Carbonate Hierarchies

A framework of genetically related
stratigraphic facies geometries and

their bounding surfaces independent
of thickness and time
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall, 2005
Carbonate Hierarchies
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
Lecture Series Overview
Sequence stratigraphy & stratigraphic surfaces
Basics: Ideal sequence of Vail et al 1977 &
associated terminology
Clastic system response to changing sea level and
rates of sedimentation - with movie
Carbonate systems response to changing sea
level and rates of sedimentation - with movie
Exercises Sequence stratigraphy of carbonates
and clastics from chronostratigraphy, seismic,
outcrop and well log character
SHELF COMPLEX Mix of shelf, shelf margin &
adjacent basin facies evolving in response to
complete & complex cycles of changing base
level & paleogeography
MARGIN COMPLEX Shelf, shelf margin &
adjacent basin facies evolving in response to a
cycle in changing base level
STACKED CYCLES OF BEDS Vertical character of
beds from varying depositional settings
BEDDING Internal character including lithology,
geometry, sedimentary structures, and fauna
ALLOCHEMS Lthological components, their
cementation & diagenesis
Shelf
margin
complex
HST margin
complex
MARGIN
COMPLEX
Stacked
Cycles of
Beds
Component
Grains
PROGRADING MARGIN
Beds
SHELF
COMPLEX
PROGRADING MARGIN
ONLAPPING MARGIN
PROGRADING MARGIN
STACKED
BED
CYCLES
BED,
LITHOLOGY,
SEDIMENTARY
STRUCTURES
FAUNA
ALLOCHEMS
CEMENTATION
& DIAGENESIS
Lst Sequence Stratigraphic Hierarchies
Shelf
Outer more normal marine
Inner restricted
Shelf margin
Margin slope
Basin
RESTRICTED OPEN MARINE
SLOPE
SHELF
MARGIN
BASIN
Basin
Ramp
Restricted
Shelf
Open
Shelf
Basin
Rim
Restricted
Shelf
Open
Shelf
Basin
Margin
Carbonates
Sabkha
Sediments
Open
Shelf
Basin
Fill
Open Marine Shelf
Margin
Slope
Restricted
Tidal Flats
& Lagoon
Shelf
Inner restricted
Shelf margin
Margin slope
Basin
OPEN MARINE
Sediment types are heterogeneous Ooids,
grapestones & hardened pellets to bioclastic
grain shoals to patch reef & shoal build ups
Shoaling upward cycles common
Bedding:
Unconfined sheets with heterogeneous character
Local confined Channel fill
Local confined Lens shaped build ups
Fauna heterogeneous and moderately
cosmopolitan
T S
S B
T S
S B
T S
S B
T S
S B
T S
S B
Kendall Photo
Sheets of
Carbonate Grains
of Outer Shelf
Kendall Photo
Cross
Bedded
Beach
Sediments
Shoaling
Cycle
Kendall Photo
Cross
Bedded
Beach
Sediments
Kendall Photo
Mizzia &
Grapestones
Jebel Dhanna
S. Spit Bay
Purser & Loreau Photo
Purser & Loreau Photo
Kendall Photo
Kendall Photo
Kendall Photo
Lake McLeod W. Australia
Lake McLeod W. Australia
Kendall Photo
Pisolitic
Fenstrated
Lst Blocks
& Travertine
Cements
C. G. St. C. Kendall Photo, 1967
Vertical Cycles
of Supratidal
Pisolitic
Fenestral Lst
Tepee
Axies
Tepee
Axies
Tepee
Axies
Tepee
Axies
Megapolygon Saucers with
Upturned Margins
Kendall Photo
Pisolitic
Fenstrated
Lst Blocks
& Travertine
Cements
Kendall Photo
Vertical Cycles
of Supratidal
Pisolitic
Fenestral Lst
Tepee
Axies
Tepee
Axies
Megapolygon Saucers with
Upturned Margins
Kendall Photo
Pisolitic
Fenstrated
Lst Blocks
& Aeolian
Silt Fill
Kendall Photo
Pisolitic
Fenstrated
Lst Blocks
& Aeolian
Silt Fill
Kendall Photo
Pisolitic
Fenstrated
Lst Blocks
& Travertine
Cements
Kendall Photo
Pisolitic
Fenstrated
Lst Blocks
Kendall Photo
Pisolitic
Fenstrated
Lst Blocks in
Travertine
Cement
Internal Marine sediment
Kendall Photo
Kendall Photo
Pisolitic
Fenstrated
Lst Blocks in
Travertine
Cement
Internal Marine sediment
Kendall Photo
Pisolitic
Fenstrated
Lst Blocks in
Travertine
Cement
Triassic of Italy
Transgressive Surface
Sequence Boundary
Sequence Boundary
Wooramel Bank
SB
SB
INNER SHELF
Shelf
Inner restricted
Shelf margin
Margin slope
Basin
Sediment types are homogeneous
Muds, pellets to bioclastic packstone to
wackestone shoals; local evaporites
Bedding:
Unconfined sheets with homogeneous
character
Local storm driven confined Channel fill
Fauna sometimes high numbers and
often restricted
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall T S
S B
T S
S B
T S
S B
T S
S B
After NP James
Sequence Boundary
26
o
N
24
o
N
52
o
E
50 km
U N I T E D A R A B E M I R A T E S
S A U D I
A R A B I A
Q A T A R
O M A N
54
o
E
Dubai
Ras Al
Khaimah
Ras
Ghanada
ABU
DHABI
Jabal
Odaid
Wind direction of
Shamal
MASANDAM
PENINSULA
Jabal Dhanna
I R A N
56
o
E
N
Al Ain
GULF OF
OMAN
Fujairah
Central Coast
Western Coast
Major coastal provinces of United Arab Emirates & bathymetry of Southern Arabian
Gulf in fathoms (modified from Purser, 1973).
Western Coastal Margin of the United Arab Emirates
Western Coast of the United Arab Emirates
Earlier High
Energy Beaches
Supratidal
Sabkha
Evaporites
High Intertidal
Cyanobacterial
Flats
Intertidal
Carbonate
Flats
Tidal Channels
Intertidal Sand
& Mud Flats
Cyanobacterial
Mats
Sabkha
Gypsum
Dolomite
Gypsum
Dolomite
Photo Scholle, 1999
Shoaling
Upward
Salt Flat
Cycles
Gypsum
Dolomite
Kendall Photo
Sabkha
Cycle
Transgressive
Surface
Sequence
Boundary
Sabkha
Cycle
Dolomite
Kendall Photo
Sabkha
Cycle
Sabkha
Cycle
Sabkha of the Guadalupian Permian
Seven Rivers Formation, of the Seven
Rivers Embayment, New Mexico.
Supratidal
Gypsum
Windblown
& Fluvial Silts
Upper Tidal
Flat Dolomite
Kendall Photo
Sabkha
Cycle
Sabkha
Cycle
Seven Rivers Formation, Dark Canyon,
New Mexico.
Supratidal
Dolomite
Collapse Breccia
& Aeolian Silts
Upper Tidal
Flat Dolomite
Kendall Photo
Sabkha
Cycle
Sabkha
Cycle
Seven Rivers Formation, Rocky Arroyo
New Mexico.
Collapse Breccia
& Aeolian Silts
Upper Tidal
Flat Dolomite
Kendall Photo
Sabkha
Cycle
Sabkha
Cycle
Sabkha
Cycle
Scholle. 1999
Kendall Photo
Three Creeks Tidal Flats
Three Creeks
Tidal Flats
After Kendall
After James
Transgressive
Surface
Sequence
Boundary
After James
After James
After James
After James
Base level change
punctuates the
sandstone with
erosion surfaces!
Base level change punctuates the
sandstone with erosion surfaces!
Marine Sediment
Aeolian Sediment
Transgressive
Surface
After James
MARGIN
CREST
Shelf
Inner restricted
Shelf margin crest
Margin slope
Basin
Sediment types are heterogeneous to
homogenous Bioclastic packstone to
grainstone accumulations
Bedding:
Unconfined thick to massive sheets with
homogeneous character
Fauna has high numbers and is
cosmopolitan
Often
Margin
has
Massive
Bedding
Basin
Margin
Carbonates
Sabkha
Sediments
Open
Shelf
Basin
Fill
Open Marine Shelf
Margin
Slope
Restricted
Tidal Flats
& Lagoon
Scholle, 1999; after Babcock
Kendall Photo
Kendall Photo
Archaeolithoporella
Coating Sponges
Kendall Photo
Kendall Photo
Acropora Reef

New Providence Island
-
Bahamas
Heron Island Reef

Great Barrier Reef
Often
Margin
has
Massive
Bedding
MARGIN
SLOPE
Shelf
Inner restricted
Shelf margin crest
Margin slope
Basin
Sediment types are heterogeneous upslope
but homogenous down slope Bioclastic
packstone to mudstone accumulations
Fining upward cycles common
Bedding:
Unconfined thick to thin sheets downslope
Olistoliths of varying size may be common
Confined sheets and channel fill locally common
Fauna has high numbers upslope but becomes
sparser and more restricted downslope

Capitan Reef
Kendall Photo
Capitan Reef
Kendall Photo
Cut Off Channel
Kendall Photo
Kendall Photo
Kendall Photo
Base of Cut Off
Kendall
Photo
Kendall Photo
Margin Clastic
Turbidites
Kendall Photo
Margin Clastic
Turbidites
Deepwater Channel
Kendall Photo
Kendall Photo
Margin Clastic
Turbidites
U.S. Highway 62-180 south of Guadalupe Pass
Margin of submarine fan channel incised
into "overbank". Channel fill with
amalgamation as well as flowage & injection
of sand into the surrounding strata of the
channel walls.
Kendall Photo
Kendall Photo
Margin Clastic
Turbidites
Marginal Clastics
Kendall Photo
Channel cut
Kendall Photo
Kendall Photo
Kendall Photo
Capitan Reef
Kendall Photo
Capitan Reef
Photo Scholle, 1999
Kendall Photo
Kendall Photo
Kendall Photo
Kendall Photo
Kendall Photo
7 km basinward from shelf margin the Bell Canyon Formation
sandstones enclose Rader Conglomerat: U.S. Highway 62-180 approx 2
km south of McKittrick Canyon, TX. intersection
Kendall Photo
Kendall Photo
Kendall Photo
Geometry of Carbonate Slope
Maestrictian Chalk
BASIN
Shelf
Inner restricted
Shelf margin crest
Margin slope
Basin
Sediment types are homogenous
mudstone, marl to shale
Fining upward cycles common
Bedding:
Unconfined thin widespread sheets
Fauna has low numbers and sparser
away from margin
Basinal
Gypsum
El Capitan Peak
Kendall Photo
Dark layers
are
Dolomite
Light layers
are
Gypsum
Kendall Photo
Dark layers
are
Dolomite
Crenulated
Light Layers
are Gypsum
after Anhydrite
Kendall Photo
Restricted Playas & Basin Evaporites
Match sea level of Lowstand and Transgressive
System Tract
Matrix poor
Deeper parts of the isolated evaporite basin
Extensive bodies
Thin interbedded fabric reflects seasonal
evaporative cycles of circum basin climate
Responses to sea
level
Shelf has wide spread continuous sheets that
tend to shoal up
Outer shelf:- heterogeneous carbonates with
mix of linear bodies parallel to basin &
perpendicular to it! Local build up lenses.
Inner shelf:- dominated by mud prone sheets
with evaporites & or clastic channels and
sheets
Margin: Massive and heterogeneous, most
porous but least prone to seal
Down slope sheets that thin down slope & may
be grain prone in distal portions
Basinal couplets of mud and shale from mix of
pelagic and shelf sources.
And so to lunch

Carbonate Hierarchies

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Carbonate Hierarchies

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A framework of genetically related

stratigraphic facies geometries and

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