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IVERSITY
CHEMISTRY LABORATORY REPORT
Subject : Chemistry Laboratory
Lecturer : Dr. Filiana Santoso
Instructor : Nani Pasaribu, M.Si., Tabligh Permana
Faculty : Life Science (LS-A)
Date of
Experiment : 8 May 2009
Date of Lab.
Report : 29 May 2008
Semester :2
Time of
Experiment : 09.00-12.00
ID : 1-4208-018
1-4208-041
Group :E
I. Objective
1. To perform water analysis regarding the presence of chloride, sulphate, and
ammonium ions.
2. To measure water hardness caused by dissolved calcium and magnesium ions
by complexometric titration
II. Equipment
Beaker
Test tube
pH paper
Erlenmeyer flask
Burette
Stands
Pipette
IV. Procedure
Chemical check of water
1. 2 beakers were prepared and filled with the following fluid:
- Beaker 1: 20 ml distilled water
- Beaker 2: 20 ml tap water
2. The appearance and smell of each sample were checked and the pH values
were measured using pH paper.
3. A few drops of 1 n AgNO3 were put into each beaker.
4. Observation was done to see whether precipitation occurred. When
precipitation occurred, chloride ions were present.
5. Some crystals of BaCl2 were dissolved in 5 ml of distilled water.
6. Another set of beakers were prepared and filled with appropriate fluids
7. A few drops of BaCl2 solution were put into each beaker.
8. Observation was done to see whether precipitation occurred. When
precipitation occurred, sulphate ions were present.
9. 2 test tubes were prepared and filled with the following fluid:
- Test tube 1: distilled water
- Test tube 2: tap water
10. One flake of NaOH was put inside each test tube.
11. The appearance and smell (pungent smell of ammonia) were observed for
presence of ammonium chloride.
Tap water
After it was added with the Eriochrome Black T Indicator, the solution color turned to
purplish red. After it was titrated with EDTA, the solution color turned to blue.
The volume of EDTA used in the first titration = 16.6 ml.
The volume of EDTA used in the second titration = 15.7 ml.
Distilled water should only contain pure water (hydrogen and oxygen molecules) with no
addition of gasses, metal ions, and other compounds. This was because distilled water
was made through the process of distillation which purifies the water from
contamination. The appearance of distilled water is transparent and no smell was
detected. This was because there were no contaminants that give out odor.
The tap water observed in our experiment was taken from the laboratory. The appearance
of tap water was transparent and may contain minerals, disinfectant, and contaminants.
Chloride and sulphate ions may also be present in tap water. However, the substances
contained in tap water were odorless. Therefore, no smell was detected. The tap water’s
pH is 6.5.
When each of the water samples were added with AgNO3, the AgNO3 ions dissociates:
AgCl is insoluble in water and it precipitated to become solid. The color of AgCl solid is
white. When AgNO3 was put into distilled water, no precipitate was found. However,
when it was put into tap water, the water became turbid. This shows that the tap water
contains chloride ions.
When each of the water samples were added with BaCl2, the ions dissociates:
BaSO4 is insoluble in water and it precipitated to become solid. The color of BaSO4 solid
is white. When BaCl2 was put into distilled water and tap water, no precipitate was found.
This shows that the tap water and distilled water does not contain sulphate ions.
When each of the water samples were added with NaOH, the ions dissociates:
NH3 is a gaseous compound and can be detected by its pungent smell. After the addition
of NaOH to both samples, the test tube becomes warm. This shows that the reaction is
exothermic. Also, water bubbles were observed at both test tubes. However, the smell of
ammonia was not detected. This shows that ammonia gas may formed but the amount is
too small to be detected. The formation of ammonia gas shows that ammonium chloride
is present.
Since both of EDTA solution and Ca ions are colorless, it is necessary to use Eriochrome
black T indicator to detect the end point of titration. Eriochrome black T indicator
(denoted as In) is a metal ion indicator whose color changes when it binds to a metal ion.
When the indicator was added into tap water, the solution color changed from colorless
into purplish red. It means the tap water which used in the experiment contained Ca ions.
The reaction occurred:
Then the solution in Erlenmeyer flask was titrated with the EDTA solution. When EDTA
solution was added drops by drops into Erlenmeyer flask, the indicator must give up its
metal ions, Ca2+ to the EDTA because EDTA can bind to the metal ions stronger than the
indicator. When all metal ions bind with EDTA, the indicator is in its free form and it
doesn’t bind to any metal. Then the solution color will turn to blue color which meant the
end point was reached. The reaction occurred:
In this experiment, the sample water was not given so there are no much comparison
could be made with the tap water. The distilled water did not need to be titrated with
EDTA because when it was added with Eriochrome Black T Indicator the solution colour
was dark blue. It means there were no metal ions in distilled water such as Ca2+ and
Mg2+ which can bind to the indicator to give red color.
The [Ca] in tap water in this experiment were 12.96 ppm. Base on the classification of
water hardness from Water Quality Association on www.ci.farmington.mn.us, it was said
that between the 0 – 17.1 ppm, the water hardness can be categorized as soft so the tap
water and distilled water used in this experiment could be categorized as soft.
In this experiment, some human errors might occur in measurement the volume of
solution, and reading the volume on burette, the bottom line of the volume should be in
line with eyes when it was read.
VII. Conclusion
- The distilled water sample did not contain Cl- and SO4- ions and may
also contain ammonium chloride.
- The tap water sample did contain Cl- ions but did not contain SO4-
ions. Ammonium chloride may be present.
- Distilled water did not contain any ions and can be considered as soft
water.
- The concentrations of Ca ions in tap water were 12.96 ppm.
- Tap water used in this experiment is considered to be soft water.
VIII. References
Experiment Module / Chemistry Laboratory / Semester 2 / Life Sciences Faculty
http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2000-07/963425409.Ch.r.html
http://www.jbaas.com/articles/pdfs/vol_4_n2_c2.pdf
http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/ProductDetail.do?N4=35375|
FLUKA&N5=Product+No.|BRAND_KEY&F=SPEC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriochrome_Black_T
http://www.ci.farmington.mn.us/PubWorks/HardWater.htm
http://www.nvcc.edu/alexandria/science/MSDSweb/AmmoniumChloride.htm