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Basics
GROUPE SCHNEIDER
When it comes to circuit breakers, no one
breakers.
Square D.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
i
PART 1 – ELECTRONIC TRIP CIRCUIT BREAKERS
2. to open automatically to protect the In most cases, the basic overcurrent protection
circuit from damage due to an provided by standard thermal-magnetic circuit
overcurrent condition. breakers will meet the requirements of the
electrical system design. In some cases, how-
In other words, a circuit breaker must be able ever, basic overcurrent protection might not be
to be switched on and off, and it must open enough.
automatically during an overcurrent condition.
Electronic trip circuit breakers can provide the
In order to open automatically, circuit breakers additional features needed in those cases.
are equipped with some type of tripping mecha- Reasons to use electronic trip circuit breakers
nism. Some circuit breakers employ electro- include
mechanical tripping mechanisms, some use
hydromechanical tripping mechanisms, and • enhanced coordination capabilities
some use electronic tripping mechanisms. • integral ground-fault detection
• communication capabilities
Electronic trip circuit breakers from Square D • future growth potential
Company use the MICROLOGIC® tripping
system, which includes current sensors, a Enhanced Coordination Capabilities
microprocessor-based trip unit and a tripping
solenoid. In electrical systems where downtime could
have critical consequences, electronic trip cir-
cuit breakers provide more versatility to achieve
Figure 1 – MICROLOGIC Electronic Trip coordination. For instance, certain installa-
Circuit Breakers
tions serving continuous processes may be
required to continue operating during a fault
condition because shutting the system down
would be more costly than the damage done by
the fault itself. Or, in critical care facilities, a
loss of power could result in the loss of life.
1
MICROLOGIC electronic trip circuit breakers In order to coordinate better with these
can help optimize coordination: types of downstream devices, MICRO-
LOGIC circuit breakers offer inverse time
• Independent adjustments allow one dial set- delay characteristics on the long-time, short-
ting to be changed without affecting the rest time and ground-fault functions.
of the pickup and delay levels. This allows
the designer to better define the tripping • The ammeter/trip indicator displays the level
characteristics needed on the system. of ground-fault leakage current associated
with the circuit. The ground-fault pickup
• Interchangeable rating plugs allow the de- level on the circuit breaker may then be
signer to shift the entire trip characteristic adjusted somewhat higher than the amount
curve (except for ground fault) to improve of leakage current displayed on the amme-
coordination with other devices. MICRO- ter.
LOGIC rating plugs define the circuit
breaker's maximum current rating based on This assumes that ground-fault detection test-
a percentage of the circuit breaker sensor ing was done before the system was energized
size, and can be used on any frame size of and no ground-fault problems were found. In
circuit breaker within the MICROLOGIC retrofit situations the magnitude of leakage
family of circuit breakers. current may be significant due to the deterio-
rating effects of moisture, dirt, rodents, etc.,
• Withstand ratings give the designer a larger over time. New installations will also show
window of coordination potential. The with- some magnitude of leakage current at start-up.
stand rating is the level of rms symmetrical
current that a circuit breaker can carry with There are no hard and fast rules for selecting
the contacts in the closed position for a the proper level of ground-fault protection be-
certain period of time. At current levels cause the level of leakage current on each
above the withstand rating (and less than or system is different. The system engineer should
equal to the interrupting rating), the circuit provide information on the proper levels of
breaker will trip instantaneously. In other protection.
words, the withstand rating is the highest
current level at which delay can be intro- Integral Ground-fault Detection
duced to maintain coordination with down-
stream devices. Withstand ratings are avail- Electronic trip circuit breakers simplify the in-
able only on full-function trip systems stallation of equipment ground-fault detection
ordered with the adjustable short-time into the electrical system.
function.
Externally-mounted ground-fault detection
• Inverse time delay characteristics allow for systems require the specifying of five different
better coordination with fusible switches or parts – a circuit breaker, a ground-fault relay,
thermal-magnetic circuit breakers down- a ground-fault sensor, a shunt trip for the
stream. Devices that respond to heat gen- circuit breaker, and testing means. Additional
erated by current flow (such as fuses and wiring is also required to install the system.
thermal-magnetic circuit breakers) have
inverse time tripping characteristics. This Electronic trip circuit breakers include most of
means that as current increases, the time the detection equipment within the circuit
that it takes the device to trip will decrease. breaker housing. The phase current sensors,
summing toroid, pickup and delay adjustments,
tripping solenoid, and a push-to-test feature
are all enclosed within the molded case.
2
The only part that is not within the circuit MICROLOGIC full-function circuit breakers are
breaker case is the optional neutral sensor equipped with ZSI communication capabilities
required for a four-wire system. That means as a standard feature. For more information on
that ground-fault detection plus overcurrent ZSI, see Circuit Breaker Application Guide
protection is as easy as specifying and mount- 0600SC9102R6/95, Reducing Fault Stress
ing one device (except four-wire systems which With Zone-selective Interlocking.
require an additional neutral sensor).
Communication between circuit breakers and
MICROLOGIC circuit breakers are available the POWERLOGIC power monitoring system
with two different ground-fault detection op- allows the user to monitor each circuit and
tions: record energy usage, power surges, normal
operating modes, harmonic contribution, etc.
• ground-fault protection for equipment In addition, the MICROLOGIC full-function trip
• ground-fault alarm system can communicate the following infor-
mation through the POWERLOGIC system:
The ground-fault protection for equipment op-
tion is available on circuit breakers with either • history of last trip
the MICROLOGIC standard-function or full- • trip unit pickup and delay levels
function trip system, and will trip the circuit • impending trip conditions
breaker in the event of a ground fault. • operating currents for each phase
• ground-fault leakage current associated with
The ground-fault alarm option is available on the circuit
circuit breakers with the MICROLOGIC full- • ground-fault alarm signal
function trip system only. This function will
signal a remote POWERLOGIC ® station, but The ground-fault alarm signal allows a ground
will not trip due to a ground fault – maintaining fault to be reported without interrupting power
system continuity. to the system. It is especially useful when
continuity of service must be maintained at all
Communications Capabilities costs and where the maintenance staff is trained
to locate and correct any fault problems before
MICROLOGIC circuit breakers can communi- an unplanned outage takes place.
cate with each other and with the
POWERLOGIC power monitoring systems. For more information on POWERLOGIC sys-
tems, see publication 3050SM9101R11/91,
Communication between circuit breakers at POWERLOGIC Product Interface for MICRO-
different levels in the system allows the down- LOGIC Circuit Breakers.
stream circuit breaker closest to the fault to
ignore its preset delay time and trip without any
intentional time delay on a short circuit or
ground fault. This form of communication is
known as zone-selective interlocking (ZSI).
3
Future Growth Potential
4
PART 2 – MICROLOGIC® TRIP SYSTEMS
Figure 2 – Trip Units Circuit breakers are shipped with the long-time
pickup switch set at 1.0 and all other trip unit
RATING PLUG
CAT NO. : ARP100
Max. Ampere Rating (P) = Sensor (S) x 100%
.7
.6
.75 .8
.9
.95
3
2.5
4 5
6
7 3
4
5 6
7
8
.3
.25
.35 .45
.55
.65
adjustments set at their lowest settings. Actual
settings required for a specific application must
.5 1.0 2 8 2.5 OFF .2 .75
PICKUP PICKUP PICKUP PICKUP
x P x P x P x S
LONG TIME SHORT TIME INSTANT. GROUND FAULT
I2 t OUT I2 t IN I2 t OUT I2 t IN
4.5
3
2
6 8
10
12
14
.32
.2
.1
.5 .5
.32
.2
.1
.32
.2
.1
.5 .5
.32
.2
.1
be determined by a qualified consultant or plant
engineer. A coordination study is recommended
DELAY DELAY
DELAY
SEC. AT SEC. AT SEC. AT
6xP 12 x P 1xS
FLASH=90%
ON = OVERLOAD
STANDARD
SERIES B
to provide coordination between all overcurrent
protective devices in the distribution system.
Standard-function Trip Unit
4 5
RMS SENSING
.75 .8 5 6 .35 .45
RATING PLUG .7 .9 3 4 7 .3
6 .55
CAT NO. : ARP100
.6 .95 2.5 7 3 8 .25 .65
Max. Ampere Rating (P) = Sensor (S) x 100%
.5 1.0 2 8 2.5 OFF .2 .75
PHASE
SELECT
AMMETER / TRIP INDICATOR
PICKUP
x P
LONG TIME
PICKUP
x P
SHORT TIME
I2 t OUT I2 t IN
PICKUP
x P
INSTANT.
PICKUP
x S
GROUND FAULT
I2 t OUT I2 t IN
The sensing system on an electronic trip circuit
6 8 .5 .5 .5
Trip Unit
Trip
Coil
Microprocessor Sample Time
Interval
Communications
Link
Trip Unit
ZSI Link
Switches Time (in seconds)
Current Sensor
(one per pole) Trip
Indicator
5
True rms sensing accurately measures the mag- Each MICROLOGIC circuit breaker is shipped
nitude of a non-sinusoidal waveform. Therefore, with a rating plug factory installed. The label on
the heating effects of harmonically distorted wave- the circuit breaker marked "Configuration as
forms are accurately evaluated. Shipped" gives the circuit breaker configuration
as it left the factory. Field-installable rating plug
Electronic trip circuit breakers with MICROLOGIC kits are also available.
trip systems can be used on 50/60 Hz systems
with alternating current (ac) to direct current (dc), Ground-fault pickup values are based on the
dc to ac, and ac to ac converters. This includes sensor size of the circuit breaker and are not
applications that use silicon-controlled rectifiers affected by changing the rating plug.
(SCRs) and adjustable frequency controls.
AMMETER/TRIP INDICATOR
RATING PLUGS
The ammeter/trip indicator is used to identify
Rating plugs are used to determine the circuit the type of overcurrent if the circuit breaker
breaker ampere rating (P) according to the fol- trips, to monitor operating current, and to iden-
lowing equation: tify potential overcurrent situations.
P
switch are then combined to determine the circuit INDICATOR
RESET
H
A
GROUND FAULT
S
breaker continuous current rating. For example: E
Press and Hold
for Ammeter Reset
% of Rating
-----
0 20 40 60 80 100
6
The phase select/indicator reset button can be tor the flow of ground-fault current and signal an
pressed at any time to test the ammeter/trip alarm condition through the POWERLOGIC ®
indicator battery condition. The window will system. This feature meets NEC Sections 700-
display a battery symbol. If this does not occur, 7(d) and 700-26 for emergency systems. Circuit
contact Square D for a replacement ammeter/ breakers with the ground-fault alarm trip system
trip indicator. DO NOT trip if a ground-fault occurs.
P
H
OK
MICROLOGIC trip systems feature a memory MICROLOGIC trip units provide a full range of
circuit for intermittent overload or ground-fault adjustable tripping characteristics using a pro-
conditions. This enables the circuit breaker to grammable microcomputer that constantly
respond to a series of ON and OFF overload or monitors the line currents.
ground-fault conditions which could cause con-
ductor overheating. Table 1 – Adjustable Tripping Characteristics
for Electronic Trip Circuit Breakers
If the circuit breaker trips due to an overcurrent Standard-function Full-function
condition, wait at least one minute before re- Trip Unit Trip Unit
setting the circuit breaker. This allows the Long-time pickup Long-time pickup
memory to clear itself sufficiently for the circuit Long-time delay Long-time delay
breaker to be turned ON. If checking trip times, Short-time pickup Short-time pickup
Short-time delay Short-time delay
wait fifteen minutes after the circuit breaker (I2t IN only) (I2t IN and I2t OUT)
trips before resetting to allow memory to reset Instantaneous pickup Instantaneous pickup
completely to zero (or use a memory reset Ground-fault pickup Instantaneous OFF
module, Cat. No. MTMB). Ground-fault delay Ground-fault pickup
(I2t OUT only) Ground-fault delay
GROUND-FAULT DETECTION (I2t IN and I2t OUT)
Ground-fault alarm
7
Trip settings are used to obtain a coordinated STANDARD-FUNCTION TRIP UNIT
system in which a downstream circuit breaker FUNCTIONS
will trip before an upstream circuit breaker.
The trip curve below illustrates how the adjust-
Properly adjusting the MICROLOGIC trip set- ments made to a standard-function trip unit will
tings will result in a circuit breaker trip curve affect the circuit breaker's trip characteristics.
that falls above and to the right of the down-
stream circuit breaker trip curve. Under Adjusting the trip unit switches will shift that
overcurrent conditions, the downstream circuit area of the trip curve.
breaker will trip first. Figure 8 – Standard-function Trip Unit Curve
10 Short-time
TIME IN SECONDS
Pickup
Short-time
Delay (I 2 t IN)
1.0
Instantaneous
0.1
0.01
1 5 10 100
MULTIPLES OF AMPERE RATING*
8
Long-time Trip Function INDICATOR — the trip unit includes an indica-
tor that will flash when the current reaches 90%
LONG-TIME PICKUP Switch — switch value of the LONG-TIME PICKUP setting and will be
(multiplied by the ampere rating) sets the maxi- lit continuously when the current is above 100%
mum current level which the circuit breaker will of the pickup setting.
carry continuously. If the current exceeds this
value for longer than the set delay time, the Short-time Trip Function
circuit breaker will trip.
SHORT-TIME PICKUP Switch — switch value
Figure 9 – Long-time Pickup (multiplied by the ampere rating) sets the short-
circuit current level at which the circuit breaker
will trip after the set SHORT-TIME DELAY.
.75 .8
.7 .9
.6 .95
Figure 11 – Short-time Pickup
.5 1.0
PICKUP
x P
LONG TIME
4 5
7 11 3 6
4.5 16
2.5 8
3 20
2 10
2 24 PICKUP
DELAY x P
SEC. AT
6xP
SHORT TIME
FLASH=90% I 2 t IN
ON = OVERLOAD
.5
.32
.2
.5 .1
LONG-TIME DELAY Switch — sets length of DELAY
SEC. AT
time that the circuit breaker will carry a sus- 12 x P
7 11
4.5 16 4 5
20 3 6
3
2.5 8
2 24
DELAY 2 10
SEC. AT PICKUP
6xP x P
FLASH=90%
ON = OVERLOAD SHORT TIME
I 2 t IN
.5
.32
.2
Indicator
.5 .1
DELAY
SEC. AT
12 x P
9
Instantaneous Trip Function Ground-fault pickup values are based on the
circuit breaker sensor size only, not the rating
INSTANTANEOUS PICKUP Switch — switch plug multiplier. Changing the rating plug mul-
value (multiplied by the ampere rating) sets the tiplier has no effect on ground-fault pickup
short-circuit current level at which the circuit values.
breaker will trip with no intentional time delay.
GROUND-FAULT DELAY Switch — sets the
The instantaneous function will override the length of time the circuit breaker will carry
short-time function if the INSTANTANEOUS ground-fault current which exceeds the
PICKUP is adjusted at the same or lower set- GROUND-FAULT PICKUP level before trip-
ting than the SHORT-TIME PICKUP. ping. Delay bands are labeled in seconds of
ground-fault current at 1 times the sensor size,
Figure 13 – Instantaneous Pickup S. Ground-fault delay can be adjusted to one
of four fixed time delay positions (I 2t OUT).
3 12
PICKUP .35 .45
x P .3 .55
INSTANT. .25 .65
.2 .75
PICKUP
x S
GROUND FAULT
I 2 t OUT
.5
.32
.2
.1 .5
DELAY
SEC. AT
1xS
.35 .45
.3 .55
.25 .65
.2 .75
PICKUP
x S
GROUND FAULT
I 2 t OUT
.5
.32
.2
.1 .5
DELAY
SEC. AT
1xS
10
FULL-FUNCTION TRIP UNIT FUNCTIONS Long-time Trip Function
The full-function trip unit trip curve drawing, LONG-TIME PICKUP Switch — switch value
below, shows the various parts of a typical trip (multiplied by the ampere rating) sets the maxi-
curve affected by the adjustments on a full- mum current level which the circuit breaker will
function trip unit. carry continuously. If the current exceeds this
value for longer than the set delay time, the
Adjusting the trip unit switches will shift that circuit breaker will trip.
area of the trip curve.
Figure 17 – Long-time Pickup
Figure 16 – Full-function Trip Unit Curve
.75 .8
.7 .9
Long-time .6 .95
1000 Pickup .5 1.0
PICKUP
x P
LONG TIME
Long-time
Delay 7 11
4.5 16
100
3 20
2 24
DELAY
SEC. AT
6xP
FLASH=90%
ON = OVERLOAD
10 Short-time
Pickup
7 11
4.5 16
3 20
2 24
DELAY
SEC. AT
6xP
FLASH=90%
ON = OVERLOAD
Indicator
11
INDICATOR — the trip unit includes an indicator SHORT-TIME DELAY Switch — sets length of
that will flash when the current reaches 90% of time the circuit breaker will carry a short
the LONG-TIME PICKUP setting and will be lit circuit within the short-time pickup range.
continuously when the current is above 100% of Delay bands are labeled in seconds of short-
the pickup setting. circuit current at 12 times the ampere rating, P.
The delay can be adjusted to four positions
Short-time Trip Function of I 2t ramp operation (I 2t IN) or four positions
of fixed time delays (I 2t OUT).
SHORT-TIME PICKUP Switch — switch value
(multiplied by the ampere rating) sets the short- Figure 20 – Short-time Delay
circuit current level at which the circuit breaker
will trip after the set SHORT-TIME DELAY.
4 5
3 6
I 2t IN
4 5 2.5 8
3 6 2 10
PICKUP
2.5 8
x P
2 10 SHORT TIME
PICKUP
x P I2 t OUT I2 t IN
SHORT TIME .5 .5
.32 .32
I2 t OUT I2 t IN
.5 .2 .2
.5
.32 .32 .1 .1
.2 .2 DELAY
SEC. AT
.1 .1 12 x P
DELAY
SEC. AT
12 x P
I 2t OUT
12
Instantaneous Trip Function Ground-fault Trip Function
.35 .45
.3 .55
.25 .65
.2 .75
PICKUP
x S
GROUND FAULT
I 2 t OUT I 2 t IN
.5 .5
.32 .32
.2 .2
SEC. AT
short-time function if the INSTANTANEOUS 1xS
GROUND FAULT
Figure 22 – Instantaneous OFF gure 23 – Ground-fault Pick
I 2 t OUT I 2 t IN
.5 .5
.32 .32
.2 .2
.1 .1
6 8 DELAY
5 10 SEC. AT
1xS
4 12
3 OFF
PICKUP
x P
INSTANT.
13
GROUND-FAULT DELAY Switch — sets length I 2t IN delay is an inverse time characteristic in
of time the circuit breaker will carry ground-fault that the delay time decreases as the current
current which exceeds the GROUND-FAULT increases.
PICKUP level before tripping. Delay bands are
labeled in seconds of ground-fault current at 1 I 2t OUT delay is a constant time characteristic
times the sensor size, S. Delay can be adjusted in that the delay time does not change as the
to four positions of I2t ramp operation (I2t IN) or current increases.
four positions of fixed time delays ( I2t OUT).
For sensor sizes below 2000 amperes and I2t
Figure 25 – Ground-fault Delay IN ground-fault current levels less than 1 x S,
the actual time delay will be longer than the
delay setting. At ground-fault current levels
equal to or greater than 1 x S, the delay will be
equal to the delay setting.
.35 .45
.3 .55
.25 .65 For sensor sizes equal to or greater than 2000
.2
PICKUP
.75 amperes, the actual time delay will be equal to
x S
GROUND FAULT
the delay setting for ground-fault currents of
I 2 t OUT I 2 t IN
.5
2000 amperes and above.
.5
.32 .32
.2 .2
.1
DELAY
.1
Ground-fault Alarm Function
SEC. AT
1xS
.2 .75
PICKUP
x S
GROUND FAULT
ALARM
880 960
800 1040
720 1120
640 1200
PICKUP
GROUND FAULT
gure 23 – Ground-fault Pick
2 2
I t OUT I t IN
.5 .5
.32 .32
.2 .2
.1 .1
DELAY
SEC. AT
1xS
14
PART 3 – A LOOK AT COORDINATION
15
ZONE-SELECTIVE INTERLOCKING
16
SQUARE D, , MICROLOGIC, POWERLOGIC, I-LINE and GROUND-CENSOR
are Registered Trademarks of Square D Company.