Reaction

of
Reaction
with
Organic
product
Mechanism/
Type of reaction
Conditions

Carbonyl
compounds


Aldehyde


Aldehyde


Ketone
Hydrogen
cyanide, HCN
Cyanohydrin
(Hydroxynitriles)
Nucleophilic
addition

2,4-DNPH Derivative
(hydrazone)
Condensation
(Addition-elimination)


LiAlH
4
(dry ether)

OR,

NaBH
4
(water/ dry ether
/ethanol)

Primary alcohol




Secondary alcohol




Reduction

K
2
Cr
2
O
7
/H
+
Carboxylic acid Oxidation Heat under reflux
I
2
/ NaOH Iodoform; Sodium
carboxylate
Iodoform reaction Warm if necessary
Nitrile

Water Carboxylic acid Hydrolysis Catalyst --
H
2
SO
4
[Dilute acid (strong)]
Cyanohydrin

Water

Hydroxycarboxylic
acid




Carboxylic
acid
PCl
5
Acyl chloride

Halogenation
LiAlH
4
Primary alcohol Reduction Dry ether
Na
2
CO
3
/

NaHCO
3
/
NaOH
Salt, CO
2
, H
2
O Neutralisation
Alcohol
(Reversible)
Ester Esterification/
Condensation
Strong acid;
Warm;
Add Na
2
CO
3






Acyl chlorides

Water


Carboxylic acid


Alcohol

Ester

S
N




Ammonia (conc.)

1 amide

S
N




Primary amines

2 amide




S
N












Benzene

Nitrating mixture
(Nitric acid)


Nitrobenzene
(& water)

Nitration; S
E



H
2
SO
4
; hur;
Temp-55
o
C

Chloroalkane


Alkyl benzene

FC Alkylation; S
E



Catalyst-
anhydrous AlCl
3


Acyl chloride

Phenyl ketone

FC Acylation; S
E



Catalyst-
anhydrous AlCl
3



Bromine

Bromobenzene

Bromination; S
E


Catalyst-
anhydrous
AlBr
3
/FeBr
3


Oxidation of side
chain


Benzaldehyde;
Benzoic acid

Oxidation

Acidified/Alkaline
KMnO
4
sol
n
; warm
Oxygen CO
2
, H
2
O Combustion

Fuming sulfuric
acid


Benzenesulfonic
acid

Sulfonation

Hydrogen Cyclohexane Free radical
addition
Catalyst - Raney
nickel; 60
o
C

Bromine

1,2,3,4,5,6-
hexabromocyclo
hexane


Free radical
addition

UV radiation









Phenol

NaOH soln


Sodium phenate
(& water)


Ethanoyl
chloride

Phenyl ethanoate
(& HCl)



Bromine
2,4,6-
tribromophenol

(WHITE PPT)

(& HBr)



Nitric acid (dil.)

2,4,6-trinitrophenol
(WHITE PPT)

(& water)








Amine (Prep.)

Halogenoalkanes

Ammonia
1, 2, 3 amines &
4 ammonium salts
Ethanol solvent;
Sealed;
Heat



Nitriles



Alkyl amine (1
o
)



Reduction
Reducing agent--
LiAlH
4
;
Solvent-- Dry ether
Hydrolysis with dil.
HCl
Distil with NaOH


Amides


Alkyl amine (1
o
)









Reduction
Reducing agent--
LiAlH
4
;
Solvent-- Dry ether
Hydrolysis with dil.
HCl
Distil with NaOH





Primary
amines

Aqueous
hydrogen ions


Alkyl/Phenyl
ammonium ions


Aqueous copper
(ii) ions


Tetraaminediaqua
copper (ii) ion
(& water)


Acyl chloride 2
o
amide

Nitrobenzene

Phenyl amine

Reduction


Tin and conc. HCl

Phenyl amine


Nitrous acid

Benzenediazonium
ion

Temp-
0
o
C -10
o
C
NaNO
2
& HCl
Benzene
diazonium ion
Phenol Azo-dye dil. NaOH soln