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STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM FOR MILD STEEL

The stress-strain diagram for a ductile material like mild
steel is shown in Fig. 1.13. The curve starts from the origin , showing thereby
that there is no initial stress of strain in the specimen. Upto point A, Hooke
s law is obeyed and stress is
proportional to strain.Therefore, OA is a straight line. Point A is called the l
imit of proportionality. Upto point B, the material remains elastic, i.e. on rem
oval of the
load, no permanent set is formed. AB is not a straight line. Point B iscalled th
e elastic limit point. Beyond point B, the material goes to the plastic stage un
til the upper yield point C is reached. At this point the cross-sectional area o
f the material starts decreasing and the stress decreases to a lower value to po
int D, called the lower yield point. Between DE, the specimen elongates by a con
siderable amount without any increase in stress. From point E onwards, the strai
n hardening phenomena becomes predominant and the strength of the material incre
ases thereby requiring more stress for deformation, unitl point F is reached. Po
int F is called the ultimete point and the corresponding stress is called the ul
timate strength. At point F, necking of the material begins and the cross-sectio
nal area decreases at a rapid rate. The apparent stress deceases but the actual
or true stress goes on increasing until the specimen breaks at point C, called t
he point of fracture. The fracture of ductile material is of the cup and cone ty
pe.The phenomena of yielding and necking is not exhibited by brittle materials.
The ulimate strenght is calculated at 0.2 per cent of maximum strain.