m.

macaberiZe

bunebrivi nivTierebebi da
maTi gamoyenebis perspeqtivebi
axali bazrebis Seqmnis teqnologiis
komponentebis gamoyenebiT

`teqnikuri universiteti”@
 saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

m. macaberiZe

bunebrivi nivTierebebi da
maTi gamoyenebis perspeqtivebi
axali bazrebis Seqmnis teqnologiis
komponentebis gamoyenebiT

registrirebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo
sabWos mier

Tbilisi
2009
 saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos teqnikuri uni-
versitetis qimiuri teqnologiisa da metalurgiis fakultetis
qimiuri da kvebis produqtebis eqspertizis, araorganul nivTiere-
baTa da sayofacxovrebo qimiis produqtebis specializaciis stu-
dentebisaTvis da exeba maRalefeqturi samkurnalo preparatebis,
aseve sxvadasxva samrewvelo daniSnulebis masalebis warmoebis
problemebs axali bazrebis Seqmnis teqnologiis gamoyenebiT.
aseve, naSromSi warmodgenili masalebi gankuTvnilia sxva-
dasxva profilis teqnologebisaTvis, biologebisaTvis, medicinis
muSakebisa da farmakologebisaTvis.

recenzentebi: sruli profesori, t.m.d., l. gvasalia

sruli profesori, q.m.d., T. xoStaria

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-14-211-6
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,
ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu
meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis
gareSe.
saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.
 cfhxtdb

Sesavlis magier................................................................................................................... 4

1. bunebrivi nivTierebebi .................................................................................. 5

1.1. vitaminebi ..................................................................................................................10
1.2. fermentebi ................................................................................................................ 15
1.3. cocxali ujredi da bunebrivi nivTierebebi ............................22
1.3.1. ujredis cikli .....................................................................................................22
1.3.2. simsivnuri ujredebis invazia da metastazireba....................25
1.4. faunis roli cnobili samkurnalo saSualebebis
Seqmnis saqmeSi da cxovelTa samyaros
Tanamedrove mniSvneloba medicinisaTvis ................................36
1.4.1. zRvis cxovelebi da farmakologia ...................................................36
1.4.2. amfibiebisagan miRebuli samkurnalo
saSualebebi .............................................................................................................48
1.4.3. qvewarmavlebisagan miRebuli samkurnalo
saSualebebi .............................................................................................................53
1.4.4. mwerebisagan miRebuli samkurnalo
preparatebi.............................................................................................................59
1.4.5. feromonebi _ cxovelTa komunikaciis
qimiuri saSualebebi........................................................................................73
1.4.6. wamlebi cxovelTa rqebidan ......................................................................76
1.4.7. cxovelmoqmedebis produqtTa
samkurnalo Tvisebebi ...................................................................................83
1.4.8. samkurnalo organoebi................................................................................... 91
1.4.9. bunebriv nivTierebaTa samyaros paradoqsebi........................117

2. axali bazrebis teqnologiis komponentebis

gamoyenebis perspeqtivebi bunebriv
nivTierebaTa warmoebisa da rewvisas .........................................120

bibliografia ....................................................................................................................122

3
 Sesavlis magier

maRalefeqturi da uvnebeli samkurnalo saSualebebis

warmoeba, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, Zalze aqtualuria XX
saukunis bolos. es problema gansakuTrebul simwvaves iZens,
gardamaval fazaSi myofi iseTi qveynisaTvis, rogoric
saqarTveloa. dRes xom Cveni qveynis samomxmareblo bazari
faqtobrivad daucvelia uxarisxo da xSir SemTxvevaSi
janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi produqciisagan.
saqarTvelos gaaCnia uzarmazari rezervebi bunebrivi,
maRalefeqturi da amave dros uvnebeli samkurnalo da
sxvadasxva daniSnulebis (kosmetikuri saSualebebi, sakveb
produqtebSi gamoyenebuli speacialuri danamatebi, teqnikis
sxvadasxva dargebSi gamoyenebadi masalebi) preparatebis
warmoebisa, romelTa didi umravlesoba ar moiTxovs didi
samrewvelo simZlavreebis Seqmnas da msxvilmasStabian
kapitaldabandebebs.
SesaZlebelia, naklebadaa cnobili is faqti, rom dRes
wamalTa saerTo raodenobis 40%-s Seadgenen mcenareuli
preparatebi, xolo zogierTi daavadebis mkurnalobisas,
magaliTad gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebisas, isini Seucv-
lelni arian.
samkurnalo nedleulis kidev erTi wyaro dReisaTvis
naklebadaa Seswavlili, vidre samkurnalo mcenareebi da
Zalze viwro speqtriT gamoiyeneba, saubaria cxoveluri
warmoSobis fiziologiurad aqtiur nivTierebebze.
aWarbeben ra mcenareebs saxeobaTa ricxviT, cxovelebi
Seudareblad Raribni arian mcenareebze, individTa ricxviT
(cnobilia daaxloebiT 300000 saxis mcenare, maSin, roca
mxolod mwerebi _ 1 000 000, obobis magvarni _ 35000,
mucelfexiani moluskebi - 90000, Tevzebi _ 20000 saxisaa),
riTac albaT aixsneba cxoveluri warmoSobis, biologiurad
aqtiuri nivTierebebis farmakologiuri Seswavlis simwire.
amave dros cnobilia, rom mcenareebi ufro xelmisawvdomni
arian adamianisaTvis, mravali maTgani gamoiyeneba sakvebad,

4
maSin roca cxoveluri warmoSobis produqtTa saxesxvaoba
SedarebiT SezRudulia.

1. bunebrivi nivTierebebi
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, cocxali organizmebis Sem-
cveli nivTierebebis Seswavlam ganapiroba organuli qimiis
warmoSoba, magram Semdgom es mecniereba orientirda,
ZiriTadad, naxSirbadis mravalricxovani naerTebis kvleve-
bisaken. daaxloebiT amave periodSi aRmocenda bioqimia,
romelmac ZiriTadad yuradReba dauTmo, rTul
makromolekulebs, romlebic TavianTi SemadgenlobiTa da
TvisebebiT mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen martivi nivTierebebi-
sagan, romelnic, rogorc wesi iyvnen qimiis Seswavlis obi-
eqtni.
amave dros arseboben, cocxal organizmebSi sinTezire-
badi, fiziologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebi, romelTac
mogvianebiT bunebrivi nivTierebebi ewodaT. dReisaTvis mra-
valma cnobilma mkvlevarma TvalnaTliv daadastura buneb-
rivi nivTierebebis gansakuTrebuli daniSnuleba adamianisaT-
vis.
gasuli saukunis bolosaTvis daiwyo Seswavla alicik-
luri naerTebis (cikluri agebulebis organuli molekulebi)
didi jgufisa. erT-erTi pioneri aseTi kvlevebisa iyo
germaneli qimikosi oto valahi, romelmac did warmatebas
miaRwia terpenebis SeswavlaSi. am nivTierebebs (terpenebs)
Seicavs mravali mcenare da isini Sedian eTerzeTebis Se-
madgenlobaSi. qimiuri teqnologiis ganviTarebis Sedegad
SesaZlebeli gaxda aseTi naerTebis, mniSvnelovani ricxvis,
gamoyofa Tavisufali saxiT. o. valahamde, romelmac daiwyo
am sakiTxebze muSaoba 1884 wels, aRwerili iyo asze meti
sxvadasxva terpeni, xolo eqvsi wlis Semdeg gamoukvleveli
darCa mxolod 8 terpeni; Semdgom maT daemataT ramodenime
axlad aRmoCenili terpeni. o. valahma daadgina, rom aR-
weril terpenTa umravlesoba qimiurad identuria.
muSaobda ra maT gamoyofaze, o. valahma gamoikvlia
terpenTa rogorc qimiuri Tvisebebi, aseve maTi gardaqmnis
pirobebi erTi saxidan meoreSi. aRmoCnda, rom TiToeuli

5
saxis terpenebs gaaCniaT gansakuTrebuli aromati, rac maT
aqcevs Zalze mniSvnelovan komponentad parfiumerul
warmoebaSi. oto valahis nayofieri mcdelobiT Camoyalibda
axali mimarTuleba qimiaSi. terpenebis dargSi kvlevebisaT-
vis mas 1910 wels mieniWa nobelis premia qimiaSi.
umaRlesi terpenebis kvlevisa da klasifikaciis saqmeSi
didia damsaxureba ciurihis federaluri teqnikuri institu-
tis profesor leopold ruJiCkisa. misma samuSaoebma
miipyres sunamoTa mwarmoebelTa yuradReba. ruJiCkas Ziri-
Tadi aRmoCenebi dakavSirebuli iyo muskusisa da cibetinis
kvlevebTan, es nivTierebebi mZafri sunisaa da mas gamoyofen
zogierTi cxovelebi, gansakuTrebiT mamrebi. 1926 wels
ruJiCkam daadgina muskonis agebuleba da daasinTeza cibetini,
pirveli warmoadgens birTvs 15, xolo meore - 17 naxSirbadis
atomisagan, am dromde, arseboba mdgradi naerTebisa aseTi
didi birTvebiT SeuZleblad iTvleboda. ruJiCka gacilebiT
Sors wavida da ufro didi birTvebi daasinTeza, romlebic 34
naxSirbadis atomisagan Sedgebodnen. amasTan man daadgina
Zalze saintereso faqti: birTvis gadidebisas icvleboda aro-
mati. 5-8 naxSirbadis atomebiani birTvebisaTvis SeigrZno-
boda Sesabamisad, nuSis, Zirasa da pitnis aromati. 10-12 - qafu-
ris, xolo 14-18-isaTvis muskusis. umaRlesi terpenebisa da
polimeTilenebis dargSi naSromebisaTvis l. ruJiCka 1939
wels dajildovda nobelis premiiT qimiaSi, masTan erTad
premia miiRo germanelma bioqimikosma adolf butenandtma -
sasqeso hormonebis kvlevisaTvis, rac dakavSirebuli iyo
ruJiCkas SromebTan.
arsebobs mcenareuli da cxoveluri warmoSobis
nivTierebebis didi jgufi, romelTa struqtura Seicavs cno-
bil ciklopentanperhidrofenantrenul birTvs, esenia ster-
oidebi. aRniSnuli struqtura gvxvdeba sxvadasxva biologi-
urad aqtiur nivTierebebSi: vitaminebSi, naRvlis mJavebSi,
sasqeso hormonebSi, mcenareul SxamebSi, alkaloidebSi da
sxva mravalSi. am did sferoSi bioorganuli qimiisa moR-
vaweobs mravali cnobili mecnieri, romelTa Soris bevria
nobelis premiis laureati.
1928 wels, or mecniers, steroidTa kvlevebis pion-
erebs, mieniWaT nobelis premia qimiaSi: henrix vilands -
naRvlis mJavebis da maTTan dakavSirebuli nivTierebebis age-

6
bulebis kvlevebisaTvis da adolf vindauss - sterinebisa da
maTTan dakavSirebuli D jgufis vitaminebis kvlevebisaTvis.
naRvlis mJavebs ikvlevdnen XIX saukunis dasawyisidan,
isini (naRvlis mJavebi) arian RviZlis gamonaJonis, sekretis
nawili, romelic Caedineba saWmlis momnelebel traqtSi.
vilandis kvlevebamde araferi ar iyo cnobili maT stru-
qturaze da sxvadasxva mJavebs Soris kavSirze. vilandma am
problebmebis kvleva daiwyo 1912 wels, xolo daamTavra 1932
wels; mTlianad gamoikvlia ra maTi struqtura daadgina, rom
naRvlis mJavebs aqvT naxSirbadovani ConCxi steroiduli
xasiaTisa. vilandi poulobda Zalze moulodnel obieqtebs
kvlevebisaTvis, magaliTad man Seiswavla pigmenti, romelic
ganapirobebs pepelas frTis Seferilobas da amiT aRmoaCina
saintereso jgufi pterinuli naerTebisa. bayayis tyavSi aR-
moaCina Zlieri Sxami bufotalini (naRvlis mJavebis monaTe-
save nivTiereba), romelic aRmoCnda Zvirfasi samkurnalo
preparati.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi adolf vindausma daiwyo
qolesterinis kvleva, ris Sesaxebac im dros mcire ram iyo
cnobili. es nivTiereba miekuTvneba sterinebis jgufs, romle-
bic rTuli agebulebis spirtebs warmoadgenen. dasaxeleba
`sterinebi~ warmoiSva berZnuli fuZisagan da TargmanSi niS-
navs `magars~. kvlevebiT dadginda, rom sterinebi struqturu-
lad dakavSirebulni arian naRvlis mJavebTan. orive jgufis
naerTebi Seicaven fenantrens da ciklopentanons, romlebic
qmnian birTvs; am birTvs uerTdebian sxvadasxva jgufis naer-
Tebi; Sedegad iqmneba struqturaTa mdidari saxesxvaoba.
vindausi swavlobda aseve mcenareul glikozidebs,
romlebic Sedian mravali wamlis SemadgenlobaSi, pirvel
yovlisa gulis stimulatorebSi. man aCvena, rogor gardaiqm-
neba ergosterini (nivTiereba, romelsac Seicaven safuvrebi)
ultraiisferi sxivebis moqmedebisas, vitamin D-Si. am aRmoCe-
nas qonda didi mniSvneloba ara marto am vitaminis stru-
qturis dasadgenad, aramed misi (vitamini D) warmoebis organ-
izebisaTvisac.
bunebrivi naerTebis yvelaze gamorCeuli jgufia
naxSirwylebi; am dasaxelebis qveS aerTianeben sxvadasxva
Saqrebs da maT polimerebs.
1925 wels birminhemis (didi britaneTi) universitetis
profesorma uolter normen houorsma, mravalwliani

7
kvlebis Sedegad daadgina, rom monosaqaridebs (umartivesi
Saqrebi) aqvT wriuli agebuleba. maTi amosavali struqture-
bis tipebad SeiZleba ganxiluli iyos piranisa da furanis
rgolebi. piranis rgoli – eqvsatomiania da Sedgeba naxSir-
badis 5 atomisa da Jangbadis 1 atomisagan. furanis xuT at-
omian rgolSi aris 4 naxSirbadis da 1 Jangbadis atomi. am
rgoluri ciklebis struqturebs Tu `davumatebT~ hidro-
qsilur jgufebs da naxSirbadis atomebs, SesaZlebelia Ziri-
Tadi monosaqaridebis miReba.
1928 wels ungrelma qimikosma albert sent-deordma,
ikvlevda ra mcenareebisagan gamoyofil eqstraqtebs, miiRo
nivTiereba, romelsac daarqva heqsuronis mJava. es niv-
Tiereba hgavda naxSirwylebs da amitomac, ewvia ra birmin-
hemis universitets, sent-deorma SesTavaza houorss Car-
Tuliyo am nivTierebis kvlevebSi. es nivTieareba iyo vita-
mini C. rentgenostruqturuli analizis meTodebiT da sxva
saSualebebiT ingliselma mecnierma daadgina aRniSnuli niv-
Tierebis struqtura da daasinTeza igi.
houorsma, rentgenostruqturuli analizis meTodi
gamoiyena aseve sxva monosaqaridebis kvlevebisas, ris Sede-
gadac dadginda, rom maT gaaCniaT swored iseTi struqtura,
rogoric houorsma iwinaswarmetyvela. monosaqaridTa
wriuli agebulebis gansazRvram saSualeba misca aexsna maTi
disaqaridebSi gaerTianebis procesi, romelTac
(disaqaridebs) miekuTvnebian: Cveulebrivi Saqari, rZis
Saqari da sxva naerTebi. Semdgom ingliselma qimikosma
aCvena, Tu rogor erTiandebian monosaqaridebi grZel jaW-
vebSi, qmnian ra iseT biopolimerebs, rogorebicaa: saxame-
beli, glikogeni, celuloza da sxva. houorsis kvlevebma
naxSirwylebisa da C vitaminis ganxriT udidesi roli
iTamaSa am naerTebis qimiis ganviTarebaSi, ramac inglisel
mecniers moutana didi aRiareba samecniero wreebSi da nobe-
lis premia qimiaSi 1937 wels, romelic man gaiyo Sveicariel
vitaminebis mkvlevar paul karerTan.
arsebobs jgufi organuli nivTierebebisa saxel-
wodebiT `alkaloidebi~. maTi umravlesoba Sxamia da iwveven
narkotikul zemoqmedebas. alkaloidebis Semcveli mcenareebi
cnobilia uZvelesi droidan. pirveli aseTi nivTierebebi,
gamoyves, kristaluri formiT XIX saukunis dasawyisSi; qimi-
uri Tvisebebis Sesabamisad maT alkaloidebi e.i. `tutismag-

8
varni~ uwodes. pirveli cdebi tardeboda opiumze da 1817
wels misgan gamoyofili iqna morfini; amis Semdeg aRmoCenil
iqnen: striqnini, qinaqina, kofeini, kokaini da a.S., dReisaTvis
cnobilia daaxloebiT 1000 alkaloidi, romlebic Tavisi Se-
madgenlobis gamo iyofian ramdenime jgufad.
alkaloidebis kvlevasTan dakavSirebulia ingliseli
mecnieris robert robinsonis saxeli. kerZod, man Seiswavla
SedarebiT rTuli agebulebis alkaloidebi: morfini da
striqnini. maTi molekulebi Seicaven Sesabamisad 40 da 47 at-
oms; amitom miTi struqturis gansazRvrisaTvis robinsons
dasWirda didi moculobis kvleviTi samuSaoebis Catareba.
Semdgom man daiwyo sxva alkaloidebis Seswavlac. Catare-
buli farTomasStabiani samuSaoebis safuZvelze robinsonma
SeimuSava mcenareul ujredebSi myofi alkaloidebis Teoria.
ingliseli qimikosi atarebda kvlevebs sxva mimarTulebebi-
Tac. swavlobda ra sasqeso hormonebis struqturas, robin-
sonma daasinTeza nivTierebebi, romlebic bunebrivi
nivTierebebis msgavsad moqmedebdnen.
robert robinsonis mravalmxrivi samecniero moR-
vaweoba (romelic ZiriTadad oqsfordis universitetSi
mimdinareobda) 1947 wels aRiniSna nobelis premiis miniWebiT
qimiaSi. es jildo man miiRo mcenareuli warmoSobis
biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis, kerZod, alkaloidebis
kvlevebisaTvis.
garda amisa, kidev ori mecnieri dajildovda nobelis
premiiT, bunebriv nivTierebaTa dargSi kvlevebisaTvis,
eseni iyvnen: jon uorkap kornforti (robinsonis TanamSro-
meli) da vladimir prelogi, ciurihis federalur teqnikur
institutSi ruJiCkas TanamSromeli da saqmis gamgrZelebeli.
j. kornfortis ZiriTadi samuSaoebi dakavSirebuli iyo
qolesterinis biosinTezis problematikasTan. es nivTiereba
asrulebs mniSvnelovan rols adamianis organizmSi nivTiere-
baTa cvlisa da hormonaluri mowesrigebulobis ganxor-
cielebisaTvis. moxerxebulad iyenebda ra niSandebul atomTa
meTods, mecnierma daadgina rTuli naerTis sinTezis pi-
robebi SedarebiT primitiul organizmSi. aseTi urTulesi
kvlevebis CatarebisaTvis kornforti 1975 wels dajildovda
nobelis premiiT qimiaSi. amave wlis sxva laureati vladimer
prelogi cnobilia kvlevebiT organuli naerTebis stereo-
qimiis dargSi. sxva mecnierebTan erTad man SeimuSava stereo-

9
qimiuri nomenklatura, romelic dRes miRebulia mTel msof-
lioSi. mis umniSvnelovanes miRwevad iTvleba adamantanis
sinTezi, romelic Tavisi struqturiT gvagonebs almasis
kristalur mesers. 60-ian wlebSi prelogma daiwyo mikroor-
ganizmebSi nivTierebaTa cvlisa da am procesSi monawile
naerTebis Seswavla. man axsna rigi antibiotikebis moqmedebis
meqanizmi, romlebic blokirebas ukeTeben ra zogierTi
nivTierebis moqmedebas, arRveven cvlis reaqciaTa
Tanamimdevrobas. prelogma gamoyo mTeli rigi urTulesi
organuli naerTebi, romelTa saSualebiTac mikroorganiz-
mebi garemodan iReben sasicocxlo procesebisaTvis iseT sa-
Wiro elementebs, rogorebicaa: kaliumi, rkina, bori da sxva.
1975 wels v. prelogi dajildovda nobelis premiiT
qimiaSi, fiziologiurad aqtiuri dabalmolekuluri naerTe-
bis kvlevisaTvis. j. kornfortis da v. prelogis nobelis
premiiT dajildoeba simbolizirdeba, rogorc morigi aRi-
areba bunebriv nivTierebaTa qimiisa, rogorc damakavSire-
beli rgolisa Tanamedrove qimiasa da biologias Soris, rac
Tanamedrove mecnierebis umniSvnelovanesi sferoa.

1.1. vitaminebi
XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan iwyeba intensiuri muSaoba
iseTi nivTierebebis identifi-kaciisaTvis, romlebic garda sak-
vebi produqtebisa, Seucvlelni arian adamianisa da cxovelebis
sicocxlisunarianobis SesanarCuneblad. rogorc mogvianebiT
gairkva, am nivTierebebis naklebobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli rigi
daavadebebisa, romelTa mkurnalobis procesic, gasuli saukunis
bolos, awydeboda seriozul sirTuleebs. aseT sirTuleebs mie-
kuTvneboda problemebi, romlebic warmoiSva samxreT-aRmosav-
leT aziis qveynebSi gavrcelebuli daavadeba `beri-beri~-sTan da-
kavSirebiT. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareoba Seiqmna in-
doneziaSi, romelic im dros holandiis kolonias warmoadgenda.
1886 wels holandiis mTavrobam kunZul iavaze gaagzavna cnobili
paTologanatomi kornelis pekelharingi da nevrologi klemens
vinkleri, utrextis universitetidan. maT TanaSemwed daniSnuli
iqna samxedro eqimi qristian eikmani, romelsac hqonda tropikul
regionebSi muSaobis gamocdileba. am dros baqteriologia
ganicdida aRmavlobis periods da bunebrivia holandieli mec-
nierebi Seudgnen beri-beris gamomwvevi mikrobis Ziebas.

10
pekelharingma da vinklerma, ver aRmoaCines ra veraferi rac
miiqcevda maT yuradRebas, gadawyvites dabrunebuliyvnen
holandiaSi da adgilze daetovebinaT eikmani samuSaoTa
gasagrZeleblad. man iq 10 weli dahyo, Caatara mravalricxovani
kvlevebi dakavSirebuli tropikul medicinasTan da agrZelebda
daavadeba beri-beris gamomwvevi mizezebis Ziebas. misi kvlevebi
dasrulda saintereso aRmoCeniT. am daavadebasTan dakavSire-
buli saidumloeba sruliad SemTxveviT gaixsna. laboratorias,
sadac eikmani muSaobda, hqonda patara meurneoba qaTmebis
mosaSeneblad. frinvelebi imyofebodnen erTferovan, brinjis
dietaze da TandaTanobiT msxverplad ewirebodnen daavadebas,
romelic Tavisi klinikuri suraTiT Zalze hgavda daavadeba
beri-beris. eikmanma male SeamCnia es msgavseba da daiwyo
kvlevebi. man daumata qaTmebis sakvebSi brinjis damuSavebis nar-
Ceni masa da qaTmebi swrafad gamojanmrTeldnen. aRmoCnda, rom
brinjis marcvlebis garsisagan ganTavisuflebisas ikargeba
Zalze Zvirfasi nivTiereba da amis gamo adgilobrivi mcxovrebni,
romlebic upiratesad brinjiT ikvebebodnen xdebodnen daavadeba
beri-beris msxverplni. XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi eikmanma aR-
moaCina daavadebis mizezi, magram amiT aravin dainteresebula.
daavadeba beri-beri rCeboda seriozul problemad. ruseT-
iaponiis omis dros am daavadebam mwyobridan gamoiyvana
iaponiis armiis piradi Semadgenlobis meeqvsedi nawili. prob-
lema rom gadawyvetiliyo, saWiro iyo sxvagvari midgoma. erT-
erTi mecnieri, romelmac am procesebs Seuwyo xeli, iyo
frederik goulend hopkinsi; adre dainteresda ra qimiiT, hop-
kinsi muSaobda sxvadasxva firmebSi da mxolod 28 wlis asakSi da-
kavda mediciniT. 32 wlis asakSi man miiRo diplomi da daiwyo
swavleba fiziologiuri qimiisa - ase uwodebdnen gasuli sauku-
nis bolos bioqimias. qimiisa da medicinis codnam, saSualeba
misca hopkinss Caetarebina saintereso kvlevebi.
pirvel yovlisa, man aRmoaCina, rom cilovani nivTierebani
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan sakvebi faseulobis TvalsazrisiT,
romelic maTi SemadgenlobiT ganisazRvreba. hopkinsma aRmoaCina
Seucvleli aminomJavebi, romlebic ar sinTezirdebian organizmSi
da isini unda miewodebodnen sakvebTan erTad. mecnieri
laboratoriul cxovelebs kvebavda yvelaze srulfasovani
ciliT - kazeiniT (rZis ciliT). miuxedavad amisa, laborato-
riuli cxovelebis mdgomareobas kargs ver uwodebdnen. hop-
kinsma daadgina, rom kazeinis gawmendis xarisxzea damokidebuli

11
misi (kazeinis) sxvadasxva moqmedeba, maSin mecnierma gadawyvita
daematebina cxovelTa sakvebSi mcire raodeanobiT rZe - efeqti
iyo warmoudgeneli, cxovelTa mdgomareoba mkveTrad gaum-
jobesda. 1910 wels hopkinsma Seagrova sakmarisi monacemebi da
1911 wels samecniero sazogadoebas (britaneTis bioqimiuri sa-
zogadoebis kreba) warudgina Teoria `damatebiT~ sakveb
nivTierebaTa Sesaxeb, ramac didi xmauri atexa rogorc samec-
niero wreebSi aseve presaSic da swrafad gavrcelda ara marto
evropis, aramed amerikis kontinentebzec. Seiqmna situacia, roca
viRacas unda gadaedga damamTavrebeli nabiji. es gaakeTa
polonelma mecnierma kazimeJ funkma, romelic 1911 wels aseve
muSaobda londonSi. man gamoaqveyna Sedegebi brinjis eqstraqte-
bis kvlevisa, gamoyo ra nivTiereba kristalur mdgomareobaSi
da daarqva mas vitamini. mogvianebiT gairkva, rom yvela aseTi
nivTiereba vitamini araa, magram is rom isini sicocxlisaTvis au-
cilebelni arian eWvs ar iwvevda.
k. funkma Semoitana axali cneba - avitaminozi, daamuSava am
movlenis Teoria, romelic Zalze hgavda hopkinsis ideebs. mec-
nierTa Soris daiwyo dava prioritetebze. eikmanisa da hopkinsis
kandidaturebi ara erTxel iqna wardgenili nobelis premiaze -
da bolos eqspertebma daaskvnes, rom maTi kvlevebis Sedegebi
ukve moZvelebulia. moulodnelad 1929 wels vitaminebis sa-
kiTxma axali kuTxiT wamoiwia; aRmoCnda, rom vitaminebi
dakavSirebulia fermentebTan - warmoadgenen maT kofaqtorebs.
maSin karolinis samefo mediko-qirurgiulma institutma (nobe-
lis premiis mimniWebeli organo) miiRo gadawyvetileba
daejildoebina vitaminebis kvlevis dargis ori pioneri q. eik-
mani da f. hopkinsi nobelis premiiT medicinasa da fiziologiaSi.
vitaminebis kvlevis dargSi erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili
mecnieria Sveicarieli qimikosi paul kareri, eqsperimentebSi igi
ZiriTadad iyenebda vilSteteris seleqciuri absorbciis,
svedbergis ultracentrifugirebis da qromatografiiis meTo-
debs. karerma daiwyo vitaminebis kvleva mas Semdeg, rac 1929 wels
Svedma bioqimikosma hans fon eiler-helpinma aCvena rom pigmenti
karotini axdens igive zemoqmedebas, rasac vitamini A.
1930 wels Sveicarielma mkvlevarma ukve icoda ra beta-
karotinis struqtura, SeZlo daesabu-Tebina A vitaminis war-
moqmnis meqanizmi; rasac didi mniSvneloba qonda nivTierebis,
rogorc fiziologiuri zemoqmedebis Sesaswavlad, aseve misi
warmoebisaTvis saWiro meTodebis SemuSavebisaTvis. paul kare-

12
ris sxva aRmoCenebic dakavSirebulia pigmentebTan. muSaobda ra
oto henrih varburgis da valter qristianis mier aRmoCenil
`yviTel fermentebze~ aCvena, rom maTi feri ganpirobebulia
gansakuTrebuli naerTebiT, romelTac ewodaT `flavinebi~
(laTinurad `Flavyc~ niSnavs yviTels). SemdgomSi karerma daadg-
ina, rom nivTiereba riboflavini identuria fiziologebisaTvis
kargad cnobili vitamin B2-isa, man daadgina am vitaminis stru-
qtura, gaagrZela ra kvlevebi vitamin C-ze, daamtkica sent-
diordis daskvnebi vitamin C-s struqturaze. karerma gamoikvlia
aseve vitaminebi E da K, mravalricxovani kofermentebi, alka-
loidebi, mcenareuli pigmentebi da sxva mravali organuli
naerTebi. misi kvlevebis Sedegebi warmodgenilia aTasze met pub-
likaciaSi, karotinoidebis, flavinebis, vitaminebis A da B2-is
warmatebuli kvlevisaTvis 1937 wels karers mieniWa nobelis pre-
mia qimiaSi. Semdgom 1938 wels nobelis komitetma qimiaSi premia
mianiWa kvlav karotinoidebisa da vitaminebis mkvlevars, es iyo
germaneli mecnieri rihard kuni, heidelbergis universitetis
profesori. misi moRvaweobis dasawyisi dakavSirebuli iyo
fermentebis SeswavlasTan, Semdgom man daiwyo SeuRlebuli, or-
magbmebiani naerTebis e.w. polienebis kvleva, ramac r. kuni miiy-
vana karotinoidebis Seswavlamde. am naerTebis Semadgenloba,
romelTa molekulebic Seicaven naxSirbadis 40 da wyalbadis 56
atoms, daadgina rihard vilSteterma. 1930 wels karerma ciurihSi
da zigmund oto rozenheimma londonSi gamoyves alfa- da beta-
karotini. 1933 wels kunma aRmoaCina gama- karotini, ris Semdegac
ganaxorciela farTo kvleva karo-tinoidebis da maTi gavr-
celebis Sesaxeb mcenareul da cxovelur samyaroSi.
misi (r. kuni) samuSaoebis meore did sferos Seadgenda BB
jgufis vitaminebi. kunma 5300 litri cximmocilebuli rZidan,
TanamSromlebTan erTad, gamoyo erTi grami yviTeli niv-
Tiereba, romelsac ewoda laqtoflavini; misgan gamoyves
lumiflavini, romelsac aRmoaCnda igive Tvisebebi, rac hqonda
safuvrebis `yviTeli fermentis~ kofaqtors, arkvevda ra am niv-
Tierebis struqturas, r. kunma amave dros gansazRvra laqto-
flavinis agebuleba, romelic aseve cnobili iyo `riboflavinis~
saxelwodebiT - esaa virtamini B2.
1939 wlis dasawyisSi, mas Semdeg, rac r. kunma daimsaxura
nobelis premia qimiaSi karotinoidebisa da flavinebis
kvlevisaTvis, TanamSromlebTan erTad gamoyo vitamini B6 da

13
mokle droSi gansazRvra misi Semadgenloba da struqtura. es
naerTi aRmoCnda piridinis warmoebuli.
1929 wels aRmoCenili iqna kidev erTi vitamini. henrik dami,
kopenhagenis universitetidan, atarebda klasikur cdebs xelov-
nuri sakvebis narevebiT. wiwilebs, romelTac Segnebulad ak-
lebdnen cximebs, moulodnelad ewyebodaT mZime sisxlCaqcevebi.
sisxlis analizma aCvena koagulaciis Seyovneba - sisxlis Sedede-
bis procesebi Zalze garTulebuli iyo. 1931-33 wlebSi msgavs
movlenebs akvirdebodnen amerikeli mkvlevarebic. amave dros h.
dami, amatebda ra sakveb narevebSi sxvadasxva nivTierebebs daadg-
ina, rom kanafis Teslis damateba iwvevs sisxlCaqcevebis gaqro-
bas da sisxlis formulis aRdgenas, radganac es iyo epoqa
vitaminebis didi popularobisa, formirdeboda daskvna, rom
mocemul SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs am jgufis (vitaminebis) ucnobi
warmomadgeneli. axali vitamini aRniSnes aso K-Ti (sityva
`koagulaciasagan~). vitamini K aRmoCenili iqna kombostoSi, pomi-
dorSi, soiaSi, lucernaSi, aseve cxovelTa RviZlis qsovilSi.
ukanaskneli dakvirveba mianiSnebda am vitaminis moqmedebis
meqanizmze. aRmoCnda, rom RviZli Seicavs ferments, romelic
monawileobs sisxlis koagulaciaSi. vitanim K-s gareSe fermenti
ar muSaobs da amiT irRveva mTeli jaWvi reaqciebisa, romlebic
iwveven sisxlis Sededebas.
h. dami iyo maRali kvalifikaciis bioqimikosi. 1925 wels is
muSaobda mikroqimiur analizze franc preglTan avstriaSi. 10
wlis Semdeg is TanamSromlobda ra paul karerTan gadawyvita
gaerkvia axladaRmoCenili vitamin K-s struqtura. magram
pirvelma es amocana gadawyvita eduard adelbert doizma, sent-
luisis (misuris Stati, aSS) universitetis bioqimiis profesorma,
e. doizma lucernis Teslisgan da Tevzis fqvilisagan gamoyo ori
nivTiereba kristaluri saxiT: K1 da K2, gansazRvra maTi stru-
qturebi: isini aRmoCndnen naftoqinonis warmoebulebi. amas mo-
hyva maTi sinTezi da aseve aRmoaCines analogiuri nivTierebebi,
SemadgenlobiT martivni da ufro Zliermoqmedni. vitamin K-s
samrewvelo miReba didi saCuqari iyo medicinisaTvis. daiwyo
misi farTo gamoyeneba sisxldenebis SesaCereblad, qirurgiuli
operaciebisas, RviZlis daavadebis mkurnalobisas da a.S. vitamin
K-s gamoyeneba axalSobilTa mkurnalobisas, romelTanac aseTi
avitaminozi Zalze xSiria, saSualebas iZleva mniSvnelovnad Sem-
cirdes bavSvTa sikvdilianoba.

14
 1944 wels nobelis fondma ganaaxla premiebis gadacema, ro-
melic II msoflio omis gamo Sewyvtetili iyo sami wliT (1940-
1942). radganac fondis wesdeba iTvaliswinebs premiis SeCerebas
erTi wliT, fonds saSualeba mieca 1944 wels gadaeca premiebi
1943 wlis laureatebisaTvis. medicinis dargSi nobelis premiis
laureatebi gaxdnen h. dami da e.a. doizi - vitamin K-s
aRmoCenisaTvis da misi qimiuri struqturis gansazRvrisaTvis.
vitaminebi, rogorc SedarebiT dabalmolekuluri naer-
Tebi, SesaZlebeli iyo warmatebiT ekvliaT organuli qimiis
meTodebiT. magram maT Soris yvelaze rTuli, vitamin B12-is
Seswavlisas saWiro gaxda, im droisaTvis, ufro mowinave
saSualebebis gamoyeneba. rvawliani, urTulesi kvlevebis Semdeg
doroTi kroufut-hojkinma, oqsfordis universitetidan,
rentgenostruqturuli analizis meTodis gamoyenebiT gansazRvra
vitamin B12-is agebuleba.
vitamini B12 aRmoCenili iqna 1948 wels. mecnierebma daadgi-
nes, rom is sinTezirdeba sxvadasxva mikroorganizmebiT, pirvel
yovlisa mcoxnavi cxovelebis nawlavebSi. adamiani aseve Rebu-
lobs am nivTierebas (mis) saWmlis momnelebel traqtSi myofi
mikroorganizmebisagan. magram zogjer es Zalze faqizi procesi
irRveva da iwyeba mwvave avitaminozebi. vitamin B12-is aRmoCe-
nidan mcire droSi misi struqturis dadgenaze muSaoba daiwyo
doroTi kroufut-hojkinma. rva wlis Semdeg 1956 wels, vitamin
B12is agebuleba cnobili gaxda, rac CaiTvala rentgenostruqtu-
ruli analizis meTodis namdvil triumfad. pirvelad mecnierebis
istoriaSi amgvari meTodiT dadgenili iqna aseTi rTuli
nivTierebis (B12) struqtura. aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom ukve im
droisaTvis sxva mecnierebi emzadebodnen ufro rTuli
gamokvlevebisaTvis. maqs ferdinand perucim da jon kouder ken-
drium gansazRvres struqtura iseTi rTuli cilebisa, rogorebi-
caa hemoglobini da mioglobini, risTvisac 1962 wels miiRes
nobelis premia qimiaSi. maTi sensaciuri Sedegebi miRweul iqna
rentgenostruqturuli analizis kompiutizirebuli versiis
saSualebiT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom 1964 wels nobelis komitetma qimiaSi, ga-
moxata ra pativiscema am sferos pionerebis mimarT, miiRo
gadawyvetileba mieniWebina nobelis premia doroTi kroufut-ho-
jkinisaTvis, romelmac daadgina penicilinisa da vitamin B12-is
struqturebi kompiuteruli teqnikis gareSe.

15
 1.2. fermentebi
biokatalizi aris erT-erTi umTavresi sasicocxlo procesi.
adamians masTan saqme hqonda uZvelesi droidan, rodesac daiwyo
alkoholiani sasmelebis damzadeba. XVIII saukuneSi antuan loran
lavuaziem gamoikvlia fermentacia spirtebis miRebisas da daaskvna,
rom am procesis msvlelobisas Saqari ixliCeba spirtad da
naxSirorJangad. Jozef lui gei-lusakma, Caatara ra zusti
raodenobiTi analizi, daaskvna, rom spirtisa da naxSirorJangis
masa, erTad aRebuli, tolia Saqris sawyisi masisa. es amtkicebda
lavuazies daskvnas. am procesis mizezi daadgina entoni van
levenhukma, jer kidev 1860 wels, akvirdeboda ra safuvrebs
mikroskopSi.
gavida kidev 150 weli, vidre ganviTardeboda ujredovani
Teoria da mecnierebi daaskvnidnen, rom fermentacia aris cocxali
ujredebis funqcia.
XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi dagrovda saintereso
monacemebi katalizis procesis Sesaxeb, kerZod biokatalizze. 1814
wels konstantine kirxhofma qeris marcvlebSi aRmoaCina niv-
Tiereba, romelsac saxamebeli gadahyavda SaqarSi. es iyo fermenti
amilaza. 1833 wels amilaza gamohyves frangma qimikosebma anselm
paienma da Jan persom. imave periodSi iens iakob berceliusma
wamoayena winadadeba, rom is nivTierebebi, romlebic iwveven
fermentacias, SeiZleba miRebul iqnan cocxali ujredebidan. maTi
fxvnilad qcevis Semdeg. aseTi eqsperimenti 1846 wels berlinSi
Caatara fridrih ludensdorfma - minaze gaxexa ra safuvris
ujredebi, daumata mas Saqris sirofi. araviTari fermentacia ar
moxda. aseTma eqsperimetntebma seriozuli dartyma miayenes iensen
berceliusis, iustus libihis da fridrih veleris Tvalsazriss,
romlebic Tvlidnen, rom biokatalizi da fermentacia _
Cveulebrivi qimiuri procesebi iyo. imave dros sxva mecnierebi
Tvlidnen, rom `cocxal nivTierebaSi~ mimdinareoben
gansakuTrebuli procesebi, romlebic ar arian sufTa qimiurni.
gavrceldnen ideebi raRac saidumloebiT mocul `sasicocxlo
Zalis~ Sesaxeb, romelic aris ganmasxvavebeli cocxalisa da
aracocxalisa. im dros es idea Zalze mimzidvelad gamoiyureboda.
yvelafer amas, bolo mouRo lui pasterma, romelmac origi-
naluri cdebiT aCvena, rom fermentacia SesaZlebelia mxolod
cocxali ujredebis monawileobiT. udidesi frangi mecnieris

16
eqsperimentebi unaklo iyo, amave dros isini ar uaryofdnen
fermentTa moqmedebis SesaZleblobas cocxali ujredebis gareSe:
manamde xom veravin SeZlo gamoeyo es nivTierebebi mdgradi saxiT.
aseTi amocana dasva 1893 wels eduard buhnerma, miunhenis
politeqnikuri institutidan. adolf baieris daxmarebiT
institutSi Seiqmna laboratoria fermentebis gamosakvlevad.
buhneri apirebda Caetarebina eqsperimentebi ujredebis daSlisa
da iqidan biokatalizatorebis miRebis mizniT. xelmZRvanelobam
CaTvala, rom aseTi eqsperimentebisagan, romlebic araerTxel Ca-
tardnen aTwleulebiT adre, araferi gamovidoda da daavala
buhners sxva TemiT dakavebuliyo. maSin igi iZulebuli gaxda
sxvadasxva universitetebisaTvis miemarTa. buhneri gaemarTa kilSi,
Semdeg tiubinhenSi da bolos 1896 wels, zafxulis Svebulebisas
SeZlo Caetarebina Cafiqrebuli eqsperimentebi Tavisi Zmis,
miunhenis higienis institutis cnobili baqteriologis, hansis
laboratoriaSi. buhneri urevda safuvrebs kvarcis qviSaSi da
Zlieri daqneviT aRwevda ujredebis mTlianobis darRvevas. man ga-
moiyena, maRali wnevis qveS Txeli homogenuri masiT filtraciis
meTodi; ise rom safuvrebisagan miRebuli iqna wveni, romelsac
hqonda maRali fermentaciuli unari. masSi ar iyo arc erTi
cocxali nawilaki, magram miuxedadvad amisa, Saqari iSleboda. am
cdebma, romlebic warmatebiT damTavrdnen 1897 wels, daudes sa-
Tave Tanamedrove enzimologias.
1907 wels eduard buhneri dajildovda nobelis premiiT
qimiaSi, uujredo fermentaciis aRmoCenisaTvis. e. buhneris mier
rTuli biokatalizatorebis kvlevis Catarebis Semdeg, romelTac
(biokatalizatorebs) cnobilma bioqimikosma vili kiunma uwoda
`enzimebi~ anu fermentebi, SesaZlebeli Seiqmna maTi Seswavla qimi-
uri meTodebiT.
buhneris cdebi gaafarTova da daxvewa ingliselma bio-
qimikosma artur gardenma. XX saukunis dasawyisSi cnobili gaxda,
rom fermentebi gaxurebisas aqtivobas kargaven. 1906 wels
gardenma da uiliam iungma Caatares saintereso eqsperimenti. cocx-
ali safuvris wvens daamates gadaduRebuli safuvris wveni, am
SemTxvevaSi SeiniSneboda fermentaciis mkveTri gaZliereba. aman
mkvlevarebi miiyvana im azramde, rom fermenti Sedgeboda ro-
meliRac ori nivTierebisagan, romelTaganac erTi Termulad
mdgradi iyo. buhnerma mis mier aRmoCenil ferments uwoda `zimaza~
- safuvrebis berZnuli dasaxelebidan (Zimaz). gardenma Semoitana

17
cneba `kozimaza~, romliTac man aRniSna fermentis mdgradi
komponenti.
Jelatinis filtriT ultrafiltraciis meTodis SemuSavebam,
mkvlevarebs gauCina axali SesaZleblobebi. am meTodiT gardenma
dayo zimaza Semadgenel nawilebad: filtrSi gadioda mxolod
koenzimi, romelic aRmoCnda sakmaod dabalmolekuluri naerTi.
gardenma daadgina, rom Saqris daSlaSi gansazRvrul rols
asrulebs fosformJava, romelic uerTdeba ra mas, warmoqmnis
glukozodifosfats. amiT gardenma gamoyo naxSirwylebis
biologiuri daSlis Sualeduri produqti.
am sferos Semdgomi kvlevebi dakavSirebulia stokholmis
universitetis profesoris hans fon eiler-helpinis moRvaweobas-
Tan. 1906 wels man karl miurbekTan erTad daiwyo fermentTa
kvleva. awarmoebdnen ra fermentis kofermentisagan dacalkevebas
gardenis meTodiT, xangrZlivi eqsperimentebis Semdeg daadgines,
rom kozimaza _ es aris nivTiereba nukleotidebis (adeninis
pentozasTan naerTi) jgufidan molekuluri woniT 490.
h. eiler-helpinma daadgina, rom es kofermenti gvxvdeba sxva
mraval biokatalizatorebSi, romlebic sul sxvadasxva funqciebs
asruleben. aman didi stimuli misca kofermentebis kvlevebs. es
nivTierebebi SedarebiT martivni arian da maTi struqturis
gansazRvram saSualeba misca mkvlevarebs gamoeyenebinaT
organuli qimiis meTodebi nivTierebaTa cvlis procesebis
kvlevisaTvis, romlebic dakavSirebulni iyvnen wyalbadis
gadatanasTan.
gardenisa da eiler-helpinis gamokvlevebi Zalze
mniSvnelovani etapi iyo enzimologiis ganviTarebaSi. 1929 wels
orive mecnieri dajildovda nobelis premiiT qimiaSi duRilis
meqanizmis gaxsnisaTvis da amasTan dakavSirebuli fermentebis
kvlevisaTvis.
jer kidev gasul saukuneSi zogierTi mecnieri cdilobda
gamoeyo sufTa saxiT da Seeswavla nivTierebebi, romlebic iwvevd-
nen biologiur katalizs. 1896 wels kornelis pakelharingma
gamohyo kuWis wvenisagan cila, magram ver daamtkica, rom es is
fermentia, romelic aaqtivebs saWmlis monelebis process.
fermentTa sufTa saxiT gamoyofis dargSi didi samuSaoebi
Caatara germanelma qimikosma rihard martin vilSteterma
TanamSromlebTan erTad; maT garkveul warmatebebs miaRwies am
mimarTulebiT da vilSteterma gamoTqva varaudi, rom fermentebi
ar miekuTvnebian arc cilebs da arc naxSirwylebs, aramed war-

18
moadgenen nivTierebis romeliRac axal tips ucnobi struqturiT.
aseTi bundovani msjeloba gagrZelda 1926 wlamde. im dromde,
vidre jeims betCeler samnerma ar SeZlo ferment ureazis
kristalebis miReba da damtkiceba, rom es cilaa. samnerma kvlevebi
daiwyo 1917 wels da gadaiqca dacinvis obieqtad Tavisi kolegebis
mxridan, romlebic vilSteteris ideebis gavlenis qveS
imyofebodnen. Tavad samneris sityvebiT, mas bedma gauRima fermen-
tis arCevaSi, radgan airCia mcenare, romlis TeslSic iyo didi
raodenobiT fermenti ureaza. mravalwliani eqsperimtentebis
Sedegad samnerma miiRo es nivTiereba kristaluri formiT, mce-
nareuli ujredebis homogenatis gacivebisa da centrifugirebis
gziT.
meore bioqimikosi, romelmac SeZlo mieRo fermentebi
kristaluri saxiT, iyo jon houart nortropi (prinstoni, aSS),
amerikeli bioqimikosi ikvlevda kuWis wvens. jer kidev gasuli
saukunis bolos aRiZra eWvi, rom es cilovani nivTierebaa.
pekelharingi miuaxlovda aRmoCenis zRurbls, 1920 wels j. nor-
tropma, gaimeora ra samneris eqsperimentebi, mniSvnelovnad dax-
vewa isini da 10 wlis Semdeg SeZlo kuWis wvenisagan sufTa pepsinis
gamoyofa. SemdgomSi nortropma da misma TanamSromlebma,
xvewdnen ra TavianT meTodikas, miiRes kidev xuTi fermenti. es iyo
umniSvnelovanesi aRmoCenebi fermentebis qimiis sferoSi da
saerTod, cilebis dargSi.
virusebi aRmoCenili iqna rusi mecnieris dimitri ivanovskis
mier 1892 wels. eqvsi wlis Semdeg virusebis kvleva daiwyo martin
beiernikma, romelmac pirvelma gamoTqva azri, rom es iyo
gansakuTrebulad mcire zomebis, mikroskopSi uxilavi, axali tipis
daavadebis gamomwvevi. u. stenlim miiRo virusebi kristaluri
formiT da amiT daadastura maTi cilovani buneba, aCvena, rom
isini (virusebi) ikaveben gardamaval mdgomareobas cocxal da
aracocxal samyaros Soris.
am rTuli nivTierebebis, kristaluri formiT gamoyofis
saSualebebs hqondaT gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba maTi
kvlevisaTvis. gansakuTrebiT rentgenostruqturuli analizis
meTodiT. am kvlevaTa mwvervali gaxda Tambaqos mozaikis da po-
liomielitis virusebis kristaluri saxiT miReba, romelic prin-
stonSi (aSS) ganaxorciela uendl meredit stenlim 1932 wels.
samneris, nortropis da stenlis gamokvlevebma 30-ian
wlebSi mTel msoflioSi moipoves didi aRiareba. 1946 wels es mec-
nierebi daajildoves nobelis premiiT qimiaSi. j. samnerma miiRo

19
premiis naxevari (fermentTa cilovani bunebis damtkicebisaTvis da
maTi gamoyofisaTvis kristaluri saxiT); meore naxevari nobelis
premiisa gaiyo j. nortropsa (fermentTa kristaluri saxiT
gamoyofisaTvis) da u. stenlis (virusebis miRebisaTvis
kristaluri saxiT) Soris.
kofermentebis kvlevam aCvena, rom mravali maTgani mie-
kuTvneba nukleotidebs. es nivTierebebi warmoadgenen sami erT-
maneTTan dakavSirebuli naerTisagan Semdgar kompleqsebs Se-
madgenlobiT: a) fosformJavas narCeni; b) Saqari (pentoza); g)
purini an pirimidini.
XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi, roca ingliselma mecnierma
aleqsander todma daiwyo nukleotidTa kvleva, maTi
Semadgenlobis zogadi maxasiaTeblebi cnobili iyo, magram
gaugebari rCeboda, rogor ukavSirdebodnen erTmaneTs sxvadasxva
substruqturebi. 1949 wels uoldo konma gansazRvra Saqris
xuTatomiani rgolis romel adgilze xdeba sxva naerTebis
mierTeba. a. todma ganaviTara es ideebi da daadgina nukleotidis
zusti struqtura. misma Sedegebma Seasrules gansakuTrebuli misia
ara marto enzimologiaSi, aramed safuZveli Cauyares dnm-s
struqturis kvlevas, romelic ganaxorcieles frensis hari
kompton krikma, jeims diui uotsonma da sxva mecnierebma.
a. todi cnobilia aseve vitaminebisa da mTeli rigi sxva
biologiurad aqtiuri bunebrivi nivTierebebis kvlevebiT. man
samecniero moRvaweoba daiwyo robert robinsonTan, XX saukunis
30-ian wlebSi, mcenareul pigmentebze - antocianebze cdebiT. misi
Sromebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovania nukleotidebisa da
nukleotidkofermentebis gamokvlevebi, risTvisac 1957 wels
mieniWa nobelis premia qimiaSi.
XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi, niu-iorkis rokfeleris
universitetSi muSaobda ori mkvlevari, stanford muri da uiliam
houard staini, romelTac Seitanes uzarmazari wvlili fermentTa
struqturis gansazRvraSi.
biokatalizatorebi warmoadgenen cilovan sxeulebs da maTi
kvleva warmoadgens cilebis qimiis sferos. didi miRwevebi am
dargSi ekuTvniT: emil fiSers, romelmac daadgina rogor
ukavSirdebian aminomJavebi erTmaneTs; ingliselma mecnierma
frederik sengerma 50-ian wlebSi SeimuSava cilebSi aminomJavebis
ganlagebis gansazRvris meTodi. man gansazRvra hormon insulinis
struqtura, risTvisac 1958 wels mieniWa nobelis premia qimiaSi.
amave periodSi s. murma da u. stainma daxvewes meTodi da Seqmnes

20
avtomaturi danadgari polipeptiduri jaWvebis kvlevebisaTvis.
1960 wels am orma mkvlevarma gansazRvra pirveladi struqtura,
aminomJavuri fermentebis SeerTebis morigeobiToba pankreasis
ribonukleazaSi. paralelurad gaaumjobeses TavianTi meTodika,
ganaviTares ra sengeris meTodi: gamosakvlevi cilis molekulebi
fermentebis saSualebiT ixliCebodnen calkeul fragmentebad.
bioqimiaSi kargadaa cnobili, rom sxvadasxva fermentebi cilis
molelkulebs xleCen sxvadasxva adgilebSi, miiReboda cilis
fragmentebis nakrebi, romelTa dayofa xdeboda iongacvliTi
fisiT da analizirdebodnen. es fragmentebi nawilobriv
urTierTifarebodnen, rac iZleoda, maTi urTierTSedarebis gziT,
aminomJavaTa saerTo Tanamimdevrobis gansazRvris saSualebas.
stainma da murma aseve daadgines sxva fermentebis pirveladi
struqturebi, paralelurad maTTan muSaobda qristian bemer
anfinseni, romelic swavlobda kavSirs pirvelad da mesameul
struqturebs Soris. fermentTa meoreuli struqtura ga-
mokvleuli iqna lainus karl polingis mier 40-iani wlebis
bolos. man daadgina, rom ramodenime polipeptiduri jaWvi ixveva
da qmnis sxvadasxva saxis spiralebs. Tavis mxriv spiralebi aseve
deformirdebian gansazRvruli saxiT da qmnian mesameul stru-
qturas.
cilis molekulebis yvelaze zogadi agebulebis (romelic
gansazRvravda mis formasa da funqcias) kvleva daiwyo q. anfin-
senma jandacvis nacionalur institutSi, betesdaSi (aSS, vaSing-
tonis Stati); man daadgina, rom cilis denaturaciisas (roca poli-
peptiduri jaWvis gorgali ixsneba) SesaZlebelia sivrculi
struqturis spontanuri aRdgena. es xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tavad
jaWvebi araa dazianebuli. am Sedegebma anfinseni miiyvana
daskvnamde, rom cilis pirvelad struqturaSi Cadebulia mTeli
informacia misi molekulis sivrculi agebulebis Sesaxeb. es iyo
Zalze mniSvnelovani daskvna, rac niSnavda, rom sakmarisia
mxolod sworad ganlagdes (mowesrigdes) aminomJavebi jaWvSi - da
SesaZlebelia xelovnuri gziT dasinTezdes cilis molekula,
romelic arafriT ar gansxvavdeba bunebrivisagan.
stainis, muris da anfinsenis gamokvlevebma didi gavlena
moaxdines cilebis qimiis da gansakuTrebiT fermentTa kvlevaze,
romelnic (fermentebi) iTvlebian yvelaze ufro saintereso
cilovan molekulebad. 1972 wels fundamentaluri wvlilisaTvis
fermentTa qimiaSi, es sami mecnieri dajildovda nobelis premiiT
qimiis dargSi.

21
 1.3. cocxali ujredi da bunebrivi
nivTierebebi

1.3.1. ujredis cikli

ramodenime wlis win ujredis ciklis dargSi Catare-

bulma kvlevebma mecnierebi gansacvifrebel aRmoCenamde miiy-
vana - aRmoCnda, rom eukariotebisaTvis (romelTac mie-
kuTvneba yvela cocxali organizmi, baqteriebisa da virusebis
garda) ujredis cikli ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia erTad-
erTi cilis (cdc 2), aqtivobis cvlilebebiT.
70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi i. masuim ielis universiteti-
dan (aSS) da l. smitma argonis nacionaluri laboratoriidan
(aSS), erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad gaakeTes identifici-
reba nivTierebebisa romelzecaa damokidebuli mitozisa da
meiozis dasawyisi. i. masium am nivTierebas momwifebis
faqtori uwoda – MPF (Maturation Promotoring Factor)
SemdgomSi sxva mkvlevarebmac aCvenes, rom MPF, romlis
gamoyofac SeZles 1988 wels, aris rogorc mitozis aseve
meiozis mTavari regulatori.
ujredis ciklis genetikuri kvlevebi daiwyo 70-ian
wlebSi l. hartuelis samuSaoebiT (vaSingtonis universiteti,
aSS) . SemdgomSi aRmoCenili iqnen umniSvnelovanesi genebi
saerTo saxelwodebiT cdc (cell-division cycle - ujredis dayofis
cikli).
p. nersma edinburgis universitetidan (didi britaneTi)
1975 wels gaakeTa im mutaciaTa identificireba, romlebic
axdenen ujredis ciklis blokirebas sxvadasxva stadiebze da
gansazRvra normaSi cdc genebis aqtivaciis morigeobiToba.
erTi aseTi genis, cdc 2 -is SemTxvevaSi genis gansazRvruli
mutaciebisas warmoiqmneba araaqtiuri cila da ujredis day-
ofa Cerdeba. amave genis sxva mutaciebi, piriqiT, iwveven imas,
rom ujredi Sedis mitozis fazaSi normaze adre.
cdc 2 cila - produqtebis aminomJavuri Tanamimdevroba
dadgenili iqna 1987 wels. dRes cnobilia, rom es cila as-

22
rulebs sakvanZo rols yvela eukariotis mitozSi. mis yvela
variants qvia cdc 2 miuxedavad imisa, romel organizms
miekuTvnebian.
cdc 2 cilebi miekuTvnebian proteinkinazebs - fermentebs,
romelTac gadaaqvT fosfaturi jgufebi adenozintrifosfati-
dan (ATP) cilis molekulebze. ukanasknel wlebSi cxadi gaxda,
rom fosfatis mierTeba an CamoSoreba aris ujredis cilebis
aqtivobis ZiriTadi regulaciis saSualeba (fosfaturi jgu-
fis CamoSoreba xorcieldeba fermentebiT, romelTac fosfa-
tazebi ewodebaT). genetikuri kvlevebis paralelurad
grZeldeboda Tavad MPF-is Seswavla. 1988 wels m. lokem da
j. malerma kolorados universitetis samedicino skolidan
(aSS) gamoyves es nivTiereba da aCvenes, rom misi molekula
Sedgeba ori suberTeulisagan.
80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi t. hantma, kembrijis
universitetidan, daadgina, rom MPF-is meore komponenti (cdc-
s garda), aris uCveulo cila ciklini - romelic qreba mi-
tozis bolos swrafi degradaciis Sedegad da grovdeba
interfazaSi, radganac iSleba am dros gacilebiT nela, vidre
sinTezirdeba.
1987 wels endriu u. miurerma da mark u. kirSnerma,
aseve damoukideblad k. fordma da misma kolegebma sasekis
universitetidan, ujredis ciklis eqsperimentaluri gamokv-
levebiT daadgines, rom erTi mxriv, ujredTa ciklebi grZel-
debian, miuxedavad yvela cilis sinTezis (garda ciklinis)
blokirebisa, meore mxriv t. hantma eqsperimentalurad daam-
tkica, rom ciklinis sinTezis SerCeviTi blokirebisas (sxva
cilebis warmoqmna grZeldeboda), ujredis cikli Cerdeboda
interfazaze.
e. miurerma da m. kirSnerma cdebiT daadgines, rom cik-
lini grovdeba interfazaze da swrafad iSleba mitozis dros.
degradaciis siswrafem, isini miiyvana daskvnamde, rom ujre-
debi ver daamTavreben mitozs manam, sanam SenarCunebulia
ciklini, da roca ujredebSi gaakeTes ciklinis damoklebuli
molekulebis sinTezis inducireba (romelTac SeeZloT mi-
tozis inducireba da romelnic degradacias ar
eqvemdebarebodnen) birTvebis gayofa ar mTavrdeboda da
ujredis cikli muxruWdeboda mitozze.
Tavad ciklinis mierTeba cila cdc 2-Tan arasakmarisia
MPF kompleqsis aqtivaciisaTvis. MPF-is funqcionirebisaTvis,

23
aucilebelia, rom rogorc cdc 2, aseve ciklini unda ganicdid-
nen gansazRvrul modifikaciebs sxva reaqciebis Sedegad.
Tumca cila cdc 2 aris ujredis ciklis mTavari regula-
tori eukariot ujredebSi da cilebi, romlebic mas amodi-
ficireben, erTnairni arian yvela ujredSi. am proteinkinazis
regulacia SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes, detalebSi, sxvadasxva
organizmebisaTvis da erTi da imave organizmis ujredTa
sxvadasxva tipebisaTvis.
erT SemTxvevaSi, kompleqsis cdc 2 -ciklini aqtivacia
xorcieldeba cila cdc 25-iT, meore SemTxvevaSi - Tavad cik-
liniT, mesameSi - sxva modulatorebiT. cila cdc 2-is koncen-
tracia, mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi, SenarCunebulia mudmiv
doneze. ciklinic sinTezirdeba mudmivad, magram misi
koncentracia izrdeba interfazis dros da mcirdeba mitozis
msvlelobisas. interfazis dros dagrovebuli ciklini ukav-
Sirdeba cdc 2-is molekulebs da qmnis e.w. pre-MPF-s. MPF-is es
forma jer kidev araa aqtiuri: mas ar SeuZlia fosfaturi
jgufebi gadaitanos cilis molelkulebze da ar SeuZlia mi-
tozis inducireba. Semdeg cdc 25-is msgavsi fermentebis mo-
qmedebiT, pre-MPF-i gardaiqmneba aqtiur MPF-ad da axdens mi-
tozis movlenebis pirdapir da irib inicirebas. aqtiuri MPF–
i ara mxolod marTavs procesebs, romlebsac mivyavarT
birTvisa da danarCeni ujredis fizikur gayofamde, igi aseve
aaqtivebs fermentebs, romelTa monawileobiTac xdeba cik-
linis degradacia. mitozi mTavrdeba, roca ciklinis
koncentracia eSveba garkveul zRvars qvemoT. ciklinis ga-
reSe cila cdc 2 da Sedegad MPF-i ver darCebian aqtiurni.
dRes cnobilia, rom embrionis somatur ujredebSi, misi
ganviTarebis gvian stadiebze dnm-is rpelikaciis dasawyisi in-
terfazaSi iseve mkacrad regulirdeba, rogorc mitozSi Ses-
vla; es meore (mitozis Semdeg) umTavresi sakontrolo mom-
tenti pirvelad daadgina l. hartuelma da daarqva mas `sas-
tarto gadasasvleli~. Cveulebrivad, aucilebel kvebas
moklebuli ujredebi, aCereben ujredis cikls sastarto
gadasasvlelze.
sastarto gadasasvlelis regulacia bevri ramiT gva-
gonebs mitozis regulacias. mTeli procesi, aseve
ganpirobebulia cila cdc 2-is aqtivaciiT, risTvisac, Tavis
mxriv, saWiroa ciklinis dagroveba. magram sastarto gada-

24
sasvlelze monawile ciklini, araa identuri im ciklinisa,
romelsac mniSvneloba aqvs mitozisaTvis. arsebobs ciklinis
ori klasi: erTze damokidebulia ujredis Sesvla mitozSi da
meiozSi, xolo meoreze, romelic struqturiT Zalze axlos
dgas pirvelTan, damokidebulia dnm-is replikacia.
bolo 30 wlis da gansakuTrebiT ukanaskneli wlebis
warmatebebma kvlevebSi daamtkices, rom ujredis ciklis
regulatorebi - cila cdc 2, ciklini da cdc 25-is msgavsi modu-
latorebi, arian yvela eukariot organizmis ujredis ciklis
ZiriTadi regulatorebi.

1.3.2. simsivnuri ujredebis invazia da metastazireba

termini `metastazi~ Semoitana frangma eqimma Jozef

klod reakamiem, 1929 wels gamoqveynebul monografiaSi
`Recherches du cancer” (simsivnis kvleva). man pirvelma
warmoadgina anatomiuri mtkicebulebebi imisa, rom metastaze-
bis gamomwvevi mizezi aris simsivnuri ujredebi, romlebic
moxvdebian ra sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemaSi gadaitanebian
pirveladi simsivnis mdebareobis adgilidan moSorebiT. jer
kidev rekamiemde qirurgebma da anatomebma SeamCnies, rom
simsivnis sazRvrebi SesaZlebelia gafarTovdnen, mezobeli
qsovilebis da limfokvanZebis ujredTa kolonizaciis gziT;
magram iTvleboda, rom simsivnuri ujredebis koloniebi, or-
ganizmis sxvadasxva, moSorebul ubnebSi warmoiSvebian damou-
kideblad.
rekamiem aRwera adgilobrivi infiltracia, simsivnuri
qsovilebis invazia venebis kedlebSi.
metastazirebis uaxlesma gamokvlevebma aCvenes, rom es
procesi warmoadgens urTules gardaqmnaTa mravaletapian
movlenaTa jaWvs, romlis drosac pirveladi simsivnidan
gamomavali (momwydari) kibos ujredebis mxolod umciresi
nawili _ erTze naklebi 10 aTas ujredze, gadarCeba da sa-
Taves udebs axal, avTvisebian kolonias. swrafad mzardi
ujredTa masis kvebisaTvis simsivne inducirebas ukeTebs
TviTuzrunvelyofas axali sisxlZarRvebiT, es procesi iwo-
deba anhiogenezad (The Vascularization of Tumors, by J. Folkman.
“Scientific American”, May 1976).

25
 simsivneebSi axladwarmoqmnili sisxlZarRvebis ked-
lebi nawilobriv SeRwevadia, ise rom, avTvisebiani ujredebi
SedarebiT advilad gaaRweven sisxlZarRvTa sanaTurSi.
simsivnur qsovilSi sisxlZarRvTa nebismieri gantotva aris
sisxlis nakadSi misi ujredebis potenciurad SeRwevadi ad-
gili.
limfuri arxebi aseve SeRwevadia simsivnuri ujre-
debisaTvis, magram simsivneebi ar ainducireben limfuri arxe-
bis sakuTari qselis Seqmnas. limfuri arxebi normaSi
gamotumbaven qsovilebidan zedmet ujredgareSe siTxes, ise
rom simsivneebSi limfuri sistemis ar qona ganapirobebs
simsivnur qsovilSi hidrostatikur dawnevas. pirvelad es
aCvena p. gulinom turinis (italia) paTologiuri anatomiis
institutSi. am Sida dawnevam SeiZleba daazianos simsivne da
amiT miexmaros organizms imiT, rom aviwroebs ra sust
sisxlZarRvebs, simsivnur qsovilebs akldebaT Jangbadi da
kveba. Sidasimsivnuri limfuri arxebis ar arseboba niSnavs
imas, rom kibos ujredebs SeuZliaT SeaRwion organizmis
limfur sistemaSi mxolod simsivnuri da normaluri qso-
vilebis sazRvarze.
kibos ujredebi gadaadgildebian venebiT an limfuri
ZarRvebiT manam, sanam ar gaiWedebian dinebis qveda nawilSi
an limfur kvanZSi arxis Seviwroebis gamo da sanam ar
miemagrebian mis Sida amonafens.
umravles SemTxvevaSi metastazirebadi ujredis mimag-
reba xdeba sadme, mas Semdeg, rac igi gaivlis guls. anatomi-
uri Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia winaswar
ganisazRvros Tu sad formirdeba pirveladi simsivnis metas-
tazTa 60%. ase rom, mravali saxis simsivnis metastazTa Cve-
ulebrivi adgilia filtvebi, radganac gulidan mTeli
sisxli, sanam gadanawildeba organizmis danarCen qsovilebSi,
gadaiqaCeba filtvebis kapilarebis gavliT.
msxvili nawlavis kibos dros xSirad metastazebi Cnde-
bian RviZlSi, romelic msxvili nawlavidan Rebulobs venuri
sisxlis pirdapir nakads.
rodesac metastazebi Cndeba ara im organoebSi, sadac
mosalodneli iyo, es rogorc wesi dakavSirebulia imasTan,
rom cirkulirebadi simsivnuri ujredebi pouloben iq gansa-
kuTrebiT xelsayrel `niadags~ sicocxlisa da zrdisaTvis,
sadac xdeba simsivnuri ujredebis SerCeviTi stimulacia.

26
gansazRvruli cilebis koncentraciul gradientebs, romleb-
sac gamoyofen organoebi - samizneebi, aseve SeuZliaT `miizi-
don~ simsivnuri ujredebi da aiZulon isini ganaxorcielon
migracia sisxlZarRvebidan.
simsivnuri ujredebis absoluturi umravlesoba, yovn-
debian ra kapilarebSi an limfur kvanZebSi, iRupebian iq im
meqanikuri dazianebebis gamo, romlebic warmoiSvebian sisx-
lis nakadis dinamiuri datvirTvebiT an organizmis damcveli
Zalebis Setevis Sedegad. miuxedavad amisa gadarCenili
simsivnuri ujredebis nawili 8-dan 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi
iwyeben Canergvas sisxlZarRvebis kedlebSi da sabolood
toveben sisxlis nakads.
normalur qsovilSi SeRweuli simsivnuri ujredebidan,
yvelas rodi SeuZlia icocxlos da dasawyisi misces avTvise-
bian zrdas. axal koloniebs qmnian mxolod is simsivnuri
ujredebi, romlebic Cajdebian ra qsovilSi, iwyeben
proliferacias (gamravlebas); es SeiZleba stimulirdebodes
sxvadasxva zemoqmedebiT, organizmis mier warmoebuli zrdis
adgilobrivi faqtorebisa da hormonebis CaTvliT, aseve Ta-
vad simsivnuri ujredebis mier warmoebuli autostimulire-
badi zrdis faqtorebiT.
axladwarmoqmnili metastazuri koloniebi SeiZleba
gavrceldnen mxolod im pirobebSi, roca simsivnuri anhio-
geneziT miiRweva sakvebiT sakmarisi uzrunvelyofa. mTlianad
Camoyalibebul meorad simsivneebs aqvT sakuTari sisxlmo-
marageba, rac niSnavs, rom SeuZliaT gaxdnen cirkulirebadi
simsivnuri ujredebis axali wyaroebi; e.i. metastazur kolo-
niebs Tavad SeuZliaT metastazireba da aqedan avadmyofis
mdgomareobis mkveTri gauareseba da letaluri Sedegis daC-
qareba.
aSS-is kibos nacionalur institutSi 90-iani wlebis
dasawyisidan lans a. lioti da misi TanamSromlebi Seudgnen
kvlevebs simsivnis invaziisa da metastazirebis fundamenta-
luri safuZvlebis garkvevisaTvis, or doneze: a) invaziis bio-
qimiuri meqanizmebi, romlebic moqmedeben ujredis zedapirze
da b) genetikuri meqanizmebi simsivnuri ujredis SigniT,
romlebic SesaZlebels xdian metastazirebas.
maT SeZles identificireba gaekeTebinaT mTeli rigi
genebisa da cilebisa, romlebic aregulireben invaziisa da
metastazirebis zogierT mxareebs. l.a. liotis metastazirebis

27
Semswavlelma kvleviTma jgufma daamuSava metastazirebadi
simsivnis ujredebi specialuri agentebiT - ujredis gayofis
blokatorebiT da Semdeg gaaanaliza am ujredebis unari
gadalaxon qsoviluri barierebi. aRmoCnda, rom ujredis
gayofis CaxSoba ar moqmedebs invaziis procesze. maT
daaskvnes, rom dawneva, romelic warmoiSoba simsivnis zrdis
Sedegad, ar aris saWiro simsivnuri ujredebis qsovilur
barierSi gaRwevisaTvis. simsivnuri ujredebis invazia warmo-
adgens Zalze aqtiur process.
avTvisebianobisaTvis, simsivnis metastazirebaunariano-
bisaTvis aucilebelia invazia. simsivnis `xarisxi~ ganisaz-
Rvreba, paTologanatomiuri analizisas, misi periferiebis
mixedviT. keTilTvisebiani simsivneebi, romlebTac ar gaaC-
niaT invaziuri Tvisebebi, xasiaTdebian mkveTrad Semofarg-
luli sazRvrebiT, rac ganpirobebulia simsivnis mxridan
dawneviT da garSemomyofi qsovilebis wanacvlebiT; da
piriqiT, avTvisebiani simsivneebi xasiaTdebian sustad gamoxa-
tuli sazRvrebiT -wodebuli `invaziis frontad~ sadac indi-
vidualuri simsivnuri ujredebi aqtiurad migrireben pirve-
ladi simsivnuri masidan. invaziis frontSi mimdinare, urTu-
les bioqimiur movlenebSi monawileoben rogorc simsivnuri,
aseve normaluri qsovilis ujredebi.
simsivnur ujredebs pirvel bariers uqmnian en-
doTeliumis ujredebi, romliTacaa Signidan gamogebuli
sisxlZarRvebi da limfuri kvanZebi. g. nikolsonis (ander-
sonis sax. saavadmyofo, hiustoni, aSS) gamokvlevebma aCvena,
rom simsivnur ujredebs SeiZleba axasiaTebdeT, specialuri
adgeziuri Tvisebebi, endoTeliumis zedapiris mimarT.
simsivnuri ujredebis dakavSireba, endoTeliumis
ujredTa SresTan iwvevs am ukanasknelTa Semcirebas da mis
qvemoT mdebare qsovilis gaSiSvlebas.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, simsivnuri ujredebi `aiZu-
leben~ endoTeliumis ujredebs CaerTon `kooperirebaSi~, in-
vaziis procesis msvlelobisas.
endoTeliumis ujredebis qveS mdebareobs ufro mtkice
barieri _ ujredSorisi matriqsi. bazaluri membrana warmo-
adgens am matriqsis erT-erT specializirebul formas,
romliTac garSemovlebulia sisxlZarRvebi, kunTebis ujre-
debi da nervuli boWkoebi. ujredSorisi matriqsis roli
nawilobriv mdgomareobs, qsovilebis zrdisas sayrdenis

28
SeqmnaSi. matriqsi aseve uzrunvelyofs SerCeviT SeRwevado-
bas, cilebisa da sxva nivTierebebis ujredSorisi transpor-
tisaTvis, sisxlZarRvebis kedlebis gavliT da TirkmelebSi
filtraciis procesisas. garda amisa, is asrulebs meqanikuri
barieris rols simsivnuri ujredebis invaziisas.
ujredTa populaciebi, normaSi, ujredSorisi matriqsis
sxvadasxva mxares ar irevian erTmaneTSi Wrilobis Sexorce-
bis drosac ki an embriogenezis dros organoTa ganviTare-
bisas. miuxedavad amisa, avTvisebiani ujredebi advilad gaaR-
weven ujredSoris matriqss, gadakveTen qsovilTa gamyof saz-
Rvrebs da saxldebian axal adgilze.
bazaluri membranis darRveva aris invaziis frontis
damaxasiaTebeli niSani adamianis avTvisebiani simsivnis
yvela SemTxvevisaTvis. metastazirebadi simsivnuri ujredebi
ganisazRvrebian, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciiT, daarR-
vion ujredSorisi matriqsiT Seqmnili sazRvrebi da Seerion
iseTi tipis ujredebs, romlebic gansxvavdebian, pirveladi
simsivneebis ujredebisagan. erTian bazalur membranas, ro-
melic gars akravs sisxlZarRvebs Cveulebriv ar gaaCnia
forebi an arxebi, sakmarisi masSi simsivnuri ujredebis pasi-
uri gavlisaTvis. amrigad, metastazirebadi simsivnuri ujre-
debi, toveben ra sisxlis nakads, pouloben sxva gzas bazalur
membranaSi gaRwevisa. am procesis Sesaswavlad metastazire-
badi ujredebi moaTavses winaswar dagebul bazalur mem-
branaze. isini dauyovnebliv miemagrnen bazalur membranas.
mimagrebuli simsivnuri ujredebis qveS Camoyalibda lizisis
zona, sadac xdeboda bazaluri membranis cilaTa frag-
mentacia. sabolood simsivnuri ujredebi Cainergebodnen da
gaaRwevdnen bazaluri membranis dazianebuli adgilebidan. ga-
mokvlevebiT dadginda, rom simsivnuri ujredebis gaRweva ba-
zaluri membranis barierSi xorcieldeba sam etapad. pirvel
etapze xorcieldeba ujredTa mimagreba bazalur membranaze.
es ganisazRvreba ujredis zedapirze ganlagebuli specifiuri
receptorebiT, romlebic aRiqvamen bazaluri membranis
komponentebs. meore etapze aqtivizirdebian destruqciis
fermentebi, romlebic arRveven an gardaqmnian bazaluri mem-
branis molekulebs uSualod simsivnuri ujredebis qveS. me-
same etapze simsivnuri ujredebi gamowelaven fsevdopodiebs
(amebis msgavsi crufexebi) lizisis zonaSi da es procesi
mimdinareobs Tavad ujredTa migraciiT.

29
 simsivnuri ujredebis invaziis sami etapi _ adgezia, ba-
zaluri membranis fermentaciuli modifikacia da migracia –
kargad koordinirebuli da mowesrigebulia droSi. sanam
gadaadgilebadi fronti ujredis zedapirisa aaqtivebs
fermentebs Semaferxebeli molekulebis dasaSlelad, ujre-
dis ukana mxare unda rCebodes mtkiced mimagrebuli
ujredSoris matriqsze. rogorc ki gaixsneba gza win, unda
moxdes aqtivobaTa gadarTva imisaTvis, rom destruqciis
fermentebma Sewyviton moqmedeba da ujredma SeZlos win
waweva. aseTi `gadarTva~ aucilebelia, radganac win wawevi-
saTvis qsovilSi Cazrdil simsivnur ujreds Wirdeba, rom
CaeWidos matriqss moZraobis mimarTulebiT, gadaadgildes
win da likvidacia gaukeTos yvela kavSirs matriqsTan ujre-
dis ukana mxares. sxva sityvebiT, simsivnuri ujredi erTd-
roulad unda `Txrides gvirabs~, `ebRauWebodes gvirabis~
Sida kedlebs da gaadgildebodes win.
aseTi ucnauri qmedeba gvxvdeba ara mxolod simsivnur
ujredebSi. dro da dro normaluri ujredebi aseve iZenen in-
vaziis unars garSemortymul qsovilebSi; normaluri invazi-
uri qmedeba damaxasiaTebelia magaliTad: placentis implan-
taciisas saSvilosnos kedlebSi da organoTa formirebisas
embrionaluri ganviTarebis dros. leikocitebs SeuZliaT
gaaRwion sisxlZarRvebis kedlebSi da miaRwion anTebiTi
procesebis ubnebs. sisxlZarRvTa qseli yalibdeba en-
doTeliumis ujredebis migraciis da invaziis saSualebiT,
romlebic (endoTeliumis ujredebi) gadian ujredSorisi ma-
triqsis barierebSi da ganlagdebian qsovilebis im
adgilebSi, romlebic saWiroeben kvebasa da Jangbads. yvela
am SemTxvevaSi invaziis meqanizmi normaluri ujredebisaTvis
TiTqmis iseTivea, rogorc simsivnuri ujredebisaTvis. miuxe-
davad amisa, arsebobs kritikulad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
am procesebis reagulaciisas. normaluri ujredebis invazia
wydeba gamomwvevi stimulebis gaqrobisas, xolo avTvisebian
ujredebs SeuZliaT SeuCereblad migrirebdnen da gadakveT-
dnen qsovilur barierebs iq da im dros, sadac da ra drosac
es yovelmxriv miuRebelia normaluri ujredebisaTvis.
negatiuri moqmedebis regulatoruli cilebi (nor-
maluri da kibos ujredebis invaziuri qmedebebis damTrgun-
veli) SeiZleba iyvnen aseve mniSvnelovanni ujredTa
agresiulobis SesanarCuneblad, rogorc pozitiurad moqmedi

30
faqtorebi. aman saSualeba misca mkvlevarebs daeSvaT me-
tastazirebis gen-supresorTa arseboba, e.i. arseboba genebisa,
romlebic akodireben metastazirebis sakvanZo etapebis Camx-
Sob cilebs.
metastazirebis CamxSob genTa koncefciebi mtkicdebian
kvlevebiT, romlebic Caatara r. vainbergma uaithedis insti-
tutSi (aSS) da b. fogelSteinma jon hopkinsis saxelobis
universitetSi (aSS), maT aCvenes kibos ujredTa zrdis Camx-
Sobi genebis mniSvneloba. vainbergma da fogelSteinma
daadgines, rom gansazRvruli regulatoruli genebis dakar-
gva an mutacia (iseTebis rogorebicaa geni p53Pan retinoblas-
tomis ganmapirobebeli geni) iwvevs ujredTa anomalur,
arakontrolirebad zrdas _ kibos ganviTarebis pirvel
etaps. Semdgom kritikul etaps warmoadgens simsivnis gadas-
vla Cveulebrivi zrdis fazidan, invaziasa da metastazirebaSi.
simsivnuri ujredebis zrdidan, invaziasa da metastazirebaSi
gadasvlis procesisas, genetikuri movlenebis gamo, kibos
ujredebSi matulobs migraciis mastimulirebeli cilebisa da
ujredSorisi matriqsis gamxleCi fermentebis warmoqmna.
imave ujredebSi wydeba metastazirebis damTrgunveli ci-
lebis eqspresia, romlebic normaSi blokirebas ukeTeben
keTilTvisebiani simsivnis ujredebis gardaqmnas avTvisebian
metastazirebad ujredebSi.
gamokvlevebisas dadginda, rom invaziisadmi ga-
moxatuli midrekileba asocirdeba cilebis gamxleCi
fermentebis warmoqmnis gaZlierebasTan, es fermentebi
miekuTvnebian metaloproteinazebs. adamianis ujredebis ga-
mokvlevisas aRmoCnda, rom metaloproteinazebis aweuli
done simsivneebSi korelirebs invaziisa da metastazirebis
ganviTarebasTan, es SeiniSneboda sarZeve jirkvlis, msxvili
nawlavis, kuWis, farisebri jirkvlis, filtvebis da RviZlis
kibos SemTxvevebSi.
dReisaTvis cnobilia genTa ojaxis aTamde warmo-
madgeneli, romlebic kodirebas ukeTeben metaloproteina-
zebs. yvela am ferments aqvs msgavsi struqtura, magram mniSv-
nelovnad gansxvavdebian im cilaTa tipebis mixedviT, romel-
Tac xleCen. erT-erTi im mniSvnelovani cilebidan, romelTac
xleCen metaloproteinazebi aris kolageni - Cxiriseburi,
samspiraliani molekulebi, romlebic ayalibeben ujredSo-
risi matriqsis karkass. am cilis saxecvlileba, wodebuli

31
kolagen IV-ad, warmoqnis bazaluri membranis struqturul
ConCxs. sxvadasxva qsovilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kola-
genis sxva saxecvlilebebi. simsivnur ujredebs, sxvadasxva
qsoviluri barierebis gadalaxvisaTvis, WirdebaT ara erTi
metaloproteinaza, aramed mTeli rigi aseTi fermentebi
sxvadasxva specifikaciiT; igive exeba destruqciis fermentTa
sxva klasebsac.
imis dasadgenad, marTla aucilebelia Tu ara
metaloproteinazebi invaziisaTvis, kibos nacionalur insti-
tutSi (aSS) l. liotma TanamSromlebTan erTad daamuSava
simsivnuri ujredebi im antisxeulebiT, romlebic SerCeviT
ukeTeben blokirebas gansazRvrul fermentebs. am cdebisas
SeiniSneboda simsivnuri ujredebis invaziuri qmedebebis
mTliani CaxSoba.
yvela metaloproteinaza iqmneba sawyis araaqtiur for-
maSi, is sruliad araqmediTunariania gaxliCos romelime
cilis molelkula. aqtivobis ar qona aq ganpirobebulia
cxra aminomJavis maRalkonservatiuli TanmimdevrobiT,
metaloproteinazebis yvela molekulis erT-erT boloze, am
TanmimdevrobaSi aris araCveulebrivad reaqciaunariani
cisteinis narCeni. araaqtiur formaSi molekulis bolo isea
orientirebuli, rom cisteinis es narCeni urTierTqmedebs
metalis ionTan fermentis aqtiur centrSi da blokirebas
ukeTebs cila-samizneTa gaxleCis unars e.i. metaloprotein-
azebi imTaviTve atareben sakuTar struqturaSi CaSenebul
inhibitors.
meataloproteinaza iZens aqtivobas, roca misi moleku-
lis forma icvleba ise, rom peptidi, romelic Seicavs
reaqciaunarian cisteinis narCens, Sordeba metalis ions aqti-
ur centrSi, Semdeg mocemuli peptidi mowydeba da fermenti
rCeba mudmivad aqtiuri.
l. liotma da misma kolegebma adamianis simsivnis nimu-
SebSi, metaloproteinazebis konformaciuli cvlilebebis Ses-
wavlisas aRmoaCines, rom es fermentebi namdvilad gadadian
aqtiur formaSi. magram aqtiur metaloproteinazasac ki ar
SeuZlia gaxliCos Tavisi samizneebi (cilebi) metalo-
proteinazebis Zlieri qsoviluri inhibitoris TIMP-is (Tissue
Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase) arsebobisas. iseve rogorc arse-
bobs metaloproteinazebis mTeli klasi, aris TIMP-is klasic,
romelic moicavs sul mcire or cilas: TIMP-1 da TIMP-2. isini

32
inhibirebas ukeTeben yvela aqtiur metaloproteinazas; ma-
gram amasTan erTad TIMP-2-s gaaCnia damatebiTi msgavseba,
latentur anu kolagenaz IV-is araaqtiur formasTan (metalo-
proteinazebi, romlebic xleCen kolagen IV-s).
TIMP-i, warmoSobili iseT normalur qsovilebSi,
rogorebicaa xrtili da Zvali, asrulebs mniSvnelovan rols
ujredSorisi matriqsis dacvaSi zedmeti rRvevebisagan. isini
aseve icaven nervebs, bazaluri membranis (romlebic gars ek-
vrian nervul boWkoebs) dazianebebis Tavidan acilebis gziT.
am cilebs SeuZliaT sisxlZarRvebSi da Zvlis tvinSi
ujredTa zrdis regulacia.
simsivnur ujredebsac SeuZliaT TIMP-is sekretireba;
magaliTad TIMP-2 warmoiqmneba mraval simsivneSi. imave
avTvisebian ujreds, romelic asinTezirebs romelime
metaloproteinazas, SeuZlia misive inhibitoris warmoebac.
fermentaciuli aqtivoba gamovlindeba mxolod maSin,
roca metaloproteinazebis molekulebi raodenobrivad
gadaaWarbeben TIMP-is molekulaTa ricxvs. Sedegad, am da is-
eve rogorc sxva aspeqtebSi, simsivnuri ujredebis invazia da-
mokidebulia pozitiurad da negatiurad moqmed cilaTa
regulatorebis balansze. aqedan gamomdinare, TIMP-i war-
moadgens metastazirebis supresors. rig laboratoriebSi
dadgenil iqna, rom TIMP-1 da TIMP-2 aCereben simsivnuri
ujredebis invaziis process. TIMP-2-s SeuZlia blokireba ax-
ali sisxlZarRvebis formirebisa, romlebic Wirdeba mzard
metastazebs kvebisaTvis. es imedismomcemi Sedegebi aRniSnaven
imas, rom TIMP-i da misi msgavsi preparatebi xsnian axal gzas
invaziisa da metastazirebis SesaCereblad.
1992 wels p. stigma (l. liotis kvleviTi jgufidan) aR-
moaCina metastazirebis uZlieresi cilovani supresori.
aanalizebda ra metastazirebadi da arametastazirebadi
simsivneebis ujredebis genetikur aqtivobas Soris gansxvave-
bas, p. stigma aRmoaCina geni, romelic srulebiT ar iyo an
iyo araaqtiuri metastazirebad simsivneebSi. cila - am genis
produqti mudmivad ar aris, an defeqturia metastazirebadi
simsivneebis mravali saxis ujredebisaTvis, xolo arame-
tastazirebadi simsivneebis ujredebSi igi SedarebiT didi
raodenobiTaa. am cilas ewodeba nm 23 (nonmetastatic).

33
 l. liotis jgufis mier aSS-i Catarebuli klinikuri ga-
mokvlevebi k. henesis (niuqaslis universiteti) da n. kimuras
(tokios gerontologiis instituti) monawileobiT, iZlevian
Semdegi daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas: sarZeve jirkvlis
pirvelad simsivneebSi nm 23-is dabali Semcveloba aSkarad
asocirdeba metastazirebasTan da avadmyofTa sikvdilianobis
did albaTobasTan; da piriqiT, nm 23-is maRali done kore-
lirebs metastazTa ar qoniT da avadmyofTaTvis xelsayreli
prognoziT. ufro metic, adamianis sarZeve jirkvlis kibos
SemTxvevaSi genetikur cvlilebaTa analizma aCvena, rom 50%-
ze met SemTxvevaSi dakargulia nm 23-is makodirebeli, ori-
dan erTi genis asli. sarZeve jirkvlis normalur qsovilSi
da mis arainvaziur simsivneebSi am cilis Semcveloba iyo
maRali. ise rom cvlilebebi, romlebic exeba nm 23-s mWidrod
korelireben ujredTa gadasvlasTan invaziisa da
metastazirebisaken. es damaxasiaTebelia ara mxolod sarZeve
jirkvlis avTvisebiani simsivneebisaTvis, aramed kibos sxva
daavadebebisTvisac.
cila nm 23 SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas ara marto
diagnostirebisaTvis, aramed mkurnalobisTvisac. p. stigs,
kultivirebad metastazirebad ujredebSi, Seyavda geni nm 23-
is kodirebisaTvis, ris Sedegadac gaZlierda misi eqspresia
e.i. cilis sinTezi. aseTi iniecirebuli ujredebi uunaroni aR-
moCndnen metastazebis warmoqmnaSi. mainc ra gziT axSobs nm
23 metastazirebis process?
dadgenilia, rom cila nm 23-s gaaCnia fermentaciuli
aqtivoba, romelic mdgomareobs fosfaturi jgufebis, cilis
molekulebTan mierTebaSi. fosforilirebas SeuZlia cilebis
aqtivobis modificireba, maT Soris signalTa gadacemis mare-
gulirebel ujredTa zrdaze da diferencirebaze moqmedi ci-
lebisa. aseve cnobilia, rom ujredebi, romlebic asinTezire-
ben nm 23-s ar sekretireben am cilebiT. cila nm 23 avlens
gansacvifrebel konservatulobas milioni wlebis ganmavlo-
baSi. adamianis cila nm 23 praqtikulad identuria cila awd-
si, romelic ekuTvnis xilis qinqlas da romelic Seiswavla a.
Sirnma (jon hopkinsis universitetidan, aSS). am qinqlas, cila
awd Wirdeba yvela organos swori formirebisaTvis, romle-
bic viTardebian embrionis epidermidan – tvini, Tvalebi,
frTebi, fexebi da genitaliebi (sasqeso organoebi).

34
 analogiiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom cila nm 23 adamianSi
asrulebs mniSvnelovan rols ujredSorisi komunikaciis
organizebisa. normalur qsovilTa ujredebi, ganviTarebisas,
urTierTqmedeben erTmaneTTan da formirebas ukeTeben or-
ganoTa aucilebel zomebsa da formebs. nm 23-is dakargvam an
aberaciulma regulaciam SeiZleba gamoiwvios ujredTa aram-
dgradi mdgomareoba, rac xels uwyobs simsivnuri ujredebis
avtonomiur qcevas da maT metastazirebas. avTvisebiani ujre-
dis ciklis, invaziis da metastazirebis procesebis blokire-
bis TvalsazrisiT Zalze mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia Semdegi:
simsivnuri ujredebis zedapirze aris Sesabamisi anti-
genebi, romelTaTvisac SeiZleba miRebul iqnan antisxeulebi
(rogorc cnobilia antisxeulebi warmoadgenen cilebs,
romelTac SeuZliaT amoicnon gansazRvruli struqturebi -
antigenebi).
didi xania SemuSavebulia meTodi _ saWiro specifi-
urobis antisxeulebis SeuzRudavi raodenobiT miRebisa. es
meTodi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom axdenen simsivnuri ujrede-
bis Serwymas imunuri sistemis ujredebTan B_ limfocitebTan,
romelTac SeuZliaT antisxeulebis sinTezireba. Sedegad
miRebul e.w. hibridomebs zrdian kulturalurad da isini
warmoqmnian antisxeulebs. erTi hibridomis STamomavloba _
kloni iZleva monoklonalur antisxeulebs, specifiurs erTi
gansazRvruli antigenis mimarT. cxadia, rom monoklonaluri
antisxeulebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnan simsivnur qso-
vilSi sxvadasxva agentebis SeRwevisaTvis, maT Soris an-
tisxeulebi, romlebic atareben ujredis ciklis ZiriTadi
argumentis - ciklinis blokatorebs (romlebic cnobilia),
ris gamoc simsivnur ujredTa cikli SeCerdeba interfazaze.
rogorc msoflios wamyvan centrebSi warmoebulma
kvlevebma da klinikurma gamocdebma aCvenes, simsivnuri
ujredebis invaziis ZiriTadi mizezi - aqtivirebuli meta-
loproteinaza ver xleCs Tavis samizneebs metaloproteinaze-
bis qsoviluri inhibitorebis (TIMP) arsebobisas.
iseve rogorc normalur, simsivnur ujredebsac SeuZ-
liaT TIMP-is sekretireba. avTvisebiani ujredi, romelic as-
inTezebs romelime metaloproteinazas, awarmoebs mis inhi-
bitorsac. kibos ujredebis invazia iwyeba mxolod maSin,
roca metaloproteinazis molekulaTa ricxvi gadaaWarbebs
TIMP-is molekulebis ricxvs.

35
 interesmoklebuli araa invaziis blokirebis sqemis Sem-
degi versia: TIMP-is gamoyofis Semdeg, Sesabamisi simsivnuri
ujredebidan, moxdes misi klonireba da praqtikaSi cnobili
ujredovani transportiT mitanili iqnas simsivnur ujre-
damde, riTac miiRweva zemoTaRniSnuli dadebiTi efeqti.
klinikuri gamokvlevebidan cnobilia, rom cila nm 23-
is dabali Semcveloba asocirebulia metastazirebasTan da
letaluri Sedegis did albaTobasTan. aseve cnobilia, rom
ujredebi, romlebic asinTezeben nm 23-s, am cilis sekrecias
ar axdenen. amis gamo SesaZlebelia sayuradRebo iyos: cno-
bili meTodikiT (cilis polimerizaciis reaqcia) miRebuli
iqnas nm 23 SeuzRudavi raodenobiT da aseve klinikuri ga-
mocdebiT dadgenili specialuri ujredovani transportiT
gadasrolili iqnas avTvisebian ujredebamde.
rodesac saubaria avTvisebiani ujredebis regulatore-
bis da modulatorebis blokirebis gziT mkurnalobis stra-
tegiis SemuSavebaze, Zalze mniSvnelovania arasasurveli
gverdiTi movlebnebis da imunologiuri Taviseburebebis
(gansakuTrebiT - mwvave imunuri reaqcia pacientis organizmis
mxridan) winaswari gaTvaliswineba da mwvave imunuri
reaqciis mTliani gamoricxva.

1.4. faunis roli cnobili samkurnalo

saSualebebis Seqmnis saqmeSi da cxovelTa
samyaros mniSvneloba Tanamedrove
medicinisaTvis

1.4.1. zRvis cxovelebi da farmakologia

wylis samyaro odiTganve izidavda adamians Tavisi mra-

valmxrivi simdidris gamo. msoflio okeaneSi sasicocxlo
are 3000-jer ufro metia, vidre xmeleTze.
bunebriv nivTierebebs da maT Soris organuli warmo-
Sobis biologiurad aqtiur nivTierebebs dRes swavloben
ekologebi, bioqimikosebi, farmakologebi da sxva mravali
sferos warmomadgenlebi; da mainc es sfero ise naklebadaa
Seswavlili, rom TviT zRvis cxovelTa biotoqsinebis Ziri-
Tadi Tvisebebic ki araa aRwerili. am dargis erT-erTi

36
fuZemdebeli, dedamiwaze sicocxlis Semswavleli institutis
direqtori brius u. holstedi (koltoni, kalifornia, aSS)
aSS-is mTavrobis davalebiT Sedgenil samtomian saxel-
mZRvaneloSi `Cveni planetis Sxamiani da Sxamwarmomqmneli
zRvis cxovelebi~ aRniSnavs: `zRvis toqsinebis farmakologi-
uri da qimiuri aspeqtebi ZiriTadad Seuswavlelia da es
faqti aris samwuxaro realoba Cveni codnis dabali donis
Sesaxeb am sferoSi~.
mimdinare aswleulis 60-ian wlebSi, zRvis cxovelebisa-
gan miRebuli Sxamiani nivTierebebisagan warmoebuli iqna ra-
modenime Zalze efeqturi samkurnalo preparati. aman saSu-
aleba misca zRvis biologiis dargSi momuSave specialistebs
gamoecxadebinaT farmakologiis axali eris dawyeba _
samkurnalo preparatebis erisa zRvis nedleulidan. farTo
sazogadoebriobas dapirdnen, rom zRvis cxovelebidan mire-
buli biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebi iqnebodnen Ziri-
Tadni saswaulmoqmedi wamlebis warmoebisaTvis; rogorc
odesRac specifiurma mikroorganizmebma iTamaSes didi roli
antibiotikebis Seqmnis saqmeSi, magram dapirebebi naadrevni
aRmoCndnen, radganac umravles SemTxvevebSi erTi wamlis
Seqmnas aTwleulebi Wirdeboda. am mxriv mdgomareoba dRe-
isaTvis nawilobriv Seicvala, bolo wlebSi bunebrivi nivTi-
erebebisadmi daTmobili yuradRebis xarjze, rogorc samTav-
robo aseve saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridan.
zRvis nedleulidan miRebuli samkurnalo preparatebis
miRebisadmi miZRvnili farmakologebis pirveli konferencia
Catarda 1967 wels rod-ailendis (aSS) universitetSi. misi
monawileni aRvsilni iyvnen enTuziazmiT da amave periodis
presis prognozebiT rCeboda ramodenime nabiji `kibos
damarcxebamde~; magram ukve xuTi wlis Semdeg aRniSnuli enTu-
ziazmidan aRaraferi darCa, radgan kvlevebi sazRvao Temati-
kisa SeCerda da gamocxadda, rom ukve aRmoCenilia nedleulis
sakmao raodenoba da axla saWiro iyo maTi kvleva. am sferos
mesveurTa ZiriTadi Secdoma, strategiis Camoyalibebis
TvalsazrisiT, naTlad Cans konferenciis erT-erTi TanaTavm-
jdomaris edvard mileris gamonaTqvamSi: `zRva mogvamaragebs
ara samkurnalo nedleuliT, aramed zRvis cxovelTa mier
gamomuSavebuli biologiurad aqtiuri naerTebis nimuSebiT da
mecnierebi gaaanalizeben ra am nivTierebebs, maT safuZvelze
daasinTezeben axal samkurnalo preparatebs~. dReisaTvis ukve

37
damtkicebulia is faqti, rom SeuZlebelia qimiuri an biologi-
uri teqnologiebiT bunebrivi nivTierebebis absoluturad
identuri nivTierebebis miReba.
miuxedavad zRvis cxovelebisagan samkurnalo prepara-
tebis miRebis yvela sirTulisa, dReisaTvis dagrovda mniSv-
nelovani samecniero masala da miRebulia originaluri
farmakologiuri nivTierebebi.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saqarTvelo sazRvao qveya-
naa, SesaZlebelia farmakologiis zamoTaRniSnuli sfero in-
teresmoklebuli ar iyos Cveni qveynis farmacevtiuli sferos
warmomadgenlebisaTvis.
SeniSnuli iyo, rom zRvis cxovelebi naklebad eqvem-
debarebodnen infeqciebs, vidre xmeleTis binadarni. daisva
kiTxva: xom ar gamoimuSaveben zRvis zogierTi mcxovrebni niv-
Tierebebs, romlebic klaven daavadebis gamomwvev
baqteriebs? da marTlac, wyali zRvis RrubelTa koloniebis
garSemo sufTa rCeba maSinac ki, roca mravali Rrubeli kvd-
eba. garda amisa, ramodenime aTwleulis win dadgenil iqna,
rom zRvis zogierTi cxoveli kvdeba, Tu wyalSi, romlebSic
isini imyofebian gaixsneba Rrublebidan eqstragirebuli qimi-
uri nivTierebebi. sxvadasxva Rrublebidan gamoyofili nivTi-
erebebis qmedebebi gamoscades, laboratoriis pirobebSi
gamozrdil, daavadebebis gamomwvev mikroorganizmebze. es
nivTierebebi klavdnen mikrobTa did nawils. gansakuTrebiT
efeqturni aRmoCndnen nivTierebebi, romlebsac gamoyofs
zRvis Rrubeli `wiTelwvera~, isini tuberkulozis Cxirebsac
ki anadgurebdnen. miRebuli iqna ori preparati _ wyalSi-
xsnadi da cximSixsnadi. pirvels iyenebdnen cxvirxaxis da
sasunTqi gzebis inhalaciisaTvis, xolo meores _ lorwovani
garsis sacxisaTvis. orive SemTxvevaSi klinikuri gamocdebiT
dadginda samkurnalo efeqti.
sxvadasxva saxis zRvis Rrublebisagan miRebuli iqna
mravali fiziologiurad aqtiuri nivTiereba. 1950 wels dadg-
inda karibis zRvis erT-erTi saxis Rrublis unikaluri Tvise-
bebi. misi nukleinmJavebi Seicaven ara ribozas, romelic aris
TiTqmis yvela nukleinmJavis sakvanZo ingredienti, aramed
arabinozas. am Rrublis nukleinmJavebis Seswavlis Sedegad
sinTezirebulia ramodenime naerTi, romlebic ribozis nacv-
lad Seicaven arabinozas. ase iqna miRebuli citozinarabinoza.
leikoziT daavadebuli adamianis sisxlis ujredebze misi mo-

38
qmedebis meqanizmi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: sisxlis daavade-
buli ujredebis ribozas igi (preparati) cvlis arabinoziT
da amiT aCerebs maT zrdas da bolos da bolos klavs simsiv-
nur ujredebs. es preparati aRmoCnda efeqturi leikoziT
daavadebis SemTxvevaTa did nawilSi, igi aseve safuZveli
gaxda ufro efeqturi preparatebis Seqmnisa. aTi wlis win
citozinarabinoza daSvebuli iqna masobriv warmoebaSi aSS-is
federaluri saagentos FDA-s mier, romelic akontrolebs
sakveb, farmacevtul, parfiumerul-kosmetikur da sayo-
facxovrebo daniSnulebis produqcias am qveynis teritori-
aze. yofil ssrk-Si es preparati gamoiyeneboda `citarabinis~
saxelwodebiT.
ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT mtknari wylis Rrubeli `bo-
diaga~. cocxal mdgomareobaSi igi warmoadgens moyviTalo-
moruxo an momwvano lorwovan masas. bodiaga aRwevs 40 sm-s
sigrZeSi da mWidrod Semoezrdeba wyalSi myof nivTebs da
xis tans, romlebic misTvis arian sayrdenni. is cxovrobs mdi-
nareebSi, tbebsa da WaobebSi, Zveli droidan mas aSroben da
iyeneben fxvnilis, siTxeebis da sacxebis saxiT, romelic iw-
vevs kanis Zlier meqanikur gaRizianebas, revmatiuli da
nevralgiuri tkivilebisas. samkurnalo moqmedebas igi anxor-
cielebs, ZiriTadad mis SemadgenlobaSi myofi siliciumis
nemsebiT, romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia organuli
nivTierebiT - sponginiT an spongininiT. bodiagis Semad-
genlobaSi Sedian aseve kalciumis fosfatebi da karbonatebi,
rigi organuli naerTebisa.
axali zelandiis aborigenTaTvis uZvelesi droidan
cnobili iyo samkurnalo Tvisebebi zRvis Rrublisa saxel-
wodebiT `maoriuli halihondria~, romelsac isini iye-
nebdnen Wrilobebis samkurnalod. Jurnali `Science~ (1979,
#4422) ityobineboda, rom am RrubelSi aRmoCenili iqna fto-
ris didi raodenoba _ mSrali masis 11,5%. Rrubels axa-
siaTebs didi unari ftoris dagrovebisa.
dadgenili iqna, rom Terapevtuli efeqti ganpirobebu-
lia kargad cnobili natriumis ftorsilikatis (Na2SiF6) Sem-
cvelobiT, romelic aCerebs adgilobriv anTebiT procesebs.
amave dros aRsaniSnavia, rom am saSualebis gamoyeneba
medicinaSi naklebad realuria, radgan natriumis ftor-
silikati aris toqsikuri nivTiereba da peros misi miReba
ararekomendirebulia. ise rom bunebriv nivTierebaTa sam-

39
kurnalo Tvisebebis gansazRvrisas ganixileba misi, adamianze
zemoqmedebis yvela aspeqti da amis gamo rig SemTxvevebSi
fiziologiurad aqtiuri bunebrivi nivTierebebisagan samkur-
nalo preparati ar yalibdeba.
xSirad samkurnalo preparatebis `momwodeblebad~
gvevlinebian zogierTi Tevzebi. profesori devid ienseni,
niu-iorkis didi akvariumis laboratoriaSi muSaobisas didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi ikvlevda wynari okeanis `miksins~. am uni-
kalur cxovels gaaCnia oTxi guli da TiToeuli maTgani
muSaobs Tavis ritmSi da emsaxureba mxolod gansazRvrul
organos: erTi _ kuds, meore _ RviZls, mesame _ kunTebs da
meoTxe _ Tavs. miksini sainteresoa imiTac, rom ara aqvs
Tvalebi da orientacias axdens `radaris~ meSveobiT. mas
iseTi elastiuri qedi aqvs, rom SeuZlia Seikras kvanZad,
xolo saSiSroebisas ki gamoyofs lorwovani masis iseT
raodenobas, rom wyali mis garSemo Jelatinis magvari xdeba,
romelSic misi mteri ver aRwevs. xangrZlivi kvlevebis Sem-
deg SeZles gamoeyoT peptidi, romelic uzrunvelyofs mik-
sinis gulis pulsirebas. am peptids `eptatetrini~ uwodes. igi
ver aRmoaCines verc erT sxva zRvis cxovelSi.
klinikuri gamocdebisas dadginda eptatetrinis unari
gulis pulsaciis normalizebisa, sisxlis mimoqcevis dare-
gulirebisa, kunTebSi bioqimiuri procesebis normalizebisa.
am peptidis qimiuri Semadgenloba sabolood dadgenili araa
da amis gamo es nivTiereba iTvleba jer-jerobiT mxolod
perspeqtiulad gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebis mkurnalobis
saqmeSi.
qimiuri, bioqimiuri da farmakologiuri TvalsazrisiT
yvelaze metad Seswavlilia zogierTi Tevzebis (mucelnem-
sianebis ojaxi _ Tetraodontidae) biotoqsinebi. cnobilia 40-mde
saxesxvaoba am Tevzebisa.
1894 wels iaponelma mecnierma ioSizumi toharam gamo-
yo Tevzis _ `fugu~ Sxamidan tetrodonini da tetrodoninis
mJava, xolo 1910 wels - tetrodotoqsini - Sxamis moqmedi saw-
yisi. 1950 wels iaponelma mecnierebma akiro iokom da kio-
suke tsudem miiRes kristaluri saxiT sufTa tetrodotoqsini.
sxva Tevzebis Sxamebisagan gansxvavebiT tetrodo-
toqsini ar miekuTvneba cilovan nivTierebebs; igi warmo-
adgens naerTs aminoperhidrohinazolinisa guanidinis jguf-
Tan. 1972 wels iaponeli mecnierebis mier Catarda tetro-

40
dotoqsinis sinTezi, romelmac daamtkica misi struqturis
Sesaxeb arsebuli mosazrebebi. sufTa saxiT igi warmoadgens
TeTr, amorful fxvnils neitraluri reaqciiT, advilad xsna-
dia wyalSi, glicerinis wyalxsnarSi da fiziologiur xsnar-
Si; TiTqmis ar iSleba kuWis wveniT da naRvliT. uZlebs (ar
iSleba) temperaturas + 40 0C-mde, ukeTesad itans (ar iSleba)
dabal temperaturebs _ 30 0C-mde. iSleba mwvave tutiT,
koncentrirebuli mJavebiT, qloriT, iodiT da mZime metalTa
marilebiT.
nervul qsovilze tetrodotoqsinis moqmedebis meqa-
nizmi gamoixateba nervuli impulsis gadacemis SewyvetiT,
blokirebas ukeTebs ra, nervuli ujredebis garsis gavliT,
natriumis ionebis moZraobas, maSin roca kaliumis ionebi
Zveleburad gaaRweven masSi. Tavis specifiur moqmedebas
tetrodotoqsini axorcielebs, masSi Semavali, guanidinis
jgufis meSveobiT, romelsac SeuZlia nervuli daboloebis
garsis forebis `amovseba,~ romlis saSualebiTac ujredSi
unda aRwevdes natriumi. nervuli daboloebebis blokirebis
aqtiurobiT tetrodotoqsini 160000-jer sWarbobs kokains,
xolo momwamlavi moqmedebiT 10-jer sWarbobs kurares.
nervuli impulsis gadacemis SerCeviTi blokirebis una-
ris wyalobiT tetrodotoqsins SeuZlia gaxdes unikaluri
tkivilgamayuCebeli saSualeba. iaponiaSi dRes ukve iyideba
tetrodotoqsini mcire koncentraciebiT, rogorc tkivilgama-
yuCebeli saSualeba.
am preparatze, jer kidev gauwmendavi saxiT, 1913 wels
gacemuli iqna aSS-s patenti, magram misi gamoyenebis Sedegebi
ar aRmoCndnen damajerebelni, radgan gansazRvrul adgi-
lebSi Seyvanili preparati ar lokalizdeboda da gadioda
sxva qsovilebSi. SesaZlebelia am Sxamis formula momavalSi
gaxdes modeli axali maRalefeqturi anesteziuri saSualebe-
bisaTvis.
yvelaze efeqturi aRmoCnda tetrodotoqsinis
(1-3mkg/ml.) erToblivi gamoyeneba ukve cnobil anestetikeb-
Tan. es saSualebas iZleva mniSvnelovnad gaZlierdes tkivil-
gamayuCebeli moqmedeba (aSS-is patenti # 1970905).
tetrodotoqsinis nervuli signalebis blokirebis una-
ri gamoyenebulia nervuli sistemis moqmedebis principebis
Sesaswavlad.

41
 mecnierebis mier aRmoCenili iqna umniSvnelovanesi
biologiuri efeqti - Tu daapireben, rom zogierTi saxis zvi-
genSi gamoiwvion onkologiuri daavadebis ganviTareba, es
mcdeloba warumateblad damTavrdeba (New Scientist 1981, v. 90,
N 1249, p. 836). aseTi Tviseba SemCneuli iqna zvigen-urosaTvis.
Tu mas SevuSxapunebT avTvisebian simsivnes an Tu memkvidreo-
biT aparatSi SevuyvanT kibos viruss - daavadeba ar ganvi-
Tardeba. mogvianebiT dadginda, rom Tevzis qsovilebidan
gamoyofili nivTierebebi amuxruWeben avTvisebiani warmo-
naqmnebis ganviTarebas, zogjer ki mTlianad kurnaven maT.
zvigeni - urosagan gamoyofili antisimsivnuri nivTi-
erebebi ganekuTvnebian maRalmolekulur glikoproteinebs.
maT uwodes sfirnostaninebi 1 da 2. isini Sedgebian didi rao-
denobiT aminomJavuri naSTebisagan (Sesabamisad 274 da 380).
simsivneebis damTrgunveli sfirnostaninebis minimaluri do-
za Seadgens 13 mg/kg. aseTi nivTierebebi aRmoCenilni iqnen
sxva zvigenebis gansazRvrul qsovilebSi da organoebSi.
aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom zvigenis RviZlisgan dam-
zadebul kibos sawinaaRmdego preparatebis Seswavlas aT-
wleulebis ganmavlobaSi da ukanasknel dromde _ gar-
dacvalebamde, awarmoebda qarTveli mecnieri aleqsandre
gaCeCilaZe. jer kidev 1965 wels man daicva sakandidato dis-
ertacia, romelic miZRvnili iyo ujredis dayofis marTvis
potencialuri SesaZleblobebisadmi. 1968 wels a. gaCeCilaZem
daamzada Savi zRvis zvigenis, katranis, RviZlisagan preparati
katreqsi. avtoris azriT, SesaZlebeli iyo simsivneebis zrdis
blokireba normaluri qsovilebis dazianebis gareSe,
proteolituri fermentebis daxmarebiT, riTac mdidaria
katranis RviZli. Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvenes, rom pre-
paratis zemoqmedebiT saeqsperimento cxovelebSi xdeba sim-
sivneebis gawova. a. gaCeCilaZem preparati Tavis Tavze gamos-
cada _ man gaikeTa katreqsis 60 ineqcia. araviTari gverdiTi
movlenebi SeniSnuli ar iqna. katreqsi gadioda gamocdas yo-
fili sabWoTa kavSiris, onkologiuri profilis rva wamyvan
samecniero-kvleviT dawesebulebaSi. dadgenilia preparatis
gamoyenebis klinikuri pirobebi, misi Cvenebebi, Terapevtuli
SesaZleblobani, susti da Zlieri mxareebi. katreqsis
saboloo bedi jer gadawyvetili araa, rac damaxasiaTebelia
saetapo mniSvnelobis samecniero garRvevebisaTvis. didi

42
qarTveli mkvlevaris (samwuxarod sicocxleSi auRiarebeli)
dawyebuli saqme elis Rirseul gamgrZelebels.
Tevzisagan `pelamida~ gamoyofilia nivTiereba 6-
hidroqsipurin-5-mononukleotidi, romelsac gaaCnia gemos
intensificirebis unari. zuTxisebrTa lifsitebisagan gamo-
imuSaveben antibiotiks `ekmolins~, romelic axangrZlivebs –
prolongirebas ukeTebs sxva antibiotikebis moqmedebas.
mcire zomis Tevzi `pardahirusi~ gamoyofs toqsins, ro-
melic SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas, rogorc zvigenebTan
brZolis Zalze efeqturi saSualeba. moxvdeba ra zvigenis
pirSi, is (toqsini) paralizebas ukeTebs saylapav kunTebs da
zvigeni iRupeba.
ingliselma farmakologebma goloturiebidan (zRvis
kitri) gamoyves nivTiereba goloturini. Tagvebze Catare-
bulma cdebma aCvena, rom goloturini aCerebs avTvisebiani
simsivnis zrdas. garda amisa goloturiebidan miiRes saSu-
aleba, romelic aregulirebs gulis muSaobas da aZlierebs
cvlis procesebs. aSS-is #3271255 patentSi aRwerilia
goloturiebisagan biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis
miReba. goloturia miekuTvneba kannemsianebis tips (gamo-
wlili da moxarSuli saxiT isini miewodebian zogierTi qvey-
nebis savaWro qsels trepangebis saxelwodebiT). zRvis am cxo-
velebs gaaCniaT gansakuTrebuli organo (kiuveris organo) _
Sxamis gamomyofi jirkvali, romelic dakavSirebulia klo-
akasTan. saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi goloturia gamoagdebs Ta-
vis Signeulobas am organosTan erTad, romelic wyalSi ibe-
reba da gadaiqceva grZel, webovan, TeTr Zafebad da ekvreba
mtris sxeuls. goloturiis Sxami swrafad anadgurebs Tav-
damsxmelis samoZrao sistemas, xolo gamogdebuli nawlavuri
arxi Sedis sxeulis RruSi da droTa ganmavlobaSi mTlianad
aRdgeba. 1952 wels r. nigrelis pirvelma cdebma aCvenes, rom
kiuveris organoTa eqstraqti iwvevs avTvisebiani warmo-
naqmnebis regress eqsperimentalur cxovelebSi. r. nigrelma
50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aseve daadgina, rom golo-
turiebisagan miRebuli eqstraqti (Actinopyga agassizi) 30 gramis
raodenobiT 3000 litr wyalze, 30 wuTSi klavs am wyalSi
myof yvela Tevzs. r. nigrelim am gamoyofil nivTierebas
uwoda `goloturini~, igi aRmoCenilia sxva kannemsianebis
qsovilebSic, kerZod zRvis varskvlavebSi. dadgenili iqna,
rom igi aris Zlieri Sxami, romelic blokirebas ukeTebs

43
nervuli impulsebis gadacemas da gaaCnia Tviseba SeaCeros
simsivneTa ganviTareba. goloturiebis SxamSi aRmoCenili iqnen
fiziologiurad aqtiuri glikozidebi, romlebic Sedgebian
wyalSi xsnadi aglikonis (goloturini A) da wyalSi uxsnadi
aglikonisagan (goloturini B) romelsac aqvs steroiduli
struqtura.
goloturini A amJRavnebs gamoxatul nevrogenul moq-
medebas. golotoqsini iTvleba efeqtur samkurnalo saSuale-
bad kanis sokovani daavadebebisaTvis. mas axasiaTebs maRali
antisokovani aqtivoba triqomonadebis da kandidebis mimarT
da ar iwvevs gverdiT movlenebs. zRvis varskvlavebisagan
aseve SeiZleba damzaddes antisokovani da antisimsivnuri
preparatebi.
cnobilia webovani nivTierebebi, romelTac gamo-
imuSaveben zRvis cxovelebi da romelnic SeiZleba gamo-
yenebul iqnan medicinasa da teqnikaSi. didi xania dadgenilia,
rom zRvis varskvlavebi ewebebian gemebis Zirebs da wyal-
qveSa qvebs ise mtkiced, rom moSorebis mcdelobisas aagle-
jen metalis fenasac ki. maTi (webovani nivTierebebis) Sewebe-
bis simtkice foladis simtkiceze naklebi araa. qimiuri ga-
mokvlevebiT dadginda, rom es webo warmoadgens amorful
meTilirebul polisaqarids, Semdgars xuTi eqvswevriani
glukozis rgolisagan Sida epoqsiduri jgufebiT. am webos
gamamagrebeli aris wyali. webo aris Termomdgradi, mJava da
tutemedegi, ar reagirebs mraval gamxsnelze.
amerikelma biologma j.h. uetma xuTwliani muSaobis
Sedegad 20 aTasi moluskidan gamoyo 3 miligrami webovani
nivTiereba da daadgina, rom es webo warmoadgens poli-
fenorlur cilas, romelic agebulia gameorebadi blokebiT
_ dekapeptidebiT. miRebulma Sedegebma didi daintereseba ga-
moiwvia stomatologebisa da oftalmologebis mxridan,
romelTac Zalze WirdebaT iseTi webo, romelic ar icvlis
Tvisebebs wylis areSi.
1967 wels nobelis premiis laureatis sent-dierdis
laboratoriidan gavrcelda informacia, rom moluskebidan
gamoyofil nivTierebas gaaCnia mkveTrad gamoxatuli
antisimsivnuri aqtivoba. molusikidan gamoyofili nivTi-
ereba `Mercenarra merienaria~ aRmoCnda Zalze efeqturi sarko-
mis winaaRmdeg. am preparats uwodes `mercenini~.

44
 rvafexaTa zogierTi warmomadgenlis sanerwyve jirkv-
lebidan gamoyofili iqna peptidi _ eledozini, dadginda misi
struqtura da ganxorcielda sinTezi. es nivTiereba iwvevs
sisxlZarRvebis gafarToebas da dabla swevs wnevas, aZli-
erebs kuWnawlavis traqtis motorul Tvisebebs.
bioqimikosebis da farmakologebis mier gaweulma kvle-
vebma aCvena, rom wynari okeanis kalmaris nervuli kvanZe-
bidan (gangliebidan), romelTac moipoveben iaponiis zRvaSi
da kurilis kunZulebTan, SeiZleba miRebuli iqnas fermenti
qolinesteraza, romelic medicinaSi gamoiyeneba, rogorc
efeqturi antiSokuri saSualeba. am qolinesterazis aqtivoba
10-jer maRalia Zroxis an ZaRlis tvinidan miRebuli Sesabam-
isi fermentis aqtivobaze da gaaCnia gacilebiT ukeTesi Tvi-
sebebi sawarmoo wesiT miRebul preparatTan SedarebiT, ro-
melic mzaddeba cxovelTa sisxlisagan. garda amisa, dad-
genilia, rom axalzelandiuri kalmaris mxedvelobiTi gang-
liebisagan miRebuli qolinesteraza orjer ufro aqtiuria
vidre sxva analogebi.
fermenti - fosfataza SeiZleba miRebuli iqnas iaponiisa
da beringis zRvebis kalmarebis sasqeso jirkvlebidan.
Cveulebriv mJave fosfatazas Rebuloben obis sokosagan. igi
gamoiyeneba zogierTi anTebiTi procesebis samkurnalod.
samkurnalo mizniT gamoiyenebian asevedasxva sxva mo-
luskebi. Cinur saxalxo medicinaSi gamoiyeneba axali
lokokinebis eqstraqtis 20%-iani sacxi swori nawlavis gamo-
vardnis SemTxvevaSi. dadebiTi efeqti, Cveulebriv miiRweva 5-
16 dRis ganmavlobaSi. bulgareTSi ramodenime wlis win Seqm-
nes preparati `mukostabili~, romlis safuZvelsac warmo-
adgens `baRis lokokinas~ lorwo. es saSualeba gamoiyeneba
kuWisa da Tormetgoja nawlavis wylulis mkurnalobisas
moluskisagan `Aplysia dactylomela~ miRebuli preparati `dak-
tilini~ amcirebs RviZlis im fermentebis aqtivobas, romlebic
monawileoben wamlis daSlis procesSi. am Tvisebis gamo prepa-
rats SeuZlia gaagrZelos farmakologiuri saSualebebis
moqmedebis dro. is naklebad toqsikuria, vidre fermentTa yvela
sxva, sinTezuri, blokatori, romlebic medicinaSi gamoiyenebian.
dadgenili iqna, rom indoeTis okeanis zogierTi saxis moluskis
gamonayofi advilad klavs yvelaze mdgrad virusebsac ki.
zogierT moluskTa xorci xels uwyobs adamianis organizmidan

45
tyviis naerTebis, zogierTi organuli Sxamis da radiaqtiuli
elementebis (kerZod stronciumis) gamoyvanas.
Sav zRvaSi binadari meduza rizostomasagan (~Rhizostoma
pulmo~) gamoyves peptidi, romelic Sedgeba eqvsi aminomJavisagan da
eqsperimentalur cxovelebSi Seyvanisas iwvevs xangrZliv dam-
blasa da sikvdils, mas uwodes `rizostomini~. aRsaniSnavia jvri-
ani meduza (~Gonionemus vertens~), igi gavrcelebulia iaponiis zRvaSi.
misgan dazianebul adamianebs garda adgilobrivi, mkveTrad ga-
moxatuli, reaqciisa, axasiaTebT rigi nervo-fsiqiuri simptomebi:
sikvdilis SiSi, mxiaruleba, tirilis survili, depresia, situaciis
absoluturi ganurCevloba da avtomaturi daqvemdebareba. me-
duziT dazianebulT Zilis dros aReniSnebaT halucinaciebi,
sxeulis nawilebis zomebis Secvlis SegrZnebebi da uCveulo
simZime. Sxamis moqmedeba hgavs narkotikebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
cnobil efeqts, magaliTad yvelaze cnobili halucinogenis, lizer-
ginis mJavis N,N-dieTilamidis (LSD), moqmedebas, romelic bloki-
rebas ukeTebs tvinis funqciis mniSvnelovan ferments _ mono-
aminoqsidazas. meduza gonionema gamoimuSavebs nivTierebas, ro-
melsac gaaCnia Zlieri fsiqotropuli1 moqmedeba. saintereso niv-
Tiereba cilovani struqturisa _ ekvorini aRmoaCines wynari
okeanis Crdilo-dasavleTis nawilSi binadar meduzaTa erT-erT
saxeobaSi. am naerTs gaaCnia unikaluri Tviseba luminescirebisa
kalciumis da stronciumis ionebis Tanaobisas. es Tviseba gamoi-
yeneba ujredisa da subujreduli struqturebis funqciis Sesaswav-
lad, aseve iseTi daavadebebis diagnostirebisas, romlebic
dakavSirebulni arian kalciumis koncentraciis cvlilebasTan _
gulis ukmarisobis da simsivnuri daavadebisas.

1 am kategorias miekuTvneba nivTierebebi, romlebic gavlenas

axdenen adamianis fsiqiur funqciaze. isini iyofian
trankvilizatorebad da antifobiur saSualebebad, romlebic xsnian
SeSfoTebis mdgomareobas, daZabulobas, avadmyofur SiSs;
antidepresantebi gamoiyenebian dausabuTebeli naRvelis
mosaxsnelad; damawynarebeli preparatebi gamoiyenebian
avadmyofuri mxiarulebis Sesakaveblad; fsiqostimulatorebi xasi-
aTdebian aRmgznebi moqmedebiT da nieiroleptikebi – romelTa
mcire dozebi xsnian SiSs (e.i. moqmedeben rogorc
trankvilizatorebi), xolo didi dozebi dadebiTad moqmedeben mZime
fsiqiuri mdgomareobisas (bodva, halucinaciebi, afeqturi da
panikuri mdgomareoba da a.S.).

46
 medicinaSi gamoyeneba hpoves nawlavRruianebis tipis
zRvis uxerxemlo cxovelebma _ marjnis polipebma. erT-erTi
am mravalricxovani klasisa _ gorgonaria (~Plexaura
homomalla~) gamoyofs prostaglandinebis msgavs nivTierebas.
es biologiurad aqtiuri nivTiereba asrulebs umniSvne-
lovanes funqcias ZuZumwovrebSi. gamoiyeneba mTeli rigi
daavadebebis samkurnalod. am naerTis qimiuri sinTezi Zalze
rTulia, amitom didi samuSaoebi tardeba zRvidan nedleulis
mosapoveblad, bunebriv prostaglandinTa sinTezirebisaTvis.
nivTierebas, romelic gamoyves havais kunZulebTan bina-
dari marjnebidan - `Palythoa toxica~, uwodes politoqsini. dad-
genilia, rom minimaluri sasikvdilo dozis (5,25 ng/kg) 1/10
nawili iwvevs erlixis simsivnis mTlian gaqrobas virTxebSi.
is aseve gamoiyenes gautkivarebis saSualebad yba-saxis
qirurgiaSi, rac iZleva saSualebas ganuwyveteli operaciuli
Carevisa ramodenime saaTis ganmavlobaSi.
politoqsini warmoadgens yvelaze Zlier depolariza-
tor nivTierebas. garda amisa, toqsini iwvevs sisxlZarRvebis
mkveTr Seviwroebas, rac gamoiyeneba cxovelTa zogierTi
daavadebis eqsperimentaluri modelebis Sesaqmnelad. kunZul
Taitis marjnebidan gamoyofili politoqsini struqturiT
gansxvavdeba havais kunZulebis cxovelTa toqsinisagan.
ar SeiZleba ar SevCerdeT kidev erT qimiur naerTze,
romelsac dRes aSS-Si da iaponiaSi weliwadSi 8000 tonamde Rebu-
loben kibosmagvari cxovelebis gadamuSavebis narCenebisagan. es
aris polimeri qitini. is Sedis wylis cxovelebis, mwerebis
safarvelis, sokoebisa da safuvrebis ujredTa kedlebis Se-
madgenlobaSi. qitini aris celulozis analogi, romelSic erTi
hidroqsiluri jgufi Secvlilia acetamidiT. qitini gamoiyeneba
medicinasa da mrewvelobis sxvadasxva dargebSi. aRmoCnda, rom
mas gaaCnia mZime liTonTa ionebis sorbirebis unari. dadgenili
iqna, rom zRvis wyalSi moxvedrili tyviis udidesi nawili sor-
birdeba qitinis Semcveli kibosmagvarTa javSniT da qmnian masTan
(tyviis ionTan) xelatur kompleqsebs. qitini gamoiyeneba samrew-
velo Canarecxebis gasawmendad vercxliswylis da kadmiumis
toqsikuri minarevebisagan, aseve iSviaT miwametalTa
koncentrirebisaTvis.
italiaSi erT-erTi atomuri reaqtoris gagrilebis sis-
temis uwesrigobaTa likvidaciisas, is gamoyenebuli iqna
wylidan ceziumis, cirkoniumis, hafniumis da ruTeniumis ra-

47
diaqtiuri izotopebis gamosayofad. dadgenilia, rom qitinis
analogi _ qitozanis sulfowarmoebulebi xels uSlian sisx-
lis koagulacias da sisxlZarRvebSi Trombebis warmoqmnas.
belgiaSi dapatentebulia saSualeba Wrilobebis
SexorcebisaTvis, romelic Sedgeba wvrilad daqucmacebuli
qitinisa da antiseptikebisagan.
kubelma farmakologebma aRmoaCines da warmatebiT gamo-
scades nivTiereba, romelic aCqarebs mZime damwvrobis Sexorce-
bas. preparats, romelsac qvia `kvitini~, Rebuloben langustTa
javSnisagan. is stimulirebas ukeTebs kanis qsovilebis regenera-
cias da mkurnalobis miRebuli meTodebisagan gansxvavebiT
saSualebas iZleva kanis pigmentaciis mTliani normalizebisa. am
preparats iyeneben sacxebis saxiT, igi aseve SeiZleba gamo-
yenebuli iqnas abebis, fxvnilis an emulsiis saxiT. preparats ar
gaaCnia gverdiTi movlenebi.
qitinis warmoebulebi gamoiyenebian specialuri fire-
bis misaRebad, romlebic Seicaven samkurnalo nivTierebebs.
kerZod, italiaSi amzadeben pilokarpinis Semcvel firs, igi
gamoiyeneba Tvalis mkurnalobis praqtikaSi.
TambaqosaTvis qitinis damatebis SemTxvevaSi, mcirdeba
bolSi Sxamiani nivTierebebis koncentracia, rac (qitinis
damateba) ar aisaxeba Tambaqos aromatze.
mZlavri qitinovani javSanis mflobelebma – kiborC-
xalebma kidev erTi gamoyeneba hpoves medicinaSi. cnobilia,
rom kudmaxvila-kiborCxalebi sisxlSi moxvedrili saSiSi
baqteriebisagan Tavs icaven daavadebis gamomwvevis irgvliv
sisxlis koltis SeqmniT, es warmoiqmneba mas mere, rac baqte-
riuli toqsinebi aaqtiveben specifiur ferments kiborCxalas
sisxlSi, romelic Slis ra sisxlis sxva komponents, iwvevs
aRweril efeqts. am faqtis safuZvelze SemuSavda honoreis
diagnostirebis testi. kiborCxalis sisxlis mSral eqstraqts
ureven gasasinji pacientis saTesle siTxes da Tu warmoiSveba
Sesqelebebi (koltebi), adamiani daavadebulia. diagnozis si-
zuste 95%-ia (SCIENCE DIGEST. 1983, v. 91, # 2).

1.4.2. amfibiebisagan miRebuli samkurnalo saSuale-

bebi
dReisaTvis, gombeSos Sxamidan gamoyofili nivTiere-
bebidan yvelaze metad Seswavlilia naerTi bufotoqsini _ bu-

48
fogeninis steroidis eTeri suberilargininis dipeptidTan.
iseve rogorc sxva mraval cxovelur SxamSi, gombeSos toq-
sinis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis fosfolipaza A.

cxrilSi 1.4.2.a. gombeSoTa toqsinebis fiziologiurad aqti-

uri nivTierebebi warmodgenilia qimiuri naerTebis ori jgu-
fiT: aminebiT da steroidebiT.

cxrili 1.4.2.a.

aminebi steroidebi
kateho- indolis steri-
kardiotonuri nivTierebebi
laminebi warmoebulebi nebi
bufogeninebi bufo-
(Tavisufali toqsinebi
bufote-
geninebi) (bmuli
ninebi
geninebi)
qoles-
bufadie- kardeno-
terini
sero- nolidebi lidebi
bufo- ergos-
adrena- tonini bufotenini bufalini
toqsini terini
lini trip- bufote- bufo-
gamabufo- sitos-
tamini nidini talini
oleand- toqsini terini
bufoti- gamabu-
rigenini cinobufo- da sxva
onini fotalini
da sxva toqsini da
da sxva cinobu-
sxva
fagini da
sxva

gombeSoTa Sxami Seicavs 5-7%-mde adrenalins. unda

aRiniSnos, rom adamianis Tirkmelzeda jirkvalSi
adrenalinis koncentracia oTxjer naklebia. am naerTis
maRali SemcvelobiT (romelic avlens sisxlZarRvTa
Semviwroebelis funqcias) SeiZleba aixsnas Cinuri preparatis
`Can-su~-s gamoyeneba garegan sisxldenaSemaCerebel saSu-
alebad.
sxvadasxva saxis gombeSoTa Sxams aqvs gansazRvruli
raodenobrivi rxevebi, xolo gamoyofili bufotoqsinebi,
rogorc wesi, gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan molekulis
steroiduli nawilis radikalebiT.

49
 iseve, rogorc sxva steroidebi, gombeSos Sxami
organizmSi sinTezirdeba qolesterinisagan.
gombeSoTa Sxamisagan mzaddeba saanestezio da
kardiotropuli moqmedebis saSualebebi, aris monacemebi misi
gamoyenebisa sxivuri dazianebis eqsperimentalur TerapiaSi,
gombeSos Sxamisagan damzadebuli preparatebi axdenen mZlavr
mastimulirebel efeqts sisxlwarmomqmnel sistemaze, romelic
gamoixateba leikocitebisa da Trombocitebis gamomuSavebis
gaZlierebiT aseve leikocitTa fagocitaruli aqtivobis
gazrdaSi. mniSvnelovania gombeSos Sxamis unari Tavidan
agvacilos dasxivebis Semdgomi sisxlZarRvTa dazianebebi da
sisxlCaqcevebi.
Tanamedrove gamokvlevebis Sedegad, gombeSoTa Sxa-
midan gamoyves indolis warmoebulebi _ bufotenini da
bufotenidini. bufoteninis daniSvna didi dozebiT iwvevs
fsiqozebis ganviTarebas, rac hgavs cnobili halucinogenis -
lizerginis mJavis dieTilamidis (LSD) miRebis Semdgom
ganviTarebul klinikur suraTs.
bufotenini mcire dozebiT axdens matonizirebel
zemoqmedebas.
sakmaod didi raodenoba biologiurad aqtiuri
nivTierebebisa aRmoCenili iqna sxvadasxva saxis bayayebSi, ro-
melTa kanidanac gamoyves sxvadasxva qimiuri struqturis
nivTierebebi. biogenuri aminebis Semcveloba bayayebSi aRwevs
100 mg. erT gram kanze (yvelaze tipiuri warmomadgenlebi
arian - serotonini da misi N-meTiluri derivatebi).
peptidTa ZiriTadi jgufebia _ bradikininebi, taqi-
kininebi da opioiduri peptidebi. pirveli ori iwveven
sisxlZarRvTa gafarToebas da arteriuli wnevis dawevas.
dReisaTvis sxvadasxva bayayebisagan gamoyofili peptidebidan
yvelaze metad Seswavlilia _ fizalanini, uperoleini,
ceruleini, bombezini.
bayayis kanidan gamoyofili heptidi ceruleini gamoi-
yeneba zogierTi fsiqiuri daavadebis samkurnalod, aSS-is
patenti # 4552865. garda amisa ceruleini dabla swevs arte-
riul wnevas, kumSavs naRvlis buSts, axdens kuWis wvenis gamo-
yofis stimulacias.
heptidi bombezini axdens gamoxatul efeqts naRvlis
sekreciaze. sainteresoa, rom bombezini aseve aRmoaCines ZuZum-

50
wovrebis tvinSi, sadac is aregulirebs muclis funqcionalur
aqtivobas.
gansakuTrebuli interesis obieqts warmoadgenen opi-
oiduri peptidebi - dermorfinebi, romlebic gamoyves erT-
erTi saxeobis bayayis kanidan da gaaCniaT gautkivarebis aqti-
voba, riTac 11-jer sWarboben morfins. dermorfinebi
biologiuri efeqtiT sWarboben adamianisa da cxovelebis
endogenur opioidmsgavs peptidebs _ lei _ da met-enke-
falinebs. cnobilia, rom cilebis Semadgeneli aminomJavebi
warmodgenilni arian marcxniv mbrunavi izomerebiT. dermo-
rfinis unikaluri Tavisebureba isaa, rom mis polipeptidur
jaWvSi aRmoCnda aminomJava alaninis marjvniv mbrunavi
izomeri. aseTi movlena bunebaSi SeiniSneba Zalze iSviaTad.
marjvniv mbrunavi izomeris marcxniv mbrunavze Secvla iwvevs
aqtivobis dakargvas.
erT-erTi saxis bayayis kanidan gamoyofilia spiro-
piperidinuli alkaloidi- histrionikotoqsini, romelic moq-
medebs ConCxis kunTebis nervo-kunTovan gadacemaze,
blokirebas ukeTebs ra acetilholinis moqmedebas kunTebis H-
holinoreceptorebze, aseve igi blokirebas ukeTebs sub-
sinapturi membranis ionur arxebs, romlebic alosteriulad
arian dakavSirebulni am receptorebTan. sxva alkaloidi-gefi-
rotoqsini blokirebas ukeTebs gluvi muskulaturis M-holi-
noreceptorebs, xolo alkaloidebi pumiliotoqsinebi A, B da
C aadvileben kalciumis ionebis gavlas ujredebis membranebSi
da aZliereben aRgznebisa da kunTebis SekumSvis procesebis
SeuRlebas, mediatorTa sekrecias. isini iwveven ConCxisa da
sasunTqi muskulatoris caxcaxis ganviTarebas da sikvdils.
bayayis kanidanaa gamoyofili nivTiereba cete-
kitoqsini, romelsac gaaCnia unari arteriuli wnevis dawevisa
- es efeqti araa dakavSirebuli nervul gangliebze zemoq-
medebasTan.
kolumbiaSi binadari bayayis `kokois~ kanidan gamoyves
yvelaze Zlieri aracilovani toqsini _ batrahotoqsini.
SesaZlebeli gaxda gamoeyoT toqsinis moqmedi sawyisis oTxi
ZiriTadi komponenti: batrahotoqsini, homobatrahotoqsini,
psevdobatrahotoqsini da batrahotoqsini A. maT Soris
yvelaze mdgradia - batrahotoqsini A. is miiRes kristaluri
saxiT da gaSifres misi stru-qtura. Semdgom dadgenili iqna
batrahotoqsinis struqtura. am Sxams aqvs steroiduli

51
struqtura ramodenime CamnacvlebliT da warmoadgens
batrahotoqsin A-sa da 2,4 – dimeTilpirol-3-karbo-nmJavis
eTers.
batrahotoqsini _ yvelaze toqsikuri Sxamia stero-
idul alkaloidebs Soris. misi toqsikurobis Sesadareblad
cnobil SxamebTan mocemulia cxrili 1.4.2.b., saidanac Cans, rom
is warmoadgens yvelaze Zlier aracilovan Sxams.

toqsini sasikvdilo doza molekulis masa

(TagvebisaTvis)
mkg/kg
c i l o v a n i S x a m e b i
botulinotoqsini A 3 ⋅ 10-5 150 000
botulinotoqsini B 1 ⋅ 10 -5 167 000
tetanotoqsini 1 ⋅ 10 -4 140 000
palitoqsini 0, 15 3 300
kobraneirotoqsini 0, 30 7 819
a r a c i l o v a n i S x a m e b i
batrahotoqsini 2,0 538
tetrodotoqsini 8,0 319
β-bungarotoqsini 25,0 28 500
krotoqsini 50,0 30 000
zRvis gvelis Sxami 100,0 6 600-7 800
kurare 500 696
striqnini 500,0 397
muskarini 11 ⋅ 102 _
samandarini 15 ⋅ 102 397
goloturini 1 ⋅ 104 1172
kaliumis cianidi 1 ⋅ 104 65

batrahotoqsini, xangrZlivi zemoqmedebisas axdens

Zlier kardiotoqsikur moqmedebas, gulis ritmis darRveviT,
miokardis fibrilaciiT da letaluri SedegiT. es Sxami
axdens Zlier neirotropul moqmedebas. mas gaaCnia unari
gamoiwvios kunTis membranis depolarizacia, natriumis
ionebis SeRwevadobis xarjze. dReisaTvis batrahotoqsinis

52
daxmarebiT mimdinareobs ujredis aRgznebadi membranebis
natriumis arxebis funqciis Seswavla.
bunebaSi batrahotoqsini (garda kokoisa) aRmoaCnda
kidev oTxi saxis bayays: PHYLLOBATES-is gvaridan.
Sxamis maRali toqsikuroba aZnelebs mis samkur-
nalod gamoyenebas, efeqturi antidoti napovni araa, garda
tetradotoqsinisa (Tevz fugus Sxami), romelic aris batra-
hotoqsinis antagonisti da aseve xasiaTdeba maRali
toqsikurobiT.
kudiani amfibiebidan, samedicino praqtikisaTvis
interess warmoadgens salamandraTa kanis sekre-ti, romelic
Seicavs mTel rig alkaloidmsgavs nivTierebebs: samandarins,
samandarons, 0-acetil-samandarins, samandaridins da sxva. maT
gaaCniaT gamoxatuli antimikrobuli aqtivoba.

1.4.3. qvewarmavlebisagan miRebuli samkurnalo

preparatebi

uZvelesi droidan gvelis simbolo dakavSirebuli

iyo mkurnalobis institutTan - Zveli berZnuli miTologiis
Tanaxmad, apolonis vaJis, yvela daavadebis mkurnal asklepis
(romaelebi mas eskulaps eZaxdnen) kverTxze asul gvelTanaa
dakavSirebuli dRevandeli samedicino simbolika.
saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidanaa cnobili
gvelebisagan miRebuli nivTierebebis samkurnalo mizniT
gamoyeneba. saqarTveloSi revmatizmebisa da saxsrebis texvis
samkurnalod iyenebdnen gvelis cxims (garegani sacxis saxiT),
romelsac Rebulobdnen cocxali gvelebis SewviT.
SemTxveviTobas ar warmoadgens genialuri vaJa-fSavelas po-
ema `gvelismWameli~-s cnobili fabulis Sesabamisi formiT
ageba.
dReisaTvis dadgenilia, rom zogierTi cxovelis sisx-
lis Srati Seicavs faqtorebs, romlebic inaqtivireben cxove-
lur Sxamebs. am cxovelebis sisxlidan gamoyofili bunebrivi
antidotebi ar miekuTvnebian imunoglobulinebs da Sxamis
neitralizacia ar aris imunuri reaqcia. bunebrivi anti-
dotebi cilovani bunebisani arian da fiziko-qimiuri Tvisebe-
biT miekuTvnebian albuminebs.

53
 gvelis Sxamis gauvnebelyofis unariT pirvel adgil-
zea Tavad am gvelisgan damzadebuli Srati da Semdgom ki
sxva, gansazRvruli cxovelebisagan miRebuli antidoti.
gvelis SxamSi Semavali toqsikuri nivTierebebi
sistematizirdebian oTx ZiriTad jgufad:
1. nervul sistemaze gavlenis momxdeni saerTo moqmedebis;
2. sisxlZarRvebis dazianebisa da sisxlCaqcevebis ga-
momwvevi;
3. eriTrocitebis damSlelni (hemolizinebi);
4. sisxlis Sededebis unaris Semcvlelni (koagulantebi da
antikoagulantebi).
ama Tu im tipis specifiuri komponentebis gamokveTa
ganpirobebulia gvelis tipiT. gvelgeslaTa kbenisas sWar-
boben adgilobrivi hemoragiuli movlenebi, xolo kobris
Sxami azianebs ZiriTadad nervul sistemas.
rogorc cnobilia, Sxamiani gvelis nakbenis mkurnalo-
bis yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaa antiSrati misi Sxamis mi-
marT. magram erT-erTi mTavari problemaa ganisazRvros, ro-
melma gvelma ukbina msxverpls da romeli Srati unda iqnes
gamoyenebuli.
1987 wels braziliaSi gaimarTa saerTaSoriso samec-
niero konferencia, romlis mizanic iyo kvlevaTa koordi-
nacia `superSratis~ Sesaqmnelad, gvelebis mTeli jgufis
Sxamebis winaaRmdeg.
gvelebis Sxamebi warmoadgenen cilovani da peptiduri
bunebis, fiziologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis kompleqsebs.
dadgenili iqna, rom gvelis Sxamis xanmokle gacxeleba Slis
nivTierebebs, romlebic iwveven hemolizs da sisxlCaqcevebs,
magram Sxami inarCunebs neirotoqsinebs, romlebsac moqmede-
bis meqanizmis mixedviT yofen sam jgufad.
pirvel jgufs miekuTvneba peptidebi, romlebic
blokirebas ukeTeben ConCxis kunTebis subsinaptikuri
membranebis nikotinmgrZnobiare qolinoreceptorebs da
tvinis zogierT centrs.
qimiuri SedgenilobiT isini arian ori tipis: pirveli
Sedgeba 60-62, xolo meore 71-74 aminomJavuri narCenebisagan,
orive Seicavs gogirds (disulfiduri kavSirebi) da aqvT
molekuluri masa Sesabamisad 7000 da 8000.
dadgenili iqna disulfiduri kavSirebis gansakuTre-
buli mniSvneloba Sxamis toqsikuri aqtivobisaTvis. am

54
kavSirebis aRdgena iwvevs Sxamis aqtivobis dakargvas, xolo
Semdgomi daJangva ubrunebs, Sxams, dakargul Tvisebebs.
SesaZlebelia am toqsinebs gaaCniaT aqtiuri ubnebi,
msgavsni, acetilqolinis meoTxeuli amoniumis da karbo-
niluri jgufebisa, radganac maTi (Sxamebis) moqmedebis wer-
tilia qolinoreceptori.
meore jgufSi Sedian toqsinebi, romlebic moqmedeben
presinaptikur nervul daboloebebze da arRveven mediatoris
gamoTavisuflebis process. maT (toqsinebs) gaaCniaT ufro
maRali molekuluri masa da avlenen fosofolipazur aqtivo-
bas.
mesame jgufs miekuTvneba ujredis membranaze moqmedi
polipeptidebi (membranoaqtiuri polipeptidebi) romlebic
iwveven maT (membranebis) depolimerizacias. maT gaaCniaT
molekuluri masa 6000-7000 da Zalze axlos dganan agebule-
biT pirveli jgufis nivTierebebTan, magram avlenen maTgan
gansxvavebul farmakologiur Tvisebebs. maTi molekulebi
xasiaTdebian lizinis aminomJavis ufro maRali SemcvelobiT
da hidrofoburi aminomJavuri monakveTebis siWarbiT
molekulis bolo nawilSi.
garda zemoTaRniSnulisa, gvelebis Sxamidan gamoyo-
filia nivTierebebi, romlebic iwveven qsovilebidan hista-
minis gamoTavisflebas, aseve gamoyves dabalmolekuluri
polipeptidi, romelic axdens uSualo toqsikur zemoqmedebas
gulze _ kardiotoqsini.
hemolituri efeqti mJRavndeba hemolizinis pirdapiri
moqmedebiT membranebis lipidebze, sadac fosforis moglejis
Semdeg ori arapolaruli jaWvisagan warmoiqmneba erTi
jaWvi an lipidi _ lizolecitini. da igi Slis ujredTa
membranebs.
gvelebis Sxamidan gamoyofilia nivTirebebi, romle-
bic axdenen, Tromboplastinomsgavs da Trombinomsgavs, mako-
agulirebel moqmedebebs. gvelebis toqsinebis unari daad-
ablos sisxlis Sededebisunarianoba ganpirobebulia
antiTromboplastiniT, romelic arRvevs qsovilTa Trom-
boplastins da amcirebs misi warmoSobis saSualebas. garda
amisa, SeiniSneba sisxlis fibrinolituri aqtivobis amaRleba.
gvelebis Sxamebi Seicaven aseve fermentebs (hidrolazebi da
fosfolipaza A), romlebic zrdian toqsikuri komponentebis
potencias.

55
 aRmoCnda, rom janmrTeli adamianisaTvis sasikvdilo
porcia Cxriala gvelis Sxamisa, uvneblad gadaitaneba keTriT
daavadebuli adamianis mier. iyo mcdelobebi keTris mkurna-
lobisa am SxamiT da zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeiniSneboda
sasurveli efeqti.
unda aRiniSnos, rom homeopatiaSi gvelis Sxamebi
gamoiyenebian ukve as welze metia.
gvelebis Sxamebis TvisebaTa Seswavlam SesaZlebeli
gaxada maTi gamoyeneba samkurnalo da diagnostikuri mizne-
biT. cnobilia, rom kobratoqsinis damateba adamianis sisxlSi
iwvevs eriTrocitebis hemolizs. aRmoCnda, rom Tu aseT
sisxls daumateben, epilefsiiT, maniakalur-depresiuli fsi-
qoziT da demenciiT daavadebulTa sisxlis Srats, hemolizi
ar mimdinareobs. es reaqcia ar aris mkacrad specifiuri, ma-
gram did masalaze Semowmebisas damkticebuli iqna, rom ufro
xSirad igi vlindeba fsiqozebis dros da placentis sisxlTan.
avTvisebiani simsivneebis samkurnalod kobras sufTa
Sxami erT-erTma pirvelma gamoiyena frangma mikrobiologma
a. kalmetma asi wlis win. SemdgomSi dadgenili iqna, rom
kobratoqsini ar avlens specifiur antisimsivnur moqmedebas
xolo misi efeqti ganpirobebulia organizmze tkivil-
gamayuCebeli da mastimulirebeli moqmedebiT. kobras Sxams
SeuZlia Secvalos preparati morfini. misi moqmedeba ufro
xangrZlivia da ar iwvevs preparatTan SeCvevas. kobratoqsini
wamoduRebis gziT, hemoraginebisagan ganTavisuflebis Sem-
deg, warmatebiT iqna gamoyenebuli bronqialuri asTmis,
epilefsiisa da nevrotuli daavadebebis mkurnalobisas.
dadebiTi efeqti iqna miRebuli, igive daavadebebisas,
avadmyofTaTvis Cxriala gvelis Sxamis (krotoqsini)
daniSvnisas.
ruseTis bexterevis saxelobis fsiqonevrologiuri
samecniero kvleviT institutis (sankt-peterburgi) TanamS-
romlebma daadgines, rom epilefsiis mkurnalobisas gvelis
Sxamebi aRgznebis ubnebis CaxSobis unariT dganan erT-erT
pirvel adgilze cnobil farmakologiur preparatebs Soris.
gvelebis Sxamebi gamoiyeneboda, rogorc sisxldenis
sawinaaRmdego saSualeba. hemofiliis mkurnalobisas iniSne-
boda giurzas Sxamisgan miRebuli preparati `lebetoqsi~ (yo-
fili ssrk). gvelebis toqsinebis makoagulirebeli Tviseba
gamoyenebuli iyo diagnostirebis mizniT, sisxlis Sededebis

56
sistemis darRvevaTa aRsaqmelad. iseTi preparatebi, rogo-
rebicaa `vipraqsini~, `epilarktini~ floben araspecifiuri
imunologiuri reaqtivobis stimulirebis unars, rac gamoix-
ateba sisxlis SratSi komplementis da lizocimis donis
amaRlebiT, limfoiduri qsovilebis funqcionaluri aqtivo-
bis gazrdiT.
farmacevtul mrewvelobaSi gvelebis Sxamisagan amza-
debdnen da amzadeben sxvadasxva samkurnalo preparatebs. mi-
vuTiTebT zogierT maTgans, romelTac moipoves popularoba.
nevralgiis, artalgiis, poliarTritebis, moizitebis
dros niSnaven Sxamis Semdeg ineqciur formebs: `vipraqsini~ -
0,06% wyalxsnari Cveulebrivi gvelgeslas mSrali Sxamisa
SeyavT zemoT CamoTvlili daavadebebisas. garda amisa, tar-
tus universitetis farmakologiis kaTedraze dadgenili iqna,
rom misi rekomendireba SeiZleba hemoragiuli diaTezebis da
sisxldenis SeCerebisaTvis; `viperalgini~ (yofili Cexos-
lovakia) - mzaddeba qviSnaris gvelgeslas Sxamisagan, Seicavs
didi raodenobiT neirotoqsins da rekomendirebulia ro-
gorc tkivilgamayuCebeli saSualeba, gamodis mSrali saxiT
ampulebSi; `kobrotoqsini~ - damzadebulia taSkentis qimiur-
farmacevtul qarxanaSi, rekomendirebulia, muskulaturis
spazmebiT mimdinare centraluri nervuli sistemis daavadebe-
bis da sisxlZarRvTa spazmebis dros. gaaCnia gamokveTili,
cieb-cxelebis sawinaaRmdego moqmedeba, ris gamoc
rekomendirebulia epilefsiis dros; `epilarktini (epilep-
tozidi)~ - mzaddeboda yofil germaniis demokratiul respub-
likaSi Cxriala gvelis Sxamisagan, aqvs Cveneba
avadmyofebisaTvis, romlebTanac Sekavebis procesebi War-
boben aRgznebis procesebs, dadebiTad xasiaTdeba Sakikis, iSi-
asis da radikulitis mkurnalobisas.
gvelebis Sxamebis safuZvelze Seqmnilia malamoebi
garegani moxmarebisaTvis: `vipratoqsi~ (adre iwodeboda
`viprakutan~-ad) - mzaddeboda yofil gdr-Si sxvadasxva gve-
lebis Sxamisagan, kanis sacxis SemadgenlobaSi aseve Sedis
meTilsalicilati (6 wili) da qafuri (3 wili).
erTi gvelgeslasagan SeiZleba miRebuli iqnas Sxamis
porcia, romelic sakmarisia 250 doza vipraqsinis an viprato-
qsis damzadebisaTvis; `viprasal~-i _ Seicavs giurzas Sxams,
qafurs, salicilmJavas, soWis zeTs, vazelins, glicerins,
parafins. preparats awarmoebs talinis qimiur-farmacevtuli

57
qarxana. giurzas Sxamisagan mzaddeba sxva preparatic _
`viplatoqsi~ da qviSnaris gvelgeslas Sxamisagan `vipra-
zili~ (yofili gdr).
unda aRiniSnos, rom gvelebis Sxamebis gamoyeneba
(nebismieri saxiT) iwvevs mTel rig gverdiT movlenebs (iseve
rogorc sxva preparatebi). mkurnaloba unda mimdinareobdes
mxolod da mxolod eqimis kontrolis qveS.
bolo aTwleulebSi gvelebis Sxamidan miRebuli iqna
gawmendili komponentebi moqmedebis farTo speqtriT. am
Sxamebis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda mTeli rigi
fiziologiuri procesebis Seswavla. specifiuri fermenti -
aminomJavaTa esteraza _ zogierTi gvelebis Sxamidan gamoyo-
fili da `arvin~-ad wodebuli gamoiyeneba antihemofiliuri
faqtoris gawmendisaTvis.
gvelebis Sxamis saSualebiT aRmoCenili iqna `bradi-
kinini~, xolo toqsinidan gamoyofilma pirofosfazam
(NADaza) xeli Seuwyo, mniSvnelovani bioqimiuri faqtoris,
dinukleotidis nikotinamidis struqturis gaSifvras.
fofsolipaza A-s unari, specifiurad moglijos ujre-
dis membranis lipidis mxolod gansazRvruli nawili, gamo-
yenebuli iqna bioqimikosebisa da biofizikosebis mier, ujre-
dis zedapiris funqcionaluri Taviseburebebis SeswavlisaT-
vis da membranaSi nivTierebaTa transportirebis meqanizmis
Seswavla-dadgenisaTvis.
yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi warmoebda gvelis Sxamisagan
fermentebis - 5-nukleotidazas da fosfodiesterazas samrew-
velo miReba.
induri kobrasagan gamoyofilia cilovani bunebis ci-
totoqsini, romelsac SeuZlia daSalos `iaSidis sarkomis~
ujredebi. dadgenili iqna, rom es efeqti xorcieldeba fos-
folipidebTan (fosfotidileTanolaminTan da fosfatidil-
serinTan) konkurenciiT ujredis zedapiris receptorebisaT-
vis. komplementis zogierTi komponentis dabmis unarianma,
Sxamis cilovanma fraqciam saSualeba misca imunologebs
gaeSifraT zogierT daavadebaTa meqanizmebi. kobras Sxamis
Seyvanis gamo, komplementis C3-komponentis daweviT gamow-
veuli gadanergili Tirkmlis (Roridan ZaRlze) SeTavsebis
dro mniSvnelovnad gaizarda.
gamoyenebaSia gvelebis neirotoqsinebis unari,
acetilqolinur receptorebTan, dakavSirebisa. Tu mivuer-

58
TebT Sxamis molekulas radiaqtiur iods ise, rom misi Tvise-
bebi ar Seicvalos, misi (Sxamis) SeyvaniT cxovelis organiz-
mSi, SesaZlebelia qolinoreceptorebis agebulebis
Taviseburebebis da funqcionirebis procesebis Seswavla.
neirotoqsiniT damuSavebuli specifikuri nivTiere-
biT (sefaroza) Sevsebul svetSi ujredis membranis
komponentebis gatarebisas, swavlulebma SeZles gamoeyoT
acetilqolinuri receptorebi.
gvelebis Sxamebi da maTgan gamoyofili komponentebi
mtkiced damkvidrdnen praqtikul da eqsperimentalur medici-
naSi, maTi Tvisebebis Seswavla grZeldeba, xolo gamoyenebis
sazRvrebi ki ganuwyvetliv farTovdeba.

1.4.4. mwerebisagan miRebuli samkurnalo

preparatebi

dReisaTvis cnobilia erT milionze meti saxeobis

mweri, maSin roca xerxemlianebis saxeobaTa ricxvi 70 aTass
aRwevs. mwerebis yvelaze mravalricxovani warmomadgenlebi
arian xoWoebi - 300 aTasi saxe. statistika adasturebs, rom
planetis TiToeul adamianze modis daaxloebiT 250 000 000
mweri. maT warmoSobas miaweren planetis ganviTarebis de-
vonur periods. mwerebi yvelaze Zveli, maRalorganizebuli
cocxali arsebani arian.
mecnierebisaTvis, dRes cnobilia 50000-mde saxeoba
Sxamiani mwerebisa. es cifri naTlad metyvelebs, Tu ramdeni
biologiurad aqtiuri nivTiereba SeiZleba iqnas miRebuli
mwerebisagan. magram dReisaTvis gamoyofilia mxolod 60-mde
toqsikuri naerTi.
Sxamiania abreSumis Wiis sanerwyve jirkvlebis
gamonayofi. Sxami Seicavs WianWvelmJavis did raodenobas da
sxva toqsikur komponentebs. adamianis kanze moxvedrisas igi
iwvevs anTebiT prorcess, romelic mimdinareobs qaviliT da
tkiviliT. adre Tvlidnen, rom aseTi reaqcia gamowveuli iyo
muxluxos zedapiruli RinRliT, magram axla damtkicebulia,
rom mravali muxluxos jirkvlebi Seicaven Sxams, es exeba
kombostos pepelas muxluxosac, romelTan Sexebac iwvevs
mebostneebSi xelis dermatitebs.

59
 aRmosavlur medicinaSi abreSumis Wiis muxluxoebs
iyenebdnen epilefsiis, gaciebis da zogierTi qaluri daavade-
bis mkurnalobisas, amis Sedegad umjobesdeba Zili, Wamis mada
da saerTo mdgomareoba.
iaponuri samkurnalo saSualeba `ho-Sicu~ Seicavs
mwerebis hormons `ekdisterons~, romelsac gamoyofen TuTis
abreSumxvevias Wuprisagan.
cnobilia, rom Wiamaiebi saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi fexe-
bis saxsrebidan gamoyofen narinjisfer Sxamian siTxes.
Svidwertiliani Wiamaia gamoyofs siTxes, romelic Seicavs
alkaloids `adalen~-s da `kokcinelin~-s, xolo
ToTxmetwertilians - aRmoaCnda alkaloidi `propilein~-i.
dadgenili iqna, rom kokcinelini miekuTvneba
alkaloidebis axal tips da ar SeiniSneba mcenareebSi.
yvelaze didi gavrceleba hpova futkrisagan miRe-
bulma samkurnalo preparatebma, uZvelesi droidan samkur-
nalo miznebiT gamoiyeneba misi cxovelmoqmedebis yvela
produqti - futkris Sxami, cvili, Tafli, rZe, propolisi,
dindgeli.
futkris Sxami (~apitoqsini~) kanSi Seyvanisas iwvevs
Zlier tkivils da mwvave anTebiT reaqcias. Sxami adidebs
leikocitebis ricxvs, axdens adgilobriv arteriebisa da
kapilarebis gafarToebas, dabla swevs sisxlis wnevas, amaR-
lebs sisxlZarRvebis gamtarunarianobas, axdens eriTrocite-
bis hemolizs. gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiareni arian mis mimarT
adamianis, cxenisa da ZaRlis eriTrocitebi. moqmedebs ra
parasimpatikur nervul sistemaze, atropinis msgavsad, Sxami,
didi dozebiT, iwvevs gulis kunTis kontraqturas da leta-
lur Sedegs.
Zvelad futkris SxamiT mkurnalobas Cveulebrivad
atarebdnen mefutkreebi. es jandacvis praqtikaSi Sevida
apiTerapiis saxelwodebiT. am meTods gaaCnda mniSvnelovani
uaryofiTi mxare, radganac futkris Sxamis SeyvaniT organiz-
mSi, garda sasargeblo komponentebisa Sediodnen
arasasurveli komponentebic, da garda amisa, mkurnaloba
tardeboda mxolod zafxulSi, futkris yvelaze didi aqtivo-
bisas. amitom daiwyes mcdeloba, sufTa saxiT futkris Sxamis
miRebisa. pirvelad igi miiRo 1928 wels n. polakma, xolo
germanulma firma `WOLF~-ma daiwyo misi gamoSveba saxel-
wodebiT `apikozan~-i. preparats niSnavdnen kunTebSi

60
SeSxapunebiT, sami sxvadasxva koncentraciiT - qronikuli ar-
Tritebisas, nevralgiebis da mialgiebis dros. Semdeg avstri-
aSi daiwyes warmoeba sxva preparatisa - `imenin~-is, romel-
sac niSnavdnen imave daavadebebisas.
farmacevtulma mrewvelobam, SemdgomSi, gamouSva 1,5%-
iani futkris Sxamis xsnari ampulebSi `apikur~-is saxel-
wodebiT, xolo Sxamisa da novokainis narevi iwodeboda
`forapin~-ad. am saxelwodebiT yofil ssrk-Si gamodioda ma-
lamo.
yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi Seqmnilia preparatebi `KФ-1
(venapiolin-1)~ da `KФ-2 (venapiolin-2)~, `toksapin-i (melisin-
i)~, es ukanaskneli damuSavda xarkovSi i. kononenkos mier
futkris Sxamis fraqcionirebis gziT da gamoiyeneboda
wylisa da zeTis xsnarebis saxiT. is dabla wevda sisxlis
wnevas, aumjobesebda nivTierebaTa cvlas, xasiaTdeboda
damamSvidebeli moqmedebiT.
xarkovis universitetisa da talinis qimiur-farmacev-
tuli qarxnis TanamSromlobiT SemuSavebulia preparati
`apilit~-i, romelic aZlierebs organizmis imunitets
ionizirebadi radiaciis mimarT.
garegani moxmarebisaTvis sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva
farmacevtiuli sawarmoebis mier mzaddeboda malamoebi,
romlebic Seicavdnen futkris Sxams: magaliTad, yofil
CexoslovakiaSi awarmoebdnen malamo `forapinsabl~-s, rom-
lis SemadgenlobaSi, Sxamis garda, Sedioda salicilmJava da
silikatis mcire kristalebi epiTeliumis damuSavebisaTvis,
wasmisas. iqve awarmoebdnen malamo `virapin~-s.
dadgenilia, rom Sxamis raodenoba erTi futkrisagan
meryeobs 0,4-dan 0,8 mkg-mde. apitoqsini 100 0C-mde gacx-
elebisas 15 wuTis ganmavlobaSi kargavs kanze reaqciis gamow-
vevis unars, magram inarCunebs krunCxviT da paralitikur
efeqts. imave temperaturaze gacxelebisas 30 wuTSi igi kar-
gavs Sxamis krunCxviT komponentsac. Sxamis dayovneba 15 wuTis
ganmavlobaSi 150 0C-ze mTlianad inaqtivirebs mas.
futkris Sxamis qimiuri Semadgenloba guldasmiTaa
Seswavlili da Zalze rTulia. masSi Semavali komponentebi
SeiZleba daiyos sam jgufad: peptidebi, biogenuri aminebi da
fermentebi. futkris SxamSi, ZiriTad toqsikur nivTierebad,
warmodgenilia polipeptidi `melitini~. misi koncentracia

61
sufTa SxamSi aRwevs 50%-s, igi Sedgeba 26 aminomJavisagan da
gaaCnia molekuluri masa 2840.
sxvadasxva saxis futkrebis melitini gansxvavebuli
agebulebisaa. dReisaTvis Seswavlilia futkris organizmSi
toqsinis biosinTezis procesi da Catarebulia misi labo-
ratoriuli sinTezi. melitins gaaCnia ujredis membranis fos-
folipidebTan urTierTqmedebis unari, rac iwvevs fizi-
ologiuri efeqtebis farTo speqtrs, iseTebs, rogorebicaa _
eriTrocitebis hemolizi, ujredebidan histaminis gamo-
Tavisufleba, membranasTan dakavSirebuli fermentebis da
ujredSiga metabolizmis aqtivobis Secvla.
meore mniSvnelovani komponenti futkris Sxamisa -
MSD-peptidi, igi Sedgeba 22 aminomJavisagan da gaaCnia ori
disulfiduri kavSiri. igi avlens tkivilgamayuCebel moqmede-
bas, aTeuljer sWarbobs melitins histaminis gamoTavisufle-
baSi ujredebidan. MSD maRal dozebSi avlens anTebis sawi-
naaRmdego efeqts, romelic 100-jer aWarbebs hidrokor-
tizonis - Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis qerqis hormonis moqmede-
bas. mecnierebma daadgines, MSD-pepditis molekulis romeli
nawili agebs pasuxs anTebissawinaaRmdego Tvisebaze da
romeli - ujredebidan histaminis gamoTavisuflebaze.
futkris Sxamis neirotoqsikuri efeqti dakavSirebu-
lia peptid `apaminTan~. dadgenilia, rom organizmSi
moxvedrisas igi ZiriTadad ukavSirdeba, zurgis tvinis, welis
monakveTis nervul struqturebs, RviZlisa da gluvi muskula-
turis ujredebs. apaminis neitropuli moqmedeba vlindeba
krunCxvebis ganviTarebiT.
futkris SxamSi aRmoCenilia da Seswavlilia sxva
polipeptidebic, romelTa procentuli Semcveloba, toqsinSi,
mcirea. yvelaze cnobilni maT Soris arian: `tertiapini~ _
xasiaTdeba gamoxatuli presinaptikuri moqmedebiT; `kardio-
peni~ _ iwvevs gulis moqmedebis intensifikacias; `sekapini~ _
damawynarebeli efeqti, sxeulis temperaturis dabla daweva,
histaminSemcveli peptidi `prokamini~ da sxva tkivilgamayuCe-
beli moqmedebis peptidebi.
biogenuri aminebidan, futkris Sxamis SemadgenlobaSi,
Sedian didi raodenobiT histamini da umniSvnelo raodeno-
biT - dofamini da noradrenalini.
ZiriTadi fermenti, romlis Semcveloba futkris
SxamSi aRwevs 12%, aris fosfolipaza A2. is gvelebis Sxamis

62
fermentis msgavsad axdens fosfolipidebis hidrolizs
lizolecitinis warmoqmniT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, Slis mra-
vali tipis ujredis membranas, aseve arRvevs mediatorTa
gamoTavisuflebis process, presinaptikuli nervuli dabo-
loebebis ujredebidan.
fermenti gialuronidaza, axdens ra SemaerTebeli qso-
vilis Sesabamisi mJavis hidrolizs, xels uwyobs organizmSi
toqsikuri komponentebis gavrcelebas
futkris SxamSi aseve aRmoCenilia mJave fosfataza, .α -
glukozidaza, fosfomonoesteraza, β- galaktozidaza da sxva.
organizmze futkris Sxamis zemoqmedebis speqtri Zalze
farToa. igi axdens histaminis msgavs efeqtebs sisxlis mimoq-
cevaze, moqmedebs neirotropulad - blokirebas ukeTebs ra
impulsebis gatarebas nervul kvanZebSi (ganpirobebulia mel-
itinis SemcvelobiT), dadebiT gavlenas axdens gul-sisxl-
ZarRvTa sistemis moqmedebaze - awesrigebs ra koronarul
sisxlis nakads da ariTmiebis dros normalizebas ukeTebs gu-
lis ritms. futkris Sxamis Seyvana mkveTrad aZlierebs tvinSi
sisxlis mimoqcevas, rac warmoadgens samkurnalo efeqts
hipertonuli daavadebisas.
MSD-peptids gaaCnia tkivilgamayuCebeli da anTebis
sawinaaRmdego moqmedeba; apamini zrdis Tirkmelzeda jir-
kvlis qerqidan, hormonebis gamoyofas; melitins axasiaTebs
antikoagulanturi Tviseba; apitoqsini stimulirebas ukeTebs
organizmis adaptaciis meqanizmebs, axdens radiodacviT
efeqts.
samkurnalo mizniT aseve gamoiyeneba futkris webo -
propolisi, misgan gamoyofilia 20 damaxasiaTebeli naerTi,
ZiriTadad flavonoiduri bunebisa. propolisis
farmakologiurma gamokvlevam aCvena misi
anTebissawinaaRmdego, tkivilgamayuCebeli da Semaxorcebeli
moqmedeba. dadgenilia, rom is damRupvelad moqmedebs asze
meti mikroorganizmebis Stamebze. oficialur medicinaSi misi
gamoyeneba daiwyes `propolizan~-is saxelwodebiT inglis-
burebis omis dros cecxlsasroli Wrilobebis samkurnalod.
propolisi aRmoCnda efeqturi kanis daavadebebis mkur-
nalobisas. futkris webos malamoebiTa da spirtuli eqst-
raqtebiT mkurnalobdnen ekzemebs, qveda saxsrebis wylulebs,
kanis tuberkulozis formebs, furunkulebs, damwvrobebs,
nawolebs. mas niSnavdnen Sinagani miRebiT, kuWisa da Tormet-

63
goja nawlavis wylulis mkurnalobisas. propoliss iyene-
bdnen aerozolebis saxiT qronikuli bronqitebisa da farin-
gitebis dros, garda amisa, misma tkivilgamayuCebelma unarma
gamoyeneba hpova stomatologiaSi.
latviaSi aTvisebulia mTeli rigi preparatebis war-
moeba propolisis bazaze. `propalani (propalanasi)~ gamoi-
yeneba damwvrobisas; propolisis zeTi gamoiyeneba derma-
tologiaSi kanis zogierTi infeqciuri daavadebisas (Sedgeba
propolisisa da zeiTunis zeTis narevisagan TanafardobiT
2:10). amave mizniT uSveben propolisis 20%-ian malamos lano-
lin-vazelinis bazaze da spirtxsnars 80%-iani eTilis spirtSi
SefardebiT 3:10. preparati `vaiva~ gamoiyeneba piridan
arasasiamovno sunis mosacileblad, xolo `promiksi~ -
Tvalis daavadebis samkurnalod. propolisis gamoyenebis
areali samkurnalo praqtikaSi ganuwyvetliv izrdeba.
samedicino praqtikaSi gamoyeneba hpova mefutkreobis
kidev erTma produqtma - futkris rZem. misi gavleniT deda
futkris Wupri swrafad izrdeba, 6 dReSi diddeba 2700-jer.
garda amisa, aseTi kveba saSualebas aZlevs deda futkars da-
dos dRe-RameSi 1500 kvercxi, rac orjer aWarbebs mis wo-nas,
aseve axangrZlivebs mis sicocxlis xangrZlivobas 3-5 wlamde,
muSa futkrebi cocxloben 1-8 Tve.
futkris rZe warmoadgens TeTr, yviTeli elferiT,
araJanismagvar siTxes mJave gemoTi. gamokvlevebiT dadginda,
rom igi Seicavs 45,15% cilas, 13,55% cximebs, 20,39% naxSir-
wylebs (glukoza da fruqtoza). mis SemadgenlobaSi aseve Se-
dian aminomJavebi, vitaminebi, mikroelementebi, hormonebi da
zrdis faqtorebi. cilebisa da naxSirwylebis raodenobiT
futkris rZe aWarbebs Zroxisas 5-jer, xolo cximebis rao-
denobiT - 2-3-jer. misi kaloriuloba 2-jer maRalia qalisa
da Zroxis rZisaze. futkris rZis miRebis teqnologia rTuli
da Sromatevadia. futkris erTi ojaxisagan SesaZlebelia
miRebuli iqnas 100 grami futkris rZe (futkris ojaxisaTvis
mniSvnelovani zaralis miyenebis gareSe).
futkris rZis eqsperimentalurma kvlevebma daadgina,
rom is axdens organizmze zogad matonizirebel moqmedebas,
aZlierebs nivTierebaTa cvlas, aumjobesebs sisxlwarmoqmnas,
gulis muSaobas da saWmlis monelebas.
futkris rZis Tvisebebma ganapiroba mravali prepara-
tis gamoSveba sxvadasxva qveynebSi. yvelaze cnobilia Semdegi

64
samkurnalo preparatebi: `apifortili~, `ulkoJerali~,
`roiapani~ (germania), `apiserumi~ (safrangeTi), `spintaviti~
(italia), `lonJipeks-plusi~ (kanada), `DH-112-holcingeri~
(avstria), `superkoncentrati~ (rumineTi), `vit-apinali~ (yo-
fili Cexoslovakia), yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi gamodioda
preparati `apilaki~ abebis saxiT, romelTagan TiToeuli
Seicavda 10 mg. liofilizirebul futkris rZes.
farTo gamoyeneba hpova futkris rZem parfiumerul
warmoebaSi. futkris rZe aRmoCnda SesaniSnavi
gamajansaRebeli saSualeba dasustebuli da daavadebebisagan
gamofituli adamianebisa da moxucebulTaTvis. maRali
Terapiuli efeqti iqna aRmoCenili kanis zogierTi saxis
daavadebebis mkurnalobisas. axali produqti gacilebiT
efeqturia, vidre misgan damzadebuli preparatebi. karg
efeqts iZleva futkris rZis didi dozebiT (dReSi 100-200 ml.)
Sinagani miReba, magram igi kargavs aqtivobas kuWSi
moxvedrisas. amitom sasurvelia misi miReba ineqciebis saxiT
an enis qveS. enis qveS moTavsebuli preparati swrafad
Seiwoveba da sisxlis nakadiT ifanteba mTel organizmSi.
mefutkreobis yvelaze xelmisawvdomi produqcia aris
Tafli, misi samkurnalo Tvisebebi aRwerilia mravalric-
xovan Tanamedrove saxelmZRvaneloebSi. Tanamedrove medi-
cina rekomendacias uwevs Taflis gamoyenebas RviZlis, Tirk-
melebis, kuW-nawlavis, sasunTqi gzebis, gul-sisxlZarRvTa
sistemis, nivTierebaTa cvlis, aseve oftalmologiuri da
dermatologiuri daavadebebis mkurnalobisas. rogorc die-
tur produqts Tafls ara hyavs badali. cnobilia, rom 1 kg.
Tafli iZleva 3150-3350 kalorias. Tafli sasargebloa yvela
adamianisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT mZime daavadeba gada-
tanilTaTvis, gonebrivi da fizikuri SromiT gamofituli
adamianebisaTvis. ukeTesi aTvisebisaTvis Tafli miRebuli un-
da iqnas kvebamde 2 saaTiT adre 2-3-jerad, mozrdilebma 100-
150 grami, bavSvebma 30-50 gr. dRe-RameSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom eqimebi cdilobdnen gamoeyoT da
samkurnalo miznebisaTvis gamoeyenebinaT Taflis calkeuli
fraqciebi. v. maRlakeliZem aRwera preparat `kamelinis (M-1)~
Tvisebebi, romelsac Rebulobdnen Taflisagan, misi naxSir-
wylebisagan ganTavisuflebis gziT. avtori aRniSnavs, rom
daumuSavebeli Taflis SeyvaniT daCirqebul siRrueebSi
flegmonebis da mastitebis dros, iwvevda Zlier anTebiT

65
procesebs. xolo preparat kamelinis gamoyeneba ar iwvevda
SesamCnev garTulebebs, igi axdenda antimikrobul da Wrilo-
baSemxorcebel efeqts.
jer kidev Zveli drois mkurnalebma SeniSnes, rom Ta-
flis WrilobaSemxorcebeli moqmedeba Zlierdeba, Tu igi
Termulad muSavdeba. Wrilobebis mkurnaloba gamomwvari Ta-
fliT danerga hipokratem. aRmosavleTis qveynebSi iyenebdnen
gadaduRebul Tafls, mas rekomendacias uwevda avicena.
p. WanturiSvili da T. naTaZe TavianT monografiaSi -
~zrdis SemaCerebeli bunebrivi nivTierebebi da maTi gamo-
yeneba simsivneTa eqsperimentalur TeoriaSi~ (1955), aRweren
bazis Taflisagan sxvadasxva fraqciebis miRebis xerxs, viu-
rcis kolbaSi, sxvadasxva temperaturebze aqroladobiT. ase-
Ti gziT gamoyofili iqna fraqcia, miRebuli 130-180 0C tempe-
raturaze, romelic flobda, futkris Sxamis msgavsad, Zlier
nekrotizirebad moqmedebas qsovilebze. es fraqcia aseve
flobda gansakuTrebulad gamoxatul zrdis SemaCerebel
Tvisebebs. SemdgomSi avtorebma daadgines, rom bazebis Ta-
flis es fraqcia gacilebiT aqtiuria futkris Taflis analo-
giur fraqciaze. mas (fraqcias) pirobiTad ewoda `bomapini~.
uZvelesi droidan adamianebi iyenebdnen mefutkreobis
kidev erT produqts - futkris cvils (Taflis sanTeli). igi
qimiuri SemadgenlobiT rTul nivTierebas warmoadgens da
Sedgeba aTze meti sxvadasxva naerTisagan. cvilis mTavari Se-
madgeneli nawilebia: cerotin _ da melisinmJavebi, cerotino-
miricilis eTeri, cerilis da miricilis spirtebi, parafinis
rigis naxSirwyalbadebi, maRalmolekuluri spirtebis da cxi-
movani mJavebis didi raodenoba, pigmentebi da eTerzeTebi.
cvils aqvs Taflis aromatis msgavsi sasiamovno suni,
misi feri meryeobs yviTelidan yavisferamde, 350 C-ze maRla
xdeba plastikuri da lRveba 60-65 0C temperaturaze.
cvili ar ixsneba wyalSi, glicerinSi da spirtSi, ixs-
neba mduRare spirtSi, skipidarSi, eTerSi da cximovan
mJavebSi. arsebobs ramdenime xarisxis cvili. yvelaze maRalx-
arisxovnad iTvleba samefutkreo cvili, igi uSualod miRebu-
lia safutkridan. eqstraqciul cvils Rebuloben Taflis
sanTlis gadamamuSavebeli qarxnebis narCenebidan. TeTri cvi-
li warmoiqmneba Cveulebrivi cvilis mzeze gaCerebiT an aseve
Cveulebrivi cvilis qimiuri damJangvelebiT damuSavebisas,
amitom mas akonserveben gaTeTrebisTanave. samedicino praq-

66
tikaSi yvelaze xSirad iyeneben futkris yviTel da zogjeg
TeTr cvils. isini Sedian mravali samkurnalo da kosmeti-
kuri saSualebebis SemadgenlobaSi.
ZvelTaganve saxalxo medicinaSi iyenebdnen WianWvelis
spirts, saxsrebisa da nevralgiis samkurnalod. tyis wiTuri
WianWvelebis Sxamis SemadgenlobaSi, romelsac yvelaze xSi-
rad iyeneben WianWvelis spirtis misaRebad, Sedis WianWvelm-
Java. sxva WianWvelebis SxamSi aRmoCenilia: eTerzeTebi; hista-
mini; gluvi kunTebis; ucnobi bunebis stimulatori; acetil-
holini; gialuronidaza; aminomJavebi. WianWvelebis Sxami, ker-
Zod WianWvelmJava, flobs gamoxatul neirotropul efeqts.
aRmoCnda, rom WianWvelaTa zogierTi saxeobebi gamoyofen
ara mxolod WianWvelamJavas, aramed citronelalis da
citralis narevs (SefardebiT 9:1). citrali qimiuri stru-
qturiT mogvagonebs vitamin A-s, mas gaaCnia tkivilgamayuCe-
beli da anTebis sawinaaRmdego Tvisebebi, afarToebs sisxl-
ZarRvebs, dabla swevs sisxlis arteriul wnevas. es nivTi-
ereba gamoiyeneba koniuqtivitebis, keratitebis da hiperto-
niuli daavadebebis samkurnalod. efeqti vlindeba dabali
koncentra-ciebisas.
es nivTierebebi ara marto TviTon arian toqsikurni
aramed xels uwyoben WianWvelamJavas SeRwevas garesafaris
gavliT.
WianWvelebidan gamoyofilia nivTiereba `irido-
miricini~, romelic klavs qoleris, tifis, tuberkulozis ga-
momwvevebs da sruliad uvnebelia adamianisaTvis.
heidelbergis universitetis profesorma Sildknehtma
qromatografiuli meTodebiT, WianWvela-foTolmWrelebis
metaTorakuli jirkvlebidan ukve cnobili nivTierebebis -
`fenil-ZmarmJavas~ da `beta-indolilZmarmJavas~ garda ga-
moyo kidev sami nivTiereba. mas – speqtroskopuli kvlevebiT
daadgina maTi struqtura. eseni aRmoCndnen mJavebi: `beta-
hidroqsinanakarbonmJava~ (mirmekacini), `beta-hidro-
qsiheptankarbonmJava~ da `beta-hidroqsipentankarbonmJava~.
isini aRmoC-ndnen Zlieri herbicidebi, ris saSualebiTac Wi-
anWvelebi amyareben sisufTaves TavianT sokos plantaciebze.
beta-indolilZmarmJavas WianWvelebi iyeneben sokos mi-
celebis zrdis stimulacii-saTvis. medicinaSi am nearTebma
gamoyeneba ar hpoves, magram didia maTi gamoyenebis Sedegad
miRebuli dadebiTi efeqtebis mniSvneloba bioteqnologiaSi.

67
 aSS-i wiTel WianWvelebs aRmoaCndaT Sxami, romelsac
gaaCnia antibiotikis Tvisebebi. is klavs obis sokoebs da
umravles mikrobebs, maT Soris streptokokebs da stafi-
lokokebs. amave WianWvelebs aseve aRmoaCndaT Zlieri Sxami
`trans-2-meTil-6P-undecilpiperidin~-i - romelsac uwodes
`solenopsin A~, mas gaaCnia gamoxatuli neirotoqsikuri moq-
medeba, igi blokirebas ukeTebs acetilholinis aRmgzneb
moqmedebas. es efeqti ar aris konkurentuli.
solenopsini A iwvevs histaminis gamoTavisuflebas
ujredebidan. am meqanizmis efeqti gansxvavdeba ukve cnobili
meqanizmebis, romlebic SeiniSnebian `48/80~ nivTierebebis da
futkris Sxamis MSD-heptidis gamoyenebisas.
JurnalSi `PROCEEDINGS OF HAWAI ENTOMOLOGICAL
SOSIETY~ (1982, # 1) gamoqveynebulia masala, sadac miTiTe-
bulia zogierTi amerikuli WianWvelebis mier halucinaciebis
gamomwvevi nivTierebebis gamomuSavebis saSualebis Sesaxeb.
dReisaTvis afTiaqebSi gvxvdeba WianWvelis spirti,
romelic miiReba 14 grami WianWvelamJavis gaxsniT 70%-ian
spirtSi. gamodis aseve narevi, Sedgenili WianWvelisa da 2%
qafuris spirtis Tanabari wilebisagan.
samkurnalo Tvisebebi, oTaxis mwerebisa, yvelaze sru-
lad aris Seswavlili tarakanebisaTvis. aRmosavlur medici-
naSi ufrTo mdedr tarakanebs da Wuprebs uwodeben sasqeso
jirkvlebis moqmedebis maregulirebel saSualebas, prepa-
rats romelic flobs Sarmden moqmedebas da xels uwyobs
Zvlebis Sezrdas.
rusul saxalxo medicinaSi Savi tarakanebi
gamoiyenebodnen, rogorc Sardmdeni saSualeba wyalmankis
dros. 1876 wels profesorma s. botkinma daavala erT-erT
Tavis ordinators _ eqim bogomolovs gamoecada taraka-
nebisagan miRebuli preparati, rogorc Sardmdeni saSualeba.
am gamokvlevaTa miRwevebi gamoqveynda JurnalSi (~Архив
клиники внутренных болезней проф. С. П. Боткина 1879-1881гг.~).
tarakanebisagan damzadebuli preparatebis farma-
kologiuri Tvisebebi aRwerilia 1882 wlis medicinis doq-
toris xarisxis mosapovebel n. CerniSevis disertaciaSi
(~Материалы для фармакологии деиствующего начала черных
тараканов Blatta orientalis~).

68
 xangrZlivi eqsperimentaluri kvlevis Sedegebs, n.
CerniSevi, Semdeg jgufad warmoadgens disertaciis bolos:
1. mJava (igulisxmeba tarakanis mJava - ACIDUM BLATTICUM,
ase uwoda CerniSevma tarakanebisagan gamoyofili
nivTierebis aqtiur sawyiss) axdens gulis moqmedebis
mkveTr cvlilebas.
2. es cvlilebebi gamoixateba gulis cemis sixSiris Senele-
baSi, preparatis mcire dozebisagan da pulsis mkveTr gax-
SirebaSi Tu preparatis doza didia.
3. Seneleba (pulsis) damokidebulia gulis Semakavebeli
aparatis gaRizianebaze.
4. gaxSireba (pulsis) preparatis didi dozebisas ganpirobe-
bulia gulis Semakavebeli aparatis dambliT.
5. mJava dabla swevs sisxlis wnevas, rac (wnevis daweva) da-
mokidebulia mogrZo da zurgis tvinis sisxlZarRvTa
centrebis qmediTunarianobis daqveiTebaze.
6. sikvdili am mJavisagan dgeba gulis kunTis damblis
gamovleniT.
7. mJava moqmedebs rogorc Sardmdeni, moqmedebs ra aRmgzne-
bad Tirkmlis sekretorul elementebze.
miuxedavad tarakanebisgan damzadebuli preparatebis
aqtiuri sawyisis efeqturobisa, misi qimiuri struqtura
dRemde ucnobia.
medicinaSi kidev erTi movlenaa dakavSirebuli
tarakanebTan. amerikel mkvlevarTa jgufma b. Sareris
xelmZRvanelobiT daadgina, rom tarakanebSi Sinagani sekre-
ciis ori jirkvlis amokveTa ganapirobebda simsivnuri
axalwarmonaqmnebis gaCenas, yvelaze xSirad ziandeboda
mweris muclis organoebi da sanerwyve jirkvlebi. aRmoCnda,
rom aseTi cvlilebebis mizezi rekurentuli nervis daziane-
baa, romelic mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli Sinagani sekreciis
jirkvlebTan. simsivne Cndeboda mxolod im organoebSi,
romlebic iyvnen am nervis kontrolis qveS. am kvlevebma
daadastura nervuli sistemis mniSvneloba simsivnuri
daavadebebis warmoSobaSi da Seavso codna simsivnis gamom-
wvev meqanizmebze.
samkurnalo gamoyeneba hpoves araesTetikurma da
momabezrebelma buzebmac. 1941 wels, qirurgiul praqtikaSi
buzis Wuprebi gamoiyena a. eliaSevma. buzis Wuprebi
gamoiyenebodnen inficirebuli motexilobebis, osteomelitis

69
sxvadasxva formebis, Zvlebis tuberkulozis da inficirebuli
kultebis (ganmeorebiTi amputaciebisas) samkurnalod.
inficireba am SemTxvevaSi xdeboda ZiriTadad oqrosferi da
TeTri stafilokokiT, hemolituri streptokokiT, lurj-
Cirqovani da difteriis CxirebiT. kvlevebisaTvis gamoiyene-
boda mkacri aseptikis pirobebSi gamoyvanili Wuprebi PHOR-
MIA REGINA, LUCILIA SERICATA, CALLIPHORA ERYTHRO-
CEPHALA (ojaxi MUSCIDAE), romelTac aTavsebdnen
eqsperimentaluri cxovelebis WrilobebSi yovel 3 an 5
dReSi. winaswar sruldeboda yvela aucilebeli qirurgiuli
RonisZiebebi da SeyavdaT tetanusis sawinaaRmdego Srati.
aseTi mkurnalobis Sedegad Wrilobebi sufTavdebodnen,
iwmindebodnen infeqciebisagan, es, mkvlevarTa azriT, xde-
boda baqteriofagis gavleniT. Sexorceba mTavrdeboda eqvs
kviraSi, mZime SemTxvevebSi gamojanmrTeleba grZeldeboda 3-
6 Tve.
Tavdapirvelad gamefda azri, rom Wuprebi meqaniku-
rad asufTaveben Wrilobas, Wamen ra nekrotul qsovilebs da
Cirqovan eqsudats. magram Wuprebis eqstraqtis gamoyenebam
(romelic miiReboda marilis xsnariT) analogiuri efeqti ga-
moiRo. amerikeli qirurgis livingstonis monacemebiT (1932-
1937 ww.), Zvlebisa da rbili qsovilebis Cirqovani dazianebe-
bis Sexorceba cocxali Wup-rebisa da maTi eqstraqtis
gamoyenebiT 1587 avadmyofisaTvis, SeiniSneboda 60-100%
SemTxvevebSi, mag-ram sasurveli Sedegi ar iyo miRweuli
qronikuli Cirqovani osteomielitis dros. tuberkulozuri
dazianebebisas, Wuprebis eqstraqti, nakleb efeqturi iyo _
axorcebda SemTxvevaTa mxolod 5%-s.
rogoria moqmedebis meqanizmi aRwerili Terapevtuli
efeqtisa?
sxvadasxva mkvlevarebis mier dadginda, rom Wuprebi
WrilobaSi gamoyofen proteolitur fermentebs da Sardova-
nas. ukanaskneli, buzebis Wuprebisagan damzadebuli
eqstraqtis msgavsad, asufTavebs Wrilobas, dezodorirebas
ukeTebs mas da Trgunavs infeqcias. Sardovanas aseve gaaCnia
unari daSalos nekrotuli qsovilebi da moaxdinos susti
antiseptikuri zemoqmedeba. Wuprebi aseve gamoyofen ferment
`ureazas~, romelic xleCs Sardovanas amiakis warmoqmniT.
garda amisa, Wuprebisagan miRebuli eqstraqtis kvlevebisas,

70
mis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCenili iqnen alantoini, kalciti da
gogirdSemcveli nivTierebebi - cisteini da glutaTioni.
aRniSnulma samkurnalo meTodikebma ver moipoves
farTo gavrceleba, Wuprebis gamozrdis sirTulis, Wrilo-
baSi infeqciebis Setanis saSiSroebisa da meTodis araesTeti-
urobis gamo. amave dros Catarebulma kvlevebma biZgi misga
WrilobaSemxorcebeli efeqtis qimiuri nivTierebebis, kerZod
alantoinis Seswavlas, romlebic gamoyofilni iyvnen Wupre-
bis eqstraqtidan.
es nivTiereba (alantoini) pirvelad gamoyofili iqna
1912 wels, mcenaris `SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE~ eqstraqtisa-
gan, romelic iyo erT-erTi yvelaze Zveli xalxuri saSu-
aleba Wrilobebis da wylulebis samkurnalod. mecnierebma
daadgines, rom es nivTiereba warmoiqmneba SardmJavisagan
ferment `urikaza~-s gavleniT ZuZumwovrebis organizmSi (ada-
mianisa da `adamianis msgavsi maimunebis~ gamoklebiT) da
zogierT mcenareebSi, gansakuTrebiT maT CanasaxebSi. Tavisi
saxel-wodeba alantoinma miiRo sityvidan `alantois~ _ Ca-
nasaxis nawili, romlis siTxeSic igi aRmoaCines.
ramdenime hospitalSi gamocdis Semdeg alantoini
rekomendirebuli iqna qronikuli varikozuli wylulebis,
qronikuli osteomielitis, Termuli damwvrobebis, gangrene-
bis da sxva daavadebaTa samkurnalod. SemCneuli iqna msgav-
seba, buzebis Wuprebisa da alantoinis moqmedebebSi.
iTvaliswineben ra alantoinis fiziologiur iner-
tulobas, misi moqmedebis meqanizms mravali mkvlevari
akavSirebs SardovanasTan, romelic wydeba alantoinis
molekulas metabolizmis procesSi.
samkurnalo praqtikaSi, ukve sami aTasi welia,
warmatebiT iyeneben sisxlis gamoSvebis meTods, damyarebuls,
samedicino wurbelebze.
dadgenili iqna, rom sisxlis wovis dros wurbelas
sanerwyve jirkvlebidan gamoiyofa cilovani bunebis
gansakuTrebuli nivTiereba _ `hirudini~, romelsac gaaCnia
sisxlis Sededebis sawinaaRmdego unari Trombinis inaqti-
vaciis gziT. sanerwyve jirkvlebis sekreti Seicavs aseve
histaminis msgavs nivTierebas, romelic afarToebs kapi-
larebs.
hirudinis samkurnalo Tvisebebis aRmoCenis Semdeg
samedicino wurbelebis gamoyeneba praqtikaSi Sevida, rogorc

71
mkurnalobis meTodi saxelwodebiT `hirudoTerapia~.
dasavleT evropaSi da aSS-Si es meTodi farTod gavrcelda
ingliseli eqimis roi soieris samecniero da praqtikuli
gamokvlevebis Semdeg, romelmac 1984 wels uelsSi daafuZna
specialuri laboratoria wurbelebis Sesaswavlad da
gasamravleblad. soieris rCeviT Zalze efeqturia wur-
belebis gamoyeneba gulis sisxlZarRvebis daavadebisas,
Tromboflebitis, hipertonuli daavadebebis, qirurgiuli
Carevis Semdgomi sisxlis mimoqcevis aRdgenisas, plastikuri
operaciebisas, dakarguli organoebis mixorcebis
SemTxvevebSi.
soierma eqsperimentalurad daamtkica, rom wurbe-
laTa efeqturobis mTavari saidumlo imaleba maT nerwyvSi,
romelic Seicavs unikalur komponentebs. iyo mcdelobebi
sufTa hirudinis gamoyenebisa. aSS-is patentSi # 3432596
aRwerilia misi miRebis xerxi.
Seswavlilia zRvis Wiebidan miRebuli biologiurad
aqtiuri nivTierebebi. eqstraqciis gziT polipetebis erT-
erTi warmomadgenlisagan gamoyves naerTi `telepini~, ro-
melic gamoiyeneba kanis sokovani daavadebebis winaaRmdeg.
zRvis WiebSi `nemertinebSi~ aRmoCenilia neirotoqsi-
nebi nikotinis msgavsi moqmedebiT (anabazeini da nemer-
tileni), aseve polipeptiduri bunebis citotoqsinebi, romle-
bic SerCeviT moqmedeben ujredis membranaze.
zRvis Wiebisagan, romelTac polineziaSi iyeneben
onkologiuri daavadebis sawinaaRmdegod, miRebulia prepa-
rati `benemini~.
iaponelma meTevzeebma SeniSnes, rom is mwerebi, ro-
mlebic Tevzis Weris dros sxdebodnen satyuarad gamo-
yenebul zRvis Wiaze, swrafad iRupebodnen. am Wiebisagan gamo-
yofili Sxami `nereistoqsini~ axdenda toqsikur zemoqmedebas
ZuZumwovrebzec ki. 1960 wels profesorma haSimotom da misma
TanamSromlebma daadgines struqtura ucnobi toqsinisa, ro-
melic Semdgom miRebuli iqna qimiuri sinTezis gziT. am naer-
Tis safuZvelze iaponiaSi sinTezirebulni iqnen analogebi,
romlebic toqsikurni iyvnen mxolod mwerebisaTvis da ar
warmoadgendnen saSiSroebas adamianisaTvis. erT-erTi maT-
gani `padan~-is saxelwodebiT gamoiyeneba soflis meurneo-
baSi brinjis mavneblebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.

72
 padanis Seqmna _ kargi magaliTia, bunebrivi biologi-
urad aqtiuri nivTierebebis gamoyenebisa, maT bazaze, axali
maRalefeqturi nivTierebebis mizanmimarTuli sinTezisa.

1.4.5. feromonebi - cxovelTa komunikaciis qimiuri

saSualebebi

aRmosavleTis qveynebSi, uZvelesi droidan samkur-

nalo miznebiT iyenebdnen zogierT cxovelTa specifiuri
jirkvlebis sunis mden sekretebs (gamonadenebs). gamoyofili
nivTierebebi emsaxurebian sapirispiro sqesis cxovelebis
mizidvasa da aRgznebas, aseve cxovelis kuTvnili teritoriis
moniSvnas, Tavdacvis funqcias.
sunmdeni jirkvlebi ganlagebulni arian sxeulis sxva-
dasxva adgilze ZuZumwovris saxeobis mixedviT. aseTi
(sunmdeni) jirkvlebi gaaCniaT orive sqesis sqesobrivad mom-
wifebul individebs, magram rogorc wesi, mamrebs ganviTare-
buli aqvT ufro Zlierad. mdedrebs, specifiuri nivTierebebi,
romlebic izidaven da aRagzneben mamrebs, Cveulebriv gamou-
muSavdebaT mxolod fiziologiuri ciklis dros. sqesobrivi
ciklis sxva fazebSi maTi suni ar izidavs da arc Sejvarebis
stimulirebas ukeTebs mamrebs.
arseboben jirkvlebi, romlebic Tavdacvis mizniT
gamoyofen myral suns, romelTa sekretSic Sedis merkaptani,
romlis aRqmis zRvari adamianisaTvis aris Zalze dabali -
4,3•10-11 g/sm3.
sunmdeni nivTierebis tipiuri da yvelaze Seswavlili
nivTierebaa `muskusi~ _ mowiTalo-moyavisfro nivTiereba
specifikuri suniT. muskusis sunmden safuZvels warmoadgens
`muskoni~ (meTilciklopentadekanoni) 0,5-2%-mde. es aris ze-
Tovani nivTiereba duRilis temperaturiT 142-1430C, qimiuri
struqturiT - cikluri ketoni. muskuss hgavs suniT da qimiuri
agebulebiT muskusis virTxis (ондатра) sunmdeni nivTiereba -
`ekzaltoni~ (ciklopentadekanoni). induri viveris da ti-
beturi katisagan gamoyves `civetoni~ (cikloheptadecen-9-on).
gamokvlevebma aCvenes, rom miuxedavad erTnairi
muskusis sunisa, sunmdeni sekretebi sxvadasxva cxovelebisa,
Seicaven sxvadasxva qimiuri agebulebis biologiurad aqtiur

73
nivTierebebs. magaliTad, Taxvis prepucialuri jirkvlebis
sekreti (Taxvis nakadi – Бобровая струя), romelic sirofismag-
vari masaa, Seicavs 40-mde sxvadasxva nivTierebas.
aRmosavleTis qveynebSi, samkurnalo miznebisaTvis
yvelaze xSirad iyenebdnen muSkis (MOSCHUS MOSCHIFERUS)
muskusis jirkvlis sekrets. mozrdili mamris muskusis CanTa
Seicavs 30-50 gr. muskuss. gamoSrobisas misi Zlieri da
mdgradi suni qreba da kvlav Cndeba dasvelebisas. muskusis
suni igrZnoba koncentraciaSi 1:100 000 000 000.
Cinur medicinaSi am samkurnalo saSualebas Rebu-
loben Sinaganad (peros): sisxlnaklulobis, nevrasteniuli
mdgomareobis, gulyrebis, Zilis dros mousvenrobis, bavSve-
bis isteriisa da krunCxvebis dros, aseve rogorc zogadma-
tonizirebel da gulis kunTis matonizirebel preparats. igi
iTvleba swrafmoqmed wamlad.
evropuli medicina iyenebda muskuss, rogorc aRmgzneb
saSualebas, gulyrebis dros da rogorc damawynarebel da
kruCxvis sawinaaRmdego wamals isteriis dros. mas niSnavdnen
sxva samkurnalo preparatebTan erTad narevis saxiT.
muskusi Sedis avicenas mier Sedgenil mraval receptu-
raSi. rusul xalxur medicinaSi iyenebdnen sunmden nivTiere-
bas _ Taxvis nakads (Бобровая струя), romelic Taxvis bewvze 4-
jer Zviri iyo. es samkurnalo nivTiereba Zalze efeqturia
nervuli da gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebis, Sakikis, rbili
qsovilebis tramvis, kanis daCirqebis da gulyrebis dros. mas
iyenebdnen mSobiarobis daCqarebisaTvis. Taxvis nakadis qimi-
uri Semadgenloba dadginda 1954 wels. damuSavebulia meTo-
dika misi miRebisa cocxali Taxvisgan. dReisaTvis Taxvis na-
kads iyeneben parfiumeriaSi umaRlesi xarisxis sunamoebis
dasamzadeblad.
muskusi da Taxvis nakadi, rogorc samkurnalo
nivTierebebi dRes daviwyebulni arian, isini Secvales Taname-
drove saSualebebma. muskuss Zalze gavs agebulebiT
yvelasaTvis cnobili qafuri. mis molekulas aqvs cikluri
struqtura keto-jgufiT, magram Seicavs naxSirbadis atomebis
gacilebiT mcire raodenobas. qafurs gaaCnia iseTive
Terapiuli Cvenebebi, rogoric aqvs muskuss.
saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi zogierT cxovelTa sunmdeni
jirkvlebi gamoyofen sekrets, gangaSi-sas cxovelebi zemoT
sweven kudebs da xsnian jirkvlebis arxebs, iynosen ra am

74
suns, sxva individebs eZlevaT orientirebis saSualeba.
aRmosavleTSi, irmebis kudebis gamoyeneba samkurnalo mizniT
praqtikaSi iyo aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi. maTi naxarSebi,
eqstraqtebi, nayenebi iniSnebian: sisxl-naklulobis, si-
gamxdris, impotenciis dros. mdedri irmis kudebi ufro Zvi-
rad fasoben vidre mamrisa.
aRsaniSnavia sunmdeni nivTierebis mniSvneloba Tavad
cxovelTa cxovelmoqmedebisaTvis. cxovelTa organizmis
yvela ujredi mudmivad imyofeba qimiuri informaciis gadace-
mis procesSi. hormonebi (endokrinuli organoebis biologi-
urad aqtiuri nivTierebebi) axdenen ujredebze distanciur
gavlenas, xolo mediatorebi (nivTierebebi, romelTa gamo-
muSaveba xdeba nervuli daboloebebiT) moqmedeben uSualod
ujredis membranaze. damtkicebulia aseve uSualo SexebaSi
myofi ujredebis qimiuri urTierTqmedeba. rogorc Cans,
ynosva qemorecepciis saxiT, cxovelebSi Camoyalibda sxva
grZnobebze adre. msoflio okeanis pirveli cocxali bina-
darni unda reagirebdnen wyalSi gaxsnil nivTierebebze. axla
ukve dadgenilia, rom ynosva asrulebs uzarmazar rols
cocxal organizmebSi, mwerebidan ZuZumwovrebamde, mxolod
adamianisaTvis misi (ynosvis) mniSvneloba mciredaa Seswav-
lili. savaraudoa, rom informaciis aseTi xerxiT gadacema
adamianisaTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli, oRond es xorcieldeba
Seucnoblad. es sfero sainteresoa organizmze mizanmimar-
Tuli gavlenis SesaZleblobaTa SemuSavebis TvalsazrisiT.
im nivTierebaTa aRniSvnisaTvis, romelTac cxovelebi
garemoSi gamoyofen sxvadasxva qceviTi reaqciebisa da ganvi-
Tarebis procesebis regulirebisaTvis, Sveicarielma zo-
ologma m. liuSerma da germanelma bioqimikosma p. karl-
sonma 1959 wels Semoitanes termini `feromonebi~. amave niv-
Tierebebis aRniSvnisaTvis rusul samecniero literaturaSi
i. kirSenblatis mier dafuZnebulia da gamoiyeneba termini
`telergonebi~.
Tvlian, rom feromonebi axdenen ori saxis zegavle-
nas: pirveli - dauyovnebeli da qcevis Seqcevadi cvlileba,
dakavSirebuli nervul sistemaze zemoqmedebasTan; da meore -
neli cvlileba, romelic iwvevs fiziologiur cvlilebaTa
jaWvs imave saxis cxovelebSi.
adamianTa cxovrebaSi sunebis mniSvneloba
arasakmarisadaa Seswavlili, Tumca cxadia, rom isini

75
TamaSoben mniSvnelovan rols. ukve ori kviris asakidan bavS-
vebi cnoben dedas. sami-xuTi wlis bavSvebi aseve kargad ar-
Ceven dedis suns da piriqiT. sunebs gaaCniaT mniSvneloba ada-
mianTa sqeso-briv qcevebSi, magram jer-jerobiT aRniSnul
movlenaTa molekuluri meqanizmebi Seswavlili ar aris.
sunebis kidev erTi saintereso Tviseba iqna aRmoCe-
nili amerikel mecnierTa jgufis mier jorj vaSingtonis sax-
elobis universitetSi (misuris Stati). mkvlevarebma SeZles
eswavlebinaT laboratoriuli virTxebisaTvis gaerCiaT
suniT, Sizofrenikebi janmrTeli adamianebisagan. mecnierebma
gamoyves sunmdeni nivTierebebi Sizofrenikebis oflidan,
daadgines misi struqtura da daasinTezes. igi Semdegi saxel-
wodebisaa: trans-3-meTil-2-heqsenmJava. aRwerili aRmoCena
aris demonstracia feromonebis qimiis gamoyenebisa daavade-
baTa diagnostirebaSi zemoTaRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT
interesmoklebuli araa `aromoTerapiis~ (termini Semo-
tanilia frangi qimikosis rene m. hatefosis mier 1928 wels da
niSnavs `sunis gamoyeneba samkurnalod~) gaxseneba.
aromoTerapia samkurnalod iyenebs mcenareTa bune-
briv sunebs, igi avadmyofs kurnavs organizmis TviTgamajan-
saRebeli Zalebis stimulirebis gziT. aromoTerapia scil-
deba winamdebare damxmare saxelmZRvanelos Tematur far-
glebs da igi calke msjelobis sagania.

1.4.6. wamlebi cxovelTa rqebidan

yvelaze Zveli damwerlobiTi dokumentebi, sadac wam-

lebis recepturaa moyvanili, aris egvipturi papirusebi
faraon spofru-s epoqisa (3700 weli Cv.w.aR-mde). aq moyvanili
zogierTi receptebi erTi SexedviT gulubryvilod
gamoiyurebian. magaliTad: Tmis zrdis uzrunvelyofisaTvis
gamoiyeneboda finikis palmis yvavilebi, ZaRlis brWyalebi
da saxedris Cliqebis zeTSi naxarSi, romelic sacxis saxiT
Seizileboda TmebSi.
praqtikulma medicinam daamtkica, rom es receptebi
arc ise gulubryvilo aRmoCnda.
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi evropeli mecnierebi skeptiku-
rad epyrobodnen wamlebs rqebisagan, Cliqebisagan, iseve

76
rogorc mTel aRmosavlur medicinas. maTTvis daujerebeli
iyo, rom erTi da igive samkurnalo saSualebebs SeeZloT
keTilismyofeli Terapevtiuli efeqtis moxdena sxvadasxva
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul daavadebebze. aseTi samkurnalo
saSualebebis mimarT interesi gaizarda XX saukunis dasawy-
isSi.
dReisaTvis dadgenilia, rom Cliqebi, rqebi da
brWyalebi Sedgebian rqovani nivTierebisagan _ `keratine-
bisagan~. keratinebi _ esaa msgavsi Tvisebebis cilovan
nivTierebaTa jgufi, amitom es termini ixmareba mravlobiT
ricxvSi. keratinebi _ cilovani nivTierebebi, romlebic
Sedian dacviTi funqciebis matarebel qsovilebSi: TmebSi,
tyavSi, jagarSi, bumbulSi, rqebSi. isini uzrunvelyofen Camo-
Tvlili qsovilebis mdgradobas gare zemoqmedebis faqtore-
bis: gacxelebis, qimiuri nivTierebebis, meqanikuri datvirTve-
bis mimarT. keratinebis damaxasiaTebeli niSania – gogirdSem-
cveli aminomJavebis maRali Semcveloba, romelTa dawvisas
gamoiyofian gogirdovani naerTebi, aqedanaa damwvari rZis
specifiuri suni. xolo gogirdi TiTqmis ucvlelad Sedis
mravali, Tanamedrove, efeqturi samkurnalo saSualebis Se-
madgenlobaSi.
aRmosavleT aziis qveynebis xalxur medicinaSi ori
aTas welze metia gamoiyeneba laqebiani irmis gauZvalebeli
rqebi (~pantebi~); rogorc sufTa saxiT, aseve sxva samkurnalo
saSualebebTan erTad, maT farTod iyenebdnen anemiis,
gamofitvis, infeqciebis Semdgomi organizmis saerTo sisusti-
sas, gulsisxlZarRvTa sistemis ukmarisobisas, WrilobaTa
Sexorcebis gaWianurebisas, sasqeso organoebis funqciis
aRdgenisaTvis da a.S.
aRmosavleTis qveynebSi iyeneben ara mxolod mzard,
aramed gaZvalebul rqebsac. Cinur medicinaSi laqebiani irmis
sxeulis yvela nawili samkurnalodaa miCneuli: kbilebi,
Zvlebi, tvini, sisxli, xorci, tyavi, myesebi, naRveli da a.S.
laqebiani irmis gamomSrali myesebis (gaqnili saxiT) naxarSi
sxva saSualebebTan erTad (5-8 grami TiTo miRebaze) Cineli
eqimebis mier iniSneboda gamofitvis da sisustis dros.
irmebis mzardi rqebisagan damzadebul aRmosavluri
wamlebi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba dResac. magram am efeqturi
samkurnalo saSualebebis aRiareba mecnieruli medicinis
mier uceb ar momxdara.

77
 rusi eqimebis mier (l. timofeevski, a. maslenikovi, a.
preobraJenski da p. boCkariovi) 1924 wels daiwyo pantebis
saZiebo farmakologiuri kvlevebi.
pantebis rogorc samkurnalo saSualebaTa nedleulis
dawvrilebiTi laboratoriul-klinikuri Seswavlis organ-
izeba daiwyo 1932 wlidan profesor s. pavlenkos
xelmZRvanelobiT. mis mier SemuSavebulia, samkurnalo prepa-
rat `pantokrinis~ damzadebis meTodika (10%-iani eqstraqti
dayenebulia 50%-ian eTilis spirtze) da organizebulia
samecniero samuSaoebi am preparatis farmakodinamikis da
samkurnalo moqmedebis yovelmxrivi SeswavlisaTvis. Catare-
bulma kvlevebma gamoavlines pantokrinis ZiriTadi
farmakologiuri Tvisebebi da Seqmnes mecnieruli safuZveli,
samkurnalo praqtikaSi, misi farTo gamoyenebisaTvis.
ras warmoadgenen pantebi? esenia mzardi (gauZvale-
beli) rqebi irmisa, romelic moxsnilia (moWrilia) zrdisa da
ganviTarebis gansazRvrul stadiaze. maT damaxasiaTebel
Taviseburebas warmoadgens rqebis yovelwliuri cvla. es
procesi grZeldeba cxovelis mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi.
pantebis samkurnalo Rirebulebis maqsimumi dgeba maSin, roca
rqebi srulad araa ganviTarebuli - es isazRvreba wanazarde-
bis masiT, zomiT da raodenobiT. isini (pantebi) unda iyvnen
kargad nakvebi, gaZvalebis niSnebis gareSe, gadaWris adgilze
- forianebi. dadgenili iqna, rom pantebis zrdisas maTi
samkurnalo aqtivoba icvleba. adreul stadiebze, pantebis
zrdisas maTi samkurnalo aqtivoba icvleba. adreul sta-
diebze, pantebis asakis momatebasTan erTad SeiniSneba maTi
farmakologiuri aqtivobis mkveTri zrda, magram es
grZeldeba gansazRvrul momentamde, xolo Semdeg rqebis
zrdisas TandaTan klebulobs (aqtivoba). garda amisa, Seswav-
lili iqna sxvadasxva nawilebis biologiuri aqtivoba -
wveroebi, lula, Tvalzeda wanazardi da sisxli. SedarebisaT-
vis iyenebdnen mTlian pants. yvela nawilidan maqsimaluri
aqtivoba gaaCnia wveros, romelic 25%-iT ufro aqtiuria
mTlian pantze.
irmebis rqebi xasiaTdebian rTuli qimiuri
SemadgenlobiT, isini Seicaven: organul nivTierebebs (52-
57%), nacars (30-35%), azots (9-10%) da cximebs. pantebis miner-
aluri Semadgenloba mdidari da nairgvaria. zrdadi rqebis
nacarSi aRmoCenilia kalciumi, magniumi, rkina, siliciumi,

78
fosfori, natriumi, kaliumi da sxva elementebi. mcire
raodenobiT Sedian nikeli, spilenZi, titani, manganumi, kala,
tyvia, bariumi. pantebisagan gamoyofilia 25 saxis sxvadasxva
aminomJava, romelTa 38%-s Seadgenen glicini, prolini da
glutaminmJava. pantebi Seicaven didi raodenobiT lipidebs,
romelTa SemadgenlobaSi Sedian fosfatidebi, qolesterini
da qolesterinis eTerebi. mzardi rqebis mravalferovani
qimiuri Semadgenloba migvaniSnebs imaze, rom organizmze mo-
qmedebs ara erTi nivTiereba, aramed naerTTa kompleqsi,
rogorc organuli, aseve mineraluri.
dadgenili iqna, rom gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemaze yve-
laze aqtiur zemoqmedebas axdenen azotovani, xolo kuW-naw-
lavis traqtze - pantebis eqstraqtis (pantokrinis) lipoiduri
fraqciebi.
am sferos momavali kvlevebis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba
ganisazRvreba aqtiurad moqmed nivTierebaTa bunebis
gaSifvraSi.
mravalwliani kvlevebis Sedegad gamovlinda pantebis
sami ZiriTadi Tviseba: organizmze matonizirebeli moqmedeba,
romelic stimulirebas ukeTebs sqesobriv funqcias da aC-
qarebs WrilobaTa Sexorcebas. organizmze pantokrinis gav-
lena ZiriTadad xorcieldeba nervuli sistemis saSualebiT,
am mxriv umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs nervuli sistemis
vegetatiuri parasimpatikuri nawili.
sxvadasxva specialobis eqimebis mier didi xania
SeniSnulia organizmis saerTo tonusis kavSiri sxvadasxva
daavadebebis mimdinareobasa da SedegTan. dadgenilia, rom
tonus daweuli organizmi mniSvnelovan wilad kargavs Tavis
dacviT Tvisebebs da amis gamo Zalze midrekilia sxvadasxva
moSlilobisaken. daavadebaTa umravlesoba aseT
SemTxvevebSi, Cveulebriv, mimdinareobs gacilebiT mZimed.
organizmis saerTo tonusis amaRleba ara marto aadvilebs
daavadebis mimdinareobas, aramed xSirad gamoricxavs Tavad
daavadebis warmoSobis saSualebasac. amitom samkurnalo
praqtikaSi Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs saerTo matonizire-
bel samkurnalo saSualebaTa gamoyenebas.
aseTi saxis preparatebs Soris, pantokrins,
uciloblad, ekuTvnis erT-erTi pirveli adgili. preparatis
gamoyeneba dadebiT efeqtebs axdenda mTeli rigi daavadebe-
bisas: nevrozebisas xdeboda avadmyofTa Zilis normalizeba,

79
umjobesdeboda saerTo guneba-ganwyobileba, izrdeboda
Sromisunarianoba; qalebSi klimaqteriuli nevrozisas
maRali wneva Zirs iwevda; umjobesdeboda im adamianTa
saerTo mdgomareoba, romelTac awuxebdaT gul-
sisxlZarRvTa sistemis moSla, kuWis wyluli, qronikuli gas-
triti, hepatiti, holecistiti.
pantokrini axdenda saerTo gamamagrebel da gama-
janmrTelebel moqmedebas gripis Semdgomi gajansaRebis pe-
riodSi da gamofitul, qirurgiuli operaciebiT dasustebul
avadmyofTa duned mimdinare daCirqebis procesisas. amasTan
preparati astimulirebda WrilobaTa Sexorcebas.
omis dros pantokrinis gamoyeneba (adgilobrivad da
Sinaganad) nawolebisa da Wrilobebis mkurnalobisas
iZleoda mniSvnelovan Terapevtul efeqts. preparatiT sami-
oTxi Camorecxvis Semdeg nawolebi sufTavdebodnen da
ramodenime xnis Semdeg Wriloba xorcdeboda.
pantokrini mniSvnelovnad aCqarebda eqsperimentalur
WrilobaTa Sexorcebas ZaRlebSi, romlebic (Wrilobebi)
Cndebodnen Termuli (Ria ali, orTqli) da qimiuri
(gogirdmJava) damwvrobebisas. misi toqsikuroba umniSvneloa.
uZvelesi droidan iTvleba, rom pantebi warmoadgenen
qmediT saSualebas, sasqeso sistemis sxvadasxva funqcion-
aluri aSlilobisas, rogorc mamakacebSi, aseve qalebSi. ma-
gram klinikuri dakvirvebebi am mxriv Zalze cotaa Catare-
buli.
rogor amzadeben pantokrins? pantebis moxerxvis Sem-
deg mas akonserveben (Tumca axladmoxerxili pantebi
xasiaTlebian maqmisaluri aqtivobiT). dakonservebuli
nedleuli inaxeba mravali weli. pantokrinis mosamzadeblad
rqas fqvaven da fxvnils asxamen eTilis spirts. ramdenime
dRis Semdeg xsnars filtraven da Rebuloben cnobil samkur-
nalo preparats - moyviTalo siTxes fenolis susti suniT.
Cinur xalxur medicinaSi pantebs iyeneben fxvnilis
saxiT (0,5-1,0 gr. TiTo miRebaze) da iSviaTad wyliani
eqstraqtebis saxiT (10:200). CineTSi, irmis rqebis garda,
samkurnalo mizniT iyeneben samxreT da centraluri aziis
antilopas rqebs. burbuSelas am rqebisagan iyeneben, rogorc
antitoqsikur, spazmolitur, damawynarebel da sicxis damwev
saSualebad.

80
 dReisaTvis dakluli saqonlis rqebisa da Cliqebisa-
gan, mJavuri hidrolizis, eqstraqciis da qimiuri gawmendis
gziT Rebuloben glutaminmJavas. es naerTi monawileobs
organizmSi azotis cvlis procesebSi, gvevlineba ra aspar-
aginmJavasa da alaninTan erTad umravles sxva aminomJavaTa
gardaqmnis produqtad. is (glutaminmJava) xels uwyobs ami-
akis gauvnebelyofas uvnebel glutaminSi gardaqmnis gziT,
romelic aZlierebs amiakis gamoyvanas TirkmelebiT amoni-
umis marilebiT saxiT. glutaminmJavis didi raodenobaa
tvinis TeTri da ruxi nivTierebebis cilebSi, sadac amiakis
gauvnebelyofis procesebs aqvT Zalze didi mniSvneloba ner-
vuli sistemis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis, misi daniSvna
astimulirebs JangviT procesebs tvinSi, xels uwyobs acetil-
holinis da adenozintrifosformJavis (ATP) sinTezs, kal-
ciumis ionebis gadatanas. glutaminmJava TamaSobs
mniSvnelovan rols ConCxis muskulaturis funqcionirebaSi,
igi kunTebis boWkoebis cilebis nawilia.
mas iyeneben centraluri nervuli sistemis daavadebe-
bisas _ epilefsiebi, fsiqozebi, fsiqiuri ganviTarebis Se-
ferxeba bavSvebSi, daunis daavadeba, poliomieliti da cen-
traluri damblebi. preparati aseve iniSneba neirotoqsikuri
movlenebis profilaqtikisa da moxsnisaTvis.
rqebisa da Cliqebisagan Rebuloben aseve Zvirfas
sanedleulo produqts _ `Tirozins~, romelic aris wyaro,
farisebri jirkvlis hormonebis, _ `Tiroqsinis~ da `triiod-
Tironinis~ sinTezisa. hormonebs preparatebis saxiT niSnaven,
farisebri jirkvlis funqciis ukmarisobisas, kretinizmisa da
miksidemis dros. isini Sedian preparat `Tireokombis~ (yo-
fili gdr) SemadgenlobaSi, romelic gamoiyeneba farisebri
jirkvlis daavadebaTa mkurnalobisas.
unda aRiniSnos, rom rqebi da Cliqebi warmoadgenen
mniSvnelovan wyaros Zvirfasi sakvebi produqtisa - cilisa.
maTi yoveli kilogrami Seicavs 850 gram cila keratins. ma-
gram keratini xasiaTdeba maRali mdgradobiT da ar gada-
muSavdeba cxovelis kuWSi. kvebis mrewvelobis kievis
teqnologiur institutSi gamoiyenes keratinis zedapiruli
hidrolizi SardovaniT da rqebisa da Cliqebisgan gaakeTes
saqonlis sakvebi. axali sakvebi cilovani koncentrati iwar-
moeba mSrali sakvebis Cveulebriv saamqroebSi. am prodeqcias

81
awarmoeben ukrainaSi luganskis (yofili voroSilovgradis),
doneckis da makeevskis xorckombinatebi.
medicinaSi gamoyeneba hpoves cxovelTa xrtilebma da
myesebma. Cinur medicinaSi gansakuTrebiT fasobs irmis ga-
momSrali myesebi, romelsac iyeneben nayenis saxiT. mas niS-
naven sxva preparatebTan erTad gamofitvisas, daavadebebiT
dasustebuli bavSvebisaTvis da tuberkulozisas.
msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis traqeis xrtilidan
mzaddeboda preparati `honsuridi~ (yofili ssrk). mis moqmed
sawyisad miCneulia hondroitingogirdovani mJava. es maRal-
molekuluri mukopolisaqaridi Sedis gialuronmJavasTan
erTad sxvadasxva saxis SemaerTebeli qsovilis Semadgenlo-
baSi. igi didi raodenobiT Sedis xrtilovan qsovilSi, sadac
imyofeba Tavisufal mdgomareobaSi an cilasTan dakavSire-
buli naerTis saxiT. ansxvaveben hondroitingogirdovani
mJavis sam saxes - A, B, C romlebic msgavsni arian agebulebiT.
honsurids iyeneben gaWianurebuli Wrilobebis Sexor-
cebis dasaCqareblad, travmebisa da operaciebisas, trofi-
kuli wylulebisas. kolagenis xsnarSi igi Sedis `kolagenuri
firi~-s SemadgenlobaSi, romelsac aseve iyeneben Sexorcebis
procesebis dasaCqareblad. amave mizniT niSnaven preparat
`kombutek-~s, romelsac iReben msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis
aqilevsis myesebidan da tyavis CamonaWrebisagan. gaaCnia ra
forovani struqtura, igi iwovs Wrilobis zedapiridan
gamonayofebs, rac aCqarebs Sexorcebis process.
xrtilovani qsovilebis dazianebiT mimdinare saxsre-
bis daavadebisas, eqimebi rekomedacias uweven samkurnalo
saSualebas `rumalons~, romelic iwarmoeba axalgazrda
cxovelebis xrtilebisa da Zvlis tvinis eqstraqtisagan.
cxovelTa Zvlebisa da xrtilebis kolagenis nawilo-
brivi hidroliziT Rebuloben yvelasaTvis cnobil `Je-
latins~. mas uSveben 10%-iani xsnaris saxiT sisxlis Sededebis
unaris asamaRleblad da sisxldenebis SesaCereblad. qirur-
giuli operaciebisas iyeneben specialurad damuSavebul Je-
latins saxelwodebiT `Jelatinis Rrubeli~. axdens ra efeqts,
organizmSi Catovebuli `Jelatinis Rrubeli~ Semdgom
mTlianad gaiwoveba. `preparati Jelatinoli~ warmoadgens
zogierTi aminomJavebis xsnars 8%-ian, nawilobriv gaxleCil
kvebiT JelatinSi. mas iyeneben rogorc plazmis Semcvlels
masiuri sisxldenebisas.

82
 aRmosavlur medicinaSi Jelatins yvelaze xSirad
Rebuloben saxedris tyavisagan.
yvelasaTvis aseve kargad cnobil gaaqtivebul naxSirs
Rebuloben iseTi organuli masalebisagan, rogorebicaa:
cxovelTa Zvlebi da sisxli, Saqari, kaklis naWuWi da xis nar-
Cenebi. am masalebis TuTiis (II) qloridis an kaliumis kar-
bonatis xsnariT gaJRenTis da Semdgomi gaxurebiT (haeris
deficitis pirobebSi) Rebuloben gaaqtivebul naxSirs, ro-
melic medicinaSi gamoiyeneba rogorc sorbciuli saSualeba.

1.4.7. cxovelmoqmedebis produqtTa samkurnalo

Tvisebebi

dReisaTvis naRvlis Semadgenloba da misi Tvisebebi

sakmaod detaluradaa Seswavlili. arCeven SedarebiT Txevad
da naTel (gamWvirvale) naRvels, romelic gamomuSavdeba
RviZlis ujredebisagan, aseve buStebian, naRvlis lorwovani
gamonadenebiT, siblante momatebul naRvels. wylis Sewovis
gamo, naRvlis koncentracia naRvlis buStSi, izrdeba 5-10-jer.
naRvlis ZiriTad kom-ponents warmoadgenen naRvlis mJavebi -
holanmJavis warmoebulebi, romelic bunebaSi ar gvxvdeba.
sxvadasxva saxis ZuZumwovrebis naRvels gaaCnia Tavisi
gansakuTrebuli (SemadgenlobiT, raodenobiT da struqtu-
riT) naRvlis mJavebi.
dReisaTvis cnobilia, rom isini erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavdebian hidroqsiluri jgufebis sivrcobrivi ganlage-
biT da raodenobiT. naRveli naRvlis mJavebs Seicavs,
gliciniT da tauriniT dakavSirebul natriumis marilebis
saxiT. isini nawilobriv Seiwovebian nawlavebis qveda areSi,
sisxliT gadaitanebian RviZlSi da isev Sedian naRvlis sadi-
narebSi.
adamianis naRveli Seicavs TiTqmis yvela naRvlis
mJavas, `steroholovani~, `hiodezoksiholovani~ da `histo-
holovani~ mJavebis garda. msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis naR-
veli Seicavs stereoholovan mJavas. Roris naRvelSi ar aR-
moCnda holovani da liToholovani mJavebi, amasTan dadg-
inda hiodezoksiholovani da hioholovani mJavebis didi
raodenoba.

83
 naRvlis feri ganisazRvreba tetrapiroluri pigmente-
bis bunebiT, romelTa wyarocaa `hemoglobinisa~ da `mioglo-
binis~ heminuri jgufebi. ZiriTadi pigmentebi - `bilirubini~
da misi warmoebuli `biliverdini~ - nawlavuri mikrobebis
moqmedebis Sedegad nawilobriv gardaiqmnebian `uro-
bilinSi~.
dadgenili iqna, rom naRvlis dakargvis an SeCere-
bisas, aseve misi preparatebis Seyvanisas organizmSi xdeba
ara marto saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis organoTa moqmede-
bis cvlileba. naRvlis gamoyofis Seferxeba, misi Semcvelobis
gazrda iwvevs sisxlmbadi organoebis gaRizianebas, irRveva
gulisa da nervuli sistemis funqcionireba, dabla iwevs
sisxlis wneva, icvleba kuW-nawlavis traqtis sekretoruli da
motoruli funqcia, mcirdeba TirkmelebiT wylisa da
marilebis gamoyofa, iTrguneba JangviTi procesebis inten-
sivoba. SeiniSneba farisebri jirkvlis funqciis dadableba
da hipofizarul-Tirkmelzeda sistemis aqtivacia.
i. ganitkeviCma 1968 wels daadgina, rom naRveli da
masSi Semavali naRvlis mJavebi axdenen neirotropul
moqmedebas, amaRleben pirobiT-refleqtorul moqmedebas.
didi dozebiT, axdenen damTrgunav efeqts.
naRvliT gamoidevneba sisxlSi Warbi raodenobiT
myofi sxvadasxva nivTierebebi, aseve mravali samkurnalo
preparati da zogierTi hormoni.
dReisaTvis sxvadasxva qveynebSi gamodis konservire-
buli naRveli, romelsac Rebuloben msxvilfexa rqosani
pirutyvis da Rorebis naRvelisagan, igi Seicavs stabiliza-
torebs da antiseptikebs (eTilis spirti, formalini,
furacilini). mas iyeneben garegani moxmarebiT kompresebis
saxiT saxsrebis mwvave da qronikuli daavadebebisas, radiku-
litebisas, rogorc tkivilgamayuCebeli, anTebissawi-
naaRmdego da gamwovi saSualeba.
msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis liofilizirebuli naR-
veli gamodis preparat `liobilis~ garsiani abebis saxiT.
preparati aZlierebs nawlavTa peristaltikas, xels uwyobs
cximebis Sewovas, axdens naRvlismden efeqts.
naRveli aZlierebs RviZlis ujredebis sekretorul
moqmedebas, nawlavebis da kuWqveSa jirkvlis funqciebis
intensificirebas. amitom igi Sedis kompleqsuri preparatebis
`panzinormis~ da `digestalis~, `festalis~ da `kotazim-

84
fortes~ SemadgenlobaSi, romelic gamoiyeneba saWmlis mone-
lebis darRvevisas. msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis naRveli
aris aseve Semadgeneli nawili preparatebisa `alaxoli~ da
`xolenzimi~, romelTac uniSnaven avadmyofebs qronikuli
hepatitiT, holecistitebiT da enterokolitebiT.
uSveben aseve dehidroholovan mJavas (preparati
`hologoni~), romelic miekuTvneba naRvlis mJavebs da
romelsac Rebuloben dakluli saqonlis naRvlisagan. is
aris RviZlis ujredebis fiziologiuri gamRizianebeli,
axdens naRvlismden efeqts.
70-ian wlebSi meio-s (aSS) klinikaSi daadgines, rom
henodezoqsiholovani mJavis (romelic Sedis Roris naR-
velSi) xangrZlivi gamoyeneba doziT 1-2 grami dReSi, naRvlis
buStis kenWovani daavadebisas avadmyofTa 50%-Si Slis qvebs
naRvlis buStSi. am qvebis mTliani gaxsna xdeboda mkurnalo-
bis 6-24 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. amerikeli eqimebis mier miRebuli
Sedegebi xsnian naRvlis buStis qvebis samkurnalo moqmede-
bas, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi Sedian naRvlis mJavebi.
amerikuli patentis # 3591687 avtori cdilobda Warb-
wonianebisaTvis emkurnala naRvlis mJavebis da maTi war-
moebulebis daniSvniT, iseTi mJavebi, rogorebicaa liTo-
holovani, dezoqsiholovani, henodezoqsiholovani,
holovani, hiodezoqsiholovani mJavebi, saWmelTan erTad
miRebisas xels uwyoben madis daqveiTebas.
aRmoCnda, rom nerwyvi da cremli aseve Seicavs
biologiurad aqtiur nivTierebebs. samxreTafrikuli Ra-
muris nerwyvSi, romelic cxelsisxlianebis sisxliT ikvebeba,
aRmoCnda sisxlis Sededebis sawinaaRmdego naerTi, aseve fer-
menti `desmokinaza~, romelic xsnis sisxlis Trombebs.
cnobilma ingliselma mecnierma, nobelis premiis lau-
reatma, penicilinis Semqmnelma, aleqsandre flemingma
pirvelma miaqcia yuradReba imas, rom cremli - es ubralo
wyali araa. mis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCenili iqna cilovani
bunebis nivTiereba - `lizocimi~, romelsac gaaCnia antibaq-te-
riuli aqtivoba. 5-10 wuTSi is uvnebelyofda baqteriebs da
zogierT virusebs. es nivTiereba kar-gad adezinficirebs
Tvals, aseve cremlis arxiT aRwevs sasunTq gzebSi da asuf-
Tavebs CasasunTq haers.
am nivTierebis didi raodenobiT misaRebad, mecni-
erebma daadgines, rom igi Sedis qaTmis kvercxis cilis Se-

85
madgenlobaSi, swored misgan Rebuloben preparat `lizo-
cims~. mas iyeneben qronikuli Cirqovani procesebis, damwv-
robebis, moyinvebis da zogierTi sxva daavadebebis samkur-
nalod, romlebic mimdinareoben inficirebiT.
samedicino literaturaSi aRwerilia qaTmis kvercxis
naWuWis samkurnalo Tvisebebi. 1937 da 1939 wlebSi JurnalSi
(~Хирургия~) g. dudkeviCma gamoaqveyna kvercxis naWuWis
warmatebiT gamoyenebis Sedegebi Zvlebis motexilobebis
mkurnalobisas.
dReisaTvis kvercxis yviTridan Rebuloben
`fosfatidilholins~ da `lizofosfati-dilholins~, romle-
bic gamoiyeneba bioqimiuri kvlevebisas.
kvercxis cilas, albumins xSirad iyeneben rogorc
antidots mowamvlebisas, gansakuTrebiT vercxliswylis da
spilenZis marilebiT. is qmnis uxsnad albuminatebs mraval
metalTan, rac aferxebs maT Sewovas da pirRebinebis
saSualebebis daniSvnisas saSualebas iZleva swrafad
ganTavisufldes organizmi Sxamisagan.
Zvel droSi mowamvlis sawinaaRmdegod xSirad
gamoiyeneboda `bezoaris~ qva, romelic warmoiqmneba zogi-
erTi mcoxnavi cxovelis kuW-nawlavis traqtSi (cxeni, Txa,
antilopa da sxva). saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi igi gamoiyene-
boda rogorc saswaulmoqmedi saSualeba Sxamebis da
sxvadasxva daavadebebis gamomwvevTa winaaRmdeg.
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi oficialuri medicina am qvis
Tvisebebs Tvlida araseriozulad da crurwmenad. magram Sem-
dgomma eqsperimentalurma gamokvlevebma sawinaaRmdego
daamtkica.
profesorma areniusma (cnobili qimikosis svante aren-
iusis SviliSvili) zRvis biologiisa da sanapiro kvlevebis
institutSi (kolumbia, aSS) daadgina, rom bezoaris qva
Sedgeba kalciumis hidrofosfatis mineraluri marilebisa-
gan, romlebic grovdebian cxovelis mier gadaylapul Tmis
grovebze. maTi molekulis zoma da struqtura iseTivea,
rogorc dariSxanis erT-erTi naerTisa _ `natriumis hidro-
arsenati~, Tu beziaris qvas movaTavsebT sasmelSi, romelSic
aris arsenati, an Tu CavyriT am sasmelSi fxvnils beziaris
qvisgan, xdeba mimocvla _ siTxeSi gadadis uvnebeli fosfati,
xolo qva STanTqavs dariSxans. kvlevebma romlebic Catare-
buli iyo radiaqtiuri dariSxanis gamoyenebiT, aCvenes, rom

86
bezoaris qva iwovs aseT arsenatebs Rrublis msgavsad. magram
meqanizmi aq sxvaa. dariSxanis es naerTebi ukavSirdeba kera-
tins, romelic cxovelTa kuW-nawlavis traqtSi ganicdis
nawilobriv hidrolizs.
iaponelma mkvlevarebma m. kimuram da e. osadam Seis-
wavles efeqturoba kombinirebuli aRmosavluri saSualebe-
bisa `BEZOAR ORIENTAL~ da `ROKUSINGAN~, romelTa Se-
madgenlobaSi Sedis bezoari. damtkicebuli iqna maTi samkur-
nalo Rirebuleba.
uZvelesi droidanaa cnobili, Sardis samkurnalo miz-
niT gamoyeneba xalxur medicinasa da veterinariaSi. Sardi
gamoiyeneboda, rogorc samkurnalo saSualeba Wrilobebisas,
ekzemisas, damwvrobebisas, alkoholizmis da sxva sneulebebis
samkurnalod.
a.agafonovi (~Клиническая медицина~ т. 12, №7, 1934)
aRniSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi papanaqebis dros avadmyofs
alevinebdnen Sards _ upiratesad qalis an bavSvis. mis miRe-
bas urCevdnen `SeSinebisas~. kaxeTSi romelime sakvebis mi-
marT zizRis SegrZnebisas aseve urCevdnen daeliaT aseTi Sar-
di, zogjer upiratesobas aniWebdnen make aqlemis Sards.
iTvleboda, rom urinoTerapia Svelis revmatizms, grips da
tuberkulozs.
samecniero literaturaSi aRwerilia winaswar aduRe-
buli da gafiltruli, sakuTari SardiT mkurnalobis xerxi,
(.Лесевич В. А. К вопросу об уринотерапии. Врачебное дело №17-18, с.
1441, 1926). avtorTa azriT, autourinoTerapiis es meTodi
efeqturia mwvave anTebiTi da gaciebis daavadebisas. igi
axdens sicxis damwev, Sardmden moqmedebas.
40-iani wlebis dasawyisSi yofili sabWoTa kavSiris
samkurnalo praqtikaSi cnobili iyo Sardisgan damzadebuli
ramdenime preparati: `urotoqsini~, romelsac amzadebdnen
arafexmZime qalebis Sardisagan, `urohormoni~ da `urohor-
moni Ф~. cnobili iyo fexmZime qalebis Sardisagan miRebuli
preparatebi - `gravidani~, `endokridani~, `gravidoli~.
ruseTSi 1933 wels Seiqmna urogravidanoTerapiis
samecniero-kvleviTi instituti.
preparat gravidanis avtoris, a. zamkovis, mtkicebiT,
es samkurnalo saSualeba Seicavs araspecifiurad moqmed
komponentebs da specifiur hormonalur nivTierebebs. gravi-
dani amaRlebs organizmis saerTo tonuss, gansakuTrebiT

87
mkveTri gamofitvis SemTxvevaSi, daavadebis gadatanis Sem-
dgomi saerTo sisustisas. is aZlierebs organizmis regen-
eraciul unars: aCqarebs WrilobaTa Sexorcebas, amaRlebs an
aRadgens potencias, rig SemTxvevebSi aRadgens Tmis fers,
amaRlebs kanis elastiurobas, amaxvilebs smenas da mxedvelo-
bas.
dadgenili iqna, rom preparatis hormonaluri efeq-
tebi ganpirobebulia specifiuri hormonebis _ `horialuri
honadotropinis~ SemcvelobiT, romelic biologiuri moqme-
debiT identuria hipofizaruli honadotropinisa _ malu-
Tenizirebeli hormoni. Tumca maTi qimiuri identuroba jer
ar damtkicebula. horialuri honadotropini gamomuSavdeba
placentaSi fexmZimobis adreul etapze da didi raodenobiT
gamoiyofa SardTan erTad.
dReisaTvis rusuli warmoebis preparati `Гонадо-
тропин хорионический~ gamoiyeneba mamakacisa da qalis sasqeso
funqciebis ukmarisobisa da darRvevebisas. am preparatis
ucxouri analogebi gamodian Semdegi dasaxelebebiT:
`antelobini~, `entromoni~, `foluteini~, `honabioni~ da sxva.
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi fexmZime qalebis da cxovelTa Sardi-
sagan iRebdnen qalis sasqeso hormons `folikulins~.
dReisaTvis mas Rebuloben sinTezurad da Sards nedleulad
ar iyeneben.
Tanamedrove midicinaSi yvelaze cnobil cximis msgavs
nivTierebas _ lanolins _ Rebuloben cxvris tyavis Camo-
recxviT. is ar ixrwneba da kargad iwoveba. gaaCnia ra sqeli
konsestencia da didi siblante, lanolini gamoiyeneba
mxolod sxva cximebTan, zeTebTan an vazelinTan erTad nare-
vis saxiT (2-3 wili lanolini 1-2 wil vazelinze).
misi gamoyeneba sufTa saxiT ar SeiZleba, radgan sis-
qelis gamo igi axSobs folikulebs da iwvevs maT anTebas.
lanolini kargad iwovs wyals, xels ar uSlis wylis anaorT-
qlebis gamoyofas kanidan, da amitom moqmedebs rogorc gama-
grilebeli da anTebis sawinaaRmdego. Tu eqimis receptSi
miTiTebulia lanolini, afTiaqi amzadebs wylian lanolins,
romelic Seicavs 30% wyals. lanolinis malamoze cvilis
damateba xels uwyobs wylis swrafad aorTqlebas, rac Tavis
mxriv aZlierebs mis gamagrilebel unars. lanolini anpi-
robebs samkurnalo preparatebis kanSi Rrma SeRwevadobas.

88
 cxovelmoqmedebis produqtebs miekuTvneba rZe, rom-
elic amave dros sakvebi produqtia. misi samkurnalo Tvise-
bebi aRwerilia jer kidev hipokrates SromebSi, sadac moyva-
nilia CamonaTvali Cvenebebisa da ukuCvenebebisa am saSu-
alebis daniSvnisaTvis.
yovelmxrivaa Seswavlili rZis moqmedeba organizmze.
1857 wels f. inozemcevma gamoaqveyna didi monografia, sadac
aRwerilia rZiT mkurnalobis ZiriTadi momentebi. rZis
samkurnalo Tvisebebis SeswavlaSi didi wvlili Seitana
peterburgelma eqimma f. karelma. misma dietam aqtualoba
SeinarCuna dRevandel dRemde. man aRwera warmatebuli mkur-
nalobis SemTxvevebi moxdili rZiT gulis dekompensirebisas,
filtvebis daavadebebisas, kuW-nawlavis traqtis da RviZlis
daavadebebisas, aseve simsuqnisas.
sxvadasxva cxovelTa rZe gansxvavdeba Tavisi
SemadgenlobiT da sakvebi RirebulebiT. Txis rZe mdidaria
cximebiT da cilebiT da mas gacilebiT ukeT iTvisebs or-
ganizmi, vidre sxva cxovele-bis rZes. yvelaze cximian rZes
iZlevian irmebi da kameCebi. vinc araa miCveuli aseT rZes, mas
aZleven ganzavebuli saxiT. Sua aziasa da amierkavkasiaSi
popularulia zebus rZe, romelic garda sakvebi Tvisebebisa,
Seicavs (am adgilebSi gavrcelebuli) piroplazmozis gamom-
wvevis mimarT antisxeulebs.
rZis cximi odiTganve gamoiyeneboda, rogorc garegani
damarbilebeli saSualeba. gamogonebaze franguli ganacxadis
# 2530952 Tanaxmad, Txis karaqi xels uwyobs Tmis zrdas.
warsulSi iyo mcdelobebi gamoeyenebinaT mkurnalo-
bis mizniT, rZis iseTi mniSvnelovani komponenti, rogoricaa
rZis Saqari. pirvelad 1583 wels alqimikosma turneiserma
scada gamoeyo rZis `mTavari marili~. gacilebiT detalurad
iqna aRwerili rZis Saqris miReba 1633 wels bolonieli
eqimis bartoletis mier. termini `rZis Saqari~ an `laqtoza~,
pirvelad gamoiyena venecielma eqimma testim 1694 wels.
rZis Saqari organizmSi aregulirebs cximebisa da
cximebis msgavsi nivTierebebis dagrovebas, xels uwyobs kal-
ciumis, magniumis da fosforis aTvisebas. kuW-nawlavis traq-
tis fermentebis da mikroorganizmebis moqmedebiT laqtoza
iSleba glukozad da galaqtozad. ukanasknels gaaCnia, Tavis
tvinis kvebis, mniSvnelovani funqcia. aseve monawileobs nerw-

89
yvisa da saxsrebis siTxis Semadgeneli nivTierebebis sinT-
ezSi, romlebic maT siblantes anpirobeben.
dReisaTvis medicinaSi rZis Saqari samkurnalo prepa-
ratad ar gamoiyeneba. mas iyeneben penicilinis warmoebisas,
radgan is soko, romelic gamoimuSavebs am mniSvnelovan anti-
biotiks, kargad viTardeba laqtozaSemcvel areSi.
xSirad samkurnalo mizniT iyeneben ara rZes, aramed
misi rZemJavuri duRilis produqtebs - mawoni, prostakvaSa,
kefiri, acidofilini. rZemJavuri duRilis dros warmoSo-
bili rZemJava Trgunavs xrwnis procesebs nawlavebSi. es
garemoeba daedo safuZvlad i. meCnikovis (pirveli nobelis
laureati ruseTidan) laqtobaqterioTerapiis meTods.
aziisa da Crdilo-aRmosavleT afrikis qveynebSi, aseve
evropis samxreTSi kameCis rZisgan mzaddeba iogurti. igi
mawonisa da kefirisagan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom mis kveTSi
Sedis e.w. `bulgaruli Cxiri~. iaponelma eqimebma daadgines
dadebiTi efeqti radiaqtiuri dasxivebis Sedegebis iogurtiT
mkurnalobisa, Tu mas daniSnaven erT litramde dReSi. cxvris
rZisgan damzadebuli iogurti, romelsac qvia `katiki~ xels
uwyobs pigmenturi laqebisa da Worflis gaqrobas, kani xdeba
gluvi da nazi, Tma am dros iZens bzinvarebas da
abreSumismagvari xdeba.
kombinirebuli duRilis - rZemJavuris da spirtulis,
produqtia `kumisi~, igi mzaddeba cxenis rZisagan rZemJavuri
baqteriebisa da safuvrebis zemoqmedebiT. misi samkurnalo
Tvisebebis Sesaxeb icodnen ZvelTaganve, Tumca oficialuri
medicina am sasmeliT mxolod XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi
dainteresda. eqimebi kumisis miRebas urCeven avadmyofebs, ro-
melTac daweuli aqvT kuWis wvenis simJavianoba, igi
aZlierebs Sardis warmoSobas da amiT xels uwyobs
organizmidan toqsikuri produqtebis gamoyvanas. igi dadebi-
Tad moqmedebs gul-sisxlZarRvTa da sisxlis warmoqmnis
sistemebze. kumisiT mkurnaloba karg efeqts iZleva saerTo
gamofitviT mimdinare daavadebebisas.
gansakuTrebuli SedegianobiT xasiaTdeba kumisis
gamoyeneba tuberkulozis daavadebisas.
ramodenime sityva unda iTqvas yvelis samkurnalo
mizniT gamoyenebaze. jer kidev Zvel droSi iyenebdnen mas,
gansakuTrebiT Txis yvels kosmetikuri miznebisaTvis. Wor-
flis mosacile-blad, yvels Sezeldnen abazanaSi mcenareul

90
zeTTan. axali yveli TaflTan erTad kurnavs daJeJi-lobas.
RvinosTan erTad moduRebuli da Semdeg karaqSi Semwvari
yveli ayuCebs muclis tkivils.
erT-erTi gamokvlevis (~SCIENCE NEWS~, 1977, V.112, #
19) Sedegebma aCvena rom virTxis, Zroxisa da adamianis rZe
Seicavs `relizing-faqtors~, romlis moqmedebiTac hipofizi
iwyebs hormonebis gamoyofas, romelnic Tavis mxriv aaqtive-
ben sasqeso jirkvlebis moqmedebas. aseTi nivTierebebi
aRmoCenili iqnen tvinis erT-erT ubanSi, dadgenilia maTi
unari hipofizis muSaobis gakontrolebisa. am aRmoCenisaTvis
1977 wels amerikel mecnierTa jgufs mieniWa nobelis premia.

1.4.8. samkurnalo organoebi

uZvelesi droidan cxovelTa organoebi da maTgan

damzadebuli preparatebi gamoiyenebodnen samkurnalo
mizniT. aseT saSualebaTa aRweras SeiZleba wavawydeT saxel-
ganTqmul `ebersis papirusSi~, romelic Cvens
welTaRricxvamdea dawerili, indur-tibeturi medicinis
traqtatebSi, hipokratesa da halenis TxzulebebSi.
cxovelTa organoebidan damzadebulma wamlebma
farTo gavrceleba hpova Sua saukuneebSi `izoTerapiis~
ideis ganviTarebis gamo, romelic wamoayena eqimma
paracelsma. gamoiyena ra formula `msgavsi msgavsiTve
ikurneba~, man rekomendacia gauwia RviZlis daavadebebis
mkurnalobas RviZliTve, kuWis daavadebebisas _ daTvis kuWs.
magram am preparatebis gamoyeneba atarebda aramecnierul
xasiaTs. cxovelTa organoebis gamoyeneba gamarTlebuli aR-
moCnda sicocxlisaTvis mniSvnelovani nivTierebebis aRmoCe-
nis Semdeg; hormonebma, vitaminebma, bioaqtiurma heptidebma
naTeli gaxades mravali Zveli receptis moqmedebis meqanizmi.
dReisaTvis RviZlisagan Rebuloben mTel rig samkur-
nalo preparatebs. preparat `vitohepats~ amzadeben msxvil-
fexa rqosani pirutyvis axali RviZlisagan. igi Seicavs vita-
min B12-s. mas niSnaven, rogorc antianemiur saSualebas, sisx-
lis daavadebisas, botkinis daavadebisas, RviZlis qronikuli
dazianebebisas da atrofiuli gastritebisas. ungreTSi iwar-
moeba preparati `sirepari~, romelsac Rebuloben msxvilfexa

91
rqosani pirutyvis RviZlis hidrolizis gziT. igi aseve Sei-
cavs vitamin B12-s da hidrolizis sxva produqtebs. mas niS-
naven hepatitebis, RviZlis cirozis da sxvadasxva toqsikoze-
bisas.
`vigeratinis~ abebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis RviZlis da
pankreatinis liofilizirebuli eqstraqti. mas niSnaven qro-
nikuli hepatitebisas, pankreatitebisas, gastritebisas. RviZ-
lis sxvadasxva preparatebi eqstraqtebis an lizatebis saxiT
gamodis mraval qveyanaSi: ungreTSi - `neoperhepari~, `ferku-
pari~, poloneTSi - `hepazoni~, did britaneTSi - `abioni~.
1916 wels mak-leonma ZaRlis RviZlSi aRmoaCina nivTi-
ereba heparini (berZnuli HEPAR - RviZli). oci wlis Semdeg
misi gamoyeneba daiwyes sufTa saxiT klinikur medicinaSi.
heparini warmoadgens mJavur mukopolisaqarids, romelic as-
rulebs bunebrivi antikoagulanturi faqtoris funqcias
cxovelur organizmSi. fibrinolizinTan erTad is Sedis,
fiziologiuri, Sededebi-ssawinaaRmdego sistemis Semad-
genlobaSi.
heparins iyeneben sxvadasxva Tromboemboliuri daava-
debebis profilaqtikisa da TerapiisaTvis, sisxlis Txevadi
mdgomareobis SesanarCuneblad, `sisxlis xelovnuri mimoqce-
visa~ da `xelovnuri Tirkmlis~ aparatebSi. kidurebis zeda-
piruli Tromboflebitebisas iyeneben heparinis malamos,
romlis wasmis Semdeg heparini TandaTanobiT Tavisufldeba
da axdens xangrZliv moqmedebas.
msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis filtvebi aseve warmo-
adgenen nedleuls preparat `ingitrilis~ sawarmoeblad, ro-
melic `pantripinis~ msgavsad, blokirebas ukeTebs proteoli-
turi fermentebis aqtivobas da dabla swevs sisxlis fibri-
nolitur aqtivobas. mas niSnaven mwvave pankreatitis dros.
cnobilia, rom Zvel droSi eqimebi iyenebdnen gulis-
gan damzadebul preparatebs, mravali sneulebis samkurna-
lod. bolo aTwleulebis gamokvlevebma aCvenes, rom gulis
qsovilebi Seicaven biologiurad aqtiur nivTierebebs. Sem-
Cneuli iqna, rom gulis ujredebi - kardiocitebi gamoimu-
Saveben peptiduri bunebis specifiur hormons, romelic 28
aminomJavisagan Sedgeba. am hormonis, romelsac uwodes
`atrialuri natriuretiuli faqtori~, moqmedebis adgils
warmoadgens Tirkmelebi, maTi filtraciuli aparati. hor-
moni aZlierebs organizmidan wylisa da natriumis gamodev-

92
nas, aseve dabla swevs arteriul wnevas. ukanaskneli efeqti
gansakuTrebiTaa gamoxatuli maRali arteriuli wnevisas.
gulis hormoni miRebuli iqna sinTezuri gziT. igi
gamoiyeneba rogorc antagonisti ori sxva hormonisa -
`aldosteronis~ da `vazopresinis~, igi aWarbebs, am mizniT
gamoyenebuli, sxva preparatebis efeqturobas. dReisaTvis
dapatentebulia gulis peptidis gamoyeneba, rogorc Sard-
mdeni, natriumgamomyvani, aseve Tirkmlis sisxlZarRvebis
gamafarToebeli da gluvi kunTebis momadunebeli saSualeba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom uaxloes warsulSi ungreTSi uS-
vebdnen gulis hormons saxelwodebiT `korgermoni~. igi war-
moadgenda eqstraqts xbos gulisagan da gamoiyeneboda cvlis
procesebis stimulaciisaTvis gulis kunTis ukmarisobisas.
ruseTSi, msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis gulis qsovi-
lebidan, Rebuloben fermentul preparats, `citoqrom C~-s.
organizmSi es fermenti monawileobas Rebulobs qsoviluri
sunTqvis procesebSi. mis struqturaSi Sedis rkina, romelic
gadadis aRdgenili formidan daJangulSi, riTac aCqarebs
JangviTi procesebis msvlelobas. am mizniT iyeneben cito-
qrom C-s astmuri mdgomareobisas, gulis ukmarisobisas, ste-
nokardiisas, infeqciuri hepatitisas da intoqsikaciebisas.
citoqrom C Sedis Tvalis wveTebis `kataqromis~ Semadgenlo-
baSi kataraqtis mkurnalobisas, aseve preparatebSi -`vitafa-
koli~ da `vitaioduroli~.
garda amisa, msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis gulisagan
Rebuloben nivTierebas `kardiolipins~ (difosfatidilgli-
cerini), romelic gamoiyeneba vasermanis cnobili reaqciisas
sifilisis diagnostirebisas.
Tirkmelebidan gamoyofilia peptidebi _ `angiotenzi-
nebi~, romlebic maRla weven arteriul wnevas, aseve gluko-
proteini `eriTropoetini~- sisxlis warmoqmnis stimula-
tori.
ybisqveSa sanerwyve jirkvlebidan gamoyves cila `ner-
vebis zrdis faqtori~, aseve `epidermaluri zrdis faqtori~.
Tavis tvinis qsovilebSi da zurgis tvinis siTxeSi
aRmoCenilia peptidi, romelic Sedgeba rva aminomJavisagan
da warmoadgens `Zilis faqtors~. es nivTiereba iwvevs da
xels uwyobs Zils. tvinSi aRmoaCines agreTve peptidebi,
romlebic sinTezirdebian swavlis procesSi, maT uwodes
`swavlis faqtori~, an `mexsierebis faqtori~.

93
 tvinis qsovilebidan gamoyves opioiduri peptidebi
`endorfinebi~ da `enkefalinebi~, romlebic, morfinis msgav-
sad, xasiaTdebian tkivilgamayuCebeli TvisebebiT, aseve gan-
gaSis peptidi, romelic Sedgeba 105 aminomJavisagan.
Cven dReebSi cxovelTa mravali organo aris nedle-
uli samkurnalo preparatebisa, romlebic ar Seicaven
hormonalur da hormonebis msgavs nivTierebebs. msxvilfexa
rqosani pirutyvis Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan farmacevtul
mrewvelobaSi amzadeben preparat `cerebrolecitins~ da
`lipocerebrins~, romelTac iyeneben, rogorc gamamagrebel
saSualebas, nervuli gamofitvis, nevrozebis, gadaRlisas. maT
gaaCniaT aseve antisklerotiuli moqmedeba, stimulirebas
ukeTeben cximovan cvlas. tvini aseve warmoadgens `qoleste-
rinisa~ da `lecitinis~ miRebis wyaros - eseni Tavis mxriv
nedleulia zogierTi samkurnalo preparatisa da cximismag-
vari nivTierebis `sfingomielinis~-a.
oragulis tvinidan miRebulia preparati, romelic
stimulirebas ukeTebs cxovelTa zrdas (iaponuri ganacxadi
# 58-134065).
saWmlis monelebis uwesrigobebisas, dispepsiebisas,
gastritebisas, romelnic mimdinareoben dabali simJaviano-
biT, niSnaven ferment `pepsins~, romlis miRebis wyarocaa
Roris kuWis lorwovani garsi. mas Cveulebriv miSnaven
marilmJavasTan erTad. analogiuri TvisebebiT xasiaTdebian
`pepsidini~ (Roris kuWis lorwovani garsis fermentaciuli
hidrolizis produqtis xsnari marilmJavaSi) da `abomini~
(Rebuloben xbos da batknis kuWis lorwovani garsisgan).
amave daavadebebisas eqimebi xSirad rekomendacias uweven
naturalur kuWis wvens, romelTa mwarmoeblebi arian ZaR-
lebis jansaRi individebi. mas Rebuloben i. pavlovis meTo-
diT: kvercxiT kvebis gziT, kuWis fistulis saSualebiT.
damwvrobebisa da operaciebis Semdgomi keloiduri
qsovilebis darbilebisa da gawovisaTvis iyeneben saqonlis
Tvalis minisebur sxeuls. preparatebs miniseburi sxeulidan,
niSnaven nevralgiebis, radikulitebis da Zvlis motexilobe-
bis Sezrdis dasaCqareblad.
msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis yuris axlos mdebare
jirkvlebidan Rebuloben preparat `trasilols~ (tzaloli)
da `kontrikals~, romelTa moqmed sawyiss warmoadgens

94
polipeptidi, iseTi fermentebis inaqtivatori, rogorebicaa
`kalikreini~, `tripsini~, `fibrinolizini~ da `qimotripsini~.
fermenti `gialuronidaza~ xleCs gialuronmJavas, ro-
melic Tavisi maRali siblantis wyalobiT warmoadgens
SemaerTebeli qsovilebis SemamWidroebel nivTierebas. es
fermenti Sedis preparatebis `lidazasa~ da `ronidazis~ Se-
madgenlobaSi, romelic mzaddeba msxvilfexa rqosani pi-
rutyvis saTesleebisagan. maTi gamoyenebis ZiriTadi Cvene-
bebi: damwvrobisa da qirurgiuli opera-ciis Semdgomi kelo-
idebi, anTebiTi daavadebebi, romlebic mimdinareoben kelo-
idebis warmoqmniT.
sxvadasxva saxis Tevzebis spermisagan Rebuloben
cilovan preparats `protamin sulfats~ romelic axdens
sasargeblo efeqts, heparinis siWarbiT gamowveuli sisxl-
denebisas. preparati aris heparinis antagonisti.
samkurnalo preparatebis mTeli arsenali miiReba
msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis kuWqveSa jirkvlisagan. pirvel
rigSi _ hormoni `insulini~, romelsac uniSnaven diabetiT
daavadebulebs. garda amisa, misgan Rebuloben Zalze mniSvne-
lovan fermentul preparatebs: `tripsins~, `qimotripsins~,
`qimopsins~. tripsins gaaCnia cilovani struqtura da pep-
tiduri bmebis gawyvetis unari, cilebisa da peptidebis
molekulebSi. igi warmoiqmneba ZuZumwovrebis kanqveSa jirk-
valSi araaqtiuri `tripsinogenis~ saxiT da Cadis wvril naw-
lavSi. sxva fermentis _ `enterokinazis~ gavleniT xdeba misi
gardaqmna aqtiur tripsinad. samedicino praqtikaSi iyeneben
mis Tvisebebs, daxliCos mkvdari qsovilebi, gaaTxelos
blanti lorwovani da Cirqovani gamonadenebi. jansaR qso-
vilebSi imyofeba tripsinis inhibitori, amitom maTze fer-
menti ar axdens zemoqmedebas. es fermenti Sedis im kompleq-
suri preparetebis SemadgenlobaSi, romlebic gamoiyenebian
saWmlis arasruli monelebisas: `trifermenti~, `kotazim-
forte~. qimotripsini aseve warmoadgens cilebis gamxleC
ferments. warmoiqmneba kuWqveSa jirkvalSi, sadac imyofeba
araaqtiur mdgomareobaSi, `qimotripsinogenis~ saxiT, ro-
melic aqtiurdeba tripsinis gavleniT. tripsinisagan
gansxvavebiT qimotripsini awarmoebs cilis ufro Rrma
hidrolizs, is ufro mdgradia da nela inaqtivirdeba. trip-
sini xleCs upiratesad peptidur kavSirebs, romlebic war-
moqmnilia aminomJavebiT `argininiT~ da `liziniT~ xolo

95
qimotripsini xleCs peptidur kavSirebs warmoSobils aroma-
tuli aminomJavebiT: `TiroziniT~, `trifptofaniT~, `meTio-
niniT~ da `fenilalaniniT~. qimotripsins iyeneben imave
daavadebisas, risTvisac gamoyenebulia tripsini.
msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis kuWqveSa jirkvlidan
aseve iReben fermentul preparatebs _ `ribonukleazebs~ da
`dezoqsiribonukleazebs~. am cilebs gaaCniaT nuklein mJave-
bis hidrolizebis unari. maT iyeneben Cirqis gaTxelebisaT-
vis, aseve saSualebad, romelic xels uSlis iseTi virusebis
gamravlebas, romlebic Seicaven ribonuklein da dezoqsiri-
bonukleinmJavebs, kerZod, herpesis virusebi da adenovi-
rusebi.
kuWqveSa jirkvlidan miRebul fermentul preparats,
(saxelwodebiT `kolagenaza~), romelic upiratesad xleCs ko-
lagenur boWkoebs, iyeneben damwvrobisa da moyinvis Semd-
gomi fufxis (qerqis) da nekrotizirebuli qsovilebis moci-
lebis dasaCqareblad, aseve didxans Sexorcebadi wylulebis
samkurnalod, Cirqovani nadebebis gasawmendad.
Roris kuWqveSa jirkvlidan Rebuloben samkurnalo
saSualebas `elastolitins~, romelsac gaaCnia Tviseba Seamci-
ros sisvelis siblante da gaaadvilos misi gamoyofa sasunT-
qi gzebis daavadebebisas. is xsnis cila `elastins~, riTac ewi-
naaRmdegeba operaciis Semdgom SexorcebaTa gaCenas.
kuWqveSa jirkvlidan amzadeben polipeptiduri bunebis
preparats _ `pantripins~, romelsac gaaCnia specifiuri unari
blokireba gauwios tripsinis, qimotripsinis, kalikreinis,
plazminis aqtivobas. mas iyeneben mwvave pankreatitisas, roca
SeiniSneba CamoTvlili fermentebis aqtivacia da aris saSiS-
roeba jirkvlis qsovilebis TviTmonelebisa. analogiuri
preparatebi gamodian saxelwodebebiT: `kontrikali~, `trasi-
loli~, `tzaloli~, `gordoqsi~.
qronikuli pankreatitebisa da kuWqveSa jirkvlis uk-
marisobisas niSnaven fermentul preparats, romelsac Rebu-
loben am organosagan _ pankreatini. igi Sedis samkurnalo
saSualebebis: `panzitrimis~ da `digestalis~ (iugoslavia),
`pankurmenis~, `mezinforte~-s (germania) da `festalis~ (indo-
eTi) SemadgenlobaSi. pankreatini Sedis, aseve `vigeratinis~
abebis SemadgenlobaSi, romelic gamoiyeneba qronikuli hepa-
titebis, pankreatitebis da gastritebis mkurnalobisas. kuW-
qveSa jirkvali aseve Seicavs, arteriuli wnevis damwev, mTel

96
rig faqtorebs. am nivTierebebs gaaCniaT fermentaciuli aqti-
voba da ewodebaT `kalikreinebi~. isini xleCen plazmaSi myof
cila `kininogens~ da gardaqmnian mas polipeptid `bradikini-
nad~, romelic afarToebs sisxlZarRvebs.
ruseTSi, Roris kuWqveSa jirkvlidan amzadeben prepa-
rat `andekalins~ da niSnaven sisxlis wnevis dasawevad. germa-
niaSi iwarmoeba samkurnalo saSualeba, romelic Seicavs
kalikreins (kalige-naza), - `dilminali~, romelsac gaaCnia
(andekalinis msgavsi) arteriuli wnevis damwevis funqcia.
jandacvaSi gamoyenebuli samkurnalo saSualebebis
mdidari wyaroa cxovelTa sisxli an plazma. am kategoriis
wamlebs, pirvel rigSi miekuTvneba e.w. parenteraluri kvebis
(e.i. organizmisaTvis aucilebeli cilovani nivTierebebis Sey-
vana ara sakvebTan erTad, aramed sisxlZarRvebis saSuale-
biT. rogorc wesi, mas iyeneben wveTovanebis saxiT.) saSuale-
bebi, erT-erTi aseTi preparatis - `hidrolizinis~ xsnars
Rebuloben msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis sisxlis cilebis
mJavuri hidrolizis gziT da glukozis damatebiT. mas iyene-
ben daavadebebisas, romlebic mimdinareoben cilovani
ukmarisobiT, gaZlierebuli cilovani kvebis saWiroebisas –
saylapavze da kuWze operaciebisas, roca kveba piridan SeuZ-
lebelia.
amave mizniT, niSnaven preparat `aminopeptids~,
romelsac Rebuloben msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis sisxlis
cilebis fermentaciuli hidroliziT.
preparati `aminokrovini~ warmoadgens adamianis sisx-
lis cilebis hidrolizis prduqts, romelsac emateba glu-
koza. cilovani, parenteraluri kvebisaTvis aseve iyeneben
preparat `fibrinosols~, romelsac amzadeben msxvilfexa
rqosani pirutyvis sisxlis fibrinis arasruli hidrolizis
gziT. igi Seicavs Tavisufal aminomJavebs da calkeul pep-
tidebs.
anTebissawinaaRmdego saSualebad, romelsac SeuZlia
anTebiTi infiltratebis gawova da tkivilis Semcireba, iyene-
ben biostimulator `polibiolins~. mas amzadeben donoruli,
retroplacentaruli da placentaruli _ adamianis sisxlis
Sratebisagan. rogorc biogenur stimulators, aseve niSnaven
adamianis sisxlisagan miRebul preparat - `plazmols~. igi
axdens desensibilaciur, tkivilgamayuCebel da anTebissawi-

97
naaRmdego moqmedebas: nevritebisas, radikulitebisas, kuWisa
da Tormetgoja nawlavis wylulovani daavadebebisas.
fermentuli preparati `fibrinolizini~ mzaddeba ada-
mianis sisxlis plazmis profibrinoli-zinis tripsiniT aqti-
vaciis gziT. es cilovani nivTiereba warmoadgens organizmis
Sededebis sawina-aRmdego sistemis fiziologiur komponents.
mas gaaCnia Tviseba gaxsnas fibrinis Zafebi. mas iyeneben im
daavadebaTa mkurnalobisas, romlebic mimdinareoben
sisxlZarRvebSi Trombebis warmoqmniT.
donorTa sisxlis plazmisagan Rebuloben sisxldenis
SemaCerebel preparat `fibrinogens~. is aseve warmoadgens
sisxlis bunebriv Semadgenel nawils, romelic gansazRvravs
sisxlis Sededebis bolo stadias - SesqelebaTa warmoqmnas.
ruseTSi, gliceriniT gajerebuli fibrinogeni gamodis
izogenuri firis (~Фибринная пленка изогенная~) saxiT. do-
norTa plazma aris wyaro kidev erTi sisxlSemaCerebeli
preparatisa _ `Trombinisa~, romelic aseve bunebrivi
komponentia sisxlis Sededebis sistemisa, mas iyeneben
mxolod adgilobrivad, wvrili kapilarebidan sisxldenis
SesaCereblad.
hemoroidaluri kvanZebidan sisxldenebisas eqimebi
rekomendacias uweven antiseptikur, biologiur sanTlebs
(~Свечи антисептические биологические~), romelTa Semadgenlo-
baSi Sedis xaris sisxlis plazma TromboplastiniT.
sisxlwarmoqmnis stimulaciis mizniT niSnaven
`hemostimulinis~ abebs, romelic Seicavs mSral, sakveb
sisxls.
iugoslaviaSi uSveben biogenur preparat `solkos-
eril~-s, romelsac amzadeben msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis
sisxlis eqstraqtaciis gziT. mas niSnaven ineqciebis an sacxe-
bis saxiT gacvliTi procesebis gaumjobesebisaTvis da
gankurnebis daCqarebisaTvis iseTi daavadebebisas, rogorebi-
caa trofikuli wylulebi, nawolebi, damwvrobebi, gangrena
da kanis gadanergva.
imunuri reaqciebis daTrgunvisaTvis iyeneben prepa-
rat `antilimfolin Kr.~-s, romelsac iReben kurdRlis sisx-
lis cilebisagan, imunizirebuls limfocitebiT. igi gamoi-
yeneba SeuTavseblobis reaqciebis SesaCereblad, qsovilTa da
organoTa gadanergvisas.

98
 adamianis sisxlis leikocitebisagan Rebuloben
`interferons~, romelsac gaaCnia antivirusuli aqtivoba. es
dabalmolekuluri cila aRmoCenili iqna 1957 wels da war-
moadgens erT-erT mniSvnelovan faqtors organizmis dacvis
saqmeSi virusuli infeqciebisagan.
cnobilia, rom fexmZimobis dasadgenad adre iyeneb-
dnen mamr bayayebs, romelTaTvisac SeyavdaT fexmZimes Sardi.
dReisaTvis fexmZimobis hormonis _ `horialuri honado-
tropinis~ gansa-zRvrisaTvis germaniaSi iwarmoeba preparati
`gravimuni~ _ liofilizirebuli antiSrati antisxeul-ebiT
horialuri honadotropinis mimarT, romelic vlindeba imu-
nologiuri reaqciis saSualebiT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom uamravi preparati miiReba cxovel-
Ta sisxlisagan sxvadasxva daavadebaTa gamomwvevebis mimarT
maTi imunizaciis Semdeg, esenia e.w. `antiSratebi~. dReisaTvis
aseTi Sratebisagan, zogierT SemTxvevaSi Rebuloben imunur
cilebs gama-globulinebs, romlebic arian antisxeulebi
gansazRvruli daavadebebis gamomwvevebis mimarT da maT
iyeneben damoukidebel preparatTa saxiT. aseTi samkurnalo
preparatebis ricxvi Zalze didia, amitom ar SevCerdebiT maT
aRwerasa, miRebasa da gamoyenebaze.
organoTerapiis ganviTarebisa da misi Teoriuli
dasabuTebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs endokrinuli jirkv-
lebis aRmoCenas. cnebebi, `Sinagani sekrecia~ da `Sinagani
sakreciis jirkvlebi~, Semotanili iqnen frangi fiziologis
broun-sekaris mier. iTvleba rom am mecnieris mier Cata-re-
buli kvlevebi iyo safuZveli Tanamedrove endokrino-
logiisa. broun-sekaris kvlevebis safuZve-lze da mis Semdgom
dadgenili iqna, rom erTni xasiaTdebian specialuri gamomy-
vani sadinarebiT, romelTa saSualebiTac gamoiyofian gamo-
muSavebuli nivTierebebi (lorwovani, oflis da sxva) da iwo-
debian gare sekreciis jirkvlebad. sxva saxis jirkvlebs ar
gaaCniaT gamomyvani sadinarebi da gamomuSavebul nivTiere-
bebs gamoyofen uSualod sisxlSi, maT Sinagani sekreciis
jirkvlebi ewodebaT. sekretirebad nivTierebebs ewodaT
hormonebi (hormonebis Temas sakiTxis zogadi konceptua-li-
zaciisaTvis Cven SevexeT dasawyisSi, axla SevCerdebiT
hormonebis samkurnalo aspeqtebze).
pirveli hormoni aRmoCenili iqna beilisis da star-
lingis mier 1902 wels da ewoda `sekretini~. igi miekuTvneba

99
saWmlis momnelebel organoTa hormonebs _ `enterohormo-
nebs~. igi Sedgeba 27 aminomJavisagan da producirebadia
Tormetgoja da wvrili nawlavebis ujredebis mier. igi
stimulirebas ukeTebs, kuWqveSa jirkvlis wvenis Txevadi
nawilis da kuWSi pepsinis, sekrecias; amasTan xdeba marilm-
Javas gamomuSavebis SezRudva. dReisaTvis ganxorcielebulia
sekretinis molekulis sinTezi, miuxedavad amisa, praqtikuli
miznebisaTvis mas iReben Roris nawlavidan. sekretinTanaa da-
kavSirebuli hormonis cnebis Semotana, dReisaTvis gamoyo-
filia hormonTa didi raodenoba, romelzec metyvelebs qve-
moT motanili cxrili 1.4.8.a.

cxrili 1.4.8.a
endokrinuli
sinTezirebadi hormonebi
organo
hipotalamusi rilizing-hormonebi, vazopresini,
oqsitocini
hipofizi kortikotropini, somatotropini, Tiro-
tropini, folitropini, lutropini,
prolaqtini, melanotropini
farisebri Tiroqsini, triiodTironini,
jirkvali Tirokalcitonini.
parafarisebri paraTirini (paraThormoni)
jirkvali
Cangliseburi Timozini, Timopoetini
jirkvali
kuWqveSa jirkvali insulini, glukagoni
(endokrinuli
nawili)
Tirkmelzeda
jirkvlebi aldosteroni, kortizoli,
kortikosteroni,
qerqis Sre androgenebi, estrogenebi, progesteroni

tvinovani adrenalini, noradrenalini

nivTiereba
sakvercxeebi estrogenebi, progesteroni, androgenebi
saTesle jirkvali androgenebi, estrogenebi.

enterohormonebis mxolod CamoTvla did adgils

ikavebs. esenia gastrini, holecistokinini, vazoaqtiuri

100
intestinaluri peptidi, gastroinhibirebadi peptidi (mas
kidev uwodeben glukozadamokidebul insulintropul
peptids), enteroglukagoni, pankreatiuli polipeptidi,
molitini, bombezini, nivTiereba `pi~. garda amisa, kuW-
nawlavis traqtis organoebidan gamoyofili iqna hormonebi,
romelnic pirvelad aRmoaCines Tavis tvinSi - endorfinebi
da enkefalinebi.
dReisaTvis saeqimo praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba hormon
gastrinis sinTezuri analogi - `pentagastrini~. am
nivTierebas gaaCnia kuWis sekreciis stimulirebis unari da
gamoiyeneba kuWis sekretoruli unarisa da mJavawarmoqmnis
funqciaTa gansazRvrisaTvis. igi Sedgeba xuTi aminomJavisagan:
N-tret-buTiloksikarbonil- β-alanil- L-triptofil- L-
meTionil- L-asparginil- L-fenilalanilamidisagan.
xangrZlivi kvlevebis Semdeg swavlulebma SeZles
daedginaT hormonTa qimiuri agebulebis saerTo principebi
da Camoayalibes maTi klasifikacia (ixileT v. rozenis mier
Sedgenili cxrili 1.4.8.b.).
erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili da xSirad gamoyenebadi
hormonia insulini, romlis ukmarisoba organizmSi iwvevs
Saqriani diabetis daavadebas. es daavadeba cnobili iyo jer
kidev uZvelesi droidan. diabeti (berZnuli DIABETES –
gamodineba, igulisxmeba siTxis gamodineba) xasiaTdeba
Sardis didi raodenobiT gamoyofiT, wyurviliT, piris
simSraliT, avadmyofis swrafi daRliT. XVII saukuneSi
cnobilma ingliselma eqimma Tomas vilisma SeniSna, rom
diabetiT daavadebulis Sardi tkbili gemosia. asi wlis
Semdeg meore ingliselma eqimma dobsonma daadgina rom
sitkbo ganpirobebulia glukozis maRali SemcvelobiT.
amitom SemdgomSi aseT diabets uwodes Saqriani.
urTierTkavSiri diabetis ganviTarebasa da kuWqveSa
jirkvlis funqcias Soris dadgenili iqna 1889 wels
germaneli mecnierebis i. meringis da o. minkovskis mier.
swavlobdnen ra kuWqveSa jirkvlis rols saWmlis monelebis
procesebisas, isini uRebdnen am organos ZaRlebs da
akvirdebodnen maT mdgomareobas. cxovelebi Zalze swrafad
iRupebodnen, maTma momvlelma SeniSna, rom ZaRlebs
operaciis Semdeg didi raodenobiT buzi eseoda, romelTac,
rogorc SemdgomSi daadgines, izidavda SardTan erTad
gamoyofili Saqari.

101
 imTaviTve saintereso iyo kuWqveSa jirkvlis funqciis
rogori darRvevebi iwvevdnen diabets. XIX saukunis bolos
Sinagani sakreciis moZRvrebis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT,
mkvlevarebs gaaxsendaT germaneli mecnieris p. langergansis
1869 wels gamoqveynebuli Sroma, sadac man aRmoaCina, rom
kuWqveSa jirkvlis siRrmeSi ganlagebulni arian ujredTa
patara grovebi, romlebic kunZulebs mogvagoneben, isini
samecniero terminologiaSi Sevidnen `langergansis kunZu-
lebis~ saxelwodebiT. gamoTqmuli iyo azri, rom swored am
`kunZulebTanaa~ dakavSirebuli diabetis warmoSoba, rom
isini asruleben endokrinul funqcias. sabolood es
dadginda 1902 wels rusi fiziologis l. sobolevis mier.
sacdel cxovelebs, romelTac ukvanZavdnen kuWqveSa jirkvlis
sadinars ewyebodaT am organos da misi im elementebis
atrofia, romlebic gamoimuSaveben saWmlis momnelebel
wvenebs. amasTan langergansis kunZulebi ar icvlebodnen da
cxovelebs diabeti ar uviTardebodaT. l. sobolevma
daadgina winamorbedTa warumateblobis mizezi, romelnic
cdilobdnen gamoeyoT aqtiuri nivTiereba, romelic iSleba
kuWqveSa jirkvlis fermentebiT. aqtivobis SesanarCuneblad
aucilebeli iyo am organos ZiriTadi nawilis
funqcionirebis Sewyveta.
mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi, kuWqveSa jirkvlis hor-
monis gamoyofis mcdelobebi warumatebeli iyo. am jer kidev
gamouyofel nivTierebas uwodes insulini (laTinuridan
INSULA- kunZuli). misi miReba 1921 wels (rogorc TavSi iyo
aRniSnuli) dakavSirebulia kanadeli fiziologis frederik
bantingis saxelTan. am hormonis agebuleba dadgenili iqna 30
wlis Semdeg ingliseli bioqimikosis friderik sanjeris mi-
er, kidev 10 wlis Semdeg f. sanjerma gansazRvra aminomJavaTa
mimdevroba insulinis formulaSi (C254H337N65O75S6).
insulinis molekulis sivrculi agebuleba,
rentgenostruqturuli kvlevebis meTodebiT (2,8 Å-is
sizustiT) daadgina nobelis premiis luareatma ingliselma
mecnierma doroTi kroufut-hojkinma. mis mier miRebuli
eleqtronuli simkvrivis rukaze kargad Cans orive
polipeptiduri da nawili gverdiTi jaWvebisa.

102
 hormonTa klasifikacia v. rozenis mixedviT

aminomJavaTa
cilovan-peptiduri steroiduli
warmoebulebi
1. C21- steroidebi
(pregnanulni)
1. neirohipofizaruli 1. Tirozinuli
a) kortikosteroidebi
peptidebi: hormonebi:
(glukokortikoidebi,
a) vazopresinis rigi a) kateholaminebi
mineralkor-
b) oqsitocinis rigi b) Tireoiduli
tikoidebi)
hormonebi
b) progestinebi

2. triptofanuri 2. C19- steroidebi

2. hipotalamuri peptidebi hormonebi (androstanuli):
(rilizing-faqtorebi) (melanotonini) a) androgenebi

3. C18 - sterodebi
(estranuli):
3. anhiotenzinebi _
a) estrogenebi

4. hipofizis 4. C27- steroidebi

oligopeptiduri (qolestanurebi):
hormonebi (adreno- _ a) 1,25 (OH)2 – D3
kortikotropuli b) ekdizonebi
hormonis tipisa)
5. glukagonis da kuW-
nawlavis hormonebis tipis
oligopeptiduri
_ _
hormonebi
a) glukagonis rigi
b) gastrinis rigi
6. insulini
7. kalciumis cvlis
maregulirebeli
polipeptiduri hormonebi
8. somatotropuli
_ _
hormonis rigis
monomeruli cilebi
9. dimeruli
glikoproteinuli
hormonebi

103
 doroTi kroufut-hojkinis kvlevebma biZgi misca
insulinis sinTezis meTodebis SemuSavebas. insulinis sinTezma
daamtkica rom mis molekulas aqvs masa 6733 da Sedgeba 51
aminomJavisagan, romlebic qmnian or polipeptidur jaWvs:
jaWvi A Sedgeba 21, xolo jaWvi B - 30 aminomJavisagan.
Seswavlili iqna ara marto adamianis, aramed cxovelTa
insulini.
adamianis insulini, Tavisi struqturiT, axlos dgas
Roris, ZaRlis, veSapis da kurdRlis hormonTan da
gansxvavdeba mxolod erTi aminomJaviT. msxvilfexa rqosani
pirutyvis insulini adamianis insulinisagan gansxvavdeba
sami aminomJaviT. frinvelebis, Tevzebis da zRvis goWebis
insulinis agebuleba mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba adamianis
insulinis struqturisagan.
hormoni insulini aris pirveli cila, romlis stru-
qturac iqna gaSifruli da pirveli cila, romlis
sinTezirebac SeZles. dReisaTvis misi ZiriTadi masa
gamomuSavdeba msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis da Roris
kuWqveSa jirkvlebidan da aRwevs ramodenime tonas
weliwadSi.
dReisaTvis industriulad ganviTarebuli qveynebis
mosaxleobis 2% itanjeba diabetiT, am avadmyofTa
daaxloebiT 20%-s insulinis gareSe arseboba ar SeuZliaT.
arsebobs ramodenime seriozuli mizezi ris gamoc
mizanSewonilia msxvilmaStabiani sawarmoo meTodebis
SemuSaveba da adamianis insulinis warmoeba. es mizezebia:
upiratesobebi mkurnalobisas (klinikuri meTodebi, Sedegebi)
mecnierebis ganviTarebis moTxovnebi, emocionaluri
faqtorebi, komerciuli mosazrebebi.
rogorc cnobilia cxoveluri (Zroxa, Rori) insulini
gansxvavdeba Tavisi aminomJavuri TanamimdevrobiT adamianis
insulinisagan, romelic naklebad imunogenuria vidre
cxoveluri insulini (es bunebrivia radgan diabetiT
daavadebulisaTvis adamianis insulini ar warmoadgens ucxo
cilas.
insulinis rigma mwarmoeblebma, amerikuli firma ELI
LILLY & Co.-is meTaurobiT, adamianis insulinis warmoebisaT-
vis gamoiyenes rekombinatuli dnm-is teqnologia.
ELI LILLY & Co. da firma GENENETECH Inc.
TanamSromlobiT SeimuSaves adamianis insulinis warmoebis

104
sqema, nawlavuri Cxiris E. coli-is bazaze dnm-is rekombinatuli
teqnologiis gamoyenebiT.
imave rekombinatuli dnm-is teqnologiiT iwarmoebian
interferonebi, zrdis hormoni, vaqcinebi da fermentebi.
calke aRniSvnis Rirsia is faqti, rom langergansis
kunZulebi Sedgebian ori saxis ujredebisagan: α da β;
dadgenili iqna, rom insulins gamoimuSavebs β-ujredebi,
xolo α-ujredebSi xdeba biosinTezi sxva hormonisa - insu-
linis antagonistisa, romelsac uwodes `glukagoni~. igi aris
peptidi, molekuluri masiT 3500 da Sedgeba 29 aminomJavisa-
gan.
hipofizis jirkvali mdebareobs Tavis tvinis fuZeSi
e.w. `Turqul unagirSi~. misi zomebia: ganivkveTi - 14 mm., si-
maRle - 12 mm., masa - 0,5 gr. hipofizi Sedgeba sami ZiriTali
nawilisagan: wina, Sua da ukana nawilebisagan. wina da Sua
wilebi Sedgebian specifiuri, epiTelialuri ujredebisagan
da iwodebian `adenohipofizad~, xolo ukana wili Sedgeba
nervuli ujredebisagan da ewodeba `neirohipofizi~.
hipofizis wina wilSi xdeba Semdegi hormonebis gamo-
muSaveba: organizmis zrdis hormoni - `somatotropini~;
farisebri jirkvlis aqtivatori - `Tirotropini~; Tirkmel-
zeda jirkvlis aqtivatori - `kortikotropini~; sasqeso
jirkvlebis moqmedebis makontrolebeli `honadotropuli~
hormonebi - folikulamastimulirebeli da maluTeinizire-
badi; rZis gamoyofis stimulatori -`prolaqtini~; cximebis
cvlis maregulirebeli - `lipotropini~.
hipofizis Sua wilSi mimdinareobs `melanotropinis~
biosinTezi (hormoni stimulirebas ukeTebs pigmentis war-
moqmnas), xolo ukana wilSi mimdinareobs antidiuretiuli
hormonis `vazopresinis~ da saSvilosnos SekumSvis stimula-
toris `oqsitocinis~ biosinTezi.
adenohipofizis peptiduri hormonebidan praqtikuli
gamoyeneba hpova adrenokortikotropulma hormonma, ro-
melic axdens stimulatorul gavlenas Tirkmelzeda
jirkvlis qerqze. mas Rebuloben Roris da msxvilfexa
rqosanTa hipofizisagan da asufTaveben sxva hormonebisagan.
dReisaTvis iwarmoebian hormonebi, romlebic miRebulni ar-
ian sinTezuri gziT: `humaqtidi~ (ungreTi) da `sinakteni~ (Sve-
deTi). adrenokortikotropuli hormonebis moqmedeba Zalze

105
hgavs glukokortikoiduli hormonebis funqcionirebas da
gamoiyenebian imave daavadebebisas, risTvisac gamoiyeneba
Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis hormonebi.
msxvilfera rqosani pirutyvis da Roris hipofizebisa-
gan Rebuloben laqtotropul hormons - `laqtins~, romelic
xels uwyobs rZis gamoyofis gadidebas sarZeve jirkvlebidan.
es hormoni warmoadgens cilas, misi molekula Sedgeba 189-199
aminomJavisagan da gaaCnia masa 20000.
adamianisa da cxovelebis prolaqtinebs Soris aris
garkeveuli gansxvaveba. adamianis hormonTan struqturiT
yvelaze axlosaa Roris prolaqtini. msxvilfexa rqosani
pirutyvis hipofizis Sua wilidan imwarmoeba `intermedini~,
romelsac iyeneben wveTebis saxiT, Tvalis baduris daavadebe-
bisas.
hipofizis ukana wilidan adre Rebulobdnen prepa-
ratebs: `pituitrins~, `adiurekrins~ da `mamofizins~, romel-
nic Seicavdnen oqsitocinis da vazopresinis hormonebs
jamuri saxiT. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom vazo-
presinis biosinTezis darRveva iwvevs daavadebas, romelsac
uSaqro diabeti hqvia. es hormoni aZlierebs wylis Sewovas
Tirkmlis daklaknili arxebiT, maRla wevs arteriul wnevas
da aviwroebs kapilarebs. oqsitocinis ZiriTali farmako-
logiuri Tvisebaa saSvilosnos (gansakuTrebiT orsulo-
bisas) muskulaturis Zlieri SekumSvis gamowveva. is amaRlebs
aseve rZis sekrecias, aZlierebs ra prolaqtinis gamomuSave-
bas. orive hormoni (oqsitocini da vazopresini) msgavsi cik-
luri struqturisaa da Sedgebian 9 aminomJavisagan.
Tu hipofizis hormonebi aregulireben Sinagani sekre-
ciis jirkvlebis moqmedebas, tvinis erT-erT warmonaqmnSi
`hipotalamusSi~ aRmoaCines nivTierebebi, romlebic
aregulireben Tavad hipofizis moqmedebas. hipotalamusi, anu
rogorc mas sxvanairad uwodeben `borcvebis qveda ares~, mde-
bareobs Tavis tvinis fuZeSi, e.w. `mxedvelobiTi borcvebis~
axlos. igi mcire warmonaqmnia,, romelic iwonis mxolod 4
grams, da Seicavs 32 wyvil birTvs (specifiuri nervuli
ujredebis Sejgufeba). hipotalamusis nervuli ujredebi pro-
ducireben, hormonebis msgavsi e.w. `realizebadi faqtorebiT~,
romlebic xels uwyoben hipofizidan tropuli hormonebis ga-
moyofas. hipotalamusidan rilizing-faqtorebi sisxliT mie-
wodeba hipofizs. moqmedebis xasiaTidan gamomdinare es niv-

106
Tierebebi iwodebian `liberinebad~ (laTinuri LIBERO- gan-
Tavisufleba) an `statinebad~ (laTinuri STATUM - SeCereba).
dReisaTvis cnobilia cxra hipotalamiuri faqtori
aqedan gaSifrulia mxolod Svidi maTganis struqtura:
`somatoliberini~, `somatostatini~, `kortikoliberini~, `ho-
nadoliberini~, `melanoliberini~, `melanostatini~ da `Ti-
roliberini~. ar aris dadgenili `prolaqtoliberinis~ da
`prolaqtostatinis~ agebuleba. yvela rilizing-faqtorebi
peptidebia, romlebic Seicaven, SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT,
aminomJavebs. yvelaze met aminomJavas Seicavs somatoliberini
- 44, xolo yvelaze cotas - Tiroliberini da melanostatini -
sam-sami aminomJava. zemoT aRniSnulma Seqmna pirobebi
hipotalamuri faqtorebis sinTezisa da analogebis miRebisa.
yofil ssrk-Si gamodioda sinTeturi Tiroliberini, ro-
melic aris prolaqtinis sekreciis Zlieri stimulatori. mas
aseve iyeneben, farisebri jirkvlis sxvadasxva formis
daavadebaTa diagnostirebisaTvis da prolaqtinis rezervis
gansazRvrisaTvis qalebis hipofizSi, rZis uqonlobisas. es
preparati gamodi-oda saxelwodebiT `rifaTiroini~. Tu hi-
pofizs xSirad uwodeben endokrinuli sistemis diriJors,
yoveli endokrinuli jirkvali, am orkestrSi, asrulebs
rTul da sapasuxismgeblo partias.
uZvelesi droidan cnobili iyo ori daavadeba: Ciyvi
da kretinizmi. 1840 wels germanelma eqimma karl bazedovma
aRwera daavadeba, romlis ZiriTadi niSnebi iyo Ciyvi,
Tvalebis gadmokarkvla da gulis cemis gaxSireba. im dros am
daavadebas SecdomiT akuTvnebdnen gulis daavadebas.
mogvianebiT mecnierebma daadgines, rom es daavadeba
dakavSirebulia farisebr jirkvalTan, romelic mdebareobs
sasunTqi yelis win da gverdebze. jirkvlis gadideba, misi
funqciis gazrda iwvevs daavadebas, romelic aRwera k.
bazedovma. jirkvlis amoReba an misi atrofia mozrdil ada-
mianebSi da cxovelebSi iwvevs mZime daavadebas, romelic
iwodeba `miqsedem~-ad. Tu es xdeba bavSvobaSi, maSin vi-
Tardeba kretinizmi. dadgenili iqna, rom farisebri
jirkvlis hormonebi `Tiroqsini~ da `triiodTironini~
asruleben mniSvnelovan rols organizmis nivTierebaTa
cvlis ZiriTad procesebSi. kerZod Jangbadis gamoyenebaSi,
aseve nervuli sistemis ganviTarebasa da funqcionirebaSi. is-
ini gamoyofilni da Seswavlil iqna, daadgines maTi stru-

107
qtura. es hormonebi warmoadgenen aminomJava Tirozinis
warmoebulebs da Seicaven TavianT molekulaSi iods. maTi
struqtura damtkicebuli iqna qimiuri sinTeziT. dReisaTvis
gamodis sinTezuri preparatebi: `Tiroqsini~, `triiod-
Tironini~ da kombinirebuli `Tireokombi~.
ZvelTaganve SemCneuli iyo, rom farisebri jirkvlis
funqciis ukmarisobisas, cxovelebisagan miRebul am organos
uniSnavdnen sakvebTan erTad, rac mniSvnelovnad aumjobe-
sebda avadmyofis mdgomareobas. am meTods ar daukargavs
aqtualoba dResac, oRond avadmyofebs uniSnaven ara cxov-
elTa farisebur jirkvals, aramed preparat `Tireoidins~,
romelsac Rebuloben msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis da
Roris farisebri jirkvlisagan.
farisebur jirkvalSi aseve gamomuSavdeba hormoni
`kalcitonini~, cila, romelic Sedgeba 136 aminomJavisagan. es
hormoni iwvevs sisxlis plazmaSi kalciumisa da araor-
ganuli fosforis koncentraciis Semcirebas, aseve axdens
zemoqmedebas sisxlis mineralur nawilze. dReisaTvis kalci-
toninebs Rebuloben Roris farisebri jirkvlisagan. kalci-
tonini aris antagonisti paraTireoiduli hormonisa
(paraThormonisa), romelic axdens gavlenas kalciumis
cvlaze. igi aseve warmoadgens cilovan nivTierebas, Sedgeba
84 aminomJavisagan da gamomuSaveba parafarisebri jirkvlis
gansakuTrebul ujredebSi, romlebic mdebareoben farisebri
jirkvlis gverdebze patara warmonaqmnebis saxiT. misi age-
buleba adamianis da cxovelTa SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavebulia. dReisaTvis adamianis paraThormoni
sinTezirebulia.
organizmSi Zalze mniSvnelovan rols asruleben
Tirkmelzeda jirkvlebi, romlebic pirvelad aRwera,
rogorc damoukidebeli organoebi, italielma anatomma bar-
Tolomeo evstaqim 1563 wels. 300 wlis Semdeg ingliselma
eqimma Tomas adisonma miuTiTa, rom es organoebi
sasicocxlod mniSvnelovanni arian da maTi amokveTa,
cxovelebSi, iwvevs sikvdils. daavadebas, romelic Tirkmel-
zeda jirkvlebis ukmarisobis gamo viTardeba, ewodeba `brin-
jaos~ anu `adisonis~ daavadeba, xolo maTi funqciis
gaZliereba iwodeba `icenko-kuSingis~ daavadebad. iseve,
rogorc sxva organoebidan, Tirkmelzeda jirkvlebidan
amzadebdnen sxvadasxva preparatebs, magaliTad `kortins~ da

108
`kortikotonins~ romelTac Cven dromde ar mouRweviaT.
Tirkmelzeda jirkvlidan Tavisufali saxiT rom mieRoT
hormonebi, saWiro iyo titanuri Sroma. 1953 wels r. simsonma
da j.taitma 21 mg. aldosteronis kristalebis gamoyofisaT-
vis gadaamuSaves 500 kg. xaris Tirkmelzeda jirkvali.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tirkmelzeda jirkvali rTuli age-
bulebisaa. igi Sedgeba ori Srisagan- qerqiseburi da tvinise-
buri. qerqovani Sre, Tavis mxriv Sedgeba sami zonisagan:
bolqviseburi, konaseburi da badiseburi. Tirkmelzeda
jirkvlis yvela struqturuli danayofi gamoyofs gansaz-
Rvruli saxis sfecifikur nivTierebebs. qerqovani Sris
bolqvisebur da konasebur zonebSi sinTezirdeba e.w.
glukokortikoidebi - `hidrokortizoni~ da `kortikos-
teroni~, romlebic sxvadasxva cxovelebSi, sxvadasxva
proporciebiT gamomuSavdeba. Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis qerqis
badisebur zonaSi mimdinareobs biosinTezi kidev erTi hor-
monisa - `aldosteronisa~; swored misi arqona organizmSi,
Tirkmelzeda jirkvlebis amoRebis Semdeg cxovelebSi iwvevs
mineraluri cvlis seriozul darRvevebs da letalur Sedegs.
aldosteronis winamorbedis `dezoqsikortikosteronis~ Sey-
vana cxovelTa organizms icavs daRupvisagan.
Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis hormonebis safuZvelze Seqm-
nilia farmacevtuli preparatebis didi raodenoba, rogorc
Sinagani (ineqciebi), aseve garegani (sacxebi) gamoyenebisa.
Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis qerqis preparatebi aRmoCndnen Zalze
efeqturni Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis ukmarisobis samkurnalod,
aseve revmatizmis, bronqialuri asTmis, saxsrebis daavadebis
da kanis zogierTi daavadebisas. kanadelma mecnierma k.
seliem, stresis Sesaxeb swavlebis avtorma, daamtkica, rom
Tirkmelzeda jirkvali asrulebs mniSvnelovan rols eqstre-
malur pirobebSi organizmis dacvis reaqciebSi.
Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis tvinovani Sre warmoadgens
ori hormonis - adrenalinis da noradrenalinis gamomuSave-
bis adgils.
adre adrenalins Rebulobdnen Tirkmelzeda
jirkvlis qsovilebisagan, xolo Tanamedrove pirobebSi ki -
sinTezuri gziT. am hormons iyeneben rogorc sisxlZarRvebis
Semaviwroebel da wnevis amwev saSualebas. noradrenalini
gansxvavdeba adrenalinisagan ufro Zlieri
sisxlZarRvSemaviwroebeli moqmedebiT da naklebi gavleniT

109
gulis moqmedebaze da cvlis procesebze, kerZod ar axdens
sisxlSi glukozis koncentraciis gamoxatul momatebas, rac
SeimCneva adrenalinis Seyvanisas.
gaSifruli iqna aseve sasqeso hormonebis struqtura.
dReisaTvis mamakacis (androgenebi) da qalis (estrogenebi)
sasqeso hormonebi gamoyofilia sufTa saxiT da damuSavebu-
lia maTi sinTezis meTodebi. sasqeso hormons, romelic
pasuxismgebelia mamakacuri sasqeso niSnebis gamovlenaze,
ewodeba `testosteroni~. 80-ian wlebSi dadginda, rom testos-
teroni moxvdeba ra mis mimarT mgrZnobiare qsovilebSi (sam-
izne-organoebi), gardaiqmneba kidev ufro aqtiur naerTad -
`5α- dihidrotestosteronad~.
sasqeso hormonebs iyeneben sasqeso jirkvlebis
ukmarisobisas, meoreuli sasqeso niSnebis ganuviTareblo-
bisas da dasustebuli, moxuci mamakacebisaTvis. Seqmnilia
mamakacis sasqeso hormonebis warmoebulebi, romlebic
axdenen dasustebuli organizmis cilovani cvlis stimula-
cias, misi (cilovani cvlis) normalizaciis gziT. gansakuTre-
biT xSirad am mizniT gamoiyeneboda `meTanandrostenoloni~
(neroboli).
qalis sasqeso jirkvlebidan gamoyofili iqna ramden-
ime steroiduli naerTi. ZiriTadi, yvelaze aqtiuri estro-
genia - `estradioli~. mas sxvadasxva preparatebis saxiT
iyeneben samkurnalo praqtikaSi qalis sasqeso funqciis
darRvevisas. hormoni `estroni (folikulini)~ aseve gamoi-
yeneba praqtikul jandacvaSi. folikulins adre Rebulobdnen
orsuli qalebis Sardisagan, sadac misi Semcveloba am pe-
riodSi mniSvnelovnad izrdeba.
garda estrogenebisa, qalis sasqeso hormonebs mie-
kuTvneba aseve `progesteroni~, romlis farmakologiuri
preparatebi dResac gamoiyenebian.
1957 wels aRmoCenili iqna biologiurad uCveulod
aqtiuri nivTierebebi, romelTac `prostaglandinebi~ uwodes.
am aRmoCenis istoria jer kidev 30-iani wlebidan iwyeba,
roca ingliselma da Svedma mecnierebma daiwyes winamdebare
jirkvlis eqstraqtebis da saTesle siTxis gavlenis garkveva
gluvi muskulaturis SekumSvis aqtivobaze. Tavdapirvelad ga-
moyofili da Seswavlili iqnen ori saxis prostaglandinebi:
PG-E1 da PG-F1α. dadgenili iqna, rom es naerTebi war-
moadgenen poligaujerebeli umaRlesi cximovani mJavebis

110
hidroqsilirebul ciklur warmoebulebs. cocxal organizmSi
misi biosinTezisas sawyis nivTierebebad gvevlinebian
araqidin-, eikozatrien- da eikozapentaenmJavebi.
prostaglandinebi xasiaTdebian farmakologiuri moqmedebis
farTo speqtriT. monawileoben homeostazis uzrunvelmyofi
fiziologiuri procesebis regulaciaSi. isini gavlenas
axdenen zogierTi hormonebis sinTezze, gluvi muskulaturis
aqtivobaze, Sardis gamoyofaze, saWmlis momnelebeli traqtis
jirkvalTa sekreciaze, sisxlis koagulaciaze.
prostaglandinebi Rebuloben monawileobas CasaxvaSi,
orsulobaSi, mSobiarobaSi, sasqeso hormonebis gamomuSave-
baSi aseve SeuZliaT arteriuli wnevis, periferiuli sisxlis
mimoqcevis, anTebiTi reaqciebis mimdinareobis cvlileba.
gansakuTrebiT farTo perspeqtivebi gaCnda sameano
praqtikaSi prostaglandinebis gamoyenebisa, roca ugandelma
eqimma sulTan qerimma, 1968 wels pirvelad, gamoiyena es niv-
Tierebebi, intravenuri SeyvaniT, susti samSobiaro funqciis
qalebisaTvis da miiRo kargi samkurnalo efeqti. klinikur
praqtikaSi, isini pirvelad gamoiyenes, rogorc efeqturi da
usafrTxo samkurnalo saSualeba - mSobiarobis gamaiole-
beli. mogvianebiT maTi gamoyeneba daiwyo rogorc saaborto
saSualebebisa orsulobis aranormalurad mimdinareobisas.
prostaglandinebis sinTezi, miuxedavad maTi qimiuri
agebulebis moCvenebiTi simartivisa, aris rTuli da
ararentabeluri procesi. marTalia, isini gamoiyenebian
mikrodozebSi. 1 kg. sinTezuri prostaglandini 90-iani
wlebisaTvis msoflio bazarze Rirda daaxloebiT 3 000 000
aSS dolari. amis gamo daiwyo procesi am nivTierebis bune-
brivi wyaros Ziebisa. rodesac harvardis universitetis
TanamSromlebma miiRes ZviradRirebuli sinTeturi pros-
taglandinebis E1 da F1α-is nimuSebi, gaCnda pirveli cnobebi
maTi axali wyaros aRmoCenasTan dakavSirebiT - karibis
zRvis gorgonis marjnebi, maTgan miRebul prostaglandinTa
Rirebuleba Seadgenda sinTezuris Rirebulebis 5%-s.
didi xani araa, rac aRmoaCines nivTierebebi, romelTa
arsebobac nawinaswarmetyvelebi iyo. cnobili iyo, rom alka-
loidi morfini ukavSirdeba Suamdebare tvinis specifiur
receptorebs. aseTi receptorebis arseboba iZleoda imis
daSvebis saSualebas, rom isini (specifiuri receptorebi)
arseboben ara garedan Seyvanili narkotikebisaTvis, aramed

111
organizmSi gamomuSavebuli romeliRac biologiurad aqti-
uri nivTierebebisaTvis. amitiom opioiduri receptorebis
aRmoCenis kvaldakval radioreceptoruli meTodebis
daxmarebiT gamoyofili iqnen e.w. endogenuri opioidebi -
`enkefalinebi~ da `endorfinebi~. isini arian hormon ~β-li-
potropinis~ warmoebulebi, romelsac gamoyofs hipofizi da
Sedgeba 91 aminomJavisagan, dRes ukve gamoyofilia α-, β- da γ-
endorfinebi. dadgenilia, rom α-endorfini iwvevs nervuli
sistemis funqciis mkveTr damuxruWebas, β - endorfini amci-
rebs tkivilis grZnobas, xsnis narkotikuli SimSilisas maT
(narkotikebis) mimarT midrekilebas, γ- endorfini ganapi-
robebs agresiul qcevas. amave dros naCvenebi iqna, rom Tu γ-
endorfinSi ar aris aminomJava Tirozini, molekula iZens
neiroleptikis (damawynarebeli saSualebis) Tvisebebs. yve-
laferi es iZleva did perspeqtivebs endorfinebis stru-
qturis bazaze axali preparatebis Seqmnisa.
ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mravali
swavlulis Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iyo, imunuri sistemis cen-
traluri organos - Timusis (Cangliseburi jirkvali)
hormonebis gamoyofisaken. Timusidan miRebuli pirveli da
albaT mTavari hormoni iyo `Timozini~, pirvelad es hor-
moni gamoyo alan goldSteinma (texasis universitetis
samedicino skola) organos homogenatis naleqis zemoT myofi
siTxis gawmendis Semdeg sefadeqsze (G-25) mexuTe fraqciis
saxiT, am fraqciidan gamoyofilia 12 peptidi, gaSifrulia
struqturebi da daxasiaTebulia fiziko-qimiuri Tvisebebi α1,
β1, β2 Timozinebisa.
Seswavlilia aseve Timusis sxva hormonebi - `Timopo-
etini~ da ~Sratis qimiuri faqtori~. 49 aminomJavisagan Sem-
dgari Timopoetinis biologiuri aqtivoba ganpirobebulia
xuTi aminomJavisagan Semdgari peptiduri jaWvis monakveTiT.
es aqtiuri monakveTi iwodeba `Timopentinad~. igi avlenda
Timopoetinis yvela Tvisebas. Sratis Timiuri faqtori
SedarebiT martivi agebulebisaa da Sedgeba rva aminomJavisa-
gan. Timusis hormonebi gavlenas axdenen Cangliseburi
jirkvlis sxvadasxva limfocitebis diferencirebis
sxvadasxva etapebze da amiT uzrunvelyofen imunologiuri
reaqciebis srulfasovnebas. damuSavebulia Timusis
preparatebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis sakiTxebi. ujredis imu-

112
nitetis daqveiTebiT mimdinare daavadebebisas iyeneben prepa-
rat `Timalins (Timarins)~, romelic warmoadgens kompleqss,
Cangliseburi jirkvlidan gamoyofili polipeptiduri
fraqciebisa. igi stimulirebas ukeTebs organizmis imunolo-
giur reaqtiulobas, aregulirebs T da B- limfocitebis
raodenobas, aZlierebs fagocitozs da regeneraciis proce-
sebs. Timusis preparatebi farTod gamoiyenebian sxvadasxva
imunodeficituri mdgomareobisas. ruseTis medicinis
mecnierebaTa akademiis imunologiis institutSi damuSavebu-
lia preparati `T-aqtivini~ (avtorebi r.v. petrovi, i.m. lopux-
ini). ukrainaSi, kievis endokrinologiisa da nivTierebaTa
cvlis samecniero kvleviT institutSi i.a. bezverSenkom dial-
izis gziT miiRo axali samkurnalo saSualeba `vilozeni~, ro-
melic Zalze efeqturia alergiuli renitisas.
Tu Timusis hormonaluri funqcia Seswavlilia
SedarebiT srulad, Znelia igives Tqma imunuri sistemis sxva
organos - elenTis mimarT. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom misi
yvela funqcia dRevandel dRemde sabolood Seswavlili
araa. dReisaTvis sabolood dadgenilia, rom elenTa
monawileobas Rebulobs sisxlwarmoqmnis procesSi da war-
moadgens imunuri sistemis organos. misi sxva funqciebi
SedarebiT sustadaa Seswavlili. cnobilia, rom elenTaamok-
veTili adamianebi didxans ver muSaoben fizikurad, swrafad
ver eguebian garemos pirobebis Secvlas, mniSvnelovnad
usustdebaT TviTkontrolis grZnoba. dadgenili iqna, rom es
arasasurveli cvlilebebi atareben humoralur xasiaTs, aseve
dadgenili iqna, rom elenTaSi, sxva organoebTan SedarebiT,
iSviaTad warmoiSoba rogorc pirveladi aseve meoradi
avTvisebiani warmonaqmnebi.
50-ian wlebSi amerikelma mecnierma a. kerelma ga-
moTqva azri, rom beberi cxovelebis sisxli Seicavs romel-
iRac `siberisa da sikvdilis~ faqtors. igi uRebda beber,
dasustubul ZaRls, sisxlis 2/3-s da gulmodgined recxavda
eriTrocitebs fiziologiur xsnarSi aRniSnuli faqtorisagan
da Semdeg kvlav usxamda am sisxls cxovels. ZaRls daewyo
balanis zrda, igi swrafad darboda da xtoda, mas aRudga
sqesobrivi instinqti, magram gaaxalgazrdaveba didxans ar
grZeldeboda, xolo `siberis faqtoris~ gamoyofa ar mox-
erxda. 1969 wels takaSi makinodianma aCvena, rom elenTis
amokveTa beber TagvebSi TiTqmis orjer axangrZlivebda maT

113
sicocxles. cnobilma amerikelma gerontologma aleqs kom-
fortma zemoT aRniSnuls uwoda yvelaze SesamCnevi,
sicocxlis gaxangrZlivebis yvela cnobil vadebs Soris. t.
makinodians Seyavda ra beberi Tagvebis elenTis ujredebi
ufro axalgazrda TagvebisaTvis, aCvena rom eqsperimenta-
luri axalgazrda Tagvebis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba
mcirdeba. gakeTebuli iqna daskvna: elenTa nawilobriv
`damnaSavea~ siberesa da sikvdilSi, xolo misi amokveTa amaR-
lebs sicocxlis savaraudo xangrZlivobas.
swavlulebma daadgines, rom cxovelTa elenTis
wylian eqstraqts, romelic Seicavs maRalmolekulur
cilovan molekulebs, gaaCnia dacviTi da Terapevtiuli mo-
qmedeba sxivuri daavadebisas. igi SedarebiT mdgradia gacx-
elebisadmi. misi ineqciebi, dasxivebul cxovelebs,
mniSvnelovnad uxangrZlivebs sicocxles.
SesaZlebeli gaxda elenTidan aseve gamoeyoT maRal-
molekuluri cilovani nivTiereba, romelic mecnierebma mia-
kuTvnes `keilonebs~ - faqtorebs, romlebic Trgunaven
ujredTa gamravlebas Sesabamis qsovilebSi. elenTis keiloni
amuxruWebs imunologiur reaqciebs am organoSi ucxo
ujredebis Seyvanis Semdeg. ultrafiltraciisa da qroma-
tografiis daxmarebiT maRalmolekuluri cilovani
nivTierebidan SeZles gamoeyoT dabalmolekuluri
imunodepresiuli faqtori. aman warmoSva realuri SesaZle-
blobebi daedginaT misi struqtura, ganexorcielebinaT misi
sinTezi da uzrunveleyoT praqtikuli gamoyeneba.
elenTis faqtorebis Seswavlaze muSaobda 50-ian
wlebSi amerikeli mecnieri g. ungari. man Seqmna Terpevtuli
preparatebi - `splenin A~ da `splenin B~ romlebic war-
moadgenen fermentuli gardaqmnis produqts. splenin A amci-
rebs kapilarebis SeRwevadobas da xels uwyobs eriTrocite-
bis mdgradobis gazrdas antieriTrocitaruli Sratis
moqmedebis mimarT. misi sekrecia da sisxlis nakadSi Sesvla
regulirdeba hipofiziT da Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis qerqiT.
avtoris azriT, splenin B warmoiqmneba elenTaSi gliko-
genidan. igi zrdis kapilarebis SeRwevadobas da amcirebs
eriTrocitebis mdgradobas antiSratis moqmedebis mimarT,
aseve axdens gavlenas Zvlis tvinze, amcirebs Trombocitebis
raodenobas, aRsaniSnavia, rom splenin B-s sekrecia farise-
bri jirkvlis gavlenis qveSaa.

114
 bevri mkvlevari amtkicebs, rom elenTaSi pro-
ducirdeba humoraluri faqtori - Zvlis tvinis inhibitori,
romelic elenTis veniT Sedis RviZlSi, sadac inaqtivirdeba.
gamoyofilni iqnen humoraluri faqtorebi, romlebic axdenen
maregulirebel gavlenas sisxlis ujredovani Semadgenlo-
bisa. mecnierebma SeZles elenTadan mieRoT steroiduli bune-
bis ori faqtori. erTi maTgani `Trombocitozinad~ wode-
buli xels uwyobs Trombocitebis raodenobis gadidebas da
maTi SeWidebis unaris gazrdas. meore faqtori
(~Trombocitopeni~) avlens sawinaaRmdego moqmedebas. mkvle-
varebma aRmoaCines faqtori `leikocitolizini~, igi aCqarebs
leikocitebis daSlas, romelic muxruWdeba RviZlSi
warmoSobili sxva faqtorebiT - `antileikocitozin~-iT.
biologiur aqtivobas avlenen elenTis lipiduri
eqstraqtebi, romlebic xels uSlian Trombocitebis agrega-
cias (Sewebebas). es eqstraqtebi axdenen anTebis sawinaaRmdego
moqmedebas mis (anTebis) sawyis fazebSi, romelic mimdi-
nareobs Trombocitebis urTierTSewebebiT.
1949-1950 wlebSi germanelma mecnierma g. reinma
Caatara eqsperimentebis seria, romelic mieZRvna elenTas hu-
moraluri gavlenis Seswavlas. mecnieris azriT, qsoviluri
sunTqvis ukmarisobisas elenTa sisxlSi gamoyofs hu-
moraluri tipis nivTierebas `hipoksilienins~. g. reinma
daadgina, rom igi axdens normalizacias JangviTi procesebisa
gulis kunTSi, xels uwyobs Jangbadis ufro ekonomiur
moxmarebas da gulze gavlenas axdens mxolod Jangbadis uk-
marisobisas.
elenTis eqstraqtTa moqmedebis mravalgvaroba mow-
mobs maT mniSvnelovan maregulirebel rolze organizmis hu-
moraluri wonasworobisaTvis. magram bevri zemoT moyvanil
faqtorTagan, ar arian gamoyofili Tavisufali saxiT, ris ga-
moc maTi qimiuri buneba Seuswavlelia. aRsaniSnavia, rom ga-
mokvlevaTa didi wili miZRvnilia elenTis im faqtorebis mi-
marT, romelnic preparatebis saxiT danergilni arian
jandacvis praqtikaSi.
dReisaTvis arseboben elenTis qsovilebidan miRe-
buli, gamowvlilviT Seswavlili, klini-kuri gamocdebiTa da
droiT Semowmebuli, Terapiul praqtikaSi farTod gamo-
yenebuli preparatebi.

115
 elenTis axal preparats warmoadgens `solkospleni~,
romelic miiRes Sveicarielma mecnierebma elenTis
eqstraqtis dializis gziT. mas iyeneben sasqeso aSlilobisas
rogorc qalebSi, ise mamakacebSi. igi aris sasqeso funqciis
stimulatori, romelic normalizacias ukeTebs sasqeso
jirkvlebis moqmedebas.
jandacvis praqtikaSi farTo gamoyeneba hpova `splen-
inma~. elenTis es preparati miRebulia 1945 wels, yofili
ssrk-is eqsperimentaluri biologiisa da paTologiis
institutis eqsperimentaluri endokrinologiis laborato-
riaSi, ukrainis mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosis v.p.
komisarenkos mier. spleninis qimiuri buneba sakmaod
dawvrilebiTaa Seswavlili. preparatSi aRmoCenilia
aminomJavebis didi raodenoba, peptidi, romelic Seicavs 13
aminomJavas, mravali cximovani mJavebi, lipidebi,
mikroelementebi da vitaminebi. spleninis aqtiuri sawyisi
jer kidev araa gamoyofili. sxvadasxva cxovelebze Catare-
bulma eqsperimentebma aCvenes am preparatis gamoxatuli
detoqsikaciuri moqmedeba.
splenini maRalefeqturia orsulobis adreuli vade-
bis toqsikozebis mkurnalobisas. garda amisa, splenini gamoi-
yeneba rentgenoTerapiis Semdgomi garTulebebis samkur-
nalod, medikosebs SeniSnuli aqvT, rom am preparatis 3-4 in-
eqciis Semdeg adamianis saerTo mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad
umjobesdeba: qreba gulis reva da Tavis tkivilebi, Cndeba Wa-
mis mada, normalizdeba Zili. mkveTrad gamoxatuli
detoqsikaciuri Tvisebebis wyalobiT preparati axdens ga-
moxatul Terapevtul efeqts sxvadasxva formis hepatitebis
da RviZlis funqcionaluri darRvevebisas, Tireotoqsi-
kozisas, parafarisebri jirkvlis ukmarisobisas, Sizof-
reniisa da diabetiT daavadebisas.
mkvlevarTa mier aRmoCenilia preparatis kidev erTi
unari - daTrgunos alergiuli reaqciebis gamovlinebebi.
splenini axdens gamoxatul Terapevtul efeqts alergiuli
surdos, WinWris ciebisa da alergiuli dermatitebis
mkurnalobisas.
spleninis mravali samkurnalo efeqti SeiZleba
aixsnas misi membranotropuli TvisebebiT, e.i. ujredis mem-
branis stabilizirebis unariT. am preparatiT damuSavebuli
eriTrocitebi, naklebad mgrZnobiareni arian hipotoniuri

116
Sokis mimarT. spleninis mravali efeqtis meqanizmi jer kidev
araa srulyofilad Seswavlili. ar aris garkveuli qimiuri
buneba mis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali biologiurad aqtiuri
faqtorebisa. preparatis Seswavla dResac grZeldeba.
dReisaTvis elenTidan gamoyofilia mxolod ori pep-
tidi, romelTa struqtura dadgenilia: 1. `Tafcini~, romlis
biosinTezi mimdinareobs elenTaSi leikokininis saxiT, xolo
saboloo struqtura formirdeba leikocitebis membranebis
zedapirze. dReisaTvis `Tafcini~ sinTezirebulia, aseve
miRebulia misi biologiurad aqtiuri analogebi. 2. faqtori,
romelic Tavisi struqturiT mogvagonebs `Timopoetins~ da
`spleninad~ wodebuli. igi iseve rogorc Timopoetini
Sedgeba 49 aminomJavisagan da gaaCnia xuTi aminomJavisagan
Sedgenili aqtiuri monakveTi, romelsac ewoda `splenopen-
tini~. splenopentini gansxvavdeba Timopentinisagan erTi
aminomJaviT da maTi biologiuri efeqtebi erTmaneTisagan
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian.
elenTis humoralur faqtorebs swavloben ukrainaSi,
kievis endokrinologiisa da nivTierebaTa cvlis samecniero-
kvleviT institutSi, sadac bolo wlebSi miRebulia mTeli
rigi axali, mniSvnelovani monacemebi, ris gamoc SesamCnevad
gafarTovda codnis farglebi elenTis funqciis
fiziologiisa da paTologiis Sesaxeb, aseve im movlenebis
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, romlebic warmoiSvebian elenTis fun-
qciis darRvevisas. magram am organos mravali gamocana jer
kidev amouxsnelia.

1.4.9. bunebriv nivTierebaTa samyaros parado-

qsebi

sxvadasxva bunebisa da warmoSobis biologiurad aqti-

uri nivTierebebis Seswavlisas cxadi xdeba maTi dayofis
pirobiToba mediatorebad (romlebic uzrunvelyofen
ujredSoris kavSirebs), hormonebad (romlebic signals
gadascemen ufro did manZilebze), feromonebad (organizmebs
Soris urTierTobis saSualebebad) da toqsinebad (cxovelTa
Tavdacvis saSualebebad).

117
 struqturuli homologia asrulebs mniSvnelovan
rols biostimulatorisa da receptoris urTierTqmedebaSi,
im dros roca fiziologiuri pasuxi ganisazRvreba funqcion-
aluri sistemiT, razec is moqmedebs.
erTi da igive nivTiereba (biologiuri regulatori)
SeiZleba asrulebdes sxvadasxva funqcias, rac damokidebulia
organizmis saxeze. am mxriv sainteresoa peptiduri hormonis
prolaqtinis Tvisebebi. TevzebSi da xmeleTis cxovelebSi igi
monawileobas Rebulobs osmoregulaciaSi, frinvelebSi is
iwvevs `dedobriv qcevas~, xolo ZuZumwovrebSi igi
stimulirebas ukeTebs sarZeve jirkvlis zrdas da rZis sekre-
cias.
dReisaTvis dadgenilia, rom erTi da igive biologi-
urad aqtiuri nivTiereba SeiZleba gamoimuSaon sxvadasxva
saxis cxovelebma. amfibiebisa da reptiliebis zogierTi
Sxamebi qimiurad Zalze axlos dganan erTmaneTTan. aucilebe-
lia aRiniSnos, rom cxovelebSi aRmoCenili biologiurad
aqtiuri nivTierebebis identuri naerTebi aRmoCnda mce-
nareul samyaroSi. aseTi movlena jer-jerobiT auxsnelia.
yvelaze srulyofilad is Seswavlilia sasqeso
hormonebisaTvis.
cxrilSi 1.4.9.a. moyvanilia adamianis sasqeso
hormonebis Semcveloba zogierT mcenareebSi.

naerTi mcenare koncentracia mg/kg.

finikis palmis Tesli da 0,40

yvavilebi 3,3
estroni
broweulis xis Tesli 17,0
vaSlis xis Tesli 0,1
estrioli tirifis yvavilebi 0,11
17β-estradioli lobios Tesli 0,1
testosteroni fiWvis mtveri 0,08
androstendioni fiWvis mtveri 0,59

SesaZlebeli gaxda daedginaT, rom `estrogenuli

efeqti~ mcenareebSi ganpirobebulia ara mxolod sasqeso
steroidebiT, aramed sxva naerTebiTac. maT `fitoes-
trogenebi~ uwodes. birmaSi da tailandSi, erT-erTi

118
parkosani mcenaris fesvebs, qalebi iyenebdnen rogorc
saaborto saSualebas. gamoyofili iqna misi aqtiuri sawyisi,
romelic agebulebiT Zalian gavs qalis hormons- estrons.
gamoyofili nivTiereba kanqveS Seyvanisas iseTive aqtivobiT
xasiaTdeboda, rogorc 17β-estradioli da ar kargavda
Tvisebebs Sinaganad miRebisas. misi aqtivoba samjer maRalia,
medicinaSi farTod gamoyenebuli sinTezuri naerTis, di-
eTilstilbestrolis aqtivobaze, am naerTs ewoda `mi-
restroli~.
estrogenuli bunebis nivTierebaTa aRmoCenam
mcenareebSi, warmoSva azri, rom isini aq ubralod ki ar
grovdebian, aramed Rebuloben monawileobas mcenareTa sasi-
cocxlo procesebSi. Catarebulma eqsperimentebma aCvenes,
rom estrogenebi da androgenebi stimulacias ukeTeben Tes-
lebis gaRvivebas da zrdas, xels uwyoben yvavilebis ganvi-
Tarebas.
axlad warmoSobili mecniereba ekologiuri bioqimia
swavlobs cxoveluri da mcenareuli samyaros erTianobis
problemebs, radganac ukve dadasturebuli faqtia, rom erTi
da igive biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebi SeiZleba
sinTezirdebodnen, rogorc cxoveluri, aseve mcenareuli
samyaros warmomadgenelTa mxridan. cxrilSi 1.4.9.b. moyva-
nilia mcenareTa da cxovelTa saerTo TavdacviTi toqsinebis
CamonaTvali.
cxrili 1.4.9.b.

toqsinebi cxovelebi mcenareebi

alkaloidi WianWvelaTa Tambaqos furclebi
anabazeini APHAENOGASTER Sxami NICOTIANA
linamarinebis da rCilis ZYGAENA da samyurasa da sxva
lotaustraline-bis pepela HELI-CONIUS mcenareebis toqsinebi
cianogenuri TavdacviTi cianidebi
glikozidebi
hidroqinoni mocurala xoWos eklebis XANTHIUM
DYTISCUS Tavda-cviTi CANADENSO
nivTierebebi
terpenoidi frTaqerclas BATTUS niaxuris foTlebidan
β selineni POLYDAMUS - Wupridan miRebuli nivTiereba
miRebuli nivTiereba
5- daTvis androkoniebi WinWris msusxavi
hidroqsitriptamini ACTIA CAJA bususebi.

119
 2. axali bazrebis teqnologiis komponentebis
gamoyenebis perspeqtivebi bunebriv nivTierebaTa
warmoebisa da rewvisas

qimiuri profilis eqspertuli sistemas DENDRAL-s

mas-speqtrometriis da birTvuli magnituri rezonansis
monacemebze dayrdnobiT gamoyavs ucnobi nivTierebis
molekuluri struqturebi.
sistema iyenebs specialur algoriTms, romelic Seqm-
nilia lederbergis mier, yvela SesaZlo molekuluri stru-
qturis sistematuri CamoTvlisaTvis, xolo Semdeg iyenebs
codnas qimiaSi am CamonaTvlis Sesamcireblad Tvalmisawvdom
zomamde. DENDRAL-is codna warmodgenilia molekuluri
struqturebis generatoris procedurebis saxiT da wesebiT
monacemTa marTvisaTvis. sistema realizebulia enaze `IN-
TERLISP~ da damuSavebulia stanfordis universitetSi (aSS).
imave profilis eqspertuli sistema SYNCHEM2 speci-
alist-qimikosis Carevis gareSe `atarebs~ rTuli, organuli
molekulebis sinTezs. igi `cdilobs~ ipovos organul
naerTTa sinTezis reaqciaTa Tanmimdevroba, romlebic
gardaqmnian xelmisawvdom amosaval masalebs miznobriv
molekulaSi (molekula-samizne) SYNCHEM 2 iyenebs codnas
qimiuri reaqciebis Sesaxeb, molekula-samiznis Seqmnis gegmis
Sesadgenad, `samSeneblo blokebis~ molekulaTa sinTezis
optimaluri sqema, sawyisi masalebidan, iyenebs ra
evristikebs, romlebic zRudaven im marSrutebis Ziebas,
romlebic akmayofileben amocanis SezRudvebs. es SezRudvebi
SeiZleba Seicavdnen informacias reaqciis toqsikurobis
pirobebis Sesaxeb, misaRebi produqtis xarisxisa da gamosav-
lis Sesaxeb. sistema realizebulia enaze PL/11. igi damuSavebu-
lia niu-iorkis Statis universitetSi da warmoadgens sistema
SYNCHEM-is ganviTareba-gafarToebis Sedegs.
dReisaTvis medicinaSi (da ara marto medicinaSi)
gamoiyeneba didi raodenobiT cxoveluri warmoSobis
biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebi. bunebriv nivTierebaTa

120
Rirebul Taviseburebas warmoadgens maRali specifiuroba da
Zalze dabal koncentraciebSi efeqtis moxdenis unari, isini
dabaltoqsikurni arian da ar grovdebian organizmSi, maTi
daSlis produqtebi cvlis bunebriv produqtebs war-
moadgenen.
samedicino profilis erT-erTi msxvili eqspertuli
sistema INTERNIST-I/CADUCEUS Seicavs 500-ze meti daavadebis
profils, romlebic aRiwereba daavadebebis gamovlenis 3500-
ze meti variantiT. aRniSnuli eqspertuli sistema exmareba
eqimebs dasvan mravalmxrivi da rTuli diagnozebi Sinagani
daavadebisa, daavadebis istoriis, simptomebis da laborato-
riuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebis safuZvelze. sistema Tavisi
gadawyvetebisaTvis eyrdnoba daavadebaTa profilebis nusxas,
romelic Seicavs TiToeul daavadebasTan dakavSirebul faq-
tebs. codnis sistema warmodgenilia faqtebisa da daavadebe-
bis qseliT, xolo daSveba codnis sistemaSi dafuZnebulia
SezRudvebze, romelTac qmnian daavadebaTa taqsonomia da
mizezobrivi kavSirebi. sistema realizebulia enaze `LISP~. am
eqspertuli sistemis pirvel variants ewodeba INTERNIST-I,
xolo meores - CADUCEUS. igi Seqmnilia q. pitsburgis (aSS)
universitetSi.
axali bazrebis Seqmnis teqnologiis ZiriTadi
komponentebis (eqspertuli sistemebi, DFMA meTodebi, ixileT
m. macaberiZe. axali bazrebis Seqmnis teqnologiis proble-
mebi; Jurnali `mecniereba da teqnika~, #7-9, gv. 11-14, 1998.)
gamoyeneba saSualebas iZleva ganxorcieldes bunebriv
nivTierebaTa rentabeluri warmoeba. samedicino profilis
eqspertuli sistema INTERNIST-I/ CADUCEUS iZleva bunebriv
nivTierebaTa raodenobriv nusxas daavadebebis interpre-
taciis gziT, ris Semdgom qimiuri profilis eqspertuli
sistemebi DENDRAL da SYNCHEM2, DFMA meTodebis gamoyene-
biT axorcieleben Sesabamisi produqciis sawarmoo
parametrebis dadgenas.
bunebriv nivTierebebTan dakavSirebuli zemoT
mocemuli monacemebiT da axali bazrebis Seqmnis
teqnologiis ZiriTadi komponentebis zogadi warmodgeniT
Camoyalibebulia topologia bunebriv nivTierebaTa
warmoebis problemebisa da maTi gadaWris gzebisa.

121
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