Contents of Assignment:

A. Why study textile physics?

B. Definition of:


1. Stress
2. Strain
3. Flexural rigidity
4. Tensile Strength
5. Plasticity
6. Elasticity
7. Modulus of elasticity







Why study textile physics?


Textile physics is very important subject for textile engineers or textile related students.
Now I am going to discuss about bellow topics.


PHYSICS FOR TEXTILE FIBRE, YARN AND FABRIC

Definition of yarn
Factors affecting yarn strength
Parameters affecting physical properties of yarn
Classification of yarn
Classification of yarn based on physical and performance characteristics
Description of yarn
Idealizes structural diagram of some yarns
Continuous filament and staple yarn structure
Fundamental structural features of yarn
Yarn designation
Relative consumption of yarn
Sewing thread
Thread sizes
Thread selection

Importance of twist
Types and direction of twist
Bedding or nesting
Determination of twist
Twist effects
Angle of twist and twist factor
Effects of twist on yarn strength, extensibility and luster
Geometry of twisted yarn
Idealized twisted yarn geometry
Various comments on idealize yarn geometry
Yarn size and twist multiplier
Optimum twist factor
Fiber packing in yarn
Open packing of yarn
Hexagonal close packing of yarn
Real yarn packing
Concentrating and disturbing factors
Observed packing of fibers in real yarn
Twist in relation to yarn bending
Relation among twist angle, twist factor and yarn count
Equation for yarn diameter
Equation for specific volume of yarn
Show that d=4.44 x 10
-6
Density
Relation among twist, diameter and twist angle
Estimation of Schwarzs constant
Yarn luster
Twist contraction and twist retraction
Limit of twist
Contraction factor and retraction factor
Derivation of expression for prediction of filament strain
Limitations of Platts low strain equation


Geometry
Cloth geometry
Reasons for studying cloth geometry
Weave and weave notation
Crimp
Warp crimp and weft crimp calculation
Crimp percentage and take up percentage
Distinction between crimp % (C) and take-up %(T)
Relationship between crimp (%) and take-up (%)
Pierces Flexible thread model
Importance of crimp on fabric properties
Fabric behavior during tensile testing
Measurement of crimp
Principles of edged crimped yarn
Crimp measuring instrument
Pierces model for plain weave
Equation for pick spacing (P2) and end spacing (P1)
Equation for maximum warp yarn displacement (h1) and weft yarn displacement (h2)
Dependence of crimp percentage
Crimp interchange
Equation for crimp interchange
Warp and weft yarn jamming
Equation for warp and weft yarn jamming
Biaxial, tri-axial and balanced structure
Equation for rigid thread model
Why rigid tread model was introduced
Effect of yarn crimp on fabric properties
Concept of similar cloth
Cover factor
Yarn and fabric strength relationship
Handle, drape and shear
Measurement of drape ability
Some tensile properties of fabric

Electrical properties of textiles
Dielectric properties of textiles
Polarization and related effects
Power factor and dissipation factor
Measurement of dielectric properties
Preparation of a test condenser
Measurement of impedance by Scherrings bridge and resonance method
Factors influencing dielectric properties of textiles
Electrical resistance of textiles
Conductors, semiconductors and insulators
Conduction of electricity in textiles
Influence of dielectric constant on ions
Normal, excited and ionized atom
Electrical resistance of textiles
Measurement of resistances of textiles
Specimen preparation for measuring resistances of textiles
Influence of various factors on resistance of textiles
Static charge
Explanation of static phenomenon
Theories of static charge
Measurement of charge in slivers by Faradays cylinder and Medleys method
Generation of static charge in polymers
Amphoteric behavior of keratin
Piezo and pyro electric charges
Leakage of static charges in air
Leakage of static charges in perfect insulators, moderate insulators, & conductors
Problems of static charges in textile mills
Minimization of static charges in textile mills
The present view about static charges in textiles

And many other textile field Textile Physics play an important role.














Stress:
Stress is a quantity that characterizes the strength of the forces causing the
deformation, on a force per unit area basis.
Direct Stress or Normal Stress
Stress normal to the plane is usually denoted "normal stress" and can be expressed as
= F
n
/ A (1)
Where,
= normal stress ((Pa) N/m
2
, psi)
F
n
= normal component force (N, lb
f
(alt. kips))
A = area (m
2
, in
2
)
Shear Stress
Stress parallel to the plane is usually denoted "shear stress" and can be expressed as
= F
p
/ A (2)
Where,
= shear stress ((Pa) N/m
2
, psi)
F
p
= parallel component force (N, lb
f
)
A = area (m
2
, in
2
)

Strain:
Deformation or change in shape of a material caused by an external loading. Strain is
the ratio of the change in length ( l) per unit length (or original length (l
o
).
Strain is defined as "deformation of a solid due to stress" and can be expressed as
= dl / l
o
= / E
Where,
dl = change of length (m, in)
l
o
= initial length (m, in)
= Strain







Stress-strain curve:




When fiber is deformed then the fiber follows the stress-strain curve.

Here, A to B linear region. This region follows Hooks law (stress strain). So, fiber
comes to its original position after removal of load. So, the region is called elastic region
and the deformation is called elastic deformation.

B to C Plastic region. In this region chain breaks but fiber do not break. Here the
deformation is known as plastic deformation.

C Breaking point. The fiber will be break at this point.


Flexural rigidity:

Flexural rigidity is the stiffness of a textile fiber. It can be defined as the couple needed
to bend a fiber.

Mathematically,

Flexural rigidity = (1/4) (ET
2
/)

Where, = shape factor, E = specific shear modulus, T =linear density (Tex), =
density (gm/cm
3
)


Tensile Strength:

Tensile strength is the strength of a material under tension. Tensile strength is probably
the next most important property of a composite after modulus of elasticity. Composites,
particularly graphite, do not enter into an area of plasticity. If enough force is applied to
push them beyond their tensile strength they break, often dramatically. For composites
like graphite and fiberglass the tensile strength and elastic limit occur at about the same
point on the curve.
It is important to note that the tensile strength as shown on the modulus of elasticity
curve is static tensile strength. The dynamic tensile strength for most materials, the
tensile strength when force is being applied rapidly, for example when we are casting, is
roughly one half of the static tensile strength. Actually, the faster we apply the force the
lower the tensile strength will be but about one half is a reasonable number to use for
composites.
Most blank manufacturers do not publish static tensile strength numbers let alone
numbers for dynamic tensile strength.

Plasticity:
Plasticity is the reverse of elasticity; a plastic material will retain exactly the shape it
assumes under load when the load is removed. Familiar examples are the stamping of
images on coins and the multiplicity of domestic and ornamental objects produced by
pressing synthetic resins and similar compounds in steam-heated dies. Plasticity is fairly
similar to ductility.

Elasticity:
All material bodies will deform. As the stress increased the deformation also increases
and if the load on the material is removed at any stage up to the elastic limit it will return
to its original shape and dimension (original length).
Conventionally tensile stresses are considered positive (+) and compressive
stresses negative (-)
Modulus of elasticity:
In a tensile test a graph is produced of stress against strain as the load is gradually
applied. The first portion of the graph will be a straight line as shown below.

The slope of this straight line is the constant of proportionality known as the MODULUS
OF ELASTICITY

Where,
F = applied axial force
l
o
= original length
A = area of cross-section
l = change in length
E = modulus of elasticity