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Salmi Seprianti (1310411054)
Irwan (1310412035)
Abdillah Adam (1310412003)

WATER
Water molecules have a slight tendency to undergo reversible ionization to yield a hydrogen ion
(a proton) and a hydroxide ion, giving the equilibrium :

Arrhenius - An acid is a substance that contains hydrogen and produces H
+
in aqueous
solution. A base is a substance that contains the OH
-
(hydroxyl) group and produces hydroxide
ions, OH
-
, in aqueous solution. Bronsted - An acid is defined as a proton donor (H
+
). A base is
defined as a proton acceptor. Lewis - An acid is electron acceptor. A base is electron donor.
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration, [H
+
]. pH is defined as the
negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration.


pKa is introduced as an index to express the acidity of weak acids, where pKa is defined as follows

Buffer is aqueous systems that tend to resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid
(H
+
) or base (OH
-
) are added. Buffer system work is whenever H
+
or OH
-
is added to a buffer, the
result is a small change in the ratio of the relative concentrations of the weak acid and its anion
and thus a small change in pH. The decrease in concentration of one component of the system is
balanced exactly by an increase in the other. The sum of the buffer components does not change,
only their ratio. Biological buffer in humans blood :
1. phosphate system
2. bicarbonate system.
pH-regulating mechanisms fail or be overwhelmed, as may happen in severe uncontrolled
diabetes when an overproduction of metabolic acids causes acidosis, the pH of the blood can fall
to 6.8 or below, leading to irreparable cell damage and death. In other diseases the pH may rise to
lethal levels.

References :
Nelson, David L and Cox MM. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5
th
edn, W.H. Freeman and
company, New York, (2008)

Whitten, K. W., Davis, R. E., Peck, M. L., Stanley, G. G., 2004, General chemistry, Seventh
edition, Thomson Brooks/Cole, USA

Kohlman, Frederick J.2001.A Technical Handbook for Industry.GLI International