s $cw+ |j> |Ps+> qT>=+{&T.

eq |*\qT y~k&T.

4. de#s dsD H|D\T, bC |qT\T :

O

J$+ $cw+ s |j>\ d++~+q de#s d]k&T.

34

O
O

sTqT |< |< qj

T sY ]js Y $TsD> y&& >\ sD\| de#s d]k&T .
Dew @ |<X
\ @s&TT+~, n @s&& n& owd |]d T \ d++~+q de#s
d]k&T .

5. ueT\T ^jT&+ ` qeTH\ j] :

O
O

\+, c>\ eT< >|t sT $$< dT esT #+<& d++~+q |{\qT ^k&T.
c> esT\ |<s nDTe\ >X >\ d++< *| |{\qT ^d $e]k&T.

6. n_q+~+#&+ ` k+<s dV *e+&+`$\Te\T b{+#+

O

w+`c>\ ueq\T eT]jTT w d++~ n+X\T J$ d+<s\qT $e]+#&

n_q+~k&T .
w+ |j >|& rsTqT |X+ dk&T .

7. J$ $j>+ ` Jey$<+ | kqTu *Z e+&+

O
O
O

$cw+q d++~+ qT HsTq CH J$+ $jk&T.

sT ` $cw+ ` |j>\qT J$+ $jk&T.
w+ ` c> d++~+ ` qT b+~q CH $j+#T= JyesD b&+
u< eVk&T.

2. skjTq #s \T ` dMTsD
\T
$wj e>Vq
O

O
O
O

$<sT\T, skjTq d+j>+, skjTq kqu+X+, skjTq $j>+, <+< $j>+

yTT<q skjTq #s\T ]> $<q+ >T]+, skjTq dMTsD\qT sjT&+, T\+
#jT&+ b{+#e\dq $<H\qT $e]ksT.
$$< s\ skjTq #s\ <VsD*ksT.
]w |<s\ eT< eyT skjTq #s\T s>& >\ sD\qT $e]ksT.
skjTq d+j>+, $j>+, kqu+ X+, <+< $j>+, sD , j
T sD #s \ eT< >\
b*\T, u<\qT \T|sT.
skjTq dMTsD\ <s+> deTd\qT k~+#>\T>TsT.

35

|+#&+ ` |]\q\T #jT&+

O
O
O

skjTq #s\ @s& H\qT }V+#>\T>TsT.

$$< s\ skjTq #s\T ]>|&T @s& H\qT >T]+ |k&T.
qTeTT e+{ |<s\T T| |+& b{+# #s\qT >T]+ |ksT.

|j>\T H|D\T ` |]o\q\T

O

u]j d{ ne|+ @s&+, V&H yjTTe, Co2yjTTe\ , { $<TY $XwD+,

m& nj&& @s&+, |sY & ]> jTsD #s yTT<q |j>\qT #ksT.
skjTq d+j>+, $j>+, kqu+ X+, <+<$j>+, sD , j
T sD + yTT<q ueq\qT
$e]+#& |j>\qT #ksT.

de#s dsD H|D\T

O

$$< s\ skjTq #s\T |j+ $_q |<s\qT jsT#jT& d++~+q

de#s d]ksT.
qTeTT T||+& nqTd]+# |<T\ d++~+q de#s d]+, y~\T
sb+~ksT .

ueT\T ^jT+ ` qeTH\ <s ue |ks+

O

skjTq d+j>+, $j>+, kqu+ X+, <+< $j>+, $<TY $Xw D

+, sD
, j
T sD

#s\ d++~+q |j>\ neT]qT *jTCd |{\qT ^ksT.

skjTq dMTsD \T, T\+ #jT &+ b{+# jTe\qT $e]+#&+ , b# sY\ qT, qeTH\qT
sb+~ksT .

k+<s dV/ |X+d/ $\Te\T

O

$$< s\ |<s\T #| skjTq duy\qT, skjTq #s\ <s @s& H\qT

|X+ dk&T .
sD, jTsD #s\T, wy#, w>V #s\ <s ]> skjT |jT\ >\
n<T\qT >T]+#>\T>TsT.

Jey$<+ ` J$ $j>+
O
O

|<s\T |<]+# skjTq #s y$<\qT >T]ksT.

$_q skjTq #s\ |*\qT <q+~q J$+ m<TsjT deTd\qT |]w]+#Te+
|j +#T=+{sT.
36

3. + |sesq +
1. $wje>Vq :
O
O
O
O
O
O

deT\ <sD\ e\ ]> + |sesH $e]k&T.

deT\ <sD\ e\ @s& |_+u\T @s& $<H sD\ $e]k&T.
>s <sD\ ]> + |sesH $e]k&T.
>s <sD\ e\ @s& |_+u\T @s& $<H sD $e]k&T.
<sD d ~k&T, $e]k&T.
Praxial approximation eXq
T *jTCjT >\&T sD\T \T|&T.

2. |+#&+ ` |]\q\T #jT+ :

O
O

$<sT\T deT\ <sD\T >s <sD\ \++ beTTKqT >] |ksT.

deT\, >s <sD\| + |q+ #+~q|&T s>ujT |*\qT }Vk&T.

3. |j>\T ` |]o\q\T :
O
O

>s <sD\T Hu+s+ qT>=qT |j> #k&T.

deT\ <sD\ e\ @s& |_+u\ d+K esTqT |j>+ <s $e]k&T.

4. de#s dsD H|D\T, bC |qT\T :

O
O

>s <sD\T J$+ @@ d+<s\ |jks de#s+ d]k&T.

+ |sesq + <s+> #dT = sb+~q |]s\T, n\+sD edTe \ de#s d]k&T .

5. ueT\T ^jT&+ ` qeTH\ j] :

O
O
O

sD \qT ^k&T. <sD d\qT $e]k&T.

ksY sY qeTHqT j sT#k&T . < + |sesq + @$<+ > |#dT + < \T|&T.
u, v \ eT< d++< $e]d >|t\T ^k&T.

6. n_q+~+#&+ ` k+<s dV *e+&+`$\Te\T b{+#+

O
O

<sD\T qT>=q rsTqT, Xdy\ XeTqT >s$k&T.

<s D\ |j >\qT \TdT=, < |u y n_q+~k&T . |Ps\+ jTT<\ <s D\qT
y&q yq+ >T]+ *| <\qT d]+ #<Te&T.

37

7. J$ $j>+ ` Jey$<+ | kqTu *Z e+&+

O
O

+ |sesq+ HsTq CH J$+ $jk&T.

bsT\qT dsq $<+> $j+ deTd\T |]w]k&T.

4. e\T ` s\T ` \eD\T

$wj e>Vq
O

O
O
O

$<] $$< eT, s |<s\ <s\qT, n$ V\, nV\ ]| sD #s\qT,

dsD #s\qT, eT s\T, PH d | H\qT, $$< \eD\ |j>\qT
$e]k&T.
e\T, s\T, \eD\T y{ H\ <VD*k&T.
eT, s\T V\T, nV\ ]| #s\ b*\T, u<\T >T]k&T.
$$< eT, s |<s\ \ sD\T $e]ksT. dsD+ <s \eD\T @s&&
sD\T $e]ksT.
V, nV\ eTs\T |<]+# #so\\qT $Xwk&T.

|+#&+ ` |]\q\T #jT&+

O

O
O

eT s |<s\ < d, dsD #s\T, eT`s \T, \eD\ H\ >T]+

ns+ #dTe& |jTk&T.
eT, s\T V, nV &\ #| #so\\qT |]\q #k&T.
PH $\Te |s>+, >Z+ e\q |<s\| *> |uy |]\q #k&T.

|j>\T ` |]o\q\T
O

eT s\T V\ ]| #s , sH{\ ]| #s \T, d s D #s \T e\ $<TYyV,

HCl j PH >T]+#T e+{ |j>\T #k&T.
| |j >\ e*dq |ejT |]s\qT, neT] $<H\qT dk&T . |* \ <s+>
y~\T sb+~+, |<]k&T.

de#s dsD H|D\T

O
O

PH

d\T, $$< \eD\ |j>\T, eT, s |uy\ >T]+q de#s d]k&T.

$$< eT s\T, *dt ]| #s |*\ d++~+q de#s |{\qT $Xwk&T.

38

ueT\T ^jT+ ` qeTH #jT&+ <s ue |ks+

O

+ eTT\T d\ HCl V&] eT+ ]| #s. sH{\ skjTq #s\T, \eD\

$<TY yV, dsD+ yTT<q |jT\qT ueT\T ^d $e]k&T.
PH d\T qeTHqT sb+~k&T.

k+<s dV/ |X+d/ $\Te\T

O
O
O

eT s \ <s+> $$< |<s\T #| #so\\qT |X+dk&T.

$$< s\ e\T ` s\T dsD+ <s \eD\T @ss#& n_q+~k&T.
| $$< skjTq |<s\T eT s |uy\qT |+> |<]+#& >T]k&T.

Jey$<+ ` J$ $j>+
O

PH

eH <w +#T= $$< s\ |<s\T, e\T, s\T, d |<s\T>

eeV]+#+ >\ y$< >T]k&T.
$$< s \ e \ T, s\T, \eD\T, d s D # s \qT J$ d + < s \
$j+#T=+{&T, m<TsjT deTd\ |]cs\qT dk&T.

5. deT\+>T+& + eu
e q+
1. $wje>Vq :
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

eueq ueqqT qT k+e $e]k&T.

|s{ d $e]k&T.
|s{ d+ qT+& d jTe s&&T.
m+&ee\T @s&q $<H sD\T *jTCk&T.
m+&ee\T <w ueT\qT >T]+ $XB]+#>\&T.
eueH }<VsD\T e>\&T.
>E|\ <s eueH sD\T $e]+#>\&T.
d jTeT eXqT $e]+#>\&T.
d+|Ps+s |sesH k<VsD+> $e]k&T }<VsD\T k&T.

2. |+#&+ ` |]\q\T #jT+ :

O
O

|s{ d+ qT+& d jTe sf eT+ eq d+<V\T rsTe& |k&T.

|j> eq |*\qT $Xw+#& eTT+<T>H |]\q\T #k&T.
39

>E|\ >T+& eueq+ ]> eT+ e# d+<V\ d++~+q |]\q\T #k&T

|*\qT eTT+<T>H n+#H yk&T.

3. |j>\T ` |sq\T :
O
O
O

|j> #d sin i/sin r $\Te dseT #|&T.

eueH $e]+# |j>\qT C>> sV+#& >T C>\T rdT+{&T.
>E ~eT @s& |_+ due+, kH\qT >T]+#& #dq |j> eq |*\
y~qT d<+ #k&T.

4. de#s dsD H|D\T, bC |qT\T :

O

eueq >TD+, d+|Ps+s |sesq+ <s\qT $e]+#& |ejT |]s\qT

j sT#k&T .
Internet qT+& eue
q+ d+|Ps n+s |sesq jTe\qT |j + j sjT |]s\
d++~+q de#s d]k&T.

5. ueT\T ^jT&+ ` qeTH\ j] :

O
O
O

eueH $e]+# |{\qT ^k&T.

d+|Ps+s |sesH $e]+# |{ ^k&T.
>E|\ |j> |+ s|+ e+ #k&T.

6. n_q+~+#&+ ` k+<s dV *e+&+`$\Te\T b{+#+

O
O

m+&ee\T @s&&+ >\ XdjTqT >T]+ n_q+~k&T.

y& B|| d+u\T (c+&jTsY) yTT<q y{ qT+& $TsT$TT >=*| + y<\&
k~k&T .

7. J$ $j>+ ` Jey$<+ | kqTu *Z e+&+

O

qT HsTq eueq+, eueq>TD+ d+|Ps+s |sesq CH\qT J$ deTd\qT

|]w]+#Te&+ $jk&T.
*&jk| e+{ |]s\qT k++> jsT#k&T.

40

6. e

\>T+& + eu
e q+
1. $wje>Vq :
O
O

O
O
O
O
O

deT\+>T+& + eueq Cq+ <s+> e\ >T+& + eueH $e]k&T.

e\ e< eueq+ ]>|&T \ e< |j+#e\dq |<\qT ueq\qT
$e]k&T.
\T y{ s\ <VsD*k&T.
\ sD\qT ^jT{ e\dq d\qT $e]k&T.
sD\T ^jTT b{+#*q d\qT, sD\qT $XB]k&T.
d ~k&T.
j bsTqT ~k&T.

2. |+#&+ ` |]\q\T #jT+ :

O

O
O
O

$<] e\ e< bsTqT ~+# eT+ >\ d+<V\qT |k&T.

n2 n1 n2 n1
=
v u
R

qT ~+# eT+ >\ approximations qT }Vk&T.

\ #d |j> |*\qT eTT+<T>H n+#H yksT.

sD\qT ^jT+ >\ d+<V\qT |k&T.
{ eTTeq Hu+s < |]ds\| <s|&TT+< e# d+<V\qT e
#dTe& |k&T.

3. |j>\T ` |sq\T :
O
O

\ Hu+s |j>|Ps+> qT>=+{&T.

e\ <s + eueq+, |_++ @s& $<q+ *| |j>\qT #d |*\qT
$Xw k &T .

4. de#s dsD H|D\T, bC |qT\T :

O

|j>\T d++~+q de#s d]k&T.

5. ueT\T ^jT&+ ` qeTH\ j] :

O
O
O

\ e< + eueH sD\qT ^k&T.

j bsT d++~+q |{ ^k&T.
d+ d++~+q |{ ^k&T, $e]k&T.
41

6. n_q+~+#&+ ` k+<s dV *e+&+`$\Te\T b{+#+

O
O

]w |<X+ q|&T eyT s| |_++ @s&&+>\ y$< |X+dk&T.

= eueq+#+< sD\T bsT sD\T> |#jT&+ >\ |qT >T]k&T.

7. J$ $j>+ ` Jey$<+ | kqTu *Z e+&+

O
O

CH y& $<] J$ deTd\qT n~>$Tk&T.

X+ ms | H\MT< Vs >T]+#&+, y>+ e < n+<Te&+ |_++,
eue q+ ueq\qT nqsTT+#T+{&T.

7. eqe qT ` s+>T\ ||+#+

1. $wje>Vq :
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

qT <wD+, qT dsTuT qT sD+ $e]k&T.

dwyTq <w d <s+, <wD+ $\Te\ e ejTdT >\ d++< $e]k&T.
+{ <c\qT sD\ $e]k&T.
keTs +{ <c\qT m y]+# d#q\T #k&T.
+ $|D >\ sD\qT $XB]k&T.
RAINBOW @s&T $<H $e]k&T.
|]|D < <s *> |*\qT $e]k&T.
ds<jT+, dsdeTjT deTj\ ms> q&& sD\T \T|&T.

2. |+#&+ ` |]\q\T #jT+ :

O
O
O

|]|D |jT| qT |rsT| d+<V\qT e #dT& |k&T.

+<<qTdT s+>T\ >\ sD\| >\ d+<V\| |ksT.
+{ s{H kq+ e] *> |*\qT |]\q #k&T.

3. |j>\T ` |sq\T :
O
O

eueq>TD+ qT>=qT |+ |j>\T #k&T.

+ $XwD+, |]|D+ $e]+#& |j>\T #k&T.

42

4. de#s dsD H|D\T, bC |qT\T :

O
O
O

$<] $D |jT |] | D |jT \ d++~+q s nqTesH \ de#s d]k&T .

|\T |j>\ >T]+q de#s d]k&T.
dsY d.$. seTH>sT (CV Raman) #dq |]X<q n+X\qT, d]k&T.

5. ueT\T ^jT&+ ` qeTH\ j] :

O
O
O
O
O

qT sD *| |{ ^jT>\&T.
+ |j+ qT ` y{ <c\T, y]+# |<T\ d++~+q |{\qT ^k&T.
+ $|D+, |]|D |{\T ^d $e]k&T, $Xwk&T.
| |j>+ \_+q $\Te\ <s+> >|t ^jT>\&T.
+<<qTdT @s&&+ {_+<Te bqT *| |{ ^jT>\&T.

6. n_q+~+#&+ ` k+<s dV *e+&+`$\Te\T b{+#+

O
O
O
O
O
O

s+>T\qT >T]+#&+ qT |rsTqT n_q+~k&T.

qT| <Twuy\T *+# n+X\ <s+> +{&T.
<w b\ u<|& e\ | dyue+ *Z +{&T.
+<<qTdT @s&&+ ` < s+> ueq $e]+#& d+d<qT e+ #k&T.
eTq#T q yesD+ >\ + d++~+q n+X\| d *Z+{&T.
seTH J$ $Xc\T |j>n+X\ de#s+ #~$, y~ sksT.

7. J$ $j>+ ` Jey$<+ | kqTu *Z e+&+

O

+{ <c\T, ysD esZ\T, +{ n<\ $j>+ d+<s+ $|D <s\ CH

$j+#T+{&T.
eTsD+s+ qT <q+ #jTe\dq u<qT >Vk&T. <qT>TD+> |e]k&T.

8. |se DT sD+
$wj e>Vq
O

$<] + s+ > \D
\qT, $<T<jT k+ es|
+, usY, keTsY| |se DT qeTH\qT,
++ d<+, m\H sD $e]+# d\qT $e]k&T.

43

O
O
O
O
O
O

$$< ++ d+K\ <VsD*k&T.

k*, |t u, VQ& jTe\qT d+<sqTks+> |j+#>\T>T&T.
usY, keTsY d |seDT qeTH\ eT< >\ b*\T, u<\qT $e]k&T.
+ s+> duy |<]k+<q& >\ sD\qT $e]k&T.
yTTV\sY #sY <s+> m\H $Hk\qT sjT>\T>T&T. X ksTT\qT $Xw + #>\ T>T&T.
$<T<jTk+ esZ| dMTsD\T E=h.nlx 2 n2 yTT y{ $e]+#>\T>T&T.

|+#&+ ` |]\q\T #jT&+

O

O
O

$<T<jTk+ es|{\T, $$< |seDT es|{\T, ++ d+K\ >T]+ \TdTe&

>qT |k&T.
n.l.m. $\Te\qT <s+> #dT= m\H $Hk\qT, X ksTT\qT }V+#>\T>T&T.
|t u, b*, VQ+& jTe\ |s+ sTy X ksTT }V+#>\T>T&T.

|j>\T ` |]o\q\T
O

$<T<jTk+, V&H es|{\ qeTH\ <s+> |seDT sD\qT yU+#

>\T>T&T.
usY, keTsY| |b~ |seDT d<+\ d++~+q |j>\ $Xc\ eT]jTT
|*\qT #]ksT.

de#s dsD H|D\T

O

O
O

usY, keTsY| , e b+ yTT Xdy \ |j >\ d++~+q de#s d]+ ys

yU\qT j sT#ksT .
$$< eT\\ m\H $Hk\ d++~+q de#s |{\qT +|sT.
++ d+K\T <s+> X ksTT\ neT]qT ns+ #dTe& |{\qT sb+~ksT.

ueT\T ^jT+
O
O

usY, keTsY| |seDT qeTH\ T |{\qT ^ksT.

m\H $Hk ns+ #dTe& b #sT\qT sb+~ksT.

k+<s dV ` |X+d ` $\Te\T

O
O

$<T<jTk+ es|+ n<T\qT |X+dk&T.

n+ dyTq |seDTe\ n+sZ sD\qT $e]+# $wsD\qT |X+dk&T.
44

|j >\ <s s|+ Xdj

T n+X\qT, >D d\ <s s|+#& (+{
d+K\T) |X+ dk&T .

Je y$<+ ` J$ $j>+
O
O

n d ||+#+ (|seDTe\T, m\H\T, q{H\T) y$<\qT >T]ksT.

++ d+K\ <s+> s eT\\ m\H $Hk\qT sjT+ yV\sY \qT
|j +#T+{sT.

9. eT\\ eZsD ` esq |{

$wj e>Vq
O

O
O
O

&sqsY d<++, q+& nw d<++, y&|t esq |{ \D\T <T esq

|{ ds| duy\T, \D\qT >T]+ $e]k&T.
|seDT d+K\T, m\H $Hk\ <s+> eT\\qT eZ]+#>\T>T&T.
yT+&|t esq |{, <T esq |{ >\ &\qT $e]+#>\T>T&T.
&sq sY, q+& d<+\ |s+ ys sT eT\\T, \D \T #|& >\ sD\qT
\T|sT.
|se DT yks+ , |se DT |]eD+, jTsD
X, m\H n| { yTTq n+X\T esq
|{ esTTq $<H $Xw+#>\T>TsT.
#s dMTsD\qT $Xw+#>\T>TsT.

|+#+ ` |]\q\T #jT+

O

O
O

= eT\\T keq \D\qT |<]+#&+, s eT\\ b*q|&T |+>

+&+ e+{ n+X\| |+#>\T>TsT.
yT+&|t |]\q\qT sTy \+ ]q s|D\qT #]+#>\T>TsT.
|]j&d{ <s+> eT\ <s\qT |]\q #jT>\sT.

|j>\ ` |]o\q\T
O
O

&sqsY \T, q+& nw\T, y+&|t esq jTe\ <s+> #]+#>\sT.

|]jT&\T`>|\ ]> esT\ <s\T #]ksT.

45

de#s dsD H|D\T

O
O

yT+&|t |]* eT\\ d++~+q de#s d]+, $XwksT.

esq |{ <s+> >|t\T, |]jT& $$< eT\\T |<]+# \D\ d++~+q
de#s |{\ s|+ sb+~+ |<]ksT.
jTsD X, m\H m|{ e+{ <s\qT $e]+#& y*q nqTu+< de#s
d]+, |<]ksT.

ueT\T ^jT+ ` qeTH\T jsT #jT+

O
O

&sqsY, q+&, yT+&|t esq jTe\qT $e]+#+<T b #sT\qT sb+~ksT.

<T esq |{ \D\qT *|+<T u &j>+, b #sT\qT sb+~ksT.

k+<s dV ` |X+d ` $\Te\T

O
O

| $$< eT\\T y$<u]yTq \D\T |<]+#& |X+dksT.

yT+&|t |]\q\T s|+ e&, eT\\T eTyTq |< neT] +&{
n_q+~k&T .

Je y$<+ ` J$ $j>+
O
O
O

$_q \D\T >\ eT\\T eqT> neT]qT |<]+#+ >\ y$< >T]ksT.
<T esq |{ >|\T, |]jT&\ eT<>\ d++<, eT\ <s\qT >T]ksT.
skjTq Xd deTd\ |]cs+ esq |{ jTe\qT d+<sqTks+> $j+#T+{sT.

10. skjTq +<+

$wj e>Vq
O

O
O

\sT #T\ |<, j, deTjjT +< jTe\T, |<s <s\T, nw d<++,

sT, H yTT<q nDT sD\T, y\ u< d<++, d+sD\qT >T]+ $e]ksT.
sT, nyj nDTe\ eT< &\T, njT deTjjT +<\T, Sp-Sp2......... d+sD \
eT< >\ &\qT $e]ksT.
nDTe\ +<D, <s\ >\ sD\qT $e]ksT.
nDTe\ ds , nw jTe b{+#&, skjTq +<+ bZq& >\ sD\qT
$e]ksT.
nDT sD\qT, d+sD ueq\ <s yUksT.
46

|+#+ ` |]\q\T #jT+

O

O
O

\sT #T\ |< , nj, deTjjT |<s <s \T, nDT sD\| eT]+ ne>VqqT
b+<& |ksT.
|se DTe\T +<+ bZq|&T nDTe\qT @ss# + u>+ |+#T= ]{ s\qT
<s @s& nDT sD |]\q #ksT.
d+sD+ <s @s& d+s ]{ s\qT }VksT.
{ nDTe +<D+1080 \T> +f ]> |sekH\qT |]\q #ksT.

|j>\T ` |]o\q\T
O

O
O

nDT sD\qT, d+s ]{ <c $e]+#& skjTq +< jTe\qT

|j +#T+{sT.
\sT #T\ |< >\ eT[ n+X\qT #]ksT.
skjTq +<+ <s @s& nDTe\ s+, +<D+ >T]+ #]ksT.

de#s dsD H|D\T

O

|<s\ duy, nDTe\ neT], +< D\, n~ @ss# +<\ >\ sD\qT
>T]+q de#s d]ksT.
d+sD+, ]{ s\ >\ d++<, nedsyTq de#s d]ksT. <|
y~\T sb+~ksT.

ueT\T ^jT+ ` qeTH\T jsT #jT+

O

O
O

\sT #T\ |< <s nj ` deTjjT +<\T @s& $<q+ nDT sD\
|{\qT ^ksT.
d+sD |{\ <s+> nDTsD\qT $XwksT.
|Pd\T, nZ|\\T |j+ nDTe\ T\ qeTH\T jsT#ksT.

k+<s dV ` |X+d ` $\Te\T

O
O
O

nj, deTjjT +<\ <s nDTe\T @s&& |X+dksT.

| = eT\ |se DTe\T $$< b *d nH |<s\T> sb+<{ n_q+~ksT .
| e+{ |<s\T { s>&+, sdH s>be&+ e+{ | <s\qT, duy\qT,
skjTq +< d\ <w |]o*ksT.

47

Jey$<+ ` J$ $j>+
O
O

|<s\T = nj = d+jjT sb\ +&+ >\ y$< >T]ksT.

skjTq dMTsD\qT sjT+, T\+ #jT+, skjTq +< jTe\qT, d\qT
$j+#T+{sT. deTk |]cs\qT #jT>\T>TsT.

11. | y V$<TY
1. $wje>Vq :
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

$<TY |yV+, bfjT u<+, $<T#\\+, $s<+ yTT<q ueq\qT $e]k&T.

$<TY yV\T nyV\ eT< >\ &qT $e]k&T.
$<TY |yV $e]+#& s+C, && m\H d<+ $e]k&T.
$<TY |yV >\ sD\qT $XB]k&T.
$<TY |yV bfjT u<+q >\ d++< $e]k&T.
zyT jTe $e]k&T.
s<$\TeqT |u$+#d $$< n+X\qT $e]k&T.
XD, de+s d+<H\ >\ &\qT $e]k&T.
|* s<+ +#& nqTd]+#*q |< \T|&T.
$<TY | +, overloading, electric unit e+{ n+X\qT $e]k&T .

2. |+#&+ ` |]\q\T #jT+ :

O
O
O

+{ y]+>T #d $<H\| nH |X\T n&T>T&T.

overload | qq d+<V\qT |X\ s|+ n&T>T&T.
s<\qT XD, de+s d+<q+ +q|&T @s& |* s< |]\q #k&T.

3. |j>\T ` |sq\T :
O

O
O

s<+ yV b&e, yV| eT< #< yX \+, < due+, < c>\ | <s|& T T+<
|j>\T #k&T.
zyT jTeT+, \|t jTeT+, +H jTe\T s|+#&, |j>\T #k&T.
l, de+s d+<T\qT $e]+#+<T |j>\T #ksT.

48

4. de#s dsD H|D\T, bC |qT\T :

O
O
O

$$< |<s\T |<]+# s< duy >\ sD\ d++~+q de#s d]k&T.
$<TY | d++~+q n<q| de#s d]k&T.
|PC j eT]jTT < b d++~+q de#s d]k&T.

5. ueT\T ^jT&+ ` qeTH\ j] :

O
O
O

u | #jTT $<H \T| |{\T ^k&T. y{ qT+& ueesD #k&T.

XD, de+s d+<H\T |{\T ^k&T.
yV+ m\H ~ rsTqT #| |{ ^k&T.

6. n_q+~+#&+ ` k+<s dV *e+&+`$\Te\T b{+#+

O
O

$<], $<TY X eT\yTq m\H |esqqT n_q+~k&T.

$<TY X qc s~+#& |jTk&T.

7. J$ $j>+ ` Jey$<+ | kqTu *Z e+&+

O

O
O

zesY& e\q *> qc s~+#&, csY ds{ |e<\T n]& $<TY

d++~+q uy\qT J$+ $jk&T.
|PC |j+#& dsq r>qT m+| #dT+{&T.
<X |s>_e~ $<TY X eT\+ { < dsq $<TTqT $j+# b<T|#d
esZ\qT nHwk&T. b{k&T.

12. $<T<jT k+ +
1. $wje>Vq :
O
O
O
O
O
O

nsTTsYd& |j>+ <s $e]k&T.

njTk++ < \D\ >\ beTTKqT $e]k&T.
njTk+ \sK\T ueq\ njTk+ n_yV k+<qT $e]+#>\T>T&T.
$<TY |yV+ >\ r>\T njTk+ @ss#>\e $XB]k&T.
&# +<qqT k*HsTT& @s& njTk+ + ueq\qT $e]k&T.
njTk++ ~ yX+, $<TY |yV *Zeq r>| \+ |j+#&TT+<
$e]+#T&T.
49

O
O
O
O

F = ILB d

s&&T.
$<TY y{sT, $<TY qssY |rsT\qT $XB]k&T.
bs& jTe, X jTe >\ d++< <VsD\ dVjT+ $e]k&T.
X jTeT+ qT+& bs& jTe m s{ $e]k&T.

2. |+#&+ ` |]\q\T #jT+ :

O
O
O
O

nsTTsYd& |j>+ e# |*\qT |]\q\T #k&T.

njTk+ eTT ~ yX\| @$<+> |jdT+< |]\q\T #k&T.
X jTeT+, bs& jTe\qT ns+#dT& |X\T n&T>T&T.
$<TY qssT $<TY y{sT njTk+ ~XqT e]d ]> |*\qT |]\q
#k&T .

3. |j>\T ` |sq\T :
O
O
O

bs& jTe $e]+#& |j>+ #k&T.

$<TY |yV *Zeq r> njTk+ |jdT+<H |j> s]k&T.
k*HsTT& e\ njTk+ + @s&&+, &# +<q\qT |j>|Ps+> $e]k&T.

4. de#s dsD H|D\T, bC |qT\T :

O
O
O

bs& #dq |j>\T, y{ nqTesH\ d++~+q de#s d]k&T.

nsTTsYd& #dq |j>\ d++~+q de#s d]k&T. y~\T sb+~k&T.
yT\qT n& m\ y{sT, qssT | $<H d++~+q n<q| de#s
d]k&T .

5. ueT\T ^jT&+ ` qeTH\ j] :

O
O

O
O
O

njTk+ ~L <*\T ` <+&jTk+ |ue+ *| |+ ^k&T.

njTk+ \sK\T, $<TY |yV+ e\ @s& njTk++, &# +<q\qT $e]+#
|{\T ^k&T.
$<TY y{sT |{ ^k&T.
$<TY AC eT]jTT DC qssY\ |{\qT ^k&T.
AC, DC qssY\qT |rsTqT $e]+# >|t\qT ^k&T. | $<H $e]k&T.

50

6. n_q+~+#&+ ` k+<s dV *e+&+`$\Te\T b{+#+

O
O

nsTTsYd&, bs& #dq |j>\q |*\ >=|H n_q+~k&T.

n|{es d+ > q njd++ r>#T <* +#>H d n|esH \T \>Cj
T &
|X+dksT. &#y eT+ $<T<jTk++ |#jT& >T]k&T.
X jTeT+ jTT |j> n_q+~k&T.

7. J$ $j>+ ` Jey$<+ | kqTu *Z e+&+

O

O
O

qssY, y{sqT J$+ $jk&T. y{ |rsT d++~+q d<+ <w

+#T |]s\qT $jk&T.
d\ <s+> deTd\qT k~k&T.
njTk+ +, $<TY |uy\ y$<\qT >T]+ |] $<TY |j> |*\qT
|j +#T+{&T.

13. V Xd+ ` wsD

$wj e>Vq
O

O
O

O
O

$<sT\T | V\T \_+# eT[ sb\qT (K sb\T) y{ ysT#d |<T\T,

X~ #d |< T \T, V wsD |j +# us q +, |>\ q+ e+{ |jT \ >T]+ $e]ksT .
#so\ ysT #jT & |j +# |< T \T, X~ #d |< T \ <s+> KC\qT eZ] ksT .
V\T | d#d <=s be&, j+ |<T\ <s ysT ysT#jT&,
V\qT s& j
T sD #s \T s|& , =*$T |j +#& >\ sD\T $e]ksT .
V+ K+, udt=*$T ` ]ess] =*$T >\ u<\T \T|sT.
V wsD ]> skjTq #s <X\qT $XwksT.

|+#&+ ` |]\q\Tq #jT&+

O
O
O

K |<s ysT #d |<T\T, X~ #jT&+ nqTd]+# <X\| |ksT.

| K+ me sb\ |+#& sD\T |]\q #ksT.
$$< V\T ]| sD, jTsD #s\T ` |*\qT }VksT.

|j>\T ` |]o\q\T
O

|sY X~ #&jT+ $<T~XwDqT |j+#&+, T||&+ >T]+ |j>\qT #ksT.

51

j+rsD |<T\ eTT& K+ ysT #jT&+, $$< s\ =\TeTT\T |j+#&+

nqTd]+# <X\qT |<T\qT #]ksT.

de#s dsD\T ` bC |qT\T

O

eTq sw+ , <X+ $$< s\ eTT& KC\T \_+# |<X \T >T]+q de#s+ d]ksT .
y~ sb+~ksT.
K+ $$< sb\ \_+#&+ ` < dd X~ #d $<H >\ sD\T $Xwd
y~\T sb+~ksT.
eT |]ds\ \_+# dTq|ssTT, u>TZ yTT<q KC\ >T]+q $Xc\ k|t |d+
sb+~ksT .

ueT\T ^jT&+, qeTH\T #jT&+

O

eTT& K+ ysT #d |<T\T, $<TY $XwD+, =*$T\T yTT<q y{ |{\T ^d nqTd]+#

|< T \| yUksT .
$ess] =*$T, udjTsY qssY, udt |\ ]> #s\qT *jTCd \T ^ksT.

k+<s dV, |X+d, $\Te\T

O
O

| $$< V\T eTT& KC\ s|+ |yT +&& |X+dksT.

$$< s\ KC\qT w]+#& sb+~+q $_q $<H\T |s D \ >T]+q $es\T
\TdTe&+ d |<]ksT.
KC\qT y* rjT&+, X~ #jT&+, V\ , y{ qT+& nH |]s\T, edTe\
j >\ e\T, eed\qT |X+dksT.

Jey$<+ ` J$ $j>+
O
O

| \_+# KC\ y* rjT&+, |sesD+| \T>TTq |ue+ >T]+ #]ksT.

>qT\ e+ ` <e\T ` bs{\T ` >T]+ $Xw+ Je y$< |]sD #s\qT
dksT .
eTT& K ysT #d |< T \T V\ #so\\T, =*$T ]> skjTq #s \T ns+ #dT e&
skjTq dMTsD \T >Dq\T, skjTq +<+ bs+X\ de#s nqjT+ #dT =+{sT.

52

14. s q dyT H\ skjTq Xd+

$wj e>Vq
O

O
O

O
O

$<sT\T sH |<]+# HwH <s+, d+sD $<q+, X+K\T @ss# X, $$<

s q sb\T ` >|{ , e+, $Tds Y | \]H, HH >={\T, V &sH\T y{ #so\\T
|yTjT deTV\T, HMTsD $<q+, dT\T H\ >T]+ $e]ksT.
sH jTT $$< sb\, qT\T, qT\T, qT\ <VsD*ksT.
sH HwH <s+ |<]+#&, |jT deTV\T |<s\ due+ es& >\
sD\T $e]ksT.
$$< sH sb\, n$ |<] +# sD j
T sD #s \qT, Sp, Sp2, Sp3........ d+s s D \
>\ u<\T \T|sT.
>|{ ` e+, qT\T ` qT\T eT<>\ b*\T >T]ksT.
sq dyTH\T ]| d+\q, ||D #s\ >T]+ $XwksT.

|+#&+ ` |]\q\T #jT&+

O

O
O

sH HwH due+, HMTsD $<q+, V&sH\ sb\T sD jT\qT +>

ns+ #dTe& |ksT.
|yTjT deTV\T, HMTsD kbH\ <s+> $$< V&sH\qT |]\q #ksT.
sH HwH due+ <s u$wT qT>=qujT $wsD\qT }VksT.

|j>\T ` |]o\q\T
O
O
O

dT qTsT>T ` eTT]be&+ ` yTd* ` due+ ns+ #dTe& \T sVksT.

mds j |j>+ #ksTT.
11 <X\ $<q+ b{d sq dyTH\ |sT |&+ ` |sT <s+> bsT sjT&+
#ksT .
X ksTT\ |{\T <s+> sH |<]+# d+sD <X\qT, $<H #]ksT.

de#s dsD\T ` bC |qT\T

O

O
O

sH X+U\T @sT #jT&+ <s $d+> < H\T @s&&+ >T]+, qT\T,
qT\ e+{ V&sH\ H\T >T]+ de#s |{\T sb+~ksT.
HH >={\T, y{ |j >\T >|H $wsD e+{ <T n+X\| y~\T sb+~ksT .
y \V\T j ` $j>+ >T]+ de#s | sb+~ksT . |<] + #]ksT .
53

ueT\T ^jT&+ ` qeTH\T #jT&+

O
O

sH HwH, d+ssD+, $Td*, mdsY j |{\T ^d y{ >T]+ $e]ksT.

|Pd\T, |\\T |j + $$< V &sH\ s\qT HeTsD $<q+ <s+> sb+~+
|<] ksT .
V&sH\ j $<H\| b #sT\T sb+~ksT.

k+<s dV, |X+d, $\Te\T

O
O

sH eT\+> nH |<s\T #jT & HwH due+ |<] +#& |X+ dksT .
| $$< |seDTe\T ` sH #so\ #|&+ >\ |\qT ` HMTsD+
<c n_q+~k&T.
d\ esT e\q eTs= = |<s+ @ss#>\ sH >=|H |H\qT >T]ksT.

Jey$<+ ` J$ $j>+
O

$d |jH\T *+# sH nH s\ #so\\T |<]+#&+ >\ y$<

b<qqT >T]ksT.
sH HwH q T ns+ #dT e& skjTq +<+ , m\H $Hd+ ueq\qT d+<sqTks+>
$jksT.
dT\T eTT] =\+#&+ >\ d, M{ q +<D\ eTT] =\+#&+
m |j >|& T T+< nqsTTksT .

54

uXd b<jTT& nedseTjT >D ueq\T

D+ :
+|sesq + deT\ |]\ e< +eue q+ e \ e< + eue q+ eqe
qT s+>T\ ||+#+ bs\ D+ nH ueqqT $]$> y&+ ]+~. n+<Te\ D+
ueqqT D+> ns+ #dTy* +~ +qT #jT+&.
+ =* _+<Te> #dT= s+&T sD\qT ^jT+&. +
+<+> #dT= ]w yks+ AB #b ^jT+&.
<$<+> + +<+> #dT= eTs= yks+ C D #b
^jT+&.
OA, OC

b&e\qT

>eT :

OA = 08; OC = OD

AB
,
OA

CD

#b\ b&e\qT =\e+&.

\qT +#+&. MTs$T >eT+#sT ?

wT\T dTesT>

CD
CD
AB
l
=
R eksTT.OC
OA
deq+>OC

>eT : <c\ sD+ b&e =*#|&T =+ |> =\Tk+.

qT

neT+~.

n+f yks |+, s FjT+> #|+ b&e |s>T T+~. n<$<+ > yks Z d #|+
b&e >TZT+~. nq> yks+, #|+ b&e\ w ds+ neT+~. wH D+> sk+.
D+

()

#|+ b&e (l)

yks+ (R)

D+qT , , , , e+{ d+ \ d+#e#T. D+qT s &jT qqT, &^\qT =\Tk+.

| bsTqT y&q|&T qT s&jTq\ eyT =\y*. e|]~ (2R) yks+

\ w 2 deq+. qT
55

(R)

s&jTqT R 360 &^\T

DeTH~ eT& _+<Te> s+&T sD\ \D+.

>eT : D ssTT+#|&T =* _+<Te> >\ s+&T sD\qT >T]+#*.
NN

nH~ deT\<sD \++.

NN

|qsD+, \+u\ eT< D |qD+ n+{+.

|sesq sD+, \+u\ eT< D |sesq D+ n+{+.

` \++

|q D+, |sesq D+\qT m+<T \+u\H =\Tk+?

||{ >eT+#+&.
+us <sD+ |qsD+, |sesq sD\qT #|+#+.
e\+ <s+> D ssTT+#+. |q+ #+~q _+<Te
e< \+u ssTT+#>\+.
sD+# |q, |sesq D\qT \++H ssTTk+.

uT+ ` uVD+ n+sD\T

+|sesq+ ` >s<sD+q <sD d+ <q (|+`32) e\ e< +
eueq+ ` |_++ @s& $<q+ (|+`5) eqe qT, s+>T\ ||+#+ ` | eueq
>TD+ d <q (|+`10) | d+<s\ ~>TejT&q n+X+ y&+ ]+~. uT+
nq> eT&T sUK+&\ @s& d+e|+. B eT&T uTC\T+{sTT. |{ >eT+#+&.
n+sD+ n+f @$T{?
ABC

uT+
, , \T n+s D\T

uT+ AC, AD \ eT< D+.

|&T p, r \T m @s&j #|+&.

AC, AD

\ n+sD+ n+{sT. B

+~ |{ >eT+#+&.
k+?

56

L&<+.

uVD+ n+f @$T{? B m

RP

b&<+. PQ, PA \ eT< D uVD+ n+{+. B

<$<+> 2 , 3 m @s&j #|+&?
PQR

d+#+.

uT+.

1 , 2 , 3

\qT uVD\T

| |{ >eT+#+&. PQR uT +. B n+s D\T.

, , . eT&T D\ yTT+ 180+ n \TdT.
++

= 180

|+ qT+& + = 180 neT+< #|>\e? QP

b&+#+&. QA dssK. P e< dsD+ 180 qT
+ = 180 neT+~.
++ = +
+ =

n+s_eTTK D\ yTT+ R uVD+.

uT+ s+&T os\ e< q n+sD\ yTT+, eT&e os+ e< q uVD
deq+. B |q *|q 10e s> bs\ $]$> y&+ ]+~.

D$TrjT wT\T
bs+
1. +|sesq +

2. deT\ |]\
e< + eueq+
3. deT\ |]\
e< + eueq+
4. e\ e< +
eue q+

d+<s +

e\dq n+X+

Tan $\Te\T

>s <sD d++~+q

<sDd+ (|+`32)
esq+ (|+`34)
O + 4 s djTe
~+#&+ (|+ 6 (d))
O d+|Ps+s |sesq+ (|+ 7)
|_++ @s& $<q+ (|+`5)

57

Sin $\Te\T

Sin $\Te\T

Tan $\Te\T

5. eqe qT `
s+>T\ ||+#+

Sin $\Te\T

| eueq >TDd
~+#+.
< : 2

6. $<T<jT k+ +

Sin

$$< D\
d++~+q $\Te\T
Sin $\Te\T
Sin $\Te\T

+`7
+`8 +f eTT+<T

| d+<s+ D$TrjT wT\qT $]$> y&+ ]+~. M{ >] \TdT+<+.

+~ #jT+&.
|+ #|q $<+>
+ eT\_+<Te > s+&T sD\qT ^jT+&.
de+s s K| A, B, C nH _+<Te\qT >T]+#+&. j
_+<Te\ e< de+s sK \+u\qT |+ #|q $<+>
^jT+&. \+u\T eTs= sD P, Q, R \ e< esTd> K+&+#sTT.
|q *|q s+&T sD\ eT& \D+ D+.
D
AP BQ
CR|+ d+#+.
OA

OB

OC

APO

\+D uTe ?

A e<

D+ 90+, uT+ eT&T D\ @ fq 90+ uTC \+D uT+

n+{+.
qT

APO

\+D uT+.

<$<+> |+ $T*q, \+D uTC\qT >T]+#>\s?

BQO, CRO

\T s+&T \+D uTC\T.

OA, OB, OC

b&e\qT +#+&.

AP, BQ, OC

b&e\qT +#+&.

OP, OQ, OR

b&e\qT +#+&.
\ wT\qT >D+#+&. MTs$T >eT+#sT?

58

> se{ >eT+#+&.

(>eT : d\ <c\T+{sTT)
| wT\T <| <s|& e+T+~? sD\ eT< D+ e] w $\Te esTT+~.
qT | w D+ | <s|&e+< #|>\+.
<$<+>
|$<+>H

AP BQ CR
,
,
OP OQ OR

\ wT\qT >D+#+&. MTs$T >eT+#sT?

> se{ >T]+#>\+.

w L& D+ |q eyT <s|& e+T+~.

\ wT\qT >D+#+&. MTs$T >eT+#sT ?
\T> se{ >T]+#>\+.
wT\T L& D+| eyT <s|& e+T+~.
AP
OB
OB
BQ
CR
| wT\qT \+D uT <s+>OA
s,=<
+. , ==OCOC
OA OQ
OB OROC
OP
OQ
OR
ABC \+D uT+.
AC qT s+ n+{+.
D+ m<TsT> >\ uT+ BC qT m<T{uT+ n+{+.
n<$<+> D qT= q uT+ AB qT dquT+ n+{+.
>eT : D+ <s+> eyT m<T{uT+, dquTC >T]+#*.
+~ |{\ m<T{uT+, dquT+, s\qT ssTT+#+&.
(i)

m<T{ uT+
dq uT+
s+

(ii)

m<T{uT +
dq uT+
s+
59

PQR

\+D uT+

m<T{uT + qT, m<T{uT + qT, dquT + \qT +~ $<+> sk+.

s+
s+
dquT +
m<T{uT +
R
dquT +
Tan qT {H n #<Te+.
m<T{uT +
Sin =
R
s+
Tan

Sin
Cos

qT dH n #<Te+.
R

dquT +
s+

Cos

qT dt n #<Te+.
| d\qT yTT< *|q n+X\ y&+ ]+~.

13|&T m<T{uT+, dquT+, s\ <s+>

>eT : Tan, Sin, Cos $\Te\qT ssTT+#1PQ
RQ
2
>T]+#+&.
PR232
PQ
+~ |{qT nedsyTq d+<s y&+&.
0+

30+

45+

60+

90+

Sin

Cos

Tan

s+|+

Approximations.
(i)

Sin

Tan

bs+
(i)

+|sesq +

@ d+<s+ y&*.
d+<s +
>s<sD\ d++~+q <sDd+ ` <q |+`32
|+`33
60

(ii)

e\e<
+eue q+

[Note :
Sin

|_++ @s& $<q+ (|+`5)

ns+ m&eT, &y| sdq $\Te\T +#T$T+#T> deqeT ns+.] | d+<s

Tan
> y&&+ ]+~. n~ m> #<+.

||{ >eT+#+&. eT& _+<Te 0 =*_+<Te> >\

s+&T sD\qT ^jT+&. de+s sK| A _+<TeqT
>T]+#+&. de+s sK A e< \+u |+ #|q
$<+> ^<+. n~ B e< eTs= sD T+~.
ABO
O

|+`1

\+DuTeT eTq \TdT.

e< sD\ eT< @s& q+ nqT+<+.

|+ 1 qT+&
Sin =
Tan =

AB
OB
OA

neqT.
$\Te >Z=~ @$T sT>TT+< #|>\y? (\+u
OA $\Te

ds+> +T+~.
2 qT >eT+#+&.

B <s+>

Tan

Sin

OB, OA

'A'

e< ^j*)

$\Te\T >TZsTT. |+

n s|+#>\e!

B d+ $<+> #jT+&. |+ #|q $<+> OA, OB \qT

^jT+&. A e< \+u ^jT+&. OA yks+> #b ^jT+&.
#|+ OB qT C e< K+&dT+~. MTsT AB, AC #|+ b&e\qT
+#+&. MTs$T >eT+#sT?
AB

$\Te, AC $\Te & e+T+< #|e#T.

| |{ D Z+ ^jT+&. eTs\
>Z{ >eTksT.

AB

61

uT+ b&e AC #|+ b&e\ eT< >\ u<+

<$<+> OC, OB b&e u<+ L& >TZe+T+~. D eT]+> ZdT+f OC,

OB b&e\ eT< u<+ # d\+> e+T+~. n\+{ d+<s u< $d]+#e#T.
Bqs+ u<+ XSqeT <T.
# d\eTsTT,

AB

Tan =

AC, OC

#|+ b&e
yks+

nq> Tan

OB; OA

OB

n<$<+ >
Sin =

nq> Sin
Tan
(ii)

#|+ b&e
yks+

neT+~.

Sin

> d\eTsTTq|&T rdT=qe#T.

| |{ >eT+#+&. AB nH de+ss KqT

AB
|+
^jT+&. O nH _+<Te qT+& A , BAC
OB
OA
#|q$<+ > OA, OB s UK+&\qT ^jT+&.OC
|+qT+&
OA < OB n #|>\+.
OA, OB

b&e\qT,
qy<T#jT +&.
|&T A qT+&
neT+~.
OB, OA

OB

AB

b&e\qT +#+&. y{

| \+u |+ #|q$<+> ^jT+&.

OB

AD

\+sK

\ eT< D+ nqT+<+.

OD, OA b&e\qT

L& =\e+&. OA - OD qT +#+&. <$<+> A, B \ eT< <s

Z+ < qT Z+ eTs= |{ ^d OD, OA \ eT< u< >T]+#+&. MTs$T
>eT+#sT?

d\eTjT=~

OD

OA

deq+ neT+< +<{ u>+ \TdTH+.

62

Bqs+ @eT+f OA, OD \T +#T$T+#T de+s+> qe

rdTe#T. qT A e<, B e< AB s K ^dq \+u\T esTd>
OD, OA \ #d D\T deq+> qe u$+#e#T.
B bs+ deT\ |]\ e< +eueq+ +
4 s Snell jTeT+ s|+# eT+ | $wj \qT y&sT.

ds| uTC\T
bs+ e \ e< + eue q+ d
<q +< #| $wj\qT y&+.
BD

de+ssKqT ^jT+&. B
K+&+#T AC sUK+& ^jT+&.

A qT+&, C

BD

qT+&

e<

sK| \+u ^jT+&.

AB, CD

\T

BD

sK \+u\T.

|+ qT+& MTs$T #|>\sT?

BOA, COD

deqe?

CD
AB #|OB
neT+< De |j+
= >\+.
CD
OD
OD
BO
uTC\T { ABO \+D uT+ qT+&

BOA = COD

Tan =
ODC

\T s+&T \+D

\+D uT+ qT+&

Tan =

ABO, ODC

n sjT>\+.

\ wT\qT >D+#+&? MTs$T >eTksT.

=

n >eTk+.
> ese#T.

~jT ds| uTC\ jTeT+.

s+&T uTC @ s+&T nqs|uTC\ wq ed n$ ds|uTC\T nesTT.
63

esZ dMTsD+
bs+ 6 e\ e< +eueq+ <VsD 6 esZdMTsD+ k<qqT y&+. B
HsT +<+.
ax2 + bx + c = 0; a 0

s|+ +& dMTsD esZ dMTsD+ n+{+.

dMTsD k~+#+ n+f @$T{?

dMTsD+ #ss $\TeqT qT>e&+ n ns+.
>eT : | dMTsD k~+#+
(p + q)2 = p2 + q2 + 2pq

ax2 + bx + c = 0

qT y&+.

| s|+ m es*!

ax2 + bx + c = 0

q dMTsD

u+#+&.

2
2
2
x 2b+ bb x + c =c 0 b
x
+
=
+
a a
a
4a 2
2a 2a

dMTsD+ edT+~.
x 2 + 2.x.

b
c
= 2a
a

> | dMTsD esT<+.

2

b
c b
b
x + 2.x.
+ =- +
2a 2a
a 2a

(s+&T y|

qT \|+&)

b
4ac + b 2

x
+
=

2a
4a 2

b
b 2 4ac

x
+
=

2a
4a 2

64

B qT+&,
x+

b
=
2a

b 2 4ac
2a

2a

b 2 4ac
2a

x =

x =

b b 2 4ac
2a

nq>

G k<qqT ` eTs= k<qqT b+<e#T. esZdMTsD s+&T k<q\T+{sTT.

n$

b + b 2 4ac
x1 =
2a
b b 2 4ac
x2 =
2a

| k<q\T b+<\+f b2 - 4ac $\Te dTq+f |<~> +&*. nq> b2 - 4ac > 0 y*. ~
d]bH x1, x2 k<q\T k<$\Te\T> rdT+{+.

nqTb+
ueqqT
O

w+ +

Q = msT

qT ~+#&+

$<TY |yV+ zyT jTeT+

V = IR

qT \T|qT

y&+.
B >eT<+.
nqTb+ s+&T s\T. n$
(a) nqTeqTb+
(b) $qTeqTb+

65

R=

sl

qT nqTb ueqqT

nqTeqTb+
+~ #jT+&.
|+ #|q $<+> yssT yks\T >\
e\qT ^jT+&.
y{ yks\qT >D+#+&. y{ e|]~\qT =\e+&. | e+ jTT |]~ < yks+
u+#+&. MTs$T >eT+#sT?
| e+ jTT |]~, < yks\ w eTs= e >D+ q n< w deq+ neT+~.
n+f e|]~, yks+\qT w dss.
e|]~ (C)
R dss
e yks+ (R)
BH >D |]uw e|]~, < yks nqTeqTb+ e+T+< n+{+.
e|]~

(C)

e|]~

R dss I e yks+
(C)

e yks+

(R)

(R)

y1
y
= 2
x1
x2

` ~ nqTb >TsTqT ddT+~.

k<sD s D :
x, y

nH$ s+&T =\e>*> sX\T> rdT+<+.

$\Te|, y $\Te <s|& e+< nqT+<+. n|&T

s>qT rdT+{+.

x1

$\Te d++~+q $\Te

y1

x2

$\Te d++~+q $\Te

y2

nqT+<+.

qT d+s>qT

n s]+#>* +~ $wj\qT eTq+ \T|e#T.

(i)

$\Te |sT>TT+f, y $\Te L&

(ii)

$\Te >TZT+f,

$\Te L&

y/x

y/x

$\Te dseTjTT |sT>TT+~.

$\Te dseTjTT >TZT+~.

66

qT <s|&

(iii)

>|t :
x $\TeqT X-n+| q d\T rdT+<+. y $\TeqT q d\T Y-n+| rdT+<+.
x, y $\Te >|t >T]<+. _+<Te\qT \T|<+. _+<Te\qT *| @s& >|t
dssK ed y $\Te x $\Te nqTeqTb+ e+< n+{+. | $esD <s+>
R ds+ n sjTe#T.

y, x

y =

ds+

nqTeqTb+ e+< n+{+. | ds++qT >|t <s =\e>\e?

eq dssK
Tan

X-n+

D+ #dT+< nqT+<+.

$\Te ds+ deq+ neT+~. m+<T #|>\s?

|&T eT&T sX\T

y

xz

x, y, z

\T rdT+<+.

y
x

n sjT>\+. nq>
y = (ds++) xz

neT+< ns+.
|q *|q $esD <s+

Q
Q=

m (T-ds+)

T (m-ds+)

mT

n sjT>\+.

ds+ mT neT+~.

ds+ &

's'

|<s $cw+ #|+.

Q = smT

67

= yTe\T :
(i)

m, S

(ii)

m, T

\T dsyTq

(iii)

T, S

\T dsyTq

(iv)

(v)

dsyTq

dsyTq

ST

n sjT>\+.

n sjT>\+.

n sjT>\+.

\T dsyTq

mS

n sjT>\+.

ST

n sjT>\+.

qT+& eTq+

n sjT>\+.

> nH dMTsD\qT sd q deTd\qT #jT>\+.

: 1 kg <es 1 cal/g-co $cw+ >\ sT c> 25+ C qT+& 50+ C |+#&
25,000 Cal X y*. 1 kg <es 0.1 cal/g-co $cw+ >\ qTeTT c> 5+ C qT+&
15+ C |+#& m+ w+ neds+?

Q
(S11 T)1
k<q : q deTd m |<s\Tq$? s+&T. n$
@$T{? sT, qTeTT. q sX @ $\Te
Q
(S22 T) 2
deq+> s+{ e+~?

s+{ <es ds+.

qT eTq+ @ d++< y&*.
Q = msT

n \TdT.

Q sT (m

ds+)
----- (a)

R
sT : $cw+

S1 = 1 Cal/g-co

c>\ |sT>T<\
w+

(T)1 = 50 - 25 = 25o C

Q1 = 25,000 Cal

<$<+> qTeTT s<+.

68

qTeTT :

$cw+

S2 = 0.1 Cal/g-co

c>\ |sT>T<\
w+

(T)2 = 15 - 5 = 10o C

Q2 = ?

$\Te\qT | dMTsD+

(a)

||<+.

25000
1 25
=
Q2
0.1 10

Q2 = 1000 Cal.

<$<+> deTd\qT k~+#*.

|&T $qTeqTb+qT ne>Vq #dT+<+.

$qTeqTb+ :
B yTT< <VsD ns+ #dT=qT |jT<+. |sT>T|+<+ ]+<
25000y] dT<sY, XsY nqT+<+. dT<sY,
nqT+<+. < <sT e\qT rdT+<+.
= Q2
25
XsY +f s> e]kH #s>\&T.
mesT e& me?
>eT : y] e& ds+> e+< u$+#+&.
dT<sY e& XsY e& +f me #|>\+.
dT<sY 10 m/s 10 s \ |]>{q n&T |jD+q <s+ m+? <s+ 10I10 R
100 m neT+~.
XsY 12 s |{q n y>yT+?
XsY |jD+q <s+ L& 100 m qT n& e& 100/12 R 8.33 m/s.
e& me>\ e e deTjT+ e]kH #sTsT. n<$<+> e& e>\ e
n+<s+ |]>& me deTj rdT+{&T. BH >D |]uw, e&,
$eqTb+ e+T+< n+{+.
BqT+&
e& I \+ R ds+

69

ds +
e& R \+
BH >D|s+>, +~ $<+> sjTe#T.
1
e&
\+
k<sD s D :
x, y

\T s+&T #ssX\T x d+s y <s|& s.

x1

$\Te d++~+q <s|& s $\Te y1. <$<+>

x2

$\Te d++~+q <s|& s $\Te

y2

neT+~.

y1 x1 = y2 x2

n sjT>*
y

$\Te

y, x

$eqTb+ +T+< ns+.

nqTeqTb+ e+&\+f,

(i)

$\Te >TZTq|&T, y $\Te

xy

(ii)

$\Te |sT>TTq|&T, y $\Te

$\Te d

11seTjTT |sT>TT+~.

xy

$\Tex TdseTjTT >TZT+~.

BH
yx

R ds+
ds +

y
y, x

$eqTb+ e+< n+{+.

Q = mST

(i)

Q, S

\T dsyTq

m T

R ds+

(ii)

Q, m

\T dsyTq

S T

R ds+

<s \TdT+<+.

70

(iii)

Q, T

(iv)

mS =

dsyTq

(iii) qT+& mS = ds+

Q

mS =

\T dsyTq

ST

mST

ds+

ds+

nsTTq

qT+& eTq+

m1 S1 = m1 S1 n

sjTe#T.

: c 2 kg <es >\ { 20
5+ C qT+& 30+ C |]+~.
{ $cw+ 1

ds+

Cal/g-co

kg

>\ qTeTT n+~+#sT. |*+> { c>

nsTTq qTeTT $cw+ m+?

k<q : q deTd s+&T |<s\Tq$. n$ sT, qTeTT. @ u sX\T ds+> q$?

i)
ii)

sT :
qTeTT :

|<s\ n+~+q w+
eT]jTT c> |sT>T<\
{ <es m1 = 2 kg
$cw+ S1 = 1 Cal/g-co
qT|eTT <es
$cw+ S2 = ?
Q = mST
Q, T

m2 = 20 kg

112
S
10
20

n eTq \TdT.

\T ds+ qT

mS =

ds+ n>TqT.

m1 S1 = m2 S2

| dMTsD+ | $\Te\qT ||+#>,

2 I 1 R 20 I
S2 =

S2

S2 = 0.1 Cal/g-co

71

V.

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$Cq Xd+ <s |\ |+#&+ . sD\T #| &+, |]o*+#&+ , e ] +#&+ , yU+#&+ ,

|j >\T, |s q\T #jT &+ yTT<q keTs\qT k~+#*. $CqXd s> >~ |\\ T #d H s T &
b<qdT+~. bs|d+ s+q ueq\| ne>Vq b+<& bsX\ nH se\T
sV+#*q neds+ +~. { b<jTT&T s+&Ts\ |D[\T sb+~+#Ty*.
1. y] |D[
2. bs|D[

y] |<+
y] |D[ sb+~+#|&T bs|d+ ueq\+{ +> |]o*+ b{
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bs|d e\ q $_q n+X\qT |]>Dq rdT |\\T eT]+ nse++> $wj\qT
HsTH+<T && se\qT sb+~+#Ty*. y] |D[ s] $<d+es+ |\\T
k~+#*q keTs\qT, < nedsyTq eqsT\qT, y{ |j+#&+ neT\T |]# ePV\qT,
sV+# se\qT dw+> $e]+#~> y]|D[ +&*. y] |<+ sb~+#T&+
<w +#Ty*q n+X\qT |]o*<+.
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sT#deTT+<T bs |d + >T]+q H| < + ns# d T qT+&*.
O $<d+es+ n+<TuT q |]jT& d+K <s+> $wj u~+#& e\dq
|]jT&q T bs\y> s]+#Ty*. $wjT d q de#s+ <s+> b<jTT&T
|]jT& $uq #dTy*.
O | bs+ @@ $<jT|eD\T k~+#& <d+|&+< >T]#*. y{ <s+>
$<d+es+ |PsjTd] k~+#*q yTT+ $<|eD\qT dw+> ssTT+#Ty*.
O y] |D[ j
yTT<> edy> b{\qT $u +#Ty*. bs rdTqsTT
@ ed+ u~dTHeTT, < e\dq |]jT&T b+<T|s#Ty*.
O | ueqqT HsT& e\dq u<Hudq keT , |]s\ C_qT d<+#dTy*.
O bs u<q
d+<s + > sV+#*q se\ C_ j sT#dT y*. <VsD pH
|sesD ~q+ sV+#&+, |e] dqT~q+ e+{$ y]|D[ b+<T|s#*.

72

sV+# se\ C_ sb+~#T&+ e\ edy> e\dq eqsT\T dMT]+#T&,

eTT+<dT nqTeTT\T b+<& M\T\T>TT+~.
$<|eD\ k<q d+ bs |d + q +& nqT+< \T L& j sT
#dT y*.
sV+#*q se\ @@ ek bs{y, dyT{y eT+H\qT s+s deT>
eT+H sV+# b+<T|sT#Ty*.

y] |<+
1.
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3.

4.

s> : 10e s>

du : u skjTq XdeTT
yTT+ |]jT& d+K : 130
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ii)
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k~+#*q $< |eD\T :
1. $<sT\T $$<s\ skjTq#s\T, e\T, s\T, \eD\T, $$< \ e< +
|sesq+, eueq+, nDTe\ |seDTe\ eT< +<eTT, V\ d+>VD
|jT\T, sH jTT | yTT<q uy\qT $e]ksT. <VsD\qT, sD\qT
#| >\T>TsT.
2. | ueq\qT ns+#dTe& |X\T yksT. sV+# |j>\ |*\qT |]\q
#ksT .
3. $cw+, uwueq+, $$< skjTq#s\ s\T, $$< \ e< +|sesq+,
eue q+ #+<&+ s<\ XD, de+s d+<q+ e+{ n+X\| |j >\T sVksT .
eT{qeTH dsD e+{ pH \qT qT>=q&+ e+{ |sq\ bZ+{sT.
4. zyT jTeT+, eT\\ esq|{ d++~+ $$< de#s |{ s|+
#|&+, e\T, s\ \qT $Xwd |{s|+ |<]ksT eT]jTT $XwksT.
5. eTT #dq |j>\T, |]o\q\T, |]s\ neT]\qT *| |{\qT ^jT>\T>TsT.
$<TY y{sT, $$< nDTe\ T\ qeTH\qT jsT#d $e]+#>\T>TsT.
6. + |sesq+, eueq+ nqTesH\T, eqe sD+ q uXd $wj\qT,
pH e+{ n+X\T J$+ $j+#&+<s Xd$wj\qT n_q+~k&T.
eT\\qT ds q eT+ neT]q rsT, y{ n< jTq+ dT\u s + <s Xdy \ w
n_q+~+#>\ T>TsT.
7. \T, e\T, s\T, \eD\T, sq dyTH\T, $$< skjTq |<s\qT <q+~q
J$+ deTse++> $jksT. | y$< >T]k&T.
73

edy jT $uq |D[

ed+

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|]jT&
d+K
3

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d.d..
4

pH

we TT

08

|j>X\ +

skjTq#s \T`dMTsD \T
+ |sesq+

08
08

\ sVD, de#s dsD #s,

$$< <sD\ |j>\T sVD

>wt

e\T`s\T`\eD\T
deT\ |]\ e<
+ eueq+

08

de#s dsD, #s, |sq

d|+ sY

e\e< + eueq+

10

d|+ sY`nsY eqe qT ` s+>T\

||+ #+

08

+s, y<T# >dtsY

nsY

|seDT sD+

05

Model making

qe+sY

eT\\ eZsD`esq|{

10

esq |{ Shape practicing

qe+sY`&d+sY skjTq +<+

10

qeTH\T jsT#sTT+#&+.

&d+sY

$<TY |yV+

09

electrician

&d+sY`qe]

$<T<jT k+ +

10

\ sVD, $<TYy{sY,
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qe]

Vd+>VDXd+

05

b#sY jsT#jT&+, ueT\T

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|e]

sH ` < dyTH\T

12

\ sVD, #s, d$THsY,

e]

|q'XsD s> T \T

SA-3

74

> dt sY +s

FA-4

bs+ |sT : sH ` < dyTH\T

s> : 10e s>
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1. $wje>Vq :
O

O
O
O
O

sH jTT nkeq <s\T, d+sD+, sb+s, HeTsD+ e+{ ueq\qT

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V &sqqT d+|, nd+| V &sqT> s q sb+s\qT d{ , nd{ sb+s\T>
eZ]ksT.
eeTT, >|{\ esT u<\T #|>\sT.
H, \ eT< b*\T #|>\sT.
$$< d+sD\Tq nDTe\, sH sb+s\ <VsD\T e>\sT.
qT | | D #s qT, H, qT d+\q #s \qT bZq& sD\qT, V &sqqT
+<H\T> y&& >\ sD\qT #|>\sT.

2. |+#&+ ` |]\q\T #jT&+ :

O

<H k&jT+ #s, dT, eTT] =\+# $<q+, {HwH nDTk<X+ yTT<q
ueq\| |ksT.

<H k&jT+ #s e# yjTTeqT >eT+ < |]\q #ksT.

@<H sq dyTH m nDTk<X\T se# |]\q #ksT.

3. |j>\T, |sq\T :
O

<H, md{ eTeTT #sqT (mdsD#s) $e]+#& |j> sVk&T.

<H, k&jT+ #s y\Te& yjTTqT >T]+#& |j>| sVksT.

4. de#s H|D\T:
O
O

|+&qT eT+> |+#jTT y& sqdyTH\ >T]+ de#s d]k&T.

$$< s\ dT\ Xu|]# >TD |+#+<T bC sVksT.

75

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O
O

<H nDTsD+, @<H s q dyT H nDT k<X\T e+{ y{ ueT\T ^jT>\sT.

&eT+&, >|{ sD\ qeTH\T jsT#jT>\>&+.

6. n_q+~+#&+, k+<s dV :
O

sEy J$+ sq dyTH\ bqT n_q+~k&T.

7. J$ $j>+, Jey$<+| kqTu *+&&+ :

O
O

\VjTT <Tw*\qT \TdTe&+<s de+ ne>Vq *k&T.

+<q b<T|| ne>Vq *+{&T.

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1.
2.
3.
4.

s q dyT H\ HMTsD qT dT\Te> >T]+#T=qT>qT +&jT bs |d + qT |]o*+#*.

dT\T ` dk|wH $Td* >T]+q n<q| de#s+ d+ NCERT |d |]o*+#*.
dH e>CH\qT+ sq qMq sb+s\ d++~+q \ de#s+.
n+srjT qT+ sq dyTH\HMTsD >T]+q de#s+.

b<jTT |d+<q\T
bs+ u~+q sTy b<jTT&T djT eT+q+, $<sT\ |d+<q\T qy<T
#dT y*.

76

77

sq dyTH\T
skjTq <s\T
a) <Vq+
b) b sD#s\T
c) d+\q#s\T
d) ||#s\T

sH
|seDTe\T
+#T
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A) 1) d+|
2) nd+|
B) \V
\V&
{H
s* eT+
<sY
mdsY
nyTH

sH due+
1) X+K\ keTs+
2) VQ+<\T
@sT

P9

sH
sb+s\T
1) nd{
sb+s\T
2) d{
sb+s\T

d+sD
seTT\T
1) SP3
2) SP2
3) SP

sH beTTK
bs+u+

P5

P4

P8

P3

P2

P1

sH ` < dyTH\T
P6

dT\T `
db|wH #s
dTqTs>D+
eTd* jsT#jT+

= eTTKyTq
sq dyTH\T
<H,
<HsTT eT+
< mdf{

P7

sqdyTH\
HMTsD
(+`1)
IUPAC HeTsD

dT jTT
Xu|]# >TD+

P 12

nDTk<X+
deTCXDT\T
sD
nDTk<X+
H
deTCXDT\T
H
deTCXDT\T
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deTCXDT\T

P 11

b)

a)
b)
a)

P 10

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|]jT&

u<H+X+

TLM /

u<H ePV+

eqsT\T

eT+q+

1.

sH`beTTK

#s

#sT, bs|d+

sH d+j m+?
d sH
m\H $Hd+?

2.

d+VsD +

|<sq, #s,
T +

+|\ qeTH,
#sT

3.

sH`sb+s\T |<sq, #s

+|\qeTH, #sT

4.

sH due+

|<sq, #s,
T +

5.

V&sqT |yTjT #s
deTV\T
nDTk<X+
deTCXDT\T

|<sq, #s

d+sD+ \
nDTe ?
<H , +<\
d+K m+?
>|{qT +<q>
y&& sD+
#| +&
>|{, &eT+& eT<
u<\T, b*\T
#| +&

+|\ qeTH, #sT sH`sH eT< @s&

+<\T @$? <VsD
*e+&.
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6.

Sp3

#sT

k<sD {H |s=
nDTbsT sjT+&.
|s T #T
CH3OH
C2H5OH
C3H7OH

78

| dyTH\T
deTCXD
#+~qy? y?
C4H10 jTT nDT
k<X\T sjT+&.

|]jT&
7.

u<H+X+

TLM /

u<H ePV+

eqsT\T

eT+q+
O

CH3-CH-CH2-CH3

jTT HeTeTT?
{`2`H
sDbsT?

sq dyTH\
HMTsD
(+`1)

#s, T+ #sT, bs|d+

8.

sH |seDTe
\qT +#T

#s

bs|d+, bwtsT\T

9.

sq dyTH\
skjTq <s\T

|<sq, #s

bs|d+, #sT

10.

= eTTKyTq
|j >+,
sq dyTH\T` |<sq, #s
<H, <HsTT
eT+, < mdf{
(+`2)

< \V, md{ md sD #s d> #s

eT+, ;sT, |H[ n m #|>\e?
ssY

11.

dT\T`db | wH |<sq, #s
#s ` $Td*
(+`3)

|H[\T, e+qH

dT j y&
|<s\T @$?

12.

dT jTT
Xu|]# >TD+

bs|d+, #sT,
$$<s\ dT\T

dT Xu|]# >TD+
#|& $$< <X\T
#|+&. |{\qT
^jT+&.

|<sq, #s

\V |yTjT
deTV+ jTT
|s| < e TT?
`

>eT : uXd u<q nedsyTq eT]= eqsT\ de#s+ uXd |j>X\, eqsT\T
nH n<jT+ |]o*+#+&.

79

bs |<+
bs |d + ueq\qT |\\ T ns+ #dT H+<T && $<+ > nu dq |jT \T *+#&
dwyTq |D[ neds+. bs|D[ s|\q b{+#*q n+X\>T]+ |]o*<+
O dqT bs|< jT{ |<+> L& |s=+{sT.
O bs+ <s k~+#*q keTs\qT dw+> sdTy*. | bs+ |d]> @&T
$<|eD\T k~+|&* { |< >T]+ $es+> sdTy*.
O bs+
yTT Mq me ksT #~$ #]+#*q \ ueq\qT >T]+#*. M{ <s+>
#dT @ |]jT& @@ ueq\| nudq nqTuy\T *+# s]+#Ty*.
O >T]+q ueq\qT <s+#dT u<HePV\qT m+|#dTy*. n+f m& #s |<
neds+ , m& |j >+ #sTT+#*, n& T + seV+#*, m& |s q#sTT+#*
nH~ + dssTTq ePV m+|#dTy*,
O m+|#dTq u<HePV+ <s+> y*q keT C_ sdTy*.
O eTq+ n&> |X\T s] $<|eD\T |\\T k~+#s < *|$> +&*.
nsTT |X \T #H+>, VQde <H\T #$>, $<H $e]+#$>, $Xw + #$>
+&*. {| { > , >TsT |T > #|$> +&s<T. nun jTdH yTsT>T|s# T +<+
q |X\T @ |]jT& @$ d]bj >T]+ y{ |]jT& sdT y{ |\\
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eTq+ sjTqeds+<T.
O b<jTjTT HT u>+> bsX d++~+ b<jTT&T d]+q nqT+<
< n<q| de#s+ sdTy*. s|sqT |d\T, e>CqT\T, ys |\T, +s{
yTT<\sTTq y{qT+& de#s+ d]+ sdTy*. $u>yT b<jTT&T bsX+| m+
|sX <q #X&H $wj \+ #dT + ~. b<jTT keTs |_+_dT+ ~. ~ e\+
bs u<q deTjT+ eyT +& s deTjL & b<jTT&T bs d++~+q
de#s d]+ #dTy*. ~ sujT d+es eT] $wj\qT |]
u~+#& M\T*dT+~.
O b<jTT |d+<q bsu<q m<Tsq nqTuy\qT, $<sT\ |d+<q\qT
qy<T#dT y*. @ n+X\T |\\ T u> HsT >*>sT? @@ n+X ~ sD eTH
<s+> +&&+ u u<q qT yTsT>T |s# T & b<jTT m+>H |j >|& T T+~.

80

|]jT& |<+ ` bs+X u<H kbH\T

s> q$<+ > b<jTT&T keqXg+ ( u skjTq Xd+ , JeXd+ ) u~+#|&T
$<|eD\ k<qqT <w +#T keqXg u<H \\T k~+#+<T nqTe> u<Hudq
ePV\T sb+~+#Ty*.

| bs sV u<q +& bs $wjT+ <s+> |j>+, |]o\q, de#s

dsD, |]o\q, +s , b yTT<q ePV\qT m+| #dT= neT\T #jT&+.
bs+X #~$ $|+#&+ +& |\ bs+ #~$ < $wj #s \T, |X \ <s
$Xw + #+<T neX+ *+#&+ .
|\\T |+#& eT n_bj\T d#> e]+#& q yesD+ H\=\&+.
bs+ ueq\qT ns+ #dT e& |j >\T sV+#|&T |\\ T |]s\T neTs&+,
|]o*+#&+, qy<T#jT&+, B $Xw+#&+, ssD se&+ yTT<q |jH|D\qT
|+b+~+#& |jT +#&+ .
s> >~ #s\ |\\T e\+ dsq de<H\T eyT #b\ +#+& y]
uy\T d#> e]+q|&T n+^]+#&+.
b<jTT&T VQ de<H\T e# |X\T yjT&+<s |\\T +#+<T neX+
*+#&+ .
|j>\T sV+#|&T ysT ysT |ej\T (Variables) n&T>T, |d |*\qT
}V+#&+, qy<T#jT&+ d+ |jT+#*.
bs+Xu<q nedsyTq|&T k+> +& e |DT\T, $wjT |DT\qT bsX\
V+ y] |\\ u<q #sTT+#*.
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>+<\jT |d\qT |]o*+ bs nqT+< n+X\T d<+ #dTe&+ e\ bs+X
eT]+ $|\+>, $XwD+> u~+#*.
s> >~ u<q b<jTT&T, |\\ T k~+q keTs\qT >T]+#&+ , m+es k~+#s
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81

e|q+ <s eq |* \T $Xw + |\\ |& u e&+ <s keTs\ k<q |>
ws>*.

dHqT m u~+#* ?
$CqXd s> >~ |X \, |]X<q \ #d HsT &, #s \ y~> +&*. n+f dH
duy, $< \\qT <w +#T u<Hudq |jT\ sVD s>*. bs|d+ q
de#s #~$ $|+#&+, $e]+#&+, |X\ de<H\T {|{+#&+ yTT<q$ $CqXd
s> duy |P]> $sT<y T q |jT \T. { |\* +|C d+<T C *+# |X \<s
#s \T s|& + , eT nqTuy \T C&+ ueq\qT ns+ #dT H+<T M\T> \T sV+#&+ neds+ .
dH HsTe&+ |XH bs+ueTeT+~. { b<jTT&T bs$wjT+ | |\\ *>
d+<V \T d#> e ] +#, |+# bV+#*. eT nqTuy \qT $e]+#& M\T> #s \T+&*.
bs |d + ueq\ |]$T+ +& j ueq\ |Ps|s\qT \TdT& nqT+< n+X\T
C&+#*. XdjT $wsDM k] |Ts<T. n$ |seT d\T L& e. s+s+
sT>TTq, sT|Tq |]X<q \ e\ |dT + eTq+ $wj \T \TdT >\T>TTHjT $ XX+
< u$ wT qq $wsD\T s>e #TqH Xdj
T #qqT |+b+~+# dH ` #] H|< \qT
|\\ $e]+#*. y{| #]+#*.
|\\ T |]ds\qT |]o*+#&+ , |]X~+#&+ <s $CqXd ueq\T ns+ #dT =H+<T M\T+&*.
+<Td+ bs |d + d+q |j >\T sV+#*. |j >+ #jT +&H |* \T $e]+qsTT
|\ |&T ueq\T \|& |e<+ +~. eT*+X\T L& *jTb q s>T\ dH
HsT&+ w+> esTT+~. { |j> sV+#&eTH~ e\+ |<sq e~]> +&
|\\ T #d HsT &, |* \ <s+> #]+#&, ssD
se& M\T> +&*. $CqXd
s> |+#&+ , #]+#&+ , e> ` T`yTT+ s> \T sV+#&+ , bC | q T\T #jT &+,
+s\T sV+#&+ , d$THsY, d+bjT+ sV+#&+ , de#s+ d]+#&+ ` y~\T sjT&+
` $Xw + #&+ , ueT\T ^jT&+, qeTH\T #jT &+, C sV+#&+ , K\T, yk\T, H<\T sjT&+,
|ejT |]s\T j sT#jT &+, y{ |j + |j >\T sV+#&+ , |s q\T #jT &+
yTT<q u<H ePV\qT neds qT> |j+#*.
|]jT& u<q b<jTT&T @@ kbH\T b{+# |]o*<+.
I.

b<+ :

1.
2.
3.
4.

|\]+|
yT+ &e|+>
X<H |X\T
bs+ |sT #| &+
82

II.

bs+ #<e&+ : 1.
2.
3.

III.

\ sVD ` ueq\ ne>Vq :

1. \T #jT&+
2. y~\T jsT#jT&+, ueT\T ^jT&+, >|\T, qeTH\T
sb+~+#&+ .

IV.

|<sq ` #s :
1.
2.

V.

bs+ #<e&+, ns+ |<\T, ueq\T >T]+#&+.

#]+#&+
b<jTT&T usTMT< sd $e]+#&+

|\\ T sb+~+q y~\T, ueT\T, qeTH\T, >| \T |<] +#&+ .

#H |X\T q\\| sd |\\ |<sq\ <s+> bs+X
$e]+#&+, #]+#&+.

eTT+| ` eT+q+ :
1. bs+X+ #]+q ueq\+{| |+> eTT+| e&+.
2. |X \ |\\ T k++> de<H\T sjT&+, s |]jT& nedsy T q
bs+ #<e&+, e*q keT, de#s+ d]+#T se&+.

jT{ u<q <s k~+# $<|eD\T < \\T, bs+ b<q\qT >T]+ yTT<{
|]jT& eyT #]+#*
k~+#*q $<|eD\T: $Cq Xk s +q 7 $< |eD\qT bs+ |Psj
T d] k~+#+<T
|jT+#*. { |]jT& @@ ueq\THj >eT+ y{ nqTL\+> $<|eD\T
s]+#Ty*.
bs+ b<q: bs+ m+<T HsT y*? <s |\\ @$T u+ nH D+ b<jTT&T bs+
b<qqT $e]+#*. Be\ bs+ m+<T HsT+THy |\\T ns+ #dT>\T>TsT.

1.Mind Maping #sTT+#T:

|\]+|: |\\qT |\]+#& >T&e]+> |\\, |\\ u>THs nH +& ]<$T
#| Te+{ qq \T, +|C d |, d>+ ueT < ueT =+ u>+ +|Cj
T &+
yTT<q |<T |\]+#e#T.

yT+&e|+> #sTT+#&+: | bs bs+u |]jT& eyT yT+&e|+> #sTT+#*.

dssTTq \ |< q\\| sd |\\ n+X+| q ueq\T, n_bj\T, <VsD\T,
\D\T, <s\T y] e k++> #|+ q\\| sj*. ~ bs+ |sT s|+#& #d
83

|jT + <T. =ksT bs+ |s \|< + > +T+~. nsTT nksT M\T<T. bs d++~+q
<>Z] ueqqT \|<+> y*.

X<H |X\T n&>&+: |\\qT +|CjT& \+|<+ <s+> d++~ ueq\qT

#|+#& Probing Questions (X~+# |X\T) n&T>T #]d \ n+X\qT q\\| sj*.
bs+X+ HsT e& d *+Z # |\\ qT |]=*. bs+X ueq\qT HsT =H+<T $<sT\ qT
d+d<T\qT #j*. (bs+ bs+u |]jT& eyT yT+&e|+> #sTT+#*. sTy |]jT&
X<H |X\<s < eTT+<T |]jT& HsTq n+X\| #H |X\<s |]jT&qT
bs+_+#*.)

2. bs|d+ #<e&+ ` \|<\T >T]+#&+ (Reading - Recognising Key Words)

bs u<q sE |]jT& s]+#Tq d\dt u~+#e\dq bs u> $<sT\ e> + >
#~$+#*. bs #<Te y] ns+, qq+> |]#jTyTq |<\qT, ueq\T >T]+|Cj*.
y{ b<jTT&T q\\| sj*. y{ >T]+ #]+|Cj
*. b<jTT&T $esD y*.
bs+ @@ n+X\T \TdTy\qT+THs |+#eTH*.

3. \ sVD ` ueq\ ne>Vq (Activities):

bs+X ueq\qT ne>Vq #dTe&, d+<V\qT e #dTe& |X\T n&>*.
deTd\ |]cs |]\q\T #j*. |]\q\qT ssD #dTe& |j>\T #sTT+#*.
+<T e\dq |]s\qT neTsT&+, |j>+ #jT&+, qy<T #jT&+, deTk k<q u>+>
e>+>, $$< |j H|D\ <s de#s dsD\T, $XwD\T #sTT+#*. bC\T
sV+#*. |*\qT $Xw+#eTH*.
HsT q ueq\qT ueT\T ^jT&+, u>\T >T]+#&+ <s e ] +#*. eqT>\T, |jT \T,
|]o\H |qT\qT *| |{\T ^jT&+, qeTH\T, |ejT |]s\T jsT#sTT+#*.
bs+X+ $CqXd d\, $wsD\ >=|<H >T]+ |X+ d+# >TD n_e~|s # &
y] e{&+#*. Je y$< >T]+ |]ds\qT |]s+# dVqT |+b+~+#*. s> >~
b+~q CH J$+ $j+#TH nqjT+ #dTH\T #sTT+#*.
| ueq\ ne>Vq d+ s> >~ u<Hudq |jT +~ \qT sV+#*.
1.
2.
3.
4.

|j>\T, bC\T, |]o\q\T, de#s dsD\T, |{\T sb+~+#&+.

|{\ de#s+ $Xw+#&+, |*\qT s]+#&+.
+s, C, d$THsY, d+bjT+\T sV+#&+.
#dq |j>\T, |]o\q\ $<H\T, y~\T sjT&+.
84

5. |]o\q\T, |j >\ #+~q |{\T, >| \T ^jT&+, ueT\T ^d u>\T >T]+, $e]+#&+ ,
qeTH\ j sT#jT &+
6. $CqXd #] n+X\qT, <\qT, |]X<q\qT #~$+#&+.
7. yk\T, bdsT, >\T, b\T, <\T, sH\T jsT#sTT+#&+.
8. >& |, |\\ & , bsX \ e>CH , ~jT sY &, ksd d+|T deyX+ sV+#&+ d+
de#s sb+~+#&+.
(d#q: |]jT& |<+ kbq+ n+X{ esT +T+~. |]jT& m+| #dTq
n+X+ <s+> @ n+X m sV+# qq bs|d+ n+X\ $esD n<jT+ #&+&.
d#q\ <s+> MT |<+ kbH jsT#dT+&. b<jTT\T nedsyTq
keT,|]s\T, edTe \T yTT<q nedsy T q n+X\T d]+ d<+ #dT y*. y @ + +&
e\+ de#s+ eyT q|&T <| #H |X \qT usTe < sd y{| |\\ #]+#*.)

4. |<sq ` #s (Demonstration - Discussion)

ueq\ ne>Vqd+ |\\ T nH \ bZ+{sT. $$< n+X\qT sb+~ksT . y+{
s> >~ |<]+|Cj*. y{| #]+#*. |<H+X\qT usT| sj*. y{ <s+> |\\T
sb+~+q n+X\qT $Xw + #*. bs+X $Xw + #&, #]+#& && #H |X \qT
q\\| sj*.

5. eTT+| ` eT+q+ (Conclusion - Evaluation)

u<H u dq+ e]> |\\ T eTT HsT q n+X\qT |qXsD #dT H+<T neX+ *+#*.
B b<jTT&T nH |<T\T b{+#e#T. |\\# = n+X #|+ eTT+|e&+,
$<] eTT+||+#&+ < b<jTT& eTT+|e&+ yTT<q$.
eT+q+ s +&T $<\T> s>*. bs u<q sT>TTq|&T n+s>+ > s>*. bs u<q
nq+s+ s>*.
O y$< |d+<q\ eT+q+ neX$Ty*.
O bs|d+ +& ` #]+#+&. @+ >eT+#s sjT+&. |{ +|+& yTT<q
o]\ u<q u>+>H s>*. (bs{y nddtyT +{) bs+ #| &+, eT+q+ #jT &+
s+& k] sT>TjTqe.
O eT+q+ deTjT+ +& d+<sqTks+> sV+#&*.
O bs+X+ \|<\| $<sT\ n_bj\qT ueq\qT $e]+#eTH*.

85

O
O
O

|]jT& HsT q bs+X d++~+ eTqyT+ \TdTH+ o] n+X\qT

#]+#eTH*. k++> d+<q\qT sjTeTH*.
nudH yTsT>T|sT#T+<+ o] n+X\qT e>+> #sTT+#*.
|\\ HT|d\qT, |\qT { $<sT\ >, b<jTT&T > |]o*+#*.
+{| d+ \T *+#*.

| kbH\ |s+ b<jTT&T u<Hudq ePV\qT neT\T#j*. {|&+, e

yjT&+, |d\, >&T |X\ u+\ n+X\qT msjT&+ < j++> #<e+ e+{
j+eTsTTq $<H\ <T\T u<Hudq ePV\T |\\T nse++> HsTe&
<V<|&*.
O |sd
s |#s \T (Interactions), djTe s D (Self expression), |+#&+ (Questioning)
e+{$ u<Hudq |jT \+ y*.
O |j
>\T, nHwD\T, \T, bC |qT\T, &\ T yTT<\T>Tq$ u<H eV, u<H u dq
|jT \+ y*, n+s>+ y*.
O u<Hudq ePV\+f b<jTT\T $e]+#&+ < #~$ $|+#&+ <T. b<jTT\T
|\\T HsTe& |s|+#, bZH #j*. nedseT>T ke |j+#*.
n+<TuT +#*. nudq yesD *+#*.
O |\\T e>+>, {y] b<jTT\ <s, ke <s nud+# u<Hudq
ePV\T, |jT\ sVD +&*. |\\ nudq deTjT+ |P]> d~j>+ y*.
O |\\
+<s eT k+ uw HsT e& nqTyq @sT/yesD+ +&*. b<jTT\T
|\\ uwqT $j+#*.
O u<Hudq ePV\ sVD |\\ nqTuy\T, |PsCq+ <s+> bs+u+ y*.
O k \
T, < n+X\T, XeTJe\ nqTuy \qT u<H u dq ePV, |jT eqsT\T>
|j +#*.
deTse+eTsTTq bsX\ sVD |\\T HsTe&eTH~ \eTsTTq n+XeTT. ~
b<jTT&T nqTd]+# u<H ePV\| <s|& +T+~. s> >~ |\\ T Cq sD+ #dT y\+f
b<jTT&T $$< s\sTTq u<H ePV\qT neT\T #j*.
O

#]+#&+`|sds |#s\T
s> u<q b<jTT&T, $<sT\ T | n+X #]+#*. |sd s |#s \T deTse ++>
s>*. | #s ueq\ ne>Vq &&*.
86

bs+X #~$+#&+
| $<]# bs+X #~$+#*. <s ueq\qT, ns+ #dTe& &&*.

|+#&+
|\ |+# + me> +T+~. { $$< ueq\| #H |X\T n&>
keTs |+b+~+#*.

|]X~+#&+ ` |j>\T #jT&+

$<] HsT q ueq\qT |j >|P s+> s]+# |j >\T sV+|#j
*. |j >+
#dT q |& #]d $wj e>Vq *+#*. |* \T s]+|#j
*. C>\ T b{+# #&*.

|]o\q\T, nHwD\T`deTk|]cs+
$<sT\ deTk |]cs keTs\qT |+b+~+#*. deTdqT mqT= < |]cs\qT
nHw+# $<+ > &&*.

bC |qT\T
$<sT\T deTdqT mqT= deTk |]cs $$< kbH\T nqTd]+ s]+#
|jT { |\ n+sZ X\T, dH X\ $j> &&*.

|]o\q
B u>+> $<sT |]o*+#&+ , $Xw D #jT &+, s]+#&+ , e+{ H| D\T |+b+<
w #j*.

de#s dsD\T, $XwD\T ` |{\T sb+~+#T

HsTH eT+ $<sT\T nH |<T\ de#s+ d]ksT. n d]+q de#s
eZ]+, |{\ qy<T #jT&+ $Xw+ k++> y~ sd$<+> &&*.

y~ sjT&+
d]+q de#s, d]+q $<H, |< deT>+> y~ s|+ b+<T|]#
$<+> keTs\qT |+b+~+#*. de#s >|\T, \ s|+ |<]+#*.

C
Xg d++< n+X\T, \ n+X\| $<sT\ V, Cd |+b+~+#+<T C
b{\T sV+#, bZH bV+#*. b{ eTT+<T n+X+| deT> de#s+ n+~+
bV+#*.

87

d$THsY`d+bjT+
$wjT beTTK >\ n+X m+#T= $<] q de#s+ d]+ e| ] # bV+#*.
d$THsT $<] n+X+ deT> ne>Vq, ueesD <V<|&*.
$_q $wj +X\ n+X mqT= < d++~+q de#seTTqT d]+ |<] +#
bV+#*.

| +|+`sb+~+#&+
|qT $<sT\T m+ LV\+ |P]#ksT. M{ <s $wje>Vq eT]jTT
eT+qeTTqT L& #jTe#T. { | +|+, | sb+~+#TqT bV+#*.

qeTH\T, \T, >|t\T sb+~+#&+

$<] $wj ns+ #dT e&, $<H \TdTe& \T ^d $<+ > bV+#*.
de#seTTqT $Xw+#&, |*\T s&, s]+#& >|t\qT |j+#
bV+#*.
qeTH\T sb+~+#T<s $<] $wje>Vq bT k+<s dVqT
|+b+~+# bV+#*.

Xg|syTq, <\T, $\T, >j\T sb+~+#&+

$<sT\ qT Xg|sy T q <\ T, $\T, > j\T sb+~+# eT]jTT d]+# bV+#*.
y{| #]+|#j*. <\T, $\T eT]jTT >j\T #<e&+ <s XdjT ueq\T sb+<,
|sD b+<, Jey$ < b<qqT >T]+#, |X+ d+# eT]jTT d]b +< bV+#*.

sqT, ys yK\T jsT #jT&+

sq T nq>H $<sT\ T m+ V+ #|sT. b<jTT&T qT djT+> Xg|sy T q
n+X\, T s +# $<+> sq T j sT #sTT+#*. s>eTT, n\yT, Jeq H| D\T
e+{ y{| sqT ys yK\T jsT #sTT+ |<]+# bV+#*.

k e |DT\ |Hk\T sV+#&+

bsX\ | seT+ sV+ k e |DT\# e|syTq n+X\|
|Hk\qT sV+#*. <s e| >se+, ne>Vq, |sD eT]jTT d] |+b+<
bV+#*.

+{s #jT&+
$<sT\ jTT #q\T, uy\T, n_bj\T \TdTe& eT |]\T sV+#*.
m+{ & +& de<H\T # ueesD #d bV+#*. nqTeH\qT e
#d bV+# +s &&*.

88

|ejT |]s\T sb+~+#T

s> >~ u<q u>+> |j >, |<s q nedse TjT |]s\T n+<TuT qsTT
y{ |ejT+> e KsT L&q $$< s\ |]s\T sb+~+# bV+#*.
|ejT |]s\T sb+~+# $<+> +#+<T bV+#*.

|ejT |j>\T sV+#&+

|j> eTT+<T $<sT\ b<jTT&T n+X #]+ $<sT\ |]\q\T,
ueq\T |+b+<\ bV+#*. |r |j> eTs= |ejT |j> sV+#
bV+#*. |j>+ #dTq|& #]d $wje>Vq *> &&*.

>+<\j\T`+s{ |j+#&+
b<jTT&T bs|d+ y{ bT >+<\j\ y[ ys|\T, e>CqT
eT]jTT n+s\+ qT+& $wj+X\qT d]+#*. y{ $<] n+<TuT + eT]
d]+# $<sT\qT bV+#*. |\\T $wj eT]+ T> +#&, $Cq
$wj\qT, $wsD\qT n_q+~+#&, |X+d+#& Jey$< b<q >T]+#
bV+#*.

dH #]\T #<e&+
H&T eTq+ #dTq $CqXd |*M q|+> qT>=q&<T. e Xu\ s&
Xdy\T #dTq s+s w |*\T. Xdy $wj qT>=qsTy < <s+
#dT= eTs= Xdy eT]= qq $wsD\T #k&T. <VsD eTq+ | >* H
n \TdTe& mH |j>\T ]>sTT. dqT $wsD\ >T]+q #]\T #<e&+
<s |\ dqT | kqTL\ <<+, dqT n<jTq+ | d \T>TsTT.

89

VI.

|<e s> |\T ` d+dsD\T

.y=.jT+.dt.q+.17, ~ : 14`05`2014q |uT+ C #dq sT\ |s+

9e, 10e s> T \ | d+dsD\ >T]+q $es\T
A.

eX

|<q+> bsX\ n+f e\+ |\ d<+ #d d+d> bs|d\ |]$TyT |\\qT

j++> d<+ #jT&+ +<q *+# n+X+. |d\ $wj\qT { |{+#&+,
j++> d\dtqT |P] #jT&+ $< \\ k<q @e+ <V<|&<T. bsX\ n+f
|\ nHw+#&+, #]+#&+, ]|sH |d\T #~y #jT&+, $#D CH |+b+~+#
$XwD H|D\T n\e& #jT&+ s>*. M{ <w |Tq|&T |&Tq |\ $<q+
es* q~.
bsX \ $< e\+ 10e s> eyT n eTTKyTq ~> u$+ @< s+ > |* \T k~+#\H
<sD H\=q~. Be\ j++> d\dtqT s]+q deTjT+ +f eTT+< eT++>
|P] #dT H sT. |\\ +#, $Xw + #, nqsTT+# nud+ *+#&+ <T . B <T\T>
|\\T >&T, |X\ u+\T, d& yT{]jTqT XsTT+ nsyTH H {|&TTHsT. esT\
d+, s+\ d+ n<|> nH+> >+\ s& >& d|&+ sT>TTq~. 10e
s> |\ $<sT\qT jsT #jT&eTH |jT b<jTT\ eT]jTT $<sT\ re
eqd &, +<q\ >T]#d |jT> js+~. Be\ |\ d H\= eqd+>
& >TseT HsT. bsX \\T CHsq +<\ <T\T> +> d+s b |]$TeTeT HsTT.
B y]+#&+ n+ eX+.
{ $<H\ <s |\\T esT\T b+~q|{ y] yde X keTs\T VsZ+ e&+ <T.
|\\ esT\qT yde Cq+>, X keTs\T> |]>D+ y]|q n~ us y|&+ , y] qT+&
n> +#&+ e\ | s>T |\\T n+#H\qT n+<T y|\ >TseTHsT. =
d+<s\ ny+#jT d+|Tq\ b\&TTHsT. B y]+ |\T |\\ jTT yde X
keTs\qT, $XwD, nqsTT+# X\qT VsZ|]#$> d+d]+#&*.
90

bsX \ ` |\\ deT> n_e~ &&*. deT> n_e~ s>\+f |\\ T Xs+ >, eqd+ >,
k+| T + >, u y< > | s + >, H | s + > $$< \, s b\ bZ H *
+T+~. |dT |]d T \ e\+ uw\T, $CqXd+ , >D + , k+|T Xd+ e+{ bs $wj \
|]$TyT u<H u dq sT>TTq~. M{H eT+q+ #dT H +. dV bs se\T> u$dTq
yjeT s> $<, \T`k+d $<, +|PsY` | $<, $\Te\T`Jeq H|D\T e+{
n+X\qT L& bs $wj\T>H |]>D+ u<Hudq s>*. M{ L& eT+q+
#j*q neds+ q~.
bsX\ $< n eTTKyTq e b<jTT&T. b<jTT&T sV+# $$< sb\|qH
$<sT\ n_e~ <s|& +T+~. <Ts<weXT | n+X |\ eTT&|{ n_e~
d++~+q sb\qT yqT H{yjT&+ sT>TTq~. ~ s+> b<jTT\qT
qeTbe&yT. b<jTT\qT q$T u<\T n|+ \\qT s]d |&Tq |]d +f
yTsT>q |*\T k~+#e#T. {, eT+q $<H\qT L& D+ d+d]+#*q
neds+ +~. nq> e\+ |_ |\ |P] us {sTT+# +& bsX \ ksTT L&
b<jTT& |]>Dq rdT= =+ us n+sZ eT+H < sD
eT+H {sTT+#* +T+~.
|dT |]dT\ |\\ |> eT+q+ #jT& e\+ |\ |]$T+ e&+ e\ |\\T
+<q, & >TseTHsT. M{ y]+#& |ejT n+X\qT #s* +T+~.
bC |qT\T, |j >\T, ndH y T +T, |\\ H{T, |\\ u>keT+ yTT<\>T n+X\qT L&
eT+q+ $j+#Ty* +T+~.
B.

H|<+

s+< $<V #+`2009, CrjT $<|D[ #+`2005 |s+ eTq sh+ sh

$<|D[ |]~ |+`2011qT sb+~+#sT. B |s+ 1 qT+& 10e >s es bs |d \qT
<T ]+#sT.
qq bs |d \T s> y>, d y > s]+q keTs\ k<q d+, |\ VQeTTK
eT]eT |+b+~+#&, +|CjT&, e]+#&, $XwD keTs\T yTT<\>T
y{ |+b+~+#& <+q$.
91

sh+ bsX \ $<XK se\dq esT#sT \ >T]+ = d d++~+q <s| \qT

sb+~+#TH+. nf { $<H\ dd #| |\ d+dsD\ >T]+ L& <s|
sb+~+#TH+.
2010 @| ed+ qT+& sh+ 1 qT+& 8e s> es s+s deT> eT+q+ neT\T
sT>TTq~. B |+# $<q+ esT ]+~. bC |qT\, djT+ e s D beTTK
e&+~.
\T, d+uwD\T, #s\T, bC|qT\T, |j>\ <s s>>~ u<Hudq |jT
|\\T bZH $<H\ |P] esT\T rdTse&+ ]+~. Be\ $<sT Cq sD+ ]>
$<H\ esT e+~. n+X\qT |]>Dq rdTq|&T 9, 10e s> |\ L&
d+dsD\T #|&+ neds+.

bsX\ |D[ | esT\ nqT>TD+> bs|d, u<Hudq |jT esT\T #T

#dT HsTT. {, eT+q $<q+ L& esT nysyTq ~. +<T @ n+X\qT eT+q+
#j*? m eT+q+ #j*? nudq+ yTsT>|sT#Te& mTe+{ d#q\T y*? nH$
b<qyTq$.
C.
SSC d+dsD\

esZ<s\T

|b<\q mdt.d..sY.{. #|{q #s\T

10e s> |\ d+dsD\ eX >T]+ bs|d s#sTT\T, $wjT|DT\ d|+sY

2013 ed+ deyX+ sV+ #]+#sT.
|dT CBSE | $<H\qT <w +#T= d+dsD\ d++~+q H|<, nedsyTq
n+X\qT s]+#sT.
ed+ b<$T+> sb+~+q |b<q\ >T]+ #]+#& dy> b<jTT\T,
=+eT+~ |< Hb<jTT\T, eT+&\ $<~sT\T, s d& jT bsX \\ n~sT\T, |y { bsX \\
d+|T |<T\ deyX sV+#sT. deyX+ b<$T |b<q\T jsT #XsT.
2014 e], @| ek\ n $<~sT\ <s+ &.d.._ <s 10e s>
|\ d+dsD\ >T]+ mdt.d..sY.{. sb+~+q b<$ T |b<q\qT #]+ n_bj\T,
d\V\T, d#q\ y~ sb+~+ deT]+#\ ssT. +<TqT>TD+> n
$<~sT\T deyX\T sV+ y~\T deT]+#sT.
92

nf sh+ n b<jT d+|\ L& b<$T |b<q\qT |+|+ n<jTq+ #jTeT

ssT. ysT n< jTq+ #dq n+X\qT #]+#& ~. 26.04.2014 sE mdt.d..sY.{. deyX
eT+~s+ sh+ b<jT d+|T u<T\ deyX sV+#sT.
|q *|q n+X\ <s+> = n+X +> |]o*+, $wj\qT &]+, $Xw+
mdt.d..sY.{ |uT deT]+#& T~ |b<q\qT d<+ #d+~. n$:

|b<q\T
m) |]eD n+X\T:
1. = d +&*q ||s d+K
` |dT + 10e s> |_ |\ ~rjT uw (\T>T/ V+~) $TqVsTT+ $T> n
d \ s +&d ||s #=|q |\ T sVdTH sT. n +& \T>T, V+B, +>+
d\ ||sYqT |_ | sV+#*.
` uws $wjq $CqXd+, k+|TXd+ eT]jTT >D\ s+&d ||sT
+&*. $CqXd+ JeXk, u skjTq Xk\ yssT ||sT +&*.
k+|T Xd+ u >Xd+ , nsX d+ yTT<{ ||s>Y , bsXd+ , #] s +&e ||s>Y
>D+ d+K\T, d$TT\T, ;>D+, b>wH, ]H{ CyT{ yTT<{ ||sY>,
CyT{, D$T, yTqTswH, k+KXd+ , d+ue, s +&e ||s>Y +{sTT. nsTT,
yTT<{ ||s,Y s +&e ||sqY T 50 esT\ #=|q sV+H = ||sY rsT \ T
e& 14 esT\T b+<* +T+~.

93

2. |\T ` esT\T
bs $wj\T
d
|<eT uw (\T>T/ V+B/ s yTT$)
~rjT uw (\T>T/ V+B)
rjT uw (+>+)
>D+ ||sY 1
>D+ ||sY 2
u skjTqXd+
JeXd+
k+|T Xd+ ||sY 1
k+|T Xd+ ||sY 2
yTT+ esT\T

yTT+ esT\T |_ |
sD
esT\T eT+q+ esT\T
100 esT\T
80
20
100 esT\T
80
20
100 esT\T
80
20
50 esT\T
40
10
50 esT\T
40
10
50 esT\T
40
10
50 esT\T
40
10
50 esT\T
40
10
50 esT\T
40
10
600 esT\T

480

120

3. esT\T ` us+
| d 80% esT\ |_ |\T sVksT. $T> 20% esT\qT sD
eT+q+ (Formative Assessment) <s {sTTksT .
20% esT\qT $< d+es+ sV+# H\T>T sD eT+H\ d>TqT
+ eT #ksT.
|\\ |_ |\ sjT& nedsyTq D b+< yTT<{, s+&e d+>VD
eT+H\qT (Summative Assessment) L& 80% esT\ |X|\T sb+~+ |\ T
sVksT . $T> 20% esT\qT n+ eTT+<T sV+q sD eT+q+ <s+>
{sTTksT .
yTT<{ d+>VD eT+q+ ` 20% (FA) G 80% |X|\T.
s+&e d+>VD eT+q+ ` 20% (FA) G 80% |X|\T.

94

| sD eT+q+ esT\qT +~$<+> {sTTksT. n$:

e.d+.

sD eT+q n+X+
uc $wj\ >+<\jT eT]jTT s |d\T n+f ` <
kV+, u\kV+, ys |\T ` e>Cq T s |d \T
#~$ y~\T, dMT\T sd |<]+#&+. $CqXd+
|j>\T #jT>\>&+ k+|TXd+ #<e&+, $Xw+#&+
eT]jTT |dT ke $wj\| |d+~+#&+ >D+
$$< ueq\ d++~+q >D deTd\ j.
|\\T H{ |d\ k++> sdq n+X\T (bs+
nuk\ djT+> sjT&+).

esT\T

bC |qT\T

\|TT | (d|t fdt)

10e s> e# |\ d+dsD\qT 9e s> neT\T|s#*. Be\ |\\ 9e s>

qT+& nud+ \_dT+~.
|\\T |d]> H\T>T sD eT+H\ VsTy* +T+~. y |\\T
mesH @<H d+<s+> sD eT+H\ >sssTT b<jTT\T |d]>
y] y+H eT sV+ esT\T {sTT+#* +T+~.
4e sD eT+q+ |e] ed+ sV+q sy ]sT\qT |]o*+ d]#d
$es\qT HH <s |<Hb<jTT&T s]+q bs{ |\ usT $es\qT
deT]+#* +T+~. B d++~+q +|PsY k|tysYqT MTwqsY, |uT |\ $u>+
ysT #|& sT.
sD (n+sZ) eT+q+ deT+> sV+# #d u< |<Hb<jTT&<.
$<XU~] s +&T < 3 eT+&\ e&s wH usTq T @sT #ksT . usT
duT\T |\\ {sTT+q esT\qT n+<TuT q ]sT\T, |\\ bC |qT\T, |\\
s n+X\ b* |]o*ksT . $T{ |uT bsX \\ |< Hb<jTT\bT msTT&&/
]>C bsX\\ #+~q nqTueEq |<Hb<jTT\qT L& duT\T> +{sT. MsT
|uT, |yT bsX\\qT |]o*ksT. | $<XU~] eT]jTT $< D d+d\
|Hd \T eT+&\ ksTT @sT #d e&s wH $T{ |]o*+q y{ =+{ s+&yT >
|]o*+ eT |]o\q\qT |uT | $u> eT]jTT | $<~XU~sT\
95

|+|ksT . <$<+ > sh ksTT sh $< |]X<q D

d+d | = bsX \\qT
d+<]+ n+sZ eT+H |]o*+ CGE | DEO \, RJD SE \ |+|T+~.
|q *|q $<+ > e]+> #jT & s +&T eT&T eT+&\qT jT{> |]>Dk sT .
$T{ d+ 10 qT+& 15 bsX\\ $es\qT |]o*+#* +T+~.

4. rs esT\T
sD eT+H 20% esT\T {sTT+q|{ |\\T |d]> |_ |
VsTy* +T+~. |_ |\ = d d++~+q 80% esT\ nq> 80
esT\ d+ 28 esT\T b+~q|& rs b+~qT> u$ksT.
uws $wj \ | d 2 ||sT +{sTT. | ||sqY T 50 esT\ sVksT . qT
= ||sY 14 esT\T b+~H rsT q T. y @<H ||sY 14 esT\T s+f
||sY eT |_ | VsT y* +T+~.
nsTT, = d sD eT+q+, |_ | b+~q esT\qT L&q|&T
|d]> |\\T d+ 35% esT\T b+<*. nq> 35 esT\T b+~q|& rsT\T
nsTTqT. |_ | 28 esT\T, +s |\ 7 esT\T b+<*. nsTT, sD
eT+q+ |P] esT\T b+~H, |_ | 28 +f e esT\T b+~ nqTrsT \ T>H
u$ksT. n+<T $<sT\T |_ |, +s | L& s+q esT\T b+<*.
~rjT uw nq> V+B, \T>T d \ >+ 20 esT\T b+~ rsT \ T> u$+#ysT.
nsTT, b<jT d+|\ |<T\ |b<q\qT nqTd]+ 2015 e] |_ |\ qT+&
s d\>H M{ |d]> 35 esT\T b+~H rsT\T> u$ksT.

5. ~rjT uw rs esT\T eT]jTT d+d +

d+d uwqT +b{ sT> \T>T *| HsT +THsT. |_ | B 20 esT\T
\T>T 80 esT\T +THsTT. d+d e\+ esT\ dyT rdT+THsT. B e\
d+d + |, uc keTs\ | |\\ m+{ ne>Vq se&+ <T. B <T\T>
d+d uwqT $&> ~rjT uw> HsTH #s\T #|{*. nq>, +b{ sT>
\T>TbT HsT e&+>, \T>T | bf 20 esT\ | sV+#&+ > s>s <T.
V+B, \T>T > d+d uwqT L& d *q |\\T ~rjT uw> |P]ksTT
HsT e& M\T> #s \T #|{ *. |_ | L& d+d uwH de<H\T sj*
+T+~.

96

6. >&+> $<q+
|dT + 10e s> |\ neT\T|sT dTq >&+> $<q+ u>Tq|{ >&+> d+ s]+q
esT\ XD +~$<+> neT\T|]d u>T+T+~.
>&T
A1
A2
B1
B2
C1
C2
D1
D2

uc $wj \ esT\T (100)

91 qT+& 100
81 qT+& 90 esT\T
71 qT+& 80 esT\T
61 qT+& 70 esT\T
51 qT+& 60 esT\T
41 qT+& 50 esT\T
35 qT+& 40 esT\T
0 qT+& 34

uws $wj \ esT\T (50)

46 qT+& 50 esT\T
41 ` 45 esT\T
36 ` 40 esT\T
31 ` 35 esT\T
26 ` 30 esT\T
21 ` 25 esT\T
18 ` 20 esT\T
0 ` 17 esT\T

>& bsTT+T
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3

eTT{y >& bsTT+ d>TqT, d>T >&T bsTT+ <s+> s]ksT.

6. n<q| bs se\T

(Other curricular subjects) `

eT+q+

sh+ bs |D[ d+dsD\ u>+> 1 qT+& 8e s> es yjeT s> $<,

\T`k+d $<, |`+|PsY $<, $\Te\T`Jeq H|D\T n+X\qT L& bs
$wj\T>H u$+ M{ L& eT++q+ sVdTHsT. { 9, 10 s>T\ L&
< $ < + > eT+ q + # j * +T+~. = < 50 es T \T
+{sTT. |\ d+|Ps eT]eT n_e~ d+, dH H|D\T, eT+ yKsT\T, o\
sD+, Je H|D\qT |+b+~+#&+ d+ $wj\T bsX\ |D[ #s&q$.

se\qT neT\T|s& ne\+_+#*q #s\T:

n+X\ y> 1 qT+& 10 s>T\ es d\dt jsT #j*.
n+X\ y> 1 qT+& 10 s>T\ es b<jTT\ sB|\T jsT #j*.
b<jTT\ M{ MT< D se\T #|{*.
\ T`k+d $<| u<H u dq keT, &j , M&j d.&\qT j sT #d bsX \\
|+|+#*.
s> $<, &\ T, +|PsY $<`|$< d++~+q bs keT bsX \\ n+~+#*.
97

bs|D[ u>+> H\T>T $wj\ |dT+ 1 qT+& 8 s>T\ neT\eTq

eT+q $<H\qT 9, 10 s>T\ L& neT\T#j*. | n+X 50 esT\T
{sTT+#*.
10e s> esT\ yTys+&+ n+X\ d++~+q >&T $es\qT b+<T|s#*.
(d._.mdt. 9, 10 s>T\ e~]).
H\T>T n+X\ |_ |\T +&e. yTT<{, s+&e sD eT+H\ d>T
esT\ <s+> b<jTT&T |]o*+ >&T\qT {sTTksT . $es\qT |< Hb<jTT&T
HH <s |\ $u> |+|k&T.
se\qT bsX\ neT\T #jTT b<jTT\ n_sT { |<Hb<jTT&T
y] u< \qT n|+#*. ~ k< + |+ +~ $<+ > u< \qT {sTT+#*. <:
` $\Te\ $<`Jeq H|D\T: ucb<jTT\/ k+|T Xd b<jTT\.
` \T`k+d $<: ucb<jTT\/ k+|T Xd b<jTT\.
` |`+|PsY $<: u skjTq/ JeXd b<jTT\.
` yjeT`s> $<: yjeT b<jTT\ (yjeT b<jTT\T |+
JeXd b<jTT {sTT+#*).
10e s> esT\ yTy M{ d++~+q >&T $es\T L& qy<T #j*
+T+~.
M{ |_ |\ sVD +&<T. yTT<{ d+>VD eT+q+, s+&e d+>VD
eT+q+ d+<s+> esT\qT bsX\ b<jTT {sTTksT. M{ d>TqT +
>&T $es\T HH <s bsX\ |<Hb<jTT&T $es\qT deT]+#* +T+~.

8. |\ sVD sE\T ` deTjT+

>+>H sE= | #=|q sVksT (k<sD d\e\T $TqVsTT+).
uws | 2.30 >+\ deTjT+ +T+~. nf | | |X| #<e&, ns+
#dT e& n<q+> 15 $Tc\ deTj {sTTksT . uc |\ 3 >+\T de<H\T
sjT{ 15 \T |X| #<e{ ksT.

_) >TD n+X\T
1. |X|\T ` due+ eT]jTT |X\ dueeTT
|_ |\ d++~+q |X|\ |X \T C| e TT+#T= sjT&, {| { sjT&
M\T> +&L &<T . |X \T |\\ T + sd +&*. |X \T $Xw D +>, nqsTT+
sd +&*. |X\ de<H\T s+> sjT& <T\T VQ de<H\T e#
|X \ due+ +&* (open ended questions/ analytical questions/ thought provoking and application oriented questions).
98

k] |_ | eq |X\T m{ |]dT\ eTs=k] |qse+ s<T.

bs|d+ nuk\ q |X\T m{ |]dT\ q$ qT> |_ |\
es<T. +{ due+ q s |X\qT sb+~+ y*. |X\T |d] ssTT+q
$<|eD\qT>TD+> +f.

2. $<|eD\T/ k~+#*q keTs\T

|_ |\ |X\T j d\ s]+q $<|eD\T/ k~+#*q keTs\
d++~+qy +&*.
j d d++~+q keTs\ us s]+ y{ |s+ |X \qT sb+~+#*.

3. |X\ d+K
uws |\ |X \T +~ sb +{sTT.
`

`
`
`

yds| |X\T
\|TT de<q |X\T
n \|TT de<q |X\T

@y de<q |X\T eT]jTT VQ

|X\T

`
`
`

usrjT uc |
|sHe>Vq (n \|TT /
VQ / ||<s |< ue
|X\T)
s (k+e) (\|TT /
yds| de<q |X\T)
dH
|<C \+, ysD + (n \|T T
/ VQ)

yds | de<q |X \T (Essay type questions): M{ 10 qT+& 12 y\T < eT&T qT+&
H\T>T |s\ de<H\T sj* +T+~.
\|TT de<q |X\T (Short Answer Questions): M{ 4 qT+& 5 y\T < |s
de<q+ sj* +T+~.
n \|TT de<q |X\T (Very Short Answer Questions): M{ s+&T eT&T y\
de<H\T sj* < \ |X\T (Objective types qurestions)/ VQ |X\T
(MCQs).

4. |X\T ` neX+ (choice)

| |X|+ yds | |X \ n+sZ + > m+| #dT = (internal choice) sd neX+
ee#T. nq> @<H yds| |XqT q|&T n<q| |XqT n&>*. s+&+{
@<H |XqT m+| #dT= yT sjT& neX+ y*.
\|TT de<q |X\ m+| #dT=H neX+ <T.
99

5. |X\T ` us+
>+ e~]> bs\ y> |X\ us+ {sTT+#s<T. bs|d+ y{ qT+&H
|X\T keTs\ <s+> se#T.
|X|\T sb+~+#|&T us |{\T <w +#Ty*. n$:
|X\T s\T (yds|, \|TT de<q, n \|TT de<q, \ |X\T)
keTs\ y> |X\T (@ keTs m esT\T, m |X\T)

6. de<H\T sjT& yT |+ (single booklet)

|dT+ 10e s> |_ |\ yT\T sjT& |<q yT|+bT nedsyT
n<q| yT|\qT L& n+~dTHsT. M{ |]$T <T. n d\ \, \|TT
de<q, n \|TT de<q |X\bT yds| de<q |X\T +THsTT. =
yds| de<q |X L& m y yT sj |X|+H d#q*dTHsT.
nsTT, d+q $<+> yT\T sjT& <T\T =+eT+~ |\\T n|]$T+> n<q|
yT|\qT L& $jdTHsT. = d+<s\ $ ne\ $dTHsTT. M{
y]+#& d+q$<+> |\\T yT\T sd$<+> |<q yT|+H yT\T
sd yT| q |J\ (single booklet) y\ ssTT+#sT.

7. yT |\qT ~<&+
| sE b<jTT&T <jT+ 20 yT |\qT, eT<V+ 20 yT |\qT ~<*
+T+~. nq> sE 40 yT |\T eyT ~<*. m+<Tq> |X\T +|Cd
, VQ de<H\T e# +{sTT { C>> |\\T sdq yT\qT ~<*
+T+~.
|_ | nq+s+ nedsy T yT |\qT eT ~< neX+ L& *+#*. |{es
e\+ eT esT\qT +# |< eyT =qk>TTq~.
yT |\qT ~<& b<jTT\ esZ<s\qT SCERT sb+~+#*. +<Td+
= syTq |X de<H\qT sd $<H\qT eT+q+ #jT& d\T
sb+~+#*. >+ yT\qT eTT+<dT > H d<+ #d ||sY |s+ ||sT ~<y sT. B
<T\T> |\\T k++> sjT& ns+ #dTe&+, y] esD X, $XwDX,
djTs#HX, nqsTT+#X, $e]+# X d]>Z eT+q+ #d esT\T {sTT+#
d y> d\qT esZ<s b+<T|s#*.

8.

S.S.C. esT\

yTy

+< d+q $<+> S.S.C. esT\ <e|\T +{sTT.

PART-I. $<] k<sD de#s+.
100

PART-II.

j $wj\ >&T (uw, uws\ sD d+>VD |\

>&T)
PART-III.

dVbs |D[ se\ |*\ $esD. yTy yqT u>+ >&T, y{

d++~+q bsTT+ $es\qT b+<T|sTksT.

9. D se\T
qq bs |d \|q , y{ $j+#*q rsT|q b<jTT\ deT>+> D sV+#*.
nf keTs\ y> |\\ nud+ *+# D y*.
10e s> |_ |\ |X|\ due+, y{ eT+q+ #d $<H\ >T]+
b<jTT\, n~sT\ D sV+#*.
sD eT+q+ sVD, n<q| bs se\ sVD, M{ eT+q+ #jT &+,
$es\qT HH <s deT]+# $<H\ >T]+ $<XK n~sT\ yTT<\T=
b<jTT\ es n+<] D y*.
10e s> |\ d+dsD\T 2015 e] sV+# |_ |\ qT+& neT\T edTq +<Tq
2014 pH ed+ qT+& D
se\| <w |{*. k] n n+X\| D
e+&
D+X\qT $u+ pH qT+& &d+sY> D se\qT s+&T eT&T $&\T>
sVd u>T+T+~.
H\=k] f*qs H <s b<jTT\+<] 10e s> qq bs |d \T, |\ sVD,
eT+q $<H\T, |\\ nu dH deTd\T yTT<\>T n+X\|q D e&+bT d+<V \qT
e #j*.
1e, 2e d+>VD eT+q+ |X|\T L& |_ | e~]>H sb+~+
|\T sV+#*. 1e d+>VD eT+H d++~+q yT |\qT
b<jTT\T ~~q sy |]o*+ M{ TbqT $Xw+ b<jTT\T esZ<s\
|s+ |_ |\ yT |\qT ~< d#q*e&+ < D e&+ #j*.
10e s> |_ | e# |X \ due+ >T]+ n+<] nse TjT #jT & mdt.d..sY.{.
d y> qeTH |X|\T sb+~+, M{|q D y*. nf |\ d+dsD\
>T]+ sB| jsT#d bsX\\ n+~+#*.

10. &.d.._. u<\T

eT+ nqTue+ eT]jTT $wjT|DT\T, bs|d s#sTT\T, SRG duT\T,
u<Hb<jTT\T, nqTueEq b<jTT\qT \T|= 10`15 eT+~ &.d.._. $T{
sb+~+#*. ~ | du |+> +&*. n&$T n+X\| |T q
|< Hb<jTT& &.d.._. H#]> jT$T+#*. &.d.._. q $wjT |DT\T e&s wH
usT L& duT \T> jT$T+#e#T. duT \qT bsX \\ |+| neT\jT | $<H\qT
101

e]+> #sTT+#*. &.d.._. d eT]jTT $wjT|DT\ mdt.d..sY.{ y]# D

|+ ksTT eT+ ]ksY >|t> jsT #j*.
9, 10e s>T\ |X|\qT (|_ |\T $TqVsTT+) sb+~+# u<qT &.d.._
#|{*. M{ bsX\ |+| u< L& &.d.._. <s s>*.
|X|\qT &.d.._. sb+~+#& j \ bs |d s#s TT\T, $wjT |DT\T,
b<jT $< u< \T, nqTue Eq b<jTT\ d y> @s&q +<\T, |X |\qT
j sT#ksTT. ksTT ]> m+| &{ , d.{.., .@.mdt.. \ <s $<XU~]
eT]jTT | $<XU~] <s+ s>*.
&.d.._. |X|\qT sb+~+#& eTT+<T $$< bsX\\ qT+& d *q
b<jTT\T d+>VD |X|\qT sb+~+ &.d.._. |+| #s\T #|{*.
eq |X|\qT dy +<\T |]o*+ eT+ |X\ L&q |X|\qT
sb+~+ d+>VD eT+H sV+#*.
&.d.._. | $<H\|, |X|\ eT+q+| b<jTT\ d$THsT eT]jTT
D se\T, s ne>Vq d<dT\T @sT #j*.
mdt.d..sY.{ | &.d.._.\ |rsTqT e]+> <s dMT+#*.

11. seTT\T
2015 e] ed + s V +# | _ | \ d + +~ + q d + d s D \ > T ]+
b<jTT\, *<+&T\ eTT+<dT> ne>Vq @s& $<XU~sT\T, b+rjT
d+jTT d+#\\T $< d<dT\qT, sX\\qT sV+#*.
|ks e<e\ <s n+<] ne>Vq @s& |#s+ #j*.
10e s> |\ >T]+ nedsy T q dV jT dV s\T, d\V\T, d#q*e& $<~]
s\jT+ < $<D d+d < _.&. X\ | +< @ss#*.
|\ d++~+ d$esyT q $es\ |d + |#T ]+#*. B+{ qeTH |X|\qT
L& b+<T|s#*. eT+q $<H\T, y{ d\T L& #s*.

$<T\T, u<\T
mdt.d..sY.{:

mdt.d..sY.{ d+#\\T | d+dsD\| |uT | d+#\\ #]+ q |b<q\T

sb+~+ bsX\ $< MTwqsY <s |uT deT]+#*.
102

| d+dsD\| b<jTT\ eT]jTT $<XK n~sT\, |syD d+~ d

y> sB|\T eT]jTT q d#q\T sb+~+#*.
yT |\qT ~<& q es<Z s \qT sb+~+ b<jT sB | b+<T|s# *.
| d+dsD\ neT\T nedse TjT eqsT\T eT]jTT keT bsX \\ ds| s #jT &+
d+ |uT |b<q\T deT]+#*.
n+sZ eT+q+ (+s) q esZ<s\qT sb+~+#*.
| d+dsD\ neT\T |syD eT]jTT q |]X<q\qT mdt.d..sY.{. #|{ q
#s \T rdTy*.

|uT | $u> d+#\\T (Commissioner for Government Exams):

10e s> | d+dsD\| |b<q\T mdt.d..sY.{ &ssY *d #]+, |uT

>T sT\ d+ |+b*.
n+sZ esT\qT bsX\qT HH <s |+|& q +|PsY b>$T+> sb+~+,
esZ<s\ dV bsX\\ |+|+#*. B| ne>Vq @ss#*. esT\ yTy eT]jTT
d]|{ j\qT #j*.
n+sZ esT\qT eT]jTT H$Tq sqT bsX\\T >T deTjT+ |+|+#$<+> #s\T
#|{ *.

yT|\qT eT+q+ #sTT+ |*\qT $&T<\ #jTT.

| nq+s |qT\T eT]jTT |q:eT+q+ ( y\jTwH).

RJD SEs and DEOs:

b<jTT\ eT]jTT |s yD ~sT\ | d+dsD\T, $<H\| D \T @sT #jT &+.

D \T e\+ | u T b< j T T\ +& | y { bs X \ | # d
b<jTT\ L& y*.
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d 10 qT+& 15 eT+~ d |DT\qT jT$T+#*. $<+> | d eT+
]ksY >|tqT @ss#Ty*.
+s |\T eT]jTT esT\| e&swH usT\qT @ss#*. <sT duT\T >\ e&swH
usTqT s+&T < eT&T eT+&\ {> @ss#*. e&swH usT duT\+<]
mdt.d..sY.{. &{# D\qT |+#*.
103

9, 10e s> |\ | ||sq T sb+~+ ds| s #j * (10e s> |_ | ||sT

$TqVsTT+).
> & q T eT]jTT d& yT{]jTqT bsX \ y& w~+ |\\ T k++> + yT\T
sd $<H bV+#* eT]jTT B |sy+#*. yT\qT {|{ sd $<H
=\+#*.
yT\qT k++> + sd $<H e\+ 10e s>H +& 1e s> qT+&
|\\ bdt #sTT+#* eT]jTT bV+#*. $<q+ |\\T #> eT k+ uw
+ e]+#& |jTksT eT]jTT H|D\qT b+<TsT. bs|d e&q
$<+> \ <s, #s\ <s, T|qT\ <s HsTe& bV+#*.

&|P{ m&Twq |dsY:

eT Bq+ q bsX\ | d+dsD\ 100% neT\T &|P{ m&Twq |dsY

u< eV+#*. n+sZ eT+q+| |s yD #j *. bsX \ q esT\ eT]jT
]sT\ d]b* #&*. d+dsD\T e\+ |uT bsX\ |y{ bsX\ L&
|syD sb*.
eT Bq+ q bsX \ |#d eT+ |DTq b<jTT\qT >T]+ &.d.._. usT
d >|\ jeT q |b<q\T $<XU~] |+|+#*.
]\+, `]\+ se\qT eT]jTT n+sZ eT+H bsX \ |< Hb<jTT&T
@$<+> |sydTH& >eT+#*. q d#q\T, d\V\T y*, >T #s\T #|{*.
bsX\ u<H $<H\| | d+dsD\| neT\TqT |+ eT+ $wj\qT eT]jTT
u> $wj \qT nq> n_e~ #+<*q n+X\qT | d]> HdH |d + sj*.
sdq n+X\ neT\TqT <T|] d+<sq #&*.
u<H $<H\| SCERT # e&q sB |\ qT eT]jTT | d+dsD\| e&q |d \qT,
d#q\qT eT]jTT qq bs |d\qT |P]> #~$ ne>Vq #dT=, $ @ s+>
bsX\ neT\eTHj |]o*+#& q << eT]jTT CH @ss#Ty*.
M{ + yTsT>T|s#Te& s <s >+<\qT < n+s |j+#Ty*.
$ *jT+& |syD nH~ e\+ n~]yT neT+~ @$<+> L& HD e~
eT]jTT b<jTT\ |rsT yTsT>T<\ |j>|&<T.

|<Hb<jTT&T:

bsX \ HDyTq u<q , bs |D[\ @sT, b<jTT\ j , s> >~ u<H u dq

$<H\T, |\ sVD, yTT<\>T y{| u< eV+#*+~ |<Hb<jTT&. H
104

yTTyT T<{ |s y &T. bsX \ |y $ deT+> neT\T s>& + <+ f < |< Hb<jTT&
u< eV+#*.

bsX\ n+sZ | sVD nq> sD eT]jTT d+>VD |\ sVD,

esT\ {sTT+|, $<sT\T eT]jTT b<jTT\ sdq ]sT\ |]o\q eT]jTT y{|
|d+<q nH~ |d]> |<Hb<jTT&T #j*q |.
n+sZ eT]jTT |\ w&qT n+<s b{+# |<Hb<jTT&T #j*.
bsX\ q $$< eqsT\ |j>+ nq> , us |]s\T yTT<\>T y{
|j>+ <s HDyTq u<Hudq $<H\ neT\T ]> |<Hb<jTT&T #&*.
b<jTT\ u<\ sVD, u<Hudq $<H\T, $<sT\ nudH |*\T yTT<\>T
y{| H\=k] b<jTT\# deyX+ @ss dMT+#*. b<jTT y> d#q\qT
y{ $Tq{ |d + sj*. q d#q\T eT]jTT d\V\qT @$<+ > b{dT H sH~
|<Hb<jTT&T |sy+#* eT]jTT q #s\T rdTy*.
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y*.
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u<H |<T\T eT]jTT d $wjT+| |T +&*. B |<Hb<jTT&T $$< sq
|d\qT, sB|\qT #<y*. bsX\ d++~+ q CH b+<{ s+s+
|jT+#*. >+<\j\ e&q b<jTT\ |]+# >+<\qT y]# #~$+
y{| e{&+ #*. n|&| &T |DT\qT |*|+ j $wj \| #]+#*. CHHwDqT
s+s |jT> k+q|&T eyT eTq+ b<jT e nsT\eeTT.
|<Hb<jTT&T FA esT\qT >&qT, dVbs |D[ $wj\ $esDqT |uT |\
&ssY s] qeTH <s HH |+b*.
u<H |s D \qT, u<H u dq ke >+<\jT|d \qT | d]> bsX \ deTLsTy*.
|\\ nu dq ksTT, bsX \ sT>TTq se\| n_bj\qT *< + &T\ <>sZ qT+&
|<Hb<jTT&T d]+#*.
bsX \ | b<jTT& s> sVDqT |]o*+#*. d#q*y*. yTsT>T|s# T =qT
&&*.

105

b<jTT\T :

= bs |d \qT d+dsD\ qT>TD+> neT\T|s# + nH~ |< q u< . <: bC | q T\T,

keTs\ k<q yTT
b<jTT&T m{ |]d T qT |\\ T > , d& yT{]jTqT y& +& #&*. y{ w~+#*.
bs q nuk\qT $~> #sTT+#*. #d sd $<H sTV|s#*. |\\T y]
y] k+e, dH+> sd $<H bV+#*.
u q |X\qT s> >~ #]+# neX+ *+#*. |\\ n_bjT esD
d# yesD *+#*. y] <q+~q J$+ |j>|& uc eeVs\qT
sV+#*.
bs ` dV bs $wj \ b<q+> |\\ u>keT+ u<q sV+#*. <s >+<\qT,
s |d \qT #<e { |PqTy*. n $wj \| d+|Ps ne>Vq * +&*. bs |d
L& <s >+<+> |]>D+#Ty*. deT> $wjT $esD\ {+> H{ sj*.
d+>VD, sD |\qT sV+ $<sT\ |> |<Hb<jTT\ n+~+#*.
H{TqT eT|< #&*. e&swH $T{ #&&>qT n <s\qT d<+ #d
+#Ty*.
{#s Y V+& TqT, e&qT | d]> #<y *. u <|s # T y*. u<q nH~ e. u< &T
nHy&T e|DT&T. { m|{|&T de#s \TdT+, = b&\qT ne>Vq
#dT +, eTT+<T *. n+<Td+ e>Cq T\T, <s >+<\T #<y *. d++~ d$THsY\
VsTy*. D\ V+> bZH*. sT\ n_bj\T |]>Dq rdTy*.
qT m+> |s_e~ #+~ $<sT\ n+ HjT+ sT>TT+~.
y] / jT{ |D[\qT d<+ #dTy*.
|\ +& dHq T bV+#+&. y] n_bj\qT >s$+#+&. ysT #| $wj \qT
$q+&. y] n_e~ #jTq+~+#+&.

S.C.E.R.T.

&ssY y] |b<q\q+{ dT+> |]o*+q |eT |uT+ y{

n+^]dTq~. MTwqsY &ssY |t d m&TwH, &ssY, S.C.E.R.T. ysT \d 9e, 10e
s> T \ s +q d+dsD\qT eTT+<T rdT *. |uT / |+#jTY sC / |uT dV jT
/ |y{ bsX\\+{ $ e]ksTT.

MTwqsY &s s Y |t d m&TwH, &s s ,Y S.C.E.R.T. y] <T |] #s \ sVD >T]+

|uT + sTTq~.
106

VII.

sD eT+q+

$< <s |\\ d+|Ps $d+ k~+#\q~ $< \+ nsTTq|&T deT> n_e~ n+f
@$T{ ns+ #dTe&+ neds+. bsX\ $< |\\T Xs+> m~> ejTdT eTT&|& q n+X+
{ $< Xs $k n+f |\\T ejTdT q, s>+, mT, sTe e+& #d+<T
nedsyTq s>yjeT n+X\T, \+ y*. n> dV+, dVs+, dVqo\, zsT e+{
yKsT\T n\e&*. ] $y#q, dH #q\T |+b+~+#&+, deTd\ +b+& m<TsT
* deTd\qT |]w]+# HsTsy*. eT+ yKsT\ eT n_sT *q e> ke u<
s]+#>\ >*. M+{ <s $wjT |]Cq+ b+<>\ >*. { deT> n_e~ n+f |\\ T bs |d \
<s+> CH ]+#Te&+ eyT +& Xs, eqd <>, k+|T, k+d $k\qT
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n+X\ nudH+X\T> |+#*. |\\ deT> $k && n+X\ bs+X. M{
bs , dV bs nq $u< q + neds+ <T . bsX \ *+# nu dq nqTuy \ |\\ deT> $k
&&$> e+&*. { $wj\+{ eT+q+ #j*.
CCE

b+<T?

eT+qeT+f e\+ |\T |&+ eyT <T. jT{, f]q |\ |sT m|&
k] |\\ keTs\qT |]o*+#&+ e\ y] nu dq n~ @$<+ >q dV jT|&< T . |> $<y T q
| |< |\\T @ de#s m+ es >TsT|T>*>s |dT+< | y] $_q keTs\qT
\TdTe& |j >|& < T . eT+q+ |sT nH s\ |\ T sV+#&+ e\q |\\ T reyTq
& >TseTHsT. {|& neX+ *+# | |<T\T, |\\ <>, k+|T $k\qT
eT~+|#jT & |j >|& e . { |\\ |> s+s+ deT>+> eT\+q+ #jT e\dq neds+
+~. |\\T eTT |]o*+| &TTHeT y] *jT+& eT+q+ #jT&+ e\ e# |*\T
y] |qsud+ *+#& m+>H &&sTT. ujTsV yesD+ d#> eT+q+
#jT&+ e\ m|{|&T b\T >T]+ desD \T sV+#& M\T\T>TT+~ bs
$wj\bT |\\ dseTTU_e~ d++~+q d\T, n_sT#T\T, Xs m<T>T<\, $\Te\T,
yKsT\T, _sT n n+X\| ne>Vq *e+&, y{ y{ |\\ n_sT, |>
\TdTy*. n|& eT+H deT>yTq~> u$ksT.
107

CCE

\D\T

eT+q+ ` |\\T de#s >TsT|T {|{ |\ sjT& eyT <+q~

<T. s> >~ *+# nudq nqTuy\T |\\ CH, eqd #\H, uyyX s+>\
rdT=# esT\qT eT~+|#d yTsT>T|s#& &&*. bsX\ $$< $wj\ s|+ n+~+#
de#s+ $wjT |]CH *Z+#& d]b<T. |\\ u$ J$ nedsyTq $Xc, dH
] #HX, djT eTD , ke+> dsT u T #dT e&+ deTd\ | dT+> |d+~+#&+ ,
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2005). $ bs |d \ <s k~+#& bsX \ bH sq se\T sV+#e\d e+T+~.
M+{ eTq+ +e s bs s n+X\T>, dV bs+X\T> u$dTH +. y{ q+ b<q
ebe&+ e\ |\ deT> $k u+>+ \T>TT+~. n+<T# sw $< |D[ |+`2011
bs, dVbs+X\H $u<+ +& n+{ bs+X\T>H u$+#\ (bdt.d.m|t. ` 2011)
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eT+q+ <s |\\ nudq keTs\qT u<Hudq $<H\qT yTsT>|s#T e&+
eT]jTT s+s+ |]o*d desD\T #dTe&+.
eT+q+ <s |\\T b& HsTbTHs \TdT= >T$<+> u~+#&+.
u<Hudq |jT $<] +B+> k>+<T &&*.

s+s deT> eT+H u<H u dq |jT \ u>+> neT\T#j *. Be\ |\\ d+|Ps
$k && $_q s> >~ n+X\T b+ es deTs+ > |j >|& T THsTT nH~ \TdTe&
M\T\T>TT+~. s+s deT> eT+q+ bs, dVbs n+X\T nq $u<+ +& n+{
deq b<q *q n+X\T> >T]+ neT\T#j*.
eT+q+ nu dq+ n+s>+ > s+s+ ]> |jT > sV+#& q |D[qT
j sT#dT y*. eT+q duy\qT ns+ #dT y*.
108

CCE

` m eT+q+ #j*? ` $<H\T

s+s deT> eT+q+ u>+> bsX \ sV+# eT+q $<H\T |\\ qT d+|Ps+ >
|]o*+ qy<T#d$> +&*. b<jTT\T s> >~ |\ jT |\\ qT |]o*d #d n+X\bT
eqT>+> \ee<T\ sV+# eT+q+ L& nedsyT. $ ys+, |, ed,
]q sb\ L& +&&+ neds+ . nsTT @ eT+q $<q+ nsTTq|{ e# |* \qT {
@ <] ] ] b\L&<T . n+f eT+q+ |\\ T b HsT HsT? @$T HsT HsT? nH
n+X\T |]o*+#&+bT HsTq n+X+ ds+> +&+<T L& eT+q+ &&*. CqeTT,
ne>Vq $j>+, $Xw D , qq d+<s\ dsT u T#dT e&eTH n+X\uT n_sT #T\T, yK sT\T,
<>\T, | d\T, Xs b<T>T<\ s>syTq $wj\TL& +> eT+q+ #j*.
$<yTq eT+q+ s+&T s\T.
1. sD eT+q+ (bs{y nddtyT+{)
2. d+>VD eT+q+ (dyT{y nddtyT+{)

sD eT+q+
s> >~ *+q nudq \ |\\T bZ+Tq|&T, u<q sT>TTq|&T $<] @
$<+ > HsT +TH& |]o*+ qy<T #jT &+ <s |\\ nu dH yTsT>T|s# & w#j
T &
sD eT+q+ n+{sT. sD eT+q+ nH~ uj
T sV yesD+, |\\ ds>
* nu dqqT y>e ++ #dT & |] +#~. b<jTT&T |\\ |> s+s+ |]o*d nedsy T q
d+<s\ b<jTT&T |\\ dVjT]> * d]~~ eTT+<T q&|+#*. e\+ esT\T,
>&T\ s|+ +& |\\ y] keTs\ k<H d>T\qT $esD+> *| y] dsq
d#q\T d\V\T bV+ nu dH yTsT>T|s# & sD eT+q+ dV jT|&T T+~.
s> >~ ]> #s\T, |\\ de<H\T, bs+ eT< eT]jTT es q |X\T, nuk\
>T]+ #]dTq|&T |\\T #s bZ # de<H\T, |\\T sdq HT|d\T, s> |,
+{| , bC | q T\T, T |qT\T yTT<q y{ <s+> |\\ T @$T HsT Hs, m HsT +THsH~
b<jTT&T n+#H yjTe#T. BH sD eT+q+ n+{+.
u<Hudq sT>TTq deTjT+ s+s+ |&u d b<jTT, $<] eTqT eTT
d]#dTH M\T*dT+~. nedsyTq esT\T #dTe& &&TT+~.
sD eT+q+ |<q+> H\T>T s\ k<H\qT |j+#*.
1. |j>X\ |qT\T (21/2 esT\T)
2. s n+X\T (HT|d\T, +{| yTT$) (21/2 esT\T)
3. bC |qT\T (21/2 esT\T)
4. \|TT | (d|t fdt) (21/2 esT\T)
109

nsTT | H\T>T k<H\qT 1. |j>X\ |qT\T (10 esT\T), 2. s n+X\T (HT|d\T,

+{| yTT$) (10 esT\T), 3. bC |qT\T (10 esT\T), 4. \|TT | (d|t fdt) 20 esT\
#=|q sV+#*. H\T>T bs {y eT+q+ |Pss TTq s k<H \y> esT\qT 21/2 esT\
+ qy<T#j*. n+f <VsD |j>X\ |qT\ H\T>T bs{y\ *| 40 esT\
b+~q esT\ <s+> 21/2 esT\ m e#j +#*.

1. |j>X\ |qT\T, |j>X\ ]sY ` sVD:

sD eT+q+ u>+> |\\T |j>X\ |j>\T #dq $<H, k~+q
|jT H|D\qT eT~+| #j*. +<Td+ b<jTT&T s+&T n+X\ |\\qT eT+q+
#j* +T+~.
O |j>X\, s> >~, |j>+ #dTq|&T |\\qT |]o*+#&+.
O |j>X\ ]sT
|j>X\ |\\T |j>\T #dTq|&T e>+>, |#dTq $<q+, |]s\
neT], |]s\T |j+#&+ |<]+q H|D+, n+X\qT |]o*+# $<q+ y{ qy<T
#d $<q+, |*\qT $Xw+ ssD se&+ yTT<q n+X\+{ b<jTT&T |]o*+#*.
nsTT |\\T |j>+ #XsT nq& |j> y~ f <s+ { |j> ]sTH |\\T
m |j>+ #Xs |s s|+ ssTT+#*.
O |j>X\ |j>\T #dq sTy y~ s|+ ]sY |d+ sj*. bs{y
eT+H {sTT+q 200 |J\ |d+ |j>X\ y~ L& sj*.
O #d |j> * s|+ b+<T|s#&+ e\ |j+q |<, eqsT\T, |*\
>T]+ nedsyTq|&T d]#dTe& M\T \T>TT+~.
O dH |j>\T #jT&+ |d] eq Lab Record sjT&+ neds+. sD
eT+q+ B 10 esT\T {sTT+#sT.
Lab Record
O
O
O

O
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+&e\dq n+X\T

<X+ : @ |j>+ m+<Td+ #dTHy *jTCdT+~.

e*q |]s\T : |j> nedsyTq |]s\, |<s\ C_qT *jTCdT+~.
rdTe\dq C>\ T : |j >+ #deTT+<T, #d|&T, #dq sT y rdTe\dq C>\ qT
*jTCdT + ~.
|j> $<q+ : |]s\ neT], |j> |< *jTCdT+~.
qy<T : |{\, b#sY yTT y{ s|+ |]o*+q |*\qT qy<T #jTT
*jTCdT + ~.
|*\ $XwD : $XwD, |j>|*\qT *jTCdT+~.
110

k<sD s D + : eq |j > |* \ <s+> sj

se&+. ssD d++<
$e]+#& *jTCdT+~.
|j >X\ + e> + > < T| > q|{ |j >X\ ]sTq T |sT e> + >
sj*e+T+~. n<$<+> T> mesesT @s&sT, @@ u<\T rdTHsT, m #XsT nH
n+X\qT e< eTT+<T> |s s|+ sj*.

qeTH |j> y~
||t, ~e, CqH HqT *d T> @s&eTT. HqT ||t *d |j> e\dq
|]s\qT, skjTq |<s\qT \MT< |{eTT. ~e, CqH\T b<jTT dVjT+
|]s\qT neTssT. |j> |*\qT |]o*+ y~ sb+~+#eTT. |j>X\
18`8`2014q sV+#eTT.
<X+ : V\ e\T eT]jTT s\T ]| #s\qT |]o*+#&+.
e\dq |]s\T : k+&T, |H [\T, yjTTyVH+, ssT _s&, >E={, =y=, ksB|+.
skjTH\T : + eTT\T, V&] eT+ d\+ #dq~, k&jT+ V&& <eD+.
|j> $<q+`1 : >{ >E |H[ rdTHeTT. d>+H e +& d\ HCl
rdTHeTT. < k+&T _+#eTT. = + eTT\T rdT d\ HCl yXeTT.
|H[ +{s+< ssT _s& _+#eTT. yjTTyV H _s&>T+& neTseTT.
>E={ eTT+<T> *| +#Tq dTsT bkeTT. yjTTyVH+ s +&=q dT{
eTT> +#eTT.
|]o\q\T : =~d|{ d\ HCl, +eTT\T #s]| T&>\T T&>\T> yjTTe\T @s&&
>eT+#eTT. @s&q yjTTe dT{ #] dT{ &T>\T> @s&sTT.
ssD | : eT+&TTq =y= dT{ T&> <>Zs rdTs>H |t eT X+#d T&>\T
|*bjsTT. y\Te&q yjTTe V&H n >T]+#eTT.

111

|*eTT : + V+ V&] eT+ #s]| V&H yjTTeqT $&T<\#dT+~. eT]jTT

+ s& <eD+ @s&TT+~.
Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2

|j> $<q+`2 : >{ >E |H[ rdTHeTT. < d>+H e +& (10
$T..) k&jT + V & & <eD+ rdTHeTT. |H [qT C>> k+&T _+#eTT. |H [
= +eTT\T yd +{s+< ssT_s& _+#eTT. <>T+& yjTTyVH+ neTseTT.
< s+&=qqT >E={ dT{ eTT>$<+> +#eTT.
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ssD | : eT+&TTq =y= dT{ T&> <>Zs rdT= s>H |teT X+#d T&>\T
|*bjsTT. y\Te&TTq yjTTe V&H n >T]+#eTT.
|*eTT : +eTT\T, k&jT+ V&& #s]| k&jT+ +{qT, V&H yjTTeqT
@ss#sTT.
2 NaOH + Zn

ssD : + e+{ V\T

yjTTeqT y\Te]ksTT.
C>\T :

O
O
O
O

HCl

Na2 ZnO2 + H2

e+{ e\,

NaOH

e+{ s\ #s]| V&H

|]H[qT +|\ dVjT+ |>\+& k+&T _+#*.

eTT+<T> HCl < NaOH rdT sTy +eTT\T \b*.
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112

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eT+q+ #jT&+.

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113

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O
O
O
O
O
O
O

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114

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O
O
O

|d+ q~ qT> +& k++> sdq~> +&&+

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115

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III.

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V.

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O
O
O
O
O
O
O
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118

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O
O
O
O

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119

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|X\T |\ dH, $\Te\T, k+<s dV, dVeqsT\ |]sD eqe $\Te\T,

CrjTdyT yTT<q n+X\ n+#H yd $<+> sb+~+#&+ sT>TT+~ { | |\
y&T d++> + de<H\T yd $<+> +&*.
es{ \_+# > & , Test questions, question bank qT+& |X \T sTTe&e. { b<jTT&T
|\\T y{| <s|&+& k++> de<H\T sd+<T nud+ *+#*. bs|d
#~$+#&+ ueq\qT $Xw+#&+ <s |\\T k++> sd <w|{*.
|X\ ds|+, esT\ y> us |]o*<+.
|X\ ds|+, esT\ y> us+ |{
.d+.
1.
2.
3.
4.

|X s+
yds |+
\|T Ts|+
d\de<q+
VQ +

|X\ d+K
4
6
7
10

esT\T
4
2
1
1/2

yTT+ esT\T
16
12
7
5

yds| |X\T (Long answers questions) :

O

|\\T eTT HsTq n+X+ @ yTs ne>Vq nsTT+< \Ty{ s| |X\T

|j >|& sTT. n&T>TsT. M{ 4 esT\T {sTT+#+ sT>TT+~. yds |+ |X \
de<H\T 12 qT+& 15 y\ k++> de<q+ sj*.
yTT+ H\T>T yds| |X de<q+ sj*. | |X +s #jTdt +T+~. yTT+
|<VsT esT\T.
yT\T $XwD+>, nedsyTq <VsD <s uc <c\T +& yj* +T+~.
nedsyTq # ueT <s >, >|t <s , $e]+#* +T+~.

\|TT |X\T (Shart answers questions) :

O

M{ 12 esT\T {sTTksT. |X\ yT\T ]w+> 4`5 y\ dw+> de<q+

sj*.
| |X s+&T esT\T. yTT+ sT |X\ de<H\T sj*. #jTdt +&<T.

124

d\ de<q |X\T (Very Shart answers questions) :

O

M{ 7 esT\T {sTTksT. |X\ yT\T ]w+> 4`5 y\ dw+> de<q+

sj*.
| |X 1 esT. yTT+7 |X\ de<H\T sj*. #jTdt +&<T.

VQ |X\T (Multiple choice questions) :

O

M{ 5 esT\T {sTTksT. uVQ |X\T + sj* +T+~.

| |X 1/2 esT {sTTksT. yTT+ 10 uVQ |X\ de<H\T sj*. #jTdt

+&<T. e nqTe] s|+ +{sTT.
@ $<|eD+HH |q #|+q H\T>T s\ |X\T se& neX+ +T+~.

|+X\T
bsX \ |\\ T HsT q n+X\qT eT+q+ #jT & |X |< q+. |X \ yT\T
sd |\ rs #+<& |\\T HH+{\T |&TT+{sT. >&T\qT+& de<H\T |
#jT&+, {|&+, nHksT de<qeTT\qT sd bdT #jT&+ yTT<q |<T\T b{dT+{sT.
+<Te\q $<] b+< Cq+ eTd +&~. bs |d + q de<qyT ns + b\Tb+&
q~ qT> sjT&+ d+ |jT+#ksT.<VsD +es |<es> |\ $<TY
$XwD + bs|d+ m +< n ^dH esT\T yd y eTq # eT+~ HeTT.
n++& |d+ @dE +f de<q |+ L& n< dE +&\H |Tf
b<jTT\ HsT. $<]jTT C|X |+# |X +&$. < +~ |X\qT #&+&.
O
O
O

$<TY#\ \+ nq>H$T?
skjTq +<+ ms\T? n$ @$?
dw<w d <s+ n+f @$T{?

|X \ de<H\T sjT&+ d+ | +& |\\ T +s |{*q neds+ @s&TT+~.sD+

@$T+f bs |d+ q~ qT> sdH esT\T ekjTH ueq \|&be&yT. qq+>
sb+~q bs |d \T |\\ T k++> HsT & bVksTT $wj >TsT |T& +&
nqTuy\ <s HsT=H $<H bVksTT. <s k~+# $< |eD\qT s+s deT>
eT+q $<H\ <s e|q+ #jT>\T>TeTT. { k++> yT\T sd $<+> |X\qT
sb+~+#*q neds+ q~. +<Td+ eTq+ |seDT sD+ nH bs+X <VsD>
rdT= |X\ X* #<+.
125

+~ |{qT |]o*+#+&. MTs$T >V+#s $Xw+#+&.

n

ml

0
1
2
3

0
`1 0 G 1
`2 `1 0 G 1 G 2
`3 `2 `1 0 G 1 G 2 G 3

|s s d+ +

|s s+
]{ d+K

4j
4p
4d
4f

1
3
5
7

1. | |{ |s+ ss+ ]{ d+K \TdTe& && ++ d+K\T @$?

2. 4e X ksTT +&>*q |ss\T @$?
3.

$\Te 4, l $\Te 2 q|&T |ss+ >]w+> m m\qT\T +{sTT?

4.

$\Te 3 >\ |ss+ @@ ]{ +{sTT?

5. 4e |X de<q+ s& MTsT |j+q d+ @$T{?

6.

$\Te\ ]{ |]eD d++<+ @$T{?

| |XqT D+> |]o*+#+&. +~ n+X\ >T]+ +#+&.

O
O
O
O
O
O

| |X\ bs+X+ <s+>H Hj?

|X\T k++> sjT& M\T> Hj? {|f$> Hj?
nqTe]s+ |X\T jsT#jT&+ @@ n+X\T <w +#THsT?
+{ |X \ de<H\T sj\+f |q q de#s+ m+ es d]bT+~?
k++> sdq|&T |\\T m+{ de<H\T sjT& neX+ +~?
ysT ysT> de<H\Tq|&T y{ ~<|&T +~ m n~>$T+#*?

|&T 10e s> bs|d+ $$< |eD\ +< n+X\ <s+> |X\qT |]o*<+.

1. $wje>Vq |X\T :
|eD+ +< $e]+#&+, eZ]+#&+, $Xw+#&+, <VsD*e&+, sD\T #|&+,
eqd \T @ss#Te&+ e+{ n+X\| |X\qT ee#TqT.

126

qeTH |X\T
4 esT\T
1.

|+ #|q $<+> es r>#TqT y&BksT.

<+&jk+ r>#T \++>, r>#Ty|
< s<e+ ~*dTHsT.
(a) r>#T>T+& bjT n_yV+ esT @$<+> +T+~?
(b) r>#T |]eTjT $<TY |yV ~X <+&jTk+|s+> @ ~X +T+<
\+& ?
(c) r>#T \+ e< <+&jk++ e\ @s& njTk++, |] $<TYe\ @s&
njTk+\qT #| |{ ^jT+&.
(d) |] $<TY sD $e]+#+&.

2.

b 0+ C e< sT rdTHsT. B |+ #|q

$<+> |< >Eb eTdHsT. < >\ yjTTs#+
y& |\ b+ XSq+> essT.
(a) @$T sT>TqT ? $e]+#+&.
(b) b =+ sT >&&TT+~. >&f { |]eD+ m+?

yjTTs#+
sT

3.

e\j |+ #|+ ]+~. A e< e\jT+ |y+# $<TY I.

(a) C, D _+<Te\ eT< bfjT u<+ m+ ?
(b) A, B _+<Te\ eT< e\jT|* s<+ m+?
(c) C, D >T+& |eV+# $<TY m+ ?

127

4.

|{ >eT+#+&. A, B, C e< bfjT $\Te\T 70V, 0V, 10V

(a) D e< bfjT m+ ?
(b) AD, DB, DC \ |eV+# $<TY |yV\T w qT>=q+&.
e\j |+ >eT+#+&. R = R = R = 200 y\TMTsT
&+>T R 100V y\TMTsT s<+ R 1000 u
$<T#\ \+ 'E' qT qT>=q+&.

5.

''.

P.

6.

|{s <sD+ Hu+s+

w qT>=q+&.

7.

~+us |j + < |< H+ | S' e< _+<Ts| |_++ @s]#sT.

<X+<+ P < HuT\T 'F' eTq \TdqT+<+. PF > PS' nL& \TdT. M{ <s+>
_+<Ts| edT kH >T]+# sD ^d, < $T&eq sD\qT \+&.

8.

~+us + e yks\T deq+. y{ e+<+ e< edTeqT

+#T<+. |<s eueq >TD+ 'n'. + >* +< u$+#+&. |
\ e yks+ R n rdT+&.
(a) Hu+s+ m+ ?
(b) |_+<s+ m+?
(c) |_+ duy #]+#+&.

9.

+< e&q kH\ esq $\Te\qT |{s <sD sjT+&. sD $e]+#+&.

(a) edTe <sD H_ e< q|&T
(b) edTe H_, <e+ eT< q|&T

< H_ qT+& edTe >\ <s+

128

|_++ mT\

10.

sr> ||+ #|q $<+> e\j @s]#sT. yVs<+

< b&e nqTeqTb+ e+< eTq \TdT. B <s+> 1,
2 _+<Te\ eT< e\jT |* s< +#+&.

11.

|+ #|q $<+ > l b&e>\ yV+ < b&e \++>

nH e& #*dT+~. yV+ njTk++ B \++>
yVb&e e+~. yV+ m\qT\T d#> #*+#>\e
u$<+.
m\qT yX+ 'e' nqT+<+.
(a) yV+ >\ m\H| | #d njTk+\+ m+ ?
(b) | \+ @ ~X |#dT+~.
(c) \+ m\H\ #\q+| m+{ |uy #|dT+~?

11. + |<s eueq >TD+ 1.5 + eTT+<T 30 d+.MT. <s+ edTe qT+q
20 d+.MT. <s+ |_++ @s&+~. nsTT < Hu+s+ qT>=q+&. n~ @ +.
e yks\T deqyT $\Te m+?
2 esT\T
12. |PC\ j & r>qT y&{ sD\T \+&.
13. #se q #| \++ ({|]) 45+ #dT | #dT+ ~. #| { |]\+|
>\ X #&>\<? $e]+#+&.
14. |{s <sD eTT+<T 20 d+.MT. <s+ edTeqT+#eTqT+<+. < Hu+s+
30 d+.MT. nsTTq
(a) |_+<s+ m+ ?
(b) <sD d+<s+ esq+ m+?
15. +us <sD eTT+<T 5 d+.MT. <s+ edTe+~. < Hu+s+ 10 d+.MT. nsTT
(a) |_+ <s+ m+?
(b) < esq+ m+?

129

16. deT\ +us eyks+ R. |<s eue q >TD+ n nsTTq < Hu +s+
qT>=q+&.
17. csY n<\T <]+#&T. n& <\>T+& qTe #dq|&T n& |]eD+, nd\T
|]eD++f |<~> |+#sTT.
(a) n&T y&q + @ s+?
(b) <w <c $e]+#+&. (|dVjT+)
18. s> >~ q\T>TsT dVT\T Hu+s |j>|Ps+> qT>=HsT. $\Te\T
esTd> 12.1 d+.MT. 12.2 d+.MT., 12.05 d+.MT., 12.3 d+.MT. > eq$. dVT\T
ysT #dT= <c\ ek\ >\ sD\qT #]+#sT. sD\qT \+&.
19. $<] >dT {, s+&e >dT |{\TqT |]eD+ rdTH&T.
>dT \qT \| e+#&T. sE s >eTd yTT< >dT sT +&{ >eT+#&T.
|{\T yTT+ $] nsTTbe& >eT+#&T. >dT sT yTT+ $] be&, |{\T
|P]> $] ne{ >\ sD\T \+&.
20. 2 kg \ <es >\ qTeTT 12,000 Cal c n+~+#sT. qTeTT jTT =* c>
20+ C. < $cw+ 0.1 Cal/g-co. qTeTT b+< T~ c> m+ ?
21.

|+ #|q$<+> ||sY \++>, +< |#d

njTk++ B. B \++> e& q nH
yX+ + <dT=+~.
(a)
(b)
(c)

yX+ q | |#d \~X mTe+T+~?

\ |]eD+ m+ ?
\+ #dq | m+ e+T+~?

22.

e\j |+ #|+ ]+~.

A, B \ eT< |*s<+ m+ ?
130

23.

e\j |+ #|+ ]+~.

A, B \ eT< |*s<+ m+?

1 esT
24. +us <sD Hu+s+ 50 d+.MT. nsTTq <sD e yks+ m+?
25. >* eq |{s <s D Hu+s+ . B { |P]> eTT+q|&T < Hu+s+
esT edT+<? s<? m+<T?
26. csY +& y neT { | bd +~. q +& csYqT |* {qT #seT
#b&T. n|&T csY { ]> bH +< e+ #], {qT q +& #&T. csY
@ n+X <w e+#T= y& { bH+< e+#&T. MTsT #|>\s?
27. mq |s b+\ yT<qb+\ b*q|&T Vs|<s\qT &+#&+ w+ n+{sT.
B sD\T @$T{?
28. 4 kg \ \ sT e+~. n~ 100+ C e< e+<qT+&. 4 kg \ sT |P]> uw+> es{
m+ wX neds+ ?
29. |{s <sD esq+ `1. +~ |X\ de<H\T sjT+&.
(a) edTkq+, |_+kq+ \qT \|+&.
(b) |_+ duy #]+#+&.
30. @ d+<s+ |qD+, eueq D+ deq+> +T+~.'
31. d jTe y& >E~yT| =+ |q D+ |&q +sD +, VsZ s D + <={
de+s+> +{jT s|+#+&.
32. { @s& q q >*T&>\| + |q+ #+~d, + T&>\T nedsD+
(diverge) #dTHsTT. B >\ sD \+&.
33. |+ #|q$<+> r>>T+& $<TY |eVdT+~. < <>Zs>
#T sks+ e\jT+ +<qT+<+. k]> r> $<TYqT |y d,
#Tsks e\jT+ |f |] $<TY~XqT ^jT+&.

131

1/2 esT
34. |{s <sD+ @s]# |_++, edTe\ eT<>\ w<s+ ........ |{s<sD
Hu+s+ .
(
)
(a)
(b) 2
(c) 4
(d) dTq
35. s+&T s<\T A, B \ $\Te\T esTd>
SA, SB , +~ $esD dsq~

RA, RB - RA < RB

|<s $ws<\T esTd>

(
)

(a) SA > SB
(b) SA = SB
(c) SA < SB
(d)

36.

q de#s <s+>

SA, SB

\ eT< d++< \T|+.

Po $<TY

keTs+, Vo yCe< \T &CH #XsT. nsTT \T V y nqTd+<q+

(
)
#dq, \T >V+# $<TY keTs+ P =
2

(a)

(b)

V
(c) Po
2Vo
VV
o
V
oP
o
|*VVoV+> Po yX+

37. <HyX sT~X bC #XsT.

njTk+~X................. e+T+~.
(a) |eT y|
(b) <D+ y|
(c) |

(d)

s ~X $#\q+ #+~+~.
(
)
(d) +<

38. s< u \|&+ e\, s<+ c> |sT>TT+~. +~y{ @ $\Te

eTs+& e+T+~.
(
)
(a) m\qT\ &|t y>+
(b) $w s<+
(c) s<+
(d) m\qT\ k+|<
39.

A, B

\ eT< e\jT+ |* s<+ ...........

(a) R/2

(b) R

(c) 2R

(d) 4R

40. c> e< $$< yjTTe\Tq$. @ $\Te n yjTTe\ $<+> e+T+~?

(a) <es
(b) y>+
(
)
(c) <ey>+
(d) dsd] >X.
132

2. |+#&+, |]\q\T #jT&+

|+#&+, |]\q\T #jT&+ nH |eD eT~+| #jT& +~ eT\ n+X\qT <w
+#T= |X\T sb+~+#Ty*.
O
O
O
O
O
O

$$< ueq\| #H |X\T n&>&+.

de#s dsDd+.
|]o\q\T #d|&T
+s #jT& sb+~+#TH |Xe[
|j>\T #d d+<s+
d\V\T b+<&

|]\q\T
O
O
O
O

|*\qT }V+#&+.
|ue+ #| n+X\qT }V+#&+.
deTd sD\T }V+#&+.
u$wTqT >] }V+#&+.

qeTH |X\T #<+

4 esT\T
41. <sD d++~+q sD\T ^j\+f *d+&*q n+X\qT s]+#T& e
@@ |X\T n&T>Te?
42. esY uwueq+ eTs>&+ \ &\qT >T]+#bTHq q {#sY #b&T. n|&T
{#sY q = |X\T n& y{ de<Hq\T s|+#&+ <s &\qT >V+#T
#X&T. {#sY esY n&q |XyT jTT+{sTT?
43. |Ps\+ sE\T XTe\ z&\qT, _s\qT n<\T |j+ jTT<deTjT+
>T \ufy s.
n) ysT |j+q n<\T n+f @$T{ }V+#+&.
) XTe\qT z&+#&+ ysT |j+q X @yT+T+~?
) +<Td+ ysT @ |< |j+ +{s }V+#+&.
) B $e]+#& sU+ ^jT+&.

133

2 esT\T
44. |f s+&T s<\qT nqTd+<+#sT. m
nqTd+<q+ #ks *jT<T. s<$\Te\T deq+. A, B \
eT< 10V u e+#sT. C, D \ eT< y\T MTsY *|q,
y\TMTsT 5V > #|+~. eTs\ C, D \eT< 10V u
*| A, B \ eT< y\TMTsT &+>T rdTHsT. &+>T
10V nsTT+~. s<\qT |f m *| | $\Te
ekj \|+&.
45. dTesY qT yTT+ |_+u n<+ #dTy\qTH&T. < d+ n&T = |]\q\T
#X&T. n$ @yT +{j sjT+&.
46. |+ #|q $<+> d+>qT y&BksT. d+>
s+&T es\eT< |+ #|q $<+> u d#Y\qT
*bsT. d#YqT eTdq|&T @$T sT>TT+~? }V+#+&.
47. b&T>{ |sY dbs >={ rdT+&1 .1<
1 1 11C
= =
\++> +&T |T+&. ssTT, <+&jfT 20
k+
+
v v u |10
#|q$<+ > yTT<{< >=+ jT, njTk+ >=+>T+&
#*+#T s+{ Cs$&#sT. s+{ @~ s> u|]
T+~. m+<T }V+ #| +&. dVTyT q sD*e+&.
1 esT
48. 20 d+.MT. Hu+s+ >\ +us 10 d+.MT. <s+ edTeqT+#sT. nsTT
|_++ <s+ m+? | |X dTswt +~$<+> k<q #X&T.
Hu+s+ R `20 d+.MT.
edT<s+ u R 10 d+.MT.
d+ R

qT+&

134

R 20 d+.MT.
49. n~ y`|e<+ nH usT\qT sT#T> #dT+{+. n~ $<TY`|e<+ n
m+<T +#+<T. }V+ deT<q+ sjT+&.
50. H, n dVT\T. MsT eT<V deTjT+ sTs&T| q&TdTHsT. n s&T|
{# jT\T #X&T. H #|+#&T. n, H { #jT\ sD\qT }V+#eTH&T.
esTT @$T }Vke.
51. ds s 12 >+\ <, q syT>\ u{ d#YqT H#X&T. qT +
qTs|\qT se+ w+ n|++~. < >\ sD\qT }V+#+&.
1/2 esT\T
52. >Eb yTT< sT s <| {+f k+< e> >\ <y HeT~>
s+&T <y\T *db+& bksT. < >E>={ eTT+#sT. |\>T+&
1 1
10 20
#dq|&T >E>=+ |q >\ <e+ 20
|1+#- 10
1<T=. =B
)
s
vD
=+ @yT }Vke? (
10
20 10
20 v v
10
(a) <e+ +y>+, { +y>+ +f me
(b) #de +{<c\Tqe s]k+
(c) >E|<s+, <e+ (|q>\) \ eueq >TD\T deq+.
(d) |e

: + eueq+ #+~q|&T q |jD~XqT esT+T+~. (|qD+ 0+
q|&T)
sD+ (R) : + jq+ qT+& eTs= jq |jD+#|&T q e&
esT+T+~.
(
)
(a) A | R |
(b) A, R |\T eq A R dsq $esD neT+~.
(c) A, R |\T eq A R dsq $esD <T.
(d) A, R \T s+& |.

53. ue+

(A)

135

54. 10 m b&e >\ r>qT $#_ >\ u =q\ *bsT. sTy r>qT 5 deq
b&e\T> >\ u>\T> ]+, u>\qT de+s+> *| @s& =q\ eT<| u
*bsT. s+&e d+<s+ u n+~+# $<TY keTs+ me. +~ dsq$ (
)
(a) yTT<{ d+<s+ |eV+# $<TY |yV+ +f s+&e d+<s+ |eV+# $<TY
|yV+ 25 sT me.
(b) s+&e d+<s+ $j+|& $<TY keTs+ yTT<{ <+f 10 sT e.
(c) s+&e d+<s+ $j+#& $<TY keTs+ yTT<{ d+<s+ +f 25 sT me.
(d) s+&e d+<s+ s<+ yTT<{ d+<s+ s<+ 25e e+T.
3.

|j>\T ` |]o\q\T
|j>\T ` |]o\q\ d+u+~+ +~ n+X\ s|+ |X\T +{sTT.
O

|j>\T #jT&+.
|j>\ |]o\q
s]+#&+ .
|]s\ m+|
qy<T #jT&+.
k<sD]+#&+.
|]s\ ne>Vq
$XwD #jT&+.
|*+ |j>+ #jT&+.
|*+ =s |j>+ #jT&+.
#s\T esT= |j>+ #jT&+

b\T >T]+#&+.

O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

qeTH |X\T
4 esT\T
55. e+b\| eT> |j+#+<T me $cw+ >\ V+ jsT#dq eTqT
|j+#\ seT u$++~. <=s n\$TjT+, s V\ $cc\qT |j>
|Ps+> qT>=H\+f @@ |]s\T y*? |j> m sV+#*?
136

56. V{ jTT bs<s u> j sT#jT & +|ysT <<| >* eue q >TD
deq eueq >TD+ >\ |<s y&<*#sT. n+<T>qT $$< |<s\ eueq
>TD\qT |j>|Ps+> qT>=q<*#sT. j |<s\ eueq >TD\qT qT>=q&
|<s\qT @ s+ rdTy*? y{ eueq >TD\qT |j>|Ps+> m qT>=H*?
57. |j>\ $$< |{s <sD\ d++~+, y{ Hu+s\ $\Te\T sjT&e.
j |{s <sD\ Hu+s\qT |j>X\H qT>=q& @@ |]s\T y*?
|]s\ <sD Hu+s m >{*?
58. njTk+\sK\T d+e e\j\e +{jT |j >|P s+> s|+#\+f @@ |]s\T
y*? deTjT+ @yT$T C>\T rdTy*?
2 esT\T
59. y& edTeqT+& #\ edTe w|ks+ sT>TT+< |j>|Ps+> \T|& e\dq
|]s\ C_ sjT+&.
60. n+ <s\qT+& eTq* #s +sD\T <<|> de+s+> +{jT \|&
|j> d+#+&. < <X\qT b#sT s|+ sjT+&.
61. |q D, eueqD eT< d++< |j>|Ps+> \TdT& nses|
>E|\qT |j+#e\dq neds $e]+#+&.
62. k*HsTT& e\ @s& $<TY qT>=q&, #|| sr> k*HsTT&qT
@sT#d $<H \|+&.
1 esT
63. eyV b&e, s<+ eT< d++< >T]+# |j > sV+#& e\dq |]s\qT
\+&.
64. dsT + +& $$< s+>T\qT $&$&> MT s> >~H #&\+f sT, f, n<
m neTsTsT?
65. { eTT+, { n&T>Tu>q q ssTT #d MTsT sV+q |j>+ <s
@+ \TdTHsT?

137

66. eT+#T <Mue q |jT qT |]o*+# |j >+, eT+#T s> & + bs+uy T ` n~ |P]> sT>
eses MTsT |]X*+q |<q $wjT+ @$T{?
1/2 esT\T
67. { |P]> +|, >{> eT neT]q >E dkqT |C =~ >+\bT +q |j>+
<s MTsT s]+q n+X+
(
)
(a) c>qT Zd >E d++ |*bT+~.
(b) c>qT Zd >E y+ |*bT+~.
(c) sT eT+#T> e]q|&T |Tq|]eD+ |s>&+e\ dk |*bT+~.
(d) sT eT+#T> e]q|&T |Tq|]eD+ >Z&+ e\ dk |*bT+~.
68. |{s <sD |<H+| H_, e+<\ eT< edTeqT+ MTsT |j>+ #dq|&T
|_+u +~ y{ @ \D\THsTT.
(
)
(a) |_+ |]eD+ edT|]eD+ +f me> +~.
(b) \+<T\ |_++ @s&+~.
(c) |_++ @s&+~.
(d) |e

69. ={ { V| #+, <| y&Bdq k\ eue q+ >T]+ #dq |j >+
s+&T k\T dssK m|&T @s&sTT.
(
)
(a) { kqT { |] \++> +q|&T (0+ D+ sKy+ +q|&T)
(b) { kqT { |]\+ y+ (de+s+>) +q|&T
(c) { kqT 45+ D+sK y+ +q|&T.
(d) s+&T k\T dssK @s& d+<s+ <T.
70. $<TY |yV r> sTy| >Tss| H& njTk++ jTT s+&T <y\qT+, r>|
|j+|&q \ ~XqT |]o*+q |j>+ MTsT @+ >eT+#sT?
(
)
(a) $<TY r> njTk+ s<e+ y| ~*+~
(b) $<TY r> njTk+ <D<e+ y| ~*+~
(c) $<TY r> <* (e+|) <T
(d) &# +<q *|q ~X r> ~*+~.
138

4.

de#s H|D\T
de#s dsD ` bC\T nH $< |eD+ |<q+> s+&T n+X\T +{sTT.

1.

de#s dsD :
i)
de#s d]+#&+, $Xw+#&+.
ii)
|{\qT +| y~\T jsT#jT&+.

2.

de#s $XwD :
i)
sb+~+q |{\qT d++> $Xw+#&+.
ii)
de#s eZsD, |{\T sb+~+#&+.

qeTH |X\T
4 esT\T
71. k<sD <w<c\T y{ ysD #jTe\dq #s\ >T]+ de#s+ d]+#& e
mese] \Tke? @yT$T |X\T yke? e d]+q de#s qy<T#jT&
qeTH |{ sjT+&.
72. dT<sY $$< y\T, |<s+ (r>s|+ eq~),
y\TMTsT nMTsY\T y& d]+q $<TY |yV\qT
|{ b+<T|]#sT. |{ <s+> eq >|t
+~ $<+> +~.
>|t y (V) y\T\qT $<TY (I) n+|jT sY\
q =*#&T. >|t <s+> +~ |X\
de<H\T sjT+&.
(a)
(b)
(c)

(d)

dT<sY rdTq |<s+ @syTq~> #|e#T.

rdTq |<s+ s<+ m+?
r> =q\eT< 20 V \ bfjT u< nqTe]+q|&T r> m+ $<TY
keTs $j+#T+T+~?
| >|t $T&eq jTe \+&.

139

73. $<] ~+us + |j>+#d +~ fTqT sb+~+#&T.

edT <s+

(u)

|_+ <s+
Hu+s+

()

(d+.MT.)
(v)

(d+.MT.)

(d+.MT.)

70

60

50

40

30

14.5

15.2

16.2

17

20

12.01 12.12 12.13 11.92

12

| |{ >\ de#s+ <s+> +~ |X\ de<H\T sjT+&.

(a)

(b)
(c)

(d)

| |{ Hu+s+ $\Te\T $_q+> e+&& >\ sD+ @yT e+T+<

nqT+THe?
| Hu+s+qT m ssTTk+ ? $\Te m+ ?
edT<s+ 10 d+.MT. njTT |j> sV+ |_+ <s =\e>\s?
m+<T?
| |{ |s+ u, v, \ eT< MTsT >T]+q d++<+ @$T{?

74. $<] Bs|THs & rdT= < =q\ eT< bfjT u< nqTe]+|Cd
+~ $<TY $\Te\T +#&T. b&e, y&\T, mT =q\eT<
bfjT u<+ nqTe]+q =\

$<TY

b&e

2A

y&\ T

4A

mT

6A

| de#s+ <s+> eT&T d+<s b&e, y&\T, mT\ w qT>=q+&.

2 esT\T
75. d] |d+ +~ $wj #~$+~.
r>#T +# |] $# r>#T s<+| <s|&<T
| de#s+ dsq< y $Xwd, s|ke.
76. dTswt k] >T+& |swH #d|&T +|PsY s| |* u>\qT #&& >\ dq
>={ |+bsT. y&q >=+ | |sY n \TdT=H&T. | |sY m |#dT+<
#| +&.
140

77. n|q, b|jT +~ de#s #&T.

njTk+ + rdTq eTdeq \+ >T+& bjT n_yV+ XSq+
B m deT]ke?
78. dVT&T +~ bsT\qT #b&T.
1 1
1
= ( n 1)
f
R1 R2

qT n&>&T.
(a) | bsT\qT y&+ rdTe\dq C>\T @$T{?
(b) | s+&T bsT\T @ d+<s y&*?
79. \ |j >\T #d|&T, $T<|_++ @s&T d+<s |_+ <s+ ss TT+#+
| de#s dsq<? <? sD+ $e]+#+&.
80. $T<|_+u s| |>\+ n >Dwt nH&T. B m $Xwke?
1 esT
1
1 1
=
f
v u

81. +~ |{qT >eT+#+&

|<s+
dd+
&
qTeTT
n\$TjT+
sdH
sT

$cw+ (Cal/g-co \)
0.031
0.092
0.115
0.21
0.5
1

| |<s\qT <es> rdT=, sTqT n+~dTHsqT+<+. | |<s\ <

c>, s> |sT>TT+~, B c> HeT~> |sT>TT+~. m+<T?

141

82. +~+ |{qT >eT+#+&

|<s+
eT+#T
sT
#+JH
sH & d&

eue q>TD+
1.31
1.33
1.5
1.63

| $\Te\T <s+>, @ |<s+ + y>+ d\+?

83.

| |+ #|q $<+> neTssT. y|>*, s+&ey| sT +&T

C>| & sT . d+<s + Hu+s+ qT ss TT+#&
1
1
= ( x 1)
y&e#? <? #|+&.
f

1

R1 R2

bsTqT

1/2 esT\T
84. dVT&T |+ #|q $<+> e\j @s]#&T.
y\TMTsT dV jT+ A ,B \ eT< bjT u< =*#&T.
(a) bfjT u<+ dTq deq+
(b) bfjT u<+ deq+
(c) bfjT u<+ 2 deq+.
(d) bfjT u<+ =+d| $\Te, =+d| dTqqT #|dT+~.
85. $<] nMTsT, y\TqT zsqT XD u nqTd+<+#sT. n$ #|q |&+>T\T
esTd> A,V \T y\TMTsT s< de+s+> *|,
(a) A, V s+& |sT>TsTT
(b)
A, V s+& >TZsTT
(c) A |], V >TZT+~
(d)
A Z, V |sT>TT+~.

142

86. e\j >eT+#+&. ]+>T s+>\ >\ yV+ s<+ dTq.

A , B \ eT< |*s<+ ...................
(a) 2R
(b) 4R
(c) 7R
(d) 10R
A, B, C

87.

(a)

2:3:4

(b) 2:4:3

s<\ $\Te\T esTd> 3R, 6R, R \T>

q$. P, Q \ eT<yJ nqTd+<+HsT. A, B,
C \ $j+#TH (ws|+ y\Te&) $<TY
keTs\ w.................
(c) 4:2:3
(d) 3:2:4

88. $<] : c> |] s< @eTeT+~?

{#sY : c> |] s< >TZT+~.
| de#s+ deT]+# d]jTq yT@~?
(a) c> |] mqT\ k+< |sT>TT+~.
(b) | m\H | +& yX+ |sT>TT+~.
(c) | m\H <es |sT>TT+~.
(d) n_|\ d+K |sT>TT+~.

89. e q <c y&q { keTs+ R `1D nsTT +~ $wjT+ d]jTq~ (

(a) Bs<w +us + Hu+s+ R 100cm
(b) Vd<w |{s + Hu+s+ R150cm
(c) Bs<w yT+us + Hu+s+ R 50cm
(d) Vd<w |{s + Hu+s+ R 50cm

5. \T ` >|t\T ^jT&+, qeTH\T #jT&+

$< |eDeTTqT eT~+| #jT& +~ n+X\qT <w +#T= |X\qT
sb+~+#Ty*.
O
O
O

ueT\T ^jT&+.
\ u>\qT >T]+#&+.
|]s\ neT]qT #d + ^jT&+.

143

u &j>yT.

Flow chart

Bargraph

Pigraphs

dH \T ^jT&+.
|ejT |]s\j.

qeTH |X\T:
4 esT\T
90. |s <sD |<H\| edTeqT+q|&T $T< |_++ @s& d+<s sD
^jT+&.
91. de+s sD\T, +BsD + sD\T, $+BsD + sD\T eT&+{ L&
+us + +BsD
sD
\T> esTdT+ < s$ nH&T. s$ #| q $wjT + ds q ~ <
U<sY u$+#&T. M]sTe] me] n_bjT+ dsq< *jTCjT& sD \T ^d
#|+&.
92. <w< w+ >\ #+<jT +{ &s T qT d+|~+#>, &s T #+<jT |{s <s D+ y&e\d+~>
d+#&T. #+<jT >\ <c, |{s <sD+ y& @s& d|sDqT *| \qT
^jT+&.
93. MT +{ $$< $<TY |]s\T e\jT+ @ $<+> \T|&j *jTCd
^jT+&. e\jT+ y&q d+\ |sT sjT+&.
94. <+&jTk++ e\ @s& \sK\T, k*HsTT& e\ @s& \sK\qT ueT\T ^d b\+&.

95.

AB sD
+

VsZ sD
+. B <s+> sD
|P] #d,
$esD sjT+&.

2 esT\T
96. _+<Ts| edTe deT\ <sD+ e\ @s& |_+ kH *| |{ ^jT+&.

144

97. >E ~yT e\ *> \+ $k|H qT>=q& edTeqT m& neTs *| |{

^jT+&.
98. +< e&q |+ |_+ duy #]+#+&.

99. b&e, eT<#s yX\+ *jTTq $$< |<s\ s<\T b+<T e\j m
@sT#j |+ #|+&.
100. +~ |+ <sD<e+ (b), H_, e+<+, |_+ kH\qT >T]+#+&.

101.

| |+ < ddT+~?

145

| |+ MM nH~ s+&T jq\qT ysT#d

\+, NN nH~ MM 0 _+<Te e< ^dq
\+u+. MM sTy|\ q a, b b+\
q jq\ @~ k+<s jq+?

102.

103. |+ #|q \ |sT sjT+&.

104. |+ | \ + |q+ #d, n~ 7 s+>T\qT VsZ+ #dT+~. | de#s d+#

|{ ^jT+&
105. dTesY sT |q >\ n<+ q eTTU #dTH&T. < n& |_++ q~>
|++~.
(a) n~ @ <sD+?
(b) n&T #dT=q |_+ due+ @$T{?
(c) | |_+u #| sD + ^jT+&.
106.

(a)
(b)
(c)

sT V& {\ y& <sD+ @$T{?

sT \TqT <sD |s+> m& +#TsT ?
sTV& { \T qT+& y\Te&q + <sD+| |& |sesq+ #+<TT+~. B
\T| sD ^jT+&.

146

107.

|+ #|q $<+> +sD+ |{s <sD+| |&+~. sD+ |sesq+ #+<TT+~.

+~ q |X\ de<H\qT sjT+&.
(i)
|< H de+s+ > bjT + sD + |{s <s D |sesq + #+~q|&T
m bT+~?
(ii) H_ >+& bjT sD+ |{s <sD |sesq+ #+~q|&T m bT+~.
(iii) | |X\ de<H\T <s+> P e< |& sD |sesq sD ^jT+&.
108. |+ #|q $<+ > <+&jT k+ r> #T y| <T |T+f
r>#T |]$<TY dT+~.
(a) |] $<TY ~X mT e+T+~.
(b) r>#T e< <+&jTk++ e\ e+& njTk+ |] $<TY e\ e#
njTk+ ~X\qT ^jT+&.
109. |{ >eT+#+&. A B edTe |_+u deT\
<s D+ #&\+f qT kq+ # beTTK eVdT+ ~.
sD + ^d < dVjT+ qT +#e\dq u>
w& #jT+&.
1/2 esT
110. | |+ e\jT+ \T|&q |]s\
d++~+ +~ y{ dsq~ @~?
(a) e\jT+ u z\TMTsT XDqT,
nMTsT de+s+ >q \T|&+~.
(b) e\jT+ z\TMTsT u de+s+>,
nMTsT XD \T|&sTT.
(c) nMTsT, z\TMTsT s+& e\jT+ de+s+> \T|&HsTT.
(d) nMTsT, z\TMTsT s+& e\jT+ XD \T|&HsTT.
147

111. |+ #|q <w<w+

(a) Vd <w
(b) Bs <w
(c) #s+
(d) <w+ <T
112. |+ #|q D\ $#\q D+
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

6. k+<s dV/|X+d/$\Te\T
|eD+qT eT~+| #jT& = eT\ n+X\qT >T]+#&+ ]q~. n+X\ <s
eTq+ dT\u+> |eD+qT eT~+| #jTe#T. n+ n |X\qT m n_q+~ke? n
n&>s<T.
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

n_q+~+# d+<s\T.
|X+ d+#&+ .
| n+X\qT >T]+#&+.
Xdy\ w |X+d+#&+.
dH T\T, d$THs bZq& |D[\T #jT&+.
H<\T, s|\ j
>j\T, $\ j.
|~H\T dqTueq\T >T]+ yk\T sjT&+.

qeTH |X\T:
4 esT\T
1. |D >sT ||sY #<e bTHsT. n~ #dq |D y >sT
#<eeTH&T.
(a) n&T q + @$T{?
(b) e& >\ n+X\qT *jTCjT+&. dw d+ |dVjT+ rdT+&.
148

2.

3.

4.

eD deT\ <sD+ &TT+~. < q |_+u #dT+~.

(a)

|_+u >\ sDyT$T{?

(b)

<sD m+& |{+~. sTy eTTT=q # y&> n|++~. < >\

sDyT$T{?

(c)

m+& e+q <sD =+ <s+ \& #d <sD+ yTse& >eT++~.

B >\ sDyT$T{?

dVT& 10e s<+ nedseTsTT+~. <>Zs e n&>&T. <>Zs 40e \

s<\Tq$.
(i)

d+ m s<\qT dVT&T qT n&T>T&T.

(ii)

rdTq y{ m d+<+#*.

(iii)

y{ |*s<+ 10esT\qT #|+&.

qT |#jT T $<H, y{ d*jT] +&s\T bqT \T| y |d+ dke.

2 esT\T
1.

+>dH |<s |\yT+{> #&& >\ sDyT$T?

2.

eT+#TK+&\

3.

=+&\ |u>q eTT\T @s&sTT. m+<T?

4.

sT V&{ e+ $&T<\jT|&T n$ 40 W keTs me + $&T<\#d|&T

n$ 50 W keTs $j+#T+THsTT @ d+<s+ V&{\ s<+ me>
e+T+~. #]+#+&.

5.

#sTe |q >\ s&T| dT e |jDdTHe. #sTe { b+fH qT+& sT

y<\ &TT+~. < >+& #dq +< <qTdT |++~. n~ =+ <s+
bsTTq s |+#<T. B m $e]ke?

(Iceberg)

#T n~+> b>eT+#T +T+~. #]+#+&.

149

4 esT\T
5.

eT<T b$T | ysT. ysT | k{ #*eT+ ydTHsT. eT<T esT&T ds,

#*eT+ qT+&e# b> yqT #Tq|&T b> * < eTT<TsT s+>T |+#&+
>eT+#&T. n<$<+> b> yqT X+ +&T #d n~ |dT| s+>T |++~. ds
+& eT<TqT n&>&T. eT<T < de<H *b&T. de<q+ @$T{?

1 esT
1. |+ #|q$<+> C +{ @]jT+ +~. <
#|\T e. B |+#<s #\T sY + {
>T+& |+|q, |+ #|q $<+> sY sD+
|jD++~. B >\ sD+ @$T{?
2. q\T yTse{ >\ sD$T{?
3.

+& #\> e+{sTT. B >\ sDyT$T?

4.

|+<T\T Ts< <=sTsTT. m+<T?

1/2 esT
1. +{ $j+# $<TY e\j d]~.
(a) n $<TY |]s\qT de+s+> nqTd+<q+ #ksT.
(b) d#Y $<TY |]s de+s+> *|, d#Y ]q, eTdq |]s+ $<TYqT
$j+#T+T+~.
(c) d#Y $<TY |]s de+s+> *| d#Y eTdq |PC ]bT+~.
(d) d#Y $<TY |]s\ XD < de+s+> \|e#T.
2.

$<TY |ks $<q+ DC +f AC nqTyq~ m+<T#+f...

(a) AC s| #jTe#T
(b) AC dT\u+> #jTe#T
(c) dq yV\qT y&e#T
(d) ~ dTsyTq~.

150

3.

Vs >\ |*yT+{ b&e 10% Z+q, n~ $j+# $<TY keTs+ `

(a) 9% |sT>TT+~.
(b) 4% |sT>TT+~.
(c) 19% |sT>TT+~.
(d) 10% |sT>TT+~.

4.

A,B

\T s+&T \T\T y e< |#d $<+> jsT#XsT. y{ $<TY keTs\T

PA, > PB > >T]+# &sTT. PA, PB y{ V-V\T\ XD *|q `
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

5.

A, B

+f me keTs >VksTT.
B, A +f me keTs >VksTT.
n$ $j+# keTs\ w V | <s|&TT+~.
A, B \T keTs $j+#T +{sTT.

e\jT+ >\ u d++~+q~ `

(a) e\j u m\qT\qT ds|s #dT+~.
(b) u m\qT\\ n~b{jT e< HTqT.
(c) u m\qT\qT e bfjT e< HTqT.
(d) u m\qT\qT # n~ e&T\ |+#T sD+ #dT+~.

7. Jey$<+ | dTeTT / J$ nqjT+

$<] q HsTq n+X\qT J$+ |j+#T e&+ e\q $< |eD+
k~+|&TT+~. $< |eD eT~+| #d|&T eTq+ <w +#Te\dq $wj\T $.
O
O
O
O
O

Je y$< b<qqT >T]+#&+.

Je y$< |]sD w#jT&+.
J$+#T ` J$+#e d+.
dH jTe\ J$ nqjT+.
|]s\T, |jT\ J$ nqjT+.

151

 ueq <s+> $$< $< |eD m |+# #<+

$wje>Vq:
1.

+~ c>\qT &^\ es+&.

(a) 0 k

(b) 25 k

(c) 100 k

edTe\T wdeTd eq$. A edT c> 300

qT+& B |kseTjT ~ njT w+ m+?

(d) 210 k

2.

A, B, C

3.

y\T>TTq =y= C\ c> dTesT> 10000 C e+T+~. MT y* nT, ~|q|&T,

MT y\T >jT|&<T. sD\ $e]+#+&.

4.

eqe s>e+yTq c> 370 C dTesT> e+T+~. |]ds\ eq c> 250 C

e< e+< u$+#+&. eqe c> m+<T |]ds\ c>qT deq+ <T?

edT c> m+?

|+#&+ ` |]\q\T #jT&+

5.

>dT { >CqT *|q|&T yTT+ eed c> >Z{ 10e s> #<TeTq, csY
>eT+#&T. < >\ sD\qT \TdTe{ q * n&>&T. yT = |X\&+~.
|*+> qT |q *|q $wj ne>Vq #dT>*>&T. yT n&q |X$T{?
|X\ de<H\T sdq|&T csY >eT+q |* #sT>\>*.

6.

y& { | e+ d| sTjT e+ { c>, yesD c> deq+

nsTT+~. dVT& y&sT, yesD c> deqeTeT+< q qT \TdTHT
c>, w+ ueq\qT |j+#T |X\T jsT#jT+&.

|j>\T
7.
8.

c> w+ nH n+X\ eT< u< *jTCd |j> MT k+e \+&.

|+ #|q$<+ > sT, =] qH\T $$< c>\
e< rdT= deTd c>qT =*# |j>+
|* + K+> sy\+f rdT e\dq C>\ T $T{?

152

de#s H|D\T
9.

A, B

\T s+&T |<s\T. $$< d+<s y{ c>T\ e&q$.

1

A |<s+

300C

500C `2730C 10K

30K

B |<s+

300C

300C

300C

0K

200C

| de#s <s+> +~ |X\ de<H\T sjT+&

(a) @ d+<s A, B\T w deTd eq$? m+<T?
(b) @ d+<s A qT+& B w+ ~ neT+~?
(c) @ d+<s B qT+& A w+ ~ neT+~?
10. n\$TjT+ jsT #dq V| b c> 300C B 800C e< >\
V&H yjTTe +bsT. de#s <s+> #dT= +~ |X\ yT\T
sjT+&.
(a) V&H nDTe =+ <e y>+ b >&qT & ={q < <ey>+ e#
esT @ e+T+~. & =q s nDTe <ey>+, < =* <e y>+ b*
#| +&.
(b) w+ ~ @~X e+T+~. =+d|{ s+& c>\T 450C #sTq$.
(c) H2 nDTe dsd] >X 20units V+ >\ d# m\qT\ dsd] >X
m+ +T+~?

ueT\T ^jT&+
11. |+ #|qT s| b < e qHqT eTs=
< # me yTT+ qHqT bksT s +&T <s MTsT rdT=
#s= < e+q n~ c>qT *jTCdTHsT.
(a) < n+sZ X me?
(b) | |+ <s+> #jT>\ ssD @$T{?
| |+ >\ |qT >T]+ de]+#+&. | >\ sD \+&.

153

n_q+~+#&+
J$ $j>+
13. o\ <X {| <]ksT. B >\ sDyT$T{?
14. o\ <X+ e HeqT+<+. e ek <]+ Xs y&> +&T
#dTHe Xs+ y#> e+&& ed+ m dV]dT+~.

skjTqXd+ qeTH |X\T

4 esT\ |X\T
1.

X, Y, Z

nH <eD\ pH $\Te\T esTd> 13, 6, 2 nsTTq

) @ <eD+ \yTq eTeTT? m+<T?
) @ <eD+ <$| nDTe\bT njqT\T L& e+{sTT?
) @ <eD+ \yTq s+? m+<T?
) <eD s *|q|&T < pH $\Te |sT>TT+<? >TZT+<? m+<T?

2.

eT]jTT

nH |seDTe\ m\H $Hk\T

esTd> 2, 8, 3 :

(1S2, 2S2, 2P6, 3S2, 3P1)

2, 6

(1S2, 2S2, 2P4)

nsTT

n) @ |seDTe TTDnjqTqT @ssTdT+~?

) @ |seDT <q njqTqT @ssTdT+~?
) |seDTe A y m+?
) A eT]jTT B nH |seDTe\# @s& d+j>|<s+jTT nDTbsT @$T{?
3.

*jT+ Hf{ | w+ jTT #sqT #| +~ skjTq dMTsD |]o*+#+&.

2 Ca (NO3) 2

2CaO + 4No2 + O2

y 2 Ca (NO3) 2 $j>+ #+~q|&T m y\ No2 @s&TT+~?

ds c> |&H\ e< 65.6 >eTT\ Ca (NO3) 2 y&#dq|&T njT No2
|Tq|]eD+ m+?
) 82 >eTT\ Ca (NO3) 2 qT y&#dq|&T @s& *jT+ & <es +#+&.
) 5 y\ jH\qT #jT& nedsyTq Ca (NO3) 2 |]eD+ m+?
n)
)

154

4.

A, B, C, D, E

nH V\T $$< <eD\ #s ]|q|&T eq |*\T +~ |{

HsTT. |{qT |]o*+#+&. de<H\T sjT+&.
V+

<eD+
Fe SO4

5.

Cu SO4

Zn SO4

Ag NO3

Al2 (SO4)3

#s <T

#s <T

#s <T

|P @s&+~ #s <T

V+| &<
s+>T |<s+
| y T + ~

><T eTs+>T
#s <T
|P V+|
@s&+~

|P @s&+~ #s <T

#s <T

#s <T

#s <T

#s <T

#s <T

#s <T

V+|
#s <T
|P @s&+~

><TeTs+>T
=> |P
|P @s&+~ @s&+~

n)

n~ #so\>\ V+ @~? m+<T?

n\ #so\>\ V+ @~? m+<T?

><TeTs+>T |P @ss# V\T @$?

A, B, C, D, E

=> |P
@s&+~

#s <T

#s<T

V\qT #so\\ sVD eT+ neTs+&.

+< q dyTH\ |yTjT deTV\qT >T]+

IUPAC

|sT sjT+&.

Cl
CH3 - CH2 - CH - CHO
CH3 O
CH3 - CH - C - CH3

6.

nH <eD+ **dtqT msT|>qT,

n)

X, Y <eD\qT

nH <eD+ msT| *dtqT *>qT e]HsTT.

s+&+{ *|q|&T @@ H\T @s&e#T?

<eD+ yT^wjT+ eTT\T ydq|&T @ yjTTe $&T<T+~?

155

<eD+ + eTT\T ydq|&T skjT#s sT>TT+<? m+<T?

) | s+&+{ V&H njqT\T me> +& <eD+ @~?

7.

$<] +~ |<s\qT skjTq #s s\qT |j>+#d #|eTHsT. n&T

@$<+> #de+{& sjT+&.
|sYd{ <eD+, u]jT+ s& <eD+, |sdt d{ d{\T, qT| yT\T, b&dTq+,
sT.

8.

|seDTejTT m\H $HdeTT +~ $<+> +~.

n)

~ @eT\ |seDTeqT ddTq~?

e] m\H @ ]{ q~?

~ksTT #]q|&T |seDTe m +] m\qT\T +&& neX+

+~?

) yTT<{ &u s+&T m\H\ |<q ++ d+K $\Te m+?

9.

eT\\ esq |{ s+&e |]jT&

#+~q = eT\\T y{ |seDT yks\T

+< e&sTT. y{ |]o*+ de<H\T sjT+&.

2e |]jT& eT\\T

Be

Li

|seDT yks+

88

111

66

74

152

77

n)

| eT\\qT |seDT yks\ sVD eT+ sjT+&.

2e |]jT& eT\\ &yjTT $Hk <>Zs> q eT\+ @~?

eT\\+{ uV @$T{?

) u*jT+ sH\ @ eT\| |seDT |]eD+ me? m+<T?

10.

>|

13

14

15

16

|]jT&
3

156

17

18

| esq |{ u>+qT |j+, +~ |X\ de<H*e+&.

n)

w |seDT |]eD+ \ eT\+.

eT]jTT

eT\+ jTT u, skjT <s\T ke|qT *q eT\\qT >T]+#+&.

eT\eTT\ m\H $Hk\T sjT+&.

11. +< e&qs esq |{ u>+ qT+& +< jT&q |X\ de<H*e+&.

12.

Li

Be

Na

Mg

Al

Si

Cl

n)

m&eT qT+& &y| q ~*q |se DT |]eD+ *> esT @$T{? MT de<H
deT]+#+&.

m&eTqT+& &y| <*q eT\\ Vdue+ m+{ esT\T >eTke?

X, Y, Z

eT\\ m\H $Hk\T +~$<+> eHsTT.

X:2
Y : 2, 6
Z : 2, 8, 2

n)

s+&e |]jT& #+~q eT\+?

m$T<e |]jT& #+~q eT\+?

s+&e >| #+~q eT\+?

) eT\+
)

eT]jTT

13. |seDTe

jTT y?
Z

\T VeTT nVeTT?

jTT m\H $Hd+ 2, 8, 6

n)

eT\+ A jTT |seDT |]eD+, |seDTd+K 14 > >\ |seDT |]eD+

+f me < e> e+T+< \+&? m+<T?

D(8), C(6), N(7), Av (18) eT\\

eT\+ jTT |seDT d+K m+?

< skjT <s \ ks|qT *e+T+~?

m+<T?

157

14. yT+&|t , n|{ *dq 63 eT\\qT esq |{ s|+ eZ]+H&T.

B deT]+#T |{ <s skjTq n<jTH *Zq @yH s+&T u\qT \+&.
15. sD+ eT]jTT jTsD+ #s\T #s ] #s\qT @eT+{s $e]+#+&.
16. Bbe[H&T bdT\T \Tq|&T $$< s+>T\T y\Te&+ MTsT >eT+#sT<? s+>T\T
y\Te&{ >\ sD\T @yTe+{j sjT+&.
17. THsTT eT+,

C3 H7 COOH

18. fqT jTT k<X\T

jTT sD |+ ^jT+&.

(isomers)

sD\qT ^jT+&.

19. # |dVjT+ dT jTT Xu|s# >TD+qT $e]+#+&.

20. mdsT jTT sD+
H

H-C-C-O-C-C-H
H

nsTTq, < nqTs| \V\T eT]jTT eT+ \ jTT sD\qT ^jT+&.

21. +~ y sD |{\qT ^jT+&.
n)

<HsTT eT+

) b|H

b|H

) sb|H

22. BH eT]jTT ]H\ m\H _+<T sD |{\qT

(electron dot structure)

^jT+&.

23. +~ dyTH\ sD\qT ^jT+&.

n)
)
)
)

2 ` uy|+fH
2 ` $T<b|H
TH
1 ` VH

24. <HsTT eT+ eT]jTT <H (md{H) \ m\H _+<T sD\qT ^jT+&.
25. $Td*

(Micille)

jTT |+ ^d $e]+#+&.

26. *V & (Aldehydes) \ deTCXD (Homologous series) yTT<{ H\T>T s q dyT H\

nDTbsTqT sd y sD |{\qT (structures) ^jT+&.
158

27.

C5 H12 nDT

bsT *q |+fH m k<X\qT ^jT>\+? n$ @$? y{ sD|{\qT

^d y k<sD |sqT |s=q+&.

28. n)
)

k&jT+, qT eT]jTT yT^wjT+\ m\H _+<T sD\qT #| |{\qT

^jT+&.
Na2 O

29. d*H

(Si)

eT]jTT

MgO

nsV+

\ @sTqT >T]+ |+ s|+ #|+&.

(Metalloid).

B e m deT]ke?

30. qT| edTe\ eTq+ m+<T s+>T yk+?

31. Vs|<s\qT =+{ eTTb+& e+#& @$T#ksT?
32. s, y+& edTe\ \TeTT @s&+& MTsT @$T #ksT?
33. J$+ e >eT+q H\T>T sD |uy\qT *| |*\qT #]+#+&.
34. J$+

pH

jTT beTTKqT \T| = <VsD\qT |+> #]+#+&.

35. esq |{ m\H $Hd+ beTTKqT e m |X+dke?

36. qq esq |{ V&H kq+| y<qqT sjT+&.
37. {jTT k++

H2O

>H sk+.

HO2

> m+<T sjTL&< \+&.

38. J$+ mdsY\ jTT bqT e m |X+dke?

39. +< e&q H\ q neTTKyTq V eT]jTT nV\qT \+&.
n)

nq|Ps |

<sMTsT y& <e+

| yTT*

) s|
)

$<TY \T |\yT+{

}) <+\| qTq mH$T

(enamel)

|P

40. eT\\ skjTq <s\qT >T]+ nw d<++ jTT bqT e m n_q+~ke?

159

de<H\qT m eT~+| #j*?

d+>VD eT+q+ s |eD\ |\\ |> |]o*+# | e+{~. +
|X\ useTT, $<|eD\ useTT <s+> |X\T bs|d+ m& qT+#H ee#TqT.
b<$ T j sT#dT y*q neds+ +&<T . m+<T+f |X|+ |X \T due k++>
sjT&, $Xw D +> sjT& M\T> +{sTT. { s> |\\ +<s sy T q de<q+
sks u$+#L&<T. |\T =k] bs|d+ d+q<H _qyTq de<q+ $<]
q k+ #q, nqTue+ sd +&e#T n~ dsq~ nsTTq|&T < L& |]>Dq
rdTy*. k<sD+> b<jTT\T +es de<q |\T ~~qf |dT+ L& de<q
| ~~ esT\T yjTe#T. de<H\T $<], $<] esT +{sTT. { C>>
#~$ esT\T {sTT+#*.
eT~+| #d|&T bsTT+ esT\T nH, |J\ esT\T nH $uq
+&<T. $<] sdq de<H\ eTd|<r +&<T. $<] k+ #q, nqTue+ L&
sdq de<H\T +&e#T. { m | ||sqT ~<*. nH >+<s>+ +T+~.
>+<s>+ qT+ jT |&{ $<|eD+ y> +~ (Value points) eT~+| d\qT
>eT+#>\sT.

$wj e>Vq
$wje>Vq 40% us+ +T+~. yds|, \|TT, d+|, VQ |X\T+{sTT.
M{ *| 16esT\T +{sTT. +<T |X \T $e]+#&+ , b*\T, u< \T, sD\T #| &+,
$Xw+#&+ nH n+X\ +{sTT. n< $<+> |X\T HsT> +& yTqT + sd
$<+> +{sTT. +~ |X #&+&.
e ]wyTq <s k] q&<s, eTsk] |sT> #sTH&T. @ d+<s+ e
H=||&sTT. m+<T? < |X qT |]> q|&T m+<T H=|\T |&sTT? n n&>e #T.
+{ |X\ de<H\qT eT~+| #jT& n+X\qT >eT+#+&.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

$<] ydq de#s+ qT> eT]jTT d]bjTT> +&*.

$<] k++> sdq|{ |X q de<q+> +< < #dTy*.
ueT\T nedsyTq# yd Hs!
<VsD\ $e]+#s?
b*\T, u<\T yd|&T |{ s|+ sks?
dsq sD\qT *bs?
160

7.

+s |{q de<qe, >&Tq+<T d+>V+q de<qe nq~ >T]+#*. k++> sdq

y{ n~ b<q y*.

|+#&+ ` |]\q\T #jT&+

|eD+ $<] q |+# >TD+, }V+ |]\q\T #d HC |+b+~dT+~.
+<T $<] $$< ueq\| #H |X\T de<q+> sjTe\d edT+~. {
|X\T | $< ysTysT> sd neX+ \T>TT+~. n<$<+> |]\q d++~+ $<]
q }V\qT sjTe\d edT+~. |X nH n+X\T de<q+> +f n~ |]\q neT+~.
B eT~+| #jT& = d#q\T.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

|\\T sdq |X\ ], VTqT >T]+#+&.

}V+q n+X\ eT nd+<+> +& dwqT >T]+#*.
sdq |X\ d+KqT { +& HDqT { esT\T y*.
|\\T sjTe\dq deT<H\T # es nqT|jTT+> +{sTT.
$<] d++> +q |X\ n~ b<q ee\jTTqT.
\ |X\T, VQ |X\ L& dsq de<q+ >T]+#* +T+~?

|j>\T ` |]o\q\T
$Cq Xd u<q |j>\T, |]o\q\T neTTKyTq$. $<] XdjT <<+,
Xdj
T yK sT\T |] $Cq Xd+ HsT y\H V\+ \>& |eD+ m+ <V<|& T T+~.
{ |eD+qT ]w+ > eT~+|#d |* \qT $Xw d $<sT\ |j > H| D\qT |+#&
<V<|& T T+~.

eT~+| #jT& d#q\T:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

sdq |j>+ XdjT n+X\ b<q q<?

<X +, |]s\ neT], |j >$<q+, |]o\q\T, |* +, nqTeT, C>\ T e+{ kbH\
nqT>TD+> sd Hs? (n |j>\ kbH\T sbe#TqT.)
|* sd <| k+e\ yU+ Hs?
ueT^ $e]+#s! ueT >T b<q y*.
|j>+ #s\T e] |j>+#d @ |*+ edT+< k+ e\ yd Hs.
>eT+#*.

161

de#s H|D+ :
de#s dsD H|D+ ` bC\ sVD nH $< |eD+ bC\ sVD s
| esT. de#s H|D+ eyT +T+~. +<T L& de#s+ d]+#+& n
n+eTjT |X\T +&e. { |eD\qT eT~+| #jT& s+&T n+X\qT |]>Dq
rdT+{eTT. 1) de#s dsD 2) de#s $XwD
eT~+| #jT& >eT+# e\dq n+X\T
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

q de#s nqT>TD+> |{\qT sb+~+#THs?

de#seTTqT d]+q $<q+ $es+> sks?
eZ]+q de#seTTqT |{\ b+<T|]#s?
|{\ de#s+qT $Xw+q $<q+ dsq<H?
n+\T, <+X\T, d\T, XdjT |<\qT |\T +& sXs.
|{\ q de#s+ | yU+#|&T XdjT |< ne\+_+#s! d+y\
yXs!

\T, >|t\T ^jT&+ / qeTH\T#jT&+

$Cq Xd+ HsT e&+ s U\T, yT k|t q+<T q& \T, >|\t <s $Xw + #&+ ,
qeTH\T#jT&+ e+{ n+X\T m+ beTTK *q$.

eT~+| n+X\T
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

sU \T, s|\T, yTk| \ @~ ^H n+<T dw +&*.

bs|d+ qT + +&\H ueq, $<] d++> ^q \qT | |s<T.
^q + de#s n+~k+< < nq $wj |]>Dq rdTy*.
H|D\ me b<q es<T.
+ uT de#s+qT L& sjTeT n& n+<T q esT\qT {sTT+#*?
ueTuT u>\qT L& >T]+#*?
>|t\T ^jT&+, y{ yU+#&+ >] sdq|&T s|D\ <s+>H Hj?
|]s\qT >] ^q|&T y{ kwe+qT |]>Dq rdTy*.

162

k+<s dV / |X+d / $\Te\T, J$ $j>+

~ |\\qT XdjT <<+ *q e\T> |\* jsT#jT& |j>|& $<
|eD+. +<T |X\T y$<yTq de<H\T sd$> +{sTT.
O

O
O
O
O

|X de<q+ #es d++> sdq< +T+~. B n&q n+X d++~+q

beDqT #&*.
de<q+ s|+qT ns+ #dTy*. HsT> sdq de<H\+f s|+qT ns+ #dTy*.
HsT> sdq de<H\+f s|+ q y{ b<q y*.
Xdy\ w yTT<\>T n+X\qT sdq|&T Xdy\ >T]+ yTq n+X\H yj*.
sqT\T, e+> \T ^dq|&T n+<T n_\wDjT ue+qT eT~+| #j*.
H<\T esT\qT { <T e>+& yd +&*.
d+uwD\T sdq|&T >_ eT+qT b{+#s < >eT+#*.

eT~+| #jT&+ b<jTT b:

s+s deT> eT+q+ | yT q $<q+. +<T sD, d+>V D eT~+|\T
y{$ $_q+> sT>TsTT. d+>VD eT~+| s| { yT |\qT ~<&
b<jTT\ | d#q\T.
O
O
O

O
O

b<jTT\ $wjT|]Cq+, HsT, zsT neds+.

|\\T sdq de<H\qT eT~+| #jT& =+ deTjT d] neds+.
|\\T d++> sdq de<H\qT C>> eT~+| #j*. k++> sX&T. @<< sX&T
n nqTe<T. Be\q $<] qwb&T.
n&q |X nqT>TD+> de<H\T qy! < |]o*+#*. |X nqT+< |X\T
q|&T y{ >T esT\T {sTT+#Ty*.
$<] ^dq \T de#seTT \|& d]bT+< < n#&*. n+<T
H|D >, bs|d+ q ueT\ e |#j\ > jTeT+<T.
y~\qT #<e&+, y{ $Xw+#&+, |{\T sjT&+, usY >|t\T, | #sT\T yTT<\>T n
n+X\|q ne>Vq |+b+~+#Ty*.
b#sTqT sjT&+, < #<e&+, < >] y~ jsT #jT&+| ne>Vq \>*.
e] |eD+ sd |X\T uw d++~+qy +{sTT $ / >jT+ / $T < / d+uwD/
yd+ / H<+ e+{ uc |jT\| bsX\ ucb<jTT\qT d\V\qT b+<e#TH.

163

|X\ s{ eT~+| #jT&+:

10e s> |b~+q |\ d+dsD\ |s+ 1. yds| |X\T, 2. \|TT de<q
|X\T, 3. n d\ de<q |X\T, 4. VQ nH |X\T +{sTT.
1. yds| |X\T
` 4 esT\T
2. d\ de<q |X\T
` 2 esT\T
3. n d\ de<q |X\T
` 1 esT
4. VQ |X\T
` 1/2 esT
yds| de<H\qT ~<& d#q\T
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

yds|+ { de<H\T |P]&$> +{sTT. dTesT 10 ` 12 y\T> +{sTT.

de<H\T n+X d++~+ |P] |]Cq+ # $<+> +&*.
XdjT n+X\T sd|&T XdjT |<\qT y&s < >eT+#*.
$<] d++> sdq|{ n+<T de<H d++~+q ueq\T Hj |]o*+#*.
de<H\T sd|&T e b{+#s #&*.
ns<c\ n+ b<q eqs<T.
\T nedsyTq # ^q|&T |P] esT\qT {sTT+#*.
|j>\T sdq|&T | d]> kbH\ |s+> yj*.
b*\T, u<\T sd|&T | b<q y*.
6, 7 $<|eD\ |X\ sdq de<H\qT eT~+| #d|&T +> |]o*+#*?

d\ de<q |X\T
O
O
O
O

de<H\T 5`6 y\T +&*.

de<q+ \|<\T dsq $<+> |j+ +&*.
$< |eD k~+qT <sH\T +&*.
ueT\T n&q # T ueT\qT ydH |]>Dq rdTy*.

nd\ de<q |X\T

$ 2`3 y\ de<q+ sd |X\T. $ HsT> de<q+ # $<+> +{sTT. |\\T
de<H\qT HsT> sjT& |jT+#*. |X\qT eT~+| #jTTq|&T n+<T n&q
|X d{>, |+> de<H\T+&*.
VQ |X\T :
O
O

VQ |X\ dsq de<H\qT u >T]+#*.

nsesT |X\T nsTTq|{ |X\T HsT> de<H\T >T]+# sd $<+> +&e.
164

qeTH |X|eTT
d#q\T : n |X\ de<H\T sj*.

esT\T : 40

nedsyTq# T|+ ^j*.

I.

+~ |X\ de<q$Te+&.

1.

a)

>+.

(4I4 R 16)

e\j |+ #|&+ ]+~. A e< 5 +|jTs $<TY |yVeTT e\jT+

|y ++<qT+<+.

i)
ii)
iii)

2.

deTjT+ : 2

C, D

_+<Te\ eT< bfjT u<yT+ ?

1 e
A, B _+<Te\ eT< e\jT |* s<yT+ ?
2 e
CD >T+& |y+# $<TY m+ ?
1 e

Ca
21 Ca
2Cao + 4 No2 +O2
( No
( No
3 ) 23 ) 2
(<2)

b)

|+ #|q$<+> q njTk+eTT (M) qT

V|]+>T>T+& |&T #keTqT+<+.
i)
njTk+ #\q |*+> V| ]+>T @s& |] $<TY
|yV~X m+T+< $e]+#+&.
ii)
>TsTsD+ 'g' n eTq \TdT. <+&jTk+eTT ]+>T dMT|+#|&T,
<qT+& <s+> ~|&T njTk+ sD+ m+T+~?

a)

*jT+ Hf{| y&$T#s jTT T\dMTsD+ e&+~.

[Ca(No3)2, Cao

\ nqT <esX\T esTd> 164, 56]

i)

ii)

65.6 >.
@s&TT+~ ?

$j>+ #+~q|&T m y\ No2 y\Te&TT+~? 1 e

qT y&#dq|&T,

165

STP

e< m+ |Tq|]eDeTT O2
2 e

iii)

5 y\ yjTT H\T @s&\+f m+ <es >\

nedseTT ?
(<)

b)

3.

a)

X eT]jTT Y |seD/e\

m\H $Hk\T esTd> 1S22S22P63S1 eT]jTT 1S22S22P4

1.

@ |seDTe qjHqT @ss\<T ? m+<T ?

2.

@ |seDTe jHqT @ss>\<T ? m+<T ?

3.

X, Y

eT\eTT esq|{ @@ u\$ ?

4.

X, Y

eT\ |seDTe\ @s& nDTe bsT sjT+&.

eT<T nH $<] r>, yMTsY,

n$TsYqT y& d]+q $<TY|yV
Y-n+|q, y\qT X-neTT| rdT=
>| ^#&T.
1 ( No3 )
Ca
2
2
| >|qt T nqTd]+ |X \ de<q$TeTT.
i)
rdTq r> @syTq~> #|e#T ?
ii)
r> s<eTT qT+&.
iii) r> =q\eT< 20V bfjT u<eTT nqTe]+#Tq|&T r> m+ $<TY
keTs $j+#T+T+~.
iv) | >|t @ jTe \T|T+~?
(<)

b)

$<] ~+us + |j>+ #d +~ |{qT sb+~+#&T.

edT<s+ (4) d+.MT
70
60
50
40
|_+<s+ (V) d+.MT.\ 14.5 15.2 16.2
17
Hu+s+ (d+.MT.)
12.01 12.12 12.13 11.92

166

30
20
12

4.

a)

i)

|| { Hu +s+ $\Te\T $_q+> +&& sD+ @yT +&=# u$dTH sT?

ii)

| Hu+seTTqT m ssTTksT? $\Te m+ ?

iii)

edT<s+ 10 d+.MT. njTT |j> sV+, |_+<s =\e>\s?

m+<Te\q ?

nH sH dyTq+ (bsT C2H6O) qT eT+ <eD> Ww<j $]$>

|jksT. dyTH \H b{wjT+ |s+>H{ u> y&#dq|&T n~
sD+ #+~ es B nH sqdyTq+ @s&TT+~. B dyTq+ * *dtqT
msT|> esTT+~.
i)
A dyTq+jTT skjTqHeT+, bsT sjT+&.
1 e
ii)
B dyTq+jTT skjTqHeT+, bsT sjT+&.
1 e
iii)

B dyTq+jTT

iv)

@s& eT<d |<s dd #s dMTsD+ sjT+&.

v)

5-8% B

due+ @$T{? (eTeTT/seTT/\eDeTT)

1 e

dyTq| <eD @eT |\TksT ?

1
(<2)

b)

$<], +~ skjTq |<s\T skjTq #ss\qT |j >+#d b<jTT&T

#|eTHsT. n&T @$<+> #d +{& nqT+THs #s dMTsD\T yd
$e]+#+&.
1. |sYd{ <eD+
2. u]jT+ s& <eD+
3. qT|yT \T
4. |sdt d{ d{\T
5. b&dT q+
6. sT

II.

d\ de<q |X\T

1.

i)

(SA)

+~ deTVeTT &sYsY eTT n>TH < sD+ \TeTT.

- Na, Si, Cl (Na, Si, Cl \ |seDTus\T esTd> 23, 28, 35.5)
167

ii)

2.

S, Se, Te

\T &sYsY yT jTT |seDT us+ m+ ?

(S, Te \ |seDTus\T esTd> 23, 28, 35.5)

X, Y, Z
i)
ii)
iii)

nH <eD\ pH $\Te\T esTd> 13, 6, 2

@ <eD+ \yTq eTeTT ?
@ <eD+ \yTq seTT ?
s, Z <eD *| <eD+ $\Te |sT>TH ? >TZH ?

3.

Vd+>VD $<q+ =\TeTT\T >T]+ n<q| de#s+ \TdTy\+f @@ |X\T

n&T>TsT?

4.

|{s <sD |<H+| edTe\T+q|&T $T<|_+eTT @s& d+<s sDeTT

^jT+&.

5.

|PC j & r>qT y&& sD\T @yT$T nsTT+& yjT+&.

6.

qT + |#jTT $<H, y{ d$jT+ +&s\T |eTTKbqT \T|+&.

III.

nd\ de<q |X\T

1.

|j>X\ q s+&T <eD\ @~ md{ eTeTT, @~ < \V n>TH $<]

>T]+#bj&T. n+<TuT q Na2Co3 @$<+> >T]+#>\&T.

2.

<sT $<sT\T eT<VdeTjT+ sTs&T| q&dTq|&T ysT s&T| {#jT\TqT>

>eT+#sT. <>sZ y[ #dd] nyMT |+#< T . B sD\T @yT +{j }V+#+&.

3.

nyj nDTe +<? n b<jTT&T

n&>d] $<] ueT#d 3 +<\THsTT n
#b&T. nDTe +<\qT d+sD+
|s+> $e]+#+&.

4.

< \V eqe\ m+ |j>s+> q|{, eqe\ ke |esq| <

<Twue+ #e+~. B| MT n_bj* \T| 2 dsq sD\T sTTe+&.

5.

o\+ ek ydTq|&T n~ Xs c> >Z+& #dT+~. < >\ sD+

dTswt *| ed bqT n_q+~+#&T. sD+ @yT+T+~? y n_q+~ke?

(VSA)

168

6.

|qT ds + >eq <s D <s+> e+q|&T, <s D+ | |_++ |+#< T .

< <>Zs dTq|&T H= kq+ s |_+u+ |<~> |++~. B
$e]+#& sD ^jT+&.

7.

qT jTT <wD+ |j>+ #d|&T rdTe\dq C>$T{?

IV.

(MCQ)

1.

|seDTe m\HjTT 4 ++d+K\T HsTT.

VQ|X\T

(a) 2 S1

(b) 2 S2

(c) 1 S1

(d) 2 S2

2.

eTT>TZsT $<sT\T sT, eTsd+, k&jT+ us=H{ jTT pH \qT +#sT. pH $\Te\
nesVDeTT.
a)
sT > eTsd+ > k&jT+ us=H{
b)
eTsd+ > sT > k&jT+ us=H{1
2
c)
k&jT+ us=H{ > sT > eTsd+
d)
sT > k&jT+ us=H{ > eTsd+

3.

eT\\ esq |{ 2e >|, 4e |]+C eT\+ m\H $Hd+ @~?

4.

a)

1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2

b)

1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 4S1

c)

1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P4

d)

1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 4S2

+~ deTV+ deTC XD esTd dyTH\T. nsTTq XD #+~q dyTH(\)qT

>T]+#+&.
deTC XD : CH3 OH
C2H5OH
C3H7OH
(a) C5H11OH

(b) C4H9OH

(c) a, b

169

\T s+&

(d)

@B<T

5.

w deTd d++<+ ~ .................

a)
w deTd e< edTe\T c>\T e+&*.
b)
w+ |ks+ wdeTd >\ edTe\ eT< +&<T.
c)
w deTd eq me <es>\ edTe qT+& e <es >\ edTe
w+ |kseTeT+~.
d)
n |<s>\ nDTe\ dsd] >X deq+> +T+~.

6.

$<] \TqT rdT= #dq <| q y 120 V 60 V nH esT\T #k&T.

$\Te\T dsqy y n \TdTe& n&T rdTe\dq dsq #s, .............
a)
b)

bsT y& s< qT>=qT

eTMTsT dVjT+ s< =\T#T
R =

V2
P

c)

eTMTsT dVjT+ =*q $\TeqT,

d)

< |HyT+{qT rdT= $$< y\ nqTe]+|Cd, nMTsY &+>\qT >T]+,

eYy, < nqT>TD+> nMTsT &+V>\2 qT >|t||sY| ^d < >|t <s+>
R =
s< ssTTk&T.
P

b* ##T.

7.

|{s <sD esq+ m $\Te 1 +f e TTD+. de#s dsq yT.

a)
edTe C e\ e+~, |_++ \+<T\T> q~> @s&+~.
b)
edTe C F eT< e+~. |_++ \+<T\T> |<~> @s&+~.
c)
edTe F e< +~, |_++ nq+<s+ e+~.
d)
edTe F P eT< e+~, |_++ {sT> <sD+ |<~> @s&+~.

8.

c> |+#=~, yVs<+ |sT>TT+~. B >\ sD+

a)
m\qT\T &=q+
b)
m\qT\T <es es+
c)
yV+ y+#+
d)
m\qT\T, {dt\ eT< ]> n_|\ eT< deTjT+ >Z+ {dt>\ njH\
+|H\T |s>+.

170

9.

qT Hu+s+ qT>=q{ nqTyq bsT

a)

1 1
1
= ( n 1)
f
R1 R2

b)
c)

a&b

d)

s]+#+

10. 2e d]dt #+~q eT\\T ` y{ |seDT yks\T e&HsTT.

Li
Be
B
C
N
O
|seDTe (Pm) :
152

111

88

M{ e njTsD X \~
(a) Li

(b) Be

(c) N

(d) O

1
1 1
=
f
v u

171

72

74

66

10e s> ` u skjTq Xd+

e~] |X| ` |+{
|X\ esT\T

4m

2m

1m

2 (8 m)

3 (3 m)

10 (5 m)

P-2, C-1

P-5, C-5

2 (2 m)

10

yTT+ esT\T

A.S.
I

P-1, C-1
II

2 (4 m)

16

P-1, C-1
III

1 (4 m)

P
IV

P-1, C-1
2 (4 m)

2 (2 m)

P-1, C-1

P-1, C-1

2 (4 m)
P-1, C-1

VI

1 (4 m)

1
2

|X\ d+K

4
P - Physics
C - Chemistry

172

27

40 m

u skjTq XdeTT
10e s> ` e~] |X|+
I.

+~ |X\ $es+> de<H\T sjT+&.

1.

*jT+ & { *|q #s, + eTT\ V&]eT+ *|q #s\ w+

$&T<+~. { n$ s+& syTq skjTq #s\ seTT nH&T. n$ s+& syTq
skjTq #s\T e n XsY n_bjT|&&T. @ n+X <s+> #dT= XsY
n_bjT+ *b& $e]+#+&. | #s\ dMTsD\T sjT+&.

(4I4 R 16)

(<)
k<sD { eyT |j+ \qT Xu|s#+& eTq+ \T q|&T &s+{
y&+ m+<T? n~ \ eTT] m rdydT+~? $e]+#+&.
2.

eT\\ eZs D d++~+ yT+&|t ]|q w mq<q~ | y+ MTsT @u$ ks?

<? dsq sD\ $e]+#+&.
(<)
J$+ eTq+ nH <Vq#s\T, sD #s\T #dT+{+. y{ |r <Vq#s
sD
#s neT+~. |r sD
#s <V q#s <T. y+ MTsT @u$ ks?
<? dsq sD\ $e]+#+&.
1

3.

s+&T e yks\T deq+> (R) >\ +us + jTT e+<+ e<

edTeqT +#+. |<s eueq >TD+ n. + >* +f +~ $wj\qT
$e]+#+&.
a)
Hu+s+ m+ ?
b)
|_+<s+ m+ ?
c)
|_+ duy #]+#+&.

173

(<)
|{ >eT+#+&. A, B, C \ e< bfjT $\Te\T
70V, OV, 10V.
a)
b)

4.

e< bfjT m+ ?
AD, DB, DC \ |eV+# $<TY |yV\
w qT>=q+&.

MT <>Zs q |{s <sD\| y{ Hu+s\ $\Te\T sjT&e. |j>|Ps+>

MT <s D\ Hu+s\qT qT>=H\+f MT @@ |]s\T y*? |j > m sVksT ?
(<)
e+b| eT> |j+#+<T me $cw+ >\ V+ eTqT jsT#j\
seT u$++~. <=s n\$TjT+, s V\ $cc\qT |j >|P s+> qT>=H\+f
@@ |]s\T y*? |j> m sV+#* ?

II.

+~ |X\ |+> yT\T sjT+&.

5.

V| d+>qT w+< <s y&BXsT. \Te> y& d+> s+&T

=q\qT u eT]jTT d#Y\ e\jT+ *|, d#YqT H #d @+ sT>TT+< }V+#+&.

6.

A nH

|<s+ **dt msT|s+ >T e]+~. B`nH |<s+ msT|*dtqT *s+>T

e]+~. A, B \ eT< skjTq #s @@ |<s\T @s&e# }V+#+&. sD \+&.

7.

r> #T +# |] $<TY#\ \+ r>#T s<+| <s|&<T nH

$wj |d+ seTT #~y&T. de#s+ dsq< < y $Xwke ?

8.

a) CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3

(6I2 R 12)

b) CH3 - CH - CH3
CH3

|q *|q s+&T |<s\ sH, V&H\ d+K deqeT eTq+ >T]+#e#T. q

nDT T\qT{ y$T ne>Vq #dT>\y $e]+#+&.
9.

b&e, eT<#< yX\+ *jTTq $$< |<s\ s<\qT b+<T e\j

m @sT#j |+ #|+#+&.

174

10. |seDTe P ]{, s |seDTe\

+<\qT *jTTq nDTeqT |dVjT+ #|+&.
III.

S-]{

eT< @s& d+jjT

+~ |X\ { < s+&T y\ de<H\T sjT+&.

(7I1 R 7)

11. 4 \ sT 100+ C c> e< q~. sT |P]> uw+> es& m+ wX

neds+ ? ({ uwueq >Tbw+ 540 \T / >+.)
12. @ d+<s+ |qD+, eueqD+ deq+> +{sTT ?
13.

Zn

eTT HCl , NaOH $&$&> #s bZH |j>\T MTsT sV+#sT<!

|j>\ MTsT >eT+q keq (common) n+X+ @$T{?

14. eT+#T <Mueq |jTqT |]o*+# |j>+, eT+#T s>&+ bs+uyT n~ |P]> sT>
eses MTsT |]o*+q |<q $wjT+ @$T{ ?
15. +~ |seDTe\ m\H $Hk\ <s+>, njHqT @ss# |seDTeqT mqT+&.
sD+ \+&.
A

1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6

1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P5

16. +~ |{qT >eT+#+&.

|<s+
eueq >TD+

eT+#T
1.31

sT
1.33

u+H
1.5

sH&d &
1.63

| $\Te\ <s+> @|<s+ +y>+ e> +T+< \|+&.

17. +~ |{qT |]o*+#+&.
eT\ |seDTe
|seDT d+K

k&jT +
11

n\$TjT+
13

b{wjT +
19

| de#s+ <s+> y{ |seDT |]eD\ >T]+ y$T #|>\e ?

175

IV.

dsq de<H >T]+#+&.

(10I

R 5)

18. s+&T yssT b\ c> e< q s+&T |<s\ $wjT+ +~ y{ d]jTq~.

a)
n$ w deTd HsTT.
b)
y{ ws $\Te deq+.
c)
y{ wsX\ $\Te\T y{ <esX\T, $cc\ <s+> eyT #|>\+.
d)
s+&Tb\ 100 ml sT *|, =+ deTjT+ s ] s+&T $TXe\
c> deq+> +T+~.
19. s< u \e&+ e\ s<+ w+ |sT>TT+~. +~ y{ @ $\Te
es+& +T+~ ?
a)
m\H\ &|ty>+
b)
$w s<+
c)
s<+
d)
m\qT\ k+<
20. k<sD $<TY s<+ $\Te 240
< s<+ +~$<+> +&e#T.

1
a)
240
b)
2
c)
> 240
d)

n u$<+. 30 \+ y*>
<

240
|q q de#s+ deT>+> <T.

21. sT~X> |j DdT q <H yX+ njTk+ |u e+ e\ s ~ X $#\q+ #+~+~.

B{ njTk+ ~X .................... y| +T+~.
a)
|eT+ y|
b)
<D+ y|
c)
|y |
d)
+~y|
22. +~ |<s\ @~ \d+> y&T+~ ?
a)
sdH ($cw+ 0.5 cal/g. oC) b)
c)
sT ($cw+ 1 cal/g. oC)
d)

eT+#T ($cw+ 0.5 cal/g. oC)

deTT<\+ ($cw+ 0.95 cal/g. oC)

23. +< e&q <y\ @~ md{eT+ ?

a)
jT ydq *jTTq <e+
b)
c)
ydq <e+
d)

|fq ydq >\ <e+

#&Tydq >\ <e+

176

24. eT\ |seDTe 12 b{qT\THsTT. eT\+ qMq esq |{, @ |]jT&

@ >| +T+~ ?
a)
3e |]jT&, 2e >|
b)
3e |]jT&, 3e >|
c)
2e |]jT& 3e >|
d)
2e |]jT& 2e >|
25.

a, b, c, d

nH q\T>TsT $<sT\T sT, k&jT+ us=H{ eTsk\

nesVD eT+ sXsT. y] mesT d]> >T]+#sT ?
a)
sT > eTsd+ > k&jT+us=H{
b)
eTsd+ > sT > k&jT+us=H{
c)
k&jT+us=H{ > sT > eTsd+
d)
sT > k&jT+us=H{ > eTsd+

pH

26. +~ @#s\ jq+> |<s+ eyT @s&TT+~.

a)
skjTq d+j>+
b)
skjTq $j>+
c)
skjTq kqu+X+
d)
skjTq <+< $j>+
27. +~ nDTe\ < nj +<+ +&<T.
a) NaCl

b) HCl

c) MgCl2

177

d) BaCl2

$\Te\T +

IX.

b<jTT d+d<
(Teacher Readiness)

bs|d+ m+ |ue++> sb+~+q|{ n+<T n+X\T |\\T u> ne>Vq

#dT s+q \\qT k~+#\+f s> >~ sV+# u<Hudq |jT\T deTs+>
sV+#*. u<Hudq |jT b<jTT\T $<sT\T #TsT> bZ+fH eTqeTT s+q
\\T k~keTT. s> >~ u<H u dq |jT bZH eTT+<T b<jTT&T s> >~ sVD
d+d<T\T e*q nedsyT+H +~. q d+d< +& b<jTT&T s>>~ y+ e\
eTq+ s+q \\qT k~+#eTT. b<jTT&T qT s]+#T=q $<|eD\T |\
|+b+~+|#j
T & *+# u<H u dq |jT |\\ T HsT q $<H |u $+ #ksTT. {
u<Hudq |jT bZH eTT+<T b<jTT\T +~ n+X\ d+d< b+~q sTyH
s> sVD bZH*.
jT{ u<q eTT+<T b<jTT&T @$T #j*?
O
O
O
O

O
O

jT{ u~+#+ e\q |\ k~+#*q $<|eD\qT s+#Ty*.

$< |eD\ k<q d+ e&q \qT y{ nqT+< \qT sb+~+#Ty*.
bs D+> ne>Vq |P]> $XwD+> #<y*.
\ |<\qT ueq\qT >T]+ < d++~+q n<q| de#s Reference book +sYH{
<s d]+#*. $$< n+X\| ne>Vq * +&*.
sVD e*q u<Hudq ke deTLsTy*.
|j>X\ d++~+q \ d++~+q u<Hudq ke d]+ |j>+
sV+#& nqTyq yesD *+#*.
jT{ e*q |j> |]s\T, |sq, bC |qT\ e\dq |{\qT, |X\T,
e\T, d+d\qT+& nqTeT, eqsT\qT eTT+< >T]+ y{ dMT]+#Ty*. y{ sVD
q |D[\T, d#q\T, d\V\T sb+~+#Ty*.
bs+ | |\ d s+# d+|Tq\ de#s d]+#Ty*.

178

O
O
O

y] |D[, lesson plan jsT#dTy*. lesson plan jsT #d|&T bs+ es +&
nuk\qT L& <w +#T |]jT&\T {sTT+#*.
|H\ |sesD $< d++~+q \qT bsX\|\/ y\T|\ sV+#{ |\\
ee*q d#q\qT eTT+<T>H sb+~+#Ty*.
u<Hudq |jT |\\T eT+eTT> ds+> V<s+> bZH $<+> \qT
sb+~+#Ty*.
bs+X+ ueq\qT J$+ nqTd+<q+ #dTy*.
bs+X+ u<q yT+ & e|+>, b_+> |X \qT d+<sqTks+> eTT+<T>H sb+~+#Ty*.
bs+X+ es >\ \T bC\ sVD| d#q*y*.

s+s deT> eT+q+ | d+d< :

O

O
O

O
O
O

u<Hudq |jT eTs= eTTKyTq n+X+ s+s deT> eT+q+ s+s deT>
eT+q+| b<jTT&T |P]> ne>Vq *Z +&*. y{sVD +~ n+X\ d+d<T
+&*.
y] |D[H Summative d+>VD eT+q B\qT s]+#Ty*.
sD eT+q+ | |P] ne>Vq *Z +&*. s> sD eT+
d++~+ $<] y> s+q ]dsY $ys\qT qy<T #j*.
sD eTq+ |<q+> H\TZ n+X\ | $<] k~+q |> qy<T #j*.
y{ $es\T |\\ eTT+< d+#*.
| $<] sD eT+q+ FA sV+#e*q (4) Register \ sVD | $<sT\
d#q*y*. i) Answer note book ii) Project book iii) Lab activitis book iv) Slip test book.
| H\TZ Register \qT d+es+bT u <+ > n~sT\ |]o\q =s u <|s $<+ > d#q*y*.
sD eT+q+ u>+> |\\T ydq d+ de<H\qT s]+#Ty*.
|={, >&TqT+&, test paper \qT+& ydq de<q\T @ $< de<H\T $<+>
+&+& d++> yd $<q+ | q d#q*y*.
|\\T d++> de<H\T yd $<+> q s#sD |D[qT bsX\ bs+u+ qT+&
sb+~+#Ty*.
H\=k] | $<] sD eT+q+ u>+> |j>X\ sV+# $<+>
@sT#j *.
179

O
O
O

O
O

O
O
O

|j>+ sV+#|&T |]o*#*q n+X\| eTT+< ne>Vq *Z +&*.

|\\ bC |qT\qT d#q\ <s+> eT++qT #j*.
FA u>+>H bs+
es nu dq yTsT>T|sT +<+ +~ q |X \ de<H\T d++>
sd $<+> nud+ #j*.
$< |eD\qT D+> ns+#dT= $< |eD\ <s+> |X| sb+~+#Ty*.
de<q |+ eT+q+ #dq sTy yTT+ esT\ <s+> >&qT ssTT+#T >&+>
$<q+| eT+ ne>Vq *e+&*.
$< |eD\ y> us ne>Vq #dT |X| jsT#dTy*.
|\\ d++> |X\ yT\T sjT{ M\T> |D[ jsT #dTy*.
y] |\ T (|<e s> ) =s |\\ qT d+d<T \ T #jT { qq |\ d+dsD | ne>Vq
@ssT#= bsX\ bs+u+ qT+& u<Hudq |jT esT#dTy*.
$<sT\ s+s |> n+#HyjTT d+<]+# bsX\ |sy +< | $<]y>
FA / SA >&T\ ]dsY bT> b<jTT d+d< seT$es\T lesson plan, unit plan
bT> n+<TuT +#* n<$<+> | $<] jTT FA d++~+q H\T>T
n+X\Tq 200 |J\ HT|d + Records (ie.project) lab record, slip test, note books n+<TuT
+#*. SA yT\T |\T eT+q+ #d d+<s\ =s n+<TuT +#*.
$< |eD\T <s+>H |X| sb+~+#* | eTTKyTq |X\T Important |X\T
n >T]+ |X|+ |X\T sTTeL&<T.
y] |\ |\\T $Xd+ mTe+{ & +& V+> q ue |qqT
d++> *jT|s $<+> $<sT\ q s#sD |D[qT bsX\ bs+u+qT+& jsT
#dT= neT\T|s#*.
|H\ $<]y]> |> H\=k] ]> *+&T\ deyX+ #]+#*. y~qT | ksTT
n~sT\ |+b*.

180

X.

Xd |j
>X\

JeXd |j>X\
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

JeXd+ |j>\ beTTK @$T{?

bs|d, |j>X\ @$T d++<+ e+~?
|j>X\qT @$<+> sV+#*.
|j>+ sV+# eTT+<T, sV+#|&T, s @$T#j*.
JeXd |j>X\ b<jTT&T sV+# e\dq b @$T{?
JeXd+ 10e s> bs+X\ d++~+ |j>\T sV+#& e*q de,
skjTH\T @$T{?

|j>\T #jT&+ $CqXd+ eTTKyTq |j H|D+. Xd k+ $|e+

|j>\ neT\yTq kq+ e+~. Xdy\T #dq nH |j>|*\T eqe J$+
mH $|y esT\ eT\+. sHsdt q |j>\ <s eT]j $T J$ #]qT
qT>=HsT. n+<T JeXd CH ]+#Te&+ d+<sqTks+> $<sT djT+> |j >\T
#d ueq\T, d\T ns+#dTH JeXd b<jTT&T w#j*. <s $<sT\ Cq
sD+ #j*. Te+{ |j>\T #jT&+ e\q $<sT\ XdjT << n\esTe#T.
JeXd+ n< jTq #jT &+ |j H| D\ |j >\ $w kq+ e+~. $<sT\
+q keTs\qT k~+#& |]ds\ n+<TuT eq ke < |j> |]s\
$<sT djT+> #d |]o*+ |*\qT \TdTe&yT |j>+. JeXd+ nH n+X\
d<] |]o*+#&+ neds+. { b<jTT&T $<sT\ d<] |j+#&+,
d&T\T jsT#jT&+ H|D+ b+< sb+~+#*. JeXd |j>X\ e\+ |j>
+& | |]o\q\T (< :` yTT\ u>\T, T\T, Je\ qeTH\T) L& +>
|]o*+#&+ \\T >T]+#&+, |{\T ^jT&+ e+{ n+X\ D y*.

|j>\ beTTK
1.
2.

JeXd d\qT, d\qT, jTe\qT, TTEe#d ne>Vq *+#T+{sT.

J$+ ]> nH s\ #s\ |]cs+ qT>=H keTs+ e~ \T>TT+~.
181

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

m+<T, @$T{? m nH |X\ de<H\T \TdT>\T>TsTT.

JeXd+ | d |+#T+{sT.
= |j>\T #jT& |PqT+{sT.
JeXk dV yesD+ HsT+{sT.
ueq\T ns+#dTH+<T eT]jTT #d HsTe& (<s |<) |j>X\
M\T *dT+~. J$+ nqTueeTjT nH eqsT\T deTd\ |ej\T
+#& M\T *dT+~.

bs|d+ ` |j>X\
10e s> JeXd bs|d+ dV> |j> B| e+{~. ~ |j>\T, \T
|sq yTT<\>T XdjT |< $CqXd+ n<jTH &&TT+~. +#T$T+#T> |
bs+ |j >X\ \T e+&H e+{sTT. y = bs\ |j >X\ + b sTTq|{
n+<T e&q \qT |j>X\ \T> es M\TqT bs|d+ b<jTT
*dT+~. bs |d+ = $q |j>\L& b<jTT&T dV> +>,
d]+> $<sT\# #sTT+#e#T.
<VsD |T ` |qsT< eed bs+ deT$uq |]o*#& |j>X\ +
e<T. *ys deT$uq d<] dVjT+ |]o*+#& q |j>X\
+> ese#T. nH jT+D deTqjT eed bs+ y+{ |j> |j>X\
yjTe#T. @<q |j>X\ + #jT& +~> +f y{ |ejT+ + dV>
$<sT\T eT #T e+& |]ds\qT+& eqsT\T d]+ #jT& b<jTT bs|d+
ydT\TuTqT *dT+~. |\ XdjT |< +#&, |#jT& bVdT+~.
Xdy s]+q deTk |]cs+ d+ |#jT&T. n&T |#dTb e+& d+<s\ =
qq $wsD\T sT>TsTT. eT]= qq deTd\T qeTesTT. ~ dV+> s+<+
+&d#> dH+> sT>TT+~. B <w +#T= bs|d+ |j>X\ \T
sb+~+#&+ ]+~. | bs+ s> >~ u<q, |j>X\ + n s+&T u>\T> $u+
+T+~. n+f bs+ |j>X\ + n+s>+> +T+~. { |j>X\ \qT
|d]> |\\ #sTT+#*. bs+ |PssTTq sy #sTT+#e#T n u$+#L&<T. |j>X\
\T sV+#|&T XdjT |< kbH\T nqTd]+# |\\ <Ty*. |j>
y~\T sb+~+|Cd |<]+|Cj*.
|j>\T #sTT+#&+ b<jTT&T u |]jT&qT m sV+# \TdTy*.
O

|j> bs+X+ >T]+ |P]> #]+#*. |j> eXqT $$]+#*.

|j> |*\qT }V+#eTH*. #q\T s+# |X\T n&>*.

182

O
O
O
O

O
O

e\dq |]s\qT m+|#dTe&+, y{ d]> neTs&+ |\ |P]> bZH*. u<

rdTy*. rdTe\dq C>\ >T]+ #]+#*.
|j>+ sV+#|&T |]o*+#*q n+X\ >T]+ *jTCj*.
|]o\H+X\qT C>> qy<T #j*. |*\qT $Xw+#*.
|]o\H+X\ <s+> T|{\qT ^jTeTH*.
|j>X\ y~ |j> $<H ssTT+#*. B |{\T, >|\T, b#sT\T yTT<qe
+&*.
eq |*\qT $Xw+ $<+> se& >\ sD\qT $<sT\ #]+#*.
eTT+< }V+q |*\, eq |*\ d]b*. @yH &\T+f y{ >\ sD\qT
nHw+#*.
s+q |j>+ |PssTTq sy #s\ esTd |j>+ #sTT+#*. y{ <s @@
|*\T e#j >eT+#*. y{| +> #]+#*.

|\\T |j>\T #dTq|&T b<jTT\T @$T #j*.

O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

|j>+ sT>TTq $<H |]o*+#*.

|]s\qT |j+# $<q+ eT]jTT neT] >eT+#*.
|j> deTjT+ b<jTT&T #H |X\T n&>TT+&*.
|j>\T |]o*dTq|&T |\\ e# d+<V\qT qy<T #dTy*.
$wj d++~+q ueq\qT |j> |Ps+> m sVdTHs |]o*+#*.
ssD d++<\qT >T]+|Cj*.
d]jTq Xd k+ |<C\+ |j+ $e]+#*.
d<] |]o*+q n+X\ T |{\T ^sTT+#*, u>\qT >T]+|Cj*.

|j>+ ]q sTy @$T#j*.

O
O
O
O
O
O

|]o*+q n+X\qT>T]+ #]+#*.

eTT+<T> ssTT+#Tq |]\q\T @$<+> sTEejj s]+#Ty*.
|] nqTuy\T |j> |*\ @ $<+> d]bTHj #]+#Ty*.
|]\q\, |j> sVD<s eq |*\ >\ d+<\qT, &\qT >T]+|Cj*.
|j> |*\qT $Xw+#*.
|j> |*\T J$+ m nqsTT+#Ty $e]+#*

183

XI.

$CqXd eqsT\T

$CqXd Cq s+s+ esT #+<TT+~ n+f n_e~ #+<+. n_e~ eqy[ JeqX*
yTsT>T|s {, | b&&, d]> d~j>+ #dT e& |j >|& T T+~.qT b<jTT&T
dH ]> esT\qT, y{ d++~+q n+X\qT ne>Vq #dTe\d edT+~. B n&T nH
eqsT\| <s|&e\d edT+~. B eTTKyTq~ ]|sH T.
qH >TsTs D jTe $w]+#+ > *j, |s Y e+{ y] s#q \T sDeTjsTT.
qdH k| d<++ qT=q&+ eH sdq |d\T sDeTjsTT. e\+ |d $wj\qT
d+>V+#& eyT > dH jTT |]~, qT+&, $e]+#+& $T*q $wj\qT
>V+, y{ de<H\T y+ $j+#*. k<sD+> ]|sH T $TeT* |+#
n+X\T # +{sTT. y{ ne>Vq #dT= u<H eT+ y& eT+ |*\T eksTT.
$CqXk n+<] n+<TuT #T $$< d+d\T, bsX\\T, |uT\T, e\T
|jTdTHsT. Bd+ # yud{qT jsT#d qq de#s, |j> sVD, |]s\
j y{ n+<TuT dTq~. < eT+ = eT+ e>CH L& HsTT.
MT eqsT\T MT CqwqT |+#&, $TeTT* >&#jT& b+>H <V<|&sTT.
n+<Te\ = eqsT\qT y{ C_\T e&+ ]+~.

uXd+ ` 10e s> ` eqsT\T

1. w+
1. #eTT, qT| d\ < seTT, dteTT\Tq u.
2. >E >dT\T, <sMTsY.
3. >E >dT\T, & \sY.
4. ;sT.
5. >E=f, |H[\T, ]{sT k+&T\T.
6. |< ;sT, q ;sT , b~, THdH ssY, kssTTB|+.
7. &|sY.
8. >E >dT.
10. eT q dk\T.
11. skjTq |<s\T: =]qH, d]{.
184

2. skjTq #s\T ` dMTsD\T

3. + |sesq+

b& dTq+, & dTq+

k&jT + d {
u]jT+ s &
V&] eT+
+ eTT\T, b&
n\$TjT+ V+
qT|eTT\T
yT^wjT+ ]H
*jT + s=H{
& Hf{
& &
>|{ &\ T
d\sY uyT&
|sY d {
& njTT&&
b{wjT + H f{
s r>\T
X+e |
{+>
>E>={\T
ssT sY\T
]{sT k+&
+|t\T
ssY >={\T
bd eT>TZ\T
9 z\T\ u\T
qT| ;\\T
#H &wt
qT| e\\T
<~

|HV yTs
n<+
&sTT+> ||sY
>T+&Td<T\T
+|t\T
d
|
ssYeTT\T
byTeTT\T
>s <sD\T
deT\ <sD\T
=y=T\ T
#~eT\T
|{s <sD\T
$ k+&

4. e\T ` s\T ` \eD\T

V&] eT+
d\] eT+
qeT+
md{ eT+
k&jT+ V&&
*jT + V & &
yT^wjT+ V&&
nyjT+ V & &
b{wjT+ V&&
$T< s+C d
|H|H <eD+
\e+>+ qH
y
k&jT + s=H{
|sY &
185

>C
\V
|sY d { d{ \T
y#Y>d\t T
ms *dt \T
* *dt \T
>T&e TT\T
nZ|f\ T
~d >sT
\T\T
sr>\T
230 z\T\ u
yjTT yVH\T
|.V#Y. d\T

7. eqe qT
s (b&yq~)
|.$.d ||\T
+|t\T
+{ qeTH
>T+&Td<T\T
d\T
De
&dH f
n<+
k&jT+ <j d{ (Vb)

8. |seDT sD+
$<T<jTk+ es| #sT
V& es|+ #sT
usY, keTsY| |seDT qeTH\ #sT
$$< ]{ C$TrjT T\ #sT
ysTT\sY &j>yT #sT
|seDT m\H $Hk\ #sT
L| s &
kjT + s &
b{q+ r>

5. deT\ e< + #ueq+

T e >E=f\T
HDeTT\T
{sY {
sY {
ns es >E~yT
|T Hs >E~yT
6. e \ e< + eue q+
d#Y |qT\T
~+us \T
~|{s \T
deT\ +us \T
deT\ |{s \T
+us |{s \T
+us \T
|{s \T

9. eT\\ eZsD ` esq |{

yT+&y, q+&, &sYsY, yd \T
yT+&y esq |{ #sT
<T esq |{ #sT

10. skjTq +<+

nDT sD\T $e]+#& M\T> u, d
qeTH\T
\sT #T\ |< $$< nDT sD\qT
*| #sT
MT<H, sT, nyj, u]jT+ s&, usH
f bs& nDT T\ qeTH\T
186

11. $<TY |yV+

u\T, d#Y\T, \T\T, $<TY r>\T, s r>\T, HH r>\T, }\T <s+.
nMTsY, z\T MTsY, eT MTsY, m..&. \T\T, @ eT+<+ *q qT| r>\T.

12. $<T<jTk++
<+&jTk+\T
njTk+ ~L
r>#T \T
k*HsTT&
#~eT\T
$<TY ysY
yT qTeTT db\T
s r>
>\HMTsY
m\ qssY

13. V Xd+
V\T y{ eTT&KC\ #sT
us<X+ KC\T <=] b+\T d+# |+
]ess =*$T, z|H VsY =*$T qeTH\T < |{\T

14. sH < dyTH\T

u>TZ
>|{
sH d+sD\qT *| #sT
e+, $TwsY |\H, >|H qeTH\T
$$< s\ sq |<s\ |yTjT deTV\qT *| #sT
$$< s\ sq |<s\ skjTq He\T, k+\qT *| #sT
n\{ \V <eD+
md{ eT+

187

TEACHERS' RESOURCE BAG

Some Resource Books that Help make Science Fun
1

The Third Book of Experiments, Leonard De Vries, Carousel Books

Science Works, Ontario Science Centre, Ontario

Toying Around with Science, Bob Friedhoffer, Franklin Watts, New York

The Science Explorer, P. Murphy, E. Klages, L. Shore, An Owl Book

700 Science Experiments for Everyone, Compiled by UNESCO, Doubleday

100 Amazing Science Fair Projects, Glen Vecchione, Goodwill Publishing House, New Delhi

365 Simple Science Experiments with Everyday Materials, Richard Churchill, Sterling Publishers

The Book of Experiments, Leonard De Vries, Carousel

Joy of Learning, (Standards 3 to 5), Center for Environmental Education, Ahmedabad, India

10

Experiments for You, John Tollyfield, Evans Brothers, London

11

How to Turn Water Upside-Down, Ralph Levinson, Beaver Books, London

12

Experiments with Everyday Objects, Kevin Goldstein-Jachson, Granada Publishing, New

York

13

Simple Science Experiments, Batstord, Hans Jurgen Prees

14

Let's Discover Science, David Horsburgh, Oxford University Press

15

Chai Ki Pyali Mein Paheli, Partho Ghosh & Dipandar Home (Hindi) National Book Trust,
New Delhi 110016

16

UNESCO Source book for Science in the Primary School, Harlen & Elstgeest, National
Book Trust, New Delhi 110016

17

Soap Bubbles, C.V. Boys, (Eng/Hin), Vigyan Prasar, C-24 Qutub Institutional Area, New
Delhi 110016

18

The Chemical History of a Candle, Michael Faraday (Eng/Hin), Vigyan Prasar, New Delhi,
info@Vigyanprasar.gov.in

19

Science in Everyday Life, J.B.S. Haldane, Vigyan Prasar, New Delhi, info@Vigyanprasar.gov.in

20

VSO Science Teacher's Handbook, Andy Byers, Ann Childs, Chris Lane (Hindi) Eklavya,
Bhopal, pitara@eklavya.in

21

Environment & Self-Reliance, Yona Friedman, Eda Schaur (Eng/Hin), Vigyan Prasar, New
Delhi

22

Energy & Self-Reliance, Yona Friedman, (Eng/Hin) Vigyan Prasar, New Delhi,
info@vigyanprasar.gov.in

188

23

The Story of Physics, T. Pammanabhan (Eng/Hin) Vigyan Prasar, New

Delhi,info@vigyanprasar.gov.in

24

On the Various Forces of Nature, Michael Faraday, Vigyan Prasar, New Delhi,
info@vigyanprasar.gov.in

25

The Insect World of J. Henri Fabre, Vigyan Prasar, New Delhi, info@vigyanprasar.gov.in

26

The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, Vigyan Prasar, New Delhi, info@vigyanprasar.gov.in

27

The Bicycle Story, Vijay Gupta, Vigyan Prasar, New Delhi, info@vigyanprasar.gov.in

28

Aakash Darshan Atlas, Gopal Ramchandra Paranjpe, NCERT, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New
Delhi 110016

29

Preparation for Understanding, Keith Warren, illus. by Julia Warren, UNESCO

30

Resonance Journal of Science Education, Indian Academy of Sciences

31

Balvignanic, Eklavya, Bhopal

Courtesy : Aha! Activities, Eklavya, Bhopal

Websites & E-Resources for Middle and Primary School

Science
1.
2.

LET'S DISCOVER SCIENCE PART I By David Horsburgh (out of print but downloadable
as a pdf file from the link: http://vidyaonline.org/arvindgupta/david1.pdf)
LET'S DISCOVER SCIENCE PART II By David Horsburgh (out of print but downloadable
as a pdf file from the link:
http://vidyaonline.org/arvindgupta/david2.pdf)

3.

LET'S DISCOVER SCIENCE PART III By David Horsburgh (out of print but downloadable
as a pdf file from the link:
http://vidyaonline.org/arvindgupta/david3.pdf)

4.

LET'S DISCOVER SCIENCE PART IV By David Horsburgh (out of print but downloadable
as a pdf file from the link:
http://vidyaonline.org/arvindgupta/david4.pdf)

5.

LET'S DISCOVER SCIENCE PART V By David Horsburgh (out of print but downloadable
as a pdf file from the link:
http://vidyaonline.org/arvindgupta/david5.pdf)

6.

LEARNING ABOUT LIVING PART ONE By David Horsburgh (out of print but
downloadable as a pdf file from the link:
http://vidyaonline.org/arvindgupta/D6.pdf )

7.

LEARNING ABOUT LIVING PART THREE By David Horsburgh (out of print but
downloadable as a pdf file from the link:http://vidyaonline.org/arvindgupta/D7.pdf )

189

8.

THINKING AND DOING By David Horsburgh (out of print but downloadable as a pdf file
from the link: http://vidyaonline.org/arvindgupta/ thinkanddo.pdf)

9.

SMALL SCIENCE for Classes I to V (with the accompanying Workbooks and Teachers'
Books) Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education,TIFR, Mumbai. http://www.hbcse.tifr.res.in/
smallscience.

10.

http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/ contains an enormous list of books on enlivening science

learning, rated by Arvind Gupta. Many of them can be downloaded for free.

11.

LOW COST EQUIPMENT FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION Vol. 1 - Compiled by UNESCO
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001023 /102321eb.pdf Provides ideas on how to make
school science equipment using inexpensive materials.

12.

LOW COST EQUIPMENT FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION Vol. 2 - Compiled by UNESCO http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000728/072808eb.pdf Provides ideas on how to make
school science equipment using inexpensive materials.

13.

http://www.exploratorium.edu/ is a fascinating website with tons of resources, activities and

continuous updating to reflect the latest developments in the field.

14.

http://www.johnkyrk.com/ has links to animations of cell structure, cell biology, DNA, etc.

15.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/scienceclips/ages/8_9/circuits_conductors_fs.shtml has an interactive tutorial on conductors.

16.

http://www.primaryschool.com.au/scienceresults.php?kla=Science%20and%20Technology&
unit=Switched%20On has links to several interactive lessons like the one above.

17.

http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/pathdiscovery.html allows the user to simulate online repetitions of famous experiments or inventions.

18.

http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/greatscientists/has biographies of Indian scientists.

19.

http://www-gap.dcs.st and.ac.uk/~history/Indexes/Indians.html has info on ancient Indian

mathematicians.

20.

http://www.calcuttaweb.com/people/snbose.shtml has some more biographies of Indian scientists.

21.

http://www.shodor.org/succeed/curriculum/FOR/observation.html contains an interactive module to test one's observation powers.

22.

http://www.scienceclass.net/PowerPoints/NOS_Test_Review.ppt contains a PPT that talks of

the nature of science.

23.

http://www.scienceclass.net/PowerPoints/NOS_Test_ReviewGT.ppt contains a second such

PPT.

24.

http://www.scienceclass.net/Teachers_Lessons.htm contains many valuable links to lessons on

science topics for middle school level.
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25.

http://www.science-class.net/TAKS/taks.htm has many links to PPTs that elaborate specific

concepts for middle school.

26.

http://teachers.net/lessons/posts/1228.html (a website leading from http://www.curriki.org/xwiki/

bin/view/Coll_rml ucas/LabClassificationofShoes?bc=;Coll_rmlucas.10 Classification) describes
an activity wherein children have to classify shoes, so as to understand the importance of
classification. (Useful in all branches of science, particularly chemistry and biology.)

27.

http://www.encyclomedia.com/videoarctic_food_chain.html has a video on the arctic food chain.

28.

http://www.kbears.com/ocean/octopus/index.html has a presentation and info on the octopus.

29.

http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngexplorer/0309/articles/mainarticle.html contains rich info

on underwater life.

30.

http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info has a plethora of links and info on animals.

31.

http://www.seaworld.org/fun-zone/coloringbooks/pdf/emp-penguin.pdf has a colouring page

for kids to have fun, when learning about animals.

32.

http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/Animals/CreatureFeature/ is a superb site where you can

click on an animal to find out more about it. The 'more' includes facts, a video with sound,
a map of places where it can be found, etc.

33.

Resources for Teaching Middle School Science (1998) - http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?

record_id=5774 (ISBN 0309057817) National Science Resources Center of the National
Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and the
Smithsonian Institution

34.

Resources for Teaching Elementary School Science (1996) - http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?

record_id=4966 (ISBN 0309052939) National Science Resources Center of the National
Academy of Sciences and the Smithsonian Institution

35.

http://www.exploratorium.edu/explore/handson.html contains many online as well as hands on

activities for children of this age group and younger.

36.

http://fi.edu/tfi/activity/act-summ.html contains many online as well as hands on activities for

children of this age group and younger.

37.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/scienceclips/ages/10_11/science_10_11.shtml contains activities

listed alphabetically, topic wise.

38.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/scienceclips/ages/9_10/changing_sounds.shtml contains simple

sorting and tabulation exercises for Class V and below.

39.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/scienceclips ages/10_11/forces_action.shtml contains more complicated tabulation and interpretation exercises for Class VI/VII.

40.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/teachers/ks4/bitesize_chemistry.shtml contains chemistry assessment worksheets for Classes VIII and IX.

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41.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/chemistry/classifyingmaterials/ contains exercises for

assessing classification of matter, atomic structure, bonding and formulae/equations for Class
VIII and above.

42.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/physics/electricity/ has some thinking-type questions

for Class VIII and above.

43.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/physics/forces/ has excellent questions for Classes

VII, VIII and above.

44.

http://cse.edc.org/products/onlinecurr/catalog.asp has an online catalogue of web-based resources for middle and elementary school science.
http://www.explorelearning.com/index.cfm? method=cResource.dspView&ResourceID=491 has
a beautiful animation of the photoelectric effect, can be shown to Class VIII.
http://www.explorelearning.com has a number of interactive simulations to learn science, appropriate for this age group.
http://cse.edc.org/products/onlinecurr/WBMISearchResults.asp has a complete list of topics
and the modules available therein, for students of this age group and a little older as well.
http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Science/Scients.htm has links to biographies of
scientists.
http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/pathdiscovery.html is a website with a collection of links for
discovery and invention.
http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/science/sciencesbook.html is an Internet Sourcebook for the
History of Science.
http://www.middleschoolscience.com/tunefork.htm has a good activity for learning about the
tuning fork and sound vibrations, suitable for Classes VII and VIII.
http://www.pbs.org/benfranklin/exp_shocking.html has a lovely interactive simulation of the
kite experiment performed by Benjamin Franklin.
http://www.pbs.org/teachers/sciencetech/ has grade-wise, topic-wise lesson plans for middle
and primary school science teaching.
http://www.learner.org/resources/series90.html has a set of videos on the science of teaching
science.
h t t p : / / w w w. o u t l o o k i n d i a . c o m / s c r i p t u r 11 w 2 . a s p ? a c t = s i g n & u r l = /
full.asp?fodname=20050328&fname=Science&sid=1 has Nobel Prize-Winning Science Discoveries made palatable for children.
http://www.teachernet.gov.uk/teachingandlearning/subjects/science/science_teaching_resources/
provides links to a number of e-teaching learning resources for primary science.
http://www.firstscience.com/home/ is a leading online popular science magazine featuring articles on important breakthroughs, the latest science news, video clips, blogs, poems, facts,
games and a whole lot more science-related content.
Chakmak: Science magazine for children http://www.eklavya.in/go/
index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=13&id=57&Itemid=84

45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.

56.
57.

58.

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59.
60.
61.

62.
63.
64.

Sandarbh: A resource bank for teachers http://www.eklavya.in/go/

index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=13&id=51&Itemid=72
Srote: Science and Technology features -http://www.eklavya.in/go/
index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=13&id=56&Itemid=81
http://www.gobartimes.org/20090315/20090315.asp is a bi-monthly children's magazine highlighting news and views on environment and development through comic strips, cartoons,
quizzes, essay competitions and interactive pages. It also serves as a useful teaching aid in
classroomsfor teachers.
http://edugreen.teri.res.in/index.asp is a website for children that makes environmental learning
fun
http://www.nuffieldcurriculumcentre.org/go/Default.html provides links to websites of various
science projects that undertake to enliven science teaching
http://www.exploratorium.edu/ifi/resources/workshops/teachingforconcept.html provides a link
to the paper Teaching for Conceptual Change: Confronting Children's Experience; Watson,
Bruce and Richard Kopnicek; Phi Delta Kappan, May 1990.

Some Important Organisations in Science Education

S.No. Name of the Organisation

Contact Details

1.

Agastya International
Foundation

Address : Kataria House, 219 Kamaraj Road,

Bangalore - 560042. Phone : 080-25548913-16
Website : www.agastya.org E-Mail : Maagastya@vsnl.com

Avehi-Abacus Project

Address : Third floor, K.K. Marg Municipal School,

Saat Rasta, Mahalaxmi, Mumbai- 400 011
Phone : (022)2307 5231, (022)2305 2790
Website : http://avehiabacus.org E-mail : avcab@vsnl.com

Bangalore Association for

Science Education (BASE)

Address : Jawaharlal Nehru Planetarium,

Sri. T. Chowdaiah Road, High Grounds, Bangalore-560001
Phone : 080-22266084, 22203234
Website : http://www.taralaya.org
E-Mail : taralaya@vsnl.com

Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samiti/

Indian Organisation for
Learning and Science

Address : Basement of Y.W.A. Hostel No. II, Avenue - 21,

G-Block, Saket, New Delhi-110 017.
Phone : 011-2656 9943, Website : http://www.bgvs.org
E-Mail : bgvs_delhi@yahoo.co.in, bgvsdelhi@gmail.com

Center for Environment

Education

Address : Nehru Foundation for Development,

Thaltej Tekra, Ahmedabad - 380 054, Gujarat
Phone : 079-26858002
Website : http://www.ceeindia.org
E-Mail : cee@ceeindia.org
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S.No. Name of the Organisation

Contact Details

Center for Science and

Environment

Address : 41, Tughlakabad Institutional Area,

New Delhi-110062, INDIA Phone : 011-29955124/25,
29956394, 29956401, 29956399
Website : http://www.cseindia.org
E-Mail : cse@cseindia.org

C.P.R. Environmental
Address : The C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation No.1,
Education Centre (CPREEC) Eldams Road, Alwarpet, Chennai Tamilnadu, India-600 018
Phone : 044-24337023, 24346526, 24349366
Website : www.cpreec.org
E-Mail : cpreec@vsnl.com, ecoheritage_cpreec@vsnl.net

Eklavya

Address : E-10, BDA Colony, Shankar Nagar,

Shivaji Nagar, Bhopal - 462 016 Madhya Pradesh, India
Phone : 0755-267 1017, 255 1109
Website : http://eklavya.in

Eklavya Institute of Teacher

Education (EI)

Address : Eklavya Education Foundation, Core House,

Off. C.G.Road, Ellisbridge, Ahmedabad-6
Phone : 079-26461629, Website : www.eklavya.org
E-mail : eklavya@ekalavya.org

10

Homi Bhabha Centre for

Address : Mr. H C Pradhan, Tata Institute of Fundamental
Science Education Research, V.N. Purav Marg, Mankhurd, Mumbai, 400088
Phone : 022-25554712, 25580036
Website : www.hbcse.tifr.res.in
E-Mail : postmaster@hbcse.tifr.res.in

11

Indian Science Congress

Association

Address : 14, Dr. Biresh Guha Street, Kolkata - 17

Phone : 033-2287 4530
Website : http://sciencecongress.nic.in
E-mail : iscacal@vsnl.net

12

Kalpavriksh Environment
Action Group

Address : 134, Tower 10, Supreme Enclave, Mayur Vihar,

Phase 1, Delhi 110 09 Phone : 011-22753714
Website : http://www.kalpavriksh.org

13

Kerala Sastra
Sahitya Parishad

Address : Parishad Bhavan, Chalappuram PO,

Kozhikkode - 673 002, Kerala, India
Phone : 0495-2701919, 9447038195
Website : http://www.kssp.org.in
E-Mail : gskssp@gmail.com

14

National Council for

Science & Technology
Communication (NCSTC)

Address : Department of Science & Technology Technology

Bhavan, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi-11001
Phone : 011-26567373, 26962819
Website : www.dst.gov.in E-Mail : dstinfo at nic dot in
194

S.No. Name of the Organisation

Contact Details

15

Navanirmiti

Address : Navnirmiti, 301,302,303, 3rd floor, A wing,

Priyadarshani Apartment, Padmavati Road, IIT Market
Gate, Powai, Mumbai- 400 076.
Phone ; 022-25773215, 25786520
Website : www.navnirmiti.org
E-mail : contact@navnirmiti.org

16

Nuffield Foundation

Address : 28 Bedford Square London WC1B 3JS

Phone : 020 7631 0566, 020 7580 7434
Website : www.nuffieldfoundation.org
E-mail : info@nuffieldfoundation.org

17

Rajiv Gandhi Foundation

Address : Jawahar Bhawan, Dr. Rajendra, Prasad Road

New Delhi - 110 001, INDIA
Phone : 011-23755117, 23312456
Website : www.rgfindia.org E-mail : info@rgfindia.org

18

State Institute of science

education

Address : S.I.S.E (Rajya Vigyan Sansthan),

P.S.M Campus, Jabalpur, M.P. 482001
Phone : 0761-2625776 Website : http://sisejbp.nic.in

19

Sutradhar

Address : 59/1, 3rd Cross, 10th A Main, Indiranagar

2 Stage, Bangalore 560038. Phone : 080-25288545
Website : www.sutradhar.com E-Mail : sutra@vsnl.com

20

Tamil Nadu Science Forum

Address : Balaji Sampath, C2 Ratna Apts. AH 250,

Shanti Colony, Annanagar, Chennai-600040,
TAMIL NADU Phone : 044-26213638
Website : bsampath@eng.umd.edu

21

Tamil Nadu State Council for Address : Directorate of Technical Education Campus,
Science and Technology,
Chennai 25. Phone : 022-22301428
Website : www.tanscst.org
E-mail : enquiry@tnscst.org

22

Vidya Bhawan Society

Address : Fatehpura, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001

Phone : 0294 2450911
Website : http://www.vidyabhawan.org
E-Mail : info@vidyabhawan.org, vbsudr@yahoo.com

23

Vikram A Sarabhai
Community Science Center

Address : Opp. Gujarat University, Navrangpura,

Ahmedabad - 380 009 Phone : 079-26302085,26302914
Website : www.vascsc.org, E-Mail : info@vascsc.org

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