Planets

Mercury

Mercury's orbit is highly eccentric; at perihelion it is only 46 million km from
the Sun but at aphelion it is 70 million. The position of the perihelion precesses
around the Sun at a very slow rate. 19th century astronomers made very careful
observations of Mercury's orbital parameters but could not adequately explain
them using Newtonian mechanics. The tiny differences between the observed
and predicted values were a minor but nagging problem for many decades. It was thought that another
planet (sometimes called Vulcan) slightly closer to the Sun than Mercury might
account for the discrepancy. But despite much effort, no such planet was found.
The real answer turned out to be much more dramatic: Einstein's General Theory
of Relativity! Its correct prediction of the motions of Mercury was an important
factor in the early acceptance of the theory.
Venus
Venus' rotation is somewhat unusual in that it is both very slow (243 Earth days
per Venus day, slightly longer than Venus' year) and retrograde. In addition, the
periods of Venus' rotation and of its orbit are
synchronized such that it always presents the
same face toward Earth when the two planets are
at their closest approach. Whether this is a
resonance effect or merely a coincidence is not
known.

Mars
Mars' orbit is significantly elliptical. One result of this is a temperature variation of about
30 C at the subsolar point between aphelion and perihelion. This has a
major influence on Mars' climate. While the average temperature on Mars
is about 218 K (-55 C, -67 F), Martian surface temperatures range widely
from as little as 140 K (-133 C, -207 F) at the winter pole to almost 300 K (27 C, 80 F)
on the day side during summer.