mamuka macaberiZe, zurab gasitaSvili, ivane gorgiZe,

guram javaxaZe

sistemuri msoflmxedveloba da
antikrizisuli strategiis problemebi

sagamomcemlo saxli
“teqnikuri universiteti”
2009
 eZRvneba uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis
ilia meoris
aRsaydrebidan ocdameTerTmete wlisTavs da misi
maRalyovladusamRvdeloesobis, saqarTvelos
samociqulo marTlmadidebluri eklesiis,
manglisisa da walkis eparqiis mmarTvelis,
mitropolit, profesor
anania jafariZis 60 wlis iubiles

2
anotacia

monografiaSi aRwerilia sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis

TvalsazrisiT sulieri gavlenis, rwmenis da codnis
urTierTmimarTeba, marTvis, mecnieruli kvlevis
problematikis fundamentur problemaTa tipologia.

sistemuri msoflmxedveloba SeucvleliaAantikrizisuli

problematikis damuSavebisaTvis. naSromSi ganxilulia
ekonomikuri vardnis SeCerebis da lideris poziciis
dabruneba – ganviTarebis amerikuli modelis zogierTi
mniSvnelovani fragmenti, aseve iaponiis saocari
ekonomikuri zrdis ZiriTad mizezTa zogad-
konceptualuri Taviseburebani. aRwerilia
Tanamedrove ”situaciuri centrebis” funqcionirebis
strategiebi, sadac Rebuloben sakvanZo, sistemur
gadawyvetilebebs mrewvelobisaTvis, ekonomikisa da
politikisaTvis, sadac xdeba modelireba yvelanairi
krizisuli situaciebisa, samxedro - politikuri
xelmZRvanelobisa da sxvadasxva saxis swrafi
reagirebis samsaxurebisaTvis. Mmonografia gankuTvlilia
umaRlesi skolis yvela donis studentisaTvis da
naSromSi ganxiluli problematikiT dainteresebuli
mkiTxvelisaTvis.

3
 seria “marTva, gamoTvliTi teqnika, informatizacia”

seriis redaqtori arCil frangiSvili

recenzentebi:

giorgi gogiCaiSvili
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis
informatikisa da marTvis sistemebis fakultetis
organizaciuli marTvis departamentis ufrosi,
sruli profesori

Tamaz obgaZe
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis
informatikisa da marTvis sistemebis fakultetis
sainJinro kibernetikisa da xelsawyoTmSeneblobis
departamentis ufrosi
sruli profesori

4
 Sinaarsi:

Sesavlis magier

sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebisa da

ganviTarebis qronologia

akademikos iveri frangiSvilis mecnieruli memkvidreobis

mcire fragmenti sistemuri azrovnebis sferodan
• rwmenisa da codnis sistemuri
urTierTdamokidebuleba
• sistemur krizisTa winaaRmdeg brZolis sistemuri
meTodebis raoba da topologia.
ƒ simdidre da siRaribe
ƒ "RvTaebrivi" wonasworoba
ƒ TviTorganizebadi sistemebi
ƒ TviTorganizebadi sazogadoebebi da maTi
Seqmnis perspeqtivebi
ƒ sistemuri da struqturuli krizisebis
gadaWris Tanamedrove meTodebi
ƒ codna - yvelaze ZviradRirebuli
saqoneli . . . . . . . . . . . .

sistemuri msoflmxedveloba da saxelmwifo marTva –

yvelaze efeqturi antikrizisuli RonisZieba

Semoqmedis mier dawesebuli sistemaSemqmneli kategoriebi

- sistemuri msoflmxedveloba, sulieri gavlena, codna
da rwmena . . . . . . . . . . .

sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis naTeli nimuSi -

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis
saWeTmpyrobelis mosazrebebi Tanamedroveobis
fundamentur problemebze . . .
ƒ sityva "globalizaciis da civilizaciaTa dialogis
saerTaSoriso forumze"
ƒ saqarTvelo da globalizacia, sakvirao qadageba -
"kulturaTa dialogi", sionis sapatriarqo taZari, 17
X 2004w. . . . . . . .

5
ƒ qarTuli enis saRvTismetyvelo da sistemuri gaazreba
uwmindesis da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos
kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is qadagebebidan

sistemuroba daviT kakabaZesa da ivane

javaxiSvilTan . . . . . . . . . . .
ƒ daviT kakabaZis sulieri gavlenis sistemuri
safuZvlebi . . . . . .
ƒ ivane javaxiSvilis sulieri gavlenis sistemuri
safuZvlebi . . . .
ƒ ivane javaxiSvilis kredo . . . . . . . . . . . .
ƒ ivane javaxiSvili da XX saukunis qarTuli
universiteti . .
ƒ ivane javaxiSvili qarTveli eris kulturuli
memkvidreobisaTvis . . .
ƒ ivane javaxiSvili – “mSeneblobis xelovneba Zvel
saqarTveloSi” . . .
ƒ ivane javaxiSvilis samecniero memkvidreoba -
wyaroTmcodneoba da istoriografia . . .

boloTqmis nacvlad . . .
bibliografia . . .

6
Sesavlis magier

sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis erT-erTi gamovlineba,

urTierToba rwmenasa da codnas Soris - es uZvelesi
problemaa, romlis raobac jer kidev I-II saukuneebSi
ganixileboda. amis damadasturebelia Sroma wmida
klimenti aleqsandrielisa, romelsac ewodeba
„stromata“ anu „xaliCebi“, sadac naTqvamia, rom orive,
codnaca da rwmenac, aucilebelia adamianisaTvis. es
udidesi mecnieri da filosofosi ambobs, rom pirveladi
aris rwmena da masze aris daSenebuli codna. bolos igi
saocar daskvnas akeTebs da ambobs, rom mxolod
morwmune adamiani aris mona RvTisa, xolo morwmune
ganaTlebuli adamiani aris megobari RvTisa da rom
safuZveli amisa aris TviTon saxarebaSi, roca ufali
Cveni ieso qriste mimarTavs Tavis mociqulebs da eubneba:
„megobarno Cemno; me ar giwodebT Tqven monas, aramed
megobars, radgan Tqven ukve yvelaferi iciT, rac
gadmogeciT“.

rwmenis, zneobis da mecnieruli dasabuTebis gareSe

keTildReobis sazogadoebis Teoriis Seqmnis mcdeloba
sruldeba sistemuri krizisiT. aRniSnulis mkafio
magaliTia dRevandeli aramdgradi globaluri
mdgomareoba.

dRes bevri cdilobs gaerkves 2008 wlis globaluri

krizisis gamomwvevi mizezebis raobaSi. vis ar
adanaSauleben: aSS-s ipoTekis bankebs, e.w. hej-fondebs,
navTobis eqsportiorebs da sxva mraval faqtors. iseTi
suraTi iqmneba sistemur ekonomikur da finansur
krizisTan dakavSirebiT, rom am koliziebis gamomwvevi
mizezis Ziebaze ki araa saubari aramed mxolod krizisis
simptomebis “mkurnalobaze” rac “daavadebas” verafers
daaklebs.

ramdenic ar unda vimsjeloT, sistemuri krizisi daiwyo

finansuri sferodan, imdenad ramdenadac fuli
warmoadgens Cveni urTierT - damokidebulebis
ekvivalents, swored adamianTa Soris

7
urTierTdamokidebulebaSia saZebneli dRevadeli
krizisis gamomwvevi mizezebi.

sazogadoebis mudmivad mzardma egoisturma

midrekilebebma sxvadasxva tipis siamovnebebisadmi,
kacobrioba moiyvana dRevandel dRemde sadac Cven
urTierT damokidebulni varT globalizaciis procesis
gamo da erTi bankis kraxi iwvevs “jaWvur reaqcias” sxva
bankebis monawileobiT. sabanko sfero daemsgavsa
qviSisgan agebul sasaxles, romlis erTi segmentis
destruqcia uciloblad ainicirebs “dominos principad”
wodebul procesebs da rac realurad ukve
ganxorcielda msoflio sabanko da safinanso sferoebSi.

2008 welSi dawyebulma krizisma kidev erTxel daarwmuna

kacobrioba imaSi, rom yvela, globalizaciis gamo, isea
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, rom egoisturi
miswrafebebis gamovlena sxvaTa mimarT SeuZlebelia
kompensirebuli iqnas “TamaSis wesebis” gadaxalisebiT an
SecvliT.

swored aRniSnuli gamovlinda dRevandeli finansuri

krizisisas, radgan fuli aris adamianis egoizmis,
Zalisxmevisa da siamovnebis ekvivalenturi gamovlineba
da igi (fuli) aris Cveni egoizmis hipertrofirebuli
maxasiaTebeli. rogorc ki daiwyo krizisi cxadi gaxda
rom sazogadoeba gadaxdis uunaro aRmoCnda, im
mizeziTac rom Seqmnili materialuri dovlaTi
gacilebiT naklebi iyo mzardi egoizmis gamovlinebaSi
gamoxatul fulis masasTan da daiwyo Seuqcevadi
procesebi amgvari “finansuri piramidebis” rRvevisa.

magram es krizisi, ar unda aRviqvaT gamouval Cixad, igi

gvaiZulebs axali, gamWvirvale da mkafio urTierT
damokidebulebebiT, ufro usafrTxo gavxadoT msoflio
safinanso da ekonomikuri sistemebi. dRes SeuZlebelia
erTi saxelmwifo iyos warmatebuli da masze gavlenas ar
axdendes meore saxelmwifoSi dawyebuli koliziebi.

8
amJamindeli globaluri krizisis Sedegad, evropamac da
aSS-mac kursi aiRes ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis
gaZlierebaze, anu Tavisufali bazridan regulirebad
bazarze gadasvlaze. bunebrivia, TiToeuli maTgani
efeqturi marTvis sakuTari meqanizmis Ziebas iwyebs.

cxovrebis done dasavleTis qveynebSi arsebiTad

zemomxmareblobisa da momgebianobis xarjzea aweuli.
ekonomikuri krizisi am qveynebSi mkveTrad daaqveiTebs
cxovrebis dones. es, samwuxarod, mTeli ZaliT Cvenc
Segvexeba. amitom Cven saswrafod unda gamovZebnoT
Seqmnili mdgomareobidan gamosavali gzebi. magram,
upirveles yovlisa, is unda gaviazroT, ra gziT
gvmarTebs svla. Cveni reformatorebi varaudobdnen, rom
Tavisufal fasebsa da kerZo sakuTrebaze “erTi
naxtomiT” gadasvla bazars saxelmwifos regulirebis
gareSe funqcionirebis dawyebis saSualebas miscemda. maT
ekonomikidan saxelmwifos wasvlis aucilobleba
gamoacxades da mxari dauWires mTlian Sida produqtTan
mimarTebaSi saxelmwifo xarjebis wilis mkveTr
Semcirebas. aseTi mcdari receptebis realizacia
mosaxleobis didi nawilis Semzaravi gaRatakebiT
Semogvibrunda.

dRes reformebis msvlelobaze im maCvenebliT msjelobas

amjobineben, romlebic ar asaxaven sazogadoebis realur
mdgomareobas. reformebis miRwevebs miakuTvneben: oqro-
savaluto rezervebis dagrovebas, udeficito biujets,
mTliani Sida produqtisa da mosaxleobis realuri
Semosavlebis zrdis tempebs. amasTan erTad, reformebis
gavlena adamianebis cxovrebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan
mxareebze, (iseTebze, rogoricaa mosaxleobis cxovrebis
xarisxi, anu realuri materialuri donis amaRleba,
sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, samedicino momsaxurebisa da
sapensio uzrunvelyofis gaumjobeseba, ganaTlebis,
kulturis, mecnierebisa da sxva mniSvnelovani
maCveneblebi) situacias ki ar aumjobesebs, aramed
auaresebs. reformirebisas gardaqmnaTa socialuri
mdgeneli, samwuxarod, mxedvelobis miRma aRmoCnda.

9
sabazro TviTregulirebam ar gaamarTla, rac iyo kidec
mosalodneli. aseTi ram maSin xdeba, roca sxva qveynis
modelis gadmoRebas vcdilobT da ar viTvaliswinebT
sakuTar Taviseburebebs. amis Sedegad miviReT warmoebis
warmoudgeneli daqveiTeba, mosaxleobis udidesi nawilis
arnaxuli gaRatakeba da socialuri uTanasworobis
warmoudgeneli zrda, xolo am yvelafris gamo,
socialur-politikuri arastabiluroba.

ramdenadac Cven msoflios nawils warmovadgenT,

sistemuri krizisidan gamosasvleli gzac erTi gvaqvs –
esaa daCqarebuli msoflio teqnikuri progresi,
teqnologiuri sazogadoeba da teqnologiuri
civilizacia. amis Sedegad materialuri aqtivebis mkveTri
gazrda. amisaTvis saWiroa mrewvelobis, soflis
meurneobis, gadamamuSavebeli dargis saswrafo
ganviTareba da, upirveles yovlisa, saSualo da mcire
sawarmoTa doneze. magram uciloblad uaryofiT Sedegs
miviRebT, Tu sworad ar vmarTavT. xolo imisaTvis, rom
vmarToT, saWiroa strategiuli miznis gansazRvra -
erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi ideis gansazRvra, rac
sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis gareSe SeuZlebelia.

sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebisa da

ganviTarebis qronologia

sistemurobis elementebi, Tavdapirvelad, adamianis

miTologiur azrovnebaSi gamoCnda - homerosis (Homeros
800-750 Zv.w.) miTebi atareben sistematizebisa da
racionalobis formebs. Zveli berZeni poetis hesiodis
(Hesiod - 700 Zv.w.) „Teogonia“-Si (The Theogony) aRwerilia
samyaros dabadeba pirveladi qaosisagan, raSic samyaros
erTianobis idea SeiZleba davinaxoT. „Teogonia“-Si
kosmologiuri procesi aRwerilia analogiebiT, rogorc
TandaTanobiTi dabadeba RmerTebisa(Theogonia, or Genealogy of
the Gods), rac Tavis mxriv „Teogoniis“ - sistemur
mowesrigebulobaze metyvelebs.

10
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval, miTologiuri
cnobiereba winaaRmdegobaSi movida praqtikasTan da mis
safuZvelze Seqmnil codnasTan, amitom saWiro gaxda
iseTi sistemis Seqmna, romelic erTi mxriv mianiWebda
adamians msoflmxedvelobriv orientacias da meore mxriv
es sistema damyarebuli iqneboda garkveul codnaze,
amgvari roli, im periodSi, Camoyalibebadma filosofiam
ikisra.

pirvelad, antikur filosofiaSi Camoyalibda termini

„sistema“ rac mowesrigebulobisa da mTlianobis
maxasiaTebeli iyo. filosofosebi eZebdnen im
„raRacas“ rac aerTianebda yvelafers samyaroSi.

samyaro ganixileboda rogorc erTi mTliani, rogorc

sistema, romelsac erTi pirvelsawyisi aqvs. amasTan
ismeboda kiTxva: SesaZlebelia Tu ara SeviswavloT,
aRviqvaT, SevimecnoT da avxsnaT mTeli buneba misi
calkeuli nawilebis Secnobis xarjze.

cneba „yofierebisa“ pirvelad Semoitana filosofosma

parmenidma (Parmenides 540 - 450 Zv.w) da ganixila problema
urTierTmimarTebisa yofierebasa da arayofierebas.
yofierebasa da azrovnebas Soris. yofiereba es isaa, rac
yovelTvis aris, is erTiania, maradiulia, ganuyofelia
da uZravia.

demokrites (Democritus 460 - 370 Zv.w) atomisturi

swavlebiT, daibada idea pirvelwyaroTa simravlisa,
romelic mdgomareobda erTiani samyaros konstruirebaSi
umciresi da dauyofadi nawilakebisagan - atomebisagan,
amiT aixsneboda mravali formis arseboba rac
ganisazRvreboda atomebis sxvadasxva TanafardobebiT.

sistemuri SexedulebiT samyaros agebulebaze

xasiaTdeboda aristoteles (Aristoteles 384 - 322 Zv.w)
moZRvreba, sadac, ZvelberZnul filosofiaSi dagrovili
codna, sistematizebuli da ganzogadebuli iyo.
aristotele amtkicebda, rom warmoudgenelia nivTi da

11
moZraoba(ganviTareba) im mizezis gareSe, romelic
ganpirobebulia garkveuli mizandasaxulobiT.

sityva „sistema“ gaCnda Zvel eladaSi 2000-2500 wlis

winaT da aRniSnavda: „Tanwyobas, organizms,
mowyobilobas, organizacias, wyobas, kavSirs“. garda
aRniSnulisa, „sistema“, gamoxatavda qmedunarianobis
Sedegs.

XV- saukuneSi yofierebis, rogorc kosmosis definicia

icvleba sistemiT - samyaro aRiqmeba rogorc,
adamianisagan damoukidebeli sistema, romelsac gaaCnia
organizebulobis, ierarqiulobis, imanenturi
[laTinurad Immanens (Immanentis ) - sagnis bunebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli movlena] kanonebis da suverenuli
struqturis sakuTari tipi.

yvela epoqis moazrovne adamiani, azrovnebda

sistemurad, risi magaliTicaa platonis (Pláton 428 - 347
Zv.w) filosofiuri sistema, aristoteles (Aristotel 384 -
322 Zv.w) loRikis sistema, hegelis (Hegel 1770 - 1831)
filosofia da kantis (Kant 1724 – 1804) idealizmi,
ptolomeusis (Ptolomeus 100 - 170 ax.w), kepleris (Kepler
1571- 1630), galileis (Galilei 1564 – 1642 ) astronomiuli
sistemebi, vinerisa (Wiener 1894–1964) da eSbis (Ashby 1903 -
1972) kibernetikis sistemebi.

sistemurobis mecnieruli formebi viTardeba XVI-XVIII-

saukuneebSi, antikuri epoqis pirmSo ganviTarda spinozasa
(Spinoza, Espinosa 1632-1677) da leibnicis (Leibniz 1646 - 1716)
SexedulebaTa wyalobiT, romelnic cdilobdnen samyaros
sistemurobis interpretirebas. sistemurobis ideaa
kopernikis (Copernicus, Kopernik 1473 – 1543)
heliocentrizmSi da laplasis (Laplace 1749 – 1827)
kosmogenur TeoriaSi.

XVIII-saukunidan iwyeba sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis

intensiuri ganviTareba, spinoza (Spinoza, Espinosa) loRikas
ganixilavda rogorc, sayovelTao wesrigisa da
kavSirebis gamoxatvis meTods, igi sxeuls da mis

12
garemocvas erT mTlianad Tvlida - rac sistemuri
azrovnebis calsaxa gamovlinebaa.

amave periodSi, iwyeba cneba „sistema“-s aqtiuri

gamoyeneba mecnierebaSi - germaneli filosofosi da
maTematikosi lamberti (Lambert 1728-1777) aRniSnavda, rom
„rogorc mecniereba, ise misi nawili aris sistema, radgan
sistema ideebisa da principebis Serwymaa, rac erTi
mTlianis saxiT SeiZleba warmovidginoT. sistemaSi unda
iyos subordinacia da koordinacia.“

e. kanti (Kant) Tvlida, rom sistema esaa codnaTa

erToblioba, romelic erTiandeba erTi saerTo ideiT.

hegeli (Hegel) aRniSnavda, rom „konkretuli idea

romelic viTardeba aris organuli sistema, es
erTobliobaa romelic mravali safexurisa da
momentisagan Sedgeba.“

sistemuri warmodgenebis gansakuTrebulad swrafi

ganviTareba daiwyo XIX-saukunis Sua wlebidan, am
droidan Cndebian sistemur-struqturuli Teoriebi
biologiasa da qimiaSi. fundamenturi Teoriebis
koncefciebis Seqmnisas - einSteinis (Einstein 1879 – 1955)
fizika, lobaCevskisa (Lobachevsky 1793–1856) da rimanis
(Riemann 1826 – 1866) geometria, farTovdeboda monacemebi
sistemuri principebis Sesaxeb samyaros obieqturi
SeswavlisaTvis.

XIX-saukunis bolosaTvis maTematikosebi iwyeben iseTi

Tematikebis damuSavebas, rac Zalze axlos dgas -
organizaciis TeoriasTan, pirvel rigSi esaa topologiis
zogierTi sfero da diferencialur gantolebaTa Teoria.

miuxedavad, sistemis cnebis uZvelesi droidan arsebobisa,

misi damoukidebel mecnierul kategoriad Camoyalibeba
daiwyo XX-saukunis 30-iani wlebidan, am perioodidan
iwyeba „sistemaTa zogadi Teoriis“ (General System Theory)
ZiriTad ideaTa wardgena Cikagos universitetSi, 1937-1938
w.w., wakiTxul leqciaTa ciklSi ludvig fon

13
bertalanfis (L. von Bertalanffy 1901 - 1972) mier, am Tematikis
pirveli publikaciebi ganekuTvneba 1947-1950 wlebs.

ufro adre XX-saukunis 20-ian wlebSi ingliselma

maTematikosma a.n. uaithedma (White head 1861 – 1947)
Camoayaliba procesebze orientirebuli filosofiuri
sistema. imave dros fsiqologma u. kenonma (Walter Cannon
1871–1945) Seqmna homeostazis koncefcia, romlis
saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia dinamiuri wonasworobis
SenarCuneba.

homeostazisi (berZnuli Homoios – erTnairi, msgavsi da

stasis - mdgomareoba) aris cocxal organizmTa Tviseba
kvebon “Sinagani garemo” imisaTvis rom am cocxalma
ujredebma normalurad ifunqcioniron. konkretuli
sistemis unars damoukideblad uzrunvelyos
homeostazisi - am sistemas axasiaTebs rogorc mdgrads,
xolo mdgomareoba roca sistema mdgradia, iwodeba
“stabilur mdgomareobad”. homeostazisis funqcia, rac
uzrunvelyofs organizmis sasicocxlo sistemuri
parametrebis mudmiv dinamikas, pirvelad Semoitana
kibernetikosma u.r. eSbim (Ashby) .

XIX-saukunis bolodan maTematikosebi dainteresdnen

iseTi problemebiT, romelnic Tavisi arsiT,
uaxlovdebian organizaciul Teorias; pirvel yovlisa,
esaa topologiis zogierTi sfero da diferencialur
gantolebaTa Teoria.

organizaciis Teoriis sferos ganekuTvneba a. bogdanovis

(Alexander Bogdanov 1873 - 1928) (namdvili gvaria -
malinovski - Alexsander Malinovski) samtomeuli –
“teqtologia. sayovelTao organizaciuli mecniereba”
(«Тектология. Всеобщая организационная наука»), rusulad
gamoica 1911-1926 wlebSi, sayuradReboa, rom amave wignis
germanuli varianti gamoica 1928 wels da farTo gansjis
obieqti gaxda imdroindel germaniaSi.

a.bogdanovis azriT: erTxel Camoyalibebul organizacias

uCndeba “sakuTari miznebi”, erT-erTi am mizanTagani aris

14
– “stabilobis SenarCuneba”, rac vlindeba
“konservatulobis” funqciaSi. yvela saxis sistema
xasiaTdeba ori urTierTsapirispiro sawyisiT:
labilobiT(plastiuroba) da konservatiulobiT.
labiloba – esaa, garemoebebis mimarT, swrafi
adaptirebisa da Seguebis unari. konservatuloba ki
labilobis sapirispiro movlenaa.

a.bogdanovma Semoitana cneba “dadebiTi da uaryofiTi

seleqciisa, dadebiTi da uaryofiTi SerCevisa”, rac
darvinis evoluciis Teoriis gagrZelebaa. dadebiTi
seleqciisas sistema garemos xarjze zrdis Sida
kavSirebis raodenobas, sakuTar sirTules da
funqcionirebis efeqturobas, magram “dadebiT
seleqciasTan” erTad izrdeba sistemis Sida
winaaRmdegobrioba, misi calkeuli nawilebi, droTa
ganmavlobaSi, gadaiqcevian ra met-naklebad avtonomiur
organizmebad, gamoimuSaveben damoukidebel miznebs, Tu
amgvari miznebis miRwevis garkveuli saSualebani
arsebobs, am avtonomiur nawilebs SeuZliaT daiwyon
moqmedeba sistemis saerTo miznebis winaaRmdeg.
“uaryofiTi seleqcia” sistemas aSorebs yvela
feTqebadsaSiS keras, Trgunavs organizaciis Sida
antagonizms, zrdis mis(sistemis) erTgvarovnobas da
struiqturul mdgradobas, magram amave dros “uaryofiTi
seleqcia” mkveTrad amcirebs organizaciis
funqcionalur efeqturobas.

a.bogdanovis Teoriis da kerZod misi “dadebiTi da

uaryofiTi seleqciis” praqtikaSi gamoyenebis kvali
kargad Cans XX-saukunis dasawyisis yvela totalitaruli
reJimis da Semdgomi periodis kvazi-demokratiuli
sistemebis saxelmwifo marTvis teqnologiebSi, romelTa
zedapiruli analiziTac ki cxadad Cans, rom, rac
miuRebelia totalitaruli da kvazi- an fsevdo-
demokratiuli sistemebisaTvis - rac xels uSlis
totalitarizmis, fsevdo-demokratiulobis, despotizmis
ganmxorcieleblebT, mas “aSoreben” ese igi spoben,
anadgureben, raTa SenarCunebuli iqnes totalitarizmi
da sxva marginaluri tipis sistema.

15
istoriam daadastura, rom a. bogdanovis rekomendaciebma
“dadebiTi da uaryofiTi seleqciis” Sesaxeb, ver ixsna
verc erTi totalitaruli reJimi, verc sabWoTa kavSiri
da verc faSisturi germania (sadac 1928 wlidan
intensiurad msjelobdnen a.bogdanovis Teoriaze) da
verc sxva marginaluri reJimi ver gaeqca(da albaT
momavalSic ase iqneba) mkacr pasuxisgebas istoriis
samsjavroze.

ise rom, antiadamianuri moZRvrebebi yovelTvis

kontrproduqtiulebi arian da sulieri gavlenis
procesis sapirispirod, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT drois
mxolod mcire monakveTSi arian sicocxlisunarianni,
magaliTisTvis komunizmi da faSizmic kmara, TavianTi
xanmokle funqcionirebiT (istoriis TvalsazrisiT) da
samarcxvino aRsasruliT.

“katastrofebis Teoriis” (Catastrophe Theory) SeqmnaSi

wamyvani roli Seasrula frangma filosofosma da
maTematikosma rene tomma (René Thom 1923 - 2002).
maTematikurma meTodebma ganapirobes, sxvadasxva bunebis
sistemaTa, gardaqmnis (gadawyobis - bifurkaciis) unaris
aRmoCena. bifurkaciebi vlindebian ara mxolod fizikur
sistemebSi, aramed biologiaSi, ekologiaSi, ekonomikasa
da politikaSi. magaliTad Tu cocxal sistemaSi,
romelime parametri gadalaxavs sakuTar kritikul
(bifurkaciul, laTinurad - bifurcus, bifurcations )
mniSvnelobas, am SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia daiwyos
biosistemis axal mdgomareobaSi gadasvlis Seuqcevadi
procesi, romlis Sedegebis winaswari prognozireba
SeuZlebelia.

“sistemis” cnebis definicia dRemde araa bolomde

dadgenili da sayovelTaod SeTanxmebuli, XX-saukunis
50-60 wlebSi dawyebulma “sistemurma bumma” ara Tu
Seamcira, aramed gazarda kidec gaurkvevloba am sakiTxSi.
dReisaTvis cneba “sistema” sxvadasxvanairadaa
ganmartebuli Sesabamis literaturaSi.

16
XX-saukunis Sua periodidan, rTuli teqnikuri sistemebis
gaCenisTanave iwyo mateba kompleqsurobis da problemaTa
sirTulis xarisxma. danaxarjebma, sxvadasxva
gadawyvetaTa realizaciisaTvis, miaRwies arnaxul
moculobebs, xolo warumateblobis riski ki sul ufro
sagrZnobi xdeboda. saWiro gaxda sul ufro
mravalricxovani, urTierTdakavSirebuli faqtorebis
aRricxva drois mcire monakveTSi. aman moiTxova iseTi
meTodebi, romelnic saSualebas iZleodnen
gaenalizebinaT rTuli problemebi erTian kompleqsSi,
mravali alternativis ganxilviT, sadac
TiToeuli(alternativa) aRwerilia cvladebis didi
ricxviT. amgvarma farTo ganzogadebam da ganviTarebam
warmoSva problemaTa gadawyvetis universaluri
meTodologia, romelsac “sistemuri analizi” ewoda.

sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi didi roli

iTamaSa gamokvlevebma marTvis Teoriis dargSi.
kibernetikis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli n. vineri (Norbert
Wiener) arwmunebda sazogadoebas marTvis erTnairi
meqanizmebiao manqanebSi da cocxal organizmebSi.

kibernetikam, sistemur msoflmxedvelobaSi, Seitana

sxvadasxva sirTulis organizaciaTa marTulobis idea.
kibernetikis mTavar SezRudulobad da muxruWad iqca
“Savi yuTis” koncefcia – gamosakvlevi obieqti
ganixileboda rogorc mxolod funqcionaluri kavSiri
sistemis Sesasvlelebsa da gamosasvlelebze, magram
rogor realizdeboda es kavSirebi obieqtis struqturaSi
(“Sav yuTSi”), kibernetikas ar ainteresebda. Tumca
umniSvnelovanesia ara marto is, rac xdeba, aramed isic
Tu ratom xdeba, amitom sistemaTa Teoriis Semdgomi
ganviTareba SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod “Savi yuTis”
SigTavsis gaSifriT.

codnaTa sistemur TviTorganizaciaSi fiqsirdeba

gamocdileba - warsulze, dRevandelze da momavalze,
rogorc sistemisaTvis aseve garemosaTvis. am codnaze
dayrdnobiT formirdeba momavlis prognozi, rac

17
gansazRvravs strategiul miznebs da misken mimaval
gzebs.

rTuli da hiperrTuli sistemebi TviTorganizdebian

ierarqiuli principiT.

TviTorganizebis Teorias swavlobs mecnierebis dargi,

romelsac sinergetika ewodeba. gansakuTrebul interess
warmoadgens TviTorganizebadi sistemebis
mizanmimarTuli Seqmna, rac niSnavs aRmasvlas
kibernetikis klasikuri meTodebidan - sinergetikis
Tanamedrove ideebisaken.

sinergetika warmodgenilia, rogorc integraluri

mecniereba da swavlobs TviTorganizebis koleqtiur
gamovlinebas, codnis yvela dargis erTdrouli
gamoyenebiT, iZleva pasuxs TiTqmis yvela kiTxvaze
samyaros cocxal da aracocxalze, ekonomikasa da
politikaze.

Zalze mniSvnelovania sistemuri midgomebis cnobili

mkvlevaris, akademikos iveri frangiSvilis Sromebi,
sadac axleburadaa danaxuli sistemis fundamenturi
problemebi.

saxelganTqmul mecniers safuZvlianad aqvs gamokvleuli

rwmenisa da codnis, religiisa da ideologiis, sistemur
krizisTa winaaRmdeg brZolis, simdidris da siRaribis,
"oqros proporciulobis", TviTorganizebadi sistemebis,
TviTorganizebadi sazogadoebebis Seqmnis da sxva
mravali fundamenturi problema.

aq mxolod ramodenime mimarTulebas SevexebiT,

akademikos iveri frangiSvilis umdidresi samecniero
memkvidreobidan.

akademikos iveri frangiSvilis mecnieruli memkvidreobis

mcire fragmenti sistemuri azrovnebis sferodan

18
 akademikosi iveri frangiSvili

rwmenisa da codnis sistemuri urTierTdamokidebuleba

religia, mecnierebisagan gansxeavebiT, am kiTxvas, sxva

safuZvelze dayrdnobiT pasuxobs da amitom daskvnebic
sruliad gansxvavebulia.
evoluciuri Teoriis ZiriTadi principia - sicocxlis
yvela formis TanadaTanobiTi ganviTareba, TviT
adamianis cnobierebis CaTvliT. masSi igulisxmeba
religiuri sferoc - evoluciis Tanaxmad, religiac
udablesi formebidan (fetiSizmi, animizmi, sabeizmi da a.
S.) aRmavali xaziT viTardeboda monoTeizmisken. es
idoeologiuri pozicia, sul cota, or principul
Secdomas Seicavs:

19
pirveli Secdoma - saTanado safuZvlis gareSe
sicocxlis yvela formisadmi evoluciuri Teoriis
upirobo misadageba da gamoyenebaa.
saqme isaa, rom evoluciuri Teoria biologiis
TvalsazrisiTac ar aris damajerebeli, rasac
mecnieruli debulebebic cxadyofen:
• mecnierebam ar icis kanoni, romelic materias
(atomebsa da molekulebs) cocxal ujredad
gardaqmnida, miTumetes, gonebas warmoSobda.
saxelganTqmuli kanadeli biologi, profesori da
Tavisi mrwamsiT agnostikosi, m.riuzi adamianis
gonebis e.w. evoluciuri gziT warmoSobaze werda:
„dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom biologiuri
Teoria da eqsperimentuli praqtika garkveviT
adasturebs sapirispiros. Tanamedroee Teoriul
biologiaSi ar arsebobs iseTi ram, rac gonebis
warmoqmnis gardauval aucileblobas dauSvebda“.
• molekulebis SemTxveviTi gadajaWvis Sedegad
sicocxlis warmoSobis albaToba metismetad
mcirea da zogierTi gamoTvliT igi udris 10-255 -s.
amerikeli mecnieris, kastleris, TqmiT, swored
amitom, „sicocxlis aseTnairad warmoqmna,
faqtobrivad, SeuZlebelia“; „varaudi, rom
cocxali struqtura molekulebis SemTxveviTi
SeerTebiT SeiZleboda gaCeniliyo, unda uarvyoT“.
sxva amerikeli mecnier-biologi amave azrs aseTi
SedarebiT gamoxatavs: „ albaToba, rom ujredi
TavisTavad gaCnda, sul cota, imis albaTobas
udris, rom romelime maimuns SeuZlia, bibliis
sruli teqsti 400-jer dabeWdos da erTi Secdomac
ki ar dauSvas“.
• erTi saxeobidan meoris warmoSobaze evoluciuri
Teoris mTavari Tezisi usafuZvloa, yovel
SemTxeevaSi, maRalorganizebuli formebis
SemTxeevaSi mainc.
• dRemde, TviT cneba „sicocxle“ scildeba SesaZlo
mecnierul codnas, radgan igi (sicocxle), Turme,
mxolod materialuri elementebis gansakuTrebuli
SeerTeba ki ara, principulad gamorCeuli da

20
 bevrad meti ram aris, rac, upiratesad, adamians
exeba.
aTeisturi ideologiis meore Secdomaa, erTi mxriv,
religiis udablesi formebis dRemde arsebobis
ugulebelyofa (ara marto e. w. primitiul xalxebs Soris,
aramed umaRlesi civilizaciis qveynebSic); meore mxriv
ki imis aRiareba, rom xdeba religiuri cnobierebis
aSkara da ufro da ufro Rrma gadagvareba SedarebiT
ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi, sadac qristianobas
aviwroebs okultizmi, magia, astrologia, „axali
eris“ sxvadasxva cru religia. maSasadame, TvalnaTelia
religiuri cnobierebis ara evolucia, aramed aSkara
involucia, rac ideologiis amosaval Teziss
ewinaaRmdegeba.

qristianoba biblias efuZneba. mis pirvelsave

striqonebSi laparakia monoTeizmis dasabamiTobaze.
moses aT mcnebaSi erTi RmerTis Tayvaniscema upirvelesi
mcnebaa. es moTxovna iseve, rogorc Zvel aRTqmaSi, axal
aRTqmaSic grZeldeba da dabejiTebiT da mravalgzis
meordeba. bibliis damowmebis obieqturi safuZvelia is,
rom biblia erT-erTi uZvelesi werilobiTi wyaroa,
romlis istoriuli utyuarobac sul ufro da ufro
dasturdeba mecnieruli gamokvlevebiTac. amitomac,
arsebobs sakmao safuZveli, raTa iTqvas, rom pirveli
adamianebis religia iyo monoTeisturi (erTRmerTianoba),
xolo sxva religiuri formebi mogvianebiT, adamianis
religiuri cnobierebis degradaciis Sedegad gaCnda,
rasac Sesabamisi mizezebi hqonda.

adamianis Tavis tvinSi rwmenasa da mecnierebaze

sxvadasxva naxevarsferoebia pasuxismgebeli, ase
magaliTad: rwmena, warmosaxviTi azrovneba, ferwera,
musika – eseni tvinis marjvena naxevarsferos produqtia,
xolo mecniereba (loRika da goni) – marcxena
naxevarsferos produqtia.

rwmenis gareSe, adamianTa nebismieri civilizacia

dasaRupadaa ganwiruli, radgan religia da rwmena qmnis

21
civilizaciis zneobriv da sulier Semgueblobas gare da
Sida destruqtivizmebis mimarT.

adamianis Tavis tvinis kvlevebiT dadginda, rom tvinis

locvismieri aqtivaciisas Zlierdeba samyaros aRqmis
unari da intuicia, xolo sustdeba goneba da loRikuri
azrovneba.

codnisa da rTuli globaluri procesebis epoqaSi,

gazrdilia adamianTa ltolva uflisadmi, radgan RmerTi
da adamianTa realoba ganuyofelia, radgan rwmena ufro
grZnobad aRqmas exeba vidre cnobierebas.

mecniereba, romelic dafuZvnebulia mxolod

eqsperimentul kvlevebze, ver pasuxobs Tanamedroveobis
aqtualur gamowvevebs, da Tan dRevandeli kacobriobis
fundamenturi sakiTxebi mxolod mecnieruli midgomebiT
ver aixsneba, Tan dRevandeli mecniereba materialisturi
Sexedulebebis tyvea da saerTod ver erkveva
aramaterialuri samyaros sakiTxebSi.

religia da filosofiac xsnian kacobriobis mraval

fundamentur problemas, magram filosofia, religiisagan
gansxvavebiT, araa yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi, maSin roca
religia sayovelTaoa. religiis dasabuTebebi
zogadsakacobrioa da yvelasaTvis gasagebia.

swavlulTa Soris mimdinarebs dava religiisa da

mecnierebis urTierTqmedebis Sesaxeb. erTni Tvlian rom
mecniereba da religia unda gaurbodnen erTmaneTs, xolo
meoreni ki acxadeben rom religia da mecniereba unda
daaxlovdes da mWidrod TanamSromlobdnen erTmaneTTan.

religiisa da mecnierebis TanamSromlobis

mowinaaRmdegeni gamoTqvaven rig pretenziebs
religiisadmi. mTavari pretenzia religiisadmi
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tu mecnierebaSi, droTa
ganmavlobaSi, erTi paradigma icvleba meoreTi,
religiaSi, mecnierebisgan gansxvavebiT, mudmivi
paradigmebia. magaliTad, optikaSi, 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi,

22
samjer Seicvala paradigma, Tavdapirveli
korpuskularuli paradigma, Semdgom Seicvala talRuriT,
bolos ki Camoyalibda Tanamedrove korposkularul-
talRuri paradigma, romelic SesaZlebelia momavalSi
kidev Seicvalos, raTa miRweul iqnas mecnieruli
WeSmariteba. aRniSnulisgan gansxvavebiT religia
imTaviTve cnobs absolutur WeSmaritebas da
qristianoba bolo 2000 welia cnobs erT, mudmiv, ucvlel
paradigmas: yovlisSemZle ufali, qalwulebrivi Casaxva,
mkvdreTiT aRdgoma, sulis ukvdaveba da sxva.

zogadad religia da mecniereba arc SeiZleba iyvnen

dapirispirebulni, ufro metic, religia da mecniereba
erT-urTs avseben, radgan mecniereba arkvevs Tu rogoraa
mowyobili samyaro, xolo religia ki adgens - ratom da
risTvisaa samyaro swored ase mowyobili. mecniereba da
religia kargad SeTavsebadni arian da erToblivad
iZlevian adamianisa da gare samyaros ukeT Seswavlis
saSualebas.

rwmenisa da mecnierebis urTierTqmedeba agebulia

adamianis cnobier Tvisebebze, erTis mxriv mecniereba
dafuZvnebulia codnaze, gonze, radialur azrovnebaze
da loRikaze, xolo rwmena ki damyarebulia adamianis
intuiciasa da gulwrfelobaze. erTic da meorec
adamians imitom ar miscemia, rom an erTi gamoricxos
sakuTari Semoqmedebidan da an meore, Tumc ki aris
mcdelobebi gamoiricxos intuicia da eseigi rwmena
mecnieruli Semoqmedebidan, xolo religiuri procesidan
ki gamoiricxos goni, racionaluri azrovneba da loRika.

urTierToba rwmenasa da codnas Soris - es aris

uZvelesi problema. jer kidev I-II saukuneebSi
ganixileboda es sakiTxi. amis damadasturebeli aris
Sroma wmida klimenti aleqsandrielisa, romelsac
ewodeba „stromata“ anu „xaliCebi“, sadac naTqvamia, rom
orive, codnaca da rwmenac, aucilebelia adamianisaTvis.
es udidesi mecnieri da filosofosi msjelobs imis
Sesaxebac, Tu romelia pirveladi da ambobs, rom
pirveladi aris rwmena da masze aris daSenebuli codna.

23
bolos igi saocar daskvnas akeTebs da ambobs, rom
mxolod morwmune adamiani aris mona RvTisa, xolo
morwmune ganaTlebuli adamiani aris megobari RvTisa da
rom safuZveli amisa aris TviTon saxarebaSi, roca
ufali Cveni ieso qriste mimarTavs Tavis mociqulebs da
eubneba: „megobarno Cemno; me ar giwodebT Tqven monas,
aramed megobars, radgan Tqven ukve yvelaferi iciT, rac
gadmogeciT“. uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa kademiaSi warmoTqmuli sityva.
6 Tebervali, 2005 w.
http://www.orthodoxy.ge/patriarqi/qadagebebi/s06-02-2005.htm

codna metia vidre mecniereba. sulieri codna(sulieri

gavlena) miiRweva im umaRlesi kategoriebiT, romelTac
ar flobs mecniereba, es pirvel rigSi intuiciaa, sadac
mecnieruli axsnebi gamousadegaria, swored intuicias
mivyavarT sulierebis umaRlesi sferoebisaken.

darvinizmi, romelic adamians ufro dabalganviTarebuli

cxovelebidan generaciis produqtad miiCnevs, ver uZlebs
kritikas imis gamo rom ar arsebobs maimunis adamianad
gadaqcevis arc erTi faqti. aRmoCnda rom gardamavali
formebi ar arsebobs. Tavad darvini sicocxlis bolos
Rrmad morwmune adamianad iqca da irwmuna RvTis
yovlisSemZleoba.

RvTiuri Carevis gareSe SeuZlebelia iseTi

maRalorganizebuli individumis Seqmna rogoric
adamiania, ufro metic, RvTiuri Carevis gareSe,
sicocxlis TavisTavadi warmoSobac SeuZlebelia. cilis,
Tundac erTi, Cveulebrivi, molekulis SemTxveviTi
warmoSobis albaToba, maTematikosTa gaTvlebiT,
Seadgens 1/10113 , rac bevrad naklebia maTematikaSi
cnobil ganuxorcielebeli movlenis ricxvze - 1/1060 -ze.
garda aRniSnulisa arqeologebma, gaTxrebis monacemebze
dayrdnobiT, ver SeZles daedasturebinaT darvinis
evoluciis Teoria.

24
sainteresoa, rom religiurobis dasabuTebis erT-erTi
koncefciaSi, rac dafuZnebulia samyaros ganzomilebaTa
sistemaSemqmnel paradigmaze da samganzomilebiani
sivrcis nacvlad, sadac nebismieri signalis gadacemis
siCqare ver aWarbebs sinaTlis siCqares, warmodgenilia
sam da oTxganzomilebiani samyaro, sadac gavrcelebis
siCqare myisieria da bevrad sWarbobs sinaTlis siCqares.

Tanamedrove fizikisaTvis cnobilia sinaTlis nawilakTa,

fotonTa gavrcelebis(signalis teleportacia) usasrulo
siCqare, ise rom signalis gavrcelebis siCqare bevrad
sWarbobs sinaTlis siCqares, gamodis rom erTgvarovan
garemoSi, Tundac erT wertilSi, momxdari nebismieri
cvlileba myisier gamoZaxils poulobs am erTgvarovani
garemos yvela sxva wertilSi. am dros ikargeba
xangrZlivobis an manZilis cnebis arsi; am dros ukve
SesaZlebelia mravali religiuri dogmis axsna.

arsebobs koncefcia, sadac naCvenebia, rom Cveni

samganzomilebiani samyaro ar iZleva uflis da sulis
danaxvis saSualebas, radgan isini(RmerTi, suli)
imyofebian Cveni sivrcul-droiTi sistemis koordinatTa
miRma, oTx da xuTganzomilebian sivrceSi.

oTx da xuTganzomilebian samyaroSia warsuli, awmyo da

momavali, romelnic TiTqosda erTdroulad arseboben
da yovelgvari sxeuli warmodgenilia wagrZelebuli
sivrculi struqturebiT, misi Casaxvis momentidan
sikvdilamde, myisieri droiTi Wrilia, rasac
samganzomilebian sivrceSi vxedavT xolme. adamianis
sulis mogzaurobis aRwera miwieri cxovrebis
dasrulebisas Zalze hgavs Sexedulebas mogzaurobis
Sesaxeb samganzomilebiani samyarodan oTx da
xuTganzomilebian samyaroSi.

oTx da xuTganzomilebiani samyaros Tvisebebi

kardinalurad gansxvavdebian Cveni samganzomilebiani
sivrcis Tvisebebisagan; is rac SeuZlebelia Cveni
samganzomilebiani samyarosaTvis, bunebrivia oTx da
xuTganzomilebiani sivrcisaTvis – iq SesaZlebelia

25
sivrceSi myisieri gadaadgileba nebismier manZilze. oTx
da xuTganzomilebiani samyaros uzarmazari
SesaZleblobebis gamo, veli, romelic warmoadgens xalas
materias ganmsWvalavs mTel samyaros, pirobiTad
eTerovani airiT, rac qmnis xids Cven samganzomilebian da
oTx da xuTganzomilebian sivrceTa Soris.

sistemur krizisTa winaaRmdeg brZolis sistemuri

meTodebis raoba da topologia

samyaros(Cven SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis) koliziaTa

cnobieri aRqmis problema Zevs ara codnis
diferencirebaSi sxvadasxva viwro dargebad, aramed
codnaTa integraciaSi sistemuri anu erTiani
warmodgenebis Camosayalibeblad koliziaTa gansaxilvel
jgufTan mimarTebaSi.

kvlevaTa sistemuri midgoma saSualebas iZleva

problemis hologramul (yovlismomcvel, moculobiT)
reJimSi Seswavlisa, es imisaTvis, rom dadgenili iqnas
sistemis sicocxlisunarianobasTan SeuTavsebeli
koliziebi, maTi gadaWris da ganmeorebis gamoricxvis
mizniT.

problemaTa gadaWris sistemuri midgoma moiTxovs da

aqedan - ganapirobebs, sistemur krizisTa winaaRmdeg
brZolis sistemur meTodebs, rac saSualebas iZleva,
sxvadasxva problemaTa rTuli urTierTkavSirebis
gamovlenisa da maTi gadaWris swori strategiis
SemuSavebisa.

sistemuri anu "erTiani" azrovneba saSualebas iZleva

problemis sruli, panoramuli, suraTis danaxvisa.
sistemuri azrovnebis paradoqsi Zevs
"erTianobisa"(mTlianobis) da ierarqiulobis paradoqsSi.
Tanamedrove etapze yvela urTules problemaTa gadaWris
fundamenti Zevs sistemurobis ideasa da sistemur
midgomaze.

26
 simdidre da siRaribe

aris erTi cnobili gamonaTqvami - "ar arsebobs mdidari

da Raribi qveynebi, aris efeqturi da araefeqturi marTva
am qveynebisa", magaliTebi: iaponia, germania, fineTi,
honkongi, singapuri - romelTac praqtikulad ar gaaCniaT
bunebrivi resursebi(wiaRiseuli), magram efeqturi
marTvis xarjze, gaaCniaT cxovrebis umaRlesi done
TavianTi moqalaqeebisaTvis; da amis sapirispirod
vnaxoT(ganxiluli TvalsazrisiT) ruseTi, azerbaijani,
TurqmeneTi, yazaxeTi da saqarTvelo romelnic
miuxedavad kolosaluri bunebrivi resursebisa,
araefeqturi marTvis gamo ver uzrunvelyofen sakuTar
moqalaqeTa Rirseul arsebobas.

damtkicebulia, rom saxelmwifos keTildReoba da

xalxis cxovrebis done 60-70% damokidebulia efeqtur
marTvaze da 30-40% - sxva faqtorebze.

"RvTaebrivi" wonasworoba

saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtorebis arseboba ekonomikaSi

harmoniulad mimdinareobs mxolod "oqros
proporciulobis" anu "oqros kveTis"(62% da 38%, anu 2/3
da 1/3) wesisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tanafardobisas, rac
ganapirobebs, ekonomikis saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtorebis
ZiriTadi parametrebis da sistemis maCveneblebis, mdgrad,
harmoniul da optimalur dayofas, rogoricaa, magaliTad
saxelmwifosa da kerZo sakuTrebis optimaluri wilebi,
mTliani Sida produqtis(mSp) wili, mogebisa da xarjebis
wilobrivi proporciebi, Semosavlebisa da gadasaxadebis
wilobrivi struqtura. Tavisufal bazarze, saqonlis
maqsimalur da minimalur fasebs Soris optimaluri
Tanafardobis dadgena, korporaciebis SigniT
TanamSromelTa xelfassa da gadasaxadebs Soris
optimaluri Tanafardobis SenarCuneba.

damtkicebulia, rom ekonomikis, politikis, socialur da

organizaciul sferoTa konkurentuli procesebisaTvis,

27
wonasworobis wertilad iTvleba "oqros" anu
"RvTaebrivi" Tanafardoba, mTeli sistemis or mTavar
nawils Soris, da es Tanafardoba utoldeba 62% da 38%;
an 0,62 da 0,38; an 2/3 da 1/3, e.i. mTliani(100%) = erT
nawils(62%) + meore nawili(38%).

Semosavlebis, xarjebis, resursebis, mogebis da sxva

ekonomikuri parametrebis ganawileba miSanSewonilia
xdebodes TanafardobiT 62% da 38% an maTTan
miaxloebuli cifrebiT. analitikurma kvlevebma gviCvenes,
rom germaniaSi, britaneTSi da sxva "civilizebul"
qveynebSi(saqarTvelosa, dsT da III-msoflios qveynebisagan
gansxvavebiT) Semosavlebis, resursebis da konkurentuli
seqtorebis(saxelmwifo da kerZo) sxva mTavari
maCveneblebis ganawileba xdeba "oqros proporciiT" (62%
da 38%) an maTTan miaxloebuli cifrebiT.

rogorc aRmoCnda, "oqros proporciis" anu "oqros

kveTis" principi(wesi) aris universaluri da obieqturi
kanonzomierebaa, romelic efeqturad gamoiyeneba ara
marto kulturis SedevrebSi(ferwera, qandakeba,
arqiteqtura, musika, poezia), aramed ekonomikaSic,
biznesSi da nebismieri sirTulis sabazro sistemebis
marTvaSi.

saxelmwifosa da kerZo struqturebs Soris sakuTrebis

wilobrivi ganawileba "civilizebul" qveynebSi, "oqros
proporciis" wess eqvemdebareba(60% da 40%, an 2/3 da 1/3),
maSin roca, saqarTvelosa da dsT-s qveynebSi es wesi ar
sruldeba, rac metyvelebs am qveynebis marTvis sistemis
araefeqturobaze zogadad ekonomikisa da kerZod
biznesSi.

sistemuri krizisis gadalaxvis sxvadasxva strategiebi,

koncefciebi da programebi arsebobs, magaliTad
orseqtoriani sabazro-gegmiuri ekonomikis modeli, sadac
integrirebulia bazrisa da gegmis dadebiTi mxareebi,
amasTan sabazro seqtorisaTvis "rbili" saxelmwifo
regulirebiT da indikatoruli dagegmviT, xolo
ekonomikis gegmiuri(saxelmwifo) seqtorisaTvis

28
xorcieldeba saxelmwifo da korporatiuli dagegmva -
produqciis gamoSvebis, materialur-teqnikuri
uzrunvelyofis, Sromis, xelfasis da finansebis
dabalansebisaTvis.

orseqtoriani ekonomikis efeqturobis uzrunvelsayofad,

yvela misi(orseqtoriani ekonomikis) ZiriTadi
parametrebi da maCveneblebi unda eqvemdebarebodnen
"oqros proporciis" anu "oqros kveTis" principebs - e.i.
saxelmwifosa da kerZo sakuTrebis wilebi unda
Seesabamebodnen "oqros proporcias" 38% da 62% an Zalze
uaxlovdebodnen am ricxvebs! finansebis, xelfasis
fondebis da sxva ZiriTadi parametrebis ganawileba aseve
unda eqvemdebarebodes "oqros kveTis" wesebs.

"oqros proporciis" elementebi orseqtoriani ekonomikis

ZiriTad maCveneblebsa da parametrebSi unda iyvnen
fundamenturni - aseTi ekonomikis efeqturi marTvisaTvis.

orseqtoriani sabazro-gegmiuri ekonomikis yvelaze

TvalsaCino magaliTia dRevandeli CineTi da misi
ekonomikis fenomenaluri ganviTareba, sadac masirebulma
sagareo da Sida investiciebma, es qveyana(CineTi)
gadaaqcies "msoflios saxelosnod"!

aqve aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom ekonomikis

sasicocxlod aucilebeli sainvesticio zrda,
SesaZlebelia miRebul iqnas mxolod dawynarebul da
prognozirebad qveyanaSi, sadac adamianebi sakuTar fuls
abandeben wlebis ganmavlobaSi da elodebian mogebaTa
miRebas 5-7 wlis ganmavlobaSi; Tuki aRniSnulis
sapirispirod, saxelmwifo wamoayenebs axal sagadasaxado
pretenziebs, axal kanonebs, gaauqmebs arsebul SeRavaTebs
- qveyanaSi iwyebs Camoyalibebas Znelad prognozirebadi
situacia da rogorc sagareo aseve Siga investiciebi
ekonomikaSi wydeba da damdgari Sedegis raobaze
sakamaTo araferi rCeba.

yvela qveynisaTvis, sasicocxlod aucilebelia e.w.

"inovaciuri ekonomika", romelic dafuZnebulia codnaze,

29
inteleqtualur moRvaweobaze, inteleqtualuri
produqtis warmoebasa da inteleqtualur sakuTrebaze.
mesame aTaswleuli aris inteleqtualTa da SemoqmedTa
epoqa, sadac inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis,
inteleqtualuri produqtis Sesaqmnelad da
realizebisaTvis, aucilebelia sistemuri midgoma
codnaTa ekonomikis inteleqtualuri sferosaTvis.
inteleqtualuri ganviTareba moicavs sulier da
materialur sferos. mzardi mniSvneloba unda SeiZinos
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis da inteleqtualuri
moRvaweobis, axali ideebisa da aRmoCenebis Rirebulebam.

inteleqtualuri Rirebuleba - yvela qveynis mTavari

erovnuli simdidrea, rasac SeuZlia qveynis, mZime
krizisidan, uswrafesi gamoyvana(sazogadoebis mxridan,
aseTi survilis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi). cnobilia,
rom ”gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi”, "privatizacia
Catarda" inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis sruli
ignorirebis safuZvelze, damaxinjda -
maRalteqnologiuri sawarmoebis, institutebis,
sakonstruqtoro biuroebis da sxva inteleqtualuri
Rirebulebis matarebeli obieqtebis, realuri sabazro
fasebi, dRes Calis fasad iyideba, maRalteqnologiuri
"nou-hau"- ebi da sapatento uflebebi, am mdgomareobidan
gamosavali, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis erTiani bazris
SeqmnaSi da maT realizaciaSi - specialuri inovaciuri
centrebis an inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis marTvis
centrebis organizebasa da gamarTul funqcionirebaSia.

dRes yvela saxis "brZola" da omebi eyrdnoba inteleqts

da informaciul teqnologiebs – mowinaaRmdegeze
(pirdapiri da gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT) gamarjveba
miiRweva inovaciuri, arastandartuli meTodebiT,
dReisaTvis omis warmoebis informaciuli teqnologiebi,
bevrad efeqturia birTvul da SeiaraRebis sxva klasikur
saxeobebTan, magaliTad kompiuterul hakerTa mcire
jgufs SeuZlia mwyobridan gamoiyvanos nebismieri qveynis
marTvis sistema (kompiuterebi da maTi qselebi), aRmoCnda,
rom mterze informaciuli zemoqmedebis, gamanadgurebeli,

30
efeqturoba milionjer Warbobs tradiciuli SeiaraRebis
damangrevel efeqts.

Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom dReisaTvis, ekonomikaSi araa

aRmoCenili mkafio sistemuri kanonzomiereba, fulis
masisa da inflaciis donis, an imave inflaciis donesa da
ekonomikur vardnasa an aRmavlobas Soris
urTierTdamokidebulebaSi rom gamoixatebodes.

gavrcelebuli mosazreba, rom rac ufro mcirea

mimoqcevaSi myofi fulis masa mSp-ze, miT dabalia
inflaciis done - ar Seesabameba sinamdviles, xolo
zogjer ki SeiniSneba sapirispiro.

magaliTad, yvelaze dabali Sefardeba fulis masasa da

mSp-s Soris iyo rumineTSi (Seadgenda 23,2%-s) da Tan
amave dros iyo yvelaze maRali inflacia. dRes
SeiniSneba mxolod amgvari kanonzomiereba: qveynebSi,
sadac warmatebiT mimdinareobs reformebi, sadac
ekonomika, umetes wilad, kontrolirebadia
saxelmwifosgan, inflaciuri procesebi da fulis masis
didi moculobebi iwvevdnen aRmavlobas ekonomikaSi.

aRmosavleT evropis, mravali qveynis, finansuri

stabilizaciis monetaruli loRika winaaRmdegobaSi
modioda ekonomikis zrdis inflaciur stimulirebasTan,
ramac mniSvnelovnad daazarala es qveynebi.

unda aRiniSnos, rom 1994 wels bulgareTSi, ekonomikuri

zrdis procesi mimdinareobda 96%-iani inflaciis
pirobebSi, xorvatiaSi, imave wels ekonomikis zrda
warmoebda 98%-iani inflaciisas, xolo CexeTSi ver
SeZles ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofa, miuxedavad
inflaciis xuTjeradi Semcirebisa da amis sapirispirod,
ekonomikis vardnidan aRmavloba, CexeTSi, daiwyo 1993
wels, inflaciis zrdis tempis orjer gazrdisas.
inflaciis zrdis tempebis stabilizacia ungreTSi, 1990
wels, inflaciis Semcireba 1994 wels, wina welTan
SedarebiT, mimdinareobda ungreTis ekonomikis vardnis
daCqarebiT. igive procesebi SeiniSneboda 1996 wels,

31
rodesac dafiqsirda inflaciis donis Semcireba wina
welTan SedarebiT da ekonomikuri vardnis daCqareba. 1999
wlis inflaciuri "amofrqveva" ruseTSi mimdinareobda,
imave wlis, ekonomikuri zrdis fonze.

amgvarad 1990-2008 w., gardamavali ekonomikis, sxvadasxva

qveyanaTa, reformebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom inflaciis
donis daweva ki gvevlineba dadebiT tendenciad zogad
ekonomikuri dinamikisaTvis, magram Tavis - Tavad ar
ganapirobebs(inflaciis dabali done) ekonomikur zrdas.
praqtika gviCvenebs, rom inflaciis donesa da ekonomikur
dinamikas Soris ar aris pirdapirproporciuli
damokidebuleba, ekonomikis efeqturoba ganisazRvreba
ekonomikuri reformebis loRikiTa da SedegebiT.

TviTorganizebadi sistemebi

sistemis definiciaSi igulisxmeba elementTa erToblioba

maTi kavSirebiTurT, gaerTianebulT saerTo mizniT da
funqcionaluri mTlianobiT.

TviTorganizebadi sistema, esaa sistemis Tviseba

Secvalos sakuTari Sida struqtura da funqcia garemo
pirobebis zemoqmedebis adaptirebisaTvis.

sistemis struqtura (elementebi da kavSirebi) mTlianad

da calsaxad gansazRvravs yvelanairi bunebis sistemis
Tvisebebs. sxvadasxva sistemebi erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdebian, mxolod TavianTi struqturebiT.

TviTorganizebadi sazogadoebebi da maTi Seqmnis

perspeqtivebi

nebismieri sazogadoebisaTvis aqtualuria sakiTxi -

calkeul adamianTa da sazogadoebis interesTa
dabalansebisa, arsebobs mosazreba, rom am mizniT
sazogadoebrivi mowyobis saukeTeso forma iqneboda -
TviTorganizebisa da sinergetikis Teoriaze dayrdnobiT

32
Seqmnili sazogadoebrivi mowyobis wesi, rogorc Cans,
adamianisaTvis Rirseuli, TviTorganizebadi sazogadoeba,
xangrZlivad iarsebebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
yoveli wevri am sazogadoebisa sakuTar Tavs aRiqvams
pasuxismgeblad mTeli sazogadoebis mdgomareobaze da
yurad iRebs sinergetikis obieqtur kanonzomierebebs, ris
Semdgomac misi qmedebac sinergetikasTan da
TviTorganizebad sazogadoebasTan Sesabamisi xdeba.

TviTorganizebadi sazogadoeba warmatebulia da

eyrdnoba gansaxelmwifoebriobas (70%-mde) anu
privatizacias "oqros kveTis" wesebiT, ris gamoc
saxelmwifo axdens sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebriobas da
kerZo seqtors gadascems sakuTrebis 70%-mde, am
sakuTrebis ufro efeqturad gamoyenebisaTvis.

wamyvani universitetebi, xSirad Rebuloben saxsrebs

gamoyenebiTi samrewvelo realizaciebisaTvis da ara
fundamenturi kvlevebisaTvis, ris gamoc zogierTi Tvlis,
rom gamoyenebiTi mecnierebis gamo zaraldeba
fundamenturi mecniereba. cnobilia, rom yvelaze
mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi mecnierebis fundamenturi
seqtoris xarjze xdeba da aravin uyurebs
maTi(fundamenturi aRmoCenebis) Sedegebis gamoyenebiTobis
aspeqts.

mniSvnelovania, rom TviTorganizebadi sazogadoeba

sakuTar armias ayalibebs moxaliseebisa da daqiravebuli
profesionalebisagan, radgan sayovelTao samxedro
valdebuleba SeuTavsebelia TviTorganizebad
sazogadoebasTan.

TviTorganizebadi sazogadoeba moiTxovs, sagadasaxado

sistemis radikalur cvlilebebs, rom yovel calkeul
adamians daiTvalos da gadaixados sakuTari
gadasaxadebi, sxvis daxmarebis gareSe.

mniSvnelovania, TviTorganizebadi sazogadoebisaTvis,

mecenatoba, magram amas xels unda uwyobdes sagadasaxado
kanonmdebloba, ise rogorcaa aSS-Si.

33
sistemuri da struqturuli krizisebis gadaWris
Tanamedrove meTodebi

sabazro ekonomika cudad TviTorganizdeba da moiTxovs

saxelmwifo regulirebas. amerikeli ekonomisti, nobelis
premiis laureati, jozef stiglici (Josef Stiglits - Nobel
laureate), wignSi "ukmayofileba globalizaciiT" ixilavs
ekonomikaze saxelmwifo regulirebis zemoqmedebis
Sedegebs aseve bazrisa da saxelmwifos SemzRudav
faqtorebs ekonomikis sferosaTvis.

j. stiglicisaTvis cxadia, rom sabazro ekonomika ver

iqneba efeqturi iseT qveyanaSi sadac, mosaxleobis
pensiebis da xelfasebis done aTeuljer CamorCeba
dasavlurs, xolo samomxmareblo, sacxovreblis da sxva
fasebi, uaxlovdebian dasavlurs.

amerikelebisa da evropelebisaTvis gaugebaria, rogor

SeiZleba 3-5 wlis ganmavlobaSi miliarderad gaxdoma
qveynis ekonomikis dacemis fonze. j.stiglicis azriT -
didia kontrasti sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlisa,
ruseTsa (saerTaSoriso institutebis winadadebebiT) da
CineTs(damoukideblad daamuSaves reformebis sqema)
Soris.

post-sabWoTa “reformatorebi” fiqrobdnen, rom “erTi

naxtomiT” gadasvla Tavisufal fasebze da kerZo
sakuTrebaze, saSualebas miscems bazars
damoukidebeli(saxelmwifos Carevis gareSe)
funqcionirebisa. am “reformatorebma” gandevnes
saxelmwifo, ekonomikidan da mkveTrad Seamcires
saxelmwifo xarjebis wili mSp-Si. am mcdari recepturis
realizebam post-sabWoTa qveynebSi gamoiwvia veluri,
bandituri kapitalizmis, korufciisa da damnaSaveobis
arnaxuli aRzeveba da mosaxleobis umetesi nawilis
gaRatakeba.

34
post-komunisturi xelisuflebebi da saerTaSoriso
savaluto fondi “amjobineben”(ise ki kargad xvdebian
problemis arss) “reformaTa” msvleloba e.w.
maCveneblebis mixedviT Seafason, romelnic(es
maCveneblebi) sazogadoebis realur mdgomareobas ar
asaxaven. reformaTa “miRwevebs” miakuTvneben: oqrosa da
valutis, e.w.”stabilizaciis fondis” mniSvnelovan,
sarezervo dagrovebas; aradeficitur biujets, mSp-is da
mosaxleobis realuri Semosavlebis zrdis tempebs;

amasTan erTad, reformaTa gavlena, adamianTa cxovrebis

yvelaze mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze(mosaxleobis cxovrebis
donis e.i. realuri materialuri mdgomareobis, amaRleba;
sicocxlis xangrZlivibis gazrda; sapensio
uzrunvelyofisa da samedicino momsaxurebis
adamianisaTvis Sesabamis da Rirseul donemde amaRleba;
ganaTlebis, mecnierebis da kulturis xarisxobrivi
gaumjobeseba; danaSaulis donis mkveTri kleba da a.S. )
uaryofiT gavlenas axdens. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare
reformirebis , socialur gardaqmnaTa mdgeneli, yofili
sabWoTa kavSiris sxva warmomadgenlebTan(yofil
respublikebTan), ugulebelyofilia.

bolo aTwleulebis gamocdilebam dagvanaxa, rom qveynebi,

romelnic “bazris TviTregulirebis” stiqiur “vnebebs”
miendobian, ganwirulni arian msoflio meurneobis
maCanCalaTa rolisaTvis, imitom rom, saxelmwifos
mxridan gonivrulad da optimalurad organizebuli,
kapitalizmis konkurentuli SesaZleblobani, ufro
swraf da zustad prognozirebad efeqts iZleva da
mxolod am mizeziTaa, rom aSS mkacrad areglamentirebs
korporaciaTa moRvaweobas, marTalia, saxelmwifo
regulirebis meqanizmma, dasavleTis qveynebSi,
srulyofilebis grZeli gza gaiara.

miuxedavad saxelmwifo sakuTrebis sayovelTao

privatizebisa yofil ssrk-Si sistemuri TviTorganizeba
da mkveTri ekonomikuri zrda ar SeiniSneba – ori
aTeuli welia post-sabWoTa ekonomika agrZelebs
“embrionalur fazaSi arsebobas” , saxelmwifo

35
sakuTrebis 85% -ia privatizebuli, magram miuxedavad
aseTi Rrma gansaxelmwifoebriobisa, sagrZnobi
ekonomikuri zrda ar igrZnoba da verc iqneboda,
radganac 85%-iani gansaxelmwifoebrioba arRvevs “oqros
proporciis” kanons. amgvari privatizaciis ukugeba
aseuljer naklebia, sxva qveynebSi miRebul
SemosavlebTan, magaliTad, rusul saxelmwifo biujetSi
privatizaciiT Sevida mxolod 9(cxra) miliardi aSS
dolari, maSin roca, ruseTTan SedarebiT Rarib,
boliviaSi, (sadac privatizacia imave dros mimdinareobda
da Tan rusulze mcire masStabiT) biujetSi Sevida
90(oTxmocdaaTi) miliardi aSS dolari.

msxvili oligarqiuli, post-sabWoTa biznesi “aRmocenda”

saxelmwifos mxridan “kerZo xelSi” saukeTeso aqtivebis,
da pirvel rigSi bunebrivi resursebis, “usasyidlod”
gadacemis gamo. yvela msxvili oligarqiuli struqtura,
umsxvilesi monopoliuri biznesis warmomadgenlebi,
TavianTi “Crdilovani - (ruxi da Savi)” safinanso
nakadebiT, amuxruWeben reformebs, sakuTari “TamaSis
wesebs” karnaxoben da aviwroeben saSualo da wvril
bizness, riTac xels uSlian konkurentuli samewarmeo
garemos Seqmnas.

amave dros post-sabWoTa privatizatorebi,

Tavdapirvelad iZleodnen obieqtTa modernizebis pirobas,
radgan mowyobilobaTa cveTa 60-75%-mdea, magram piroba
“daviwyebulia” da mimdinareobs obieqtTa srul cveTamde
eqsploatacia da giganturi mogebebis miReba. amas emateba
post-sabWouri Crdilovani ekonomika, (ekonomikuri
zrdis kidev erTi xelSemSleli faqtori) romelic
legaluris 40-50% -s Seadgens.

civilizebul evropaSi, didi xania muSaobs normaluri

sabazro meqanizmi, privatizaciisa da deprivatizaciisa,
Tu privatizacia obieqtisa ar amarTlebs saprivatizacio
valdebulebebs, saxelmwifo uproblemod axdens
deprivatizacias.

36
mainc sadaa gamosavali, dRevandeli susti an ekonomikis
ar mqone qveynebisaTvis? gamosavali codnaSia.

codna - yvelaze ZviradRirebuli saqoneli

inovaciuri politika gulisxmobs, rom niWierebiT

daRdasmuli gamogonebani da sxva inteleqtualuri
produqcia, uswrafesad unda inergebodes warmoebaSi.
inteleqtualuri moRvaweoba(mxolod sabazro
meqanizmebSi) zrdis ZiriTadi fondebis Rirebulebas.

Tanamedrove civilizebul msoflioSi, ekonomikis

dinamiuri ganviTareba, warmoudgenelia mecnierebis
ganviTarebis gareSe.

Zalze mniSvnelovania inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis

eleqtronuli birJebis organizeba(qveynebSi, romelTac
ganviTareba swadiaT), sadac yvela "ideaTa generatori"
SeZlebs sakuTari winadadebis saqveyno da saerTaSoriso
arenaze gatanas.

paradigmatuli aqsiomaa – ganaTlebis maRali donisa da

ekonomikis warmatebebis urTierTkavSiri, umuSevrobis
dabali donis SenarCuneba da adamianTa sicocxlis
xangrZlivobis zrda(ganaTlebis maRali donis gamo);
magram ganaTleba da mecniereba, ver gadawyvets, yvela
ekonomikur problemas. postsocialistur qveynebSi,
mecniereba da ganaTleba, sakmaod maRal dones aRwevda,
magram es potenciali absoluturad gamousadegari
aRmoCnda postsocialistur saxelmwifoTa
ekonomikaTaTvis, - aseTi azria warmodgenili msoflio
bankis (World Bank) eqspertTa daskvnaSi, romelic
gamoqveynda saxelwodebiT “inovaciebis komercializaciis
finansuri mxardaWera sazogadoebis mxridan – Public
Financial Support for Commercial Innovation“ sadac
gaanalizebulia yofili sabWoTa kavSiridan gamoyofili,
damoukidebeli qveynebis mecnieruli kvlevebis
komercializaciis problemebi, am gamokvlevis mixedviT –
mecnierul kvlevebze da inovaciebze ixarjeba mTliani

37
Sida produqtis(mSp) 1,5% - ruseTSi; 1,2% - ukrainaSi; 0,8%
- estoneTSi; 0,7% - litvasa da belorusSi; 0,4% -
latviaSi; 0,3% - azerbaijanSi; 0,2% - somxeTsa da
yirgizeTSi; saSualod, evropisa da Sua aziis qveynebi
mecnieruli da teqnologiuri ZiebebisaTvis xarjaven mSp-
is 0,9%, xolo kacobrioba ki mecnierul kvlevebze
xarjavs planetis mSp-is 2,3%-s, SedarebisaTvis – aSS
mecnieruli kvlevebisaTvis “imetebs” mSp-is 2,8%-s,
israeli mSp-is – 5,1%-s, xolo fineTi – 3,6%-s.

evropasa da aziaSi, xarjebs mecnierebisa da

teqnologiebis ganviTarebisaTvis ZiriTadad saxelmwifo
kisrulobs, aRniSnuli xarjebis mesamedi ki modis kerZo
seqtorze.

iseTi qveynebisaTvis(iaponia, aSS, SvedeTi, fineTi,

irlandia, germania), sadac aqtiurad xdeba fulis Cadeba
mecnierebasa da inovaciebSi, biznes seqtoris wili
dafinansebaSi aRwevs 65-70%-s, xolo saxelmwifo ki ixdis
danarCen 20-30%-s.

mecnier-muSakTa raodenoba, evropasa da Sua aziaSi kvlav

rCeba(miuxedavad am sferoSi arsebuli finansuri
problemebisa) maRal niSnulze, yofili ssrk-s
qveynebidan, saSualod erT milion mcxovrebze modis ori
aTasi mkvlevari an muSaki, romelic dakavSirebulia
axali teqnologiebis Seqmnasa da danergvasTan; maT
Soris qveynebis mixedviT aseT monacems aqveynebs
msoflio bankis publikacia “Public Financial Support for
Commercial Innovation” : ruseTi – 3,4 aTasi mkvlevari erT
milion mosaxleze; saqarTvelo – 2,4 aTasi; ukraina – 1,8
aTasi; estoneTi – 2,3 aTasi; belorusi da litva – 1,9
aTasi; somxeTi – 1,6 aTasi; latvia – 1,5 aTasi;
azerbaijani – 1,3 aTasi; yirgizeTi – 0,5 aTasi; moldova –
0,2 aTasi; evrokavSiris qveynebSi, aRniSnuli parametri
aRwevs 2,5 aTass – erT milionze; msoflio lideri, am
TvalsazrisiT, fineTia: 7,5 aTasi mkvlevari erT milion
mosaxleze, Semdgom adgilzea iaponia - 5 aTasi; da
germania – 3,2 aTasi; rogorc aRniSnuli statistika
metyvelebs, mkvlevarTa raodenoba da maT mier

38
Serulebul samuSaoTa maRali donec ki araa sakmarisi
ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis, kvlevaTa Sedegebis
komercializaciis gareSe, mecnierebaze da ganaTlebaze
daxarjuli saxsrebi – qars gatanebuli aRmoCndeba.

moxsenebis (“Public Financial Support for Commercial Innovation”)

avtorebis azriT, postsocialistur qveynebSi biznesisa
da mecnierebis TanamSromlobis e.i. mecnieruli azris
komercializaciis umdablesi xarisxis gamo,
aucilebelia sagadasaxado da sxva saxis SeRavaTebi
iseTi kompaniebisaTvis, romelnic qmnian konsorciumebs
samecniero-kvleviTi organizaciebisa da saswavlo
dawesebulebebis monawileobiT, maTive azriT,
komercializaciis adreul etapze, yvelaze efeqturia
sagranto sistemis gamoyeneba kvlevebis dasafinanseblad
da am Sedegebis biznes-realizaciaTa mosamzadeblad,
xolo mogvianebiT ki saWiro xdeba sarisko (“venCuruli -
venture”) kapitalis moZieba.

miuxedavad inovaciaTa sasicocxlo-aucileblobisa,

ekonomikurad warmatebul qveynebSic ki problematuri
xdeba mecnierebaze danaxarjebis gadideba, ori mTavari
mizezia am ukanasknelis ganmapirobebeli -

pirveli: nebismieri axali idea an produqti axdens

umniSvnelovanes gavlenas sazogadoebasa da ekonomikaze,
amasTan Tavad gamomgoneblebi, xSirad verafers iReben da
mogeba sxvebs rCebaT, ris gamoc iTrguneba
“gamomgoneblobiTi stimuli”- axali ideebis Seqmnis
interesi ekargebaT ara mxolod mecnierebs da
inovatorebs, aramed im adamianebs an struqturebs,
romlebic afinanseben mecnierul kvlevebs adreul
stadiaze;

meore faqtoria: “informaciuli asimetriis” gamovlineba

– gamomgonebelma(ideis avtorma) gacilebiT meti icis
sakuTari gamogonebisa da misi potenciuri gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb, vidre im finansistma, visac gaaCnia Sesabamisi
saxsrebi ideis finansuri uzrunvelyofisaTvis,
mecnierTaTvis Zalze rTulia adeqvaturad waradginon

39
sakuTar proeqtTa Rirsebani da daamtkicon, rom
warmodgenili idea, samrewvelo realizaciisas – mogebas
moitans, es yvelaferi imitom xdeba, rom mecnierebi da
investorebi sxvadasxva enaze saubroben, rac dafinansebis
problematurobas ganapirobebs.

aSS-Si, mecnieruli kvlevebi, adreul stadiaze,

saxelmwifos mier(es sabiujeto Tanxebi, saSualod,
proeqtebSi Cadebuli finansuri resursebis 34%-s
Seadgens) da “venCuruli” kapitaliT(esec 34%-ia)
finansdeba, kidev 25%-s mewarmeebi deben proeqtebSi da
imedi aqvT didi mogebebisa momavalSi. yofili ssrk-dan
gamoyofil qveynebSi, mdgomareoba aSS-sTan SedarebiT
kardinalurad gansxvavebulia: mewarmeebi, rogorc wesi,
ar deben fuls mecnieruli azris komercializaciisaTvis,
xolo saxelmwifoT ki an ara aqvT Sesabamisi resursebi,
an Tu aqvT – ar ician, rogor imoqmedon, aRniSnul
sferoSi( mecnieruli ideis komercializaciis
TvalsazrisiT).

ganaTlebis done, nebismier saxelmwifoSi ganapirobebs

ekonomikis mdgomareobas da oTxkomponentiani “codnis
ekonomika”-c, ganmsazRvrelia Tanamedrove, warmatebuli,
qveynebis formirebis saqmeSi. “codnis ekonomikis”
komponentebia:

• ganaTleba(mxolod wignieri da ganswavluli

mosaxleoba SeZlebs Seqmnas an gamoiyenos
nebismieri siaxle);

• informaciuli infrastruqtura;

• TamaSis wesebi ekonomikaSi(rac saSualebas iZleva,

axali teqnologiebis da ideebis adaptirebisa da
aseve mecnierebaSi investiciebis warmarTvisa);

• “inovaciuri sistema” (laboratoriebis, samecniero

centrebisa da universitetebis ganviTarebuli
qseli).

40
gaeros monacemebiT, izrdeba msoflios ganaTlebis
xarisxi wlidan-wlamde, bolo aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi, msofliom mniSvnelovan warmatebebs
miaRwia uwignurobasTan brZolaSi – Tu 1960 wels
planetis mosaxleobis 36%-s ar qonda sabazo ganaTleba,
2000 wlisaTvis, es ricxvi Semcirda 25%-mde, miuxedavad
imisa, rom aRniSnul periodSi, msoflios mosaxleoba
gaizarda orjer – 3-dan 6-miliar adamianamde.
industriulad ganviTarebul qveynebSi, wera-kiTxvis
ucodinarebi, Seadgenen ara umetes 1-2%-isa; “ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis da ganviTarebis organizaciis –
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development” monacemebiT, sul ufro meti adamiani iRebs
umaRles ganaTlebas, saSualod, Sromisunariani( 25-dan
65-wlamde) mosaxleobis 32%, dReisaTvis aris sruli
umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, aseTi kategoriis adamianTa
yvelaze maRali procentuli ricxvi gaaCnia
kanadas(mosaxleobis 43%-ia umaRlesi ganaTlebiT), aSS-s
(38%), iaponias (36%), yvelaze dabali ki aqvs meqsikas (6%),
TurqeTs (9%).

ekonomikis mravali istorikosi(magaliTad, riCard

isterlini – Richard Easterlin, Journal of Economic History -Si
gamoqveynebul statiaSi) Tvlis, rom XIX-saukuneSi
dawyebulma mrewvelobis revoluciurma gardaqmnam, tempi,
mxolod ganaTlebis sistemis reformis Semdgom aiRo,
XX-saukunis dasawyisSi, Raribebs gauCndaT Sansi ufasod
mieRoT umaRlesi ganaTleba, amasTan evropisa da Crdilo
amerikis farglebs gareT wignieri adamianTa raodenoba
katastrofulad mcire iyo. riCard isterlinma daadgina
kanonzomiereba – pirdapiri kavSiri, msoflios sxvadasxva
qveynebSi ganaTlebis gavrcelebasa da ekonomikis zrdas
Soris, amasTan daaskvna, rom ganaTlebis reformis
Semdgom saWiro iyo kidev 25-30 weli, rom ama Tu im
qveyanaSi SesamCnevi gamxdariyo ekonomikuri zrda;

artur medisonma (Arthur Maddison) – gamokvlevis,

“kapitalisturi ganviTarebis dinamiuri Zalisxmeva –
Dynamic Forces of Capitalist Development”, avtorma daadgina,
rom rac metia, qveynis mosaxleobaSi, ganaTlebul

41
adamianTa raodenoba, miT ufro maRalia, amave
saxelmwifos, ekonomikis zrdis tempebi, man aseve
gamoiyvana damikidebuleba, ris mixedviTac ganaTlebis
asignebaTa 1%-T gazrda iwvevs mTliani Sida produqtis
matebas 0,35%-T.

2004 wels, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis

organizaciam (OECD) daadgina, rom Tu romelime qveynis
moqalaqeTaTvis, swavlebis saSualo-statistikuri vada
izrdeba erTi wliT, es ukanaskneli zrdis am
saxelmwifos mTliani Sida produqtis moculobas 3-dan
6%-mde.

msoflio bankis (World Bank), 2004 wels Catarebuli

kvlevebis monacemebiT (gamokvleuli iqna msoflios 92
qveynis gamocdileba 1960-2000 wlebis periodSi),
mosaxleobis swavlebis vadis gaxangrZliveba 20%-iT,
uzrunvelyofs amave saxelmwifos ekonomikis zrdas 0,15%-
T. Tu gacemul patentTa da saavtoro mowmobaTa
raodenoba izrdeba 1%-T, aRniSnuli zrdis qveynis
ekonomikis zrdis temps 0,9%-T; sainteresoa, rom igive
efeqts axdens infrastruqturis ganviTareba, magaliTad:
satelefono qselis abonentTa 20%-T zrda, ganapirobebs,
ekonomikuri zrdis tempis 0,11%-T matebas.

uiliam Sveke (William Schweke), avtori wignisa: “Wkviani

fuli – Smart Money“, Tvlis, rom ganviTarebis survilis
mqone yvela qveyanam, unda moaxdinos investireba
“adamianur kapitalSi”, igi Tvlis rom, jandacvis,
ganaTlebis da profesiuli swavlebis miznobrivi
investiciebi, aamaRleben ara marto Sromis nayofierebas,
aramed amcireben socialur problemaTa(alkoholizmi,
narkomania, damnaSaveoba, siRaribe da a.S.) simwvaves,
romelnic ukargaven ganviTarebis Sanss erovnul
ekonomikebs.

amerikeli ekonomisti, hloe heinsi (Chloe J. Haynes),

gamokvlevis: “ganaTleba da ekonomikuri ganviTareba –
Education and Economic Development”, avtori, aanalizebs ra,
informaciuli teqnologiebis sferoSi moRvawe

42
kompaniaTa gamocdilebas, askvnis, rom ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis damokidebuleba ganaTlebaze, kidev ufro
did mniSvnelobas iZens eleqtronuli revoluciis
epoqaSi, rac ufro xarisxiania ganaTleba, miT maRalia,
daqiravebul muSakTa da menejerTa, Sromis nayofiereba,
da miT ufro rTuli amocanebis gadawyveta xelewifebaT
aRniSnulT, da miT ufro aRmatebulia biznesis
organizebis xarisxi saxelmwifoSi.

Tumca, ganaTlebul adamianTa ricxvis zrdam,

SesaZlebelia problemebic dabados, magaliTad: aSS-s
mosaxleoba, romelic sakmaod kargadaa ganaTlebuli,
Takilobs arakvalificiur samuSaos, am tendenciam,
romelic damaxasiaTebelia, yvela industriulad
ganviTarebuli qveynisaTvis, ganapiroba umravles
samrewvelo sawarmoTa gatana “mesame samyaros” qveynebSi,
faqtobrivad mewarmeebi “dainteresebulni” arian,
gaunaTlebel muSakebSi, romelTac cotas uxdian.

kidev erTi paradoqsi aRmoaCines 2001 wels ekonomistebma:

alan kriugerma (Alan B. Krueger) da miqael lindalma
(Mikael Lindahl), maT daadgines, rom ganaTlebis
keTilismyofeli gavlena SeiniSneba mxolod im
qveynebisaTvis, sadac mosaxleoba, ZiriTadad
gaunaTlebelia – am SemTxvevaSi ganaTleba namdvilad
iqceva ekonomikuri zrdis “motorad”, magram
“ganaTlebul qveynebSi” meti codna sakmarisi araa
ekonomikis “avtomaturi” zrdisaTvis. aRniSnulis erT-
erTi mizezia, ganaTlebaze daxarjuli didi dro da
saxsrebi, amis gamoa rom, adamianebi, romelTac “ideaTa
SemoqmedT” uwodeben, gamogonebebze ki ar xarjaven dros
da energias, aramed, xSirad usargeblo masalis
dazepirebaze xarjaven Zalebs.

umaRlesdamTavrebuli adamianebis ricxvis zrda,

warmoSobs kidev erT problemas – mravali, diplomis
mflobeli adamiani daadgens, rom misi profesia araa
uzrunvelyofili bazris moTxovnilebiT, rac imis mZime
gancdas ayalibebs, rom dro, energia da xSir SemTxvevaSi
fuli, maT mier amaod iqna daxarjuli, am uaryofiTi

43
efeqtis aRmosafxvrelad saWiroa swavlebis axal
modelze gadasvla, romlis sauniversiteto modeli
Semdegnairad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:

sauniversiteto swavlebis “niWisa da unaris modelze”

gadasvla, maqsimalurad iTvaliswinebs pirovnulidan
gamomdinare winapirobebs codnis aTvisebisa da unar-
Cvevebis gamomuSavebisaTvis. es axali modeli Seqmnilia
adamianis mier realobis obieqturi aRqmis da
gansakuTrebuli unarebis gamoyeneba – ganviTarebis
mizniT, ris gamoc yalibdeba pirovnebaze orientirebuli
sistema swavlebisa, romelic Tavis mxriv iTvaliswinebs
TviTmotivacias swavlebis mimarT, rac niSnavs
“TviTgamorkvevis, TviTorganizebis da TviTrealizebis”
sabazo principebs swavlebis amgvari axali modelis
ganxorcielebisas.

swavlebis am axal modelSi, maqsimaluradaa

gaTvaliswinebuli pirovnuli swrafva codnis da
cnobieri unar-Cvevebis SeZenisa, igi(swavlebis axali
modeli) ganapirobebs pirovnul orientirebulobas
swavlebis sistemisadmi, rac niSnavs pirovnuli
TviTaRqmis(rogorc pirovnuli ganviTarebisaTvis
aucilebeli Sinagani energiis) procesis gamoyenebas
swavlebis rTul procesSi da gvaxsenebs cnobil
paradigmatul Tezas – „Seican Tavi Seni“. amitom,
swavlebis am axali modeliT aRzrdili specialisti ar
kiTxavs sakuTar Tavs – mowons Tu ara „Tavisi saqme“,
imitom rom man winaswar icis – adamians mowons mxolod
is, rac „kargad gamosdis“, xolo kargad gamosdis is,
risi niWic aqvs mis gons, xelebs, Tvals, sxeuls an
mexsierebas. amitom gamarjvebis gancda SeZenili codnis
gamo, niSania (pirovnebisaTvis) swor gzaze dgomisa,
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, aRniSnuli axali modeli
swavlebisa pirovnebaSi aRviZebs survils miuyurados
sakuTar gulisTqmas swavla-ganaTlebasTan mimarTebaSi,
im mizniT, rom Seiswavlos Tavi Tvisi, Seqmnas sakuTari
pirovneba da bedi – gamomdinare sakuTari pirovnuli
resursebidanve: unarebidan, gonidan, zneobisa da
xasiaTidan.

44
sistemuri msoflmxedveloba da saxelmwifo marTva –
yvelaze efeqturi antikrizisuli RonisZieba

aSS – iaponia (brZola bazrebisaTvis)

krizisebiT garSemortymuli SeiZleba aRmoCndes mcire

zomis, susti ekonomikis qveyanac da msoflio masStabis
imgvari supersaxelmwifoc, rogoric amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebia.

sainteresoa umZimesi ekonomikuri vardnis SeCerebis da

lideris poziciis dabruneba – ganviTarebis amerikuli
modelis zogierTi mniSvnelovani fragmenti da iaponiis
saocari ekonomikuri zrdis ZiriTad mizezTa zogad -
konceptualuri Taviseburebani. problemaTa es, axali,
gadawyvetebi mTlianad generirdeboda am qveynebis (aSS
da iaponia) samTavrobo struqturebis mier.

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos, msoflio bazrebze

poziciaTa ganuwyveteli dakargviT SeSfoTebulma aSS-s
mTavrobam aiRo kursi grandiozuli samecniero-teqnikuri
proeqtebis mxardaWerisa, romelTac, rogorc mTavroba
Tvlida, unda SeesrulebinaT mniSvnelovani roli
samrewvelo praqtikaSi, aqedan mosalodneli dadebiTi
ekonomikuri tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tumca arc
r.reiganis da arc j.buSis administraciebs
zemoTaRniSnulis Sesaxeb Ria formiT ar ganucxadebiaT,
maT mier im periodSi (XX-sauk. 80-iani wlebis meore
naxevari) gamoCenili iniciativebi mowmoben mTavrobis
orientaciis principul cvlilebebze: politikosebi,
Tavisufali bazris tradiciuli momxreebi, faqtobrivad
gadavidnen samrewvelo strategiis dagegmvaze,
progresul, mowinave teqnologiaTa sferosaTvis.
zogierTi proeqti, rogorc Cans, motivirdeboda ufro
politikuri mizanSewonilobiT an sufTa mecnieruli
interesebiT, vidre samrewvelo ganzraxulobaTa
moTxovniT.

45
miuxedavad amisa TiToeuli proeqtis aucilebloba,
sazogadoebis winaSe, argumentirdeboda erovnuli
mrewvelobis konkurentunarianobiT msoflio bazarze. ase
magaliTad, 1987 wels r.reiganis administraciam moiwona
gegma nawilakTa zegamtaruli amaCqareblis Seqmnisa,
RirebulebiT 4.4 miliardi aSS dolari; TeTri saxlis
imdroindelma warmomadgenelma daaxasiaTa es proeqti
rogorc ”sakvanZo” aSS-s momavali
konkurentunarianobisaTvis da iwinaswarmetyvela, rom am
proeqtis realizaciis wyalobiT, amerikuli kompaniebi
aRmoCndebian mogebulni. imave wlis bolos aSS-s
prezidentma gamoacxada ”zegamtarobis sferos
iniciativis Sesaxeb”, mxedvelobaSi qonda ra praqtikuli
realizaciebi zegamtaruli masalebisa, am teqnologias r.
reganma uwoda ”absoluturad aucilebeli Cveni
konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelsayofad momavalSi”.

1988 wlis dasawyisSi aSS-s mTavrobam gamoacxada, rom

bazarze ukve gamoCndnen iaponuri superkompiuterebi da
rom ”maTi teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi aRmoCndnen
gacilebiT ukeTesni, vidre mosalodneli iyo”; TeTrma
saxlma gamoaqveyna xuTwliani gegma ”maRalmwarmoebluri
kompiuterebis warmoebis aTvisebisa”, romlis realizacia
Sefasda 1 miliard aSS dolarad. garda amisa
administraciam gamoacxada imis Sesaxeb, rom pentagonis
samecniero – kvleviT saagentos (Defence Advanced Research
Projects Agency – DARPA) daevala, erToblivi samecniero –
kvleviTi dawesebulebisaTvis, konsorcium SEMATECH –
isaTvis (romelic Seiqmna wamyvani amerikuli kompaniebis
mier naxevargamtaruli teqnikis warmoebisaTvis),
yovelwliurad gamoeyo 100 milioni aSS dolari.

amis Semdgom mowonebuli iqna pirveli kontraqtebi

kosmosuri sadguris mSeneblobisaTvis; amasTan
amtkicebdnen, rom am orbitalur laboratorias
eqneboda ”sasicocxlod aucilebeli mniSvneloba
erovnuli mrewvelobis konkurentunarianobis
gazrdisaTvis momaval aTwleulSi”.

46
1989 weli aRiniSna yuradRebis uecari gadarTviT maRali
mkafioobis televiziaze: saagento DARPA – m waradgina am
sferos orwliani kvleviTi programa 30 milioni aSS
dolaris RirebulebiT da j. buSis (ufrosi)
administraciam ganixila SeRavaTebis sakiTxi
(antitrestuli kanonmdeblobiT gadasaxadebisagan
ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb) im amerikuli kompaniebisa,
romlebic awarmoebdnen teqnikas maRali mkafioobis
televiziisaTvis.

aSS-is teqnikuri upiratesobis aRdgenis strategia

iTxovda ara marto mzard samTavrobo xarjebs axali
teqnologiebis kvlevisa da SeqmnisaTvis, aramed
specialur stimulirebas kerZo kapitaldabandebebisa im
dargebis (sferoebis) kvleva – damuSavebisaTvis,
romelTac ar SeexoT samTavrobo proeqtebi.

rigma politikurma moRvaweebma miaRwies sagadasaxado

SeRavaTebs samecniero kvleviTi programebisaTvis, maTSi
(programebSi) kerZo kapitalis stimulirebis mizniT.
isini (politikosebi) aRniSnavdnen, rom mTliani Siga
produqtis (mSp) wili, romelic ixarjeboda samecniero
kvlevebze da realizaciaze im droisaTvis (XX-sauk. 80-
iani wlebis bolo) iyo gacilebiT mcire vidre 20 wlis
win (XX-sauk. 60-ian wlebSi) da rom gamoyenebiTi
dargebisaTvis, aSS-Si, mSp-is wili naklebia vidre
dasavleT evropis, didi Svideulis (G7) qveynebSi an
iaponiaSi.

im periodisaTvis (XX-sauk. 80-iani wlebis meore naxevari)

politikosebis mier gamoxatul SeSfoTebas, romelic
ganpirobebuli iyo aSS-is mier Tanamedrove
maRalteqnologiuri produqciis bazrebze
konkurentunarianobis dakargviT, qonda obieqturi mizezi;
magaliTad aSS-is wili naxevargamtarebis msoflio
bazarze Semcirda 50%-dan 1984 wels, 37%-mde 1988
wlisaTvis, maSin roca iaponiis Sesabamisi wili amave
periodisaTvis gaizarda 45%-mde. am droisaTvis
amerikulma kompaniebma faqtobrivad Sewyvites dinamiuri
operatiuli mexsierebis mikrosqemebis gayidva Ria

47
bazarze, xolo naxevargamtaruli mowyobilobis
mwarmoebelma kompaniebma Sekveces TavianTi saqmianoba;
aRniSnul sferoSi lideroba xelT igdo iaponiam.

XX-sauk. 80-iani wlebis bolos, aSS-s wili,

sayofacxovrebo eleqtronuli mowyobilobebis msoflio
bazarze, davida 5%-mde, xolo iaponiis wili ki am
droisaTvis gaizarda 10-dan 25%-mde. im periodisaTvis,
arc erTi amerikuli kompania ar awarmoebda telefaqsebs,
romlis msoflio bazris moculoba 1988 wlisaTvis
Seadgenda 3 miliard aSS dolars; aqac iaponuri
kompaniebi iyvnen pirvel rigebSi. amave droisaTvis
iaponia dominirebda programuli marTvis Carxebis
warmoebis sferoSi. iaponuri kompaniebi Zalze win
wavidnen, amerikul kompaniebTan SedarebiT, maRali
mkafioobis satelevizio aparaturis warmoebis aTvisebis
saqmeSi. im periodis aSS-is erT-erT samTavrobo
gamokvlevaSi pirdapiraa miTiTebuli imis Sesaxeb, rom
iaponiam gaaswro aSS-s iseT sferoSic ki, rogoricaa
naxevargamtaruli masalebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba.

1986 wels aSS-s savaWro balansi, mowinave teqnologiebis

produqciisaTvis (kavSirgabmulobis saSualebebis da
naxevargamtaruli aparaturis mowyobilobebi), gaxda
uaryofiTi (balansi), pirvelad mas Semdeg rac daiwyes
monacemTa Segroveba progresuli teqnologiebis sferoSi
vaWrobis Sesaxeb.

1987-88 wlebSi, miuxedavad dolaris kursis mkveTri

vardnisa ucxour valutasTan SedarebiT, aSS-i
dafiqsirda mcire dadebiTi balansi maRal-teqnologiur
nakeTobaTa vaWrobis sferoSi. aRniSnuli mdgomareoba,
nawilobriv aixsneboda amerikelTa surviliT SeeZinaT
importuli saqoneli, magram ZiriTadi mizezi
mdgomareobda aSS-is konkurentunarianobis daqveiTebaSi
msoflio bazarze.

daibrunebda Tu ara aSS dakargul, mowinave, poziciebs

teqnologiebSi, samecniero – teqnikuri proeqtebis
ganxorcielebis gziT? im periodSi (XX-sauk. 80-iani

48
wlebis bolo), am kiTxvaze, Tavad cnobil amerikel
eqspertebs uaryofiTi pasuxi qondaT, magram cxovrebam
sawinaaRmdego daamtkica (ix. qvemoT).

im droisaTvis aSS-s ekava msoflioSi pirveli adgili

samecniero da teqnikuri gadawyvetebis rogorc xarisxiT
ise raodenobiT; magram aman ar gamoiwvia komerciulad
konkurentunariani produqciis Seqmna. amerikis
sauniversiteto samecniero centrebi saukeTesoni arian
msoflioSi, msxvili amerikuli korporaciebis kvleviT
laboratoriebs analogi ar gaaCniaT, amerikel mecnierebs,
msoflio masStabiT, ekuTvniT samecniero – teqnikuri
publikaciebis mesamedze meti, isini Rebuloben ufro met
amerikul saavtoro patentebs, vidre specialistebi
msoflios yvela sxva danarCeni qveynidan erTad aRebuli;
jamuri danaxarjebi samecniero da teqnikur
gadawyvetebze aSS-Si gacilebiT maRalia vidre msoflios
nebismier qveyanaSi da XX-sauk. 90-iani wlebisaTvis 3-jer
aWarbebdnen (jamuri danaxarjebi) iaponiis Sesabamis
danaxarjebs.

magram amave dros arc imis mtkicebis safuZveli arsebobs,

rom didi danaxarjebi, samecniero – teqnikur
programebze (Tundac miznobrivad mimarTuli konkretuli
teqnologiebisaken), aucileblad ganapirobeben
komerciul warmatebebs.

ZiriTadi problema mdgomareobda amerikuli kompaniebis

uunarobaSi (ufro zustad, saerTaSoriso firmebSi
swrafad transformirebadi, aSS-Si ganlagebuli,
calkeuli msxvili korporaciebis uunarobaSi)
operatiulad gadasuliyvnen samecniero aRmoCenebidan,
maRalxarisxovani produqciis warmoebisa da am
produqciis konstruirebis, damzadebis, marketingis da
ganawilebis procesebze.

samecniero teqnikuri Sedegebi - axali monacemebi,

koncefciebi, gamogonebebi da sacdeli nimuSebi swrafad
gadioda aSS-s farglebs gareT. konkurentul brZolaSi
yvelaze xSirad imarjveben is kompaniebi da qveynebi,

49
romlebic ufro swrafad da srulad iyeneben aseT
miRwevebs.

iaponelma specialistebma kargad iswavles daenaxaT

msxvil aRmoCenebSi (xSirad sxva qveynebSi gakeTebul)
Cadebuli SesaZleblobebi maT praqtikul gamoyenebamde
misayvanad - mxolod ramodenime magaliTi:

amerikelma mecnierebma gamoigones tranzistori. 1953

wels amerikulma kompania Western Electric-ma miyida am
teqnologiis licenzia korporacia Sony-s, romelmac
swrafad gaaumjobesa tranzistori da daiwyo gamoSveba
(erTmaneTis miyolebiT), maRalxarisxovani nakeTobebisa
sayofacxovrebo eleqtronuli aparaturisaTvis:

1968 wels amerikulma firma Unimation-ma gadasca, iaponur

kompania Kawasaki Heavy Industries-s, licenzia samrewvelo
robotebis warmoebisaTvis; XX-sauk. 70-ian wlebis
dasawyisSi isini (samrewvelo robotebi) ukve farTod
gamoiyenebodnen iaponiaSi, xolo aTwleulis bolos
iaponuri robotebi moxvdnen ukve aSS-Si. am xnis
ganmavlobaSi, aSS-Si, samrewvelo robotebis warmoeba
realurad arc ki iqna dawyebuli.

videomagnitofoni gamoigones kaliforniul (aSS)

korporacia Ampex-Si da Semdeg moxda misi gaumjobeseba
iaponiaSi. iaponurma kompania Canon Inc.-ma SeZlo aseve
gaeumjobesebina ZiriTadi konstruqciuli koncefcia
aslis gadamRebi manqanisa, romelsac uSvebda firma Xerox-
i da Semdgom adaptireba gaukeTa iaf, aslis gadamReb,
teqnologias, romelic damoukideblad iyo damuSavebuli,
iafi lazeruli printerebis SeqmnisaTvis, es kidev erTi
gamogonebaa, rac kompania Xerox-ma aseve srulad ver
gamoiyena.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas kompozitur masalebsa da

keramikaze, ferad televizorebze, kompiuteris
diskmatareblebze, Jangbadis da mikrotalRovan
Rumelebze, kompiuteruli blokebiT aRWurvil Carxebze
da sxva gamogonebebze. mxolod erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi

50
(1987 weli) iaponiam amerikaSi iyida 1 miliardi aSS
dolaris teqnologiuri informacia; Tavad amerikelTa
SenaZeni analogiuri produqciisa iaponiaSi iyo
aRniSnuli Tanxis naxevarze naklebi.

iaponur firmebs qondaT idealuri pirobebi, aSS-Si

teqnologiuri informaciis dabal fasebSi SeZenisaTvis.
amerikuli kompaniebi xSirad erTmaneTs ecilebodnen
TavianTi teqnologiis iaponiaSi gayidvisaTvis; ufro
metic, wvril amerikul firmebs, romlebic muSaobdnen
progresuli teqnologiebis sferoSi xSirad ar yofnidaT
simZlavreebi warmoebisa da gayidvebis msoflio
masStabiT organizebisaTvis an ar qondaT
SesaZleblobebi daecvaT TavianTi patentebi sxva
qveynebSi da amitomac eSinodaT, rom Tu uars ityodnen
yvelaze Tanamedrove gadawyvetebis gayidvaze, saboloo
jamSi emsxverplebodnen sakuTari produqciis
dublirebas sxva, iseTi firmebis mxridan, romelTac
eqnebodaT gacilebiT mcire sawarmoo xarjebi.

iaponelebi koordinirebas uweven TavianT savaWro

moqmedebebs da Tvalyurs adevneben, rom iaponurma
kompaniebma metoqeoba ar gauwion erTmaneTs ama Tu im
gamogonebis realizaciis licenziis SeZenis
uflebisaTvis.

iaponiis saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis

saministrom (MITI), araerTxel, itvirTa funqciebi
iaponuri firmebis erTiani warmomadgenlisa, riTac
aiZulebda ucxour kompaniebs gaeyidaT licenziebi
TavianT patentebze da gaemarTaT saqmiani molaparakebebi
mTeli iaponuri mrewvelobisaTvis. 1956 w-dan – 1978 w-mde
periodSi, ZiriTadad MITI-is mxridan licenziebis
gayidvis auqcionebis Catarebis akrZalvaTa wyalobiT
iaponurma firmebma gadaixades mxolod 9 miliardi aSS
dolari im amerikuli teqnologiebisaTvis, romelTa
Seqmnac amerikelebs daujdaT 500-dan 1000 miliard
dolaramde. rogorc Cans aq Zevs iaponiis ekonomikis
fenomenaluri warmatebebis mTavari saidumloebani.

51
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, amerikelebs, Tavi unda
daecvaT cdunebisagan, aRemarTaT barierebi
teqnologiebis saerTaSoriso gacvlis winaaRmdeg, rac
xasiaTdeba Semdegi qmedebebiT: amerikuli firmebis
patentebis da saavtoro uflebebis dacvis gaZlierebiT;
xelis SeSliT, ucxouri firmebisaTvis, amerikuli
teqnologiebis an iseTi kompaniebis yidvis saqmeSi,
romlebic mowinave teqnologiebze dayrdnobiT
awarmoebdnen Tanamedrove produqcias. SesaZlebeli iyo
aseve ar daeSvaT ucxouri firmebi im samecniero kvleviT
programebSi, romlebic finansirdebodnen aSS-s mTavrobis
mier da moexdinaT zewola MITI-ze, imisaTvis, rom mas
(MITI-s) Seewyvita patentTa centralizebuli Sesyidva.
magram mTavari problema is ki araa, rom iaponur firmebs
aqvT Tavisufali daSveba amerikul teqnologiebTan,
aramed is rom realuri upiratesoba Zevs iaponuri
kompaniebis unarSi swrafad gadavidnen axali
gamogonebidan maRalxarisxovani produqciis gamoSvebaze.

aSS-is winaSe dadga mTavari piroba industriuli

pirvelobis dabrunebisa – mas unda eswavla axali
teqnologiebis myisieri gamoyeneba. es ar iyo swrafi,
magram iyo swori gza konkurentunarianobis
uzrunvelyofisaTvis, romelic umniSvnelod iyo
damokidebuli samTavrobo samecniero-teqnikuri
programebisagan, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, gaTvlili iyo
specifiuri teqnologiebis da mowinave teqnikis Seqmnaze,
vTqvaT superkompiuterebis an maRaltemperaturuli
zegamtarebis realizaciaze. zemoTaRniSnuli gza
mniSvnelovnad iyo damokidebuli amerikeli
specialistebis unarze gaeumjobesebinaT is procesi,
romlis saSualebiTac teqnikuri siaxleebi (miuxedavad
imisa, Tu romel qveyanaSi arian isini gamogonebulni)
warmoebis procesSi transformirdebian maRalxarisxovan
produqciaSi.

iaponiis ekonomikuri aRmavlobis da am mxriv aSS-s

SedarebiTi sisustis mizezebis guldasmiT Seswavlam
aCvena, rom konkurentunarianobis gazrdis gzaze
aucilebelia gadaidgas eqvsi nabiji:

52
1. Tvalyuris devneba axali teqnologiebis gamoCenaze
msoflios yvela qveyanaSi;

2.samecniero-teqnikuri proeqtebis finansirebis sakiTxi,

damokidebuli unda iyos produqciis axali saxeebis
samrewvelo aTvisebis procesze;

3. korporaciebis mier Catarebuli kvlevebi da

realizaciebi dakavSirebuli unda iyos warmoebasTan;

4. xeli unda Seewyos erTiani teqnologiuri

standartebis dadgenas;

5. ar unda daizogos saxsrebi specialistTa teqnikuri

momzadebisaTvis;

6. amaRldes qveynaSi(aSS) saerTo ganaTlebis done.

zemoT CamoTvlili RonisZiebebi miiCnies aucileblad,

magram arasakmaris pirobad imisaTvis, rom aSS-s kvlav
SesZleboda warmatebiTi konkurencia saerTaSoriso
bazarze.

pirveli nabiji: axali teqnologiebis swrafad

aTvisebisaTvis, Tavdapirvelad saWiro iyo maTi arsebobis
Sesaxeb droze SeetyoT. amerikuli firmebi xSirad Zalze
dagvianebiT gebulobdnen sxva qveynebis samecniero da
teqnikuri siaxleebiis Sesaxeb, iqneboda es fundamenturi
garRveva, principulad axali gamogoneba, nakeTobis
damzadebisa da awyobis ufro efeqturi meTodi Tu
warmoebis organizaciisa da mza produqciis gasaRebis
axali principebi.

amerikel mecnierTa da inJinerTa mniSvnelovani nawili

(romelTa ganaTlebis da saqmianobis dawyebis periodebi
emTxveoda im dros, roca aSS mniSvnelovnad uswrebda
sxva qveynebs axali teqnologiebis damuSavebasa da
gamoyenebaSi) skeptikurad ekidebodnen ucxoelTa
inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs: rac ”CvenTan araa

53
gamogonebuli” – seriozulad ar aRiqvamdnen; unda
aRiniSnos, rom es kompleqsi dResac mwvave xelSemSlel
faqtoradaa aRiarebuli aSS-Si.

umravles amerikul firmebSi ar iyo Seqmnili sxva

qveynebis teqnikur progresze dakvirvebis sistema: isini
ar agzavnidnen TavianT mecnierebs, inJinrebs da
teqnikosebs saerTaSoriso konferenciebze da savaWro
gamofenebze an gacnobiTi mivlinebebiT sxva qveynebis
konkurentul firmebSi; sistematurad ar muSaobdnen
samecniero – kvleviTi programebis Sedegebis monacemTa
SegrovebisaTvis, romlebic finansirdebodnen sxva
qveynebis mTavrobebis mier (xSirad aSS-s mTavrobis
mierac ki); ar muSaobdnen sazRvargareT gamomaval
samecniero – teqnikuri perioduli gamocemebis analizze.
Tavis mxriv arc aSS-s mTavroba uwevda maT saTanado
daxmarebas am mimarTulebiT.

iaponuri firmebi ki mTeli msoflios teqnikuri

siaxleebis Sesaxeb informaciis Segrovebas ixilaven,
rogorc saqmiani strategiis ganuyofel nawils. isini
sargebloben sxvaTa miRwevebiT, riTac amdidreben
sakuTar samecniero-teqnikur gamocdilebas. iaponuri
kompaniebi organizebas ukeTeben specialistTa jgufebis
vizitebs amerikul da evropul kompaniebSi da
sauniversiteto samecniero laboratoriebSi, Rebuloben
monawileobas yvela konferenciasa da savaWro
gamofenebSi, guldasmiT swavloben ucxour publikaciebs,
samTavrobo angariSebis CaTvliT. isini exmarebian,
amerikul universitetebsa da laboratoriebs romlebic
korporaciebs ekuTvniT, samecniero da teqnikuri
samuSaoebis finansirebaSi – xolo Semdeg Tvalyurs
adevneben imas, rom iaponeli mecnierebi, inJinrebi da
teqnikosebi gaecnon miRebul Sedegebs. magaliTad 1988
wels 5000-mde iaponeli mecnieri muSaobda amerikul
laboratoriebSi, im dros roca iaponur laboratoriebSi
imave periodSi muSaobda 150-mde amerikeli mecnieri da
isic mxolod ramodenime TviT.

54
garda amisa, iaponiis samTavrobo saagentoebi agroveben
teqnologiur informacias, mTeli msoflios masStabiT
da uwyvetad awvdian TavianTi qveynis samrewvelo
kompaniebs, magaliTad: MITI-sTan arsebuli mecnierebisa
da teqnologiebis saagento afinansebs monacemTa
Segrovebis ganaxlebad sistemas.

iaponuri firmebi organizebas ukeTeben amerikul

firmebTan erTobliv sawarmoebs imisaTvis, rom gadaiRon
gamocdileba konstruirebisa da produqciis axali
saxeobebis warmoebisaTvis. magaliTad, reaqtiuli
TviTmfrinavebis Sesaqmnelad, grZelvadiani iaponuri
programis farglebSi, 90-ian wlebSi, Boeing-is
kompaniasTan mimdinareobda axali Taobis, saSualo zomis,
reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavebis koncefciebis damuSaveba;
ufro mogvianebiT daido xelSekruleba iaponur firmebsa
da korporacia General Dynamics-s Soris F-16 nacvlad axali
reaqtiuli gamanadgureblis erToblivi SeqmnisaTvis.

meore nabiji, mWidrod dakavSirebuli pirvelTan, axali

teqnologiebis swrafi samrewvelo aTvisebisa
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom daakavSiros samecniero-teqnikuri
samuSaoebis samTavrobo dafinanseba mza produqciis
masobriv warmoebasTan. aRmoCenebi da gamogonebebi unda
iyvnen mudmivad xelmisawvdomni warmoebaSi
gamoyenebisaTvis, xolo samrewvelo sferos siaxleni
mudmivad unda kvebavdnen kvlevebisa da gadawyvetebis
Semdgom progress.

erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom samecniero-teqnikuri

proeqtebis samTavrobo dafinanseba, iaponiaSi, ufro
mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli samrewvelo warmoebasTan,
vidre aSS-Si aris is, rom SeerTebul StatebSi,
Tavdacvaze orientirebul kvlevebs aqvT madominirebeli
roli. iaponiaSi, TavdacviTi samecniero-teqnikuri
proeqtebis samTavrobo xarjebi Seadgenen – mecnierebasa
da teqnikaze yvela samTavrobo xarjis mxolod 3%, im
dros, roca aSS-Si es maCvenebeli tolia 70%-is.

55
meore mxriv, uamravi samxedro teqnologiebi gamoyenebas
pouloben ekonomikis samoqalaqo dargebSi da arsebobs
mravali istoriuli magaliTi samoqalaqo mrewvelobaSi
gamoyenebuli iseTi gamogonebebisa, romelnic gaCndnen
samxedro proeqtebze muSaobisas; aseT gamogonebaTa
ricxvs miekuTvnebian: kompiuterebi, integraluri
eleqtronuli sqemebi da zemtkice masalebi. miuxedavad
amisa aris ramodenime faqtori, romlebic xels uSlian
teqnologiis gadatanas samxedro sferodan komerciulSi.
TavdacviTi samuSaoebis mniSvnelovani nawili rCeba
miuwvdomeli, radgan isini gasaidumloebuli arian. xSir
SemTxvevebSi TavdacviTi mrewvelobis nakeTobebs
waeyenebaT Zalze mkacri moTxovnebi (rac niSnavs imas,
rom maTi warmoeba Zviri jdeba), miuRebeli samoqalaqo
momxmareblisaTvis. sxva SemTxvevebSi komerciuli
teqnologiebi aWarbeben samxedro realizaciebis doneebs
da amitomac ukanasknelni arafers iZlevian im
produqciis teqnikuri donis amaRlebisaTvis, romelic
iwarmoeba ekonomikis samoqalaqo seqtorSi.

samxedro organizaciebi Zalze CamorCebian samoqalaqo

organizaciebs yvela saxis cifruli, eleqtronuli
mowyobilobebis gamoyenebaSi; da bolos is adamianebi,
romlebic qmnian samxedro teqnikas, iqnebian isini
samxedro uwyebis moijaradeni Tu samTavrobo samecniero
centrebis TanamSromlebi, TavianT samuSaoebSi xSirad
orientirdebian konkretul miznebze (romelTac ayeneben
damfinansebeli organizaciebi) da ara TavianTi ideebis
komerciul perspeqtivebze.

dReisaTvis samxedro samecniero-kvleviTi programebi

ukve aRar warmoadgenen efeqtur saSualebas komerciis
sferosaTvis sasargeblo, samrewvelo teqnologiebis
generirebisa; aSS-is federaluri fondebis TiTqmis
naxevari, romelic gamoiyofa kvlevebisaTvis, magaliTad
zegamtarobis sferoSi mimarTulia (fondebi) samxedro
teqnikis SeqmnisaTvis, iseTebis, rogorebicaa:
infrawiTeli gamosxivebis deteqtorebi, wyalqveSa navebis
aRmomCeni sistemebi da eleqtromagnituri qvemexebi. amave
dros, iaponiis mTavroba ki piriqiT organizebas ukeTebs

56
da afinansebs sxvadasxva tipis proeqtebs,
orientirebulT zegamtarobis potenciuri
komercializaciisaken.

aSS-is TviT arasamxedro kvlevebis damfinansebeli

saagentoebi, iseTebi rogorebicaa janmrTelobis
nacionaluri institutebi, energetikis saministro da
nacionaluri samecniero fondi amjobineben gamoyon
saxsrebi iseT proeqtebze, romelnic Sors dganan
komerciuli realizaciebisagan, isini ZiriTadad mxars
uWeren fundamentur mecnierul kvlevebs.

aqac Cans mkveTri kontrasti iaponiasTan. Tumca iaponiis

mTavroba, dRes ukve xarjavs gacilebiT met saxsrebs
fundamentur kvlevebze, vidre wina wlebSi. kvlevebze
asignebaTa didi nawili mimarTulia swrafi komerciuli
ukugebisaken. kerZod, aSkarad daisaxa ra miznad
daxmareboda wvril da saSualo kompaniebs axali
teqnologiebis aTvisebaSi, iaponiis mTavrobam organizeba
gaukeTa 195 regionaluri laboratoriisagan Semdgar
qsels, romelTa winaSe dasmulia amocana – gauwios
teqnikuri daxmareba wvril da saSualo firmebs. iaponiis
mTavroba Tavis Tavze iRebs xarjebis naxevars, danarCens
ixdian adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organoebi da firmebi.

garda amisa, iaponiaSi, warmoSobili teqnologiuri

problemebis gadasawyvetad, organizebulia kompaniaTa
jgufebi erToblivi kvlevebis Casatareblad. MITI-sTan
arsebuli mrewvelobis, mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis
saagento gamoimuSavebs pirobebs, msgavsi konsorciumebis
Sesaqmnelad da uzrunvelyofs maT gansazRvruli
fondebiT. ramodenime wlis win MITI-m organizeba gaukeTa
28 regionalur teqnologiur centrs, romlis
daxmarebiTac firmebi aerTianeben Zalisxmevas da
atareben erTobliv kvlevebs.

iaponiis strategia, maRali mkafioobis televiziis

ganviTarebis sferoSi, am procesis kargi ilustraciaa.
iaponiis nacionalurma telekompaniam (NHK), maRali
mkafioobis televiziis (mmt) sferos kvlevebi daiwyo 1970

57
wels da miRebuli Sedegebi gadasca im 11 kompanias,
romlebic specializirdebodnen satelevizio teqnikis
warmoebaSi. kvlevaTa koordinacia, Tavis Tavze aiRo
orma saministrom, programis etapebis ganawileba
firmebis mixedviT ise moxda, rom maT erTmaneTis
samuSaoTa dublireba ar ganexorcielebinaT da
erToblivad gamoeyenebinaT miRebuli Sedegebi. iaponiis
ganviTarebis bankma, romelic afinansebda samecniero-
teqnikur samuSaoebs, Seavso korporaciebis mier
gamoyofili saxsrebi – saxelmwifo fondebis fuliT.
TviT iaponiis safosto samsaxurmac ki daiwyo mmt-is
proeqtebis finansuri mxardaWera, organizeba gaukeTa ra,
TavianTi klientebisaTvis SenatanTa specialur sistemas,
raTa isini gamxdariyvnen mmt-is aparaturis pirveli
myidvelebi, roca is (aparatura) xelmisawvdomi
gaxdeboda.

mesame nabiji aSS-is poziciebis dasabruneblad msoflio

bazrebze mdgomareobs imaSi, rom amerikulma kompaniebma
unda miuaxlovon TavianTi, samecniero-teqnikuri
gadawyvetebi komerciul warmoebas. iaponurTan SedarebiT,
umravlesi amerikuli firmebi mkveTrad ansxvaveben erTi
mxriv kvlevebs da gadawyvetebs, meore mxriv warmoebasa
da marketings. amerikel mkvlevarTa da konstruqtorTa
umravlesoba, romlebic muSaoben korporaciaTa
laboratoriebSi, teritoriulad da profesiulad
mowyvetilni arian qarxnebis, sawyobebis da savaWro
dawesebulebebisagan, sadac maTi ideebi, saboloo jamSi,
unda poulobdnen praqtikul ganxorcielebas.

amerikaSi kvleviTi laboratoriebi, Cveulebriv,

ganlagebulni arian Tanamedrove SenobebSi, romelnic
gafantulni arian studqalaqebis msgavsad ulamazes
adgilebSi, rogorc wesi iTvleba, rom mkvlevarebi da
konstruqtorebi, romlebic moRvaweoben laboratoriebSi,
ufro mniSvnelovani an prestiJuli samuSaoTi arian
dakavebulni, vidre maTi kolegebi sawarmoo saamqroebSi.
xSirad (aSS-Si) samecniero-kvleviTi samuSaoebi sustad
arian dakavSirebuli kompaniis danarCen moRvaweobasTan.
laboratoriebidan wamosuli winadadebebi, TiToeuli

58
proeqtisaTvis cal-calke, Seiswavleba bazrebis da
finansebis specialistebis mier da mowonebis SemTxvevaSi
gadaecema warmoebis inJinrebs, teqnikosebs da muSebs,
romlebic qmnian aucilebeli mowyobilobebis
konstruqciebs da procesebs mza produqciis warmoebisa
da gasaRebisaTvis. aseT TanamimdevrobaSi Cadebulia
aracxadi varaudi imisa, rom axali nakeTobis
konstruireba da misi warmoebis teqnologiis damuSaveba
unda mTlianad damTavrebuli iyos kvleviT
laboratoriaSi, rom pirdapir SeiZlebodes warmoebis
procesis dawyeba. magram amerikul kompaniebSi, xSirad
axali nakeTobis warmoebis yvela sakiTxi gadadebulia
manam, sanam mkvlevarebi ar moZebnian yvelasaTvis misaReb,
saerTo gadawyvetilebas, xolo inJiner-konstruqtorebi
ar gardaqmnian am saerTo gadawyvetilebas konkretul
realizaciebSi. Sromis aseTi danawileba zrdis axali
nakeTobis Seqmnis dros, ris gamoc, saboloo produqtis
bazarze gasvla xdeba didi dagvianebiT.

iaponiaSi kvlevebi da axali produqciis Seqmna

mimdinareobs konstruirebisa da warmoebis momzadebis
paralelurad, aq ar aris arc teritorialuri da arc
profesiuli dayofa. Seqmnis procesi warmoebs principiT
– ”cda, bedis monaxevrea”; aq savaldebulo araa, rom
Teoria win uswrebdes praqtikas, xolo nakeTobis
konstruireba - sawarmoo process; yvela es fazebi
mimdinareobs erTdroulad, paralelur reJimSi.

iSviaTobas warmoadgens iseTi SemTxveva, roca axal

nakeTobas jer sacdel partiaze amuSaveben, Semdeg
azusteben mis konstruqcias, teqnologias da mxolod
amis Semdeg uSveben warmoebaSi. ufro xSirad, ukve
arsebuli produqtebi da teqnologiuri procesebi
ganicdian mravaljerad gadaxedvas; imis mixedviT Tu
rodis SeZleben mkvlevarebi, inJinrebi da teqnikosebi,
analizis safuZvelze an eqsperimentebis gziT, mividnen
azramde SesaZlo modernizaciis Sesaxeb. aseTi midgomis
erT-erTi magaliTia Sigawvis ZravebSi keramikuli
masalebis gamoyeneba; imis magivrad rom daemuSavebinaT
principulad axali Zrava keramikuli masalebis bazaze

59
(magaliTad keramikuli turbo Zrava, romelsac zogierTi
amerikuli kompaniebi qmnian federaluri saxsrebis
mizidvis xarjze), iaponuri kompaniebi muSaoben Zravze,
sadac keramikuli iqneba jerjerobiT mxolod dguSi;
TandaTanobiT isini SeZleben Seitanon tradiciuli
konstruqciis ZravebSi keramikuli detalebi.

meoTxe nabijis saxiT SeerTebulma Statebma,

SeZlebisdagvarad swrafad unda danergos erTiani
samrewvelo standartebi, ris wyalobiTac axali
teqnologiebi iqnebian urTierTSeTavsebadni, rac
daaCqarebs maT praqtikul danergvas. aseTi standartebis
arsebobisas momxmareblebi SeZleben ufro Tavisuflad
Caataron eqsperimentebi, axali teqnologiebis bazaze
Seqmnil, mowyobilobebze; aseve gamoricxon riski,
romelic dakavSirebulia axal teqnologiaze
gadasvlasTan (teqnologia SeiZleba swrafad daZveldes).
amave dros, aCqarebiT miRebulma standartebma
SesaZlebelia SeaCeron, jer kidev bolomde
daumuSavebeli, axali teqnologiebis ganviTareba.
standartebis drouli da srulad miReba aris
teqnologiuri warmatebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi piroba.

aSS-Si teqnikuri standartebi dgindebian

zemoTaRniSnuli aspeqtebis aucilebeli gaTvaliswinebis
gareSe. msxvili kompaniebi an samTavrobo saagentoebi
standartebs adgenen faqtis mixedviT; sxva samTavrobo an
arakomerciuli organizaciebi adgenen oficialur
standartebs. samwuxarod, standartTa arc erTi ”wyaro”,
realurad araa dainteresebuli imiT, rom
standartizaciis procesi xels uwyobdes axali
teqnologiebis aTvisebas. raoden saocaric ar unda iyos,
am organizaciebs ar yavT saWiro kadrebi aseTi samuSaos
efeqturi SesrulebisaTvis.

ramodenime wlis win aSS-is kavSirgabmulobis

federalurma komisiam (FCC) uaryo iaponiis mier
SeTavazebuli standarti, maRali mkafioobis
satelevizio aparaturaze, imis safuZvelze, rom is
(standarti) SeuTavsebeli iyo arsebuli telemimRebebis

60
standartebTan. am gadawyvetilebis wyalobiT kompanias
Zenith Electronics –s (televizorebis erTaderTi mwarmoebeli,
romelic ekuTvnis aSS-s) mieca damatebiTi dro, amerikis
bazrisaTvis gankuTvnili teqnologiis damuSavebisaTvis.
magram es miniWebuli saSualeba ar iyo gamowveuli
miRebuli gadawyvetilebis winaswarganzraxulobiT: FCC
ar aris motivirebuli amerikuli teqnologiebis
konkurentunarianobis gazrdisaTvis da ar gaaCnia
araviTari konkretuli gegmebi am mimarTulebiT. mas
Semdeg rac FCC-m uaryo iaponelebis Tavdapirveli
winadadeba mmt-ze, iaponiis mTavrobam ganaxorciela
axali standartis koordinacia, romelic aris erTiani,
aSS-Si warmoebuli da iaponuri firmebis mier
gamoSvebuli televizorebisaTvis.

iaponiaSi misdeven ufro Sorsgamiznul strategias

standartebis dadgenisa. Tumca iq metoqeobis nebas
rTaven konkurentul firmebs standartebis dadgenisas
axal samomxmareblo saqonelze, rogorc amas qonda
adgili VHS da Beta-s videokasetebis standartebisaTvis.
MITI-Si arsebobs specialuri ganyofileba, romelic
pasuxs agebs samrewvelo standartebis koordinaciaze,
romelic mowodebulia uzrunvelyos xelSemwyobi
pirobebi axali teqnologiebis aTvisebisaTvis.

mexuTe piroba (nabiji), axali teqnologiebis efeqturi

danergvisTvis mdgomareobs kvalificiuri kadrebis
arsebobaSi, romelTac SeuZliaT moZebnon gzebi
teqnikuri siaxleebis ganxorcielebisa saboloo
produqciaSi da sawarmoo procesebSi. iaponuri
kompaniebi, Cveulebriv, xarjaven mraval wels, sxva
qveynebSi aRmoCenili an nayidi teqnikuri ideebis
damuSavebasa da srulyofilebamde miyvanisaTvis. kompania
Sony-s mier videoCaweris teqnologiis yidva amerikuli
kompaniisagan iyo mxolod dasawyisi 19-wliani Semdgomi
damuSavebis procesisa; 1975 wels gamoSvebuli modeli
Betamax, iyo videomagnitofonebis, ukve meoTxe Taobis
warmomadgeneli, romelic Sony-m Seqmna am (nayidi)
teqnologiis safuZvelze.

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warmoebis avtomatizirebuli procesis wyalobiT,
romelic kompania Sony-m daamuSava, sistema Betamax-is
Rirebuleba Seadgenda, pirveli Taobis video-
magnitofonebis TviTRirebulebis mxolod mesamed nawils.
daaxloebiT aseTive suraTi SeiniSneba, maRali
mkafioobis satelevizio aparaturisaTvis: kvlevebi
daiwyo 1970 wels, xolo masobrivi warmoeba ki iwyeba 1991
wlidan.

aSS-Si gavrcelebuli azris sawinaaRmdegod, iaponiaSi

mimarTaven grZelvadian strategias - ukve arsebuli
teqnologiuri nakadebis potenciuri sargeblianobis
sarealizaciod. iaponuri firmebi xalisiT abandebdnen
saxsrebs zogierT teqnologiebSi, romlebic momavalSi
ar pirdebian praqtikul Sedegebs; aseT SemTxvevebSi,
saxsrebis dabandeba xdeba ara imdenad, Tavad
teqnologiaSi, ramdenadac teqnikur ganaTlebaSi,
romelsac iZenen isini, vinc muSaobs masze. miiReben ra
Sesabamis gamocdilebas, es kvalificiuri muSakebi
SemdgomSi ueWvelad dainaxaven Rirebul mxareebs
sxvadasxvanair, axal teqnologiebSi da SeZleben
sistematurad moargon isini (teqnologiebis Rirebuli
mxareebi) axal nakeTobebs an produqcias da sawarmoo
procesebs.

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi firma Sony-s specialistebi

cdilobdnen gadaewyvitaT teqnikuri problemebi,
romlebic dakavSirebulni iyvnen firze videoCaweris da
videomagnitofonebis warmoebasTan. maT daugrovdaT
mravali nayofieri idea sxva uamravi problemis Sesaxeb
sayofacxovrebo eleqtronuli mowyobilobebis warmoebis
sferodan – da es iyo Zalze Rirebuli SenaZeni,
miuxedavad imisa rom Betamax nakeTobam ganicada marcxi
bazarze, kompaniam miaRwia warmatebas, erTiani
standartebis dadgeniT, axali Taobis
videomagnitofonebisaTvis, xolo Beta-s teqnologiis
mravalma Taviseburebebma asaxva naxes VHS-s standartis
videomagnitofonebSi, romelTac kompania dResac uSvebs.

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dReisaTvis mravali iaponuri firma eZebs gzebs
maRaltemperaturuli zegamtarebis gamoyenebisa. maTi
moRvaweobis warmatebebi Sefasdeba ara marto imiT,
SeZleben Tu ara isini odesme SeimuSaon esa Tu is
konkretuli nakeTobani an procesebi (magaliTad,
iaponuri satelituri korporacia Nippon Steel-i cdilobs
zegamtarobis safuZvelze SeimuSaos, uwyveti,
konveieruli, meTodi foladis Camosxmisa), aramed imiTac,
Tu firmis specialistebi, rogor farTod da Rrmad
Cawvdebian am axali teqnologiis komerciul SesaZleb-
lobebs da aseve imiT, rogor SeZleben isini, miRebuli
codnis gamoyenebas, momaval samuSaoebSi. analogiurad im
11-ive iaponur firmas (romlebic awarmoeben satelevizio
mowyobilobebs da abandeben saxsrebs maRali mkafioobis
televiziis kvlevaTa sferoSi) SesaniSnavad aqvT
gacnobierebuli is, rom maT Soris mxolod, erTeulebi
SeZleben daikavon lideris mdgomareoba am sferoSi,
magram maT isic esmiT, rom iqaurma kadrebma unda miiRon
aucilebeli gamocdileba momavali samuSaoebisaTvis am
axali teqnologiis sxvadasxva variaciisaTvis.

amerikuli firmebi naklebi xalisiT (vidre maTi iaponeli

partniorebi) abandeben fuls TavianTi specialistebis
grZelvadian teqnikur swavlebaSi, xSirad imis gamo, rom
aSS-s finansuri sistema moiTxovs swraf, moklevadian
mogebebs. magaliTad, ramdenime wlis win, korporacia
Kontrol Data-s prezidentma gamoacxada, rom misma kompaniam,
gadawyvita Sewyvitos samuSaoebi superkompiuterebis
warmoebis sferiSi; man aRniSna, rom kompanias metad aRar
SeuZlia Tavs misces ufleba yovelwliurad dakargos 100
milioni dolari - axali teqnologiis Seqmnis
mcdelobisas. kompania moxvda Zlieri zewolis qveS maTi
mxridan, vinc Cado kapitali superkompiuterebis
proeqtSi da iTxovdnen Control Kontrol Data-s aqciebze
fasebis gazrdas. amis sawinaaRmdegod iaponuri firma
Hitachi-is warmomadgenelma, gazeTi New York Times-Tvis
micemuli interviuSi ganacxada, rom misi kompania
gaagrZelebs yovelwliurad 100 milioni dolaris Cadebas
superkompiuterebis sferos kvlevebisa da
gadawyvetebisaTvis. man ganacxada - ”finansuri

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TvalsazrisiT es arc Tu momgebiani biznesia, magram
superkompiuterebi - es mTeli gamoTvliTi teqnikis
flagmania”.

amerikul firmebs aqvT kidev erTi, albaT yvelaze

mniSvnelovani mizezi imisa rom upiratesoba mianiWon
moklevadian kapitaldabandebebs TavianTi personalis
swavlebis TvalsazrisiT: amerikeli inJinrebi xSirad
icvlian samuSao adgilebs da amis gamo, sargeblianobas
maTi ganswavlulobis gamo, didi albaTobiT miiReben
ukve sxva kompaniebi.

amisgan gansxvavebiT iaponeli inJirnebi da muSebi,

rogorc wesi, ar icvlian samuSao adgils mTeli
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi da Sedegad maTi ganaTlebis
xarjebi, didi albaTobiT, miscemen dadebiT Sedegebs im
kompanias, romelmac maT aswavla.

kadrebis dineba aSS-Si, xels uwyobs iseTi teqnologiuri

centrebis Seqmnas, rogorebicaa bostonis
gareubnebSi ”gzatkecili-128” an ”silikonis veli”
kaliforniaSi, magram kadrebis aseTi denadobis gamo
amerikuli firmebi ufrTxian, individualurad Cadon
saxsrebi adamianur kapitalSi.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mravali amerikuli firma

arCevs SeiZinos is komponentebi an sawarmoo procesebi,
romlebmac sadme ukve daamtkices momgebianoba. amerikeli
menejeris TvalSi maRali xarjebi da didi riski
dakavSirebulni sakuTar gadawyvetebTan, ar
kompensirdebian axali teqnologiis Seswavla-daxvewis
perspeqtiuli SesaZleblobebiT.

meeqvse nabijis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom SeerTebulma

Statebma unda aamaRlos, yvela Tavisi moqalaqis
ganaTlebis done, kompaniebi xalisiTac rom abandebdnen
saxsrebs TavianTi muSakebis teqnikur ganaTlebaze, am
kapitaldabandebaTa warmateba principulad iqneba
damokidebuli muSakTa swavlis unarze, romelic Tavis
mxriv ganisazRvreba maTi saerTo ganaTlebis doniT. aqac

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aSS CamorCenilis rolSia. im dros, roca aSS-Si, iseve
rogorc iaponiaSi, gansakuTrebulad niWieri axalgazrda
Taobis 20% Rebulobs umaRles ganaTlebas da warmatebiT
mzaddebian inJinrebis, menejerTa da sxva
profesiebisaTvis. aSS aRwevs gacilebiT nakleb
warmatebas mosaxleobis danarCeni 80%-is ganaTlebaSi.
amerikeli moswavleebi xSirad amJRavneben saocar
ucodinarobas maTematikasa da sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebSi, cxadia rom codnis aseTi donis mqone
momavali TanamSromlebi sxvadasxva firmebisa da
kompaniebisa, ver SeZleben aiTvison axali teqnologiuri
an teqnikuri ideebi da ganaxorcielon isini mza
produqciasa da sawarmoo procesebSi.

aSS CamorCeba iaponias mraval iseT sferoSi, romlebic

gansazRvraven komerciul warmatebas, imitom rom
amerikelebma ar ician axali teqnologiebis efeqturi
gamoyeneba, marTalia, bolo wlebSi, maT miiRes
garkveuli zomebi aRniSnulis gamosasworeblad da ris
Sesaxebac qvemoT SevCerdebiT.

ramodenime msxvilma firmam, iseTebma rogorebicaa IBM,

Hewlett – Packard da 3M, daiwyes didi Zalisxmevis gamoCena,
sxva qveynebis, teqnikuri siaxleebis Sesaswavlad da
samecniero-teqnikuri kvlevebis komerciul warmoebasTan
integrirebis gzebis ZiebisaTvis. amave dros zogierTma
samTavrobo saagentom daiwyo yuradRebis gamaxvileba
axali teqnologiebis utilizaciaze: magaliTad, miCiganis
modernizaciis samsaxuri sTavazobs, Tavis StatSi, 6000-
ze met wvril qarxanasa da fabrikas teqnikur daxmarebas
– konstruirebasa da warmoebaSi avtomatizirebuli
procesebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT.

ramodenime wlis win aSS-Si miRebuli sakanonmdeblo

aqtis Tanaxmad, standartebisa da teqnologiebis
erovnul instituts (yofili standartebis erovnuli
biuro) daevala daexmaros wvril firmebs Sromis
nayofierebis amaRlebaSi, warmoebis axali meTodebis da
saSualebebis gamoyenebis xarjze. erovnulma samecniero
fondma daawesa mTeli rigi, samecniero-teqnikuri

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centrebisa mTeli qveynis teritoriaze, romelTaganac
TiToeuli awarmoebs kvlevebs, calkeul problemaTa
kompleqsis sferodan da romelnic kavSirSi arian
sawarmoo procesebTan. ramodenime federaluri
laboratoria organizebas ukeTebs Tavis
warmomadgenlebs kvlevebisa da teqnikuri realizaciis
TvalsazrisiT, axal aRmoCenaTa gavrcelebis mizniT;
isini aRWurvilni arian uflebamosilebiT, miakuTvnon
gansakuTrebuli salicenzio uflebebi kerZo
organizaciebs axali produqciis Seqmnis stimulirebis
mizniT.

amave dros dawyebulia procesi saswavlo programebis

gadaxedva-ganaxlebisa da maswavlebelTa Sromis
anazRaurebis donis gazrdisa aSS-is dawyebiT da
saSualo skolebSi. mravali firma da adgilobrivi
xelisufleba avlens did dainteresebas kadrebis
kvalifikaciis amaRlebisa, uSualod samuSao adgilebze
imisaTvis, rom daexmaros maT mTeli rigi progresuli
teqnologiebis aTvisebaSi.

amerikel eqspertTa azriT unda gakeTdes gacilebiT meti

Zveli teqnologiuri lideris poziciis dabrunebisaTvis,
es ukanaskneli ar moiTxovs xarjebis mniSvnelovan
gazrdas samecniero kvlevebsa da teqnikur
realizaciebze; imave eqspertTa azriT saWiroa xarjebis
mxolod gadanawileba. pentagonis mier finansirebadi
msxvili kvleviTi proeqtebis nacvlad unda Seiqmnas
iseTi samecniero-teqnikuri programebi rac
gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba amerikuli kerZo kompaniebis
monawileobaze. nawilobriv es programebi unda
daafinansos samoqalaqo saagentom, romelsac
specialurad daevaleboda axali teqnologiebis
komerciuli Canergvis xelSewyoba. aseT programebSi
yuradReba unda gamaxvildes, inJinerTa, konstruqtorTa
da warmoebis specialistebis mxridan am axali
teqnologiebis gamoyenebis gamocdilebis SeZenaze. aseT
struqturaTa Camoyalibeba ramodenime wlis win daiwyo
aSS-Si. magaliTad Seqmnilia erToblivi kvleviTi
sawarmo naxevargamtarebis teqnikis sferoSi – SEMATECH,

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magram amave dros, misi damfinansebeli organizacia, aSS-
is Tavdacvis saministro, arasakmarisad erkveva
komerciuli teqnologiebis SemuSavebis sakiTxebSi da
proeqti ZiriTadad koncetrirdeba, naxevargam-tariani
mowyobilobebis warmoebisaTvis saWiro danadgarebis
SemuSavebaze da ara am proeqtSi monawile firmebSi
mowinave gamocdilebis gavrcelebaze.

eqspertTa azriT, SeerTebulma Statebma unda Cadon,

dRevandel dReze gacilebiT meti saxsrebi, kadrebis
saerTo ganaTlebisa da profesiuli momzadebisaTvis.
magram ubralod saxsrebis moZieba sazogadoebrivi
fondebidan - es jer kidev ar wyvets problemas. garda
ZiriTadi disciplinebis da Cvevebis swavlebisa dawyebiTi
da saSualo skolebis programebSi gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba unda daeTmos kritikuli azrovnebis aRzrdas,
amocanis arsis mkafio aRqmis unaris ganviTarebas,
sakiTxebis dasmas da ara mxolod faqtebis
konstatirebas da kanonzomierebis dadgenas imaSi, rac
aRiqmeba qaosad. maswavleblebs unda mieceT meti
damoukidebloba, magram amave dros maT unda daekisroT
didi pasuxismgebloba imaze Tu rogor da ras aswavlian
klasebSi. mSoblebi da sazogadoebriobis wamomadgenlebi
unda efeqturad uwyobdnen xels saskolo ganaTlebis
gaumjobesebas.

kerZo seqtoris mxridan rekomendirebuli gza

teqnologiuri liderobisaken moiTxovs ufro intensiur
urTierTqmedebas, mkvlevarebs, inJiner-konstruqtorebs,
inJiner-teqnologebs da bazris specialistebs Soris
TiToeul firmaSi da mniSvnelovnad ufro seriozuli
zomebis miRebas imisaTvis, rom samuSao adgilze
damagrdes kvalificiuri specialisti.

SeerTebul StatebSi, bolo wlebSi, eqspertTa

rekomendaciiT, dawyebulia sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi,
imisaTvis rom kompaniebs mianiWon ufro farTo
SesaZleblobebi im kapitaldabandebaTa mimarT, romlebic
gaTvlilni arian produqciis SemuSavebis
grZelvadianobaze. magaliTad, federalurma mTavrobam

67
faqtobrivad ganaxorciela im operaciaTa subsidireba,
romlebic dakavSirebulni arian kompaniaTa SerwymasTan
da sakuTrebis gadacemasTan; firmebi, romlebic am
miznebisaTvis iReben uzarmazar valebs, saprocento
gadasaxadebs ixdian mogebidan. sagadasaxado subsidiebs
SeuZliaT ufro efeqturad Seuwyon xeli programebs,
romlebic gaTvlilni arian xangrZliv perspeqtivaze.

aSS-is administraciis eqspertTa azriT sasargeblo

nabiji iqneboda im sagasaxado SeRavaTebis likvidacia,
romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia kompaniebis Serwymis da
sakuTrebis gadacemisas. loRikuradaa miCneuli
sakuTrebis gayidvis dros amoRebuli gadasaxadis gazrda,
Tu sakuTreba mis gamyidvels ekuTvnoda naxevar welze
mcire droiT da gadasaxadis Semcireba sakuTrebis
gayidvisas, Tu igi mas ekuTvnoda 6 welze meti xnis
ganmavlobaSi.

zemoT aRniSnulma, amerikis ekonomikis, arasaxarbielo

tendenciebma da qveynis ”teqnologiuri momavlis”
gaurkvevlobam (ukanaskneli wlebis amerikuli umaRlesi
saswavleblebis sabunebismetyvelo da teqnikuri
fakultetebis studentTa ricxvi da amave sferoebSi
samecniero xarisxebis maZiebelTa raodenoba mkveTrad
Semcirda. 1000 kursdamTavrebulidan mxolod 7 Rebulobs,
teqnikuri profilis samecniero xarisxs; iaponiaSi
Sesabamisi ricxvia 40. sadoqtoro disertaciebis
naxevarze meti, teqnikur disciplinebSi, maTematikaSi da
fizikaSi daculia ucxoelTa mier. magistris xarisxis
mimReb specialistTa ricxvi Semcirda 25%-iT, xolo
universitetebis diplomebis mimRebTa ricxvi – 30% - iT,
ris Sedegadac mcirdeba baza, momavalSi samecniero
kadrebis da wamyvani specialistebis momzadebisa. aSS-is
samecniero disciplinebis maswavlebelTa erovnuli
asociaciis monacemebiT – amerikis skolebis mesamedSi ar
iswavleba fizika, yovel mexuTe skolaSi – qimia, yovel
meaTeSi – biologia, skolebis 3/4 –Si ar iswavleba
mecnierebebi dedamiwasa da kosmosis Sesaxeb.) aiZula
prezident j.buSis (ufrosi) administracia 90-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi gamoecxadebina aSS-is ekonomikuri da

68
samrewvelo profilis teqnologiuri prioritetebi. am
periodSi SeiniSneba CAD/CAM inteleqtualuri
sistemebis arnaxuli teqnologiuri srulyofa da
racionaluri daproeqtebis meTodebis - (DFMA), mTel rig
modulTa warmoSoba, romlebmac ukanasknel wlebSi
arnaxuli da Zneladprognozirebadi makroekonomikuri
warmatebebi moutanes amerikis SeerTebul Statebs
dakarguli bazrebis dabrunebis saqmeSi.

dRes kvlav aqtualuria umZimesi ekonomikuri krizisis

daZlevis efeqturi saxelmwifo-mmarTvelobiTi
RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba da am TvalsazrisiT
industriuli liderebi axorcieleben mkafiod
struqturirebul saxelmwifo antikrizisul strategiebs.
aSS-s axali administracia da prezideni b. obama(Barack
Obama) apirebs ekonomikur kolafss daupirispirdes
antikrizisuli strategiebiT ganaTlebis, jandacvis,
energetikis da socialuri uzrunvelyofis sferoSi.
rogorc wina wlebSi, dResac msoflios ekonomikurad
dawinaurebuli qveynebi koliziebs, ekonomikasa da
finansur sferoSi, upirispireben saxelmwifo-marTvis
mkafiod gamoxatul da motivirebul antikrizisul
programebs.

Semoqmedis mier dawesebuli sistemaSemqmneli kategoriebi

- sistemuri msoflmxedveloba, sulieri gavlena, codna
da rwmena

sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis da sulieri gavlenis -

TvalnaTeli nimuSia didi RvTismetyvelisa da
moazrovnis, netari avgustines* (Saint Augustine) (354-430 w.w.)
Txzulebam (”aRsarebani”), rom moaRwia Cvenamde. am wigns
yvelaze metad kiTxuloben, yvelaze ukeT icnoben da
yvelaze mets Targmnian mTels saqristiano
samyaroSi. ”aRsarebani”, mogviTxrobs pirovnebis
(avgustines) moqcevis, misi sulieri feriscvalebis, misi
Sinagani cxovrebis ganaxlebisa da inteleqtualuri
ganviTarebis dramatul da gulisSemZvrel ambavs, sadac

69
saRvTismosao sasoebas enacvleba umniSvnelovanesi
filosofiuri wiaRsvlebi.

sulis warmomavlobis sakiTxi, erTi im sakiTxTagania,

mTeli cxovrebis manZilze rom stanjavda da awamebda
netar avgustines, romelmac sicocxlis damlevsac ki ver
SesZlo misi(sulis warmomavlobis problemis) gadaWra,
roca Txzulebas - “uaryofani” (“Retractationes”) werda,
raTa saboloo da konceptualur msoflmxedvelobrivi
daskvnebi Seetana masSi, Tumca sistemuri
msoflmxedvelobis mravali mSvenieri nimuSi dautova
kacobriobas.

sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis da sulieri gavlenis

ugulebelyofiTaa uTuod warmoSobili seni, rasac ilia
marTalma “seni uqmobisa” uwoda – “es saSineli seni
uqmobisa, Tavis Tavis arpatronobisa, Tavis Tavis ar
Svelisa, ise arsad ar aris gavrcelebuli, rogorc
saqarTveloSi”.

dRes iseTi droa, rom Tu adamiani, eri Tavad ar irjeba

sakuTari sikeTisaTvis, rac sistemuri
msoflmxedvelobidan da sulieri gavlenidan SeiZleba
iyos mopovebuli, da mxolod garedan elis daxmarebas,
gareT eZebs saxsars cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad, aseTi
kaci da eri ganwirulia damarcxebisaTvis. …
------------------------------
* netari avgustine - Saint Augustine, Latin: Aurelius Augustinus
Hipponensis, (354-430w.w.) - dasavleTis eklesiis udidesi
maswavlebeli, daibada 354 wlis noemberSi, hiponiis maxloblad,
samxreT numidiis patara qalaq togastaSi. mamamisi - patriciusi,
warmarTi iyo da mxolod maSin moinaTla, rodesac avgustines
17 weli Seusrulda, ris Semdegac maleve aResrula. igi
cdilobda, avgustinesTvis kargi ganaTleba mieca, magram misi
znisa da xasiaTisaTvis yuradReba arasodes miuqcevia. dedas,
monikas, WeSmaritad qristianuli aRzrda hqonda mSoblebisagan
miRebuli da gamoirCeoda keTili bunebiTa da saTno,
mSvidobismoyvare cxovrebiT. monika 23 wlis iyo, rodesac
avgustine SeeZina, sakuTar Svils yrmobidanve aswavla da
Seayvara iesos saxeli, magram miuxedavad amisa, avgustine mainc
uzneobasa da garyvnil cxovrebas mieca. es ganapiroba misi
drois mankier zne-CveulebaTa garemocvam, cudi megobrebis wrem

70
da Tavisufalma cxovrebam. Wabuki avgustine afrikelisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli temperamentiT Caeflo garyvnilebaSi, biblia
mkvdar wignad miaCnda da mas ise kiTxulobda, rogorc
polemisti. misTvis daixSo sulieri karibWe, radgan
gulwrfelobisa da morCilebis gareSe mieaxla saRmrTo
werils.
17 wlis avgustine karTagenSi gaemgzavra ganaTlebis misaRebad.
aq igi iolad aRmoCnda maniqevelTa badeSi, romelnic Tumca
xSirad axsenebdnen macxovris saxels, magram Tavisi swavlebiTa
da cxovrebis wesiT mtrebi iyvnen qristes eklesiisa. maTma
swavlebam avgustine sakuTari codvebisTvis gamarTlebis Ziebis
seniT daavada. codvebi umniSvnelod eCveneboda da maT Tavisi
nebis gamoxatulebis Sedegad ki ar miiCnevda, aramed rogorc
gareSe boroti Zalis tiranias. Wabuki avgustine ise Rrmad
Caeflo am mwvaleblur WaobSi, rom megobrebi da nacnobebic ki
CaiTria. cxra wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo igi maniqeveli. Semdgom
avgustineSi TandaTan eWvma daisadgura maniqevelTa moZRvrebis
mimarT. man dainaxa, rom isini ngrevaSi ufro warmatebulni
iyvnen, vidre SenebaSi. avgustinem ganizraxa karTagenis datoveba.
netari avgustines deda, monika, usazRvrod damwuxrebuli iyo
Svilis maniqevelobiT. man ar moisurva gzasacdenilTan erTad
cxovreba da aRarc trapezs iyofda masTan. monika ise
dastiroda Svils, rogorc mkvdars da moukleblad
loculobda, raTa igi RmerTs WeSmariti sarwmunoebisaken
moeqcia. xedavda ra dedis amgvar mecadineobas, erTma
episkoposma is ase daamSvida: „icxovre ise, rogorc cxovrob da
SeuZlebelia, rom daiRupos Svili am cremlebisa“.
samSobloSi dabrunebulma avgustinem gramatikis maswavleblad
daiwyo muSaoba. 29 wlis, igi Sexvda marTlmorwmuneTagan
sikvdilis maxed wodebul maniqevel „episkopos“ favsts. masTan
urTierTobisas avgustinem maniqevelTa swavlebaSi da
cxovrebis wesSi mravali winaaRmdegoba aRmoaCina. favstTan
saubris Semdeg avgustine romSi gaemgzavra. am dros igi werda:
„iswrafe iqiT, saidanac anaTebs WeSmariteba“.
romSi avgustine didxans ar gaCerebula, igi Tavis megobar
alipiusTan erTad milans gaemgzavra, raTa wmida ambrosi
mediolanelis qadageba moesmina. „me masTan RmerTma mimiyvana,
raTa mis mier RmerTTan mivsuliyavi“, - werda igi Semdgom.
wmida ambrosim is mamobrivi siyvaruliT miiRo. misi qadagebis
mosmena avgustines udides siamovnebas aniWebda. male didi
mRvdelmTavris meTvalyureobiT saRmrTo werilis Seswavla
daiwyo. RmrTis sityvam masze gadamwyveti zegavlena moaxdina.
avgustine da alipiusi katexizatorTa bejiTi da morCili
mowafeni Seiqmnen, TumcaRa niWiTa da codniT bevrad
aRematebodnen TavianT maswavleblebs. 387 wels, aRdgomamde

71
ramdenime dRiT adre, avgustine alipiusTan erTad moinaTla,
mTeli Tavisi qoneba qvriv-obolT dauriga da berul
moRvaweobas Seudga. saocaria misi ukanaskneli saubari
dedasTan. „.erTaderTi mizezi imisa, rom amqveynad didxans
mecocxla, is iyo, rom sikvdilamde mexile marTlmadidebel
qristianad. RmerTma ki ufro metic mommadla - dRes vxedav,
rom yovelive amqveyniurze amaRlebulxar da Tavi uflisaTvis
migiZRvnia. maS, raRa damrCenia me amqveynad“. xuTi dRis Semdeg
monikam ufals miabara suli.
391 wels hiponiis episkoposma valerim, avgustines presviteris
wodeba mianiWa. mravalmxrivi da nayofieri iyo netari mamis
moRvaweoba am xarisxSi. man daaarsa pirveli qalTa monasteri
afrikaSi. mavritaniaSi misi mecadineobiT aRikveTa saSineli
adaTi, romlis drosac qalaqis mcxovrebni or SeiaraRebul
nawilad iyofodnen da erTmaneTs ebrZodnen.
Tavisi cxovrebis ormocdamexuTe wels avgustine episkoposad
akurTxes. male man hiponiis kaTedra daikava. mRvdelmTavrobis
ocdaTxuTmeti weli netarma mamam maniqevlobis, donatevelobisa
da pelagevelobis winaaRmdeg brZolas Sealia. am polemikaSi
igi mxolod kalams rodi sjerdeboda, aramed pirad disputebSi
amarcxebda mwvalebelT, misi saubrebi ki Semdgom morwmuneebSi
vrceldeboda.

netari avgustines saxli mudam Ria iyo yvelasaTvis. mis

magidaze aseTi sityvebi ewera: „visac uyvars zurgs ukan
yvedreba sxvaTa cxovrebisa, icodes, rom es magida amxilebs
mas“. misi qadagebebi gankuTvnili iyo ubralo meTevzeebisa da
xelosnebisaTvis da ara antioqieli Tu konstantinepoleli
aristokratiisaTvis. am qadagebaTa ubraloeba metad axlos iyo
saxarebis sulTan.
netari avgustine mravali sakvirveli Cvenebis Rirsi gaxada
ufalma. mis cxovrebaSi erT-erTi yvelaze naTeli movlena iyo
yrma iesos xilva, romelsac surda, mTeli okeane erT patara
qviSis ormoSi moeqcia. swored am dros avgustine cdilobda,
sakuTari gonebiT Caswvdomoda wmida samebis saidumlos. am
xilviT ki RmerTma netar mamas kidev erTxel daanaxa
sasruloba da umweoba adamianis gonebisa. wmidani Tavadac bevr
saswauls aRasrulebda. misi locviT araerTi sneuli
gankurnebula.
430 wels hiponia vandalebma gadawves. erTaderTi, rac RvTis
nebiT cecxls gadaurCa, netari avgustines biblioTeka iyo.
karTagenic male daeca. Crdilo afrikis eklesia mZime
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. avgustine iyo hiponiis ukanaskneli
episkoposi. man sakuTari TvaliT ixila sayvareli qalaqis

72
sikvdili, ris Semdegac didxans aRar ucocxlia. igi 430 wlis
28 agvistos gardaicvala.
netari avgustines kalams ekuTvnis mravali Txzuleba (misi
biografis TqmiT, maTi raodenoba aTas ocdaaTs aRemateba).
aRsaniSnavia misi „aRsarebani“, „RvTis qalaqis Sesaxeb“,
“Cvidmeti wigni pelakianelTa winaaRmdeg”, “komentarebi
dabadebis wignisa” da sxva. igi cdilobda, misi nawerebi
yvelasaTvis misawvdomi da sargeblis momtani yofiliyo.
„umjobesia gramatikosebma gangvaqiqon, vidre Cveni azrebi
xalxisaTvis gaugebari iyos“. - ambobda igi. („wmidanTa
cxovreba“, tomi II, Tbilisi, 2001 w.)

sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis naTeli nimuSi -

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis
saWeTmpyrobelis mosazrebebi Tanamedroveobis
fundamentur problemebze

uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolokos-patriarqis ilia II-is sityva "globalizaciis
da civilizaciaTa dialogis saerTaSoriso forumze"
Seraton-metexi palasi, 24 seqtemberi, 2004 weli

73
. . .
globalizacia aris gardauvali movlena da igi
ukavSirdeba mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis ganviTarebas.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTeli msoflio gaxda globaluri.

magram es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom didma qveynebma
unda STanTqon mcire qveynebis kulturuli, sulieri Tu
erovnuli faseulobani, raTa Seiqmnas erTiani da usaxo
kultura.

zogs hgonia, TiTqos mcire erebis sulieri Tu erovnuli

faseulobani qmnis konfliqts da dapirispirebas, rac
SesaZloa mtrobasa da SuRlSic gadaizardos.
sinamdvileSi es sulac ar aris ase. es faseulobani, maTi
mravalferovneba, piriqiT amdidrebs msoflios. magram
amave dros, Cven unda vicodeT, rom saWiroa Camoyalibdes
sakacobrio RirebulebaTa zneobrivi RerZi, rasac Cven
mTlianad mxars vuWerT da migvaCnia, rom igi xels
Seuwyobs civilizaciaTa Soris dialogs. es saqme
saSuria.

dRes filosofiaSi da saerTod azrovnebaSi arsebobs

aseTi cneba: swrafi reagirebis kultura. marTlac, ise
swrafad viTardeba movlenebi dedamiwaze, rom
Sesabamisad maTi swrafad aRqma aris saWiro, da ara
martooden aRqma, aramed gaanalizeba da saTanado
reagireba.
. . .

adamiani aris gonieri arseba, igia xateba RvTisa da

RvTisagan boZebuli goneba man aucileblad keTilad
unda gamoiyenos.

roca civilizaciaTa Soris dialogis Sesaxeb vsaubrobT,

Cven, ra Tqma unda, vgulisxmobT ara marto kulturaTa
Soris dialogs, aramed religiebs Soris dialogsac.
oRond Zalian mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswineba, rom am
dialogis dros, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda SevexoT
dogmatikas, Cvens mrwamss, religiis arss. radgan Tuki
daviwyebT kamaTs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras warmoadgens esa

74
Tu is religia, maSinve aRimarTeba kedeli uSualod Cvens
Soris, ramac SeiZleba konfliqti gamoiwvios. amitom
amgvari saubris dros didi sifrTxilea saWiro.

Cven SegviZlia vimsjeloT iseT Tanamedrove problemebze,

rogoricaa genuri inJineria, klonireba, ekologia da
sxva. Tanamedrove mecniereba am sakiTxebs religiur
liderebs ekiTxeba da maTac unda miscen Sesabamisi
Sefaseba zemoaRniSnul problemebs.
. . .
mimaCnia, rom civilizaciaTa Soris dialogi
aucilebelia da saqarTveloc aqtiurad uWers mxars mas.
. . .
sibrZne - sofia gvmarTebs yvelas, raTa civilizaciaTa
Soris konfliqti aviciloT, es ki yovlad aucilebelia.

saqarTvelo da globalizacia, patriarqi ilia II -

"kulturaTa dialogi" sakvirao qadageba, sionis
sapatriarqo taZari, 17 oqtomberi, 2004 weli
. . .
globalizaciis anu gamTlianebis procesi gamoiwvia
teqnikurma da mecnierulma progresma. erTmaneTs dRes
yvela qveyana dauaxlovda, dauaxlovda kulturiTac.
metad saSiSia, rom didi saxelmwifoebis kulturam Tu
fsevdokulturam ar walekos ricxobrivad SedarebiT
patara erebis da maT Soris, Cveni faseulobanic. miT
umetes, xSiria magaliTebi imisa, rom rasac dRes
"kulturas" uwodeben da Tavs gvaxveven, sinamdvileSi
aris yalbi kultura.

Cven Zalian frTxilad unda viyoT da didi yuradReba

unda mivaqcioT ojaxsac. ojaxis erovnuli tradiciebi
aucileblad unda davicvaT; aseve unda davicvaT Cveni ena
da sarwmunoeba. amas Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs.

saerTod unda iTqvas, rom qveynebis daaxloeba

TavisTavad cudi movlena ar aris. magram unda vicodeT,
ra aris misaRebi da ra ara.

75
zogierTi imasac fiqrobs, iqneb rogorRac ganeridos
globalizaciis process, es SeuZlebelia. vercerTi
qveyana Tavs ver aaridebs mas, oRond, vimeoreb, gvmarTebs
goniereba.

saerTod qarTveli adamiani yovelTvis siamovnebiT

iTvisebda sxva qveynebis kulturaTa saukeTeso nimuSebs.
Zalian sainteresoa da bevri ramis swavla SeiZleba
rogorc aRmosavluri, ise dasavluri kulturidan.
ramdenime wlis win "kulturaTa dialogis" egidiT
TbilisSi Catarda saerTaSoriso konferencia. misTvis
undodaT ewodebinaT "civilizaciaTa dialogi" an
"religiaTa dialogi", magram me konferenciis
organizatorebs vuTxari, rom Tu Cven am forums
"religiaTa dialogs" vuwodebT, mxareebs Soris
aucileblad aRimarTeboda kedeli, radgan yvela
daiwyebda Tavisi religiis qebas, rac sxvebs uxerxul
mdgomareobaSi Caayenebda. amitom vurCie forumisaTvis
"kulturaTa dialogi" ewodebinaT.

aucileblad unda viswavloT erTmaneTisagan, magram

sakuTari ar unda daviviwyoT. WeSmariti kultura aris
iseTi ram, rac aaxloebs erebs, igi umtkivneuloa da sxva
qveynebis kulturas ar Seuracxofs, piriqiT, ufro
amdidrebs mas. arc SeiZleba, rom romelime kultura
Caiketos sakuTar TavSi, Tavis naWuWSi. didi Secdomaa,
romelime qveyanam CaTvalos, rom misi kultura sruliad
sakmarisia.
…
mTeli Cveni eri yvelafers gaakeTebs imisaTvis, rom
qarTuli kultura, zneobrivi Tu erovnuli faseulobani
SevinarCunoT. amasTan, Tavis mxriv, sxvebic
dainteresdebian Cveni faseulobebiTac da qarTuli
kulturiT da SeiTviseben mas, rogorc sxva qveynebis
faseulobani gaamdidrebs Cvensas. wignidan: uwmidesi da
unetaresi, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolokos-patriarqi
ilia II mecnierebis, ganaTlebis, kulturis da xelovnebis
Sesaxeb (1977 - 2004 w.w.); Tbilisi, gamomcemloba "geokeria"
2004; gv. 212-214.

76
uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos
kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is qadageba
sveticxovlobis dResaswaulze. mcxeTa, sveticxovlis
sapatriarqo taZari, 14 oqtomberi, 2006 weli.
. . .
yovel adamians gaaCnia Tavisufali neba da Tavisi
energia - RvTis mier micemuli Zala. es aris udidesi
jildo, magram, amave dros, - udidesi gansacdelic.
radgan imaze, Tu rogor gamoiyenebs igi Tavis nebas,
damokidebulia misi maradiuli cxovrebis xvedri. Tuki
is irCevs uflis gzas, igi unda dauaxlovdes RmerTs da
unda Sedges sinergia, anu Serwyma RvTaebrivi da
adamianuri energiebisa. adamiani an eri, romelic amas
miaRwevs, - iqms saswauls, Tu ara da sxva gza
daRupvisaken miaqanebs.

ufalma mogvca Cven Zala, ufalma mogvca garCevis unari, -

Tu movisurvebT, SegviZlia, gavarkvioT, sad aris sikeTe
da sad aris boroteba, sad aris gza RvTisa da sad aris
gza eSmakisa. erTma adamianma Tqva: "SeiZleba dakargo
miwieri simdidre - am SemTxvevaSi araferi dagikargavs,
SeiZleba dakargo janmrTeloba, magram cocxali mainc
darCebi, magram Tuki dakarge madli RvTisa - Sen
yvelaferi dagikargavs!" amas icavda, amas etrfoda da
amaze ocnebobda qarTveli adamiani, rom madli RvTisa
mudam yofiliyo saqarTveloSi da daecva Cveni qveyana.

kvarTi RvTisa - es aris udidesi simdidre, msoflios

udidesi saunje. RvTis gangebiT es siwminde CamobrZanda
saqarTveloSi da radgan aq aris misi savane, - aq iyo,
aris da iqneba madli RvTisa.

saqarTvelo gaxda yovladwminda RvTismSoblis

wilxvedri - es aris neba RvTisa, es aris didi madli,
magram, amave dros, didi pasuxismgebloba. am madlma
mogiyvanaT Tqven taZarSi, am madlma mogvaniWa Cven
marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoeba da igi gvacxovnebs Cven,
radgan igia "uZlurTa mkurnali da naklulevanTa
aRmavsebeli." uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad

77
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiaSi warmoTqmuli
sityvidan. 6 Tebervali, 2005 w.
http://www.orthodoxy.ge/patriarqi/qadagebebi/s06-02-2005.htm

integraciisa da globalizaciis procesi gardauvalia.

da imisda miuxedavad, gvinda Cven es Tu ara, igi
aucileblad gagrZeldeba. am dros Cven unda
SevinarCunoT Cveni sulieri da erovnuli faseulobani.
Cven gvaqvs didi swrafva dasavleTisken. magram unda
gvaxsovdes, rom dasavleTidan Semodis kulturac da
Semodis fsevdokulturac. Cven unda gavarCioT, ra aris
misaRebi da ra ara.

saerTod me mqonda erTxel Tu orjer Sexvedra Cvens

fsiqologebTan da vusayvedure kidec maT, rom saTanadod
ar muSaoben. fsiqologebi unda iyvnen yvela
dawesebulebaSi da rCevebs unda gvaZlevdnen - Cvenc,
parlamentsac, mTavrobasac, patriarqsac, skolebsac da
yvelas. da jer-jerobiT es ar keTdeba. momavalSi, albaT,
asec iqneba. maSin fsiqologebma xumrobiT miTxres, rom
zogierTs eSleba fsiqologi da fsiqiatri da amitom
uars amboben Cvens daxmarebazeo. me vfiqrob, rom dRes es
ukve aRaravis eSleba da fsiqologebi unda gaaqtiurdnen.

minda, mogaxsenoT kidev erTi ram. ramdenime wlis win me

gamovTqvi aseTi azri, rom saskolo programaSi Cven unda
SevitanoT Rrma azrovnebis, ganyenebuli Tu
filosofiuri azrovnebis kursi. es unda iyos pirveli
klasidan bolo klasamde. aq ra Tqma unda, logikac
iqneba gamoyenebuli, anTropologiac, filosofiac. es
SeiZleba gakeTdes dialogebis saxiT. dialogebi,
magaliTad, aqvs platonsac, nikoloz kuzanelsac da
sxvebsac. es Zalian ganaviTarebs Cvens gonebas. radgan
rogorc Cvens fizikur kunTebs sWirdeba varjiSi, aseTive
sWirdeba varjiSi Cvens gonebas.

Tqven kargad mogexsenebaT, Cven emociuri xalxi varT da

gulis kultura da grZnobebis kultura Warbobs CvenSi.
Cven jer raimes vakeTebT da mxolod Semdeg
akontrolebs mas goneba. im dros, rodesac jer goneba

78
unda gansjides da iazrebdes, vidre raimes
movimoqmedebdeT, vidre raime nabijs gadavdgamdeT. es
Zalian seriozuli sakiTxia. da Tu Cven SevitanT
saSualo skolaSi aseT sagans, maSin saSualo skolis
damTavrebisas Cven gveyoleba moazrovne adamiani da im
Secdomebs, romlebsac dRes uSvebs axalgazrda,
momavalSi aRar dauSvebs. bevria iseTi sakiTxi, romelic
ar iTmens. magaliTad, Tqven kargad mogexsenebaT, rom
milionze meti axalgazrda gasulia ucxoeTSi, zogi
maTgani dabrundeba, zogi ki vera. rogor davexmaroT,
rom maT ar daiviwyon mSobliuri ena da ar mowyden Tavis
fesvebs? Cven unda vifiqroT amazec.

qarTuli enis saRvTismetyvelo da sistemuri gaazreba

uwmindesis da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos
kaTolikos -patriarqis ilia II-is qadagebebidan

„qarTuli ena - es aris musika, magram ara miwieri, aramed

zecidan gardamosuli sulieri musika! igia Cveni erisa
da qveynis gadamrCeni.“
„Cven varT im miwa-wylis Svilebi, sadac inaxeba mTeli
qristianobis sanukvari siwminde - kvarTi uflisa Cvenisa
ieso qristesi, sadac dainTxa sisxli mravali aTasi
mowamisa, romelTac Tavisi sicocxlis fasad dRemde
Semogvinaxes Cveni ena da rwmena.“

„Cveni eri jvarcmuli eria. Cveni qveyana aerTebs evropasa

da azias. bevrs surda Cveni dapyroba, mospoba, magram
mterma ver wagvarTva is, rac yvelaferze Zvirfasia -
suli. ver wagvarTva niWi, ver wagvarTva Cveni qarTuli
ena... dRes zeciuri da miwieri saqarTvelo erTiTa piriTa
da erTiTa guliT madlobas swiravs Semoqmeds, romelmac
Cveni qveyana gadaarCina JamTa siavis oromtrialSi,
romelmac SegvinarCuna rwmena, tkbili ena da kultura.“

„saocari da eniT uTqmeli wyalobaa - maSin, roca mTeli

qveyniereba sarwmunoebas dakargavs, saqarTvelo, rogorc
es RvTismSobelma aTonis mTaze iveriis monastris bers,
gabriels, auwya, gabrwyindeba. Cveni eris mimarT uflis

79
gansakuTrebul wyalobaze mravali niSani metyvelebs:
macxovris kvarTis CamobrZaneba, RvTismSoblis
wilxvdomiloba da sxva. albaT amiT unda avxsnaT ioane-
zosimes sityvebi - meored mosvlis Jams kacobrioba
qarTuliTa eniTa ganisjebao. es iqneba albaT jildo
imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelo, TviT ukanasknel Jamsac ki,
SeinarCunebs WeSmarit sarwmunoebasa da siyvaruls.“

„gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliTa da mxurvale grZnobiT

mogmarTavT Tqven, Cveno Zmebo, mcxovrebno samSoblos
sazRvrebs gareT, mogmarTavT Tqven, muslimanebo da
qristianebo. Cven sisxliT da xorciT erTni varT,
miuxedavad gansxvavebuli religiuri Sexedulebebisa.
gaxsovdeT, rom Tqveni winaprebi ganisveneben
saqarTvelos wminda miwaSi. nu daiviwyebT, vin xarT,
sadaurni xarT, gaxsovdeT RvTisagan dalocvili
qarTuli ena da saukuneTa manZilze nakurTxi qarTuli
tradiciebi.“

„Cvens erovnul arss, Cvens erovnul mTlianobas, rogorc

brZanebs wminda ilia marTali, sami mZlavri fesvi
asazrdoebs: sakuTari miwa, qristianoba da ena qarTuli.
maT TvalisCiniviT unda gavufrTxildeT, radgan Tu
qarTvelTa Soris daikarga grZnoba da gancda am
WeSmaritebisa, gadamrCenel biliks verasdros mivagnebT.“

„Cveni mxne, sicocxlisa da Tavisuflebis wyurviliT

aRvsili xalxi saukuneebis manZilze ayalibebda Cvens
didebul, unikalur enas. am enaze Seiqmna uZvelesi Cveni
mwerloba, am enaze daiwera „wamebaჲ wmidisa SuSanikisi“,
mTel msoflioSi usaCinoesi „vefxistyaosani“ da bevri
sxva. am enaze metyvelebdnen gelaTisa da iyalTos
akademiebSi, es ena JRerda sinas mTaze, wminda aTonze da
ierusalimis jvris monasterSi. am enaze qmnian TavianT
Sromebs Cveni brZeni mecnierebi Cvens saxelovan
mecnierebaTa akademiaSi da Cvens kurTxeul universitetsa
da institutebSi. qarTvel xalxs Rrmad aqvs Segnebuli,
rom „ra ena waxdes, eric daeces, waecxos Cirqi taZarsa
wmindas!“ (grigol orbeliani). amitom uyvarT Tavisi ena
saqarTvelos gulkeTili Svilebs.“

80
„jer kidev wminda ilia marTali Tavis publicistur
werilebSi ebrZoda peterburgis universitetSi Seqmnil
antiqarTul istoriografiul Teorias, romlis
mixedviTac erTiani qarTveli eri warmodgenili iyo
gansxvavebuli tomebis xelovnur gaerTianebad.
aRniSnuli kampaniis gagrZeleba iyo is, rom imperiulma
Zalebma daiwyes megrulad da svanurad saRvTismsaxuro
wignebis Targmna da scades wirva-locvis Catarebac,
magram am kuTxis Svilebma da mTelma qarTulma
sazogadoebam maT sakadrisi pasuxi gasces.“

„rac yvelaze mTavaria, saqarTvelos yovelTvis hqonda

udidesi Sinagani Zala, Tavisi mowameebis,
ganmanaTleblebis, poetebis, mxatvrebisa da Tavisi
uSiSari da Tavisuflebismoyvare xalxis saxiT. erTi
mTavari wyaroTagani, saidanac qarTvelebi iRebdnen
sulier Zalebs - esaa uZvelesi da madliani qarTuli ena,
romelzec saocrad mdidari literatura Seiqmna, esaa ena,
romlis Sesaxeb Rirsma mamam, ioane zosimem, Tqva: „yoveli
saidumlo amas enasa Sina damarxul ars.“
„aris Rirebulebani, romelnic ama Tu im eris cxovrebaSi
saukuneobiT iqmneba da yalibdeba da romelTa dakargvac
danaSaulia. CvenTvis aseTia: marTlmadidebeli
sarwmunoeba, mociqulTagan boZebuli; musika - yvelas
rom aRafrTovanebs; Cveni ena da mwerloba, idumalebiT
savse da didebuli; gasaocari xelovneba, xatwera,
arqiteqtura; Cveni mSvenieri wes-Cveulebani. aRmosavleTis
an dasavleTis romeli tradiciebi Seedreba maT?
samwuxarod, bolomde ver vacnobierebT, ra simdidris
mflobelni varT.“

„samSoblos ukeTesi momavlisTvis mecadineoba yoveli

Cvenganis valia, raTa „iveri aRsdges Zlieri da dadges
erad sxva erTa Soris, wmidiT saydariT, eniT mdidariT,
swavlisa SuqiT ganaTebuli!“ es exeba Cveni cxovrebis
yvela sferos, rogorc suliers, ise materialurs,
pirvel yovlisa, es exeba qarTul enas.

81
ZvelqarTuli poeziis brwyinvale Zeglis, „qebaჲ da
didebaჲ qarTulisa enisaჲs“, avtori, Rirsi mama ioane
zosime ambobs: „da ese enaჲ mZinare ars dResamomde da
saxarebasa Sina amas enasa lazare hrqvian“.

wminda oTxTavis mixedviT, lazare megobari iyo qristesi.

igi mkvdreTiT aRadgina macxovarma, xolo mis debs,
rogorc Zmis Wirisuflebs, samaradiso cxovreba aRuTqva.
azri naTelia, RvTis nebiT, qarTuli ena mkvdreTiT
aRdgenil wminda lazaresTan aris gaigivebuli, xolo mas
Wirisuflad Seracxulia mTeli qarTveli eri, romelic
valdebulia dReniadag ufrTxildebodes, zrunavdes
misTvis, viTarca marTali iosebi ifaravda mterTagan
Cvil yrmas, macxovars Cvensas, ieso qristes.

madloba ufals, Cvens kurTxeul miwa-wyalze winaparTa

nakvalevi sanTliT saZebari ara gvaqvs. miwieri
saqarTvelos mTa da baridan 15 aTasze meti istoriuli
Zegli SeRaRadebs zeciur saqarTvelos!.. yoveli maTganis
mdidar istorias mxolod Zunwi warwera gvamcnobs. dgas
qarTveli kaci didebuli qarTuli taZris winaSe da
raoden savalaloa, rom masze amotvifrul warweras ver
kiTxulobs... gvaxsovdes, rom asomTavruli da nusxa-
xucuri damwerlobis xmarebidan gandevniT Cvenive nebiT
vaSenebT yru kedels warsulsa da momavals Soris.
Tanamedrove qarTveli kacisTvis TandaTan ucxo da
gaugebari xdeba uZvelesi qarTuli gamocemebi, TumcaRa
isini imave RvTiuri madliT gasxivosnebuli, dinji da
darbaisluri qarTuliT gviamboben eris gardasuli
cxovrebis Wirsa da dalxinebas. jer kidev X saukuneSi
Cvens did winaprebs mTeli siRrmiT SeucvniaT mSobliuri
enis saRvTismetyvelo buneba da religiuri Zalisxmeva:
„damarxul ars enaჲ qarTuli dRemde meored mosvlisa
misisa sawameblad, raჲTa yovelsa enasa RmerTma amxilos
amiT eniTa“. RvTis STagonebiT aseTi ganuzomeli misia
daakisres qarTul enas qristianobis SesaniSnavda
apologetebma, raic avalebs yovel qarTvels uZveles
anbanTa - asomTavrulisa da nusxuris codnas... yovelma
saSualoskoladamTavrebulma unda icodes asomTavruli
da nusxa-xucuri wera-kiTxva. am saSviliSvilo saqmeSi

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daufasebeli daxmarebis gaweva SeuZliaT Zveli qarTuli
enis maswavleblebs.

dRes wminda eklesia erTaderTi savanea, sadac

mokrZalebiT Sefarebulia da yoveldRiurad ikiTxeba
ZvelqarTuli damwerloba, rameTu yvela saeklesio wigni
xucuradaa dabeWdili...

vTxov qarTvel morwmuneT, gamoiCinon sibejiTe da

gulmodgineba, Seiswavlon asomTavruli da xucuri
damwerloba. ar moSalon xidi, gadebuli saxelovan
warsulsa da bednier momavals Soris, rogorc
erTaderTi gza, romliTac moaRwia Cvenamde anam, rwmenam
da qarTveli kacis geniam“.

„esa Tu is xalxi saukuneTa manZilze ayalibebs Tavis

kulturas, enas xasiaTs; xelovnebis, mecnierebis,
literaturis... done misi geniis maCvenebelia. magram eris
sulis yvelaze naTeli gamoxatuleba mainc enaa. igia
idumali da auxsneli saunje, romelsac gansakuTrebuli
movla da patronoba sWirdeba.”

“Rrma, unapiro, brZeni, Tavmdabali da miuwvdomelia ena

qarTuli, viTarca goneba da siyvaruli. misi saTave
iseTive ucnobia, rogorc melqisedek mamamTavrisa. masSia
mTeli saqarTvelo... gazafxulze ayvavebuli pirveli
vardiviT mSvenieria igi da axlad amosuli mzis
cxovelsmyofeli sxiviviT saamo, cisferia misi samosi,
zecaa misi sawyisi, ufalia misi mSobeli da mfarveli.
sityva misi mWrelia, viT daviT aRmaSeneblis xmali,
Zlieria rogorc sveticxoveli da nazi, viT yvavilze
margalitad dakiduli dilis nami.”

“qarTuli enis uCveulo silamazes imTaviTve grZnobdnen

Cveni mwerlebi. amitomac mravali leqsi da sagalobeli
uZRvnes Sesamkobad. maT Soris gamorCeulad brwyinavs
saidumloebiT moculi „qebaჲ da didebaჲ qarTulisa
enisaჲ“; nu daviviwyebT, rom enas - RvTiboZebuls am
saganZurs sasoebiT dacva da gafrTxileba unda, rogorc
erT-erT sawindars Cveni bednierebisas.”

83
“RvTivkurTxeulno iverno, Zeno da asulno uflisano,
dadga Jami dalocvisa; dagbedebodeT WeSmariti rwmenis
simtkice, enis siwminde, sulis sinaTle,
mravalSvilianoba, uxvi da baraqa. mSvidoba sufevdes
Tqvens gulSi, ojaxsa da samSobloSi... yovladwmida
RvTismSobelma gadagafaroT dedobrivi kalTa, dagicvaT
da dagifaroT.“ (Jurnali „karibWe“, №7, 2006 w.)

sistemuroba daviT kakabaZesa da ivane javaxiSvilTan

daviT kakabaZis sulieri gavlenis sistemuri safuZvlebi

qarTuli kulturis unikaluri eTnogenezis Sesaxeb

naTlad metyvelebs daviT kakabaZis naRvawi; ramdenime
dazustebuli cnoba: daviT nestoris Ze kakabaZe (1889-1952)
– fermweri, grafikosi, Teatrisa da kinos mxatvari,
xelovnebis mkvlevari, gamomgonebeli. . .

daviTi peterburgis universitetSi fizika-maTematikis

fakultetze swavlis paralelurad mxatvrobas da
xelovnebis istorias eufleboda, aqtiurad monawileobda
iqauri qarTuli dasis – “qarTvel studentTa samecniero
wris” muSaobaSi, am wres ki ivane javaxiSvili
xelmZRvanelobda da Tan daviTs qarTuli xelovnebis
istorias aswavlida, ivane imTaviTve gaecno daviT
kakabaZis mxatvrobas da umaRlesi Sefaseba misca mis
namuSevrebs.

ivane javaxiSvili daviT kakabaZes axasiaTebs, rogorc

saukeTeso students da, amasTanave, karg mxatvars. 1911
wels ivane javaxiSvils daviT kakabaZisTvis miucia Zveli
qarTuli mxatvrobis erTi nimuSi (vaxtang VI-isa da
sulxan - saba orbelianis qarTul xelnawerSi
Semonaxuli suraTi) da uTxovia misi aslis gadmoReba.

84
 daviT kakabaZis avtoportreti. 1913 weli

iv. javaxiSvilis gancxadebiT – d. kakabaZes mindobili

saqme brwyinvaled Seusrulebia, iv. javaxiSvilisave
rCeviT, saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio
sazogadoebam daviT kakabaZes mcxeTis sveticxovlis
sapatriarqo taZarSi Semonaxuli mariam dedoflis da
sxva istoriuli pirebis freskebis feradi aslebis
gadaReba miando, rac mxatvarma warmatebiT Seasrula. . .

iv. javaxiSvili g.zdanoviCisadmi(maiaSvili) werilSi

miuTiTebs, rom 1912 wlidan d. kakabaZe iv. javaxiSvilis
xelmZRvanelobiT amzadebda gamokvlevas – “CuqurTmiani
saxeebis (ornamentis) ganviTareba qarTul saoqromWedlo
xelovnebaSi qarTuli xatebis mixedviT”.

85
moxseneba “CuqurTmiani saxeebis (ornamentis) ganviTareba
qarTul saoqromWedlo xelovnebaSi qarTuli xatebis
mixedviT” daviT kakabaZes warudgenia 1912 wlis 25
oqtombers peterburgis universitetis “qarTvel
studentTa samecniero wris” sxdomaze, naSromSi
Sekrebilia qarTuli ornamentis yvela nimuSi da
qronologiuradaa daTariRebuli misi ganviTarebis
etapebi.

1915 wels TbilisSi gamovida, peterburgis universitetis:

“qarTvel studentTa samecniero wris krebuli” ivane
javaxiSvilis winasityvaobiTa da redaqtorobiT, sadac
daibeWda daviT kakabaZis naSromi: “qarTuli xatebis
moWedilobis saxeebi”, iv. javaxiSvili winasityvaobaSi
aRniSnavs: “daviT kakabaZem Seiswavla yvela cnobili
masala da gamocemuli suraTebi, moWedilobis saxeebi
gadmoxata da gamoarkvia qronologiurad da
moxazulobis mxrivac, Tu rasSi gamoixateba am saxeebis
ganviTareba”. . .

1912 wels daviTi Zmas(cnobil qarTvel istorikoss),

sargis kakabaZes wers: “me ukve wavikiTxe samecniero
wreSi Cemi moxseneba qarTuli xelovnebis Sesaxeb(xatebis
moWedilobazed). javaxiSvils Zalian moewona da Tqva,
rom es naSromi pirveli saZirkveli ariso Cveni
xelovnebis amnairi gamokvleviso. es gamokvleva
(suraTebiT) “krebulSi” daibeWda, me axla es Sroma
ganvagrZe da qarTuli CuqurTmebis Sesaxeb masalebs
vagroveb.” daviT kakabaZis arqivSi inaxeba daumTavrebeli
Sroma ornamentze. am Sromaze igi parizSic muSaobda,
roca cnobili frangi specialistis g.miles
xelmZRvanelobiT, luvrSi, ikvlevda qarTuli da
bizantiuri xelovnebis urTierTobis sakiTxebs.

daviT kakabaZe parizSi 1920 wels Cavida da didi xnis

natvra aisrula, is mamas swers 1914 wels: “Tu
sergom(sargis kakabaZe - d.kakabaZis Zma; avt.) fuli miSova,
parizSi waval. Sen mwer, me gamigoniao, rom xatvas
italiaSi aswavliano. magram ase mxolod winaT iyo. axla
ki mxatvrobis centri parizia da me minda, rom droiT

86
visargeblo, radgan mere droc ar meqneba, da xatva, ise
Seviswavlo, rogorc amas me SevZleb. amas ki CemTvis didi
mniSvneloba aqvs, radganac SemiZlia, rom kargad xatva
viswavlo.” am baraTs wers mxatvari, romelsac ukve
daxatuli aqvs sami avtoportreti (erTi sarkesTan, meore
– avtoportreti broweuliT da mesame kidev fanqriT
Sesrulebuli). daxatuli aqvs dedis(eskizi), mamis da Zmis
portretebi, kubisturi avtoportreti da imereTis is
peizaJebi, romelsac dro da dro ubrundeboda xolme.

daviT kakabaZis saxelovnebo filosofia kargad Cans mis

pirad mimoweraSi, 1915 wels igi wers Zmas: “SoTas
suraTis xatvas axlave Sevudgebi, feradiani iqneba.
mxolod realisturi ki ar iqneba. vecdebi, rom qarTuli
Zveli xelovnebis rigze davxato. fonad, rogorc Sen
mwer, mec egreve mindoda, an walkoti an sxva raime,
qarTuli xelovnebis damaxasiaTebeli rom iyos. suraTi,
rogorc me vfiqrob, Zalian lamazi iqneba da SoTa,
rogorc poeti, ufro kargad gamoixateba da Sablonuri
daxatva ar Rirs. . . ”

1920-dan 1927 wlamde daviT kakabaZe qmnida axal

xelovnebas saqveynod cnobili korifeebis: JorJ brakis
(1882 -1963), fransis pikabias (1879 - 1953), pans arpis, de-
kirikos (1888 - 1978), pit mondrianis (1872 — 1944), paul
klees(1879 — 1940), xuan grisis (1887–1927), marsel
diuSanis (1887-1968), fernan leJes (1881-1955), pablo pikasos
(1881–1973), miros(1893-1983), ben nikolsonis (1894-1982),
severinis (1883-1966), vasili kandinskis (1866 - 1944), Jan
lursas da sxvaTa mxardamxar da yovelwliurad,
damoukidebelTa salonSi, parizSi, swored maTTan erTad
hfenda Tavis tiloebs.

daviT kakabaZe rom parizSi did yuradRebas iqcevs, amis

damadasturebelia imdroindeli(XX-saukunis 20-iani
wlebi) parizis sagamofeno katalogebi, presa, parizidan
mosuli misi baraTebi.

saukunis win, amerikul bazarze kargad iyideboda

ultraTanamedrove mxatvroba, bevri mxatvris nawarmoebma

87
gadainacvla aSS-Si, ver ascda am beds verc daviT
kakabaZis naxatebi, romlis asaval-dasavalic dResac araa
cnobili, cnobilia mxolod is, rom leons rozenbergis
Svils, amerikaSi wauRia daviT kakabaZis ramdenime tilo.
amerikaSia agreTve daviT kakabaZis is naxatebi, romlebic
marsel diuSanisa da katrin draieris iniciativiT niu-
iorkSi, bruklinis muzeumSi iyo gamofenili. daviT
kakabaZis es naxatebi bruklinis muzeumidan 1941 wels
gadavida ielis universitetSi, niu-heivenSi (konektikutis
Stati), d. kakabaZis es suraTebi 1980 wels
gamoCnda(gamoifina) niu-iorkis did gamofenaze.

2007 wlis oqtomberSi neSvilSi(aSS-is tenesis Stati)

gaimarTa msoflio modernizmis gamofena, sadac daviT
kakabaZis Sesrulebuli qandakeba iqna gamofenili da misi
fotoc sxva udidesi mxatvrebis fotoebis gverdiT iyo
moTavsebuli. msoflio modernizmis gamofenis
saprogramo bukletis ydac, daviT kakabaZis Sesrulebuli
qandakebis reproduqciiT iyo damSvenebuli.

neSvilis, 2007 wlis msoflio modernizmis gamofenidan,

Tu mivubrundebiT daviT kakabaZis werils Zmisadmi
(sargis kakabaZisadmi) davinaxavT ras fiqrobs Tavad
mxatvari modernizmsa da mxatvrobis erovnul mdgenelze:
“amas winaT wavikiTxe suraTebian Jurnal “droSaSi”
geronti qiqoZis werili qarTul mxatvrebze. . . aq is
exeba mxatvrobis principul sakiTxs. laparakobs, Tu
rogori unda iyos erovnuli xelovneba. . . Cemi
principebis winaaRmdegi aris da mas hgonia, rom Cemi
xelovneba erovnuli ar aris. . . piriqiT, aqauri
zogierTi mwerali im azrisaa, rom Cemi xelovneba
modernistulia da Zlier erovnuli saxisaa, radgan im
Zlier gansxvavebas, rac Cemsa da aqaur sxva mxatvrebSia,
swored aRmosavlurs Cems TvisebaSi xedaven. . .” da
marTlac, daviT kakabaZe mudam erovnul niadagze idga,
maSinac ki, roca modernistuli xelovnebiT iyo
gatacebuli. konstruqtivizmamde daviT kakabaZe
gamZafrebulma siaxlis grZnobam da srulqmnis
dauokebelma wyurvilma miiyvana, mas imereTis

88
(saqarTvelos erT-erTi ulamazesi mxarea) peizaJebis
xatva arc am periodSi(konstruqtivizmisas) miutovebia.

“mxatvrul werilebSi” daviT kakabaZe ase axasiaTebs

imereTis peizaJs: “didad sxvadasxva ferovani da saxisa
aris Cveni buneba, vake da mTiani adgilebi, SiSveli
kldiani da mcenariT amwvanebuli kldeebiT, mSvenieri
walkotis msgavsi adgilebi. am bunebis sxvadasxvaobis
mizeziT maTi moxazuloba da feradebic icvleba.
feradebis simdidre da maTi saRi gamosaxuleba mTian
adgilebSia, rac feradebis kontrastis kanonisaTvis
saukeTeso masalas iZleva; rac ufro vixevT vakezed, ise
feradebis simravle klebulobs da mas ufro nazi
elferi aqvs. mxolod gansakuTrebuli Tviseba CvenSi
bunebisa aris feradebis siZliere, formis da
moxazulobis martivoba”.

daviT kakabaZis mudam xazgasmuli erovnuloba araa

damabrkolebeli saurTierTobod an ucxo, mxatvrobis
arc erTi stilisa Tu mimarTulebisaTvis, es
saqarTvelos erT-erTi mudmivi mocemulobidan
gamomdinareobs civilizaciaTa dialogis organizebis
unikaluri unari rom SeiZleba vuwodoT da rasac
sxvadasxva sityvebiT, 27-e saukunea wers kacobriobis
istoria saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebze, hekateos
miletelis, herodotes, strabonis, marko polos da
mraval sxvaTa xeliT.

xazgasmuli erovnuloba gamosWvivis daviT kakabaZis

gamoqveynebul “samxatvro werilebSi” (Jurnali “Svidi
mnaTobi”, 1919 w. 1, 2) sadac mxatvris msoflmxedvelobis
fundamenturi principebia “gamofenili”:

“yovel ers aqvs Tavisi xelovneba, gansakuTrebuli,

erovnuli; Tuki kacobrioba, rogorc erTeuli, arsebobs,
maSin xelovnebac yvelasaTvis erTia. iyo dro, rodesac
saqarTvelos xelovnebam miiRo Tavisi gansakuTrebuli
forma da msoflios xelovnebaSi mas Tamamad eWira
Tavisi adgili. Cveni warsulis mwerlobis da
xuroTmoZRvrebis sidiade yvelasaTvis cxadi unda iyos.

89
rac Seexeba mxatvrobas, unda iTqvas, rom is ar
Camouvardeba xelovnebis sxva dargebs CvenSi.

Cveni warsulis mxatvroba gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis

Rirsia da formebi, romelSic mxatvroba isaxeboda,
imdenad mniSvnelovani da axalia, rom sazogadod
mxatvrobaSi mas badali TiTqmis arc moepoveba. amas
mowmobs Cveni saeklesio mxatvroba, romelic
dakavSirebulia bizantiur xelovnebasTan da erT dros
masTan erTi gziT viTardeboda. magram unda iTqvas, rom
zogierT formaSi Cvenma saeklesio mxatvrobam bizantiur
xelovnebas gadaaWarba da win gauswro, magaliTad,
kompoziciis mxriv. Cveni mxatvroba am mxriv mSvenier
nimuSebs iZleva da bevrad win uswrebs bizantiur
mxatvrobas. es asec unda yofiliyo: saqarTvelos uWiravs
Sua adgili aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris. es
aZlevda mas saSualebas gansakuTrebuli formebis
Sesaqmnelad.
. . .
ra saSualebas mivmarToT, rom Tanamedrove qarTuli
mxatvroba Seiqmnas? upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa, rom Cven
davubrundeT Cvens bunebas da SevignoT igi. gasaocari
formisaa Cveni buneba; misi moxazuloba axali formis
momcemia. ramdenadac bunebas aqvs gavlena mxatvruli
formis saxeze, imdenad Cveni warsuli mxatvroba
dakavSirebulia bunebasTan. sazogadod,
feradebis(ferebis - red.) SegnebaSi, maTi siZlieris
gagebaSi, maTi Tvisebis garCevaSi – Cvens bunebas didi
samsaxuris gaweva SeuZlia. Cveni xalxis cxovreba, zne-
Cveuleba dagvexmareba bunebis SegnebaSi, feradebis
siZlieris gagebaSi da, TviT xalxis Sexedulebas
feradebze didi daxmareba SeuZlia gagviwios. tradiciis
dacvisaTvis da qarTuli mxatvruli principebis
gagebisaTvis saWiroa SevignoT Cveni warsuli mxatvroba.
saWiroa Segneba aramc Tu warsuli mxatvrobis, aramed
xuroTmoZRvrebisa, qandakebisa da mwerlobisa. aq Cven
dagvexmareba mecniereba, romlis meTodis saSualebiT
Cven ufro male mivaRwevT mizans. Cven unda gvaxsovdes,
rom xelovnebac mecnierebaa da codna xelovnebis
winsvlisaTvis aucilebel saWiroebas warmoadgens.

90
saWiroa Segneba Tanamedrove mxatvruli da, sazogadod,
xelovnebis monapovarTa formisa. marTalia, XIX saukunem
ver Seqmna didi mxatvroba, piriqiT, mxatvroba mudmiv
kriziss ganicdida, magram mainc am xanam mogvca didad
mniSvnelovani mxatvruli monapovarni. mecnierebam bevrad
Seuwyo xeli warsuli kacobriobis xelovnebis Segnebas
da bevri axali ram monapovarni aRmouCina. am mxatvrul
monapovarTa – principebis codna gauadvilebs mxatvars
Cveni bunebis Segnebas.

mxatvrobas mxolod maSin SeuZlia aRorZinebis gzas

daadges, rodesac igi mxolod wmida mxatvrul miznebs
emsaxureba. es Cven kargad unda gvaxsovdes. riTi
ganirCeva mxatvroba xelovnebis sxva dargebisagan, Tu ara
Tavisi mxatvruli mizniT? amis mixedviT Cven unda
vecadoT , rom mxatvrobas mieces namdvili mxatvruli
miznebi da mxolod am farglebSi iyos misi ganviTareba.
mxatvrobis saSualeba, romliTac igi Tavis formas qmnis,
aris feradebi da naxazoba. idea ki mxolod azria yvela
xelovnebisa da amitom is yoveli Semoqmedebis
nawarmoebSi arsebobs. feradebi da naxazoba mxatvruli
saSualebania ideis gamosaxatavad. Cven, mxatvrebma, amas
unda mivaqcioT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba.
feradebis(ferebis - red.) Tvisebebis gageba, naxazobis
arsebiTi mniSvnelobis Segneba, naxazobis da feradobis
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis zoma, yvela amas didi
yuradRebiT unda ekidebodes mxatvari.

Cveni warsulis xelovnebaSi naxazobas gansakuTrebuli

adgili uWiravs. naxazobis araCveulebriv sidiades
vgrZnobT Cveni xelovnebis yvela dargSi.
xuroTmoZRvrebaSi naxazoba martiv, swor da simetriul
formaSia daculi. amasve vxedavT Cven mxatvrobaSi. . .
gavixsenoT Cveni oqromWedloba, xatebis moWedilobis
saxeebi, CuqurTmebi – gana maTSi naTlad ar Cans
naxazobis sidiade, misi brwyinvale ganviTarebis forma?

91
anCis macxovris xatis SekeTebuli nawilis moWediloba,
XIV saukune
(moWedilobis nimuSi gadmoxatulia kalmiT daviT
kakabaZis mier)

ierusalimis macxovris xatis moWediloba, XII saukune

(moWedilobis nimuSi gadmoxatulia kalmiT daviT
kakabaZis mier)

92
 ierusalimis macxovris xatis moWediloba, XII saukune
(moWedilobis nimuSi gadmoxatulia kalmiT TviT daviT
kakabaZis mier)

93
 macxovris xatis moWediloba, lixauri XI saukune
(moWedilobis nimuSi gadmoxatulia kalmiT daviT
kakabaZis mier)

94
iakob mociqulis xatis moWediloba, lixauri XI – XII
saukune (moWedilobis nimuSi gadmoxatulia kalmiT TviT
daviT kakabaZis mier)

95
gabriel mTavarangelozis xatis moWediloba, sof. lagani
(moWedilobis nimuSi gadmoxatulia kalmiT TviT daviT
kakabaZis mier)

96
 xaxulis RvTismSoblis xatis moWediloba XII saukune
(moWedilobis nimuSi gadmoxatulia kalmiT daviT
kakabaZis mier)

97
 xaxulis RvTismSoblis xatis moWediloba XII saukune
(moWedilobis nimuSi gadmoxatulia kalmiT daviT
kakabaZis mier)

98
wmida giorgis xatis moWediloba jumaTSi X - XII
saukuneebi
(moWedilobis nimuSi gadmoxatulia kalmiT TviT daviT
kakabaZis mier)

CavukvirdeT mwerlobas, Cveni warsuli mwerlobis

saukeTeso nimuSebi saucxoo naxazobis saxiTaa
Sesrulebuli. unda iTqvas, rom am mxriv “vefxistyaosani”
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. misi naxazoba gasaocari
moqnilobisaa da ganuwyveteli. Cveni xalxuri simRerac
amtkicebs xalxis mier naxazobis saukeTeso saxis
Segnebas. aba daakvirdiT Cvens erovnul musikalur
hangebs, musikalur ritms da naTlad dainaxavT moqnil
da ganuwyvetel naxazobas. Cveni buneba didad mdidaria
naxazobiT da bunebis dakvirvebiTi Segneba Cven migviyvans
naxazobis saukeTeso formamde. Cveni Tanamedrove
mxatvroba naxazobis saukeTeso formad unda iqces.

99
feradobasac CvenSi gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi aqvs. Cveni
Zveli mxatvroba damyarebulia feradebis siZlieris
ganmtkicebaze. amas mowmobs rogorc saero, ise saeklesio
mxatvroba. xelovnebis sxva dargebi – mwerloba, musika,
xuroTmoZRvreba, adastureben Cven mier feradebis
siZlieris Segnebas. Tanamedrove mxatvruli monapovarni
feradebis siZlieris SegnebaSi didad mniSvnelovania da
kidev axal gzebs gviCvenebs. da rom SevadaroT Cveni
mxatvrobis feradobis siZliere Tanamedrove mxatvrul
monapovarTan, maSin davinaxavT, Tu ras miaRwia Cvenma
mxatvrobam am sakiTxSi. Cveni buneba feradebis siZlieris
SegnebaSi didad xels gviwyobs. aba, daakvirdiT Cvens
bunebas da dainaxavT yoveli feradis Zalas, mis Tvisebas.
TviT xalxSi feradebis Zlierebis grZnoba jer kidev ar
dakargula. davakvirdeT , ra saxis feradebisagan
miiswrafvis xalxi, ra feradebs akavSirebs erTmaneTSi,
rogor zomas iWers feradebis SexamebaSi, rogori
feradebiT isaxeba maTi grZnoba. aRsaniSnavia, rom xalxi
Zlieri da muqi feradebisaken miiswrafvis; Sav da TeTr
ferads mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs. sxva feradebTan
SedarebiT es ori feri Tavisi siZlieriT pirvel rigSi
dgas.

yoveli xelovneba isaxeba Tavis gansakuTrebul formaSi,

da kerZod, mxatvrobas aqvs Tavisi forma. mxatvrul
Semoqmedebas maSin eqneba namdvili mxatvruli saxe, Tuki
is mxatvrul formaSi aris Camosxmuli. ra nawarmoebia is,
Tu forma ar uvarga. ara mgonia, romelime sxva dargSi
ise naTlad moCandes formis mniSvneloba, rogorc
mxatvrobaSi. am garemoebas Cvenma mxatvrobam
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda miaqcios. aq xels
Segviwyobs Tanamedrove mxatvruli monapovarni, sadac
formam saucxoo saxe miiRo. sezanma, brakma da pikasom am
mxriv bevri ram mogvca. Cveni bunebis saxe formis
simartiveSia. martivi forma damaxasiaTebelia Cveni
warsulis mxatvrobisa da xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis. Cveni
momavali mxatvrobis SeqmnisaTvis saWiroa, rom Cven
mtkice gzas davadgeT da vecadoT, ganviTareba

100
swarmoebdes mxatvruli formis, feradebisa da naxazobis
farglebSi.

xelovneba isaxeba Semoqmedebis formaSi. Semoqmedebis

forma ki imazedaa damokidebuli, Tu rogori gziT
miuvalT Cven Semoqmedebis saxes formis micemaSi. am
miznisaTvis xelovnebaSi arsebobs ori gza, ori meTodi –
klasicizmi da romantizmi.

klasicizmi da romantizmi, rogorc orgvari meTodi,

xelovnebaSi mkafiod garkveuli saxea. mTeli XIX-saukune
romantizmis mefobis xanaa da amitomac xelovneba mudmiv
ryevas ganicdida. Cveni axali mxatvrobis damTavrebuli
formis SeqmnisaTvis Cven unda davadgeT im gzas, im
meTods, romelmac Seqmna brwyinvale xanis mxatvroba,
xuroTmoZRvreba, mqandakebloba da mwerloba, im meTods,
romelmac Seqmna brwyinvale sparsuli xelovneba,
indoeTis, Cino-iaponiis mxatvruli forma, saucxoo
mqandakebloba aRdgomis kunZulisa, egviptis, Zveli
saberZneTis, axali bizantiis, italiis renesansis da XVI-
XVII saukuneebis evropis qveynebis xelovneba. klasicizmi,
rogorc meTodi, Seuryeveli gzaa Semoqmedebis
damTavrebuli formis miRwevisaTvis. am meTodis
saSualebiT Cveni axali mxatvroba miiRebs Tavis bunebriv
saxes da ganamtkicebs namdvil qarTul mxatvrul suls.“

ori geniosis – daviT kakabaZisa da ivane javaxiSvilis

SemoqmedebiTi urTierToba 1911 wels iwyeba, ivane
javaxiSvili, aswavlida ra qarTuli xelovnebis
istorias, axalgazrda daviT kakabaZes aZlevs davalebas,
romelic formis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli paradigmis
xedvasa da gamoxatvaze iyo orientirebuli, rogorc Cans
imTaviTve ivane javaxiSvilisaTvis da ukve Semdgom daviT
kakabaZisTvisac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba
formis problemaTa sistemur Seswavlas.

rogorc Cans ivane javaxiSvilisgan 1911-1914 wlebSi daviT

kakabaZisaTvis micemul davalebaTa arsi ar iyo
SemTxveviTi da iTvaliswinebda formaTa sistemuri
kvlevebis fundamentur monacemTa SemuSvavebas rogorc

101
istoriografiisa da xelovnebaTmcodneobisaTvis ise
zogadad kulturuli memkvidreobisa da sulieri
gavlenis sferoTaTvis, amitom gasakviri araa daviT
kakabaZis daintereseba formis fundamenturi problemebiT,
rac naTlad Cans misi, Jurnal “Svidi mnaTobi”(1919 w. N1, N
2.) gamoqveynebul erT-erTi werilidan, dasaxelebiT
“forma” – “forma aris sagnis arsebiTi nawilebis
erTmaneTSi SeTvisebuloba. yoveli sagani isaxeba misi
garegnuli formis sibrtyeebiT, feradobiT, woniT. amas
garda, yovel sagans axasiaTebs misi mdgomareoba. sagnebi
sxvadasxva saxisaa; SeTvisebulobac sagnis sxvadasxva
nawilebisa mravalsaxiania.
…
yovel formas saxavs oTxi elementi: sibrtye, feradoba,
wona da mdgomareoba. pirveli sami elementi saxavs
formis struqturas, xolo ukanaskneli sagnis
sicocxles, dinamikas. “

formaTa sistemur kvlevebs ganekuTvneba qarTuli

paleografia da sulierebis gamomsaxvelobiTi formaTa
kvleva. qarTuli enis fonemuri sistemis grafikuli
gamosaxvis niSnebis, qarTuli anbanis*, genealogiis
fundamenturi kvlevis (“qarTuli damwerlobaTmcodneoba
anu paleografia”) paralelurad, rogorc Cans, ivane
javaxiSvili interesdeba marTlmadidebluri sulierebis
gamomsaxvelobiT formaTa kvlevaTa problemebiT da
axalgazrda, niWier mxatvars, daviT kakabaZes, romelic im
periodSi(1911w.) misi studenti iyo, “qarTuli xelovnebis
istoriis” ganxriT, uRvivebs interess sulieri gavlenis
im motivebis mimarT, rac saqarTvelos
marTlmadideblurma eklesiam Semogvinaxa saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi.
_______________
* 14 anbanTa Soris, romliTac msoflios mraval enaze
molaparake xalxi sargeblobs(es anbanebi Semdegia: laTinuri,
slavur-kiriluri, arabuli, induri, Cinuri, iaponuri, koreuli,
eTiopuri, berZnuli, qarTuli, somxuri, ebrauli, monRoluri
da siriuli), erT-erTi qarTuli anbania.

qarTuli anbani sami saxisaa: asomTavruli, nusxuri da

mxedruli. TiToeul maTgans damaxasiaTebeli grafikuli stili

102
aqvs, magram aso-moxazulobaTa cvalebadobis TvalsazrisiT
nusxuri damwerloba asomTavrulis ganviTarebis Sedegia, xolo
mxedruli – nusxurisa. es cvlilebani Tavis mxriv gansazRvra
swrafi gamartivebuli werisaken miswrafebam, rasac wignze
mzardi moTxovnileba ganapirobebda.

qarTuli damwerlobis SemoRebas XI s-is qarTveli istorikosi

leonti mroveli(“qarTlis cxovreba”, xelnaweri Q-207, 12 gv.)
farnavaz mefes (Zv.w. III s.) miawers, werilobiTi Zeglebi ki
dReisaTvis mxolod V saukunidan mogvepoveba. asomTavruliT
Sesrulebuli adreuli xanis nimuSebia palestinis 433 wlis
bakurisa da griormizdis warwera, bolnisis sionis 493-494
wlebis samSeneblo warwera, V-VI ss. palimfsesturi
xelnawerebi, mcxeTis jvris VI-VII ss. warwerebi da sxva.
asomTavruliT daweril xelnawerebs XI s-is CaTvliT vxvdebiT.
Semdgom saukuneebSi ki asomTavruls iyenebdnen rogorc
epigrafikuli warwerebisaTvis, aseve xelnawerebSi saTaurebisa
da sazedao asoebis Sesasruleblad, ris gamoc damwerlobis am
saxes umkvidrdeba saxelwodeba “asomTavruli”. moxazulobaTa
formebis mixedviT mas “mrgvlovanic” ewodeba. nusxuri
damwerlobis pirveli nimuSi IX s-idan gvxvdeba, xolo
mxedruli X s-is ZeglebSi dasturdeba. nusxuri damwerloba
mxedrulis paralelurad arsebobs XIX s-mde, mxedruli ki
dResac ixmareba. asomTavrulsa da nusxurs “xucur”
damwerlobasac uwodeben, radgan am damwerlobiT sasuliero
pirebi sargeblobdnen saeklesio moRvaweobisas, xolo
mxedruli saero saqmeebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda, ris gamoc
damwerlobis am saxem mxedrulis saxelwodeba miiRo.

ivane javaxiSvili fundamentur gamokvlevaSi (“qarTuli

damwerlobaT-mcodneoba anu paleografia”) qarTuli anbanis
moxazulobis Sesaxeb askvnis: ”TiToeuli qarTuli asos
(igulisxmeba qarTuli damwerlobis asomTavruli anbani)
moxazulobis SedarebiTi Seswavla cxadyofs, rom qarTul
damwerlobas maxlobeli aRmosavleTis sxva damwerlobaTa
Soris sruli msgavsebiT uSualo naTesaobis an dednobis
gamomJRavnebeli ar moepoveba. mis magier Cven xan finikiursa da
sidoniur-punurSi, xan moabursa da uZveles ebraulSi, xan kidev
arameulsa da palmirul-nabateurSi, zogjer TviT sabaursa da
himiarulSi gvxvdeba qarTuli ama Tu im asos moxazulobis
Taviseburebis msgavsi movlenebi.” magram es msgavseba, misive
daskvniT – “ar SeiZleba qarTuli anbanis sadaurobis
gamosarkvevad gamoyenebuli iyos.” iv. javaxiSvilis saboloo
daskvniT qarTuli damwerloba gacilebiT Zvelia(vidre
damwerlobis jer-jerobiT aRmoCenili Zeglebi) da misi

103
dasawyisi Soreul warsulSi da mcire aziaSi da ara
saberZneTSi unda veZioT.”

sulierebisa da gamomsaxvelobiTi formis sinergia

mniSvnelovani, da amave dros, mcired Seswavlili,
aspeqtia msoflio civilizaciisa, dRes ukve arsebobs
uSualo kavSiris damadasturebeli kvlevebi - uZveles
bibliur gamosaxulebebsa da locvebs Soris (Fr.Henri;
Croix sculptees irlandaises, Dublin, 1964, p.40-42). am TvalsazrisiT
sainteresoa rom uZvelesi qarTuli reliefebis Tematika
garkveulad emTxveva katakombebis uZvelesi
moxatulobebis adreqristianul nawarmoebTa siuJetebs,
magaliTad, Zveli aRTqmis scenebi (“danieli lomebis
ormoSi”), romlebic gamoisaxeboda, rogorc saxarebis
siuJetebis gansaxiereba. adreqristianuli siuJetis
SerCevis meTodis Seswavlisas dadginda paralelizmi am
siuJetebsa da qristianobis uZvelesi periodis
liturgiis locvaTa Soris (Ch. R. Morey; Early christian art,
London, MCMXLII).

qristianuli xelovneba katakombebSi aRmocenda. igi

gaCnda im dros, roca xelovneba, romelic miiswrafoda
adamianis sxeulis formisa da moculobisken, Secvala
Taviseburma eqspresionizmma. sulis moZraobaTa
ferweruli gamosaxvis axali Zieba saukeTesod pasuxobda
pirvel qristian mxatvarTa miswrafebebs. katakombebi
pirvel rigSi miwisqveSa saflavebi iyo, sadac
qristianebi midiodnen TavianT wmida micvalebulTa
Tayvanissacemad.

radgan qristianoba devnaSi iyo, igi moiTxovda Tavis

mimdevarTa did msxverpls. aqedanaa xatebis Tematika,
romelic mogviTxrobs Tavis mowameebze, xolo Tu
siuJeti Zveli aRTqmidan iyo, mogviTxrobda RvTis
Sewevnaze Tavisi erisTvis: noe, abraami, egviptis faraoni,
mose, romelic kverTxiT aRmoacenebs wyals kldidan da
a.S. xSirad gvxvdeba Zveli aRTqmis scenebi, romlebic
gamosaxaven sam yrmas cecxlovan RumelSi, daniels,
romelic icavs garyvnili moxucebis mier mruSobaSi

104
dadanaSaulebul susanas. qristiani mxatvrebi farTod
iyenebdnen Tavisi drois warmarTuli warmosaxvis
wyaroebs. ase, magaliTad: antikur dros did dafasebaSi
iyvnen filosofosebi. im drois mravali nawarmoebi
gamosaxavda naxevar wreze mjdomare brZenkacebs (es
motivi aisaxeba sulTmofenobis xatze, sadac ase arian
ganlagebuli mociqulebi), erTi maTgani ki aswavlis
danarCenT. qristianobam Zalian swrafad aiTvisa da
gadaamuSava es nimuSebi. ase gaxda sibrZne - qriste,
udidesi filosofosi. aRmosavleTSi yvelaze miRebul am
siuJets mieZRvna „aia sofia“ (berZ. „wmida sibrZne“),

iustiniane I mier 537 wels konstantinepolSi agebuli

taZari, romelic aRmosavleTis qristianobis guli iyo,
Turqebis mier 1453 wels konstantinepolis dapyrobamde,
romlebmac igi meCeTad aqcies.

ase rom, qristianebma aiTvises da gadaamuSaves

warmarTuli simbolika. weliwadis droTa ganaxleba
gaxda mkvdreTiT aRdgomis simbolo. farSevangi, mtredi,
palma da baRi gvaxsenebs samoTxes. magram qristianoba ar
Semoifargleba mza simbolikis martivi aTvisebiT, Cndeba
axali simboloebic, gansakuTrebiT II saukuneSi. ase
magaliTad, mogvTa Tayvaniscema ganasaxierebs warmarTTa
moqcevas WeSmarit sarwmunoebaze, puris gamravleba -
saidumlo serobas, vazi - monaTlulSi RvTiuri
sicocxlis saidumloebas. es xelovneba, ra Tqma unda,
atarebda didaqtikur xasiaTs, qristiani mxatvrebi
cdilobdnen SeenarCunebinaT, gaeZlierebinaT da
ganeviTarebinaT axalmoqceulTa rwmena. simboloTa ena
iZleoda saSualebas ametyvelebuliyo is, rasac sityviT
ver gamoTqvamdi. mtrulad ganwyobili warmarTuli
samyaros garemocvaSi simboloebi garkveuli saidumlo
kodis rols asrulebdnen, romelsac nel-nela uxsnidnen
kaTakmevlebs. devnisa da wabilwvis SiSiT pirveli sami
saukunis ganmavlobaSi jvars ZiriTadad gamosaxavdnen
rogorc Ruzas, samTiTs, an ubralod, rogorc qristes

saxelis berZnul monogramas ( ), yvelaze

gavrcelebul da mniSvnelovan simbolod, romelic
farTod iyo gavrcelebuli III s-Si, iyo Tevzi, Zvelad

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Tevzi siuxvis simbolod iTvleboda, mogvianebiT
romaelebSi ezoTerizmis (faruli, saidumlo) simbolo
gaxda. qristianobaSi igi sarwmunoebis simbolos mokle
formulad iqca, berZnuli sityva ΙΧΘΥΣ (Tevzi), romelic
xuTi asosagan Sedgeba, warmoadgens Semdegi frazis
abreviaturas “ Ιησόυς Χριστός Θεού 'Υιός Σοτήρ “, rac niSnavs
“ieso qriste, Ze RvTisa, macxovari”.

amitomac ar aris gasakviri, rom es simbolo yvelgan

gamoiyeneboda, razedac ambobs klimenti aleqsandrieli
(+215). „Cveni beWedi unda moirTos mtrediT, an TevziT, an
gemiT, an liriT, rogorc amas polikarpe akeTebda, an
RuziT...“ („pedagogi“ III, 11,59,2). imdroindeli qristianuli
simbolikis Tematuri da stilisturi erTianoba sruliad
gasagebia, maSin xom italiis, CrdiloeT afrikis,
espaneTisa da mcire aziis adgilobriv eklesiebs Soris
Zalian mWidro kavSirebi arsebobda. [ Mishel Keno (Michel
Quenot) miSel keno _ “xati, maradisobis sarkmeli” –“ The
Icon: Window on the Kingdom”
http://www.orthodoxy.ge/khatebi/keno/khati1.htm].
samyaros koncefciis gamomxatveli xelovneba, garkveul
enas warmoadgens, Tanac, zedmiwevniT damuSavebul enas.
rom gaigo xatis ena, mxolod adamians ki ar unda
icnobde, aramed am enis sintaqsic unda gesmodes. xatis
xelovneba gacilebiT ufro metad, vidre sxva yvelaferi,
iTvaliswinebs xilulidan uxilavze gadasvlas. swored
amisken miiswrafian misi faqizi da rTuli struqturebi,
maT Soris, xatebis moWedilobis saxeebi. Tu am
struqturebs moiSoreb - teqstis arsebiT elementebs
moakldebi. amgvarad, xatis gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod
misi sruli saxiT.

xatis silamazes xom Sinagani arsi aqvs, misi wyaro -

arqetipia (pirvelsaxe). cxadia, es silamaze esTetikasac
ganekuTvneba, radgan xatis arsis Secnoba Sinagani
naTeliT aRavsebs macqeral adamians. igi aZlevs adamians
SesaZleblobas, Seicnos naTeli, romelic TviT RmerTia
(in. 1,9; 8,12), raTa ganwmendili xedviT ixilos Taboris
naTlis sispetake, romelic fers ucvlis materias.

106
xati mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli qristianuli azrovnebis
evoluciasTan, amis mravali magaliTi katakomburma
xelovnebam dagvitova. qristologia (swavleba qristeze),
xatmebrZoleoba, pnevmatologia (swavleba suli wmidis
Sesaxeb) - yovelive es aisaxa xatebSi, romlebic aigeba
kanonebis Sesabamisad, rac Taviseburi zRudeebia,
romlebsac maTi saRvTismetyvelo funqciisaTvis awesebs
eklesia.

qarTuli xatebis moWedilobis saxeebis kvlevisas da

sakuTari xeliT gadmoxatvisas daviT kakabaZe detalurad
ganixilavs mcenareTa saxeebs moWedilibaTa sxvadasxva
formebSi, rogorc Cans Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
plastikis Camoyalibebis sawyis etapze qristianuli
xelovneba, aRmosavlur qristianuli kulturis
centrebidan momdinare mza nimuSebis garda, iyenebda
winamorbedi warmarTuli epoqidan aRebul motivebsa da
saxeebs, romlebic saukuneTa manZilze farTod iyo
gavrcelebuli xalxSi.

yuradRebas ipyrobs agreTve aRmosavluri xelovnebis

uZvelesi simboloebis Taviseburi gaazreba da aTviseba,
ucxo rwmenaTa zogierTi motivisa da Temis adgilobriv
niadagze gadmonergva da ganviTareba, xdeboda Zvel
simboloTa SemoqmedebiTi Serwyma axal qristianul
ikonografiasTan.

gansakuTrebulad sainteresoa yvavilis Tema, romelic

xSirad gvxvdeba qarTul plastikaSi (stela
samwverisidan – V -VI s.s., brdaZoris stela – VI s.,
baSkiCeTis stela – VI s. – g. CubinaSvili, qarTuli
xelovnebis istoria, I, gv.113.).

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 Semoqmedis monastris feriscvalebis xatis moWediloba
(moWedilobis saxe gadmoxatulia kalmiT daviT kakabaZis
mier)

gelaTis saxarebis ydis moWediloba XI - XII sauk.

(moWedilobis saxe gadmoxatulia kalmiT daviT kakabaZis
mier)

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yvavilis gansakuTrebuli simboluri mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb
sasanur xelovnebaSi bevri mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli. mkacrad
kanonizebul sasanur gamosaxulebebSi – Zvirfas WurWelze,
kldis reliefebSi, gemebze – yvavili warmoadgenda
Zalauflebis simbolos, xazs usvamda personaJis maRal
socialur mdgomareobas, ukavSirdeboda gansakuTrebulad
pativcemul RvTaebebs. TviT saqarTveloSi, iberiis
pitiaxSis armazisxevis samarxSi, aRmoCnda vercxlis Tasi
sasaniani didebulis portretiT, romelsac xelSi yvavili
ukavia misi maRali rangis niSnad. rogorc Cans,
saqarTveloSi gasagebi iyo sasanur simboloTa ena da
yvavili gamoisaxeboda qarTvel ostatTa mier
“sainvestituro” stelebis reliefebze rogorc insignia,
Zalauflebis simbolo. garda amisa, gvaqvs araerTi
SemTxveva stilizebuli yvavilis gamosaxvisa qvis jvrebis
mklavebze. am SemTxvevaSi warmodgena an mogoneba yvavilze,
rogorc Zalauflebis simboloze, gaerTianebulia da
Serwymulia qristianuli rwmenis mTavar simbolosTan –
jvarTan (qarTuli xelovneba; seria A – Zveli xelovneba,
kiti maCabeli; adreqristianuli qarTuli plastikis
ganviTarebis zogierTi Taviseburebani; gamomcemloba
“mecniereba”, Tbilisi 1987 w.) .

daviT kakabaZe 1919 wels daweril samxatvro werilebSi beqa

opizaris Sesaxeb wers: “beqa opizari iyo SesaniSnavi oqros
mqandakebeli Cveni istoriis brwyinvale droSi, XII
saukuneSi.

tbeTis saxarebis ydis moWediloba, XII saukune

(moWedilobis saxe gadmoxatulia kalmiT, daviT kakabaZis
mier)

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. . .
oqrosmqandakeblobas xelovnebaSi gansakuTrebuli
adgili ukavia(asea qarTuli xelovnebis SemTxvevaSic -
avt.) da mas aqvs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli formac. principi,
romlis farglebSiac aq momwyvdeulia forma,
gamomdinareobs qandakebis da mxatvrobis formis
SeTanxmebisagan. sazogadod, xatebis moWediloba
bareliefis principebzea damyarebuli. bareliefs Tavisi
formiT ukavia Sua adgili mrgval qandakebasa da
mxatvrobas Soris. qandakebis sruli forma aq
SezRudulia sibrtyiT, romelzec saxe iqandakeba da
mxatvrobis saxe bareliefSi imaSi gamoixateba, rom
formebi sibrtyeze lagdeba. perspeqtivis principi
arsebobs mxolod mxatvrobaSi, mrgval qandakebas ki es
ar sWiria, radgan iq sagani ar lagdeba sxvadasxva
sibrtyeze. bareliefSi Tu sagani sxvadasxva sibrtyeze
lagdeba, saWiroa perspeqtivis dacva. magram saqmec imaSia,
rom bareliefSi mxatvruli perspeqtivis namdvili
principi sruliad ar ixmareba, amitom perspeqtivisaTvis
mas Tavisi forma aqvs SemuSavebuli. Tu forma
bareliefSi erT sibrtyeze lagdeba, maSin forma
iqandakeba erTi sibrtyidan gamomdinare kanonis mixedviT.
is TandaTanobiTi sibrtyeebis dalageba, romelic mrgval
qandakebaSi arsebobs, bareliefSi ukve sxva saxiTaa
Secvlili. bareliefSi arsebobs erTi umTavresi sibrtye,
romelzedac forma isaxeba. sulerTia, erTi Tu ramdenime
saxea gamosaxatavi bareliefSi, yvela am saxeebis forma
erTi umTavresi bareliefis sibrtyis iqiT ver wava.
swored es zRudavs bareliefis saxes da bareliefis
dedaazri, misi ganviTareba da misi silamaze am sibrtyis
da saxeebis erTmaneTSi zomier dalagebaSia. bareliefis
erTgvari saukeTeso formebi Cven mogvca asiriis da
egviptis xelovnebam. mas Semdeg Zvelma da axalma
saberZneTma axali forma misca bareliefs da italiis
renesansma donatelos saxiT kidev axali forma dagvanaxa.

swored bareliefis dargSi beqas Semoqmedeba didad

mniSvnelovania. rogorc misi nawarmoebidan Cans, mas
hqonia am sakiTxSi didi codna. sruli misi nawarmoebis
Seswavla Cven dagvarwmunebs, rom bareliefis formas

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beqam Taviseburi saxe misca, da sazogadod imdroindel
qandakebaSi beqas suli naTlad brwyinavs. misi anCis
macxovris karedis xatis samoseli amas mowmobs.
bareliefis sibrtyis dacva, saxeebis sibrtyestan da
erTmaneTTan dakavSireba, mxatvruli formis SeTanxmeba.
bareliefis kanonebTan, saxeebis sibrtyeze ganawileba –
yvela es saucxoo bareliefis saxiTaa Sesrulebuli da
warmoadgens saukeTeso saxes bareliefis istoriisaTvis.
. . .
umTavresi Tviseba anCis xatis samoselis bareliefisa
gamoixateba originalur formaSi, riTac ganirCeva es
forma imdroindeli bizantiuri formidan. isic
aRsaniSnavia, rom amnair formas verc bizantiur
xelovnebaSi vpovebT. TviT samoselis arSias xom
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs Cveni xatebis
moWedilobis saxeebis ganviTarebisaTvis.“

sakraluri Temaa, daviT kakabaZisaTvis, qarTuli

ornamentis, rogorc qarTvelTa sulieri da mxatvruli
gamovlinebis problemaTa kvleva, risi gemovnebac, unda
vivaraudoT, ivane javaxiSvilma gauRviZa, jer kidev
studentobisas, XX-saukunis dasawyisSi. mTeli cxovreba
Tan sdevda daviTs fiqri qarTuli ornamentis RvTaebrivi
madlmosilebis Sesaxeb da aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi
amzadebda, maStabur, fundamentur gamokvlevas, romlis
dausrulebeli masalebi dResac gvaocebs azris siRrmiT,
naSromis moculobiTa da formatiT, unikaluri
faqtobrivi masalis sistematizebiT da qarTuli
ornamentis genezisis problemis sistemuri xedviT.

daviT kakabaZes 1947 wlisaTvis ukve mzad hqonda

saboloo daskvnebisaTvis 35 wlis ganmavlobaSi
mokrebili masalebi qarTuli ornamentis genezisis
Sesaxeb da am didi Canafiqris SesrulebisaTvis mxatvarma
TanadgomisaTvis Tbilisis samxatvro akademias mimarTa –
mxardaWeris nacvlad, is akademiidan daiTxoves da
sicocxlis bolomde aRar mibrunebia “qarTuli
ornamentis genezisis” fundamentur problemas. mxolod
2003 wels moxerxda, daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis es
dausrulebeli nimuSi: “qarTuli ornamentis genezisi” –

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masalebis saxiT, enaxa mkiTxvels (daviT kakabaZe; qarTuli
ornamentis genezisi; masalebi gamosacemad moamzades parmen
margvelaSvilma da dea jabuam; Tbilisi “nekeri” 2003.).

mxatvris azriT, qarTuli CuqurTmis safuZveli

dakavSirebuli unda yofiliyo qriatianobis saTaveebTan,
“saqristiano drois pirvel epoqasTan”, es xana
xasiaTdeba wnuliT, radgan masSi gamoisaxeboda jvaris
saxe. kakabaZis azriT wnuli ori saxisaa: wriani – ori
gadawnuli Rerosagan Semdgari da sworxazovani,
romelic warmoiSveba sami da mravali Rerosagan.

“realobaSi wnuli gamosayenebeli saSualeba iyo – Toki

– wnuli. . . gadajvaredineba – igive ideis gamomsaxvelia,
nayofierebis, Zlierebis, sicocxlis, mTlianobis.“ wers
kakabaZe, Semdeg agrZelebs:

”jvari – ganyenebuli simboloa. wnuli – realuri

simbolo. warmoSobiT orive erT da imave dros SeiZleba
Seiqmna, rogorc erTi ideis sxvadasxva gamosaxva. . .
wnulSi aris gadajvarinebis gamravlebuli saxe. ras
warmoadgens TviT wnuli? es aris ritmulad dalagebuli
jvris saxeoba, ganmeorebuli dauboloeblad, rac qmnis
amave dros ornamentalur ritms, da rac erTi jvris
saxeSi ar aris. jvarSi ritmiuloba aris Tavis SigniT,
rgolSi momwyvreuli da dauboloveba aklia. wnulSi ki
mocemulia jvris daubolovebeli arseba, maRali
ritmiuli saxe. . .

pirveli qristianoba siria-kapadokiaSi warmoiSva da

swored xalxSi aq iyo wnulis, rogorc jvris kultis
saxeobis arseboba.

amitom pirveli qristianobis saxe plastiur formaSi

isaxeboda wnulSi, rogorc antiteza romaul, antiur
plastiuri formisadmi. wnulma miiRo didi ganviTarebis
saSualeba. wnulSi aris abstraqtoba, ganyenebuloba,
aramiwieroba, ararealoba – riTac xasiaTdeba
qristianobac.

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wnuli naskvniT Seiqmna mTavari dekoratiuli elementi
qristianul xelovnebisa. wnuli unaskvnoT SerCa islamis
xelovnebas, rogorc aRmocenebuli amave niadagze.

qarTuli wnulis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba aris

naskvni. naskvnis saukeTeso gamoyenebiT xasiaTdeba
qarTuli wnuli. arc erT sxva xalxs es ara aqvs.

naskvni mdidari plastikuri elementia – maRali ritmuli

saxe – sivrcis gamosaxvis mniSvnelovani saSualeba –
ornamentaluri saucxoo plastiuri forma.

wnuli naskvniT maRal plastiur formas gvaZlevs.

dekoratiuli saxe ufro dabalia, vidre plastiuri.

wnuli unaskvnoT kargavs plastiurobas da dekoratiul

saxeobas Rebulobs. amitom qarTuli ornamenti ar aris
arxiteqturis dekoracia, aramed plastikuri saxeobaa.

ornamenti marto wnulisagan Semdgari, wminda

geometriul saxeebSi isaxeba da amitom plastiurobac
cota aqvs.

geometriuli da mcenareuli saxeebis sinTezi naskvniT

SeiZleba – rac qarTulma ornamentma Seqmna – da
ornamentma plastiuri saxe miiRo.

mcenareuli ornamenti TviT plastiuria, Tu mas ara aqvs

dakarguli realobis saxe da ar aris gadasuli
geometriul saxeebSi, Tu mcenaris saxe geometriul
saxeSia gadasuli, is kargavs plastiurobas da gadadis
dekoratiulobaSi. magaliTebi: plastiuri ornamenti:
wnuli naskvniT(qarTuli), mcenareuli ornamenti (antiuri,
gotikuri, indoeTis). dekoratiuli ornamenti: wminda
geometriuli saxis, geometriuli wnuli (somxuri,
musulmanuri, barbarebis).

mcenaris saxis ornaments plastiuri elementi TviT

SigniT aqvs, rogorc realobis asaxva. wnuli ki darCa
rogorc saSualeba plastiurobis gamosaxvisa;

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. . .
sadac mcenareuli ornamentia, iq wnuli zedmetia, imitom
rom mcenareuli ornamenti sakmarisad TviT plastiuria.
wnuli kidev imitom Seiqmna ornamentad, rom is
bunebrivad imeorebs formas xlarTisas da qmnis ritmiul
mwkrivs. amitom adamianisaTvis advili asaTvisebelia.
wnuli – rogorc plastiuri elementis saxeoba –
rasakvirvelia bunebaSi arsebobda da adamianma aqedan
aiRo; rasakvirvelia pirvelad aq moxda mimbaZvelobis
saxiT, plastiuri elementis saSualebiT – plastiuri
elementis sibrtyeze gamosaxva. bunebaSi arsebobs
rogorc ori, ise mravali Rerebisagan Semdgari wnuli.
mimbaZvelobis sagnad orive gaxda – da es bunevrivia.
mxolod ornamentaluri ritmuli mwkrivi orRerovan
wnulSi saRad sCans, vidre mravalRerovan wnulSi.

mravalRerovan wnulSi ornamentaluri ritmiuli

mwkrivis dacva rTulia – ritmi yvela mimarTulebiT
midis, orRerovan wnulSi ki mwkrivi erT xazzea. . . amave
dros, rom mravalRerovani wnuli gamxdariyo plastiur
ornamentad araviTari plastiuri xerxi ar sWirdeboda,
saWiro iyo mxolod wnulis pirdapiri gadmocema,
rogorc bunebaSia. orRerovani wnulisaTvis ki saWiroa
gamoinaxos plastiuri xerxi, romlis saSualebiT wnuli
miiRebs ritmul wyobas. da am saSualebis gamogoneba
aris gadamwyveti Zala saerTod wnulis ornamentikis
ganviTarebaSi da mis xangrZliv arsebobaSi. es gamogoneba
aris wminda plastiuri xerxi, agebuli ritmiul,
maTematikur da geometriul wesebze(rac ornamentikis
safuZvelia). am wnulis Sesruleba adamians maTematikur –
geometriul azrovnebas aZlevs, vinaidan am safuZvelze
agebs mas. am wesis gamogonebam gardatexiTi roli
iTamaSa wnulis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi. am wnulis
geometriulma agebulebam warmoSva wnulis mravali
geometriuli saxe, romelic Cven dRes viciT. amave dros
SesaZlebeli Seiqmna sxvadasxva geometriuli saxis
wnulad gamoyeneba.

wnulis ganviTarebis procesi ori gziT mimdinareobda:

erTi TviT orReriani wnulis agebulebis sistema

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analitiurad qmnida axal geometriul saxeebs; am axali
saxeebis sintetiurad erTi meoresTan dakavSirebiT
iqmneboda axali saxe. meore – xdeboda arsebuli
geometriuli saxeebis transformacia wnulis saxeebSi,
mTavari wnulis xerxiT (unda vigulisxmoT, rom
geometriuli saxeebi adamians SeeZlo wnulis gareSec
warmoedgina).

amrigad, wrovani – or Reriani – wnuli Seiqmna dasabamad,

wnulis ornamentikis ganviTarebis safuZvlad, romelmac
wnuli aiyvana maRal plastiur safuZvelze.

sworxazovani wnuli ki aris mcire saxeebis momcemi, is

isaxeba am saSualebiT, Raribia plastiuri xerxiT da
saSualebiT da amitom metad mcirericxovani formebis
momcemia. analitiuri meTodiT aq miviRebT rombebs,
kvadratebs. am axali formebis erTmaneTSi dakavSireba
sworxazovani wnuliT sintetiuri meTodiT kidev axal
saxeebs gvaZlevs, magram wnuli mainc Raribia
plastiurad.amis magaliTi aris barbarebis xelovnebis
wnuli, romelic Raribia plastiuri TvalsazrisiT.

wnulis Tviseba - yovel geometriul figuras wnuli

aZlevs cocxal saxes da akavSirebs mas realur
formasTan – “wnulTan”, romelsac adamiani iTvisebs
rogorc realur formas(es ufro gasagebi iyo Zvel
droSi, rodesac wnuli TviT cxovrebaSi iyo).
geometriuli figura uwnulod warmoadgens marto
abstraqcias da amitom ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos namdvil
plastiur ornamentad. mas aklia sicocxle, amitom man
ver hpova gavrceleba. wnuli ki geometriul saxes aZlevs
sinamdvilis saxes, es aris xorcSesxmuli abstraqcia –
realobamde dayvanili. Tu wnulis ornamenti kargad
mosCans, reliefuria, maSin is plastikuria, Tuki
reliefi ara aqvs, is kargavs Tavis kavSirs realobasTan,
amitom plastiuri araa.
. . .
saerTod qarTul klasikur ornaments axasiaTebs zusti
agebuleba, simetriis dacva, maTematikuri zusti angariSi,
kompoziciurad zustad wyoba, ise rom ornamentis saxe

115
mosCandes(swori Sefardeba – lentis siganisa amoWril
fonTan), plastikuri reliefis gamoyvana ise, rom
skulpturul saxes grZnob, Crdilis da ganaTebis
plastiuri TamaSi! ”

daviT kakabaZem mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana qarTuli

CuqurTmis saxeebis gamokvlevaSi, misi interesis sfero
gulisxmobs qarTuli CuqurTmis saxeTa ganviTarebas
uZvelesi droidan XVII-saukunemde, igi wers:

“CuqurTmebiT qarTul xelovnebaSi Semkulia rogorc

eklesiebi, ise cixeebi da sxva da sxva Senobebi.
eklesiebSi CuqurTmebiT Semkulia garegani kedlebi
uZveles xanaSi ki Sinaganic. qarTul xelovnebaSi
CuqurTma ar kargavs Tavis daniSnulebas, rogorc
Senobis samkauls da yovelTvis Tavisi adgili uWiravs
da amkobs rogorc garedan sarkmelebis da karebis
CarCoebs. . . xSirad CuqurTma gamoxatavs TviT eklesiis
agebulebis azrs(mcxeTa). qarTul xelovnebaSi CuqurTmas
rogorc eklesiis samkauls uWiravs mniSvnelovani
adgili da am mxriv qarTulma CuqurTmam miaRwia Tavis
ganviTarebis umaRles wertils.

. . .
qarTuli CuqurTma an wnuli Tavisi garegnuli saxiT
SeiZleba ramdenime jgufad daiyos:
1) yvavilosani foTlosani, sadac gamosaxulia yvavili,
foToli an sxva mcenares saxe.
2) geometriuli wreebi, sadac gamosaxulia sxva da sxva
saxe jvrisa an ubralo wrisa erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTuli.
3) geometriuli da yvavilosani saxeebi erTmaneTSi
gadaxlarTuli da
4) sadac gamoxatulia cxovelebi, frinvelebi, adamianis
saxe da yvavilosani erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTuli.
. . .
qarTuli CuqurTmis ganviTareba: “IX-saukunemde CuqurTmis
saxe umetes SemTxvevaSi yvavilosania. TviT wnuli
naTlad gamosaxuli ar aris. . . X-saukunidan dawyebuli
yvavilovani saxis garda, vxedavT, geometriuli da
wreebis saxesac da wnuls, damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas

116
qarTul xelovnebaSi, ukve gansakuTrebuli adgili
uWiravs. ganviTareba gamoisaxeba wnulis mkafiod
gamoxatvaSi. . . XI-saukunidan dawyebuli XIII-saukunemde
xelovnebas etyoba ganviTarebis umaRles wertilamdis
asvla. nimuSebi am xanis saucxovod aris Sesrulebuli
rogorc texnikuri ise sazogado mxriv. aq Cven
vnaxulobT oTxive saxis nimuSebs (yvavilovani, wris,
geometriuli da yvavilovani, wrisa, yvavilovani da
cxovelebis saxeebis erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTulisa).

saucxoo CuqurTmebiT aris Semkuli bagratis taZari

qauTaisSi (XI s.), sayuradReboa ramdenime svetis Tavis
CuqurTma, romlebSiac naTlad Cans xelovnebis
ganviTareba. es CuqurTmebi warmoadgens wnuls
yvavilovanisa, wrisa da cxovelebis saxisa erTmaneTSi
gadaxlarTuls. yvavilovani lotosis foTlis saxisaa. am
nimuSebidan naTlad Cans Tu rogor scdilobda qarTuli
wnuli Tavis ganviTarebaSi daekavSirebina yvavilovani
saxe wreebTan. sayuradReboa wnuli, romelic unda
ekuTvnodes gumbaTis sarkmels da kidev gumbaTis cas
(Sinagan mxaris zeviTa nawils).

ufro mkafioT yvavilovanis da wris wnuli erTmaneTSi

gadaxlarTuli gamosaxulia savanes eklesiis CuqurTmaSi
(yvirilis mazra) (XIs.). amgvar saxes Cven SemdegSi kidev
vxvdebiT nikorwmindis da safaris monasterSi. . . metad
sayuradRebo da sxvadasxva saxis CuqurTma moipoveba
nikorwmindis monasterSi.

am CuqurTmebSi Cven vxedavT rogorc yvavilovan ise

ubralo saxeebs. umTavresi gza qarTul CuqurTmebis
ganviTarebisa. daaxloveba yvavilovan da ubralo wnulis
da maTi sazogadoT erTmaneTSi dakavSireba am
CuqurTmidan naTlad sCans.

nikorwmindis monastris kamarosani svetebi taZris

yoveli mxridan Semkulia saucxovo CuqurTmebiT da
sayuradReboa da Zlier damaxasiaTebeli am svetebis
Tavebi da xarisxi, romlis saxes xSirad vxedavT qarTul
xelovnebaSi. sazogadoT yvela zemoT aRwerili

117
CuqurTmebi nikorwmindis monastrisa Zlier waagavs
tbeTis monastris CuqurTmebs.
. . .
XII-XIII saukuneebSi TiTqmis Tavdeba qarTuli CuqurTmis
ganviTareba. am xanis CuqurTmebi xasiaTdeba saucxovo
gamosaxulobiT da SesrulebiT da Tavis simSvenieriT ar
Camouvardeba arc erT romelime xalxis xelovnebas.
. . .
uZveles xanis CuqurTma dawyebuli VII s. IX saukunemde
yvavilosania, Tumca zogierTi nimuSebic geometriuli
saxisaa. wnuli ise rTuli ar aris, rogorc Semdeg
xanebSi X saukunidan dawyebuli xelovnebas didaT win
waweva etyoba. saxeebi rogorc yvavilosania, ise
geometriuli da ubralo wnulisa. TviT wnuli Rebulobs
ufro rTul xasiaTs da XII-XIII saukuneebSi ki adis
umaRles wertilamdis. damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba am xanisa
aris yvavilosanis da ubralo wnulis erTmaneTSi
daaxloveba. sazogado xasiaTi am xanis nimuSebisa Zlier
rTulia da amave dros ar kargavs saR gamoxatulebas.
sazogadoT am xanis CuqurTma Tavisi saucxovo xasiaTiT
arc erT xalxis xelovnebas ar Camouvardeba.

XIV-XV s. xelovnebis aRorZinebis xanaT unda CaiTvalos.

am saukuneebis nimuSebi Tavisi xasiaTiT arafriT ar
Camouvardeba XI-XII s. nimuSebs. saxeebi rogorc
yvavilovani ise ubralo wnulisaa, Tumca pirveli
sWarbobs meore saxes. XVI saukuniT iwyeba xelovnebis
dacemis xana. garegnuli Sesruleba CuqurTmisa Zlier
sustia. saxe zogierT SemTxvevaSi Zveli wnulisaa da
zogierTi ki ukve axali saxea, umetes SemTxvevaSi ki
yvavilosani.”

daviT kakabaZe qarTul ornaments saqarTvelos istoriis

erT-erT maxasiaTeblad miiCnevs (daviT kakabaZe; qarTuli
ornamentis genezisi; masalebi gamosacemad moamzades parmen
margvelaSvilma da dea jabuam; Tbilisi “nekeri” 2003.) da wers:

“qarTuli ornamentikis Zirebi unda veZioT qarTvel

xalxTa tomebis uZveles periodebSi. saqarTvelos
teritoriis miwa-wyalze adamians ganvlili aqvs
kacobriobis kulturis yvela periodebi.

118
. . .
cnobilia, rom neoliTur xanaSi adamianma ukve icis
wnulis warmoebis rTuli wesi – bawris da Tokis
damzadeba, bawris Sekvra, qsovileba da wvna.

liTonis gaCeniT ki saqarTvelos teritoriaze ukve

warmoSobilia sazogadoebrivi organizaciis ufro
maRali forma – saxelmwifoebrioba.

cnobilia, rom kacobriobis kulturis dasawyiss wina

aziis qveynebSi Caeyara saZirkveli. 5 - 4 aTasi wlis
winad Zv.w. aq pirvelad Seiqmna didi kulturuli
centrebi.

qarTvelebi ki warmoSobiT am wina aziis Zvels mkvidr

mosaxleobas ekuTvnis.
amitom qarTvelTa tomebi uSualo monawileobas
Rebulobdnen am kulturis SeqmnaSi.

kacobriobis uZveles kulturis centrebs ekuTvnis

elamis da sumeris kultura – 5-4 aTasi wlis winad Zv.w.

me-3 aTaswleuls Zv.w. wina aziaSi cnobili iyvnen

qarTvelTa monaTesave tomTa xalxebi – xeTelebi da
subarebi.

xeTelebi mosaxleobdnen mcire aziaSi.

subarebi mosaxleobdnen CrdiloeT mesopotamiidan
moyolebuli kavkasionamde.

oTxi aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi wina aziis politikur

istoriaSi wina aziis civilizaciis SeqmnaSi,
SemoqmedebiTi unarianoba gamoiCina xalxebis orma
jgufma – babilonis da xeTa-subaris. danarCen xalxTa
jgufebs – da arc asirias – wina aziis civilizaciis
SeqmnaSi SemoqmedebiTi Zala ar gamouCeniaT.

amave dros xeTa-subaris civilizacia didad gansxvavdeba

babiloniis civilizaciisagan.

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3-aTasi wlis damdegidan Zv.w. 2-aTasi wlis damdegamde
wina aziaSi – babiloniaSi – sumeri-akodis
saxelmwifoebrivi organizacia iyo Zlieri.

me-18 s. Zv.w. xeTas samefo organizaciam did Zlierebas

miaRwia. imave saukunis damlevisaTvis pirveli adgili
subarebma daikaves. am dros nawilobrivad subarelebi
ukve rkinas xmarobdnen.

me-17 s. Zv.w. subarelebma daarses mitanis saxelmwifo. maT

gavlenas daumorCiles mTeli aRmosavleTi da asureTi.

me-14 da me-13 s. Zv,w. wina aziis politikuri centri kvlav

xeTas daubrunda.

me-12 s. Zv.w. damdegisaTvis aRmosavleTSi kvlav didi

cvlileba xdeba, xalxis moZraoba. xeTas samefo daemxo.
xeTa-subareTis mosaxleoba mraval wvril samTavrod
daiqsaqsa.

siria-xeTas samTavro – me-12 s. damdegidan me-8 s.

damlevamde.
me-11 s. subareTis xalxTa tomebidan ganirCeoda muskebi.
me-9 s. ki cnobilia Tubalebi. Tubali – evfratis
dasavleTiT mdebare vrceli qveyana iyo. umTavresi
qalaqi – meleTi.

me-9 da me-8 sauk. Zv.w. xeTur-subarulma tomebma axali

Zlieri saxelmwifo Seqmnes – urartu, mis xalxs ki
xaldebs uwodeben.
me-8 s. damlevs urartus samefo asurelebma daarbies.
me-7 s. damlevs urartus saxelmwifos bolo mouRes
midielebma.

amis Semdeg me-6 s. qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi centrebi

ki ar mospobila, aramed ufro CrdiloeTisaken
gadmoinacvles adgili – subareTis CrdiloeT adgilebSi
– kerZod saqarTveloSi. amrigad warmoiSva iberiis da
kolxeTis samefoebi. iberiis samefos dedaqalaqi –
mcxeTa.

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qarTuli saxelmwifo centrebi mdebareobda samxreT
nawilebSi (subareTis samxreT raionebSi). istoriis
JamTaviTarebaSi es centrebi TandaTanobiT gadmovida
CrdiloeTSi.

amiT Tavdeba wina aziis da xeTa-subaris saxelmwifo

Zliereba. civilizaciisa da kulturis centrebi icvlian
adgilebs.

saerTaSoriso asparezze gamodis midia da sparseTi –

erTis mxriv da saberZneTi – meores mxriv.

me-6 s. Zv.w. sparselebma midiis samefo daipyres da merme

dasavleTisaken xmelTaSua zRvis mimarTulebiT
gaaZlieres Tavis mflobeloba. ase warmoiSva aqemenidTa
samefo.

amave periodSi mcire aziaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

moixveWes xmelTaSua zRvis piras mdebare berZnulma
qalaqebma. maTSi yvelaze Zlieri iyo mileTi – ionielTa
qalaqi. am qalaqiT Tavdeba didi savaWro gza indoeTidan
dawyebuli xmelTaSua zRvamde.

amierkavkasiis xalxebs ZvelTa Zveli droidan hqondaT

aReb-micemiTi kavSiri egeosis zRvis xalxebTan.

me-7 s. Zv.w. imave mizniT mileTma gaiCina axalSenebi Savi

zRvis sanapioroze.

me-4 s. Zv.w. aqemenidebis samefos bolo mouRo aleqsandre

makedonelma. aleqsandre makedonelis gardacvalebis
Semdeg misi uzarmazari samefo daiSala da warmoiSva:
baqtria (kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleTiT), parTa (arSakidebis
samefo) – kaspiis zRvis samxreTiT da samxreT-
dasavleTiT, pontos samefo – Savi zRvis samxreT
napirebSi.

121
arSakidebis samefom, romelmac TiTqmis xuTi saukune
gaZlo, didi roli iTamaSa amierkavkasiis qveynebis
istoriaSi.

aleqsandre makedonelis da misi sardlobis xana

elinistur xanad iwodeba (me-4 s. damlevidan 1-el
saukunemde Zv.w.).

elinisturma kulturam didi gavlena moaxdina im drois

yvela qveynebze da saqarTvelozedac. gavrcelda CvenSi
berZnuli ena da mwerloba.

elinisturi periodis Semdeg iwyeba romis imperiis

gavlena mTel aRmosavleTSi da saqarTveloSic.

am periodSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi cxovreba

maRal safexurze avida, gacxovelda Sinauri da sagareo
vaWroba. saqarTveloze gadioda savaWro gza, romelic
aerTebda Soreul indoeTs dasavleT evropis qveynebs,
kulturis done amaRlda.

I da II s. ax.w. qarTlis (iberiis) da kolxeTis (dasavleT

saqarTvelos) cxovreba dawinaurda.

III s. damdegs sparseTSi warmoiSva axali samefo –

sasanidebis sagvareulo. iwyeba brZola sasanidebsa da
romaelebs Soris, saqarTvelo ki dgas maTi brZolis
mijnaze da es ori samefo erTimeores ecilebian
saqarTveloze gavlenas.

IV s. meore meoTxedSi qristianoba cxaddeba saxelmwifo

sarwmunoebad aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi.

V s. damdegs romis imperia sustdeba da aRmosavleTSi

sparselebis gaZliereba xdeba. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo
sparselebis moxarked xdeba. sparselebi cdiloben Tavis
sarwmunoebis - mazdeizmis gavrcelebas saqarTveloSi.

VI s. damdegs dasavleT saqarTveloSi qristianoba

cxaddeba saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad, Tumca Savi zRvis

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napirebze qristianoba ukve Semosuli iyo IV s.
damdegidan.

amave dros arsebobda mWidro kavSiri ucxoel qveynebTan:

ukve VI saukunidan arsebobs qarTuli eklesiebi
palestinaSi.

vinaidan mazdeizmis fexis mokideba saqarTveloSi ver

moxerxda, amitom sparselebma romis sawinaaRmdego
saSualebad gamoiyenes brZola monofizitebsa da
diofizitebs Soris.

romis saqristiano eklesia diofizituri iyo, maT

winaaRmdeg sparselebi xels uwyobdnen monofizitobas.

sparselebma aqac ver miaRwies mizans – saqarTvelos

eklesia diofizituri darCa.

somxeTSi ki sparselebis gavlena ufro metad iyo, vidre

saqarTveloSi, amitom somxuri eklesia monofizituri
darCa.

amiT moxda qarTlis da somxeTis eklesiebs Soris

ganxeTqileba (VII s. damdegs).

sparselebi gandevnil iqnen saqarTvelodan VI s.

damdegidan.

am periodSi didi cvlilebebi gamoiara romis

saxelmwifom. IV s. damlevs igi or nawilad gaiyo.
aRmosavleT nawilis dedaqalaqi aris konstantinopoli.
dasavleT romis imperia ki V s. damlevs mospobil iqna.

VII saukunidan aRmosavleT romis imperias bizantias

uwodeben.

Tu romi monaTmflobeluri saxelmwifi iyo, bizantia

ukve feodaluri qveyanaa. bizantiaSi laTinuri enis
magier berZnuli enaa gamefebuli.

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saqarTveloSic igive movlenas aqvs adgili –
feodalizmis weswyobilebam sabolood gaimarjva (VII s.
damdegi). am periodis saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi
cxovreba didad ganviTarebul saxes warmoadgens.
ganviTarda qalaqebi, vaWroba, xelosnoba. qarTli
awarmoebs vaWrobas somxeTTan, siriasTan, dasavleTis
qveynebTan, egviptestan da sxvebTan.

kulturuli done maRalia – iTargmneba saqriatiano

wignebi berZnulidan, siriulidan da somxuridan. Zvel
iberiasa da kolxeTSi gavrcelebuli iyo Zveli berZnuli
ganaTleba, Zveli berZnuli filosofia da poezia. IV s-Si
kolxeTSi arsebobda filosofiuri skola. am periodSi
Caeyara saZirkveli qarTul saeklesio arqiteqturas.
bolnisi, urbnisi, mcxeTis “jvari”.

VII s. pirvel naxevarSi saqarTvelo da mTlianad

amierkavkasia bizantielebis gavlenis qveS arian. amave
dros gaZlierda aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos
tomebis erTmaneTTan daaxloveba.

VII s. damdegs msoflio istoriisaTvis didi

mniSvnelobis ambavi moxda – arabeTSi warmoiSva
muhamedis meTaurobiT axali sarwmunoeba, romelsac
“islami” ewoda.

arabebis dapyrobiT politikasTan dakavSirebiT ukve VII s.

Sua wlebSi saqarTveloSi daiwyo arabTa Semosevebi. VII
s. damlevs arabebs magrad hqondaT fexi mokidebuli
qarTlSi da Semdeg gadavidnen dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
magram qarTveli xalxi ganagrZobda brZolas arabTa
dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg. arabTa Semosevam VIII s.
damdegs gaanadgura xalxis meurneoba da Seamcira
mosaxleoba. mxolod saqarTvelos ganapira adgilebi
daculi iyo arabebisagan.

amave dros warmoiSva axali feodaluri samTavroebi:

kaxeTi – VIII s. damlevs, afxazeTi – VIII s. damlevs, tao-
klarjeTi – IX s. damdegs.

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IX da X saukuneebSi saqarTvelo gaizarda da gaZlierda
ekonomiurad.

IX s. meore naxevridan didi omebi iSviaTi iyo. xdeboda

omebi patara razmebis SetakebebiT, romelic ver
abrkolebda qveynis zrdas da mSeneblobas. amitom kaxeTi,
tao-klarjeTi, afxazeTi gaizardnen da gaSendnen IX
saukunisaTvis.

tao-klarjeTi bizantiis sazRvrebSi iTvleboda – amitom

aSotma Tavis Tavi keisris vasalad gamoacxada da
kurapalatis tituli miiRo.

ukanasknelad amierkavkasiis damorCileba xalifam X s.

damdegs scada, magram mizans ver miaRwies da maTi
gavlena amierkavkasiaSi X s. Sua wlebidan sruliad
moispo. darCnen mxolod adgilobrivi amirebi, rogorc
magaliTad, Tbilisis amira, romlis sazRvrebi sul
viwrovdeboda qarTuli samTavroebis – kaxeTis, tao-
klarjeTis da afxazeTis – Semotevis wyalobiT.

X s. Sua wlebidan amierkavkasiaSi arabebis gavlena

srulebiT moispo.

samive samTavroSi daiwyo brZola sakuTari teritoriis

gafarToebisaTvis. ganviTarda aReb-micemobis saqme
samTavroebs Soris. agreTve ganviTarda sagareo vaWroba
trapezunTan, somxebTan, siriasTan. did rols
TamaSobdnen TviT bizantiis imperiaSic tao-klarjeTis
qarTvelebi.

kulturuli done VIII-X s. metad maRali iyo. qarTuli

saliteraturo ena metad gaizarda. tao-klarjeTSi,
afxazeTSi, qarTlSi oficialuri da saeklesio ena
qarTuli iyo. viTardeba proza da leqsebi. viTardeba
Targmnili mwerlobac. qarTvelebs am dros aqvT
sakuTari sazRvargareTuli kulturuli centrebi:
palestinaSi, antioqiis maxloblad. X s. daarsda
ganTqmuli qarTuli monasteri aTonis mTaze.

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filosofiis codna im dros ukve savaldebulod
iTvleboda ganaTlebuli kacisaTvis.

daviT kuropalatis mefobaSi – tao-klarjeTi didi da

Zlieri samefo gaxda. X s. meore naxevarSi tao-
klarjeTis samefo Seicavda uzarmazar teritorias,
romlis samxreTi sazRvrebi vanis tbasa da qalaq
erzinkamde aRwevda. amave dros daviTi Tavis gavlenas
CrdiloeTiTac avrcelebda – afxazeTsa da qarTlSi.
amiT saZirkveli Caeyara saqarTvelos gaerTianebas. IX-X s.
saqarTvelos amnairi mdgomareoba mowmobs qarTveli
xalxis am drois did SemoqmedebiT unarianobas yvela
dargSi.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am dros mTlianad Camoyalibda

qarTuli erovnuli saxe yvela dargSi, romlis Semdgomi
ganviTareba mxolod gagrZelebaa am diadi epoqisa.

qarTul arqiteqturaSi ki am dros mTlianad

momwifebuli da damTavrebuli saxe mieca im saqristiano-
saeklesio formebs, romlebsac V-VI s. Caeyara saZirkveli.

afxazeTSi: martvili, moqvi(X s. Sua wlebi), ufro

mdidari iyo tao-klarjeTi: oSki, iSxani, bana, xaxuli.

XI s. saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv wyobilebas ukve

ganviTarebuli feodalizmis saxe aqvs.

XI s. moxda saqarTvelos mTliani gaerTianeba bagrat

mesamis mefobis dros (975-1014 w.), magram aq xdeba
qarTuli kulturis centrebis gadanacvleba tao-
klarjeTidan ufro CrdiloeTisaken. amas xeli Seuwyo
bizantielebis Semotevam saqarTveloze.

1001 w. daviT kuropalatis gardacvalebis Semdeg,

bizantielebma daikaves tao.

1023 w. giorgi pirvelma iZulebiT dauTmo bizantielebs

tao, kola-artaani da javaxeTi. magram kulturuli
saqmianoba ar Sewyvetila. samonastro kulturuli

126
centrebi ganagrZoben arsebobas: aTonSi, palestinaSi,
siriaSi, balkaneTSi. arsebobs saistorio mwerloba,
filologia, samarTali, xelovneba. am dros ekuTvnis
Zeglebi: quTaisis bagratis taZari, bedia, mcxeTis
sveticxoveli, nikorwminda, samTavisi.

bizantielebTan brZolam qveyanas auria saqme.

XI s. meore naxevarSi ki saqarTvelos sxva mxridan
moadga gaWirveba: daiwyo Turqebis (selCukianebis) didi
Semoseva. airia Sinagani da sagareo mdgomareoba.

XII s. saqarTvelom ufro did Zlierebas miaRwia – daviT

aRmaSeneblis dros (1089-1125). daviT aRmaSenebelma
gandevna Turqebi saqarTvelodan. Turqebs ki im dros
mdgomareoba Sesustebuli hqondaT evropiel jvarosanTa
omis gamo TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (XI s. damlevs).

saqarTvelo Seiqmna aRmosavleTSi erTi uZlieresi samefo.

kulturuli viTareba daviT aRmaSeneblis dros Tavis
simaRleze idga: gelaTi, Sio mRvimis didi taZari.

Tamar mefis dros (1184-1213 w.) saqarTvelo Seiqmna wina

aziaSi erTi uZlieresi saxelmwifo.

XII s.-Si saqarTvelos sameurneo da kulturuli

mdgomareoba maRal safexurze idga: aReb-micemoba
samxreTisaken egviptemde, CrdiloeTisaken ruseTSi.
qalaqebi gaZlierda. ayvavda Zveli qarTuli feodaluri
kultura. es bunebrivi ganviTareba iyo warmateba
qarTuli kulturisa.

ganviTarda mecnieruli mwerloba, saistorio mwerloba,

elinisturi kulturis memkvidreobac sakmarisad iyo
Seswavlili, berZnuli enac kargad icodnen. arabul-
sparsul kulturasac kargad icnobdnen. Xelovnebis sxva
dargebic Tavis simaRleze iyo: xuroTmoZRvreba, kedlis
mxatvroba, beWvdiTi xelovneba da sxva. xuroTmoZRvreba:
ikorTa, samTavro, berTubani, beTania.

127
XIII s. pirvel naxevars saqarTvelos mdgomareoba
xelaxlav gaWirvebuli Seiqmna. qveyanas Semoesia
monRolebi (Cingis xani).
saqarTvelo gaxda monRolTa ymadnafici qveyana.
saqarTvelos jari iRebs monawileobas monRolebTan
erTad omebSi iranis da egviptis winaaRmdeg.

miuxedavad am didi gaWirvebisa kulturuli muSaoba ar

Camqrala. demetre meores “Tavdadebulis” (1270-1289) cda
aoxrebuli qveynis aRdgenisa. misi aSenebulia metexis
taZari(avlabarSi).

XIV s. pirvel naxevarSi, giorgi mexuTem,

“brwyinvalem”(1314-1346) SesZlo saqarTvelos samefos
mTlianobis aRdgena. iranis xanebis Zliereba am dros
Seryeuli iyo.

XIV s. meore naxevarSi saqarTvelos axali saSineli

ubedureba daatyda: saqarTvelos Semoesia Temur-lengi. am
Semosevis Sedegebi is iyo, rom man imsxverpla auarebeli
xalxi. arasdros aseTi ubedureba saqarTvelos ar
dastydomia Tavze. XV-XVI s. mravali adgili ukacrielad
iyo darCenili. qveynis sameurneo da kulturuli
saqmianoba daqveiTda. XV s. Camoyalibda axali
saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba: osmaleTis gaZliereba da
bizantiis samefos mospoba. 1453 w. osmalebma aiRes
konstantinopoli. amieridan saqarTvelos dasavleTis gza
daexSo. amas mohyva saqarTvelos daSla calke samefoebad.
XV s. daiwyo gauTavebeli brZola iransa da osmaleTs
Soris. XVI s. mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi ufro gauaresda.
iran-osmaleTis omis asparezi saqarTveloc iyo. kaxeTis
mdgomareoba XVI s. meore naxevarSi ufro kargi iyo:
qveyana aSenda da dawinaurda. kaxeTis mefe – aleqsandre
(1574 - 1605) mdidari, Zlieri mefe iyo. ganaaxla vaWroba
aziasa da evropaSi. aRadgina dangreuli materialuri
kulturis naSTebi. dasavleT saqarTveloSi am dros
mdgomareoba cudi iyo – osmalebis Semoseva (bagratis
taZris dangreva).

128
amis Semdeg saqarTvelos mdgomareoba ar gamosworebula
XIX saukunemde.“

SemTxveviT ar mogviyvania daviT kakabaZis pirovnuli

mosazrebebi – romlebic sistemuri(yovlismomcveli)
xasiaTisaa da naTlad Cans mxatvris mcdeloba, yvela
problema da maT Soris saxelovnebo, gamoikvlios
sistemuri poziciidan, swored amitom dasWirda d.
kakabaZes saqarTvelos istoriis, sistemuri
TvalsazrisiT ganxilva, raTa Caswvdomoda qarTuli
ornamentis da zogadad qarTuli saxelovnebo samyaros
genezisis eTno-Taviseburebebs.

daviT kakabaZis mravalmxrivi kvlevebi cxadad

gamoxataven sistemuri azrovnebis konfiguracias.
sistemuri azrovnebis mizania obieqturad da
yovlismomcvelad (sistemurad) aRiqvas gare samyaro an
Sesaswavli sfero da daadginos kanonebi da
kanonzomierabani rogorc materialuri aseve
aramaterialuri samyarosi; swored amgvari sistemuri
kvlevebis gamovlinebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxatvris
daintereseba ferweris, grafikis, Teatrisa da kinos
mxatvrobis fundamenturi sakiTxebiT.

1928 wels, k.marjaniSvilma SesTavaza daviT kakabaZes

piesis gaformeba da im periodidan iwyeba misi saTeatro
moRvaweoba, rasac Semdgom dazguri mxatvroba miemata da
niSandoblivia rom es ori gansxvavebuli dargi
Semoqmedebisa urTierTzegavlenas ganicdis.

„ daviT kakabaZis SexedulebiT Teatri saxviTi

xelovnebis filiali rodia, rom TeatrSi mxatvari modis
imisaTvis, raTa amoxsnas piesisa da speqtaklis dedaazri
da igi emociurad zemoqmedi gaxados. mayurebelze amgvar
zemoqmedebas ki, misi azriT, ganapirobebs is Teatraluri
metyveli saSualebebi, romlebsac amjerad mimarTaven
scenis xelovanebi dramaturgis nawarmoebis
amosaxsnelad. es saSualebani garkveulad unda
ukavSirdebodnen erTmaneTs, qmnidnen garkveul sistemas,
maSin aRmocendeba am speqtaklis gaTamaSebis konkretuli

129
piroba.“ (naTela uruSaZe. daviT kakabaZe TeatrSi. saqarTvelos
Teatraluri sazogadoeba. Tbilisi 1982 w.).

dramaturgisagan daviT kakabaZe moiTxovs scenuri drois

zust SegrZnebas, raTa droSi gaSlili nawarmoebi erT
mTlianobad Seikras. igi amas kompoziciis grZnobas
uwodebs. mas miaCnia, rom personaJTa cxovreba rac
SeiZleba farTo areSi unda iSlebodes: avanscena, TviT
scena, kulisebi, mayurebelTa darbazic ki. igi ayenebs
sakiTxs scena-kolofis Secvlis Sesaxeb ufro vrceli
saTamaSo moedniT.

mogvianebiT es sakiTxi sxvebmac wamoWres. daviT kakabaZes

metad mniSvnelovnad miaCnia mxatvris roli, misi funqcia
TeatrSi, is wers: „mxatvari ilustratori ki ar aris
reJisoris azrisa, aramed reJisorTan erTad Slis
dramatul moqmedebas... mxatvari muSaobs saxviTi
xelovnebis saSualebiT, magram marto feri, moculoba,
sivrce ki ar unda ainteresebdes, aramed TviT moqmedeba -
speqtaklis dinamika... mxatvarma aucileblad unda
gauwios angariSi dramaturgs, reJisors da mayurebels,
magram upirveles yovlisa, unda gauwios angariSi
aqtiors... mxatvarma unda Seqmnas sivrcis da moculobis
forma Sefardebuli piesis ideur SinaarsTan, rom
aqtioris TamaSi da piesis moqmedeba daubrkolebliv
gaSlili iqnes... yvelaferi aqtioris TamaSobisaTvis...
speqtaklis mTavari moqmedebisaTvis... speqtaklSi
mTavaria msaxiobi. „ aseTia daviT kakabaZis Teatraluri
mrwamsi.

qarTul TeatrSi daviT kakabaZem ocdaSvidi speqtakli

gaaforma(sxva TeatrSi mas arc umuSavia), is upiratesad
qarTul literaturas acocxlebda scenaze, igi iltvoda
sisadavisaken, ubraloebisa da simartvivisaken, erideboda
scenis gadatvirTvas, iseT danadgars Seqmnida, rom misi
Semobruneba mravali rakursiT iyo SesaZlebeli . moZravi
konstruqcia moqmedebis adgilis wamieri Secvlis
uflebas aZlevda reJisors. daviT kakabaZe speqtaklis
dinamiur ganviTarebas ganapirobebda Tavisi
scenografiiT.

130
daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedeba ganuyofelia sareJisoro
Canafiqrisgan, speqtaklisagan. TeatrSi d. kakabaZe,
koleqtiuri Semoqmedebis momxrea da aRniSnuls ise
aRwevda, rom arasdros arc mxatvrobis fundamenturi
principebisTvis uRalatia da arc sakuTari
SemoqmedebiTi stili daukargavs.

daviT kakabaZe xelovnebis mkvlevari da gamomgonebelia,

cxadia rom aq saqme gvaqvs saxelovnebo sferos sistemur
kvlevebTan, rac naTlad Cans mis naSromebSi da es
ukanaskneli produqtia sistemuri azrovnebisa.

cnobilia, rom sistema warmoadgens garesamyaros nawilis

warmodgenis formas, ris gamoc is(sistema) mecnieruli
abstraqciaa.

sistema rogorc mecnieruli abstraqcia gansxvavdeba

realuri obieqtisagan im Sinagani maxasiaTeblebis
ugelebelyofis xarjze, rac damkvirveblis azriT araa
gadamwyveti kvlevis obieqtis sistemuri (yovlismomcveli)
aRwerisas.

fenomenaluri niWis mqone dargobriv profesionalebs,

rogorc wesi, Camoyalibebuli aqvT sakuTari sistemuri
azrovneba imisaTvis rom mTlianobaSi dainaxon obieqti
an procesi. cxadia rom sistemuri azrovnebis efeqturoba
miT ufro maRalia, rac ufro rTulia is sistema, ris
mimarTac gamoiyeneba sistemuri azrovneba.

daviT kakabaZem, rogorc mravalmxivma mecnierma, XX-

saukunis 20 wlebidan daiwyo kvlevis sistemuri
meTodebis gamoyeneba saxelovnebo sferosaTvis da
sicocxlis bolomde ar Seuwyvetia am mimarTulebis
Seswavla.

131
ivane javaxiSvilis sulieri gavlenis sistemuri
safuZvlebi

ivane javaxiSvilis moRvaweobis umTavres mizans

warmoadgenda saqarTvelos umdidresi istoriis da
qarTveli eris sulieri da materialuri kulturuli
memkvidreobis yovlismomcveli(sistemuri) Seswavla.
manamde ki mxolod mwiri monacemebi arsebobda
saqarTvelos istoriis kuTxiT da faqtobrivad arc erTi
mecnieruli dargi saqarTvelos istoriisa ar arsebobda.

saqarTvelos istoriis yovlismomcveli, sistemuri

gamokvleva, ivane javaxiSvilma, martom Seasrula, man
axali qarTuli istoriografia Seqmna.

ivane javaxiSvilis kredo

1904 wels gamocemul wignSi – “mamuliSviloba da

mecniereba” ivane javaxiSvilma sazogadoebas sakuTari
mrwamsi warudgina anu Sexeduleba mecnieris maRali
movaleobis Sesaxeb.

XX-saukunis dasawyisSi, axalgazrda mecnierma, romelic

kargad icnobda istoriografiis ganviTarebis sazRvrebs,
gadawyvita mecnieruli istoriografiis Seqmna imis
miuxedavad rom qarTuli istoriuli azrovneba uZvelesi
droidan iRebda saTaves: ioane sabanisZe da giorgi
merCule, basil zarzmeli da giorgi mtawmindeli,
leonti mroveli da juanSeri, efrem mcire da daviT
aRmaSenebelios istorikosi, Tamaris istorikosebi da
laSa giorgis droindeli mematiane, JamTaaRmwereli da
sxvani.

qarTul istoriografiaSi axali etapi iwyeba vaxuSti

bagrationis (1696-1757) moRvaweobiT, romelmac
saqarTvelos istoria, geografia, kartografia da
mecnierebis mravali dargi codnis specifiur CarCoebSi
moaqcia.

132
ivane javaxiSvilis ganmartebiT vaxuSti istorias or
nawilad yofs: samoqalaqod da saeklesiod, xolo
TiToeuli maTgani oTx nawilad iyofa: 1) “adgilis
aRwera” (georgafiuli mimoxilva);
2) “naTesavTmetyveleba”(genealogia);
3) “wlismricxveleba”(qronologia);
4) “moqmedebis aRwera”(politikuri istoria).
javaxiSvilis azriT, istoriis amgvari sistemiT
danawileba pirvelad swored vaxuSti bagrationma
moaxdina qarTul istoriografiaSi.

XIX-saukunis 70-iani wlebidan qarTul istoriografiaSi

kidev erTi axali etapi daiwyo, qarTuli enis,
literaturisa da istoriisadmi interesis gazrda
peterburgis universitetSi, mari broses* TaosnobiT
daarsebulma qarTuli enis kaTedram ganapiroba.
peterburgSi Caeyara safuZveli mecnierul
qarTvelologias, romlis moTaveebi iyvnen al. cagareli,
al. xaxanaSvili da n. mari, maTi skolidan mravali
qarTvelologi gamovida, romelTa Soris yvelaze
TvalsaCino adgili ivane javaxiSvils ukavia.

ivane javaxiSvilma Seqmna kapitaluri Sroma “qarTveli

eris istoria”, romelSic pirvelad mogvca, mis mierve
SemuSavebuli kvlevis mecnieruli meTodologiiT
Seswavlili saqarTvelos politikuri istoria,
socialuri urTierTobebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi
wyobilebis formebi, materialuri kulturisa da
ideologia-sarwmunoebis sakiTxebi.

ivane javaxiSvili mravalmxriv da masStabur

gamokvlevebSi farTod iyenebs e.w. “kritikuli
azrovnebis”** elementebs, rac akavSirebs mis
msoflmxedvelobas, qarTvelTa udidesi mamis, ilia
WavWavaZis (wmida ilia marTali) cnobier samyarosTan.
ivane javaxiSvili WeSmaritad sulieri Tanamoazre iyo
ilia WavWavaZisa, rogorc moRvawisa da mamuliSvilisa.
ilias mravlismomcveli saqmianoba, kerZod ki
istoriografiul-politologiuri, ekonomikuri,
agraruli da qarTvelologiuri koncefcia warmoadgenda

133
ivane javaxiSvilis Semoqmedebis zemtkice saZirkvels,
ramac saetapo mniSvnelobis Sedegebi gamoiRo mecnierebis
mraval dargSi.
---------------
(*) brose (Brosset) mari felisite (1802-1880), frangi orientalisti
da qarTvelologi, 1847-48 wlebSi imogzaura saqarTveloSi.
didZali epigrafikuli, numizmatikuri, dokumenturi da sxva
masala peterburgSi sam wignad gamoaqveyna(1849-51), dabeWda
“qarTlis cxovreba”, vaxuStis “istoriis” geografiuli nawili
da mravali sxva dokumenti, riTac didi wvlili Seitana
qarTuli kulturis Seswavlisa da misi evropaSi
popularizaciis saqmeSi.
(**)kritikuli azrovneba - azrebisa da Sexedulebebis
kritikulad Sefaseba. kkritikuli azrovnebis sistema sami
ganxrisa(kiTxva, wera, kamaTis xelovneba) da Svidi
donisagan(informaciuli codna, informaciis axali formiT
wardgena, azrovnebis da funqciaTa kavSir-urTierTobani,
novacia, analizi, sinTezi, Sefaseba) Sedgeba.

134
 ivane javaxiSvili

XIX-saukunis saqarTvelos hyavda sulieri meufe,

pirovneba, romelmac axali era daiwyo qarTuli
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis istoriaSi, eris medroSe –
ilia WavWavaZe.

ilia WavWavaZe XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan

moyolebuli, TiTqmis naxevari saukunis manZilze
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, azrovnebis, erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ideuri Tavkaci iyo. ivane

135
javaxiSvili XX-saukunis dasawyisidanve mtkice burjad
Seudga ilias mier dawyebul saqmes eris kulturuli
cxovrebis winsvlisaTvis.
wmida ilia marTali (ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZe) 1837
wlis 27 oqtombers (Zveli stiliT) daibada kaxeTSi,
sofel yvarelSi. pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba man ojaxSi
miiRo: dedam Seaswavla wera-kiTxva, locvebi, saRvTo
istoria. rva wlis ilia yvarlis mTavardiakon nikoloz
sefaSvilisaTvis miubarebiaT. masTan gatarebulma samma
welma waruSleli kvali datova wmidanis cxovrebaSi.
iliam swavla jer Tbilisis kerZo pansionSi, Semdgom ki
keTilSobilTa gimnaziaSi gaagrZela. mSoblebi mas adre
gardaecvala da daoblebuli ojaxis meurveoba mamida
makrinem itvirTa.

1857 wels ilia peterburgis universitetis iuridiuli

fakultetis studenti gaxda. universitetSi swavlis
periodSi ilia Zalian bevrs kiTxulobda, gansakuTrebiT
Zveli qarTuli wignebiT iyo dainteresebuli. akademiuri
moswrebac maRali hqonda, magram ilias iuridiuli
ganaTlebis oficialuri mowmoba ar ainteresebda. man
meoTxe kursidan miatova swavla da 1861 wels Rrmad da
mravalmxriv ganswavluli dabrunda saqarTveloSi.

jer kidev moRvaweobis dasawyisSi ganacxada ilia

marTalma: „sami RvTaebrivi saunje dagvrCa Cven mama-
papaTagan: mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba. Tu amaTac ar
vupatroneT, ra kacebi viqnebiT, ra pasuxs gavscemT
STamomavlobas?“ mas saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis
aRdgenisaTvis mebrZolTa rigebSic vxedavT: 1905 wlis
oqtomberSi daswrebia wmida nikolozis eklesiis
saswavleblis SenobaSi gamarTul samRvdeloebis krebis,
romelic saqarTvelos eklesiis avtonomiis sakiTxs
mieZRvna, meTaurobda sazogado moRvaweTa jgufs,
romelmac kavkasiis mefisnacvals mimarTa TxovniT, mxari
daeWira qarTvelTa brZolisaTvis avtokefaliis
dasabruneblad.

ilias moRvaweoba imdenad aRizianebda da aSinebda

eklesiisa da yovelgvari erovnulobis winaaRmdeg

136
sabrZolvelad Seqmnili satanuri moZRvrebis gzaabneul
mimdevrebs, rom ilias fizikurad mospoba ganizraxes...

1907 wlis 30 agvistos Tbilisidan saguramos mimavali

etli, romelSic ilia da misi meuRle olRa guramiSvili
imyofebodnen, wiwamuris tyesTan Sedga. Tofis grialma
SeZra didebuli garemo. ilia zeze wamoiWra: „SesdeqiT,
ubedurno, ilia var!!!“ - daiZaxa, magram tyviam gauCera
qristesa da samSoblos siyvaruliT aRvsili guli.
mTeli saqarTvelo dastiroda wmida ilias cxedars.
kavkasiis samxedro sasamarTlom ilias mkvlelebs
CamoxrCoba miusaja. Tbilisis general-gubernators
mkvlelebis Sewynarebis TxovniT mimarTa TviT ilias
qvrivma olRa guramiSvilma: „me Rrmad mwams, dRes rom
Cemi qmari cocxali iyos, Seundobda maT, romelTac
sasikvdilod gaimetes igi da Tavis ubedur, gzaabneul
Zmebad miiCnevda... me TiTqos mxolod imisTvis davrCi
amsoflad, raTa davaboloo is Rvawli kacTa mimarT
mxurvale siyvarulisa, romelsac Cemma qmarma mTeli
Tavisi sicocxle Seswira - Seundo im ubedur, gzaabneul
moyvasT, romelTav TviT is Seundobda. Cemi dReebi
daTvlilia, amJamad Tqvenganaa damokidebuli moiqceT ise,
rom sicocxlis aRsasrulis Jams vigrZno umaRlesi
netareba, romelsac adamianis suls ZaluZs miaRwios am
wuTisofelSi - SeerTeba RmerTTan, romelic ganicada
qristem, roca jvarze ganrTxmuli, sikvdilis Jams,
RvTiuri siyvarulis SuqiT ganaTlebuli, evedreboda
Semoqmeds Sendobas im mtrebisas, „rameTu ara ician, rasa
iqman“.
iliam ki sicocxleSive Seundo Tavis mkvlelebs cnobili
leqsiT „locva“:
„mamao Cveno, romeli xar caTa Sina,
muxlmodrekili, lmobieri vdgavar Sen wina;
arca simdidris, arc didebis Txovna ar minda,
ar minda, amiT Seuracxvyo me locva wmida…
aramed msurs me, ganminaTldes ciT Cemi suli,
Sengan namcnebis siyvaruliT aRmenTos guli,
rom mterTaTvisac, romelT Tunda guls laxvari mkran,
gTxovde: „Seunde, ar ician, RmerTo, ras iqman!“

137
1987 wels saqarTvelos eklesiis wmida sinodma ganixila
ilia WavWavaZis Rvawli erisa da eklesiis winaSe da
ganaCina: „ilia WavWavaZe Seracxil iqnas wmidanad da
ewodos mas ilia marTali“. („qarTvel wmidanTa
cxovrebani“, Tbilisi, 2004 w.).

XX-saukunis dasawyisSi ilias mZime tvirTma ivane

javaxiSvilis mxrebze gadainacvla, es iyo metad rTuli
– ilia WavWavaZeoba gaewia erisaTvis.

wmida ilia marTali

138
ivane javaxiSvili da XX saukunis qarTuli universiteti

XIX-saukunis 50-iani wlebidan qarTuli erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Tavkacebi universitetis
gaxsnaze zrunavdnen, rasac abrkolebda carizmi da
aRniSnuls “asabuTebda” – rusTavelis samSoblos xalxis
“inteleqtualuri moumzadeblobiT”!?.

XX-saukunis dasawyisSi qarTuli universitetis

daarsebis Taosani iyo ivane javaxiSvili, im dros
peterburgis universitetis privat-docenti.
ivane javaxiSvilma Seqmna erovnuli universitetis
daarsebis gegma.

1917 wlis gazafxulze ivane javaxiSvili peterburgidan

TbilisSi Camodis da iwyebs pirveli organizaciuli
RonisZiebebis Catarebas – imave wlis 12 maiss TbilisSi
Catarda qarTuli universitetis sazogadoebis
damfuZnebeli kreba, romelsac imdroindeli qarTuli
elita daeswro: eqvTime TayaiSvili, filipe gogiCaiSvili,
akaki SaniZe, korneli kekeliZe, dimitri uznaZe, luarsab
bocvaZe, grigol veSapeli, ilia zurabiSvili da sxv.

damfuZnebeli kreba gaxsna ivane javaxiSvilma moxsenebiT

– qarTuli universitetis daarsebis aucileblobis
Sesaxeb (gazeTi “saxalxo saqme”, 1917w. # 62, 63, 66, 68). es
moxseneba Seaxsenebda qarTvel xalxs saqarTvelos
uZvelesi kulturuli memkvidreobis siZlieres, xazs
usvavda im garemoebas, rom “Cveni xalxi mezobel
dawinaurebul did saxelmwifoebsa da erebs – berZen-
bizantielebs, sparselebsa da arabebs – ganaTlebiTa da
SemoqmedebiTi samwerlo moRvaweobiT kvaldakval
misdevda. iyo dro meTormete saukuneSi, rodesac Cvenma
winaprebma mcire aziasa da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi am
mxriv umaRles xarisxs miaRwies.”

iv. javaxiSvili acxadebda: “Cven winaparTa daucxromelma

mxneobam da sulieri ganviTarebisa da
codnismoyvareobisadmi Seuferxebelma miswrafebam
qarTvelobas sazRvargareTac iseTi dawesebulebani

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Seuqmna, romelTa wyalobiT saqarTvelos saSualeba
hqonda mezobelTa samecniero, samwerlobo da
sakulturo warmatebisaTvis Tvalyuri edevnebina da rac
misTvis saWiro iyo, droze SeeTvisebina kidec”. ivane
javaxiSvilma yuradReba gaamaxvila, rom momdevno
saukuneebSic iyo mcdeloba saqarTveloSi saswavlo
centrebis Seqmnisa. “eris yoveli warmateba, TviT nivTier
kulturis sferoSiac ki, Teoriuli mecnierebis
warmatebasa da aRorZinebazea damokidebuli. . . amitom
cxadze ucxadesia, rom Tu Cven gvsurs Cveni eris
gonebrivsa da kulturuls norCs aRorZinebas fesvebi
gavumagroT, mTeli Cveni Zal-RoniT qarTuli mecnierebis
Seqmnas da ayvavebas unda xeli SevuwyoT.”

ivane javaxiSvili gamowvlilviT axasiaTebda im gzebs,

romliTac SeiZleboda am amocanis Sesruleba, Tanac
moiTxovda, rom daarsebuliyo swored universiteti da
ara samecniero akademia, an politeqnikumi. dasavleT
evropis qveynebSic amgvarad moxda: jer universitetebi
daarsda, xolo Semdeg akademiebi Seiqmna. samecniero
akademiisa da universitetis erTdroulad Senaxva
imdroindel saqarTveloSi praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo.
ivane javaxiSvils naTlad esaxeboda, rom universitetTan
SemdgomSi SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda sasoflo sameurneo da
teqnikuri institutebis daarseba. mecnieris azriT,
“qarTuli universiteti erTsa da imave dros samecniero
kvleva-Ziebis da cdis dawesebulebac unda iyos da
umaRlesi samecniero saswavlebelic, sadac mecnierebis
Seswavla da samecniero muSaobis meTodebisa da
praqtikis SeTviseba SesaZlebeli iqneba.”

krebaze xangrZlivi kamaTis Semdeg gadawyda, rom

daarsebuliyo, qarTuli Tavisufali universiteti.
pirvelad sibrZnismetyvelebis fakulteti unda
gaxsniliyo. iv. javaxiSvilis winadadebiT Seiqmna komisia
(iv. javaxiSvili, e. TayaiSvili, f. gogiCaiSvili, k. afxazi,
v. yifiani, i. lorTqifaniZe, g. Juruli) romelsac daevala
saWiro saxsrebis gamonaxva-Segroveba da xarjTaRricxvis
Sedgena. aRniSnul krebaze Seiqmna qarTuli Tavisufali
universitetis gansakuTrebuli sazogadoeba.

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1917 wlis 17 maiss iv. javaxiSvilis iniciativiT quTaisSi
tardeba kulturul, sakredito dawesebulebaTa da
periodul gamocemaTa warmomadgenlebis kreba(romelsac
eswrebodnen: i. ocxeli, k. lorTqifaniZe, i. baqraZe, m.
TaqTaqiSvili, gr.g velesiani, i. puradaSvili, m. faRava, s.
wereTeli, v. WilaZe, i. quTaTelaZe, i. Ciqovani, d. niJaraZe,
g. urataZe, o. SuSania, p. jafariZe, a. gorgaZe, k.
gabaraSvili, v. beriZe, a. wereTeli, v. imnaZe, v. yifiani, m.
yauxCiSvili, T. abaSiZisa, m. gvelesianisa, al. janeliZe)
romelic qarTuli universitetis dfaarsebis sakiTxs
ixilavs, krebam mxari dauWira iv. javaxiSvilis
winadadebas universitetis daarsebis aucileblobis
Sesaxeb, Semdeg iv. javaxiSvilma krebas gaacno
universitetis daarsebasTan dakavSirebuli
organizaciuli sakiTxebi. airCies komiteti 11 kacis
SemadgenlobiT, romelsac TbilisSi arCeul komitetTan
erTad unda gaetarebina sxvadasxva RonisZieba
universitetis daarsebis mizniT.

iv. javaxiSvilis sauniversiteto aRmSeneblobis idea da

proeqti klasikuri nimuSia sistemuri azrovnebisa, ris
gamoc imTaviTve garkveuli iyo qarTuli universitetis
bedi – mis gaxsnas veravin SeuSlida xels, radgan igi
qarTveli patriotebis Senawiri saxsrebiT unda
Senaxuliyo.

1918 wlis 13 ianvars Sedga qarTuli universitetis

profesorTa kolegiis pirveli oficialuri
sxdoma(eswrebodnen: p. meliqiSvili, iv. javaxiSvili, a.
SaniZe, f. gogiCaiSvili, e. TayaiSvili, S. nucubiZe, i.
yifSiZe) airCies universitetis gamgeoba da iv.
javaxiSvils mimarTes TxovniT – Tavs edo universitetis
reqtoroba. am winadadebaze iv. javaxiSvilma
kategoriuli uari Tqva da Tavis mxriv sxdomas mouwoda,
reqtorad petre meliqiSvili aerCiaT, romelic, rogorc
iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavda, “cnobili mecnieria
ruseTSiac da sazRvargareTac, da misi arCeva did
prestiJs Seuqmnis Cvens universitetso”. . . profesorTa
kolegiam miiRo es winadadeba da petre meliqiSvili

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airCia universitetis reqtorad. sibrZnismetyvelebis
fakultetis dekanad airCies ivane javaxiSvili, romelmac,
1918 wlis 30 ianvars, qarTul universitetSi pirveli
leqcia waikiTxa Temaze: “adamianis pirovneba da misi
mniSvneloba Zvel qarTul saistorio-safilosofoso
mwerlobasa da cxovrebaSi”. …

yovlismomcvelia(sistemuria) iv. javaxiSvilis Rvawli,

ilia WavWavaZis ideebisa da qarTveli eris sulieri
samyaros da kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis
TvalsazrisiT: qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebasTan, saistorio da
saeTnografio sazogadoebasTan, konservatoriis
sakiTxTan, qarTul enciklopediasTan da samuzeumo
problematikasTan mimarTebaSi.

ivane javaxiSvili qarTveli eris kulturuli

memkvidreobisaTvis

maRali mecnieruli principebis mqone ivane javaxiSvili

kargad icnobda rogorc saqarTvelos aseve sxva qveynebis
xelovnebaSi arsebul SemoqmedebiT mimdinareobebs da
Tavisi damokidebuleba hqonda rogorc yvela movlenisa
da mecnieruli Teoriisadmi zogadad, ise konkretulad
xelovnebis sakiTxebisadmi.

iv. javaxiSvili qarTuli universitetis daarsebisTanave

Seudga qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis kaTedris
SeqmnisaTvis zrunvas. igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
aqcevda Zveli saqarTvelos meTad mniSvnelovan mxatvrul
Semoqmedebas (plastikuri xelovnebis dargebs –
arqiteqturas, skulpturas, oqromWedlobas da sxva) da
mas qarTveli xalxis maRali kulturis,
damoukideblobisa da Zlierebis maCveneblad aRiarebda.
sagulisxmoa, rom mas jer kidev 1913 wels SeumuSavebia
qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis Sedgenis saTanado gegma,
xolo 1914 wels, “qarTuli xelovnebis istoria” iv.
javaxiSvils ukve mzad hqonia. [“qarTveli eris istoriis”

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meore gamocema (t. I, 1913 w. winasityvaoba); “Христианский
Восток”, т.3, вып. 1, СПб., 1914, стр. 17-31.].

gansakuTrebulia Rvawli ivane javaxiSvilisa qarTuli

kulturis ZeglTa dacvisaTvis, igi iwonebda qarTvel
xelovanTa sazogadoebis saqmianobas qarTuli mxatvrobis
naSTebis gadarCenisa da gadmoRebis mizniT rasac
akeTebdnen l. gudiaSvili, g. erisTavi, m. ToiZe da misi
vaJi erekle, m. Wiaureli da dim. SevardnaZe nabaxtevSi
muSaobisas (nabaxtevis mxatvroba; i. lorTqifaniZe,
Tbilisi, 1973 w.).

ivane javaxiSvili, samecniero da saxelovnebo

sazogadoebebs konkretul praqtikul gegmas sTavazobda,
ris mixedviTac, unda gadmoxatuliyo da gadmoeRoT
iseTi Zeglebi, romelnic gansacdelSi iyvnen da romelTa
gadarCenisaTvis dauyonebliv zrunva iyo saWiro. iseTi
Zeglebi ki, romlebic SedarebiT normalur
mdgomareobaSi iyvnen, saWiroebisamebr unda gaemagrebinaT.
mTeli yuradReba gansacdelSi myof Zeglebze unda
gadasuliyo. meore etapad ivane javaxiSvils miaCnda
qarTuli xelovnebis Zeglebis Seswavla da gadmoReba-
gadmoxatva. kedlis mxatvrobis Seswavla
meTodologiurad sworad unda warmarTuliyo: pirvel
rigSi is freskebi unda SeeswavlaT, romelTa Sesaxebac
garkveuli cnobebi moipoveboda, xolo Semdeg –
dauTariRebeli nawarmoebebi. mecnieri moiTxovda, rom
gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT mopyrobodnen unikalur
istoriul qandakebebsa da mxatvrobas, radgan TiToeuli
aseTi daRupuli Zeglis aRdgena da danaklisis Sevseba
aRar SeiZleboda.

sistemuri azrovnebis kidev erTi mkafio gamovlenaa ivane

javaxiSvilis qarTuli xelnawerebisadmi damokidebuleba,
mas miaCnda, rom qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriis
srulyofili SeswavlisaTvis aucilebeli iyo qarTul
xelnawerebSi daculi naxatebis mxatvrul-mecnieruli
gamokvlevac. mecnieri xelnawerebis mxatvruli
TvalsazrisiT Seswavlas sxvadasxva miznebs usaxavda:

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1. qarTul xelnawerebSi daculi naxatebis, rogorc
xelovnebis Zeglebis, ganxilva-gamokvleva, maTi Rirseba-
naklis Sefaseba; feradovnebisa da teqnikuri mxareebis
Seswavla, agreTve, maTi sadaurobis dadgena.

2. kamaraTa mwerlobisa da sxvadasxva arSia-saxeebis

Seswavla. es, Tavis mxriv, ukavSirdeba CuqurTmebis,
kedlis mxatvrobis, oqronaWedi arSiebisa da saxeebis
Seswavlas (maTi SedarebiTi ganxilva metad
mniSvnelovania xelovnebis istoriis SeswavlisaTvis).

3. qarTuli xelnawerebis ganxilva samwignobro

xelovnebis Seswavlis mizniT, raTa gairkves mxatvruli
anbanisa da sxvadasxva xelis(sazenao, xucuri da
mxedruli, asomTavrulisa da daqselilis da sxva)
ganviTarebis gza.

ivane javaxiSvils kargad esmoda, rom misi gegmis

ganxorcieleba erTbaSad ar SeiZleboda, radgan erTi da
ori adamiani ver Seasrulebda mas. es gegma TandaTanobiT,
kompleqsurad unda ganxorcielebuliyo. amasTan,
mecnieri moiTxovda, rom qarTvel xelovanTa
sazogadoebas sajaro sxdomaze drogamoSvebiT ganexila
moxsenebebi calkeul ZeglTa Seswavlis mimdinareobis
Sesaxeb, moewyo gadmoxatuli Zeglebis gamofenebi. “maSin,
- miuTiTebda ivane javaxiSvili , - qarTveli farTo
sazogadoebac. . . qarTvel xelovanTa did Rvawls
daafasebs da Cveni Zveli xelovnebis mniSvnelobasa da
maRal Rirsebas Tavisi TvaliT dainaxavs.”

sistemuri azrovnebis naTeli ninuSia ivane javaxiSvilis

fundamenturi gamokvleva “qarTveli eris istoria”(“qei”),
romelic mas Cafiqrebuli hqonda 4 wignad: I wigni –
uZvelesi droidan VII s. I naxevramde(arabobamde); II wigni
– VII s. II naxevridan – XIII saukunis damdegamde (Tamaris
mefobis CaTvliT); III wg. – XIII-XV ss.; ჳv wigni – XIV-XVIII
ss. dasasrulamde. ivane javaxiSvilma am gegmis mTliani
ganxorcieleba ver SeZlo, “qei”-s Tanmimdevruli Txroba
man mxolod XV s. miwurulamde miiyvana(am mizezis gamoa
umniSvnelovanesi mimoxilva „politikuri da socialuri

144
moZraoba saqarTveloSi XIX saukuneSi“, romelic
rusulad daibeWda 1906 wels da mocemulia sistemuri
analizi carizmis eqspansiisa saqarTvelos mimarT),
swored es monakveTi iTvleba “qei”-is ZiriTad nawilad
da am moculobiT ganxorcielda aRniSnuli naSromis
ukanaskneli publikacia javaxiSvilis TxzulebaTa
Tormettomeulis I, II, da III tomebSi. garda amisa,
sxvadasxva dros, “qarTveli eris istoriis”
saxelwodebiT gamoqveynebulia calkeuli fragmentebi
XVI-XVII ss. istoriidan(“qei”, wg. IV, Tb., 1967), agreTve
javaxiSvilis sxva publikaciebi, romlebSic gaSuqebulia
saqarTvelo-ruseTis politikuri urTierTobebi XVII-
XVIII ss.-Si, politikuri da socialuri moZraoba XIX s-
Si(rusul enaze); IX-XIII ss-Si socialuri brZolis
istoriis sakiTxebi (“qei”, wg. 5, Tbilisi, 1953 w.).

“qarTveli eris istoria”-ze muSaobas ivane javaxiSvili

XX-s. damdegidan Seudga. am naSromis I wigni pirvelad
gamoica 1908 wels(momdevno gamocemebi ganxorcielda: 1913,
1928, 1951, 1960 da 1979 wlebSi); masSi Tanmimdevruladaa
gaSuqebuli qveynis istoriis warsuli uZvelesi droidan
VII s. I nax-mde; kapitaluradaa damuSavebuli mocemuli
periodis sakvanZo problemebi: kavkasiisa da qarTvelTa
nivTieri kultura rogorc arqeologiuri masalis, ise
werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT; warmarToba qarTvelur
tomebSi; uZvelesi sarwmunoebrivi Tqmulebebi; zogadad
saqarTvelos kultura I-VII ss-Si. pirveli wignis ZiriTad
nawils Seadgens saqarTvelos cxovreba da Tavgadasavali
I-VII ss-Si.

“qarTveli eris istoriis” II wignSi (pirvelad gamoica

1914 w.; momdevno gamocemebi: 1948, 1965, 1983 w.w.) ZiriTadad
mimoxilulia VII-XII s.s. saqarTvelos istoria. wigns
wamZRvarebuli aqvs “saqarTvelos saistorio geografia
VII-XII ss. q.S.”, romlis dabeWdva avtors ganzraxuli
hqonda “qarTveli eris istoriis” Sesaval tomSi, garda
amisa, wignSi calkea gamoyofili arabTa orsaukunovani
batonobis periodi; brZola saqarTvelos
gaerTianebisaTvis; saqarTvelos mdgomareoba VIII-X ss-Si;
saqarTvelos gaerTianeba (XI s.); saqarTvelos Zlierebisa

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da ayvavebis xana (XII s.). sagangebo Tavebia daTmobili
saqarTvelos socialur-kulturuli viTarebis
mimoxilvisadmi XI-XII ss-Si.

“qarTveli eris istoriis” III (pirvelad gamoica 1941;

momdevno gamocemebi: 1949, 1966, 1982 w.w.) da IV (pirveli
gamocema 1924; momdevno gamocemebia : 1948, 1967, 1982)
wignebSi gadmocemulia qveynis istoria XIII-XV ss.-Si
calkeul mefeTa moRvaweobis fonze – dawyebuli laSa-
giorgidan (1213-1222) konstantine II-iT (1448-1505)
damTavrebuli. dazustebulia aRniSnul mefeTa
cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis qronologia; dawvrilebiTaa
gaSuqebuli qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoeli
dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg; sagangebodaa gamaxvilebuli
yuradReba socialur movlenebze, feodalur SuRlsa da
Sinaomebze, qveynis erTianobis moSlis mizezebsa da
Sedegebze. avtori gamocemidan gamocemamde xvewda
naSroms, Sehqonda masSi calkeuli struqturuli da
Sinaarsobrivi cvlilebebi. “qarTveli eris istoriis”
oTxtomeuli warmoadgens pirvel cdas saqarTvelos
istoriis sruli, mecnierulad dasabuTebuli kursis
Seqmnisa. masSi, im droisaTvis istoriuli mecnierebebis
gankargulebaSi arsebuli qarTuli da ucxouri
werilobiTi wyaroebisa da sxva masalebis yovelmxrivi,
gamowvlilviTi wyaroTmcodneobiTi analizis safuZvelze,
gadmocemulia saqarTvelos istoriuli warsuli
(uZvelesi droidan XV s. miwurulamde). “qarTveli eris
istoria”-Si Rrma mecnieruli skurpuluzorobiTaa
ganxiluli qarTveli xalxis istoriuli cxovrebis
yvela sfero: qarTvelTa eTnikuri warmomavloba da
nivTieri kultura; qarTuli saxelmwifos saSinao da
sagareo politika; qveynis istoriul-geografiuli
nomenklatura; socialuri, ideologiur-sarwmunoebrivi
procesebi da a.S.

“qarTveli eris istoria”-Si pirveladaa gamomzeurebuli

da qronologiurad gamarTuli saqarTvelos saSinao Tu
sagareo-politikuri istoriis uamravi faqti;
saqarTvelos istoriis ganviTarebis procesi
gaazrebulia msoflio istoriis movlenebTan mWidro

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kavSirSi – rac sistemuri azrovnebis gareSe
SeuZlebelia.

sistemur kvlevaTa rigs ganekuTvneba, ivane javaxiSvilis,

kidev erTi gamokvleva, saxelwodebiT: “qarTveli eris
istoriis Sesavali”, romelSic aRwerili da
gaanalizebulia saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli
aRmosavleTis istoriul-eTnologiuri problemebi,
qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirveli buneba da
naTesaoba, qarTvelTa da kavkasielTa uZvelesi xanis
kulturisa da istoriis sakiTxebi. naSromi Seicavs sam
wigns: I wigni – “saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli
aRmosavleTis istoriul-eTnologiuri problemebi”,
daiwera 1930-40 wlebSi. misi pirveli publikacia moxda
1950 wels. meored naSromi gamoqveynda 1998 wels
jaxiSvilis TxzulebaTa XI tomSi. II wigni – “qarTuli
da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirveli buneba da naTesaoba”
iv. javaxiSvilma yvelaze adre gamoaqveyna – 1937 wels,
radgan misive TqmiT, es “. . . gamokvlevaTagan yvelaze
ufro pasuxsagebia. . . da am enaTa Tavdapirveli bunebisa
da naTesaobis problema yvelaze rTulsa da Tanac
ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens”. . . “mesame wignSi
qarTvelTa da kavkasielTa uZvelesi xanis kulturuli
viTarebisa da istoriis zogadi monaxazi iqmneba
warmodgenili enisa, zneCveulebaTa analizisa da
nivTieri kulturis arqeologiuri Zeglebis maragis
bazaze”. sakvlevi obieqtebis sruli Seswavla moiTxovda
kompleqsur midgomas: saistorio kvlevis gverdiT
farTod ganixileba lingvisturi sakiTxebi. naSromSi
gaanalizebulia winaazis toponimebi da eTnonimebi.
kavkasiaSi gavrcelebuli geografiuli saxelebis kvlevis
Sedegia daskvna sarmatebis Crdilo kavkasiuri
warmoSobis Sesaxeb. ivane javaxiSvils miaCnda, rom
sarmatebi unda yofiliyvnen sindur-RliRvur-leguri
modgmis tomTa winaprebi. amJamad cnobilia, rom
sarmatebi saerTo saxelia iranulenovani tomebisa,
romlebic Zv.w. III – ax.w. IV ss-Si cxovrobdnen md. dunaisa
da tobols Soris mdebare stepebSi. sarmatebis ZiriTadi
saqmianoba iyo mesaqonleoba, eweodnen momTabare
cxovrebas. Zv.w. III-II ss. mijnaze. Sarmatebma aitvises

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Crdilo kavkasia. monawileoba miiRers bosforis
samefoSi warmoebul SinaomebSi da moaxerxes mis
qalaqebSi dasaxleba. ax.w. I s-Si hunebTan erTad
sarmatebma monawileoba miiRes xalxTa did
gadasaxlebaSi. Crdilo kavkasiaSi darCenili sarmatebi
Seerivnen Turqulenovan tomebs.

sayuradReboa, rom herodotes [Herodotos] dros (Zv.w. 485-424

w.w.) termini “sarmatebi” tomTa mTeli jgufisa da TviT
erTa gansakuTrebuli modgmis saerTo aRmniSvneli
yofila. strabonis* (Strabon Zv.w. 64/63 – ax.w. 23/24) Tanaxmad
sarmatebi emezoblebodnen qarTvelebs CrdiloeTiT.

akademikosi simon yauxCiSvili werda 1953 wels: 1913 wels

„qarTveli eris istoriis“ I - II wignebis gamocemis
winasityvaobaSi iv. javaxiSvili werda: „istoria“ oTx
wignad aris ganzraxuli; pirveli Seicavs uZvelesi xanis
istorias VII saukunis pirvel naxevramde, anu
saqarTveloSi arabebis batonobis damyarebamde, meore
arabTa batonobiT iwyeba da Tamaris mefobiT Tavdeba,
mesame XIII - XVI-s., xolo meoTxe XVII - XVIII-s. istorias
unda Seicavdeso. Semdeg xanebSi gansvenebulma
akademikosma Secvala es gegma da mesame wignad
ganzraxuli XIII - XVI saukuneebis istoria or wignSi
gaanawila: III wignSi moaTavsa XIII - XIV saukuneTa
istoria, xolo meoTxeSi - XV - XVI saukuneebisa
maSasadame, mexuTe wigni mas ganzraxuli hqonda mieZRvna
XVII - XVIII saukuneTa istoriisaTvis.

----------
(*)straboni (Strabon daaxloebiT Zv.w. 64/63 – ax.w. 23/24), Zveli
berZeni istorikosi da geografi. misi “saistorio Canawerebis”
fragmentebi da “geografia”(17 wignad) srulad aris moRweuli.
straboni Tavis TxzulebaSi axdens antikur mecnierebaSi
dagrovebuli geografiuli codnis Tavmoyras. gvaZlevs
calkeuli qveynebis ara marto geografiul aRweras, aramed
safuZvlianad msjelobs maTi politikuri, ekonomikuri,
kulturuli da eTnografiuli mdgomareobis Sesaxebac.
strabonis “geografia” saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis erT-erT
umniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens. iv. javaxiSvilis azriT
strabonma daamkvidra termini “iberia” aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
saxelwodebad.

148
mimoxilva „politikuri da socialuri moZraoba
saqarTveloSi XIX saukuneSi“, rusulad daibeWda 1906
wels. TviTon iv. javaxiSvils aqvs naTqvami CvenTvis, rom
am mimoxilvis gamoqveynebam gamoiwvia represia: sami wliT
aekrZala peterburgidan gasvla; meti sasjeli
momelodao - dasZina gansvenebulma mkvlevarma, magram
moxsenebuli viyavi rogorc Tavadi da aman mixsna ufro
mkacri sasjelisagano. (sim. yauxCiSvili - redaqtori
wignisa: ivane javaxiSvili - qarTveli eris istoria –
tomi 5, 1953).

mimoxilvaSi „politikuri da socialuri moZraoba

saqarTveloSi XIX saukuneSi“, ivane javaxiSvili,
dokumentur masalaze dayrdnobiT akeTebs daskvnas, ramac
kinaRam imsxverpla kidec misi Tavisufleba da
janmrTeloba, mecnieri aRniSnavs: “qarTveli xalxis
saukunovanma Cagvram, yvela elementaruli uflebis
sistematurma darRvevam da qarTveli eris
sisxlxorceuli interesebis fexqveS gaTelvam, ruseTis
carizmis mxridan, es ukanaskneli miiyvana moraluri
gakotrebisa da yovelgvari ndobisa da prestiJis
dakargvamde.” didi mecnieris, obieqturi daskvnebi,
aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, dResac inarCunebs
aqtualobas.

ivane javaxiSvilis erT-erTi mTavari naSromi “qarTuli

damwerlobaTmcodneoba anu paleografia” qarTuli
damwerlobis sistemuri gamokvleis fuZemdebluri Sromaa
– romliTac man safuZveli Cauyara qarTul
paleografias, rogorc istoriul-filologiuri dargis
specialur samecniero disciplinas, Tavad mecnieri
naSromis Seqmnis istoriis Sesaxeb wignis mokle
winasityvaobaSi Semdegs aRniSnavda: “winamdebare
gamokvleva “qarTuli damwerlobaTmcodneoba, anu
paleografia” dawyebuli mqonda 1914 wels, rodesac
peterburgis universitetSi qarTuli epigrafikis kursis
kiTxvas Sevudeqi, magram Sevsebuli da damTavrebuli
maqvs 1918-1921 ww. Cveni universitetis (igulisxmeba 1918 w.
gaxsnili Tsu) gaxsnis Semdgom, sadac am xnis
ganmavlobaSi sxvaTa Soris qarTuli paleografiis

149
kurssac vkiTxulobdi. axla es gamokvleva ibeWdeba”. es
naSromi gamoqveynebulia samjer – 1926, 1949, 1996 ww.
naSromi Sedgeba xuTi Tavisagan:

1. paleografiuli codnis mizani da Tanamedrove

miRweulobani;

2. terminebi da cnobebi Zveli qarTuli da sxva erTa

samwignobro
xelovnebis Sesaxeb;

3. damwerlobaTmcodneobis zogadi debulebani da

qarTuli sxvadasxva damwerlobis Sesaxeb cnobebi;

4. qarTuli damwerlobis ganviTarebis mTavari

safexurebi;

5. qarTuli anbanis warmoSobis sakiTxi.

TiToeuli Tavi Sedgeba calkeuli paragrafebisagan da

patara monakvetebad dayofili qveTavebisagan, romlebSic
dawvrilebiTaa ganxiluli qarTul da aseve zogad
paleografiasTan dakavSirebuli mravali kerZo da
konkretuli sakiTxi. nimuSad gamodgeba pirveli Tavis
Sinaarsi: “paleografiis mokle istoriuli mimoxilva.
paleografiis, anu damwerlobaTmcodneobis ori mTavari
dargi – warweraTmcodneoba da xeliTnawerTmcodneoba.

paleografiuli codnis mokle mimoxilva. damwerlobis

safexurebi: babilonelTa damwerloba, finikielTa
damwerloba, berZnuli damwerloba da misi warmoSobis
sadauroba, finikielTa damwerlobis uZvelesi Zeglebi da
finikiuris mermindeli ganviTareba – sidonuri, kvipruli,
karTagenuli da numidur-punuri, anu axalpunuri,
ebrauli, arameuli damwerloba, avesturi da fahlauri
damwerloba, palmiruli damwerloba, nabatevelTa
damwerloba, asuruli damcerloba, sabauri damwerloba,
himiarituli damwerloba, eTiopuri damwerloba, arabuli
damwerloba, somxuri damwerloba, qarTuli damwerloba.

150
damwerlobaTmcodneobis Sesaswavli mTavari Zeglebis
gamocemani da wyaroebi”.

garda qarTuli damwerlobaTmcodneobis da werilobiTi

Zeglebis konkretuli sakiTxebis gamokvlevisa, naSromis
mTavar Rirsebas warmoadgens is, rom ivane javaxiSvilma
masSi Camoayaliba qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobis
sakuTari Teoria. specialurad am sakiTxebs eZRvneba
naSromis mexuTe Tavi, iv. javaxiSvilis daskvnebi
qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb aseTia: “b”, “g”,
“e”, “a” da zogierTi sxva asos mdebareoba qarTul anbans
TvalsaCinod aSorebs berZnul anbans, xolo finikiur-
arameul da maTgan warmomdgar anbanebs uaxloebs.
qarTuli uZvelesi anbanis berZnulisagan
warmoSobilobis azri usafuZvlod da SeuZleblad
gveCveneba. erTi mxriv, jerxanad cnobili VI-s. qarTuli
damwerlobis Zeglebi(rodesac iv. javaxiSvili am
sityvebs werda, maSin qarTuli damwerlobis V s-is
Zeglebi jer kidev ar iyo cnobili) iseTi
maRalxarisxovani kaligrafiuli ganviTarebis safexurebs
warmoadgenen, rom qarTuli anbanis dasawyisi xana sul
cota 7-8 saukuniT uwinares aris sagulisxmebeli, meore
mxriv, qarTuli anbanis asoTa rigiTi mimdevnoba
finikiur-semuri anbanisas mSvenivrad icavs, rac agreTve
misi siZvelis momaswavebelia: finikiur-semuri anbanis
uZvelesi moxazulobis msgavsad, qarTul bevr asos piri
marcxniv aqvT mobrunebuli da aso “b”- anis qarTuli
TavSekruli moxazuloba SesaZlebelia mxolod
finikielTa, ebraelTa da aramevelTagan yofiliyo
SeTvisebuli, rodesac TviT arameelnic jer kidev
TavSekrul “b”-s xmarobdnen da roca qarTuli tomebi
Tubal-mosoxebic aziaSi cxovrobdnen da finikielebTan
aReb-micemoba hqondaT. qarTuli damwerlobis dasawyisi
Soreul warsulSi da mcire aziaSi da ara saberZneTSi
unda veZioT”.

151
ivane javaxiSvili – “mSeneblobis xelovneba Zvel
saqarTveloSi”

1946 wels, iv. javaxiSvilis gardacvalebis Semdgom,

gamoica mecnieris metad mniSvnelovani gamokvleva –
“masalebi qarTveli eris materialuri kulturis
istoriisaTvis(mSeneblobis xelovneba Zvel
saqarTveloSi)”. am sakiTxis kvleva iv. javaxiSvils jer
kidev peterburgSi moRvaweobisas dauwyia da naSromis
mTeli fabula sistemuri azrovnebiTaa konstruirebuli.

qarTuli saero xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebi (sasaxleebi,

sacxovrebeli saxlebi da Zveli nagebobebi) SemorCenili
ar aris. iv. javaxiSvili swored amitom miiCnevda, rom
kulturis istoriis Seswavla ori mimarTulebiT unda
warmarTuliyo: 1. werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT da 2.
nivTieri naSTebis gaTvaliswinebiT. werilobiTi wyaroebi
saSualebas iZleva, Seivsos is xarvezebi, rac saero
xuroTmoZRvrebis Zveli Zeglebis daRupviTaa gamowveuli.
iv. javaxiSvilma Tavi mouyara xelovnebis Zeglebis
Sesaxeb yvela im masalas, romelic im droisaTvis
arsebobda da sakiTxi Rrma mecnieruli sizustiT
gaaanaliza. mis mier Catarebul amgvar Sromas uaRresad
didi mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan sakiTxi TiTqmis
Seuswavleli iyo. iv. javaxiSvili gamokvlevis SesavalSi
SeniSnavs: “kvlevis im safexurze, romelzedac amJamad
Cven vimyofebiT, araerTi sakiTxi rCeba gaurkveveli.
momavalSi mxolod, rodesac mravalricxovani
mkvlevarebi aiReben am sagans Tavisi Seswavlis obieqtad,
sul sxva mdgomareoba iqneba. amJamad Cven mxolod imas
gadmogcemT, ris gakeTeba SeuZlia erT adamians da isic
araspecialists am dargSi. am sakiTxze vmuSaob da
vmuSaobdi mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac istorikosma unda
icodes warsuli cxovrebis xorcSesxmuli sinamdvile,
rasac marto sityvieri masaliT ise kargad ver
warmoadgens kaci, rogorc nivTieri masaliT”. [iv.
javaxiSvili, masalebi qarTveli eris materialuri
kulturis istoriisaTvis, t. – 1 mSeneblobis xelovneba
Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1946 w. gv.V (ilia abulaZis
winasityvaoba)].

152
iv. javaxiSvilis am wigns, Zalian mniSvnelovani,
“damatebani” axlavs. pirveli damateba – «Термины искусств
и главнейшие сведения о памятниках искусства и материальной
культуры в древнегрузинской литературе» - faqtobrivad
Sevida iv. javaxiSvilis aRniSnul gamokvlevaSi, magram
mis calke gamoqveynebas damatebis saxiT uaRresad didi
mniSvneloba aqvs mecnieris mier aRebuli problemiT
dainteresebisa da kvlevis istoriisaTvis.

meore damatebaa: “Zveli qarTuli kulturuli

memkvidreobis aTvisebisa da Tanamedrove qarTuli
xelovnebis amocanebi”. es problema mecnierma leqciis
saxiT gaacno xelovnebis muSakebs. iv. javaxiSvilma
sistemuri yovlismomcvelobiT dasva Tanadrouli
qarTuli mSeneblobis problemebi. igi wuxda, rom
sakiTxTa mTeli rigis Seuswavlelobis gamo “qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvrebis niSandoblivi Tvisebebis daxasiaTeba,
am dargis Seswavla Tanamedrove mdgomareobaSi yovels
Cvengans mxolod zogadad SeuZliao”.
iv. javaxiSvili konkretul amocanebs usaxavda qarTvel
xuroTmoZRvarT. igi moiTxovda, rom samSeneblo
xelovnebaSi aucileblad yofiliyo gaTvaliswinebuli
qarTvel xalxSi saukuneebis win damkvidrebuli
tradiciebi; iv. javaxiSvili Tvlida, rom
xuroTmoZRvrebs meti unda efiqraT qarTveli xalxis
esTetikuri grZnobis ganviTareba-amaRlebaze. amasTan, igi
warsulis brma gadmoRebas ki ar moiTxovda, aramed
mxolod imisas, rac saukeTeso da misabaZi Seqmna
warsulma – “warsulis kulturaSi saukeTeso da
saqeburi Tvisebebia misabaZi, iseTi Tvisebebi, romelTa
Rirsebebic saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi gansxvavebisda
miuxedavad, exlac cxadad moCans”.

iv. javaxiSvili akritikebda Tavisi drois mxatvrebis

warsulis mdidari mxatvruli kulturis gacnobisa da
gonivruli aTvisebisadmi gulgrilobas. mecnieri, Tavis
werilebsa da leqciebSi warsulis xelovnebis
memkvidreobis ucilobel aTvisebas da monumenturi
qandakebisa da kedlis mxatvrobis aRorZinebas moiTxovda,

153
aucileblad miaCnda qarTuli istoriuli mxatvrobis
Janris arseboba da wignis ilustraciebisa da
Semkulobisadmi meti yuradRebis daTmoba.

iv. javaxiSvils xelovnebis istoriis CamorCenilobis

daZlevis gza imgvarad esaxeboda, rom upirvelesad unda
gaRrmavebuliyo mkvlevarTa Teoriuli da istoriuli
codna; xuroTmoZRvrebisa da mxatvrobis dargebis
ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo saTanado samecniero
dargebis arseboba.

“saqarTvelo mTlianad muzeumia, - acxadebda iv.

javaxiSvili, - da Cven amas ar viyenebT. Ra saocari
movlenaa, rom dadgeba Tu ara gazafxuli, TiTqmis
zamTris piramde mTeli saqarTvelo, mTeli sabWoTa
kavSiridan da ucxoeTidan mosuli eqskursantebiT
ifareba; Cven ki qarTvelebs ise gvezareba siaruli, rom
TbiliSi raca gvaqvs, is ara gvaqvs Seswavlili. buneba
saukeTesoa; Tu bunebas Tvals avaridebT, verasdros
verafers ver gavakeTebT. aq aris uenergioba,
unebisyofoba, ris mospobac aris saWiro”.

mesame damateba am wignisa aris “terminebisaTvis

(mowmobani)”, romelSic mimoxilulia saqarTveloSi
mSeneblobis xelovnebasTan dakavSirebuli
terminologiuri sakiTxebi. iv. javaxiSvilma sagangebod
gamoikvlia qarTveli eris materialuri kulturis
istoriis iseTi sakiTxi, rogoricaa, safenel-sageblis,
avejis da WurWlis saxeebi Zvel saqarTveloSi.
istoriuli wyaroebis Seswavla-ganxilvisa da Sejerebis
safuZvelze mecnierma daaskvna, rom nivTieri kulturis
ganviTareba saqarTveloSi, am dargis istoriis
TvalsazrisiT, or periodad iyofa. pirveli(uZvelesi
xana) – avejis Semcveli xanaa, xolo SemdegSi, garkveuli
droidan moyolebuli, aveji Tandatan gaqra da gaCnda
mofeniloba – xaliCebi, fardagebi da sxva(meore periodi).

iv. javaxiSvilis kvlevis sferoSi moeqca nivTieri

kulturis iseTi Zeglebi, rogoricaa: tanisamosi,
qsovilebi, saomari saWurveli, agreTve – xelsaqme da

154
samxedro saqme. amgvarad, zemoganxiluli masalidan
naTlad Cans, rom iv. javaxiSvili grandiozul
mniSvnelobas aniWebda qarTveli eris kulturuli
memkvidreobis Seswavlisa da dacvis sistemurobas.

ivane javaxiSvilis samecniero memkvidreoba -

wyaroTmcodneoba da istoriografia

XX saukunis dasawyisSi, roca ivane javaxiSvili

samecniero asparezze gamodioda, saqarTvelos istoriis
Seswavla saTanado doneze ver idga, moikoWlebda
kvlevis meTodologia, naklebi yuradReba eqceoda
wyaroebis kritikul Seswavlas, teqstebis aRdgenisa da
gamocemis saqmes.

iv. javaxiSvili moiTxovda, rom yoveli pirvelwyaro,

naratiuli Zeglebi iqneboda es Tu dokumenturi masala,
jer winaswar yofiliyo Seswavlili, kritikulad
ganxiluli da Semdeg gamoyenebuli. mecniers
aucileblad miaCnda TiToeuli mematianisa da
istorikosis pirovnebis garkveva, “ra wresa da
mimarTulebas ekuTvnoda saxeldobr igi, ra
msoflmxedvelobisa da Tvalsazrisis kaci iyo – ise
agreTve ra mizani hqonda da ra swamda mas, rodesac
Tavisi Txzulebis weras Seudga. . .”

ivane javaxiSvilma pirvelma Seafasa qarTuli wyaroebis

realuri mecnieruli Rirebuleba, Tu ra unda iqnes
miRebuli da ra uaryofili. amasTan, igi Tvlida, rom
saqarTvelos istoria unda iqnes Seswavlili mezobeli
xalxebisa da qveynis istoriasTan kavSirSi. igi qarTul
wyaroebTan erTad swavlobs sxva xalxebis istoriul
wyaroebsac da saTanadod iyenebs ama Tu im sakiTxis
kvlevisas ucxour mwerlobaSi dacul cnobebs.

ivane javaxiSvilma Seqmna fundamenturi gamokvleva Zveli

somxuri saistorio mwerlobis Sesaxeb, riTac
faqtobrivad udidesi amagi dasdo mecnieruli
armenologiis Seqmna-ganviTarebas.

155
ivane javaxiSvilma Seqmna kapitaluri naSromi –
“istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da axla”.
igi oTxi wignisagan Sedgeba: “Zveli qarTuli saistorio
mwerloba (V-XVIII ss.) ”; “qarTuli safas-
sazomTmcodneoba anu numizmatika-metrologia”, “qarTuli
damwerlobaTmcodneoba anu paleografia”, “qarTuli
sigelTmcodneoba anu diplomatika”.

ivane javaxiSvilma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia

martirologiur literaturas. zogjer martvilTa da
wmidanTa “cxovrebebi” metad saintereso masalebs Seicavs
samoqalaqo istoriis SeswavlisaTvis. mecniers miaCnda,
rom namdvili Rirsebis gageba iseTi wyaroebisa, rogoric
daviT aRmaSenebelis da Tamaris istorikosTa
Txzulebebia, SeuZlebelia, Tuki Tavdapirvelad basili
zarzmelis, giorgi mTawmindelisa da efrem mciris
saeklesio Txzulebebi ar gveqneba Seswavlili.

qarTuli saeklesio mwerlobis Rrmad Seswavlam ivane

javaxiSvili im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom Zveli qarTveli
istorikosebi saistorio mwerlobas mowiwebiT da
TavianTi movaleobis pasuxismgeblobis sruli SegnebiT
ekidebodnen. maT Rrmad hqondaT gaazrebuli, rom “JamTa
aRmwerloba WeSmaritebis metyueleba ars”.

ivane javaxiSvilma gamoikvlia, Tu rodis daiwyo da

rogor viTardeboda qarTuli istoriografia V-XVIII
saukuneebSi, am grZel periodSi SeimCneva istoriografiis
aRmavlobac da daqveiTebac. ivane javaxiSvilma es
Cveulebriv movlenad miiCnia da aCvena, rom
istoriografia uSualo nawilia qarTveli xalxis
saxelmwifoebriobisa, misi politikuri da ekonomikuri
cxovrebisa.

ivane javaxiSvili miiCnevda, rom qarTuli istoriisaTvis

sawyisebi uZveles drosaa saZiebeli. Cvenamde moRweuli
istoriuli wyaroebis safuZvelze mecnieri askvnida, rom
qarTuli istoriuli azrovneba gansakuTrebiT VIII
saukunidan ganviTarda da XIV saukunemde grZeldeboda.

156
ioane sabanisZe, giorgi merCule, leonti mroveli,
juanSeri, basil zarzmeli, giorgi mTawmindeli, efrem
mcire, daviT aRmaSenebelisa da mefe Tamaris
istorikosebi, laSa giorgis droindeli mematiane,
JamTaaRmwereli da sxvani qarTuli istoriografiis
mSvenebas warmoadgendnen. ivane javaxiSvili Tvlida, rom
am periodis istoriografiis miRweva iyo: “Txrobis
sabuTianoba, gadmocemulis mTlianoba da analogiis
meTodis gamoyeneba”.

XIX s-is 80-iani wlebidan iwyeba qarTuli

istoriografiis gamococxleba, raSic didi amagi
miuZRvis dimitri baqraZes. amave periodSi warmatebiT
moRvaweoben qarTvelologiaSi al. cagareli, al.
xaxanaSvili da n. mari, swored am skolam warmoSva ivane
javaxiSvili.

saqarTvelos istoriis mravalmxrivi problemebis

kvleviT ivane javaxiSvilma udidesi amagi dasdo
zogadad istoriul mecnierebas. man praqtikulad qveynis
erTiani, mTliani istoria warmogvidgina sistemuri
xedvis TvalsazrisiT.

istoriuli geografia - ivane javaxiSvili Tvlida, rom

istoriis Seswavla SeuZlebelia, Tu Sesabamisi periodis
geografia ar iqna gamokvleuli. istoriuli geografiis
sakiTxebs mecnieri sxvadasxva naSromSi exeba da metad
faseul mosazrebebs gamoTqvams. misi naSromi
“saqarTvelos sazRvrebi istoriulad da Tanamedrove
TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli” fundamenturi gamokvlevaa. iv.
javaxiSvili farTod iyenebs qarTul istoriul wyaroebs
(leonti mrovelis Txzuleba da sxva), iTvaliswinebs
vaxuSti bagrationis metad mniSvnelovan memkvidreobasa
da adgens qarTlis, kaxeTis, egrisis, tao-klarjeTis
sazRvrebs; azustebs sagzao magistralebs. iv.
javaxiSvili yuradRebas amaxvilebda im garemoebaze, rom
saqarTvelos bunebrivi geografiuli sazRvrebi hqonda,
igi Tavisebur SemozRudul qveyanas warmoadgenda.
mecnieri miuTiTebda, rom “TviT bunebas Seuqmnia
qarTveli erisaTvis bumberazi daraji kavkasionis

157
mTavari uReltexili CrdiloeTiT da maRali mTebis
zRude samxreTiT, dasavleTiT ki mis teritorias Savi
zRvis, xolo aRmosavleTiT mdinareebis zoli aqvs
Semovlebuli”. SemTxveviTi ar iyo bunebrivi sazRvrebis
moxerxebulobaze xazgasma. miuxedavad imisa, rom
geografiuli garemo ar aris gadamwyveti faqtori ama Tu
im istoriuli procesis msvlelobaSi, igi mainc rCeba
mniSvnelovnad qveynis Tavdacvasa Tu sameurneo
saqmianobaSi. geografiulma garemom dadebiTi roli
Seasrula qarTveli xalxis gadarCenis saqmeSi. roca
mravalricxovani mteri moadgeboda qveyanas, xalxi mTebsa
da xevebSi afarebda Tavs.

ivane javaxiSvilma praqtikulad gansazRvra saqarTvelos

teritoriuli erTeulebis adgilmdebareoba da
saxelwodeba. gaarkvia ama Tu im kuTxis mniSvneloba
saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifosaTvis.

uaRresad mniSvnelovania ivane javaxiSvilis mier

Sedgenili da gamocemuli saqarTvelos ruka. esaa
erTiani saqarTvelo, “nikofsiidan darubandamde da
oseTidan aregawamde”. niSandoblivia rom rukaze
saqarTvelos yvela sofelia datanili.

arqeologia - ivane javaxiSvilma didi Sroma Sealia

saqarTvelos arqeologiur Seswavlas. mas miaCnda, rom
arqeologia iyo saTanado specialistTa konkretuli
kvleva-Ziebis sarbieli. Cveulebriv, arqeologiuri
masaliT istorikosebi sargebloben garkveuli
miznebisaTvis. ivane javaxiSvili Tavad xelmZRvanelobda
arqeologiur kvleva Ziebas. misi TaosnobiT moewyo
rusTavelis epoqis materialuri kulturis gamofena,
sadac asaxuli iyo XI-XIII s.s.-is saxelmwifoebrivi
cxovreba. am gamofenam sazogadoebas daanaxa ara mxolod
qarTuli kultura, aramed maRali mecnieruli donec. 1937
wels gaTxrebi Catarda bolnisSi, aRmoCnda warwera,
romelic iv. javaxiSvilma amoikiTxa. 1938 wels mcxeTaSi
didi arqeologiuri muSaoba gaiSala, romelsac iv.
javaxiSvili xelmZRvanelobda. gaTxrebma mniSvnelovani
Sedegebi gamoiRo: iv. javaxiSvilma SesaZleblad miiCnia,

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rom mcxeTa brinjaos xanaSic didi da xalxmravali
qalaqi unda yofiliyo. arqeologiuri masala aCvenebda,
rom V saukunisaTvis mcxeTa daemxo, Tbilisi ki
moZlierda. es asec iyo – Tbilisi am periodisaTvis
faqtobrivi politikuri centri gaxda.

iv. javaxiSvilma amagi dasdo arqeologiuri mecnierebis

Semdgom ganviTarebas da araerTi saxelmZRvanelo
debuleba mogvca.

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoria – ivane javaxiSvilma

aucileblad miiCnia saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoriis
Seswavla. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba, xelosnoba, am
dargebis produqcia – is aucilebeli Sesaswavl-
gamosakvlevi sakiTxebi iyo, romelTac unda gaeca pasuxi,
Tu ra iyo Zveli saqarTvelos ekonomikuri safuZveli. iv.
javaxiSvilma yuradReba gaamaxvila im garemoebaze, rom
jer kidev ilia WavWavaZe SeCerda da dainteresda Zveli
saqarTvelos ekonomikis sakiTxebiT. amgvari midgoma
axali iyo. roca mematianeni gadmogvcemen qarTvelTa
gauTavebeli brZolebis ambebs, ekonomikur mdgomareobaze
duman. ilia swored am mxareze SeCerda: “sakvirveli es
aris – ra qonebam gauZlo amisTana yofas? Ra hkvebavda
xalxs, ra qonebiT uZRveboda amodena omebsa da
sisxlisRvrasa”.

iv. javaxiSvils kargad esmoda, rom qveynisaTvis

ekonomika arsebiTia da misi Seswavlac gadaudeblad
miaCnda. sakmaod didi drois manZilze ikvlevda igi
ekonomikis problemebs. fundamentur gamokvlevaSi –
“saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoria”(1907 w.) - iv.
javaxiSvilma mniSvnelovani adgili dauTmo
miwismflobelTa da miwismoqmedTa mdgomareobis
Seswavlas. man gamoikvlia qveynis socialuri
diferenciaciis, qonebis mflobelobis wesebi, vaWroba-
xelosnoba da mrewveloba-aReb-micemoba, saxelmwifos
Semosavlebi da sxva.

iv. javaxiSvilma ekonomikuri sakiTxebis kvlevisas

gamoiyena rogorc zogad-istoriuli, ise umTavresad,

159
ekonomikuri xasiaTis wyaroebi. gamoikvlia Zveli
saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba, misi calkeuli dargebi;
sagangebod Seiswavla soflis meurneobis iaraRebi.
mecnierma daadgina sasoflo-sameurneo mcenareebis
gvareobaTa terminologia. ivane javaxiSvili sagangebod
Cerdeba vaxuSti bagrationis Rvawlze, romelmac
aRwera”Cveni qveynis buneba, Tvisebebi, mosaxleoba da
ekonomiuri mdgomareoba”, gviCvena botanikur-
geografiuli areebis mecnieruli dakvirvebis Sedegebi.

iv. javaxiSvilma mimoixila Zveli saqarTvelos

memindvreoba, mesaqonleoba, mebostneoba, mevenaxeoba.
dasabuTebulad gausva xazi mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis
dargis siZveles. mecnierma daasabuTa, rom qarTveli eris
saqmianoba-moRvaweoba saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi mxolod
politikuri, kulturuli an socialuri aspareziT ki ar
ifargleboda, aramed sameurneo dargSic metad nayofieri
yofila.

iv. javaxiSvilis Rvawli saqarTvelos ekonomikuri

istoriis kvlevaSi fasdaudebelia, radgan igi
warmoadgens safuZvels Tanamedrove ekonomikuri
mecnierebis sistemuri ganviTarebisaTvis.

qarTuli samarTlis istoria - qarTuli samarTlis

istoriis problemebis kvlevas mniSvnelovani adgili
ukavia iv. javaxiSvilis mravalferovan SemoqmedebaSi. 1905
w. gamoica misi “saqarTvelos mefe da misi uflebis
istoria” da «Государственный строй древней Грузии и древней
Армений» . amave periodSi qarTul periodul gamocemebSi
(“eri”, “Cveni eri”, “saqarTvelos moambe”) daibeWda
mecnieris imave sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili statiebi. aq
umeteswilad qarTuli samarTlebrivi azrovneba iyo
mimoxiluli. niSandoblivia, rom Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetSi iv. javaxiSvili saqarTvelos istoriis
zogadi Tu calkeuli speckursebis gverdiT, kiTxulobda
qarTuli samarTlis istoriasac. es dargi iv.
javaxiSvilma maRal mecnierul simaRleze aiyvana.

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iv. javaxiSvilma Seiswavla qarTuli, bizantiuri,
sparsuli, arabuli, somxuri da sxva wyaroebi da am
safuZvelze daadgina samarTlis istoriis mTeli rigi
sakiTxebisa. man Seiswavla saxelmwifosa da socialuri
wes-wyobilebis problemebi, gaarkvia saxelmwifos miwa-
wylis, mosaxleobis, sazogadoebrivi da wodebrivi
danawilebis, patronymobis, moxeleTa funqcia-
movaleobebis sakiTxebi.

iv. javaxiSvili miiCnevda, rom socialurad aRzevebuli

pirebi mefis gverdiT saxelmwifo samsaxurSi idgnen.
mecnieri gvaZlevs moxeleTa klasifikacias maTi
saqmianobisa da uflebrivi mdgomareobis mixedviT.
“xelisufali” iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT, is moxelea,
romelsac brZaneba-gankargulebis gacemis ufleba aqvs,
xolo “saqmismoqmedi” – brZanebis aRmsrulebelia.
moxeleebi or jgufad iyofodnen: “darbazis karis”
moxeleni centralur dawesebulebaSi – “darbazSi”
moRvaweobdnen. “saqveynod gamrigeni”(erisTavebi,
cixisTavebi da sxva) qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi
saqmianobdnen. iv. javaxiSvilma gaarkvia vazirTa
(Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesi, aTabagi, amirspasalari,
mandaturTuxucesi, meWurWleTuxucesi, msaxurTuxucesi)
ufleba-movaleobani.

iv. javaxiSvilma sagangebod Seiswavla saeklesio

msaxurebasTan da samefo xelisuflebasTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, samoqalaqo saqmis
organizaciisa da sakorporacio sakiTxebi.

armenologia (armenistika)* - ivane javaxiSvilma didi

amagi dasdo Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerlobis
Seswavlas. somxur Zeglebze muSaoba ivane javaxiSvilma
1898 wlidan daiwyo, studentobis dros.

---------------
(*) – somexi xalxis istoriis, enis, literaturis, yofis,
kulturis Semswavleli samecniero dargebis erToblioba.

161
misi xangrZlivi muSaobis nayofia 1935 wels
gamoqveynebuli “Zveli somxuri saistorio
mwerloba”(pirveli wigni). mecnierma Cveuli yuradRebiT
mimoixila somxuri agiografiuli literatura da is
cnobebi, romlebic somxuri damwerlobis Sesaxeb
arsebul wyaroebSi moipoveba. iv. javaxiSvilma qarTuli
istoriografiis darad, udidesi yuradReba miaqcia
wmidanTa cxovrebas. ivane javaxiSvilis moRvaweoba
armenologiaSi metad mniSvnelovani iyo. man erTi mxriv
gaamaxvila qarTvel istorikosTa yuradReba somxuri
saistorio mwerlobis Seswavlaze, meore mxriv ki
gaamdidra mecnieruli armenologia.

ivane javaxiSvili iTvleba qarTuli da somxuri

armenistikis fuZemdeblad.

enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi - ivane javaxiSvili did

yuradRebas uTmobda qarTuli enis uZvelesi agebulebisa
da naTesaobis sakiTxis damuSavebas. man pirvelma
daasabuTa qarTveluri enebis mTis iberiul-kavkasiur
enebTan rogorc struqturuli, ise masalobrivi
erTianoba ZiriTadi gramatikuli kategoriisa da
leqsikis mixedviT. iv. javaxiSvilma niadagi moumzada
iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Camoyalibebas.
mecnieris azriT, calkeuli – sinduri (afxazur-
adiReuri), RilRuri (naxuri), legur-albanuri
(daRestnuri) – enebis SeswavlasTan erTad saWiro iyo
gamokvleva zogadi Saromatuli (Crdilokavkasiuri),
qarTul-Saromatuli (iberiul-kavkasiuri) enebis
problemebisac. iv. javaxiSvilma Camoayaliba maTi
Seswavlis meTodika, romelic iTvaliswinebs jer
cocxalenovani masalis analizs, Semdeg enaTa jgufis
saerTo daxasiaTebas, da Sedarebas. ase gaanaliza, ivane
javaxiSvilma, iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa yvela jgufis
leqsikuri fondis masala: ricxviTi saxelebi,
nacvalsaxelebi, saxelTa Zirebi, zmnis uRleba.

ivane javaxiSvili Tvlida, rom msoflio

aRmosavleTmcodneobisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani iyo
qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis bunebis garkveva, maTi

162
naTesaoba iseT enebTan, rogorebicaa: xeTuri, xaldeuri
da Sumeruli.

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli uZveles

palimfsestur xelnawerebSi V-VII saukuneTa xanmeti
teqstebis aRmoCena, rasac udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba
qarTuli enis werilobiTi istoriis periodizaciisaTvis.
mas gamokvleuli aqvs qarTuli mecnieruli da sameurneo-
ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela
dargis terminologia da saerTod, leqsika, Catarebuli
aqvs mniSvnelovani etimologiuri Ziebani.

ivane javaxiSvili da qarTuli musika - qarTuli musikis

istoriis Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba ganuyreladaa
dakavSirebuli ivane javaxiSvilis saxelTan. musikis
siyvaruli mas bavSvobidanve hqonda Sesisxlxorcebuli.
qarTuli kulturis mdidar tradiciebze aRrzdils,
mSvenieri musikaluri niWiT dajildoebul mecniers
gansakuTrebulad uyvarda musika.

ivane javaxiSvilma Tavisi rCeva-darigebebiT

fasdaudebeli Rvawli dasdo zaqaria faliaSvilis
Semoqmedebas. mecnieris azrs kompozitorisTvis metad
didi mniSvneloba hqonia. yvela axal nawarmoebs zaqaria
faliaSvili ivane javaxiSvils asmeninebda pirvelad.
mecnieri aqtiurad exmareboda kompozitors xalxuri
simRerebis SekrebaSi. ivane javaxiSvili qarTuli musikis
istoriis Seswavlas gadaudebel saqmed Tvlida –
mecnierma sxvadasxva wyaroebis analizis safuZvelze
Seiswavla da Camoayaliba qarTuli musikis istoriis
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi – qarTuli musikis ganviTarebis
mTavari safexurebi: qarTuli musikis mravalxmianobis
warmoSoba, qarTuli musikaluri terminebi, musikaluri
sakravebi da sxva.

ivane javaxiSvilma Zalze Sromatevadi muSaobis

Catarebis Semdeg qarTuli musikis istoriis ZiriTadi
sakiTxebi mecnieruli sizustiT ganixila. man
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia qarTuli musikis
istoriis winamorbed mkvlevarebs, gulmodgined

163
mimoixila da saTanadod Seafasa am mecnierTa (daviT
maCabeli, polievqtos karbelaSvili, dimitri arayiSvili,
zigfrid nadeli da sxva) Sromebi.

qarTuli musikis istoriis sakiTxebis Seswavlis

mdgomareoba ivane javaxiSvilamde ver idga saTanado
doneze. musikis istoriis sakiTxebis safuZvliani
mecnieruli kvleva epizodur xasiaTs atarebda. naklebad
iyenebdnen qarTul istoriul wyaroebs, ris gamoc
daskvnebi zerele iyo.

qarTuli musikis istoriis kvlevisaTvis, rTuli amocana

iyo gadasawyveti – Zvel qarTul da ucxour istoriul
wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, winamorbedi avtorebis Rvawlis
gaTvaliswinebiT, msoflio mecnierebis imdroindel
doneze unda gadaeWra mocemuli problema. Swored es
mZime tvirTi ido Tavs ivane javaxiSvilma da qarTvelma
xalxma miiRo uaRresad mniSvnelovani gamokvleva – iv.
javaxiSvili, qarTuli musikis istoriis ZiriTadi
sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1938 w. aRniSnuli Sroma oTxi
nawilisagan Sedgeba: I – xmieri musika, II – sakravieri
musika, III – qarTuli musikis ganviTarebis mTavari
safexurebi, IV – qarTuli musikisa da mravalxmianobis
warmoSoba-ganviTarebis safexurebi. ivane javaxiSvils am
wignSi sagangebod aqvs ganxiluli musikaluri
terminologiis sakiTxebi. yvela daskvna, ivane
javaxiSvils, gakeTebuli aqvs Zveli qarTuli istoriuli
da literaturuli wyaroebis farTod moSveliebiTa da
safuZvliani analizis Sedegad.

ivane javaxiSvilma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia

qarTuli musikis warmoSoba-ganviTarebis sakiTxs.
qarTuli musika, ise, rogorc bevri sxva eris musika,
sawyiss uZveles droSi iRebs. berZen istorikoss,
qsenofontes, moepoveba cnobebi, rom warmarTobis xanaSi
qarTvel tomebSi gavrcelebuli yofila saero musika
(mxedruli da sacekvao simRerebi). misi sityviT, WanTa
tomebi oms saomari simRera-cekviT iwyeben. saero musika,
bunebrivia, sxva tomebsac hqondaT. SemTxveviT araa, rom

164
dRemde SemorCenili warmarTuli xalxuri simRerebi
saero xasiaTisaa.

warmarTuli saero da sarwmunoebrivi musikis bunebriv

ganviTarebas zRvari daudo qristianobam, romelsac,
axal rwmenasa da msoflmxedvelobasTan erTad, wirva-
locvis axali hangebic Semohyva.

qristianobam, Tavis mxriv, ebraelTagan wirva-locvaSi

erTxmiani galoba gadaiRo. amgvari (erTxmiani galoba)
musika dRemde SemorCa bevr (berZnul, somxur, asurul)
eklesias, gamonakliss qarTuli da dasavleT evropis
kaTolikuri (meaTe saukunemde romis eklesiasac
erTxmiani galoba hqonda) eklesiebi Sedagenen. ivane
javaxiSvili varaudobs, rom Tavdapirvelad qarTul
eklesiaSic erTxmiani saeklesio galoba unda yofiliyo.
misi azriT, qristianoba “ramdenadac saqarTveloSi ori
gziT, dasavleTidan, saberZneTidan erTi mxriT, da
samxreTiTgan, palestina-somxeTis mxriTac, aris
Semosuli, imdenadve ueWvelia, rom qarTuli saeklesio
galobac uZveles xanaSi imave ebraelTa galobis
tradiciebis da hangebis damcveli unda yofiliyo,
romelic zemodasaxelebul qveynebSi iyo gabatonebuli”.
Roca laparakia qarTuli saeklesio musikis
Taviseburebaze, igi uTuod im periods unda
davukavSiroT, rodesac upirvelesi tradiciebisa da
hangebisagan Tavis daRweva moxda. amdenad, sakiTxi daisva
ase: rodis unda CamoSoreboda qarTuli galoba ebraul-
asurul-somxur da berZnul galoba-sagaloblebs da
damoukidebel gansxvavebul erTeulad Camoyalibebuliyo.

ivane javaxiSvilma dawvrilebiT ganixila yvela wyaro,

romelic ki aRniSnuli sakiTxis garkvevis saSualebas
iZleoda. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom qristianobasa da
warmartobas Soris sisxlismRvreli brZola gaCaRda. am
brZolam warmarTul da qristianul xelovnebaSic
(kerZod, musikaSi) iCina Tavi. ivane javaxiSvili miiCnevda,
rom xalxi miCveuli iyo Zvel warmarTul simRerebs,
romelsac lxinisa da Wiris drosac ambobdnen xolme,
rogorc warmarTul rwmenasa da cekva-gasarTobebTan

165
umWidroesad dakavSirebuls; am saero simReras axali
sarwmunoebisaTvis Zlieri metoqeobis gaweva SeeZlo,
amitomac yvelgan qristianobis mesveurni warmarTuli
simReris aseTi gavlenis yovelgvari saSualebiT jer
Sesustebas, Semdeg mis sruliad mospobas cdilobdnen.

ivane javaxiSvils mohyavda gamoCenili asuri moRvawis

bardesanis magaliTi, romelmac TanamemamuleTa Soris
warmarTobisaTvis niadagis gamosaclelad warmarTuli
hangebi da cekvac ki gamoiyena, Tanac warmartuli
sityvebi qristianuli locviT Secvala, aseTi brZola,
bunebrivia, saqarTveloSic iyo. amis dasamtkiceblad iv.
javaxiSvilma saTanado cnobebze miuTiTa. kerZod, petre
qarTvelis cxovrebis asurul teqstSi naTqvamia, rom Tu
didebulebi drostarebas mgosan qalTa da kacTa
simRerebs usmenen, arCil mefem (mexuTe saukune)
saeklesio mgaloblebi gaiCina, romelnic puris Wamisa
Tu sxva dros RmrTis wmida sityvebs galobdnen. ase rom,
misi sasaxle eklesiisagan arafriT gansxvavdeboda.
aqedan gamomdinare, iv javaxiSvili askvnida, rom
saqarTveloSi brZola warmarTuli musikis winaaRmdeg
jer kidev, arCil mefis dros, mexuTe saukuneSi
dawyebula, magram am sakiTxis (qristianuli galobis
saeroze saboloo gamarjveba) gadawyveta ase male ar
SeiZleboda, radgan xalxSi simRera Rrmad iyo
fesvgadgmuli, mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli mis yofa
cxovrebasa da saqmianobasTan.

XI saukunidan moyolebuli, saqarTveloSi Cndeba saero

mxatvruli mwerloba, rogorc naTargmn-
gadmoqarTulebuli, aseve originaluric, yovelive aman
farTo SesaZleblobebi Seuqmna saero musikis
ganviTarebas.

iv. javaxiSvilis daskvniT, qristianuli musika

warmarTulTan brZolaSi gamarjvebas aRwevs mexuTe
saukunidan, magram am droidan moyolebuli, ruis-
urbnisis krebis (1104 w.) mier gatarebuli RonisZiebis
miuxedavad, SemdgomSic aris xalxSi SenarCunebuli
warmarTuli musika.

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sagangebodaa Seswavlili, iv. javaxiSvilis mier, musikis
xelovnebis organizacia da moZRvreba Zvel saqarTveloSi
[d.janeliZe; iv. javaxiSvilis erT-erTi ukanaskneli
Sromis mniSvneloba qarTuli Teatris istoriisaTvis,
Jurn. “mnaTobi”, 1946, N 4, gv. 152-153.].

iv. javaxiSvilma, qarTul istoriul Zeglebze

dayrdnobiT, gaarkvia mTeli rigi sakiTxebisa. man
daadgina, rom Tu ufro adre ara, IX saukunidan
moyolebuli mainc, saqarTveloSi yofila galobis
swavlebis moZRvreba. sazogadoebaSi daxelovnebuli
momRerlebic iyvnen da mgalobelnic. Zveli sanaxaobani
ramdenime, an bevr moTamaSeTa siRera-galobasa da rokva-
cekvas Seicavda.

iv. javaxiSvili wyaroebze dayrdnobiT askvnis, rom XII s.

damdegisaTvis sagaloblebis problematikas ramodenime
specialoba emsaxureboda, am droisaTvis saqarTvelos
ukve hyolia iseTi pirebi, romlebic mxolod hangsa
Txzavdnen. iv. javaxiSvili miuTiTebs, rom sityvieri
Semoqmedebis nawarmoebisaTvis hangis SeTxzvas “xmisa
dadebai” ewodeboda. aseTi samuSaos dawyebas “xmis
dadebisa xelyofai” rqmevia. sayuradReboa, rom aseT xmis
damdebTa (kompozitorTa) Soris yvelaze damsaxurebuli
Tanamdebobis piri xelovanT-mTavris saxels atarebda.

iv. javaxiSvili mimoixilavs sagalobo niSnebs, man

yuradReba miaqcia, rom musikis xelovnebisa da istoriis
qarTveli mkvlevarebis garda, am sakiTxs saTanado
yuradReba dauTmo laTinuri da berZnuli sagalobo
niSnebis cnobilma mkvlevarma abatma J.b. tibom, romelmac
aRniSna, rom “qarTuli ZiriTadi sagalobo niSnebis
garegnuli gamoyvaniloba uaxloess analogias
warmoadgens dasavleTis, laTinTa, eklesiis nevmuri
niSnebisas”. misive dakvirvebiT, qarTuli sagalobo
niSnebis sistema 10 ZiriTad niSans Seicavda, romelnic
mdebareobis mixedviT SeiZleba or jgufad gaiyos (xuTi
niSani striqons zeviT iwereba, xuTi - qveviT).

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iv. javaxiSvilma literaturuli wyaroebis Rrmad
Seswavlis safuZvelze bevri sagulisxmo daskvna mogvca
sagalobo niSnebis Sesaxeb. igi am sakiTxs sabolood
gadaWrilad ar Tvlida, magram misi garkvevis gzebs
aSkarad iZleoda. saerTod, iv. javaxiSvilis mier
mocemuli debulebebi musikis xelovnebis organizaciisa
da moZRvrebis Sesaxeb Zvel saqarTveloSi,
fasdaudebelia.

iv. javaxiSvili gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda im

garemoebas, rom qarTuli simRerebi ZvelTaganve
mravalgvari iyo. saqarTveloSi odiTganve farTod
yofila gavrcelebuli soflis meurneobasTan
dakavSirebuli simRerebi. jer kidev (XII-XIII ss.) wmida
mefe Tamaris pirvel istorikoss aqvs sagangebod
xazgasmuli – mefe Tamars iseTi saxeli hqonia
saqarTveloSi, rom miwis xvnis dros simRerebSi
(guTnurSi) Tamaris saqebar leqsebs CaurTaveno.

saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva simReris Sesrulebis vrceli

aRweriloba moepoveba XVII saukunis italiel mogzaurs
arqanjelo lambertis, romlis cnobebidan irkveva, rom
im drois saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli yofila Toxnuri,
mgzavruli da sufruli sagundo simRerebi.

Teimuraz II-s ekuTvnis cnoba niSnobis da saqorwino

kabebis gamoWrisas simRera-mayrulis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb.

iv. javaxiSvili ki samgloviaro moTqmiT tirils – zars

– musikas miakuTvnebs.

iv. javaxiSvili xazgasmiT Cerdeba qarTuli musikis

warmoSobis sakiTxebze da mravali saxis istoriuli
wyaroebis ganxilva-gaanalizebis safuZvelze askvnis, rom
“qarTuli xmieri musika Tavdapirvelad TamaSobasTan
yofila dakavSirebuli da iq yofila swored misi saTave”.
iv. javaxiSvili saTanado istoriul masalaze
dakvirvebis Semdeg miiCnevda, rom pirvelad dasakrav-
dasartymeli sakravebi warmoSobila, xolo Semdeg –
Zalebiani da Casaberi.

168
udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda qarTuli mravalxmianobis
sadaurobis dadgenas. iv. javaxiSvilma dasabuTebulad
uaryo is Teoria, romelic miiCnevda, rom mravalxmianoba
qarTul musikaSi dasavleT evropis gavleniTaa Semosuli.
mecnieri mravalxmianobis wyaros TviT saqarTveloSi
eZiebs. mas miaCnia, rom qarTuli mravalxmianobis
istoriisa da sadaurobis sakiTxis garkveva SesaZlebelia
mxolod yovelgvari wyaros safuZvliani gamoyenebiTa da
ganxilviT. iv. javaxiSvili, iTvaliswinebs ra ZeglebSi
sagaloblebisa da galobis Sesaxeb dacul cnobebs,
sakravieri musikis terminologias, adamianisa da xmebis
saxelebis Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobas, askvnis:
“mravalxmianoba qarTul musikas warmarTobis xanaSive
unda hqonoda da im droiTganve unda hqondes saukuneTa
ganmavlobaSi SenarCunebuli”. gamarjvebuli
qristianobisaTvis hangi ki ara, sityvebi iyo miuRebeli.
xolo roca Zvel hangs saeklesio sagaloblis sityvebs
miumarjvebdnen, hangi ukve eklesiisaTvis aRaraviTar
winaaRmdegobas ar warmoadgenda.

iv. javaxiSvili yvela garemoebisa da mosazrebis

kritikulma ganxilvam im daskvnamde miikvana, rom
mravalxmianoba qarTuli musikis Sinagani ganviTarebis
nayofia.

ivane javaxiSvilma sistemuri yovlismomcvelobiT

gamoikvlia qarTuli musikis istoriis ZiriTadi
sakiTxebi, ganixila da daadgina xmieri da sakravieri
musikis zogadi terminologia, mogvca Zvel saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebuli sakravebis dajgufeba da klasifikacia,
Camoayaliba qarTuli musikis ganviTarebis mTavari
safexurebi, xazi gausva qarTuli simReris siZveles da
gamoamJRavna qarTuli musikis TviTmyofi xasiaTi –
mravalxmianoba, axsna am mravalxmianobis warmoSoba da
sadauroba.

am TvalsazrisiT iv. javaxiSvilis, qarTuli

mravalxmianobis, sistemur kvlevaSi SeiniSneba,
uzarmazari gavlena saqarTvelos eklesiis gamorCeuli

169
saWeTmpyroblis, wmida mRvdelmowame patriarqis kirion
II*-is fuZemdebluri mosazrebebisa da daskvnebisa
qarTuli saeklesio galobis Sesaxeb, rac wmida
mRvdelmowamis samecniero memkvidreobaSia, da rasac
“werilebi da statiebi” qvia. statiaSi “qarTuli
saeklesio galoba” patriarqi kirion II wers:

“qarTuli saeklesio galoba yvaoda rogorc Cvens

samefoSi, agreTve mis gareSe mraval qarTul
monastrebSiac. galobas qristianoba mudam did
mniSvnelobas aniWebda wirva-locvaSi da, sazogadod,
RvTismsaxurebaSi. amiT aixsneba is didi pativiscema,
romelSiac yavdaT mgaloblebi Cvens winaparT, isini
mudam iyvnen sasurvelni pirni Wirsa da lxinSi, da
RvTiuri hangebiT uRviZebdnen xalxs sarwmunoebis Tbil
grZnobas, yvela xalxs ara aqvs niWi, Seqmnas sakuTari
nacionaluri galoba. Zogma vokaluri galoba rom ver
Seqmna, mihmarTa instrumentul musikas (kaTolikeni). J. J.
ruso Tavis msjelobaSi musikazed ambobs: “saRmrTo
sagalobelni ar unda iyvnen gamomxatvelni vnebis
mRelvarebisa, aramed mxolod misi didebulebisa,
romelsac miewerebian da emsaxurebian.

galobaSi aris erTgvari fasdaudebeli simdidre,

romelic Zneli misawvdomia da romelsac iwvevs xmis
amaRleba dadableba da gagrZeleba.

zogi qristianeTagani cdilobs, SemoiRos eklesiaSi

sazogado galoba. azri am reformisa aris qristianobriv
sarwmunoebis gacxoveleba xalxSi, magram Cven amas
vTvliT usafuZvlo saqmed da usargeblo wylis nayvad,
radganac praqtikam sul sxva gvaCvena: aman ver uSvela
mwvaleblobis gavrcelebas xalxSi, da xalxi isev
garegnul qristianed darCa.
sazogadod axali raimes SemoReba eklesiaSi unda didis
awon-dawonviT xdebodes. aq saWiroa, SevniSnoT, rom
qarTulma eklesiam, mudam mbaZavma da mimdevarma Zveli
qristianuli wesebisa, ar icis sazogado galoba,
romelic eklesiaSi daSlilia XV muxliT laodikiis
saeklesio krebisa.

170
qarTuli saeklesio mdidari melodiebi warmogvidgenen
araTu mxolod sazogado sagaloblebs, aramed calke
frazebis azrs da sityvebsac ki. am mxriv Cveni melodiebi
Seudarebelni arian, da unda vmadlobdeT gamCens, rom
aseTi didi saunje mouniWebia CvenTvis, Cveni morwmune
erisTvis.

---------------------
(*)saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mwyemsmTavrebs
Soris mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia kaTolikos-patriarq kirion
II (1855-1918). sarwmunoebrivi da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis
gamo 2002 wlis 17 oqtombers saqarTvelos marTlmadidebelma
eklesiam wmida mRvdelmowamis saxeliT igi wmidanad Seracxa.

171
friad didi mniSvneloba galobisa cxadad Cans iqidan,
rom igi xorcSesxmul hyofs, hmosavs mTel sagalobels
Tvisi rbili da haerovani formiT: aromatiT avsebs mas,
Tavs dastrialebs, da, rogorc andamati, izidavs kacs
grZneul samefoSi keTilisa da mSvenierebisa. yvela es
auarebeli musikaluri simdidre Seqmna Sromisagan welSi
gaRunulma ukvdavma da madlianma qarTvelma glexma.

Cveni galobis dasawyisi uZveles dros ekuTvnis, rodesac

Cvenni winaparni, qaldevelni, jer kidev warmarTni iyvnen.
Cvens simRera-galobas oTxi-xuTi aTasi wlis istoria
aqvs. axlandel Cvens xalxur simReras uwin religiuri
xasiaTi hqonda da sakerpoebSi galobdnen. CvenSi
Semotanilma qristianobam Zveli simRera mxolod
gaaqristiana, misca mas religiuri xasiaTi, axlac
xalxari simRera da saeklesio galoba Zalian waagvanan
erTmaneTs. Soridan rom moismino simRera xalxisa, verc
ki gaarCev, galoben Tu mRerian; aseTi mcire garCevaa
maTSi.

aTaswlobiT atkbobs qarTuli galoba Cvens smenas.

galoba imTaviTve gvqonda samxmiani da ara unisonuri,
rogorc aqvT berZnebsa da somxebs. Cveni galobis
zegavlena etyoba bevr xalxs, gansakuTrebiT slavianebs,
romelTac guluxvad isargebles bevri qarTuli kiloTi.
berZnebiTgan qristianoba miiRes, magram maTi galobiT ki
ver isargeblebdnen slavianebi, radganac TviT berZnebs
ar hqondaT harmoniuli mravalxmovani galoba.

eklesiaSi galobis dros qarTveli kaci Tavis Tavs

zecaSi grZnobs, qveyniur zrunvas stovebs da lmobieri
suliTa da mgrZnobiare guliT Semoqmedis win dgas da
elis misgan wyalobas. aq uqarvdeba mas varami qveynisa,
da gulSi energeba imedi ukeTesi momavlisa. amiT
suldgmulobda patara saqarTvelo, wilxvdomili dedisa
RmrTisa, da imedic ar ucruvdeboda. aseTi didi
mniSvneloba hqonda Cvens saeklesio galobas warsulSi.

saqarTveloSi galobas aswavlidnen rogorc

zepirTqmulobiT, agreTve notebiTac, Zveli qarTuli

172
notebis nimuSebi Cvenamde movida (ixile “saunje” mose
janaSvilisa).

eWvgareSea, rom Zvelad CvenSi saxarebisa da samociqulos

kiTxvis notebic iyo. es notebi iwereboda sityvebis
Tavzed da sityvebis qveS. Cvenamde moaRwia erTma
xelnawerma, romelSiac aris noturi niSnebi asoebis
Tavzed da maT qveS. amiT aixsneba, rom kiloebi saxareba-
samociqulos kiTxvisa kargad aris daculi CvenSi.

Cveni galoba dasces mahmadianebma, romelTac sagaloblis

bude-monastrebi gaanadgures. araerTxel Caaqres maT kera
Cveni tkbili saeklesio galobisa. iavar-hyves Cveni
saeklesio kulturuli centrebi, maT fanatizms sazRvari
ar hqonda. anadgurebdnen yvela imas, rasac ki niSanwyali
hqonda qristianobisa: amoagdes CvenSi beroba, da bevrgan,
sadac uwin qristianoba hyvaoda Zirian-fesvianad amoagdes
igi. undodaT, mTeli saqarTvelo waeleknaT mahmadianTa
okeaneSi, magram RmerTi Segvewia da RvTismSobelma
dagvifara, kurTxeul iyos saxeli uflisa.

monastrebis mooxrebis Semdeg galobas veRarsad

swavlobdnen da igi ecemoda, hqreboda da ikargeboda.
Sedegi amisa iyo is, rom xalxma guli aicrua
eklesiebzed, sadac Zveleburi melodiuri galoba aRar
gaismoda. erTi diakoni ra religiur grZnobas aRuZravda
xalxs? qarTuli saeklesio galobis mcodneni, RvTis
madliT, kidev mogvepovebian da, sruli imedi gvaqvs, rom
qarTuli galobis aRdgena did siZneles ar warmoadgens,
RmerTo SeniT.”

qarTveli, klasikosi mwerlis, oTar WilaZis azriT,

kultura uaRresad „kerZo sakuTrebaa“. iaponiasa da
germanias, miuxedavad maTi geografiuli Tu eTnikuri
sxvaobisa, SeuZliaT savsebiT identuri samrewvelo
saqoneli Seqmnan, magram vidre gansxvavebuli kulturebi
eqnebaT, erTi yovelTvis iaponiad darCeba, meore
germaniad... (oTar WilaZe, medroveebi da dro,
Jurn."mnaTobi", №1, 2006 w.)

173
kacobriobis „sicocxlis da ganviTarebis gza“ wignze
gadis, wignma moitana dRevandelobamde yvelaferi is
rasac „sulier gavlenas“ vuwodebT da aqedan
gamomdinare, informaciuli teqnologiebis epoqaSi, rac
ufro adre mivubrundebiT wigns, miT ufro adre
aRmovaCenT sakuTar Tavsac da maSinve gagviCndeba
ukeTesobisaken swrafvis survili, wigni gvetyvis,
rogorebi varT da rogorebi SeiZleba viyoT, Tuki
davujerebT da mivendobiT im sulier gavlenas rac wigns
moaqvs Cvenamde.

amasTan sayuradReboa, rom Tu sazogadoeba araa mtkice

maradiuli cnebebis dasacavad da iolad icvlis azrs am
ukanasknelze (maradiul cnebebze, igive sulier
gavlenaze), amgvar sazogadoebriv sistemas momavali ar
uweria iseve rogorc mutaciiT dazianebul cilis
molekulas.

mainc rogori SeiZleba iyos maradiuli cnebis(sulieri

gavlenis) mTlian pirovnuli gamovlinebani? sinamdvile
pirvel rigSi pirovnebaze moqmedebs, da masSi garkveul
mTlian pirovnul reaqcias iwvevs, garkveul ganwyobas,
romelic pirovnebis Semdgom qcevas edeba safuZvlad.
sainteresoa, riT aRwevs xelovani Tavis mizans? raSia
mxatvruli niWierebis arsi? xSirad acxadeben: “xelovani
araCveulebrivi grZnobieri arsebaa, romelic mets xedavs
da mets azrovnebs, vidre Cveulebrivi adamiani. igi
faqizi da Rrma emociuri gancdebis adamiania, romelic
mTeli Tavisi arsebiT ganicdis imas, rac Cveulebrivi
adamianis emociis sferos mxolod zedapirulad Tu
Searxevs. xelovani Rrma da SorsmWvreteli inteleqtis
adamiania, romelic TiTqos sul umniSvnelo movlenaSic
ki naTlad xedavs Cveulebrivi adamianisaTvis uxilav
Zafebs, romelic mas msoflio mTlianobasTan
akavSirebso”. Tanamedrove fsiqologiis klasikosi
dimitri uznaZe (dimitri uznaZe. zogadi fsiqologia.
gamomcemloba ”saqarTvelos macne”, Tbilisi, 2006 w. )
xelovanTa sxvadasxva fsiqikur funqciaTa Seswavlisas
askvnis, rom isini arafers specifiurs ar warmoadgeneno:
araa savaldebulo, rom grZnobelobis zRrubli, Tund

174
ferTa samkvidroSi, mxatvars ufro dabali hqondes,
vidre Cveulebriv adamians; anda musikoss ufro maxvili
smena hqondes, vidre Cveulebriv normalur adamians:
beThoveni dayruebis Semdegac genialur musikosad darCa.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas danarCeni funqciebis Sesaxebac:
arc grZnoba, arc inteleqti da arc nebeloba iseTs
arafers Seicaven, rom specifikurad CaiTvalos
mxatvruli SemoqmedebisaTvis. cxadia rom uflisgan
dawesebuli suliereba da sulieri gavlena ganapirobebs
adamianis imgvar niWs, unars, rasac aRfrTovanebaSi
mohyavs sazogadoeba.

wm. episkoposi gabrieli (qiqoZe) cdiseuli fsiqologiis

safuZvlebSi ganmartavs sulis unarebs: “sulis moqmedeba
orgvaria igi Tavis Zalisxmevas mimarTavs an raime
codnis mopovebisaken, an Tavisi moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebisaken. amitom suli orgvar unars gviCvenebs:
SemecnebiTs da surviliseuls anu moqmedebiseuls... is
ori niSani, romlebic myarad asabuTeben adamianSi
aramaterialuri sawyisis arsebobas, kerZod, SegrZneba da
moZraoba, - ori ZiriTadi sulieri unaria. pirveli
SemecnebiTia, meore ki, moqmedebiseulia.” (wm. episkoposi
gabrieli (qiqoZe) cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebi; §28.
sulis unarTa dayofa.
http://www.orthodoxy.ge/fsiqologia/gabriel/fsiqologia-2.htm ).

saqarTvelo uZvelesi akademiebis qveyanaa. akademes

erqva berZen miTiur gmirs, xolo misi saxeli - qalaq
aTenis gareubnis erT Walas. swored am WalaSi
filosofosi platoni (Zv.w. 428-348 ww.) leqciebs
ukiTxavda Tavis mowafeebs. mis mier am adgilas
daarsebul skolas, adgilis dasaxelebis mixedviT,
akademia Searqves. SemdgomSi sityva „akademia“ umaRlesi
saswavleblebis aRmniSvnel zogad saxelad iqca.

akademiebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi arsebobda. maT Soris,

erT-erTi uZvelesTagania kolxeTis akademia. igi
saqarTveloSi, qalaq fazisis (dRevandeli foTis)
maxloblad arsebobda ax.w. III-VI saukuneebSi. samwuxarod,
cnobebi, rom CvenSi manamdec arsebobda umaRlesi
saswavleblebi, jer-jerobiT ar mogvepoveba, Tumca

175
SeuZlebelia, ers, romelmac Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebis
mijnaze Seqmna sakuTari damwerloba, ar hqonoda
saganmanaTleblo kerebi.

kolxeTis akademiis Sesaxeb cnobebi Semogvinaxes berZenma

filosofosebma: libaniosma (Libanios) (314-393 ww.),
Temistiosma (317-388 ww.), prokopi kesarielma (507-562 ww.),
agaTia sqolastikosma (536-582 ww.) da sxvebma. kolxeTis
akademiaSi swavlobdnen rogorc qarTvelebi, ise
ucxoelebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom berZnebi, romelTac
sakuTari akademiebi hqondaT, upiratesobas mainc qarTul
akademiaSi swavlas aniWebdnen. cnobili berZeni
filosofosi Temistiosi wers, rom mamamiss evgenioss,
aseve cnobil filosofossa da ritors, kolxeTis
akademiaSi uswavlia da SvilisTvisac urCevia iq swavla.
mamis rCeva Temistioss Seusmenia da ganaTleba
saqarTveloSi miuRia. igi kolxeTis akademiis
damaarsebels „brZens“ da „saTnos“ uwodebs. kolxeTs
kulturulad dawinaurebul eladas adarebs. im dros
ganswavla aTenSic SeiZleboda, magram specialuri
ritorikuli skola mxolod kolxeTSi arsebobda. am
saswavlebelSi ganuyofeli iyo filosofia da
mWevrmetyveleba. kolxeTis akademiaSi iwrTobodnen
tanvarjiSSi, mWevrmetyvelebaSi, swavlobdnen
filosofias, samarTals, miTologias, istoriis
safuZvlebs, poezias, loRikas, metafizikas, fizikas,
maTematikas, eTikas, politikas... imarTeboda sajaro
Sejibrebebi samarTlisa da politikis sakiTxebis
codnaSi. berSnul wyaroebSi aRniSnulia, rom aseT
paeqrobebSi xSirad imarjvebdnen qarTvelebi.

kolxeTis akademiam ucxoelTa garda bevri qarTveli

filosofosi aRzarda. aq uswavlia msoflio
mniSvnelobis qarTvel filosofoss, mweralsa da
moazrovnes miTridate lazs (berad aRkvecis Semdeg igi
ioane lazi gaxda). ioane lazi iyo msoflioSi
saxelganTqmuli moRvawis petre iberis (V s.) aRmzrdeli
da maswavlebeli. es swored is petre iberia, romelmac
me-5 saukuneSi siriaSi qarTuli monasteri daaarsa da iq
qarTuli skolis, umaRlesi ganaTlebis centris

176
xelmZRvaneli iyo Tavis maswavlebelTan - ioane lazTan
erTad. igi iyo aseve msoflio mniSvnelobis
filosofiuri moZRvrebis - areopagitis - fuZemdebeli.

kolxeTis akademiaSi uswavliaT cnobil qarTvel

oratorebs - aets da fartazs. cnobilia am ori moRvawis
sajaro paeqroba gubaz mefis mkvlelobasTan da
saqarTvelos politikur orientaciasTan dakavSirebiT,
rac agaTia sqolastikoss Cauweria.

kolxeTis akademiaSi umoRvawia iberiis samefo gvaris

warmomadgenels bakurs. filosofos libaniosis cnobiT,
igi iyo Rirseuli rwmeniT, saTnoebiT, sikeTiTa da
sulierebiT. misTvis ucxo iyo boroteba, gaxldaT
samarTliani da zomierebis moyvaruli.

bakuris nawerebi qarTulad ar SemorCenila, magram

arsebobs libaniosis misdami gamogzavnili werili,
saidanac Cans, rom bakurs kolxeTis akademiaSi
umoRvawnia da ritorikisa da saoratoro xelovnebis
didi mcodne da Semfasebeli yofila.

XI-XII saukuneebi qarTuli saxelmwifos aRmavlobis da

gaZlierebis xanaa. politikuri, socialuri da
ekonomikuri ayvavebis Sedegad qveyanaSi didad
dawinaurda kulturis TiTqmis yvela dargi, upirveles
yovlisa, qarTuli mecniereba.

saqarTveloSi mecniereba saxelmwifo politikis rangamde

iyo ayvanili. qarTveli mefeebi did yuradRebas
uTmobdnen kulturul-saganmanaTleblo da mecnieruli
kerebis Seqmnas rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis farglebs
gareT.

saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis didi tradicia arsebobda, iyo

gelaTis, iyalTos, gremis akademiebi, saswavleblebi;
Cveni winaprebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevdnen amas.

1106 wels daviT aRmaSeneblis iniciativiTa da

xelSewyobiT gelaTis monasterTan daarsda akademia,

177
romelsac xelmZRvanelobda moZRvarT-moZRvari. igi
udidesi pativiscemiT sargeblobda mTels saqarTveloSi
da samefo karze. daviTma gelaTis akademiaSi samoRvaweod
moiwvia swavluli qarTvelebi, mecnier-filosofosebi
ioane petriwi, arsen iyalToeli, ioane tariWisZe da
sxvebi.

Tanamedroveni gelaTis akademias „sxuad aTinad“, an

„aRmosavleTis meore ierusalimad“ moixseniebdnen.
saswavlo programa moicavda Svid umTavres sagans,
romelsac saerTod aswavlidnen Sua saukuneebSi saero
skolebSi: geometria - „qveynis sazomloჲ“, ariTmetika -
„ricxuni“, musika - „samusoჲ“, filosofia, ritorika,
gramatika da astronomia - „varskvlavTmricxveloba“.

gelaTis akademiaSi arsen iyalToels uTargmnia „didi

sjuliskanoni“, ioane petriws - nemesios emeselis
Txzuleba „bunebisaTvis kacisa“. gansakuTrebiT
aRsaniSnavia berZnuli enidan Targmnili ioane
qsifilinosis hagiografiuli krebuli, romlis
originalic dakargulia.

samecniero-mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba gelaTis

akademiaSi momdevno saukuneebSic ar Sewyvetila, Tumca
sagrZnoblad Senelda. XIII saukuneSi aq moRvaweobdnen
himnografi arsen bulmaisimisZe, filosofosi da ritori
petre gelaTeli. XIV saukuneSi gelaTSi Seiqmna
mniSvnelovani iuridiuli Zegli „garigeba xelmwifis
karisa“ da saistorio wyaro „gelaTuri qoronikoni“.

iyalTos akademiis daarsebac daviT aRmaSeneblis saxels

ukavSirdeba. akademiis pirvel reqtorad mefem daadgina
cnobili mecnieri da filosofosi arsen iyalToeli,
romelic im droisaTvis friad ganswavluli pirovneba
yofila. mas ganaTleba bizantiaSi konstantine monomaxis
mier daarsebul manganis akademiaSi miuRia.
„RvTismetyveli, filosofosi, fizikosi, anatomosi,
aliRorikulTa SeTxzvaTa Sina qebuli, ucxo da maRali
mestixe da saeklesio tipikonTa metyueli“ - ase
axasiaTeben mas Tanamedroveni. swored aseT pirovnebas

178
Caabara daviTma kaxeTSi axladgaxsnili akademia.
swavleba iyalTos akademiaSic imave programiT
mimdinareobda, rogoriTac gelaTSi, mxolod im
gansxvavebiT, rom aq damatebiT aswavlidnen kidev
mWedlobas, keramikas da mevenaxeoba-meRvineobas.

qarTveli eris cnobierebisaTvis, amgvari

inteleqtualuri bazisis Seqmnas cxadia ukvalod ar
Cauvlia da sulieri gavlenis kidev erTi mSvenieri
nimuSi miviReT wmida mefe Tamaris epoqiT da rusTavelis
evropuli renesansis fuZemdebluri SedevriT –
“vefxistyaosaniT”.

safuZvels moklebuli ar iqneba mosazreba, rom swored

sulieri gavlenis gamo ivane javaxiSvili, samecniero
moRvaweobis sxvadasxva etapze didi gatacebiT da
Seunelebeli interesiT ikvlevda vefxistyaosanTan
dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, uxvad iyenebda poemaSi
warmodgenil terminologiur masalas saqarTvelos
istoriisa da qarTuli filologiis calkeuli, rogorc
zogadi, ise konkretuli, sakiTxebis kvlevisas.

poema vefxistyaosanSi aisaxa is politikuri tendenciebi,

romlebic im drois(XII saukune) saqarTveloSi arsebobda.
magram iv. javaxiSvilis daskvniT: “ra Tqma unda,
genialuri poetis qmnileba politikuri traqtati rodia
da, rodesac SoTa rusTaveli werda, mas ar hqonda
ganzraxva, moeca CvenTvis yovelive imis amomwuravi axsna,
rac im dros qarTveli sazogadoebis mowinave fenebs
aRelvebda. magram, qmnida ra diad mxatvrul poemas, igi,
Tavisi samSoblos mwvave sakiTxebiT aRelvebuli, Tavis
ukvdav nawarmoebSi gadmogvcemda Tavis yvela azrs, yvela
Tavis miswrafebas, yvela im ideals, romelTa sruli
gamarjvebac mas surda exila maSindel saqarTveloSi.”

garda amisa, poemis, misi avtoris, nawarmoebis epoqis

materialuri da sulieri kulturis istoriis sakiTxebis
Seswavlas man calke, sagangebo naSromebic uZRvna: 1.
“SoTa rusTavelis dabadebis 750 wlisTavis zeimis gamo”;
2. “Личность и мировоззрение”; 3. “rusTavelis epoqis

179
socialuri kultura da poema “vefxistyaosani”; 4.
“vefxistyaosnis” axali gamocemis irgvliv”; 5.
“vefxistyaosani”; 6. “amirandarejanianis” anarekli
“vefxistyaosanSi”; 7. “SoTa rusTavelisa da misi epoqis
gamofena”. sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva SemTxvevasTan
dakavSirebiT iv. javaxiSvilis mier dawerili es
nawarmoebebi erTadaa Tavmoyrili misi filologiuri
Sromebis krebulSi – “qarTuli enisa da mwerlobis
istoriis sakiTxebi”. iv. javaxiSvili vefxistyaosans da
mis avtors ase afasebda: “im moRvaweTa Soris, romelTa
Rvawli da Semoqmedeba qarTvelTaTvis samaradisod
dauviwyari darCeba, romelTa qmnilebisaTvis verc droTa
cvalebadobasa da verc sigrZes veraferi dauklia, erTi
pirveli adgilTagani, ueWvelia, SoTa rusTavels
ekuTvnis. . . misi Rvawli mTeli qarTveli eris winaSe
ganuzomelia da samaradiso ukvdavebiT aris Semosili”
(ivane javaxiSvili. enciklopediuri leqsikoni. Tsu-s
gamomcemloba 2002, gv. 314-315).

rusTavelis epoqis saqarTvelos socialuri kulturis

ganxilvisas, ivane javaxiSvili, naSromSi: “rusTavelis
epoqis saqarTvelos socialuri kultura da poema
vefxistyaosani”, aRniSnavs: . . . “Tamaris mefobis dros
saxelmwifo wyobileba saqarTveloSi intensiuri
politikuri brZolis Semdeg sabolood Camoyalibda da
Seiqmna SezRuduli konstituciuri monarqia. am epoqaSi
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos teritoria Seicavda mTel
kavkasias Savi zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde da gadadioda
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, romelic, rogorc vasaluri
samflobelo, saqarTvelos farglebSi Sedioda. garda
amisa, mTeli CrdiloeTi sparseTi yazvinamde da
ramturamde imyofeboda vasalur damokidebulebaSi, da
dasavleTiTac – arzrumSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
droSa frialebda. qarTveli istorikosi gadmogvcems,
rom Tamar mefe pativs scemda saqarTvelos saxelmwifos
farglebSi Semavali saxelmwifoebisa da erebis
uflebebs da uaryofiTad ekideboda inkorporacias,
amyarebda mxolod vasalur damokidebulebas.
istorikosis cnobiT, igi am politikas eweoda savsebiT

180
Segnebulad, fiqrobda ra, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos
konsolidaciisaTvis.
amrigad, amocanas, romelic Tamar mefem daisaxa da
romelsac, rogorc dogmas, scnobda saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo, warmoadgens saerTaSoriso urTierTobaSi
politikuri samarTlianobis aRdgena”. (iv. javaxiSvili,
filologiuri Sromebis krebuli; qarTuli enisa da
mwerlobis istoriis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1956 w. gv. 16-
19.).…

ivane javaxiSvils kargad hqonda gaazrebuli istoriis

filosofiis problematikaTa mniSvneloba, radgan Tavad
istoriis filosofia – socialuri filosofiis dargia,
istoriis filosofiuri gaazrebis cdaa, kacobriobis
ganviTarebis procesis Sesaswavlad.

1902 wlis 18 noembers, peterburgis universitetSi

wakiTxul sanimuSo leqciaSi – “aRmosavleTis istoria
da saqarTvelosa da somxeTis istoriis monacemebi” ivane
javaxiSvilma didi adgili dauTmo istoriis filosofiis
problematikis konceptualizacias da waradgina
istoriis filosofiis gansazRvreba: “dargi, romelic
egreTwodebul saistorio kanonebis, sazogadoebriv
cxovrebis warmatebisa da sxva kidev mraval ZiriTad
kiTxvebs ikvlevs”. 1904 wels gamocemul naSromSi
“mamuliSviloba da mecniereba” iv. javaxiSvili
aRniSnavda: “TiToeuli xalxis istoriis Seswavlazea
damokidebuli bevris mxriv is mecniereba, romelsac
istoriis filosofias eZaxian da romelic Seadgens
Cvenis mecnierebis uzenaes mizans”. istoriis filosofiis
gaazreba ikveTeba ivane javaxiSvilis sxva
gamokvlevebSic: “qarTveli eris istoria”, “istoriis
mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da axla”,
saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis
sxdomaze wakiTxul moxsenebaSi “istoriis filosofia da
SedarebiTi meTodi” iv. javaxiSvilma qarTvel
mkvlevarTagan pirvelma ganixila da gaanaliza istoriis
filosofiis erT-erTi sfero – formaluri istoriis
filosofia.

181
ivane javaxiSvilis ZiriTadi amosavali principi iyo
istoriis mecnierebis dargad wardgena, man wyaroebis
kritikuli SeswavliT aCvena, rodis da rogor SeiZleba
istoria gaxdes mecniereba, iyos obieqturi Semecnebis
forma. (e. kodua. ivane javaxiSvilis sociologiuri da
istoriis filosofiuri Ziebani, Tbilisi, 1997 w. g.
yoranaSvili. ivane javaxiSvili, Tbilisi, 1999 w.).

1904 wels gamocemul naSromSi “mamuliSviloba da

mecniereba” iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavda: “TiToeuli
xalxis istoriis Seswavlazea damokidebuli bevris mxriv
is mecniereba, romelsac istoriis filosofias eZaxian
da romelic Seadgens Cvenis mecnierebis uzenaes mizans”.

istoriis filosofiis gaazreba ikveTeba ivane

javaxiSvilis sxva gamokvlevebSic: “qarTveli eris
istoria”, “istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT
da axla”, saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio
sazogadoebis sxdomaze wakiTxul moxsenebaSi “istoriis
filosofia da SedarebiTi meTodi” iv. javaxiSvilma
qarTvel mkvlevarTagan pirvelma ganixila da gaanaliza
istoriis filosofiis erT-erTi sfero – formaluri
istoriis filosofia. ivane javaxiSvilis ZiriTadi
amosavali principi iyo istoriis mecnierebis dargad
wardgena, man wyaroebis kritikuli SeswavliT aCvena,
rodis da rogor SeiZleba istoria gaxdes mecniereba,
iyos obieqturi Semecnebis forma.
ivane javaxiSvilis sazogadoebriv-politikur
azrovnebasa, erovnul-politikur Sexedulebebze da
mecnierul-patriotuli orientaciis Camoyalibebaze didi
gavlena moaxdina XIX saukunis meore naxevris
saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
medroSem, im periodis yvela umniSvnelovanesi
sazogadoebriv-kulturuli wamowyebis iniciatorma da
organizatorma ilia WavWavaZem(wmida ilia marTali, +1907).

erovnuli interesebi aiZulebda ilias, istorikosis

funqciebi ekisra: matianeebs uRrmavdeboda, iZiebda,
ikvlevda da saqarTvelos Rirsebis Semlaxvelebs,
istoriis falsifikatorebs Rirseul pasuxs scemda. am

182
mxriv aRsaniSnavia misi werilebis cikli „ai, istoria“ da
„qvaTa RaRadi“. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda
mimdinare cxovrebis amsaxvel „Sinaur mimoxilvebsac“ -
„iveriis“ saprogramo werilebs, romelTac ilia miznad
usaxavda „Cvenis dacemulis vinaobis aRdgenas, fexzed
dayenebas da dacvas yovelis mosalodnelis
faTerakisagan“.

Tavis mxriv ilia WavWavaZeze, saTanado gavlena moaxdina

misi drois pozitivisturma filosofiam, romelic
mecnierebasa da religias erTmaneTisagan ki ar TiSavda,
aramed maT erTi movlenis or mxared miiCnevda,
romelTaganac mecniereba efuZneba cdiseul codnas,
religia ki imas, rac cdiseulis miRmaa. am TvalsazrisiT
afasebda ilia WavWavaZe didi saeklesio moRvawisa da
swavlulis wmida gabriel episkoposis(qiqoZis)
damsaxurebas, romelmac ilias azriT, sarwmunoeba
gaamecniera da mecniereba sarwmunoebrivi gaxada.

wmida mRvdelmTavari gabrieli daibada 1825 wlis 15

noembers. 1856 wels, 32 wlis asakSi mas Tavs daatyda
ubedureba: gardaecvala meuRle da xuTi Svili.

1860 wlis 2 ivliss imereTis eparqiis episkoposad

ekurTxa da gardacvalebamde am samwysos mRvdelmTavari
iyo. 1869 wels mis ganmgeglobaSi Sevida afxazeTis
eparqia. xolo 1873 wels mas miemata samegrelos eparqia.
episkoposma gabrielma orjer imogzaura svaneTSi: 1866
da 1877 wlebSi. misi moRvaweobis Semdeg svaneTSi
ganmtkicda qristianuli sarwmunoeba.

18000 afxazma miiRo qristianoba. aigo 200-ze meti taZari,

SekeTda: nikorwmidis, biWvinTis, moqvis, kacxis, iloris
taZrebi. daarsda asamde samrevlo skola: 1887 wels
Seiqmna „qarTuli saeklesio galobis aRmdgeneli
komiteti“. xolo 1889 wels - komiteti daviT
aRmaSeneblis saflavze samrevlo ekvderis
gansaaxleblad da didTa mowameTa daviT da konstantines
gvamTaTvis axali sanawilis gasakeTeblad. 1890 wels

183
quTaisSi daarsda qalTa saswavlebeli, xolo 1894 wels
sasuliero seminaria gaixsna.

wmida episkoposi gabriel qiqoZe

mrevlis ganaTlebis mizniT meufe gabrieli xSirad

mogzaurobda eparqiis farglebSi, xalxTan pirad
Sexvedras da saubars did mniSvnelobas aniWebda.
soflidan sofelSi gadadioda da dReSi sam-oTx
adgilas damoZRvrida xolme samwysos. magram yvelaze
metad mrevlze gavlenas axdenda gabriel episkoposis
pirovneba, misi piradi magaliTi. rogorc pedagogma da
moZRvarma, man icoda zneobrivi aRzrdis saSualebebi.
jer kidev seminariaSi yofnis dros man, iakob
gogebaSvilis TqmiT, „naTlad, mkveTrad da kategoriulad
gansazRvra keTilgonivruli yofaqcevis mniSvnelovani da
arsebiTi wesebi... keTili, jansaRi da zneobrivi
cxovrebis saukeTeso saSualebad is Tvlida gonebrivi da
fizikuri Sromis erTmaneTTan Senacvlebas. am wess igi
TviTonac mkacrad icavda“. Wrida SeSas, Toxnida, pirutys
sazrdos uzidavda, qaTmebs apurebda. axali taZrebis
mSeneblobis dros xSirad TviTon iyo arqiteqtori,
sofel-sofel eZebda karg ostatebs, zrunavda wesrigze.

184
Turme „Tu sadme eklesiaSi usufTaobas naxavda, moitanda
cocxs da Tavisi xeliT daxvetda“. episkoposi gabrieli
mxolod piradi RirsebiT Semkul xalxs akurTxebda
eklesiis msaxurebad da ar uwevda angariSs arc Tavads,
arc mTavarsa da arc gubernators. cnobilia, Tu rogor
Serisxa man grafi levaSovi sasuliero saqmeebSi uxeSi
Carevis gamo. meufe gabrieli „adamianebs endoboda,
radgan maTSi, upirveles yovlisa, RvTis xatebas xedavda
da amitomac maT SiSi ar hqondaT“. erTi mogzaurobis
dros avazaki Tavs daeca da gaZarcva moundoma. gabrieli
ar daibna, jvari gadasaxa da uTxra: „Svilo, me sawyali
beri var, gabriel episkoposi, fuli sad maqvs“. es saxeli
avazaksac gaegona da SekrTa. meufe ar moeSva, sanam Tan
ar waiyvana, gazarda da skolaSi maswavleblad ganamwesa.

meufe gabrieli (+1896) erT-erTi mxurvale damcveli iyo

qarTuli enisa, romelic XIX saukuneSi, saubedurod,
gadagvarebis momakvdinebeli safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda.
is gabedulad ebrZoda yvelas, vinc eWvqveS ayenebda
mSobliuri enis arsebobis aucileblobis sakuTxs. am
mizniT dawera mravali werili da qadageba. man amxila
vaiqarTveli muxranski, romelic werda, rom mcire erebi,
maT Soris qarTvelebic, „did“ xalxSi gaTqvefis
aucileblobas ver acdebodnen, da rac ufro male
moxdeboda es movlena, miT ukeTesi iyo. „riT amtkiceb
Sen, rom es movlena (mcire xalxis enis ganqarveba) aris
bunebis wesi?“ - ekiTxeba gabriel episkoposi muxranskis, -
„piriqiT, xalxi unda ecados enis gavrcelebas,
gamdidrebas da ara damarxvasa da dakargvas“.meufe
gabrieli Tvlida, rom „xalxis individualobis
umTavresi elementi“ swored enaa. mSobliur enas
moklebuli yoveli xalxi moklebulia yovelgvari
individualur niSan-Tvisebas da „usargebloa
TavisTvisac da sxvisTvisac“.

185
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